text
stringlengths 4
7.06k
| tokenized_data
list |
|---|---|
= = Awards = =
|
[
796,
796,
15434,
796,
796,
220,
198
] |
Cullen is the namesake of the John Cullen Award , previously given to key IHL players .
|
[
47681,
318,
262,
49829,
286,
262,
1757,
47681,
11289,
837,
4271,
1813,
284,
1994,
314,
6581,
1938,
764,
220,
198
] |
= SMS Erzherzog Ferdinand Max =
|
[
796,
29287,
5256,
89,
372,
89,
519,
44312,
5436,
796,
220,
198
] |
For the ironclad present at the Battle of Lissa of the same name , see SMS Erzherzog Ferdinand Max ( 1865 ) .
|
[
1114,
262,
6953,
29853,
1944,
379,
262,
5838,
286,
406,
13808,
286,
262,
976,
1438,
837,
766,
29287,
5256,
89,
372,
89,
519,
44312,
5436,
357,
47801,
1267,
764,
220,
198
] |
SMS Erzherzog Ferdinand Max ( German : " His Majesty 's ship Archduke Ferdinand Max " ) was a pre @-@ dreadnought battleship built by the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy in 1902 . The second ship of the Erzherzog Karl class , she was launched on 3 October 1903 . She was assigned to the III Battleship Division .
|
[
29287,
5256,
89,
372,
89,
519,
44312,
5436,
357,
2679,
1058,
366,
2399,
25788,
705,
82,
4074,
5579,
646,
365,
44312,
5436,
366,
1267,
373,
257,
662,
2488,
12,
31,
15157,
77,
2917,
10181,
1056,
3170,
416,
262,
2517,
305,
2488,
12,
31,
27304,
8565,
287,
45611,
764,
383,
1218,
4074,
286,
262,
5256,
89,
372,
89,
519,
15415,
1398,
837,
673,
373,
5611,
319,
513,
3267,
41625,
764,
1375,
373,
8686,
284,
262,
6711,
25467,
1056,
7458,
764,
220,
198
] |
For most of World War I , Erzherzog Ferdinand Max remained in her home port of Pola , in present @-@ day Croatia , except for four engagements . In 1914 , she formed part of the Austro @-@ Hungarian flotilla sent to protect the escape of the German ships SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau from the British @-@ held Mediterranean ; she advanced as far as Brindisi before being recalled to her home port . Her sole combat engagement occurred in late May 1915 , when she participated in the bombardment of the Italian port city of Ancona . She also took part in suppressing a major mutiny among the crew members of several armored cruisers stationed in Cattaro between 1 – 3 February 1918 . She also attempted to break through the Otranto Barrage in June of that year , but had to retreat when the dreadnought SMS Szent István was sunk . After the war , Erzherzog Ferdinand Max was awarded to the United Kingdom as a war prize in 1920 .
|
[
1114,
749,
286,
2159,
1810,
314,
837,
5256,
89,
372,
89,
519,
44312,
5436,
6150,
287,
607,
1363,
2493,
286,
2165,
64,
837,
287,
1944,
2488,
12,
31,
1110,
28975,
837,
2845,
329,
1440,
40588,
764,
554,
26833,
837,
673,
7042,
636,
286,
262,
2517,
305,
2488,
12,
31,
27304,
781,
313,
5049,
1908,
284,
1805,
262,
6654,
286,
262,
2679,
7937,
29287,
1514,
1765,
268,
290,
29287,
347,
411,
75,
559,
422,
262,
3517,
2488,
12,
31,
2714,
19517,
2162,
673,
6190,
355,
1290,
355,
1709,
521,
23267,
878,
852,
12433,
284,
607,
1363,
2493,
764,
2332,
6195,
5249,
12352,
5091,
287,
2739,
1737,
32062,
837,
618,
673,
14888,
287,
262,
44022,
286,
262,
8200,
2493,
1748,
286,
1052,
1102,
64,
764,
1375,
635,
1718,
636,
287,
41895,
257,
1688,
4517,
3541,
1871,
262,
5462,
1866,
286,
1811,
24856,
4630,
21572,
25967,
287,
327,
1078,
12022,
1022,
352,
784,
513,
3945,
25859,
764,
1375,
635,
7482,
284,
2270,
832,
262,
440,
2213,
14723,
2409,
8394,
287,
2795,
286,
326,
614,
837,
475,
550,
284,
13703,
618,
262,
15157,
77,
2917,
29287,
27974,
298,
314,
301,
85,
21162,
373,
24790,
764,
2293,
262,
1175,
837,
5256,
89,
372,
89,
519,
44312,
5436,
373,
11343,
284,
262,
1578,
7526,
355,
257,
1175,
11596,
287,
14062,
764,
220,
198
] |
= = Design = =
|
[
796,
796,
8495,
796,
796,
220,
198
] |
Erzherzog Ferdinand Max displaced 10 @,@ 472 long tons ( 10 @,@ 640 t ) . She was 414 feet 2 inches ( 126 @.@ 2 m ) long , had a beam of 71 feet 5 inches ( 21 @.@ 8 m ) and a draft of 24 feet 7 inches ( 7 @.@ 5 m ) . She was manned by 700 men . She and her sisters were the last and largest pre @-@ dreadnought class built by the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy , surpassing the Habsburg class by approximately 2 @,@ 000 tonnes ( 1 @,@ 968 long tons ) . She was propelled by two two @-@ shaft , four cylinder vertical triple expansion steam engines . On trials , they developed 18 @,@ 000 ihp ( 13 @,@ 423 kW ) , which propelled the ship at a speed of 20 @.@ 5 knots ( 38 @.@ 0 km / h ; 23 @.@ 6 mph ) .
|
[
5256,
89,
372,
89,
519,
44312,
5436,
20085,
838,
2488,
11,
31,
604,
4761,
890,
10860,
357,
838,
2488,
11,
31,
33759,
256,
1267,
764,
1375,
373,
45900,
3625,
362,
8331,
357,
19710,
2488,
13,
31,
362,
285,
1267,
890,
837,
550,
257,
15584,
286,
9166,
3625,
642,
8331,
357,
2310,
2488,
13,
31,
807,
285,
1267,
290,
257,
4538,
286,
1987,
3625,
767,
8331,
357,
767,
2488,
13,
31,
642,
285,
1267,
764,
1375,
373,
34737,
416,
13037,
1450,
764,
1375,
290,
607,
15153,
547,
262,
938,
290,
4387,
662,
2488,
12,
31,
15157,
77,
2917,
1398,
3170,
416,
262,
2517,
305,
2488,
12,
31,
27304,
8565,
837,
17341,
278,
262,
367,
8937,
7423,
1398,
416,
6702,
362,
2488,
11,
31,
12877,
26840,
357,
352,
2488,
11,
31,
860,
3104,
890,
10860,
1267,
764,
1375,
373,
40390,
416,
734,
734,
2488,
12,
31,
18619,
837,
1440,
24911,
11723,
15055,
7118,
13324,
11874,
764,
1550,
9867,
837,
484,
4166,
1248,
2488,
11,
31,
12877,
1312,
24831,
357,
1511,
2488,
11,
31,
49125,
50223,
1267,
837,
543,
40390,
262,
4074,
379,
257,
2866,
286,
1160,
2488,
13,
31,
642,
33620,
357,
4353,
2488,
13,
31,
657,
10571,
1220,
289,
2162,
2242,
2488,
13,
31,
718,
16462,
1267,
764,
220,
198
] |
Erzherzog Ferdinand Max carried a primary armament of four 24 @-@ centimeter ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) / 40 caliber guns in two twin turrets on the centerline . These guns were an Austro @-@ Hungarian replica of the British 24 cm / 40 ( 9 @.@ 4 " ) Krupp C / 94 , which was used on the Habsburgs . Her secondary armament consisted of twelve 19 @-@ centimeter ( 7 @.@ 5 in ) / 42 caliber guns , also made by Škoda , mounted in eight single casemates on either wing of the ship and two twin turrets on the <unk> shell 20 @,@ 000 metres ( 22 @,@ 000 yd ) at maximum elevation with a muzzle velocity of 800 metres per second ( 2 @,@ 600 ft / s ) . The gun weighed 12 @.@ 1 tons and could fire three rounds per <unk> ships had a tertiary armament for protection against torpedo boats in the form of the 6 @.@ 6 centimetres ( 2 @.@ 6 in ) / 45 caliber gun , also manufactured by Škoda . Anti @-@ aircraft and airship protection was covered by the four 37 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) Vickers anti @-@ aircraft guns on the ship bought from Britain in 1910 and mounted onto Erzherzog Karl . Erzherzog Ferdinand Max was also fitted with two above water 45 @-@ centimeter ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes , although rarely used .
|
[
5256,
89,
372,
89,
519,
44312,
5436,
5281,
257,
4165,
3211,
3263,
286,
1440,
1987,
2488,
12,
31,
1247,
16912,
357,
860,
2488,
13,
31,
604,
287,
1267,
1220,
2319,
28139,
6541,
287,
734,
15203,
41104,
319,
262,
3641,
1370,
764,
2312,
6541,
547,
281,
2517,
305,
2488,
12,
31,
27304,
30069,
286,
262,
3517,
1987,
12067,
1220,
2319,
357,
860,
2488,
13,
31,
604,
366,
1267,
33909,
381,
327,
1220,
10048,
837,
543,
373,
973,
319,
262,
367,
8937,
7423,
82,
764,
2332,
9233,
3211,
3263,
19954,
286,
14104,
678,
2488,
12,
31,
1247,
16912,
357,
767,
2488,
13,
31,
642,
287,
1267,
1220,
5433,
28139,
6541,
837,
635,
925,
416,
25370,
254,
74,
11329,
837,
12623,
287,
3624,
2060,
6124,
368,
689,
319,
2035,
8539,
286,
262,
4074,
290,
734,
15203,
41104,
319,
262,
1279,
2954,
29,
7582,
1160,
2488,
11,
31,
12877,
18985,
357,
2534,
2488,
11,
31,
12877,
331,
67,
1267,
379,
5415,
22910,
351,
257,
31746,
15432,
286,
10460,
18985,
583,
1218,
357,
362,
2488,
11,
31,
10053,
10117,
1220,
264,
1267,
764,
383,
2485,
20261,
1105,
2488,
13,
31,
352,
10860,
290,
714,
2046,
1115,
9196,
583,
1279,
2954,
29,
7937,
550,
257,
48358,
8042,
3211,
3263,
329,
4800,
1028,
39023,
16659,
287,
262,
1296,
286,
262,
718,
2488,
13,
31,
718,
1247,
38813,
411,
357,
362,
2488,
13,
31,
718,
287,
1267,
1220,
4153,
28139,
2485,
837,
635,
15943,
416,
25370,
254,
74,
11329,
764,
12297,
2488,
12,
31,
6215,
290,
1633,
6720,
4800,
373,
5017,
416,
262,
1440,
5214,
2488,
12,
31,
3939,
16912,
357,
352,
2488,
13,
31,
642,
287,
1267,
569,
21630,
3098,
2488,
12,
31,
6215,
6541,
319,
262,
4074,
5839,
422,
5491,
287,
31953,
290,
12623,
4291,
5256,
89,
372,
89,
519,
15415,
764,
5256,
89,
372,
89,
519,
44312,
5436,
373,
635,
18235,
351,
734,
2029,
1660,
4153,
2488,
12,
31,
1247,
16912,
357,
1596,
2488,
13,
31,
767,
287,
1267,
39023,
21103,
837,
3584,
8365,
973,
764,
220,
198
] |
= = Service history = =
|
[
796,
796,
4809,
2106,
796,
796,
220,
198
] |
At the outbreak of World War I , Erzherzog Ferdinand Max was in the III division of the Austrian @-@ Hungarian battle @-@ fleet . She was mobilized on the eve of the war along with the remainder of the fleet to support the flight of SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau . The two German ships were attempting to break out of Messina , which was surrounded by British troops , and make their way to Turkey . The breakout succeeded . When the flotilla had advanced as far south as Brindisi in south eastern Italy , the Austro @-@ Hungarian ships were recalled . In company with other units of the Austro Hungarian navy , Erzherzog Ferdinand Max took a minor part in the bombardment of Ancona on 24 May 1915 . There she and her sisters expended 24 rounds of 240 mm armor @-@ piercing shells at signal and semaphore stations as well as 74 rounds of 190 mm shells aimed at Italian gun @-@ batteries and other port installations .
|
[
1629,
262,
17645,
286,
2159,
1810,
314,
837,
5256,
89,
372,
89,
519,
44312,
5436,
373,
287,
262,
6711,
7297,
286,
262,
25691,
2488,
12,
31,
27304,
3344,
2488,
12,
31,
11026,
764,
1375,
373,
50166,
319,
262,
28001,
286,
262,
1175,
1863,
351,
262,
17675,
286,
262,
11026,
284,
1104,
262,
5474,
286,
29287,
1514,
1765,
268,
290,
29287,
347,
411,
75,
559,
764,
383,
734,
2679,
7937,
547,
9361,
284,
2270,
503,
286,
10626,
1437,
837,
543,
373,
11191,
416,
3517,
6553,
837,
290,
787,
511,
835,
284,
7137,
764,
383,
31661,
14131,
764,
1649,
262,
781,
313,
5049,
550,
6190,
355,
1290,
5366,
355,
1709,
521,
23267,
287,
5366,
10183,
8031,
837,
262,
2517,
305,
2488,
12,
31,
27304,
7937,
547,
12433,
764,
554,
1664,
351,
584,
4991,
286,
262,
2517,
305,
27304,
23956,
837,
5256,
89,
372,
89,
519,
44312,
5436,
1718,
257,
4159,
636,
287,
262,
44022,
286,
1052,
1102,
64,
319,
1987,
1737,
32062,
764,
1318,
673,
290,
607,
15153,
37328,
1987,
9196,
286,
14956,
8085,
8328,
2488,
12,
31,
30662,
19679,
379,
6737,
290,
5026,
6570,
382,
8985,
355,
880,
355,
8915,
9196,
286,
19884,
8085,
19679,
8998,
379,
8200,
2485,
2488,
12,
31,
13591,
290,
584,
2493,
26162,
764,
220,
198
] |
A major mutiny among crews of the armored cruisers stationed in Cattaro , including Sankt Georg and Kaiser Karl VI , began on 1 February 1918 . Two days later , Erzherzog Ferdinand Max and her sisters arrived in the port and assisted with the suppression of the mutiny . Following the restoration of order in the naval base , the armored cruisers Sankt Georg and Kaiser Karl VI were decommissioned and Erzherzog Ferdinand Max and her sisters were stationed in Cattaro in their place . On the morning of 11 June , Admiral Miklos Horthy planned a major assault on the Otranto Barrage ; the three Erzherzog Karls and the four Tegetthoff @-@ class battleships were to provide support for the Novara @-@ class cruisers on an assault on the Allied defenses at the Strait of Otranto . The plan was intended to replicate the success of the raid conducted one year earlier . Horthy 's plan was to destroy the blockading fleet by luring Allied ships to the cruisers and lighter ships , which were protected from the heavier guns of the battleships , including the guns of the Erzherzog Karl class . However , on the morning of 10 June , the dreadnought Szent István was torpedoed and sunk by an Italian torpedo boat . Horthy felt that the element of surprise had been compromised , and therefore called off the operation . This was to be the last military action Erzherzog Ferdinand Max was to take part in , and she and her sisters spent the rest of their career in port .
|
[
317,
1688,
4517,
3541,
1871,
18936,
286,
262,
24856,
4630,
21572,
25967,
287,
327,
1078,
12022,
837,
1390,
311,
962,
83,
6850,
290,
32670,
15415,
13889,
837,
2540,
319,
352,
3945,
25859,
764,
4930,
1528,
1568,
837,
5256,
89,
372,
89,
519,
44312,
5436,
290,
607,
15153,
5284,
287,
262,
2493,
290,
18419,
351,
262,
22711,
286,
262,
4517,
3541,
764,
14207,
262,
19414,
286,
1502,
287,
262,
19014,
2779,
837,
262,
24856,
4630,
21572,
311,
962,
83,
6850,
290,
32670,
15415,
13889,
547,
26969,
3411,
276,
290,
5256,
89,
372,
89,
519,
44312,
5436,
290,
607,
15153,
547,
25967,
287,
327,
1078,
12022,
287,
511,
1295,
764,
1550,
262,
3329,
286,
1367,
2795,
837,
24646,
17722,
33280,
367,
18906,
6027,
257,
1688,
4641,
319,
262,
440,
2213,
14723,
2409,
8394,
2162,
262,
1115,
5256,
89,
372,
89,
519,
15415,
82,
290,
262,
1440,
1665,
1136,
400,
2364,
2488,
12,
31,
1398,
10181,
5748,
547,
284,
2148,
1104,
329,
262,
5267,
3301,
2488,
12,
31,
1398,
4630,
21572,
319,
281,
4641,
319,
262,
28234,
18370,
379,
262,
41407,
286,
440,
2213,
14723,
764,
383,
1410,
373,
5292,
284,
24340,
262,
1943,
286,
262,
9513,
5952,
530,
614,
2961,
764,
367,
18906,
705,
82,
1410,
373,
284,
4117,
262,
2512,
4980,
11026,
416,
300,
870,
28234,
7937,
284,
262,
4630,
21572,
290,
14871,
7937,
837,
543,
547,
6861,
422,
262,
20140,
6541,
286,
262,
10181,
5748,
837,
1390,
262,
6541,
286,
262,
5256,
89,
372,
89,
519,
15415,
1398,
764,
2102,
837,
319,
262,
3329,
286,
838,
2795,
837,
262,
15157,
77,
2917,
27974,
298,
314,
301,
85,
21162,
373,
39023,
276,
290,
24790,
416,
281,
8200,
39023,
8848,
764,
367,
18906,
2936,
326,
262,
5002,
286,
5975,
550,
587,
19066,
837,
290,
4361,
1444,
572,
262,
4905,
764,
770,
373,
284,
307,
262,
938,
2422,
2223,
5256,
89,
372,
89,
519,
44312,
5436,
373,
284,
1011,
636,
287,
837,
290,
673,
290,
607,
15153,
3377,
262,
1334,
286,
511,
3451,
287,
2493,
764,
220,
198
] |
Near the end of World War I , the Erzherzog Karl @-@ class battleships were handed over to the newly formed State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs but Erzherzog Ferdinand Max was later transferred to Great Britain as a war reparation . She was later broken up for scrap in 1921 .
|
[
20173,
262,
886,
286,
2159,
1810,
314,
837,
262,
5256,
89,
372,
89,
519,
15415,
2488,
12,
31,
1398,
10181,
5748,
547,
10158,
625,
284,
262,
8308,
7042,
1812,
286,
30694,
274,
837,
9325,
1381,
290,
2930,
1443,
475,
5256,
89,
372,
89,
519,
44312,
5436,
373,
1568,
11172,
284,
3878,
5491,
355,
257,
1175,
1128,
10186,
764,
1375,
373,
1568,
5445,
510,
329,
15881,
287,
35369,
764,
220,
198
] |
= Ancient Egyptian deities =
|
[
796,
13406,
14075,
43844,
796,
220,
198
] |
Ancient Egyptian deities are the gods and goddesses worshipped in ancient Egypt . The beliefs and rituals surrounding these gods formed the core of ancient Egyptian religion , which emerged sometime in prehistory . Deities represented natural forces and phenomena , and the Egyptians supported and appeased them through offerings and rituals so that these forces would continue to function according to maat , or divine order . After the founding of the Egyptian state around 3100 BC , the authority to perform these tasks was controlled by the pharaoh , who claimed to be the gods ' representative and managed the temples where the rituals were carried out .
|
[
13406,
14075,
43844,
389,
262,
11858,
290,
22215,
274,
46204,
287,
6156,
6365,
764,
383,
9056,
290,
25797,
7346,
777,
11858,
7042,
262,
4755,
286,
6156,
14075,
5737,
837,
543,
9349,
17291,
287,
662,
23569,
764,
1024,
871,
7997,
3288,
3386,
290,
19428,
837,
290,
262,
32658,
4855,
290,
35787,
839,
606,
832,
18369,
290,
25797,
523,
326,
777,
3386,
561,
2555,
284,
2163,
1864,
284,
17266,
265,
837,
393,
11871,
1502,
764,
2293,
262,
16636,
286,
262,
14075,
1181,
1088,
513,
3064,
11843,
837,
262,
4934,
284,
1620,
777,
8861,
373,
6856,
416,
262,
872,
33766,
837,
508,
4752,
284,
307,
262,
11858,
705,
8852,
290,
5257,
262,
27081,
810,
262,
25797,
547,
5281,
503,
764,
220,
198
] |
The gods ' complex characteristics were expressed in myths and in intricate relationships between deities : family ties , loose groups and hierarchies , and combinations of separate gods into one . Deities ' diverse appearances in art — as animals , humans , objects , and combinations of different forms — also alluded , through symbolism , to their essential features .
|
[
383,
11858,
705,
3716,
9695,
547,
6241,
287,
22886,
290,
287,
28746,
6958,
1022,
43844,
1058,
1641,
8470,
837,
9155,
2628,
290,
28398,
444,
837,
290,
17790,
286,
4553,
11858,
656,
530,
764,
1024,
871,
705,
10084,
11057,
287,
1242,
851,
355,
4695,
837,
5384,
837,
5563,
837,
290,
17790,
286,
1180,
5107,
851,
635,
45652,
837,
832,
36913,
837,
284,
511,
6393,
3033,
764,
220,
198
] |
In different eras , various gods were said to hold the highest position in divine society , including the solar deity Ra , the mysterious god Amun , and the mother goddess Isis . The highest deity was usually credited with the creation of the world and often connected with the life @-@ giving power of the sun . Some scholars have argued , based in part on Egyptian writings , that the Egyptians came to recognize a single divine power that lay behind all things and was present in all the other deities . Yet they never abandoned their original polytheistic view of the world , except possibly during the era of Atenism in the 14th century BC , when official religion focused exclusively on the impersonal sun god Aten .
|
[
554,
1180,
49089,
837,
2972,
11858,
547,
531,
284,
1745,
262,
4511,
2292,
287,
11871,
3592,
837,
1390,
262,
6591,
26462,
7567,
837,
262,
11428,
5770,
1703,
403,
837,
290,
262,
2802,
22215,
16530,
764,
383,
4511,
26462,
373,
3221,
18141,
351,
262,
6282,
286,
262,
995,
290,
1690,
5884,
351,
262,
1204,
2488,
12,
31,
3501,
1176,
286,
262,
4252,
764,
2773,
9123,
423,
7189,
837,
1912,
287,
636,
319,
14075,
19336,
837,
326,
262,
32658,
1625,
284,
7564,
257,
2060,
11871,
1176,
326,
3830,
2157,
477,
1243,
290,
373,
1944,
287,
477,
262,
584,
43844,
764,
6430,
484,
1239,
9958,
511,
2656,
7514,
1169,
2569,
1570,
286,
262,
995,
837,
2845,
5457,
1141,
262,
6980,
286,
317,
1452,
1042,
287,
262,
1478,
400,
4289,
11843,
837,
618,
1743,
5737,
5670,
11541,
319,
262,
28671,
282,
4252,
5770,
317,
1452,
764,
220,
198
] |
Gods were assumed to be present throughout the world , capable of influencing natural events and the course of human lives . People interacted with them in temples and unofficial shrines , for personal reasons as well as for larger goals of state rites . Egyptians prayed for divine help , used rituals to compel deities to act , and called upon them for advice . Humans ' relations with their gods were a fundamental part of Egyptian society .
|
[
15391,
547,
9672,
284,
307,
1944,
3690,
262,
995,
837,
6007,
286,
32596,
3288,
2995,
290,
262,
1781,
286,
1692,
3160,
764,
4380,
49236,
351,
606,
287,
27081,
290,
27220,
10157,
1127,
837,
329,
2614,
3840,
355,
880,
355,
329,
4025,
4661,
286,
1181,
41302,
764,
32658,
32168,
329,
11871,
1037,
837,
973,
25797,
284,
33729,
43844,
284,
719,
837,
290,
1444,
2402,
606,
329,
5608,
764,
27411,
705,
2316,
351,
511,
11858,
547,
257,
7531,
636,
286,
14075,
3592,
764,
220,
198
] |
= = Definition = =
|
[
796,
796,
30396,
796,
796,
220,
198
] |
The beings in ancient Egyptian tradition who might be labeled as deities are difficult to count . Egyptian texts list the names of many deities whose nature is unknown and make vague , indirect references to other gods who are not even named . The Egyptologist James P. Allen estimates that more than 1 @,@ 400 deities are named in Egyptian texts , whereas his colleague Christian Leitz says there are " thousands upon thousands " of gods .
|
[
383,
9791,
287,
6156,
14075,
6761,
508,
1244,
307,
15494,
355,
43844,
389,
2408,
284,
954,
764,
14075,
13399,
1351,
262,
3891,
286,
867,
43844,
3025,
3450,
318,
6439,
290,
787,
13443,
837,
12913,
10288,
284,
584,
11858,
508,
389,
407,
772,
3706,
764,
383,
6365,
7451,
3700,
350,
13,
9659,
7746,
326,
517,
621,
352,
2488,
11,
31,
7337,
43844,
389,
3706,
287,
14075,
13399,
837,
9472,
465,
16008,
4302,
1004,
4224,
1139,
612,
389,
366,
4138,
2402,
4138,
366,
286,
11858,
764,
220,
198
] |
The Egyptian language 's terms for these beings were nṯr , " god " , and its feminine form <unk> , " goddess " . Scholars have tried to discern the original nature of the gods by proposing etymologies for these words , but none of these suggestions has gained acceptance , and the terms ' origin remains obscure . The hieroglyphs that were used as ideograms and determinatives in writing these words show some of the traits that the Egyptians connected with divinity . The most common of these signs is a flag flying from a pole . Similar objects were placed at the entrances of temples , representing the presence of a deity , throughout ancient Egyptian history . Other such hieroglyphs include a falcon , reminiscent of several early gods who were depicted as falcons , and a seated male or female deity . The feminine form could also be written with an egg as determinative , connecting goddesses with creation and birth , or with a cobra , reflecting the use of the cobra to depict many female deities .
|
[
383,
14075,
3303,
705,
82,
2846,
329,
777,
9791,
547,
299,
26292,
107,
81,
837,
366,
5770,
366,
837,
290,
663,
23564,
1296,
1279,
2954,
29,
837,
366,
22215,
366,
764,
26381,
423,
3088,
284,
22024,
262,
2656,
3450,
286,
262,
11858,
416,
24634,
304,
774,
76,
5823,
329,
777,
2456,
837,
475,
4844,
286,
777,
11776,
468,
8618,
13427,
837,
290,
262,
2846,
705,
8159,
3793,
18611,
764,
383,
13550,
34619,
746,
82,
326,
547,
973,
355,
1405,
26836,
290,
3416,
2929,
287,
3597,
777,
2456,
905,
617,
286,
262,
12796,
326,
262,
32658,
5884,
351,
2659,
6269,
764,
383,
749,
2219,
286,
777,
5895,
318,
257,
6056,
7348,
422,
257,
16825,
764,
11014,
5563,
547,
4624,
379,
262,
43818,
286,
27081,
837,
10200,
262,
4931,
286,
257,
26462,
837,
3690,
6156,
14075,
2106,
764,
3819,
884,
13550,
34619,
746,
82,
2291,
257,
24215,
1102,
837,
24960,
286,
1811,
1903,
11858,
508,
547,
18904,
355,
24215,
5936,
837,
290,
257,
21639,
4257,
393,
4048,
26462,
764,
383,
23564,
1296,
714,
635,
307,
3194,
351,
281,
5935,
355,
3416,
876,
837,
14320,
22215,
274,
351,
6282,
290,
4082,
837,
393,
351,
257,
22843,
430,
837,
20252,
262,
779,
286,
262,
22843,
430,
284,
19583,
867,
4048,
43844,
764,
220,
198
] |
The Egyptians distinguished <unk> , " gods " , from <unk> , " people " , but the meanings of the Egyptian and the English terms do not match perfectly . The term nṯr may have applied to any being that was in some way outside the sphere of everyday life . Deceased humans were called nṯr because they were considered to be like the gods , whereas the term was rarely applied to many of Egypt 's lesser supernatural beings , which modern scholars often call " demons " . Egyptian religious art also depicts places , objects , and concepts in human form . These personified ideas range from deities that were important in myth and ritual to obscure beings , only mentioned once or twice , that may be little more than metaphors .
|
[
383,
32658,
18876,
1279,
2954,
29,
837,
366,
11858,
366,
837,
422,
1279,
2954,
29,
837,
366,
661,
366,
837,
475,
262,
26368,
286,
262,
14075,
290,
262,
3594,
2846,
466,
407,
2872,
7138,
764,
383,
3381,
299,
26292,
107,
81,
743,
423,
5625,
284,
597,
852,
326,
373,
287,
617,
835,
2354,
262,
16558,
286,
10908,
1204,
764,
1024,
344,
839,
5384,
547,
1444,
299,
26292,
107,
81,
780,
484,
547,
3177,
284,
307,
588,
262,
11858,
837,
9472,
262,
3381,
373,
8365,
5625,
284,
867,
286,
6365,
705,
82,
14494,
22239,
9791,
837,
543,
3660,
9123,
1690,
869,
366,
17708,
366,
764,
14075,
4158,
1242,
635,
28539,
4113,
837,
5563,
837,
290,
10838,
287,
1692,
1296,
764,
2312,
1048,
1431,
4213,
2837,
422,
43844,
326,
547,
1593,
287,
7918,
290,
12146,
284,
18611,
9791,
837,
691,
4750,
1752,
393,
5403,
837,
326,
743,
307,
1310,
517,
621,
49610,
764,
220,
198
] |
Confronting these blurred distinctions between gods and other beings , scholars have proposed various definitions of a " deity " . One widely accepted definition , suggested by Jan Assmann , says that a deity has a cult , is involved in some aspect of the universe , and is described in mythology or other forms of written tradition . According to a different definition , by Dimitri Meeks , nṯr applied to any being that was the focus of ritual . From this perspective , " gods " included the king , who was called a god after his coronation rites , and deceased souls , who entered the divine realm through funeral ceremonies . Likewise , the preeminence of the great gods was maintained by the ritual devotion that was performed for them across Egypt .
|
[
7326,
4298,
278,
777,
38258,
36640,
1022,
11858,
290,
584,
9791,
837,
9123,
423,
5150,
2972,
17336,
286,
257,
366,
26462,
366,
764,
1881,
6768,
6292,
6770,
837,
5220,
416,
2365,
2195,
9038,
837,
1139,
326,
257,
26462,
468,
257,
2285,
837,
318,
2950,
287,
617,
4843,
286,
262,
6881,
837,
290,
318,
3417,
287,
25871,
393,
584,
5107,
286,
3194,
6761,
764,
4784,
284,
257,
1180,
6770,
837,
416,
14048,
49510,
337,
32201,
837,
299,
26292,
107,
81,
5625,
284,
597,
852,
326,
373,
262,
2962,
286,
12146,
764,
3574,
428,
6650,
837,
366,
11858,
366,
3017,
262,
5822,
837,
508,
373,
1444,
257,
5770,
706,
465,
26920,
341,
41302,
837,
290,
20117,
15625,
837,
508,
5982,
262,
11871,
13360,
832,
14825,
27340,
764,
22660,
837,
262,
662,
14857,
594,
286,
262,
1049,
11858,
373,
9456,
416,
262,
12146,
25808,
326,
373,
6157,
329,
606,
1973,
6365,
764,
220,
198
] |
= = Origins = =
|
[
796,
796,
24079,
796,
796,
220,
198
] |
The first written evidence of deities in Egypt comes from the Early Dynastic Period ( c . 3100 – 2686 BC ) . Deities must have emerged sometime in the preceding Predynastic Period ( before 3100 BC ) and grown out of prehistoric religious beliefs . Predynastic artwork depicts a variety of animal and human figures . Some of these images , such as stars and cattle , are reminiscent of important features of Egyptian religion in later times , but in most cases there is not enough evidence to say whether the images are connected with deities . As Egyptian society grew more sophisticated , clearer signs of religious activity appeared . The earliest known temples appeared in the last centuries of the predynastic era , along with images that resemble the iconographies of known deities : the falcon that represents Horus and several other gods , the crossed arrows that stand for Neith , and the enigmatic " Set animal " that represents Set .
|
[
383,
717,
3194,
2370,
286,
43844,
287,
6365,
2058,
422,
262,
12556,
39530,
3477,
18581,
357,
269,
764,
513,
3064,
784,
2608,
4521,
11843,
1267,
764,
1024,
871,
1276,
423,
9349,
17291,
287,
262,
18148,
14322,
2047,
3477,
18581,
357,
878,
513,
3064,
11843,
1267,
290,
7334,
503,
286,
44741,
4158,
9056,
764,
14322,
2047,
3477,
16257,
28539,
257,
4996,
286,
5044,
290,
1692,
5538,
764,
2773,
286,
777,
4263,
837,
884,
355,
5788,
290,
17025,
837,
389,
24960,
286,
1593,
3033,
286,
14075,
5737,
287,
1568,
1661,
837,
475,
287,
749,
2663,
612,
318,
407,
1576,
2370,
284,
910,
1771,
262,
4263,
389,
5884,
351,
43844,
764,
1081,
14075,
3592,
6348,
517,
13767,
837,
22363,
5895,
286,
4158,
3842,
4120,
764,
383,
14555,
1900,
27081,
4120,
287,
262,
938,
10675,
286,
262,
2747,
2047,
3477,
6980,
837,
1863,
351,
4263,
326,
22464,
262,
7196,
41480,
286,
1900,
43844,
1058,
262,
24215,
1102,
326,
6870,
29698,
290,
1811,
584,
11858,
837,
262,
12606,
20507,
326,
1302,
329,
3169,
342,
837,
290,
262,
48584,
366,
5345,
5044,
366,
326,
6870,
5345,
764,
220,
198
] |
Many Egyptologists and anthropologists have suggested theories about how the gods developed in these early times . Gustave <unk> , for instance , thought the Egyptians first revered primitive fetishes , then deities in animal form , and finally deities in human form , whereas Henri Frankfort argued that the gods must have been envisioned in human form from the beginning . Some of these theories are now regarded as too simplistic , and more current ones , such as Siegfried Morenz ' hypothesis that deities emerged as humans began to distinguish themselves from and personify their environment , are difficult to prove .
|
[
4650,
6365,
9251,
290,
17911,
9251,
423,
5220,
10946,
546,
703,
262,
11858,
4166,
287,
777,
1903,
1661,
764,
26657,
1015,
1279,
2954,
29,
837,
329,
4554,
837,
1807,
262,
32658,
717,
37184,
20049,
11351,
5614,
837,
788,
43844,
287,
5044,
1296,
837,
290,
3443,
43844,
287,
1692,
1296,
837,
9472,
44485,
5278,
3319,
7189,
326,
262,
11858,
1276,
423,
587,
32295,
287,
1692,
1296,
422,
262,
3726,
764,
2773,
286,
777,
10946,
389,
783,
11987,
355,
1165,
35010,
837,
290,
517,
1459,
3392,
837,
884,
355,
42970,
25520,
3125,
27305,
705,
14078,
326,
43844,
9349,
355,
5384,
2540,
284,
15714,
2405,
422,
290,
1048,
1958,
511,
2858,
837,
389,
2408,
284,
5879,
764,
220,
198
] |
Predynastic Egypt originally consisted of small , independent villages . Because many deities in later times were strongly tied to particular towns and regions , many scholars have suggested that the pantheon formed as disparate communities coalesced into larger states , spreading and intermingling the worship of the old local deities . But others have argued that the most important predynastic gods were , like other elements of Egyptian culture , present all across the country despite the political divisions within it .
|
[
14322,
2047,
3477,
6365,
6198,
19954,
286,
1402,
837,
4795,
15425,
764,
4362,
867,
43844,
287,
1568,
1661,
547,
7634,
8165,
284,
1948,
11684,
290,
7652,
837,
867,
9123,
423,
5220,
326,
262,
15857,
37060,
7042,
355,
37433,
5348,
46064,
771,
656,
4025,
2585,
837,
14342,
290,
987,
2229,
1359,
262,
11892,
286,
262,
1468,
1957,
43844,
764,
887,
1854,
423,
7189,
326,
262,
749,
1593,
2747,
2047,
3477,
11858,
547,
837,
588,
584,
4847,
286,
14075,
3968,
837,
1944,
477,
1973,
262,
1499,
3805,
262,
1964,
17397,
1626,
340,
764,
220,
198
] |
The final step in the formation of Egyptian religion was the unification of Egypt , in which rulers from Upper Egypt made themselves pharaohs of the entire country . These sacred kings and their subordinates assumed the exclusive right to interact with the gods , and kingship became the unifying focus of the religion .
|
[
383,
2457,
2239,
287,
262,
9978,
286,
14075,
5737,
373,
262,
49080,
286,
6365,
837,
287,
543,
24925,
422,
20390,
6365,
925,
2405,
872,
33766,
82,
286,
262,
2104,
1499,
764,
2312,
13626,
21557,
290,
511,
45506,
9672,
262,
8568,
826,
284,
9427,
351,
262,
11858,
837,
290,
21557,
1056,
2627,
262,
555,
4035,
2962,
286,
262,
5737,
764,
220,
198
] |
New gods continued to emerge after this transformation . Some important deities like Isis and Amun are not known to have appeared until the Old Kingdom ( c . 2686 – 2181 BC ) . Places and concepts could suddenly inspire the creation of a deity to represent them , and deities were sometimes created to serve as opposite @-@ sex counterparts to established gods or goddesses . Kings were said to be divine , although only a few continued to be worshipped long after their deaths . Some non @-@ royal humans were said to have the favor of the gods and were venerated accordingly . This veneration was usually short @-@ lived , but the court architects Imhotep and Amenhotep son of <unk> were regarded as gods centuries after their lifetimes , as were some other officials .
|
[
968,
11858,
3767,
284,
14740,
706,
428,
13389,
764,
2773,
1593,
43844,
588,
16530,
290,
1703,
403,
389,
407,
1900,
284,
423,
4120,
1566,
262,
5706,
7526,
357,
269,
764,
2608,
4521,
784,
362,
27057,
11843,
1267,
764,
37291,
290,
10838,
714,
6451,
18330,
262,
6282,
286,
257,
26462,
284,
2380,
606,
837,
290,
43844,
547,
3360,
2727,
284,
4691,
355,
6697,
2488,
12,
31,
1714,
16054,
284,
4920,
11858,
393,
22215,
274,
764,
10578,
547,
531,
284,
307,
11871,
837,
3584,
691,
257,
1178,
3767,
284,
307,
46204,
890,
706,
511,
7040,
764,
2773,
1729,
2488,
12,
31,
15100,
5384,
547,
531,
284,
423,
262,
2661,
286,
262,
11858,
290,
547,
31299,
515,
16062,
764,
770,
31299,
341,
373,
3221,
1790,
2488,
12,
31,
5615,
837,
475,
262,
2184,
29518,
1846,
8940,
538,
290,
34717,
8940,
538,
3367,
286,
1279,
2954,
29,
547,
11987,
355,
11858,
10675,
706,
511,
3868,
46874,
837,
355,
547,
617,
584,
2828,
764,
220,
198
] |
Through contact with neighboring civilizations , the Egyptians also adopted foreign deities . <unk> , who is first mentioned in the Old Kingdom , may have come from Nubia , and Baal , Anat , and Astarte , among others , were adopted from Canaanite religion during the New Kingdom ( c . 1550 – 1070 BC ) . In Greek and Roman times , from 332 BC to the early centuries AD , deities from across the Mediterranean world were revered in Egypt , but the native gods remained , and they often absorbed the cults of these newcomers into their own worship .
|
[
9561,
2800,
351,
19651,
35928,
837,
262,
32658,
635,
8197,
3215,
43844,
764,
1279,
2954,
29,
837,
508,
318,
717,
4750,
287,
262,
5706,
7526,
837,
743,
423,
1282,
422,
399,
549,
544,
837,
290,
39648,
837,
28880,
837,
290,
8304,
32074,
837,
1871,
1854,
837,
547,
8197,
422,
47047,
578,
5737,
1141,
262,
968,
7526,
357,
269,
764,
1315,
1120,
784,
49616,
11843,
1267,
764,
554,
8312,
290,
7993,
1661,
837,
422,
41423,
11843,
284,
262,
1903,
10675,
5984,
837,
43844,
422,
1973,
262,
19517,
995,
547,
37184,
287,
6365,
837,
475,
262,
6868,
11858,
6150,
837,
290,
484,
1690,
19233,
262,
2285,
82,
286,
777,
29661,
656,
511,
898,
11892,
764,
220,
198
] |
= = Characteristics = =
|
[
796,
796,
15684,
3969,
796,
796,
220,
198
] |
Modern knowledge of Egyptian beliefs about the gods is mostly drawn from religious writings produced by the nation 's scribes and priests . These people were the elite of Egyptian society and were very distinct from the general populace , most of whom were illiterate . Little is known about how well this broader population knew or understood the sophisticated ideas that the elite developed . Commoners ' perceptions of the divine may have differed from those of the priests . The populace may , for example , have mistaken the religion 's symbolic statements about the gods and their actions for literal truth . But overall , what little is known about popular religious belief is consistent with the elite tradition . The two traditions form a largely cohesive vision of the gods and their nature .
|
[
12495,
3725,
286,
14075,
9056,
546,
262,
11858,
318,
4632,
7428,
422,
4158,
19336,
4635,
416,
262,
3277,
705,
82,
629,
22090,
290,
17345,
764,
2312,
661,
547,
262,
9085,
286,
14075,
3592,
290,
547,
845,
7310,
422,
262,
2276,
39003,
837,
749,
286,
4150,
547,
45029,
378,
764,
7703,
318,
1900,
546,
703,
880,
428,
11622,
3265,
2993,
393,
7247,
262,
13767,
4213,
326,
262,
9085,
4166,
764,
8070,
364,
705,
23574,
286,
262,
11871,
743,
423,
36337,
422,
883,
286,
262,
17345,
764,
383,
39003,
743,
837,
329,
1672,
837,
423,
16011,
262,
5737,
705,
82,
18975,
6299,
546,
262,
11858,
290,
511,
4028,
329,
18875,
3872,
764,
887,
4045,
837,
644,
1310,
318,
1900,
546,
2968,
4158,
4901,
318,
6414,
351,
262,
9085,
6761,
764,
383,
734,
15421,
1296,
257,
5688,
42403,
5761,
286,
262,
11858,
290,
511,
3450,
764,
220,
198
] |
= = = Roles = = =
|
[
796,
796,
796,
371,
4316,
796,
796,
796,
220,
198
] |
Most Egyptian deities represent natural or social phenomena . The gods were generally said to be immanent in these phenomena — to be present within nature . The types of phenomena they represented include physical places and objects as well as abstract concepts and forces . The god Shu was the deification of all the world 's air ; the goddess <unk> oversaw a limited region of the earth , the Theban Necropolis ; and the god Sia personified the abstract notion of perception . Major gods often had many roles and were involved in several types of phenomena . For instance , Khnum was the god of Elephantine Island in the midst of the Nile , the river that was essential to Egyptian civilization . He was credited with producing the annual Nile flood that fertilized the nation 's farmland . Perhaps as an outgrowth of this life @-@ giving function , he was said to create all living things , fashioning their bodies on a potter 's wheel . Gods could share the same role in nature ; Ra , Atum , <unk> , Horus , and other deities acted as sun gods . Despite their diverse functions , most gods had an overarching role in common : maintaining maat , the universal order that was a central principle of Egyptian religion and was itself personified as a goddess . But some deities represented disruption to maat . Most prominently , Apep was the force of chaos , constantly threatening to annihilate the order of the universe , and Set was an ambivalent member of divine society who could both fight disorder and foment it .
|
[
4042,
14075,
43844,
2380,
3288,
393,
1919,
19428,
764,
383,
11858,
547,
4143,
531,
284,
307,
545,
44172,
287,
777,
19428,
851,
284,
307,
1944,
1626,
3450,
764,
383,
3858,
286,
19428,
484,
7997,
2291,
3518,
4113,
290,
5563,
355,
880,
355,
12531,
10838,
290,
3386,
764,
383,
5770,
32344,
373,
262,
390,
2649,
286,
477,
262,
995,
705,
82,
1633,
2162,
262,
22215,
1279,
2954,
29,
40394,
257,
3614,
3814,
286,
262,
4534,
837,
262,
383,
3820,
19652,
25986,
2162,
290,
262,
5770,
311,
544,
1048,
1431,
262,
12531,
9495,
286,
11202,
764,
8386,
11858,
1690,
550,
867,
9176,
290,
547,
2950,
287,
1811,
3858,
286,
19428,
764,
1114,
4554,
837,
5311,
22510,
373,
262,
5770,
286,
15987,
746,
29003,
5451,
287,
262,
15925,
286,
262,
38063,
837,
262,
7850,
326,
373,
6393,
284,
14075,
14355,
764,
679,
373,
18141,
351,
9194,
262,
5079,
38063,
6947,
326,
19078,
1143,
262,
3277,
705,
82,
45723,
764,
8673,
355,
281,
503,
27922,
286,
428,
1204,
2488,
12,
31,
3501,
2163,
837,
339,
373,
531,
284,
2251,
477,
2877,
1243,
837,
6977,
278,
511,
5920,
319,
257,
1787,
353,
705,
82,
7825,
764,
15391,
714,
2648,
262,
976,
2597,
287,
3450,
2162,
7567,
837,
1629,
388,
837,
1279,
2954,
29,
837,
29698,
837,
290,
584,
43844,
13134,
355,
4252,
11858,
764,
7945,
511,
10084,
5499,
837,
749,
11858,
550,
281,
43247,
2597,
287,
2219,
1058,
10941,
17266,
265,
837,
262,
10112,
1502,
326,
373,
257,
4318,
7989,
286,
14075,
5737,
290,
373,
2346,
1048,
1431,
355,
257,
22215,
764,
887,
617,
43844,
7997,
19911,
284,
17266,
265,
764,
4042,
31015,
837,
317,
431,
79,
373,
262,
2700,
286,
11918,
837,
7558,
11123,
284,
36572,
378,
262,
1502,
286,
262,
6881,
837,
290,
5345,
373,
281,
4915,
29540,
2888,
286,
11871,
3592,
508,
714,
1111,
1907,
8967,
290,
277,
296,
298,
340,
764,
220,
198
] |
Not all aspects of existence were seen as deities . Although many deities were connected with the Nile , no god personified it in the way that Ra personified the sun . Short @-@ lived phenomena , like rainbows or eclipses , were not represented by gods ; neither were elements like fire and water or many other components of the world .
|
[
1892,
477,
7612,
286,
6224,
547,
1775,
355,
43844,
764,
4900,
867,
43844,
547,
5884,
351,
262,
38063,
837,
645,
5770,
1048,
1431,
340,
287,
262,
835,
326,
7567,
1048,
1431,
262,
4252,
764,
10073,
2488,
12,
31,
5615,
19428,
837,
588,
6290,
25435,
393,
39097,
274,
837,
547,
407,
7997,
416,
11858,
2162,
6159,
547,
4847,
588,
2046,
290,
1660,
393,
867,
584,
6805,
286,
262,
995,
764,
220,
198
] |
The roles of each deity were fluid , and each god could expand its nature to take on new characteristics . As a result , gods ' roles are difficult to categorize or define . But despite their flexibility , the gods had limited abilities and spheres of influence . Not even the creator god could reach beyond the boundaries of the cosmos that he created , and even Isis , though she was said to be the cleverest of the gods , was not omniscient . Richard H. Wilkinson , however , argues that some texts from the late New Kingdom suggest that , as beliefs about the god Amun evolved , he was thought to approach omniscience and omnipresence and to transcend the limits of the world in a way that other deities did not .
|
[
383,
9176,
286,
1123,
26462,
547,
11711,
837,
290,
1123,
5770,
714,
4292,
663,
3450,
284,
1011,
319,
649,
9695,
764,
1081,
257,
1255,
837,
11858,
705,
9176,
389,
2408,
284,
17851,
1096,
393,
8160,
764,
887,
3805,
511,
13688,
837,
262,
11858,
550,
3614,
7883,
290,
34126,
286,
4588,
764,
1892,
772,
262,
13172,
5770,
714,
3151,
3675,
262,
13215,
286,
262,
39385,
326,
339,
2727,
837,
290,
772,
16530,
837,
996,
673,
373,
531,
284,
307,
262,
1190,
303,
2118,
286,
262,
11858,
837,
373,
407,
22284,
271,
3456,
764,
6219,
367,
13,
46463,
837,
2158,
837,
11673,
326,
617,
13399,
422,
262,
2739,
968,
7526,
1950,
326,
837,
355,
9056,
546,
262,
5770,
1703,
403,
12572,
837,
339,
373,
1807,
284,
3164,
22284,
271,
4234,
290,
40046,
411,
594,
290,
284,
26231,
262,
7095,
286,
262,
995,
287,
257,
835,
326,
584,
43844,
750,
407,
764,
220,
198
] |
The deities with the most limited and specialized domains are often called " minor divinities " or " demons " in modern writing , although there is no firm definition for these terms . Among these lesser deities , Egyptologist Claude <unk> draws a distinction between " genies " — specialized patron spirits of certain places , objects , or activities , such as the sea or marsh god <unk> @-@ Wer and the harvest goddess Renenutet — and demons , who have a more dangerous character . Many demons are hostile , causing illness and other troubles among humans . Their power can also be protective ; they may guard certain places in the Duat , the realm of the dead , or advise and watch over humans . Egyptians believed the landscape was full of these unpredictable divine powers . Demons often act as servants and messengers to the greater gods , but their position in the hierarchy is not fixed . The protective deities <unk> and <unk> originally had minor , demon @-@ like roles , but over time they came to be credited with great influence .
|
[
383,
43844,
351,
262,
749,
3614,
290,
16976,
18209,
389,
1690,
1444,
366,
4159,
2659,
259,
871,
366,
393,
366,
17708,
366,
287,
3660,
3597,
837,
3584,
612,
318,
645,
4081,
6770,
329,
777,
2846,
764,
9754,
777,
14494,
43844,
837,
6365,
7451,
40559,
1279,
2954,
29,
14293,
257,
12941,
1022,
366,
2429,
444,
366,
851,
16976,
19686,
13747,
286,
1728,
4113,
837,
5563,
837,
393,
4568,
837,
884,
355,
262,
5417,
393,
22397,
5770,
1279,
2954,
29,
2488,
12,
31,
27648,
290,
262,
13222,
22215,
7152,
268,
315,
316,
851,
290,
17708,
837,
508,
423,
257,
517,
4923,
2095,
764,
4650,
17708,
389,
12524,
837,
6666,
8526,
290,
584,
14979,
1871,
5384,
764,
5334,
1176,
460,
635,
307,
14153,
2162,
484,
743,
4860,
1728,
4113,
287,
262,
10343,
265,
837,
262,
13360,
286,
262,
2636,
837,
393,
18595,
290,
2342,
625,
5384,
764,
32658,
4762,
262,
10747,
373,
1336,
286,
777,
22900,
11871,
5635,
764,
38539,
1690,
719,
355,
17523,
290,
2085,
9302,
284,
262,
3744,
11858,
837,
475,
511,
2292,
287,
262,
18911,
318,
407,
5969,
764,
383,
14153,
43844,
1279,
2954,
29,
290,
1279,
2954,
29,
6198,
550,
4159,
837,
3222,
2488,
12,
31,
588,
9176,
837,
475,
625,
640,
484,
1625,
284,
307,
18141,
351,
1049,
4588,
764,
220,
198
] |
= = = Behavior = = =
|
[
796,
796,
796,
20181,
796,
796,
796,
220,
198
] |
Divine behavior was believed to govern all of nature . Except for the few deities who disrupted the divine order , the gods ' actions maintained maat and created and sustained all living things . They did this work using a force the Egyptians called heka , a term usually translated as " magic " . <unk> was a fundamental power that the creator god used to form the world and the gods themselves .
|
[
13009,
4069,
373,
4762,
284,
1089,
477,
286,
3450,
764,
18181,
329,
262,
1178,
43844,
508,
30067,
262,
11871,
1502,
837,
262,
11858,
705,
4028,
9456,
17266,
265,
290,
2727,
290,
12605,
477,
2877,
1243,
764,
1119,
750,
428,
670,
1262,
257,
2700,
262,
32658,
1444,
339,
4914,
837,
257,
3381,
3221,
14251,
355,
366,
5536,
366,
764,
1279,
2954,
29,
373,
257,
7531,
1176,
326,
262,
13172,
5770,
973,
284,
1296,
262,
995,
290,
262,
11858,
2405,
764,
220,
198
] |
The gods ' actions in the present are described and praised in hymns and funerary texts . In contrast , mythology mainly concerns the gods ' actions during a vaguely imagined past in which the gods were present on earth and interacted directly with humans . The events of this past time set the pattern for the events of the present . Periodic occurrences were tied to events in the mythic past ; the succession of each new pharaoh , for instance , reenacted Horus ' accession to the throne of his father Osiris . Myths are metaphors for the gods ' actions , which humans cannot fully understand . They contain seemingly contradictory ideas , each expressing a particular perspective on divine events . The contradictions in myth are part of the Egyptians ' many @-@ faceted approach to religious belief — what Henri Frankfort called a " multiplicity of approaches " to understanding the gods .
|
[
383,
11858,
705,
4028,
287,
262,
1944,
389,
3417,
290,
15342,
287,
2537,
76,
5907,
290,
49831,
560,
13399,
764,
554,
6273,
837,
25871,
8384,
4786,
262,
11858,
705,
4028,
1141,
257,
29627,
15758,
1613,
287,
543,
262,
11858,
547,
1944,
319,
4534,
290,
49236,
3264,
351,
5384,
764,
383,
2995,
286,
428,
1613,
640,
900,
262,
3912,
329,
262,
2995,
286,
262,
1944,
764,
18581,
291,
40279,
547,
8165,
284,
2995,
287,
262,
7918,
291,
1613,
2162,
262,
22435,
286,
1123,
649,
872,
33766,
837,
329,
4554,
837,
302,
268,
23800,
29698,
705,
1895,
295,
284,
262,
19262,
286,
465,
2988,
40925,
764,
2011,
9998,
389,
49610,
329,
262,
11858,
705,
4028,
837,
543,
5384,
2314,
3938,
1833,
764,
1119,
3994,
9775,
29096,
4213,
837,
1123,
16621,
257,
1948,
6650,
319,
11871,
2995,
764,
383,
32962,
287,
7918,
389,
636,
286,
262,
32658,
705,
867,
2488,
12,
31,
39144,
276,
3164,
284,
4158,
4901,
851,
644,
44485,
5278,
3319,
1444,
257,
366,
15082,
8467,
286,
10581,
366,
284,
4547,
262,
11858,
764,
220,
198
] |
In myth , the gods behave much like humans . They feel emotion ; they can eat , drink , fight , weep , sicken , and die . Some have unique character traits . Set is aggressive and impulsive , and Thoth , patron of writing and knowledge , is prone to long @-@ winded speeches . Yet overall , the gods are more like archetypes than well drawn characters . Their behavior is inconsistent , and their thoughts and motivations are rarely stated . Most myths about them lack highly developed characters and plots , because the symbolic meaning of the myths was more important than elaborate storytelling .
|
[
554,
7918,
837,
262,
11858,
17438,
881,
588,
5384,
764,
1119,
1254,
9942,
2162,
484,
460,
4483,
837,
4144,
837,
1907,
837,
49671,
837,
264,
5973,
837,
290,
4656,
764,
2773,
423,
3748,
2095,
12796,
764,
5345,
318,
8361,
290,
848,
22220,
837,
290,
536,
849,
837,
19686,
286,
3597,
290,
3725,
837,
318,
17592,
284,
890,
2488,
12,
31,
2344,
276,
18138,
764,
6430,
4045,
837,
262,
11858,
389,
517,
588,
20944,
19199,
621,
880,
7428,
3435,
764,
5334,
4069,
318,
18326,
837,
290,
511,
6066,
290,
28140,
389,
8365,
5081,
764,
4042,
22886,
546,
606,
3092,
4047,
4166,
3435,
290,
21528,
837,
780,
262,
18975,
3616,
286,
262,
22886,
373,
517,
1593,
621,
15962,
23689,
764,
220,
198
] |
The first divine act is the creation of the cosmos , described in several creation myths . They focus on different gods , each of which may act as creator deities . The eight gods of the <unk> , who represent the chaos that precedes creation , give birth to the sun god , who establishes order in the newly formed world ; Ptah , who embodies thought and creativity , gives form to all things by envisioning and naming them ; Atum produces all things as emanations of himself ; and Amun , according to the myths promoted by his priesthood , preceded and created the other creator gods . These and other versions of the events of creation were not seen as contradictory . Each gives a different perspective on the complex process by which the organized universe and its many deities emerged from undifferentiated chaos . The period following creation , in which a series of gods rule as kings over the divine society , is the setting for most myths . The gods struggle against the forces of chaos and among each other before withdrawing from the human world and installing the historical kings of Egypt to rule in their place .
|
[
383,
717,
11871,
719,
318,
262,
6282,
286,
262,
39385,
837,
3417,
287,
1811,
6282,
22886,
764,
1119,
2962,
319,
1180,
11858,
837,
1123,
286,
543,
743,
719,
355,
13172,
43844,
764,
383,
3624,
11858,
286,
262,
1279,
2954,
29,
837,
508,
2380,
262,
11918,
326,
8555,
274,
6282,
837,
1577,
4082,
284,
262,
4252,
5770,
837,
508,
30742,
1502,
287,
262,
8308,
7042,
995,
2162,
34352,
993,
837,
508,
45370,
1807,
290,
16389,
837,
3607,
1296,
284,
477,
1243,
416,
21786,
278,
290,
19264,
606,
2162,
1629,
388,
11073,
477,
1243,
355,
31184,
602,
286,
2241,
2162,
290,
1703,
403,
837,
1864,
284,
262,
22886,
13722,
416,
465,
33060,
837,
27165,
290,
2727,
262,
584,
13172,
11858,
764,
2312,
290,
584,
6300,
286,
262,
2995,
286,
6282,
547,
407,
1775,
355,
29096,
764,
5501,
3607,
257,
1180,
6650,
319,
262,
3716,
1429,
416,
543,
262,
8389,
6881,
290,
663,
867,
43844,
9349,
422,
3318,
17125,
12931,
11918,
764,
383,
2278,
1708,
6282,
837,
287,
543,
257,
2168,
286,
11858,
3896,
355,
21557,
625,
262,
11871,
3592,
837,
318,
262,
4634,
329,
749,
22886,
764,
383,
11858,
6531,
1028,
262,
3386,
286,
11918,
290,
1871,
1123,
584,
878,
36395,
422,
262,
1692,
995,
290,
15975,
262,
6754,
21557,
286,
6365,
284,
3896,
287,
511,
1295,
764,
220,
198
] |
A recurring theme in these myths is the effort of the gods to maintain maat against the forces of disorder . They fight vicious battles with the forces of chaos at the start of creation . Ra and Apep , battling each other each night , continue this struggle into the present . Another prominent theme is the gods ' death and revival . The clearest instance where a god dies is the myth of Osiris ' murder , in which that god is resurrected as ruler of the Duat . The sun god is also said to grow old during his daily journey across the sky , sink into the Duat at night , and emerge as a young child at dawn . In the process he comes into contact with the rejuvenating water of primordial chaos . Funerary texts that depict Ra 's journey through the Duat also show the corpses of gods who are enlivened along with him . Instead of being <unk> immortal , the gods periodically died and were reborn by repeating the events of creation , thus renewing the whole world . But it was always possible for this cycle to be disrupted and for chaos to return . Some poorly understood Egyptian texts even suggest that this calamity is destined to happen — that the creator god will one day dissolve the order of the world , leaving only himself and Osiris amid the primordial chaos .
|
[
317,
24824,
7505,
287,
777,
22886,
318,
262,
3626,
286,
262,
11858,
284,
5529,
17266,
265,
1028,
262,
3386,
286,
8967,
764,
1119,
1907,
17686,
10181,
351,
262,
3386,
286,
11918,
379,
262,
923,
286,
6282,
764,
7567,
290,
317,
431,
79,
837,
20581,
1123,
584,
1123,
1755,
837,
2555,
428,
6531,
656,
262,
1944,
764,
6023,
9208,
7505,
318,
262,
11858,
705,
1918,
290,
26624,
764,
383,
1190,
12423,
4554,
810,
257,
5770,
10564,
318,
262,
7918,
286,
40925,
705,
5123,
837,
287,
543,
326,
5770,
318,
41914,
355,
22740,
286,
262,
10343,
265,
764,
383,
4252,
5770,
318,
635,
531,
284,
1663,
1468,
1141,
465,
4445,
7002,
1973,
262,
6766,
837,
14595,
656,
262,
10343,
265,
379,
1755,
837,
290,
14740,
355,
257,
1862,
1200,
379,
17577,
764,
554,
262,
1429,
339,
2058,
656,
2800,
351,
262,
46834,
803,
1660,
286,
2684,
31223,
11918,
764,
11138,
263,
560,
13399,
326,
19583,
7567,
705,
82,
7002,
832,
262,
10343,
265,
635,
905,
262,
26750,
286,
11858,
508,
389,
551,
75,
1469,
276,
1863,
351,
683,
764,
5455,
286,
852,
1279,
2954,
29,
26156,
837,
262,
11858,
26034,
3724,
290,
547,
46576,
416,
20394,
262,
2995,
286,
6282,
837,
4145,
6931,
278,
262,
2187,
995,
764,
887,
340,
373,
1464,
1744,
329,
428,
6772,
284,
307,
30067,
290,
329,
11918,
284,
1441,
764,
2773,
13455,
7247,
14075,
13399,
772,
1950,
326,
428,
35765,
414,
318,
23985,
284,
1645,
851,
326,
262,
13172,
5770,
481,
530,
1110,
33862,
262,
1502,
286,
262,
995,
837,
4305,
691,
2241,
290,
40925,
10371,
262,
2684,
31223,
11918,
764,
220,
198
] |
= = = Locations = = =
|
[
796,
796,
796,
41277,
796,
796,
796,
220,
198
] |
Gods were linked with specific regions of the universe . In Egyptian tradition , the world includes the earth , the sky , and the Duat . Surrounding them is the dark formlessness that existed before creation . The gods in general were said to dwell in the sky , although gods whose roles were linked with other parts of the universe were said to live in those places instead . Most events of mythology , set in a time before the gods ' withdrawal from the human realm , take place in an earthly setting . The deities there sometimes interact with those in the sky . The Duat , in contrast , is treated as a remote and inaccessible place , and the gods who dwell there have difficulty communicating with those in the world of the living . The space outside the cosmos is also said to be very distant . It too is inhabited by deities , some hostile and some beneficial to the other gods and their orderly world .
|
[
15391,
547,
6692,
351,
2176,
7652,
286,
262,
6881,
764,
554,
14075,
6761,
837,
262,
995,
3407,
262,
4534,
837,
262,
6766,
837,
290,
262,
10343,
265,
764,
4198,
744,
278,
606,
318,
262,
3223,
1296,
17587,
326,
11196,
878,
6282,
764,
383,
11858,
287,
2276,
547,
531,
284,
14046,
287,
262,
6766,
837,
3584,
11858,
3025,
9176,
547,
6692,
351,
584,
3354,
286,
262,
6881,
547,
531,
284,
2107,
287,
883,
4113,
2427,
764,
4042,
2995,
286,
25871,
837,
900,
287,
257,
640,
878,
262,
11858,
705,
15220,
422,
262,
1692,
13360,
837,
1011,
1295,
287,
281,
39892,
4634,
764,
383,
43844,
612,
3360,
9427,
351,
883,
287,
262,
6766,
764,
383,
10343,
265,
837,
287,
6273,
837,
318,
5716,
355,
257,
6569,
290,
40604,
1295,
837,
290,
262,
11858,
508,
14046,
612,
423,
8722,
22889,
351,
883,
287,
262,
995,
286,
262,
2877,
764,
383,
2272,
2354,
262,
39385,
318,
635,
531,
284,
307,
845,
12899,
764,
632,
1165,
318,
30671,
416,
43844,
837,
617,
12524,
290,
617,
13205,
284,
262,
584,
11858,
290,
511,
39164,
995,
764,
220,
198
] |
In the time after myth , most gods were said to be either in the sky or invisibly present within the world . Temples were their main means of contact with humanity . Each day , it was believed , the gods moved from the divine realm to their temples , their homes in the human world . There they inhabited the cult images , the statues that depicted deities and allowed humans to interact with them in temple rituals . This movement between realms was sometimes described as a journey between the sky and the earth . As temples were the focal points of Egyptian cities , the god in a city 's main temple was the patron god for the city and the surrounding region . Deities ' spheres of influence on earth centered on the towns and regions they presided over . Many gods had more than one cult center , and their local ties changed over time . They could establish themselves in new cities , or their range of influence could contract . Therefore , a given deity 's main cult center in historical times is not necessarily his or her place of origin . The political influence of a city could affect the importance of its patron deity . When kings from Thebes took control of the country at start of the Middle Kingdom ( c . 2055 – 1650 BC ) , they elevated Thebes ' patron gods — first the war god Montu and then Amun — to national prominence .
|
[
554,
262,
640,
706,
7918,
837,
749,
11858,
547,
531,
284,
307,
2035,
287,
262,
6766,
393,
44837,
3193,
1944,
1626,
262,
995,
764,
5825,
2374,
547,
511,
1388,
1724,
286,
2800,
351,
9265,
764,
5501,
1110,
837,
340,
373,
4762,
837,
262,
11858,
3888,
422,
262,
11871,
13360,
284,
511,
27081,
837,
511,
5682,
287,
262,
1692,
995,
764,
1318,
484,
30671,
262,
2285,
4263,
837,
262,
25827,
326,
18904,
43844,
290,
3142,
5384,
284,
9427,
351,
606,
287,
12505,
25797,
764,
770,
3356,
1022,
35423,
373,
3360,
3417,
355,
257,
7002,
1022,
262,
6766,
290,
262,
4534,
764,
1081,
27081,
547,
262,
25397,
2173,
286,
14075,
4736,
837,
262,
5770,
287,
257,
1748,
705,
82,
1388,
12505,
373,
262,
19686,
5770,
329,
262,
1748,
290,
262,
7346,
3814,
764,
1024,
871,
705,
34126,
286,
4588,
319,
4534,
19254,
319,
262,
11684,
290,
7652,
484,
45022,
625,
764,
4650,
11858,
550,
517,
621,
530,
2285,
3641,
837,
290,
511,
1957,
8470,
3421,
625,
640,
764,
1119,
714,
4474,
2405,
287,
649,
4736,
837,
393,
511,
2837,
286,
4588,
714,
2775,
764,
8447,
837,
257,
1813,
26462,
705,
82,
1388,
2285,
3641,
287,
6754,
1661,
318,
407,
6646,
465,
393,
607,
1295,
286,
8159,
764,
383,
1964,
4588,
286,
257,
1748,
714,
2689,
262,
6817,
286,
663,
19686,
26462,
764,
1649,
21557,
422,
383,
12636,
1718,
1630,
286,
262,
1499,
379,
923,
286,
262,
6046,
7526,
357,
269,
764,
1160,
2816,
784,
1467,
1120,
11843,
1267,
837,
484,
15321,
383,
12636,
705,
19686,
11858,
851,
717,
262,
1175,
5770,
5575,
84,
290,
788,
1703,
403,
851,
284,
2260,
31198,
764,
220,
198
] |
= = = Names and epithets = = =
|
[
796,
796,
796,
28531,
290,
21240,
258,
912,
796,
796,
796,
220,
198
] |
In Egyptian belief , names express the fundamental nature of the things to which they refer . In keeping with this belief , the names of deities often relate to their roles or origins . The name of the predatory goddess Sekhmet means " powerful one " , the name of the mysterious god Amun means " hidden one " , and the name of the goddess Nekhbet , who was worshipped in the city of <unk> , means " she of <unk> " . But many other names have no certain meaning , even when the gods who bear them are closely tied to a single role . The names of the sky goddess Nut and the earth god Geb do not resemble the Egyptian terms for sky and earth .
|
[
554,
14075,
4901,
837,
3891,
4911,
262,
7531,
3450,
286,
262,
1243,
284,
543,
484,
3522,
764,
554,
5291,
351,
428,
4901,
837,
262,
3891,
286,
43844,
1690,
15124,
284,
511,
9176,
393,
15587,
764,
383,
1438,
286,
262,
35341,
22215,
37558,
71,
4164,
1724,
366,
3665,
530,
366,
837,
262,
1438,
286,
262,
11428,
5770,
1703,
403,
1724,
366,
7104,
530,
366,
837,
290,
262,
1438,
286,
262,
22215,
37167,
71,
11181,
837,
508,
373,
46204,
287,
262,
1748,
286,
1279,
2954,
29,
837,
1724,
366,
673,
286,
1279,
2954,
29,
366,
764,
887,
867,
584,
3891,
423,
645,
1728,
3616,
837,
772,
618,
262,
11858,
508,
6842,
606,
389,
7173,
8165,
284,
257,
2060,
2597,
764,
383,
3891,
286,
262,
6766,
22215,
11959,
290,
262,
4534,
5770,
402,
1765,
466,
407,
22464,
262,
14075,
2846,
329,
6766,
290,
4534,
764,
220,
198
] |
The Egyptians also devised false etymologies giving more meanings to divine names . A passage in the Coffin Texts renders the name of the funerary god <unk> as sk r , meaning " cleaning of the mouth " , to link his name with his role in the Opening of the Mouth ritual , while one in the Pyramid Texts says the name is based on words shouted by Osiris , connecting <unk> with the most important funerary deity .
|
[
383,
32658,
635,
28964,
3991,
304,
774,
76,
5823,
3501,
517,
26368,
284,
11871,
3891,
764,
317,
10066,
287,
262,
44159,
8255,
82,
30111,
262,
1438,
286,
262,
49831,
560,
5770,
1279,
2954,
29,
355,
1341,
374,
837,
3616,
366,
12724,
286,
262,
5422,
366,
837,
284,
2792,
465,
1438,
351,
465,
2597,
287,
262,
25522,
286,
262,
44764,
12146,
837,
981,
530,
287,
262,
41450,
8255,
82,
1139,
262,
1438,
318,
1912,
319,
2456,
17293,
416,
40925,
837,
14320,
1279,
2954,
29,
351,
262,
749,
1593,
49831,
560,
26462,
764,
220,
198
] |
The gods were believed to have many names . Among them were secret names that conveyed their true natures more profoundly than others . To know the true name of a deity was to have power over it . The importance of names is demonstrated by a myth in which Isis poisons the superior god Ra and refuses to cure him unless he reveals his secret name to her . Upon learning the name , she tells it to her son , Horus , and by learning it they gain greater knowledge and power .
|
[
383,
11858,
547,
4762,
284,
423,
867,
3891,
764,
9754,
606,
547,
3200,
3891,
326,
33348,
511,
2081,
299,
6691,
517,
27377,
621,
1854,
764,
1675,
760,
262,
2081,
1438,
286,
257,
26462,
373,
284,
423,
1176,
625,
340,
764,
383,
6817,
286,
3891,
318,
9555,
416,
257,
7918,
287,
543,
16530,
49121,
262,
9098,
5770,
7567,
290,
17567,
284,
13996,
683,
4556,
339,
10069,
465,
3200,
1438,
284,
607,
764,
14438,
4673,
262,
1438,
837,
673,
4952,
340,
284,
607,
3367,
837,
29698,
837,
290,
416,
4673,
340,
484,
4461,
3744,
3725,
290,
1176,
764,
220,
198
] |
In addition to their names , gods were given epithets , like " possessor of splendor " , " ruler of Abydos " , or " lord of the sky " , that describe some aspect of their roles or their worship . Because of the gods ' multiple and overlapping roles , deities can have many epithets — with more important gods accumulating more titles — and the same epithet can apply to many deities . Some epithets eventually became separate deities , as with <unk> , an epithet applied to several goddesses meaning " great enchantress " , which came to be treated as an independent goddess . The host of divine names and titles expresses the gods ' multifarious nature .
|
[
554,
3090,
284,
511,
3891,
837,
11858,
547,
1813,
21240,
258,
912,
837,
588,
366,
1184,
5987,
286,
4328,
18738,
366,
837,
366,
22740,
286,
317,
1525,
37427,
366,
837,
393,
366,
15876,
286,
262,
6766,
366,
837,
326,
6901,
617,
4843,
286,
511,
9176,
393,
511,
11892,
764,
4362,
286,
262,
11858,
705,
3294,
290,
32997,
9176,
837,
43844,
460,
423,
867,
21240,
258,
912,
851,
351,
517,
1593,
11858,
44657,
517,
8714,
851,
290,
262,
976,
21240,
3202,
460,
4174,
284,
867,
43844,
764,
2773,
21240,
258,
912,
4191,
2627,
4553,
43844,
837,
355,
351,
1279,
2954,
29,
837,
281,
21240,
3202,
5625,
284,
1811,
22215,
274,
3616,
366,
1049,
23260,
601,
366,
837,
543,
1625,
284,
307,
5716,
355,
281,
4795,
22215,
764,
383,
2583,
286,
11871,
3891,
290,
8714,
27505,
262,
11858,
705,
43543,
27129,
3450,
764,
220,
198
] |
= = = Relationships = = =
|
[
796,
796,
796,
13883,
5748,
796,
796,
796,
220,
198
] |
Egyptian deities are connected in a complex and shifting array of relationships . A god 's connections and interactions with other deities helped define its character . Thus Isis , as the mother and protector of Horus , was a great healer as well as the patroness of kings . Such relationships were the base material from which myths were formed .
|
[
14075,
43844,
389,
5884,
287,
257,
3716,
290,
15852,
7177,
286,
6958,
764,
317,
5770,
705,
82,
8787,
290,
12213,
351,
584,
43844,
4193,
8160,
663,
2095,
764,
6660,
16530,
837,
355,
262,
2802,
290,
36784,
286,
29698,
837,
373,
257,
1049,
44325,
355,
880,
355,
262,
19686,
408,
286,
21557,
764,
8013,
6958,
547,
262,
2779,
2587,
422,
543,
22886,
547,
7042,
764,
220,
198
] |
Family relationships are a common type of connection between gods . Deities often form male and female pairs , reflecting the importance of procreation in Egyptian religious thought . Families of three deities , with a father , mother , and child , represent the creation of new life and the succession of the father by the child , a pattern that connects divine families with royal succession . Osiris , Isis , and Horus formed the quintessential family of this type . The pattern they set grew more widespread over time , so that many deities in local cult centers , like Ptah , Sekhmet , and their child <unk> at Memphis and Amun , Mut , and Khonsu at Thebes , were assembled into family triads . Genealogical connections like these are changeable , in keeping with the multiple perspectives in Egyptian belief . Hathor , as a fertility goddess , could act as mother to any child god , including the child form of the sun god , although in other circumstances she was the sun god 's daughter .
|
[
7884,
6958,
389,
257,
2219,
2099,
286,
4637,
1022,
11858,
764,
1024,
871,
1690,
1296,
4257,
290,
4048,
14729,
837,
20252,
262,
6817,
286,
386,
38793,
287,
14075,
4158,
1807,
764,
25813,
286,
1115,
43844,
837,
351,
257,
2988,
837,
2802,
837,
290,
1200,
837,
2380,
262,
6282,
286,
649,
1204,
290,
262,
22435,
286,
262,
2988,
416,
262,
1200,
837,
257,
3912,
326,
20417,
11871,
4172,
351,
15100,
22435,
764,
40925,
837,
16530,
837,
290,
29698,
7042,
262,
28533,
31195,
1641,
286,
428,
2099,
764,
383,
3912,
484,
900,
6348,
517,
10095,
625,
640,
837,
523,
326,
867,
43844,
287,
1957,
2285,
10399,
837,
588,
34352,
993,
837,
37558,
71,
4164,
837,
290,
511,
1200,
1279,
2954,
29,
379,
20522,
290,
1703,
403,
837,
13859,
837,
290,
5311,
684,
84,
379,
383,
12636,
837,
547,
16030,
656,
1641,
1333,
5643,
764,
13005,
11794,
605,
8787,
588,
777,
389,
1487,
540,
837,
287,
5291,
351,
262,
3294,
22582,
287,
14075,
4901,
764,
36556,
273,
837,
355,
257,
21573,
22215,
837,
714,
719,
355,
2802,
284,
597,
1200,
5770,
837,
1390,
262,
1200,
1296,
286,
262,
4252,
5770,
837,
3584,
287,
584,
5917,
673,
373,
262,
4252,
5770,
705,
82,
4957,
764,
220,
198
] |
Other divine groups were composed of deities with interrelated roles , or who together represented a region of the Egyptian mythological cosmos . There were sets of gods for the hours of the day and night and for each nome ( province ) of Egypt . Some of these groups contain a specific , symbolically important number of deities . Paired gods can stand for opposite but interrelated concepts that are part of a greater unity . Ra , who is dynamic and light @-@ producing , and Osiris , who is static and shrouded in darkness , merge into a single god each night . Groups of three are linked with plurality in ancient Egyptian thought , and groups of four connote completeness . Rulers in the late New Kingdom promoted a particularly important group of three gods above all others : Amun , Ra , and Ptah . These deities stood for the plurality of all gods , as well as for their own cult centers ( the major cities of Thebes , Heliopolis , and Memphis ) and for many threefold sets of concepts in Egyptian religious thought . Sometimes Set , the patron god of the Nineteenth Dynasty kings and the embodiment of disorder within the world , was added to this group , which emphasized a single coherent vision of the pantheon .
|
[
3819,
11871,
2628,
547,
13160,
286,
43844,
351,
987,
5363,
9176,
837,
393,
508,
1978,
7997,
257,
3814,
286,
262,
14075,
7918,
2770,
39385,
764,
1318,
547,
5621,
286,
11858,
329,
262,
2250,
286,
262,
1110,
290,
1755,
290,
329,
1123,
299,
462,
357,
8473,
1267,
286,
6365,
764,
2773,
286,
777,
2628,
3994,
257,
2176,
837,
6194,
1146,
1593,
1271,
286,
43844,
764,
350,
9820,
11858,
460,
1302,
329,
6697,
475,
987,
5363,
10838,
326,
389,
636,
286,
257,
3744,
14111,
764,
7567,
837,
508,
318,
8925,
290,
1657,
2488,
12,
31,
9194,
837,
290,
40925,
837,
508,
318,
9037,
290,
50197,
287,
11854,
837,
20121,
656,
257,
2060,
5770,
1123,
1755,
764,
27441,
286,
1115,
389,
6692,
351,
36325,
287,
6156,
14075,
1807,
837,
290,
2628,
286,
1440,
369,
11295,
1224,
43205,
764,
371,
377,
364,
287,
262,
2739,
968,
7526,
13722,
257,
3573,
1593,
1448,
286,
1115,
11858,
2029,
477,
1854,
1058,
1703,
403,
837,
7567,
837,
290,
34352,
993,
764,
2312,
43844,
6204,
329,
262,
36325,
286,
477,
11858,
837,
355,
880,
355,
329,
511,
898,
2285,
10399,
357,
262,
1688,
4736,
286,
383,
12636,
837,
5053,
14922,
8506,
837,
290,
20522,
1267,
290,
329,
867,
1115,
11379,
5621,
286,
10838,
287,
14075,
4158,
1807,
764,
8975,
5345,
837,
262,
19686,
5770,
286,
262,
10516,
26425,
30908,
21557,
290,
262,
23168,
286,
8967,
1626,
262,
995,
837,
373,
2087,
284,
428,
1448,
837,
543,
20047,
257,
2060,
24870,
5761,
286,
262,
15857,
37060,
764,
220,
198
] |
Nine , the product of three and three , represents a multitude , so the Egyptians called several large groups " <unk> " , or sets of nine , even if they had more than nine members . The most prominent ennead was the Ennead of Heliopolis , an extended family of deities descended from the creator god Atum , which incorporates many important gods . The term " ennead " was often extended to include all of Egypt 's deities .
|
[
16431,
837,
262,
1720,
286,
1115,
290,
1115,
837,
6870,
257,
24124,
837,
523,
262,
32658,
1444,
1811,
1588,
2628,
366,
1279,
2954,
29,
366,
837,
393,
5621,
286,
5193,
837,
772,
611,
484,
550,
517,
621,
5193,
1866,
764,
383,
749,
9208,
551,
710,
324,
373,
262,
2039,
710,
324,
286,
5053,
14922,
8506,
837,
281,
7083,
1641,
286,
43844,
23667,
422,
262,
13172,
5770,
1629,
388,
837,
543,
33181,
867,
1593,
11858,
764,
383,
3381,
366,
551,
710,
324,
366,
373,
1690,
7083,
284,
2291,
477,
286,
6365,
705,
82,
43844,
764,
220,
198
] |
This divine assemblage had a vague and changeable hierarchy . Gods with broad influence in the cosmos or who were mythologically older than others had higher positions in divine society . At the apex of this society was the king of the gods , who was usually identified with the creator deity . In different periods of Egyptian history , different gods were most frequently said to hold this exalted position . Horus was the most important god in the Early Dynastic Period , Ra rose to preeminence in the Old Kingdom , Amun was supreme in the New , and in the Ptolemaic and Roman periods , Isis was the divine queen and creator goddess . Newly prominent gods tended to adopt characteristics from their predecessors . Isis absorbed the traits of many other goddesses during her rise , and when Amun became the ruler of the pantheon , he was conjoined with Ra , the traditional king of the gods , to become a solar deity .
|
[
770,
11871,
11156,
75,
496,
550,
257,
13443,
290,
1487,
540,
18911,
764,
15391,
351,
3154,
4588,
287,
262,
39385,
393,
508,
547,
7918,
13437,
4697,
621,
1854,
550,
2440,
6116,
287,
11871,
3592,
764,
1629,
262,
40167,
286,
428,
3592,
373,
262,
5822,
286,
262,
11858,
837,
508,
373,
3221,
5174,
351,
262,
13172,
26462,
764,
554,
1180,
9574,
286,
14075,
2106,
837,
1180,
11858,
547,
749,
6777,
531,
284,
1745,
428,
46683,
2292,
764,
29698,
373,
262,
749,
1593,
5770,
287,
262,
12556,
39530,
3477,
18581,
837,
7567,
8278,
284,
662,
14857,
594,
287,
262,
5706,
7526,
837,
1703,
403,
373,
17700,
287,
262,
968,
837,
290,
287,
262,
350,
1462,
293,
2611,
291,
290,
7993,
9574,
837,
16530,
373,
262,
11871,
16599,
290,
13172,
22215,
764,
43222,
9208,
11858,
19960,
284,
11206,
9695,
422,
511,
27677,
764,
16530,
19233,
262,
12796,
286,
867,
584,
22215,
274,
1141,
607,
4485,
837,
290,
618,
1703,
403,
2627,
262,
22740,
286,
262,
15857,
37060,
837,
339,
373,
369,
46416,
351,
7567,
837,
262,
4569,
5822,
286,
262,
11858,
837,
284,
1716,
257,
6591,
26462,
764,
220,
198
] |
= = = Manifestations and combinations = = =
|
[
796,
796,
796,
36757,
602,
290,
17790,
796,
796,
796,
220,
198
] |
The gods were believed to manifest in many forms . The Egyptians had complex conception of the human soul , consisting of several parts . The spirits of the gods were composed of many of these same elements . The ba was the component of the human or divine soul that affected the world around it . Any visible manifestation of a god 's power could be called its ba ; thus , the sun was called the ba of Ra . A depiction of a deity was considered a ka , another component of its being , which acted as a vessel for that deity 's ba to inhabit . The cult images of gods that were the focus of temple rituals , as well as the sacred animals that represented certain deities , were believed to house divine bas in this way . Gods could be ascribed many bas and kas , which were sometimes given names representing different aspects of the god 's nature . Everything in existence was said to be one of the kas of Atum the creator god , who originally contained all things within himself , and one deity could be called the ba of another , meaning that the first god is a manifestation of the other 's power . Divine body parts could act as separate deities , like the Eye of Ra and Hand of Atum , both of which were personified as goddesses .
|
[
383,
11858,
547,
4762,
284,
10561,
287,
867,
5107,
764,
383,
32658,
550,
3716,
19759,
286,
262,
1692,
5848,
837,
17747,
286,
1811,
3354,
764,
383,
13747,
286,
262,
11858,
547,
13160,
286,
867,
286,
777,
976,
4847,
764,
383,
26605,
373,
262,
7515,
286,
262,
1692,
393,
11871,
5848,
326,
5676,
262,
995,
1088,
340,
764,
4377,
7424,
30566,
286,
257,
5770,
705,
82,
1176,
714,
307,
1444,
663,
26605,
2162,
4145,
837,
262,
4252,
373,
1444,
262,
26605,
286,
7567,
764,
317,
33016,
286,
257,
26462,
373,
3177,
257,
38387,
837,
1194,
7515,
286,
663,
852,
837,
543,
13134,
355,
257,
8837,
329,
326,
26462,
705,
82,
26605,
284,
14527,
764,
383,
2285,
4263,
286,
11858,
326,
547,
262,
2962,
286,
12505,
25797,
837,
355,
880,
355,
262,
13626,
4695,
326,
7997,
1728,
43844,
837,
547,
4762,
284,
2156,
11871,
1615,
287,
428,
835,
764,
15391,
714,
307,
10570,
8725,
867,
1615,
290,
479,
292,
837,
543,
547,
3360,
1813,
3891,
10200,
1180,
7612,
286,
262,
5770,
705,
82,
3450,
764,
11391,
287,
6224,
373,
531,
284,
307,
530,
286,
262,
479,
292,
286,
1629,
388,
262,
13172,
5770,
837,
508,
6198,
7763,
477,
1243,
1626,
2241,
837,
290,
530,
26462,
714,
307,
1444,
262,
26605,
286,
1194,
837,
3616,
326,
262,
717,
5770,
318,
257,
30566,
286,
262,
584,
705,
82,
1176,
764,
13009,
1767,
3354,
714,
719,
355,
4553,
43844,
837,
588,
262,
14144,
286,
7567,
290,
7157,
286,
1629,
388,
837,
1111,
286,
543,
547,
1048,
1431,
355,
22215,
274,
764,
220,
198
] |
Nationally important deities gave rise to local manifestations , which sometimes absorbed the characteristics of older regional gods . Horus had many forms tied to particular places , including Horus of Nekhen , Horus of Buhen , and Horus of Edfu . Such local manifestations could be treated almost as separate beings . During the New Kingdom , one man was accused of stealing clothes by an oracle supposed to communicate messages from Amun of Pe @-@ Khenty . He consulted two other local oracles of Amun hoping for a different judgment . Gods ' manifestations also differed according to their roles . Horus could be a powerful sky god or vulnerable child , and these forms were sometimes counted as independent deities .
|
[
8741,
453,
1593,
43844,
2921,
4485,
284,
1957,
38538,
837,
543,
3360,
19233,
262,
9695,
286,
4697,
7915,
11858,
764,
29698,
550,
867,
5107,
8165,
284,
1948,
4113,
837,
1390,
29698,
286,
37167,
831,
837,
29698,
286,
9842,
831,
837,
290,
29698,
286,
1717,
20942,
764,
8013,
1957,
38538,
714,
307,
5716,
2048,
355,
4553,
9791,
764,
5856,
262,
968,
7526,
837,
530,
582,
373,
5371,
286,
16568,
8242,
416,
281,
393,
6008,
4385,
284,
10996,
6218,
422,
1703,
403,
286,
2631,
2488,
12,
31,
509,
6925,
88,
764,
679,
26889,
734,
584,
1957,
393,
9928,
286,
1703,
403,
7725,
329,
257,
1180,
8492,
764,
15391,
705,
38538,
635,
36337,
1864,
284,
511,
9176,
764,
29698,
714,
307,
257,
3665,
6766,
5770,
393,
8826,
1200,
837,
290,
777,
5107,
547,
3360,
14789,
355,
4795,
43844,
764,
220,
198
] |
Gods were combined with each other as easily as they were divided . A god could be called the ba of another , or two or more deities could be joined into one god with a combined name and iconography . Local gods were linked with greater ones , and deities with similar functions were combined . Ra was connected with the local deity Sobek to form Sobek @-@ Ra ; with his fellow ruling god , Amun , to form Amun @-@ Ra ; with the solar form of Horus to form Ra @-@ <unk> ; and with several solar deities as <unk> @-@ <unk> @-@ Ra @-@ Atum . On rare occasion , even deities of different sexes were joined in this way , producing combinations like Osiris @-@ Neith and Mut @-@ Min . This linking of deities is called syncretism . Unlike other situations for which this term is used , the Egyptian practice was not meant to fuse competing belief systems , although foreign deities could be syncretized with native ones . Instead , syncretism acknowledged the overlap between their roles , and extended the sphere of influence for each of them . <unk> combinations were not permanent ; a god who was involved in one combination continued to appear separately and to form new combinations with other deities . But closely connected deities did sometimes merge . Horus absorbed several falcon gods from various regions , such as Khenty @-@ <unk> and Khenty @-@ <unk> , who became little more than local manifestations of him ; Hathor subsumed a similar cow goddess , Bat ; and an early funerary god , <unk> @-@ <unk> , was supplanted by Osiris and Anubis .
|
[
15391,
547,
5929,
351,
1123,
584,
355,
3538,
355,
484,
547,
9086,
764,
317,
5770,
714,
307,
1444,
262,
26605,
286,
1194,
837,
393,
734,
393,
517,
43844,
714,
307,
5399,
656,
530,
5770,
351,
257,
5929,
1438,
290,
7196,
4867,
764,
10714,
11858,
547,
6692,
351,
3744,
3392,
837,
290,
43844,
351,
2092,
5499,
547,
5929,
764,
7567,
373,
5884,
351,
262,
1957,
26462,
36884,
988,
284,
1296,
36884,
988,
2488,
12,
31,
7567,
2162,
351,
465,
5891,
6922,
5770,
837,
1703,
403,
837,
284,
1296,
1703,
403,
2488,
12,
31,
7567,
2162,
351,
262,
6591,
1296,
286,
29698,
284,
1296,
7567,
2488,
12,
31,
1279,
2954,
29,
2162,
290,
351,
1811,
6591,
43844,
355,
1279,
2954,
29,
2488,
12,
31,
1279,
2954,
29,
2488,
12,
31,
7567,
2488,
12,
31,
1629,
388,
764,
1550,
4071,
6695,
837,
772,
43844,
286,
1180,
32487,
547,
5399,
287,
428,
835,
837,
9194,
17790,
588,
40925,
2488,
12,
31,
3169,
342,
290,
13859,
2488,
12,
31,
1855,
764,
770,
17795,
286,
43844,
318,
1444,
17510,
1186,
1042,
764,
12101,
584,
7445,
329,
543,
428,
3381,
318,
973,
837,
262,
14075,
3357,
373,
407,
4001,
284,
32738,
11780,
4901,
3341,
837,
3584,
3215,
43844,
714,
307,
17510,
1186,
1143,
351,
6868,
3392,
764,
5455,
837,
17510,
1186,
1042,
10810,
262,
21721,
1022,
511,
9176,
837,
290,
7083,
262,
16558,
286,
4588,
329,
1123,
286,
606,
764,
1279,
2954,
29,
17790,
547,
407,
7748,
2162,
257,
5770,
508,
373,
2950,
287,
530,
6087,
3767,
284,
1656,
13869,
290,
284,
1296,
649,
17790,
351,
584,
43844,
764,
887,
7173,
5884,
43844,
750,
3360,
20121,
764,
29698,
19233,
1811,
24215,
1102,
11858,
422,
2972,
7652,
837,
884,
355,
509,
6925,
88,
2488,
12,
31,
1279,
2954,
29,
290,
509,
6925,
88,
2488,
12,
31,
1279,
2954,
29,
837,
508,
2627,
1310,
517,
621,
1957,
38538,
286,
683,
2162,
36556,
273,
6352,
18940,
257,
2092,
9875,
22215,
837,
6577,
2162,
290,
281,
1903,
49831,
560,
5770,
837,
1279,
2954,
29,
2488,
12,
31,
1279,
2954,
29,
837,
373,
6019,
4126,
416,
40925,
290,
1052,
46676,
764,
220,
198
] |
= = = The Aten and possible monotheism = = =
|
[
796,
796,
796,
383,
317,
1452,
290,
1744,
937,
20388,
1042,
796,
796,
796,
220,
198
] |
In the reign of Akhenaten ( c . 1353 – 1336 BC ) in the mid @-@ New Kingdom , a single solar deity , the Aten , became the sole focus of the state religion . Akhenaten ceased to fund the temples of other deities and erased the gods ' names and images on monuments , targeting Amun in particular . This new religious system , sometimes called Atenism , differed dramatically from the polytheistic worship of many gods in all other periods . Whereas , in earlier times , newly important gods were integrated into existing religious beliefs , Atenism insisted on a single understanding of the divine that excluded the traditional multiplicity of perspectives . Yet Atenism may not have been full monotheism , which totally excludes belief in other deities . There is evidence suggesting that the general populace was still allowed to worship other gods in private . The picture is further complicated by Atenism 's apparent tolerance for some other deities , like Shu . For these reasons , the Egyptologist Dominic Montserrat suggested that Akhenaten may have been <unk> , worshipping a single deity while acknowledging the existence of others . In any case , Atenism 's aberrant theology did not take root among the Egyptian populace , and Akhenaten 's successors returned to traditional beliefs .
|
[
554,
262,
13580,
286,
9084,
831,
36686,
357,
269,
764,
1511,
4310,
784,
1511,
2623,
11843,
1267,
287,
262,
3095,
2488,
12,
31,
968,
7526,
837,
257,
2060,
6591,
26462,
837,
262,
317,
1452,
837,
2627,
262,
6195,
2962,
286,
262,
1181,
5737,
764,
9084,
831,
36686,
24368,
284,
1814,
262,
27081,
286,
584,
43844,
290,
33588,
262,
11858,
705,
3891,
290,
4263,
319,
28814,
837,
10822,
1703,
403,
287,
1948,
764,
770,
649,
4158,
1080,
837,
3360,
1444,
317,
1452,
1042,
837,
36337,
12034,
422,
262,
7514,
1169,
2569,
11892,
286,
867,
11858,
287,
477,
584,
9574,
764,
28016,
837,
287,
2961,
1661,
837,
8308,
1593,
11858,
547,
11521,
656,
4683,
4158,
9056,
837,
317,
1452,
1042,
11189,
319,
257,
2060,
4547,
286,
262,
11871,
326,
15009,
262,
4569,
15082,
8467,
286,
22582,
764,
6430,
317,
1452,
1042,
743,
407,
423,
587,
1336,
937,
20388,
1042,
837,
543,
6635,
36833,
4901,
287,
584,
43844,
764,
1318,
318,
2370,
9524,
326,
262,
2276,
39003,
373,
991,
3142,
284,
11892,
584,
11858,
287,
2839,
764,
383,
4286,
318,
2252,
8253,
416,
317,
1452,
1042,
705,
82,
4156,
15621,
329,
617,
584,
43844,
837,
588,
32344,
764,
1114,
777,
3840,
837,
262,
6365,
7451,
36401,
5575,
2655,
10366,
5220,
326,
9084,
831,
36686,
743,
423,
587,
1279,
2954,
29,
837,
26511,
4501,
257,
2060,
26462,
981,
25937,
262,
6224,
286,
1854,
764,
554,
597,
1339,
837,
317,
1452,
1042,
705,
82,
42499,
5250,
24383,
750,
407,
1011,
6808,
1871,
262,
14075,
39003,
837,
290,
9084,
831,
36686,
705,
82,
41491,
4504,
284,
4569,
9056,
764,
220,
198
] |
= = = Unity of the divine in traditional religion = = =
|
[
796,
796,
796,
18714,
286,
262,
11871,
287,
4569,
5737,
796,
796,
796,
220,
198
] |
Scholars have long debated whether traditional Egyptian religion ever asserted that the multiple gods were , on a deeper level , unified . Reasons for this debate include the practice of syncretism , which might suggest that all the separate gods could ultimately merge into one , and the tendency of Egyptian texts to credit a particular god with power that surpasses all other deities . Another point of contention is the appearance of the word " god " in wisdom literature , where the term does not refer to a specific deity or group of deities . In the early 20th century , for instance , E. A. Wallis Budge believed that Egyptian commoners were polytheistic , but knowledge of the true monotheistic nature of the religion was reserved for the elite , who wrote the wisdom literature . His contemporary James Henry <unk> thought Egyptian religion was instead pantheistic , with the power of the sun god present in all other gods , while Hermann Junker argued that Egyptian civilization had been originally monotheistic and became polytheistic in the course of its history .
|
[
26381,
423,
890,
24594,
1771,
4569,
14075,
5737,
1683,
21635,
326,
262,
3294,
11858,
547,
837,
319,
257,
9211,
1241,
837,
22706,
764,
44923,
329,
428,
4384,
2291,
262,
3357,
286,
17510,
1186,
1042,
837,
543,
1244,
1950,
326,
477,
262,
4553,
11858,
714,
6165,
20121,
656,
530,
837,
290,
262,
13542,
286,
14075,
13399,
284,
3884,
257,
1948,
5770,
351,
1176,
326,
17341,
274,
477,
584,
43844,
764,
6023,
966,
286,
22627,
318,
262,
5585,
286,
262,
1573,
366,
5770,
366,
287,
11501,
9285,
837,
810,
262,
3381,
857,
407,
3522,
284,
257,
2176,
26462,
393,
1448,
286,
43844,
764,
554,
262,
1903,
1160,
400,
4289,
837,
329,
4554,
837,
412,
13,
317,
13,
5007,
271,
10370,
469,
4762,
326,
14075,
2219,
364,
547,
7514,
1169,
2569,
837,
475,
3725,
286,
262,
2081,
937,
20388,
2569,
3450,
286,
262,
5737,
373,
10395,
329,
262,
9085,
837,
508,
2630,
262,
11501,
9285,
764,
2399,
11811,
3700,
8616,
1279,
2954,
29,
1807,
14075,
5737,
373,
2427,
15857,
258,
2569,
837,
351,
262,
1176,
286,
262,
4252,
5770,
1944,
287,
477,
584,
11858,
837,
981,
25028,
77,
449,
21705,
7189,
326,
14075,
14355,
550,
587,
6198,
937,
20388,
2569,
290,
2627,
7514,
1169,
2569,
287,
262,
1781,
286,
663,
2106,
764,
220,
198
] |
In 1971 , Erik Hornung published a study rebutting these views . He points out that in any given period many deities , even minor ones , were described as superior to all others . He also argues that the unspecified " god " in the wisdom texts is a generic term for whichever deity the reader chooses to revere . Although the combinations , manifestations , and iconographies of each god were constantly shifting , they were always restricted to a finite number of forms , never becoming fully interchangeable in a monotheistic or pantheistic way . <unk> , Hornung says , describes Egyptian religion better than other labels . An Egyptian could worship any deity at a particular time and credit it with supreme power in that moment , without denying the other gods or merging them all with the god that he or she focused on . Hornung concludes that the gods were fully unified only in myth , at the time before creation , after which the multitude of gods emerged from a uniform nonexistence .
|
[
554,
16382,
837,
22722,
13549,
2150,
3199,
257,
2050,
3405,
315,
889,
777,
5009,
764,
679,
2173,
503,
326,
287,
597,
1813,
2278,
867,
43844,
837,
772,
4159,
3392,
837,
547,
3417,
355,
9098,
284,
477,
1854,
764,
679,
635,
11673,
326,
262,
29547,
366,
5770,
366,
287,
262,
11501,
13399,
318,
257,
14276,
3381,
329,
26204,
26462,
262,
9173,
19769,
284,
2697,
260,
764,
4900,
262,
17790,
837,
38538,
837,
290,
7196,
41480,
286,
1123,
5770,
547,
7558,
15852,
837,
484,
547,
1464,
10770,
284,
257,
27454,
1271,
286,
5107,
837,
1239,
5033,
3938,
43615,
287,
257,
937,
20388,
2569,
393,
15857,
258,
2569,
835,
764,
1279,
2954,
29,
837,
13549,
2150,
1139,
837,
8477,
14075,
5737,
1365,
621,
584,
14722,
764,
1052,
14075,
714,
11892,
597,
26462,
379,
257,
1948,
640,
290,
3884,
340,
351,
17700,
1176,
287,
326,
2589,
837,
1231,
17086,
262,
584,
11858,
393,
35981,
606,
477,
351,
262,
5770,
326,
339,
393,
673,
5670,
319,
764,
13549,
2150,
18978,
326,
262,
11858,
547,
3938,
22706,
691,
287,
7918,
837,
379,
262,
640,
878,
6282,
837,
706,
543,
262,
24124,
286,
11858,
9349,
422,
257,
8187,
36196,
13274,
764,
220,
198
] |
Hornung 's arguments have greatly influenced other scholars of Egyptian religion , but some still believe that at times the gods were more unified than he allows . Jan Assmann maintains that the notion of a single deity developed slowly through the New Kingdom , beginning with a focus on Amun @-@ Ra as the all @-@ important sun god . In his view , Atenism was an extreme outgrowth of this trend . It equated the single deity with the sun and dismissed all other gods . Then , in the backlash against Atenism , priestly theologians described the universal god in a different way , one that coexisted with traditional polytheism . The one god was believed to transcend the world and all the other deities , while at the same time , the multiple gods were aspects of the one . According to Assmann , this one god was especially equated with Amun , the dominant god in the late New Kingdom , whereas for the rest of Egyptian history the universal deity could be identified with many other gods . James P. Allen says that coexisting notions of one god and many gods would fit well with the " multiplicity of approaches " in Egyptian thought , as well as with the <unk> practice of ordinary worshippers . He says that the Egyptians may have recognized the unity of the divine by " identifying their uniform notion of ' god ' with a particular god , depending on the particular situation . "
|
[
13549,
2150,
705,
82,
7159,
423,
9257,
12824,
584,
9123,
286,
14075,
5737,
837,
475,
617,
991,
1975,
326,
379,
1661,
262,
11858,
547,
517,
22706,
621,
339,
3578,
764,
2365,
2195,
9038,
16047,
326,
262,
9495,
286,
257,
2060,
26462,
4166,
6364,
832,
262,
968,
7526,
837,
3726,
351,
257,
2962,
319,
1703,
403,
2488,
12,
31,
7567,
355,
262,
477,
2488,
12,
31,
1593,
4252,
5770,
764,
554,
465,
1570,
837,
317,
1452,
1042,
373,
281,
3257,
503,
27922,
286,
428,
5182,
764,
632,
1602,
515,
262,
2060,
26462,
351,
262,
4252,
290,
11126,
477,
584,
11858,
764,
3244,
837,
287,
262,
19135,
1028,
317,
1452,
1042,
837,
11503,
306,
37275,
1547,
3417,
262,
10112,
5770,
287,
257,
1180,
835,
837,
530,
326,
763,
1069,
6347,
351,
4569,
7514,
1169,
1042,
764,
383,
530,
5770,
373,
4762,
284,
26231,
262,
995,
290,
477,
262,
584,
43844,
837,
981,
379,
262,
976,
640,
837,
262,
3294,
11858,
547,
7612,
286,
262,
530,
764,
4784,
284,
2195,
9038,
837,
428,
530,
5770,
373,
2592,
1602,
515,
351,
1703,
403,
837,
262,
11410,
5770,
287,
262,
2739,
968,
7526,
837,
9472,
329,
262,
1334,
286,
14075,
2106,
262,
10112,
26462,
714,
307,
5174,
351,
867,
584,
11858,
764,
3700,
350,
13,
9659,
1139,
326,
763,
25687,
26226,
286,
530,
5770,
290,
867,
11858,
561,
4197,
880,
351,
262,
366,
15082,
8467,
286,
10581,
366,
287,
14075,
1807,
837,
355,
880,
355,
351,
262,
1279,
2954,
29,
3357,
286,
8850,
26511,
16415,
764,
679,
1139,
326,
262,
32658,
743,
423,
8018,
262,
14111,
286,
262,
11871,
416,
366,
13720,
511,
8187,
9495,
286,
705,
5770,
705,
351,
257,
1948,
5770,
837,
6906,
319,
262,
1948,
3074,
764,
366,
220,
198
] |
= = Descriptions and depictions = =
|
[
796,
796,
2935,
24370,
290,
44528,
796,
796,
220,
198
] |
Egyptian writings describe the gods ' bodies in detail . They are made of precious materials ; their flesh is gold , their bones are silver , and their hair is lapis lazuli . They give off a scent that the Egyptians likened to the incense used in rituals . Some texts give precise descriptions of particular deities , including their height and eye color . Yet these characteristics are not fixed ; in myths , gods change their appearances to suit their own purposes . Egyptian texts often refer to deities ' true , underlying forms as " mysterious " . The Egyptians ' visual representations of their gods are therefore not literal . They symbolize specific aspects of each deity 's character , functioning much like the ideograms in hieroglyphic writing . For this reason , the funerary god Anubis is commonly shown in Egyptian art as a dog or jackal , a creature whose scavenging habits threaten the preservation of buried mummies , in an effort to counter this threat and employ it for protection . His black coloring alludes to the color of mummified flesh and to the fertile black soil that Egyptians saw as a symbol of resurrection .
|
[
14075,
19336,
6901,
262,
11858,
705,
5920,
287,
3703,
764,
1119,
389,
925,
286,
14186,
5696,
2162,
511,
11222,
318,
3869,
837,
511,
11945,
389,
8465,
837,
290,
511,
4190,
318,
14779,
271,
37296,
32176,
764,
1119,
1577,
572,
257,
21212,
326,
262,
32658,
41679,
284,
262,
753,
1072,
973,
287,
25797,
764,
2773,
13399,
1577,
7141,
16969,
286,
1948,
43844,
837,
1390,
511,
6001,
290,
4151,
3124,
764,
6430,
777,
9695,
389,
407,
5969,
2162,
287,
22886,
837,
11858,
1487,
511,
11057,
284,
6050,
511,
898,
4959,
764,
14075,
13399,
1690,
3522,
284,
43844,
705,
2081,
837,
10238,
5107,
355,
366,
11428,
366,
764,
383,
32658,
705,
5874,
24612,
286,
511,
11858,
389,
4361,
407,
18875,
764,
1119,
6194,
1096,
2176,
7612,
286,
1123,
26462,
705,
82,
2095,
837,
15025,
881,
588,
262,
1405,
26836,
287,
13550,
34619,
746,
291,
3597,
764,
1114,
428,
1738,
837,
262,
49831,
560,
5770,
1052,
46676,
318,
8811,
3402,
287,
14075,
1242,
355,
257,
3290,
393,
14509,
282,
837,
257,
7185,
3025,
35998,
2667,
13870,
16180,
262,
22459,
286,
11694,
285,
39578,
837,
287,
281,
3626,
284,
3753,
428,
2372,
290,
1873,
340,
329,
4800,
764,
2399,
2042,
33988,
477,
8401,
284,
262,
3124,
286,
285,
13929,
1431,
11222,
290,
284,
262,
31192,
2042,
9260,
326,
32658,
2497,
355,
257,
6194,
286,
27556,
764,
220,
198
] |
Most gods were depicted in several ways . Hathor could be a cow , cobra , lioness , or a woman with bovine horns or ears . By depicting a given god in different ways , the Egyptians expressed different aspects of its essential nature . The gods are depicted in a finite number of these symbolic forms , so that deities can often be distinguished from one another by their iconographies . These forms include men and women ( anthropomorphism ) , animals ( <unk> ) , and , more rarely , inanimate objects . Combinations of forms , such as gods with human bodies and animal heads , are common . New forms and increasingly complex combinations arose in the course of history . Some gods can only be distinguished from others if they are labeled in writing , as with Isis and Hathor . Because of the close connection between these goddesses , they could both wear the cow @-@ horn headdress that was originally Hathor 's alone .
|
[
4042,
11858,
547,
18904,
287,
1811,
2842,
764,
36556,
273,
714,
307,
257,
9875,
837,
22843,
430,
837,
18744,
408,
837,
393,
257,
2415,
351,
275,
709,
500,
26771,
393,
11368,
764,
2750,
27561,
257,
1813,
5770,
287,
1180,
2842,
837,
262,
32658,
6241,
1180,
7612,
286,
663,
6393,
3450,
764,
383,
11858,
389,
18904,
287,
257,
27454,
1271,
286,
777,
18975,
5107,
837,
523,
326,
43844,
460,
1690,
307,
18876,
422,
530,
1194,
416,
511,
7196,
41480,
764,
2312,
5107,
2291,
1450,
290,
1466,
357,
17911,
25831,
1042,
1267,
837,
4695,
357,
1279,
2954,
29,
1267,
837,
290,
837,
517,
8365,
837,
287,
45685,
5563,
764,
14336,
7352,
286,
5107,
837,
884,
355,
11858,
351,
1692,
5920,
290,
5044,
6665,
837,
389,
2219,
764,
968,
5107,
290,
6481,
3716,
17790,
21172,
287,
262,
1781,
286,
2106,
764,
2773,
11858,
460,
691,
307,
18876,
422,
1854,
611,
484,
389,
15494,
287,
3597,
837,
355,
351,
16530,
290,
36556,
273,
764,
4362,
286,
262,
1969,
4637,
1022,
777,
22215,
274,
837,
484,
714,
1111,
5806,
262,
9875,
2488,
12,
31,
12718,
1182,
49380,
326,
373,
6198,
36556,
273,
705,
82,
3436,
764,
220,
198
] |
Certain features of divine images are more useful than others in determining a god 's identity . The head of a given divine image is particularly significant . In a hybrid image , the head represents the original form of the being depicted , so that , as the Egyptologist Henry Fischer put it , " a lion @-@ headed goddess is a lion @-@ goddess in human form , while a royal sphinx , conversely , is a man who has assumed the form of a lion . " Divine headdresses , which range from the same types of crowns used by human kings to large hieroglyphs worn on gods ' heads , are another important indicator . In contrast , the objects held in gods ' hands tend to be generic . Male deities hold was staffs , goddesses hold stalks of papyrus , and both sexes carry ankh signs , representing the Egyptian word for " life " , to symbolize their life @-@ giving power .
|
[
16272,
3033,
286,
11871,
4263,
389,
517,
4465,
621,
1854,
287,
13213,
257,
5770,
705,
82,
5369,
764,
383,
1182,
286,
257,
1813,
11871,
2939,
318,
3573,
2383,
764,
554,
257,
14554,
2939,
837,
262,
1182,
6870,
262,
2656,
1296,
286,
262,
852,
18904,
837,
523,
326,
837,
355,
262,
6365,
7451,
8616,
30901,
1234,
340,
837,
366,
257,
18744,
2488,
12,
31,
9153,
22215,
318,
257,
18744,
2488,
12,
31,
22215,
287,
1692,
1296,
837,
981,
257,
15100,
599,
20079,
87,
837,
369,
21243,
837,
318,
257,
582,
508,
468,
9672,
262,
1296,
286,
257,
18744,
764,
366,
13009,
1182,
67,
16746,
837,
543,
2837,
422,
262,
976,
3858,
286,
12389,
82,
973,
416,
1692,
21557,
284,
1588,
13550,
34619,
746,
82,
12666,
319,
11858,
705,
6665,
837,
389,
1194,
1593,
16916,
764,
554,
6273,
837,
262,
5563,
2714,
287,
11858,
705,
2832,
4327,
284,
307,
14276,
764,
12674,
43844,
1745,
373,
3085,
82,
837,
22215,
274,
1745,
336,
23833,
286,
20461,
21180,
837,
290,
1111,
32487,
3283,
281,
14636,
5895,
837,
10200,
262,
14075,
1573,
329,
366,
1204,
366,
837,
284,
6194,
1096,
511,
1204,
2488,
12,
31,
3501,
1176,
764,
220,
198
] |
The forms in which the gods are shown , although diverse , are limited in many ways . Many creatures that are widespread in Egypt were never used in divine iconography , whereas a few , such as falcons , cobras , and cattle , can each represent many deities . Animals that were absent from Egypt in the early stages of its history were not used as divine images . For instance , the horse , which was only introduced in the Second Intermediate Period ( c . 1650 – 1550 BC ) , never represented a god . Similarly , the clothes worn by anthropomorphic deities in all periods changed little from the styles used in the Old Kingdom : a kilt , false beard , and often a shirt for male gods and a long , tight @-@ fitting dress for goddesses .
|
[
383,
5107,
287,
543,
262,
11858,
389,
3402,
837,
3584,
10084,
837,
389,
3614,
287,
867,
2842,
764,
4650,
8109,
326,
389,
10095,
287,
6365,
547,
1239,
973,
287,
11871,
7196,
4867,
837,
9472,
257,
1178,
837,
884,
355,
24215,
5936,
837,
22843,
8847,
837,
290,
17025,
837,
460,
1123,
2380,
867,
43844,
764,
25390,
326,
547,
13717,
422,
6365,
287,
262,
1903,
9539,
286,
663,
2106,
547,
407,
973,
355,
11871,
4263,
764,
1114,
4554,
837,
262,
8223,
837,
543,
373,
691,
5495,
287,
262,
5498,
42540,
18581,
357,
269,
764,
1467,
1120,
784,
1315,
1120,
11843,
1267,
837,
1239,
7997,
257,
5770,
764,
15298,
837,
262,
8242,
12666,
416,
17911,
46374,
43844,
287,
477,
9574,
3421,
1310,
422,
262,
12186,
973,
287,
262,
5706,
7526,
1058,
257,
479,
2326,
837,
3991,
21213,
837,
290,
1690,
257,
10147,
329,
4257,
11858,
290,
257,
890,
837,
5381,
2488,
12,
31,
15830,
6576,
329,
22215,
274,
764,
220,
198
] |
The basic anthropomorphic form varies . Child gods are depicted nude , as are some adult gods when their procreative powers are emphasized . Certain male deities are given heavy bellies and breasts , signifying either androgyny or prosperity and abundance . Whereas most male gods have red skin and most goddesses are yellow — the same colors used to depict Egyptian men and women — some are given unusual , symbolic skin colors . Thus the blue skin and paunchy figure of the god <unk> alludes to the Nile flood he represents and the nourishing fertility it brought . A few deities , such as Osiris , Ptah , and Min , have a " <unk> " appearance , with their limbs tightly swathed in cloth . Although these gods resemble mummies , the earliest examples predate the cloth @-@ wrapped style of mummification , and this form may instead hark back to the earliest , limbless depictions of deities .
|
[
383,
4096,
17911,
46374,
1296,
17806,
764,
5932,
11858,
389,
18904,
26349,
837,
355,
389,
617,
4044,
11858,
618,
511,
13834,
630,
425,
5635,
389,
20047,
764,
16272,
4257,
43844,
389,
1813,
4334,
8966,
444,
290,
17515,
837,
1051,
4035,
2035,
290,
305,
1360,
3281,
393,
19519,
290,
20038,
764,
28016,
749,
4257,
11858,
423,
2266,
4168,
290,
749,
22215,
274,
389,
7872,
851,
262,
976,
7577,
973,
284,
19583,
14075,
1450,
290,
1466,
851,
617,
389,
1813,
8468,
837,
18975,
4168,
7577,
764,
6660,
262,
4171,
4168,
290,
279,
11429,
88,
3785,
286,
262,
5770,
1279,
2954,
29,
477,
8401,
284,
262,
38063,
6947,
339,
6870,
290,
262,
31219,
3929,
21573,
340,
3181,
764,
317,
1178,
43844,
837,
884,
355,
40925,
837,
34352,
993,
837,
290,
1855,
837,
423,
257,
366,
1279,
2954,
29,
366,
5585,
837,
351,
511,
21755,
17707,
1509,
35932,
287,
16270,
764,
4900,
777,
11858,
22464,
285,
39578,
837,
262,
14555,
6096,
2747,
378,
262,
16270,
2488,
12,
31,
12908,
3918,
286,
285,
13929,
2649,
837,
290,
428,
1296,
743,
2427,
289,
668,
736,
284,
262,
14555,
837,
25035,
1203,
44528,
286,
43844,
764,
220,
198
] |
= = Interactions with humans = =
|
[
796,
796,
4225,
4658,
351,
5384,
796,
796,
220,
198
] |
= = = Relationship with the pharaoh = = =
|
[
796,
796,
796,
39771,
351,
262,
872,
33766,
796,
796,
796,
220,
198
] |
In official writings , pharaohs are said to be divine , and they are constantly depicted in the company of the deities of the pantheon . Each pharaoh and his predecessors were considered the successors of the gods who had ruled Egypt in mythic prehistory . Living kings were equated with Horus and called the " son " of many deities , particularly Osiris and Ra ; deceased kings were equated with these elder gods . Pharaohs had their own mortuary temples where rituals were performed for them during their lives and after their deaths . But few pharaohs were worshipped as gods long after their lifetimes , and non @-@ official texts portray kings in a human light . For these reasons , scholars disagree about how genuinely most Egyptians believed the king to be a god . He may only have been considered divine when he was performing ceremonies .
|
[
554,
1743,
19336,
837,
872,
33766,
82,
389,
531,
284,
307,
11871,
837,
290,
484,
389,
7558,
18904,
287,
262,
1664,
286,
262,
43844,
286,
262,
15857,
37060,
764,
5501,
872,
33766,
290,
465,
27677,
547,
3177,
262,
41491,
286,
262,
11858,
508,
550,
8879,
6365,
287,
7918,
291,
662,
23569,
764,
13728,
21557,
547,
1602,
515,
351,
29698,
290,
1444,
262,
366,
3367,
366,
286,
867,
43844,
837,
3573,
40925,
290,
7567,
2162,
20117,
21557,
547,
1602,
515,
351,
777,
10550,
11858,
764,
42697,
82,
550,
511,
898,
5596,
2838,
27081,
810,
25797,
547,
6157,
329,
606,
1141,
511,
3160,
290,
706,
511,
7040,
764,
887,
1178,
872,
33766,
82,
547,
46204,
355,
11858,
890,
706,
511,
3868,
46874,
837,
290,
1729,
2488,
12,
31,
1743,
13399,
10993,
21557,
287,
257,
1692,
1657,
764,
1114,
777,
3840,
837,
9123,
12546,
546,
703,
17170,
749,
32658,
4762,
262,
5822,
284,
307,
257,
5770,
764,
679,
743,
691,
423,
587,
3177,
11871,
618,
339,
373,
9489,
27340,
764,
220,
198
] |
However much it was believed , the king 's divine status was the rationale for his role as Egypt 's representative to the gods , as he formed a link between the divine and human realms . The Egyptians believed the gods needed temples to dwell in , as well as the periodic performance of rituals and presentation of offerings to nourish them . These things were provided by the cults that the king oversaw , with their priests and laborers . Yet , according to royal ideology , temple @-@ building was exclusively the pharaoh 's work , as were the rituals that priests usually performed in his stead . These acts were a part of the king 's fundamental role : maintaining maat . The king and the nation he represented provided the gods with maat so they could continue to perform their functions , which maintained maat in the cosmos so humans could continue to live .
|
[
2102,
881,
340,
373,
4762,
837,
262,
5822,
705,
82,
11871,
3722,
373,
262,
25738,
329,
465,
2597,
355,
6365,
705,
82,
8852,
284,
262,
11858,
837,
355,
339,
7042,
257,
2792,
1022,
262,
11871,
290,
1692,
35423,
764,
383,
32658,
4762,
262,
11858,
2622,
27081,
284,
14046,
287,
837,
355,
880,
355,
262,
27458,
2854,
286,
25797,
290,
10470,
286,
18369,
284,
31219,
680,
606,
764,
2312,
1243,
547,
2810,
416,
262,
2285,
82,
326,
262,
5822,
40394,
837,
351,
511,
17345,
290,
41075,
764,
6430,
837,
1864,
284,
15100,
12959,
837,
12505,
2488,
12,
31,
2615,
373,
11541,
262,
872,
33766,
705,
82,
670,
837,
355,
547,
262,
25797,
326,
17345,
3221,
6157,
287,
465,
7978,
764,
2312,
6529,
547,
257,
636,
286,
262,
5822,
705,
82,
7531,
2597,
1058,
10941,
17266,
265,
764,
383,
5822,
290,
262,
3277,
339,
7997,
2810,
262,
11858,
351,
17266,
265,
523,
484,
714,
2555,
284,
1620,
511,
5499,
837,
543,
9456,
17266,
265,
287,
262,
39385,
523,
5384,
714,
2555,
284,
2107,
764,
220,
198
] |
= = = Presence in the human world = = =
|
[
796,
796,
796,
46523,
287,
262,
1692,
995,
796,
796,
796,
220,
198
] |
Although the Egyptians believed their gods to be present in the world around them , contact between the human and divine realms was mostly limited to specific circumstances . In literature , gods may appear to humans in a physical form , but in real life the Egyptians were limited to more indirect means of communication .
|
[
4900,
262,
32658,
4762,
511,
11858,
284,
307,
1944,
287,
262,
995,
1088,
606,
837,
2800,
1022,
262,
1692,
290,
11871,
35423,
373,
4632,
3614,
284,
2176,
5917,
764,
554,
9285,
837,
11858,
743,
1656,
284,
5384,
287,
257,
3518,
1296,
837,
475,
287,
1103,
1204,
262,
32658,
547,
3614,
284,
517,
12913,
1724,
286,
6946,
764,
220,
198
] |
The ba of a god was said to periodically leave the divine realm to dwell in the images of that god . By inhabiting these images , the gods left their concealed state and took on a physical form . To the Egyptians , a place or object that was <unk> — " sacred " — was isolated and ritually pure , and thus fit for a god to inhabit . Temple statues and reliefs , as well as particular sacred animals , like the Apis bull , served as divine intermediaries in this way . Dreams and trances provided a very different venue for interaction . In these states , it was believed , people could come close to the gods and sometimes receive messages from them . Finally , according to Egyptian afterlife beliefs , human souls pass into the divine realm after death . The Egyptians therefore believed that in death they would exist on the same level as the gods and fully understand their mysterious nature .
|
[
383,
26605,
286,
257,
5770,
373,
531,
284,
26034,
2666,
262,
11871,
13360,
284,
14046,
287,
262,
4263,
286,
326,
5770,
764,
2750,
11381,
1780,
777,
4263,
837,
262,
11858,
1364,
511,
18176,
1181,
290,
1718,
319,
257,
3518,
1296,
764,
1675,
262,
32658,
837,
257,
1295,
393,
2134,
326,
373,
1279,
2954,
29,
851,
366,
13626,
366,
851,
373,
11557,
290,
374,
270,
935,
5899,
837,
290,
4145,
4197,
329,
257,
5770,
284,
14527,
764,
10857,
25827,
290,
8259,
82,
837,
355,
880,
355,
1948,
13626,
4695,
837,
588,
262,
5949,
271,
6473,
837,
4983,
355,
11871,
30127,
3166,
287,
428,
835,
764,
21527,
290,
491,
1817,
2810,
257,
845,
1180,
14359,
329,
10375,
764,
554,
777,
2585,
837,
340,
373,
4762,
837,
661,
714,
1282,
1969,
284,
262,
11858,
290,
3360,
3328,
6218,
422,
606,
764,
9461,
837,
1864,
284,
14075,
45076,
9056,
837,
1692,
15625,
1208,
656,
262,
11871,
13360,
706,
1918,
764,
383,
32658,
4361,
4762,
326,
287,
1918,
484,
561,
2152,
319,
262,
976,
1241,
355,
262,
11858,
290,
3938,
1833,
511,
11428,
3450,
764,
220,
198
] |
Temples , where the state rituals were carried out , were filled with images of the gods . The most important temple image was the cult statue in the inner sanctuary . These statues were usually less than life @-@ size , and made of the same precious materials that were said to form the gods ' bodies . Many temples had several sanctuaries , each with a cult statue representing one of the gods in a group such as a family triad . The city 's primary god was envisioned as its lord , employing many of the residents as servants in the divine household that the temple represented . The gods residing in the temples of Egypt collectively represented the entire pantheon . But many deities — including some important gods as well as those that were minor or hostile — were never given temples of their own , although some were represented in the temples of other gods .
|
[
5825,
2374,
837,
810,
262,
1181,
25797,
547,
5281,
503,
837,
547,
5901,
351,
4263,
286,
262,
11858,
764,
383,
749,
1593,
12505,
2939,
373,
262,
2285,
15207,
287,
262,
8434,
24050,
764,
2312,
25827,
547,
3221,
1342,
621,
1204,
2488,
12,
31,
2546,
837,
290,
925,
286,
262,
976,
14186,
5696,
326,
547,
531,
284,
1296,
262,
11858,
705,
5920,
764,
4650,
27081,
550,
1811,
25417,
84,
3166,
837,
1123,
351,
257,
2285,
15207,
10200,
530,
286,
262,
11858,
287,
257,
1448,
884,
355,
257,
1641,
1333,
324,
764,
383,
1748,
705,
82,
4165,
5770,
373,
32295,
355,
663,
15876,
837,
26490,
867,
286,
262,
5085,
355,
17523,
287,
262,
11871,
6641,
326,
262,
12505,
7997,
764,
383,
11858,
35173,
287,
262,
27081,
286,
6365,
21329,
7997,
262,
2104,
15857,
37060,
764,
887,
867,
43844,
851,
1390,
617,
1593,
11858,
355,
880,
355,
883,
326,
547,
4159,
393,
12524,
851,
547,
1239,
1813,
27081,
286,
511,
898,
837,
3584,
617,
547,
7997,
287,
262,
27081,
286,
584,
11858,
764,
220,
198
] |
To insulate the sacred power in the sanctuary from the impurities of the outside world , the Egyptians enclosed temple sanctuaries and greatly restricted access to them . People other than kings and high priests were thus denied contact with cult statues . The only exception was during festival processions , when the statue was carried out of the temple but still enclosed in a portable shrine . People did have less direct means of interaction . The more public parts of temples often incorporated small places for prayer , from doorways to freestanding chapels near the back of the temple building . Communities also built and managed small chapels for their own use , and some families had shrines inside their homes . Despite the gulf that separated humanity from the divine , the Egyptians were surrounded by opportunities to approach their gods .
|
[
1675,
1035,
5039,
262,
13626,
1176,
287,
262,
24050,
422,
262,
848,
10886,
286,
262,
2354,
995,
837,
262,
32658,
28543,
12505,
25417,
84,
3166,
290,
9257,
10770,
1895,
284,
606,
764,
4380,
584,
621,
21557,
290,
1029,
17345,
547,
4145,
6699,
2800,
351,
2285,
25827,
764,
383,
691,
6631,
373,
1141,
10876,
1429,
507,
837,
618,
262,
15207,
373,
5281,
503,
286,
262,
12505,
475,
991,
28543,
287,
257,
17726,
29981,
764,
4380,
750,
423,
1342,
1277,
1724,
286,
10375,
764,
383,
517,
1171,
3354,
286,
27081,
1690,
16560,
1402,
4113,
329,
11443,
837,
422,
3420,
1322,
284,
2030,
395,
27225,
28022,
1424,
1474,
262,
736,
286,
262,
12505,
2615,
764,
35530,
635,
3170,
290,
5257,
1402,
28022,
1424,
329,
511,
898,
779,
837,
290,
617,
4172,
550,
10157,
1127,
2641,
511,
5682,
764,
7945,
262,
41593,
326,
11266,
9265,
422,
262,
11871,
837,
262,
32658,
547,
11191,
416,
6443,
284,
3164,
511,
11858,
764,
220,
198
] |
= = = Intervention in human lives = = =
|
[
796,
796,
796,
43673,
287,
1692,
3160,
796,
796,
796,
220,
198
] |
Egyptian gods were involved in human lives as well as in the overarching order of nature . This divine influence applied mainly to Egypt , as foreign peoples were traditionally believed to be outside the divine order . But in the New Kingdom , when other nations were under Egyptian control , foreigners were said to be under the sun god 's benign rule in the same way that Egyptians were .
|
[
14075,
11858,
547,
2950,
287,
1692,
3160,
355,
880,
355,
287,
262,
43247,
1502,
286,
3450,
764,
770,
11871,
4588,
5625,
8384,
284,
6365,
837,
355,
3215,
14366,
547,
16083,
4762,
284,
307,
2354,
262,
11871,
1502,
764,
887,
287,
262,
968,
7526,
837,
618,
584,
7027,
547,
739,
14075,
1630,
837,
19670,
547,
531,
284,
307,
739,
262,
4252,
5770,
705,
82,
32293,
3896,
287,
262,
976,
835,
326,
32658,
547,
764,
220,
198
] |
Thoth , as the overseer of time , was said to allot fixed lifespans to both humans and gods . Other gods were also said to govern the length of human lives , including <unk> , who presided over birth , and Shai , the personification of fate . Thus the time and manner of death was the main meaning of the Egyptian concept of fate , although to some extent these deities governed other events in life as well . Several texts refer to gods influencing or inspiring human decisions , working through a person 's " heart " — the seat of emotion and intellect in Egyptian belief . Deities were also believed to give commands , instructing the king in the governance of his realm and regulating the management of their temples . Egyptian texts rarely mention direct commands given to private persons , and these commands never evolved into a set of divinely enforced moral codes . Morality in ancient Egypt was based on the concept of maat , which , when applied to human society , meant that everyone should live in an orderly way that did not interfere with the well @-@ being of other people . Because deities were the upholders of maat , morality was connected with them . For example , the gods judged humans ' moral righteousness after death , and by the New Kingdom , a verdict of innocence in this judgment was believed to be necessary for admittance into the afterlife . But in general , morality was based on practical ways to uphold maat in daily life , rather than on strict rules that the gods laid out .
|
[
536,
849,
837,
355,
262,
9125,
263,
286,
640,
837,
373,
531,
284,
47405,
5969,
3868,
9774,
504,
284,
1111,
5384,
290,
11858,
764,
3819,
11858,
547,
635,
531,
284,
1089,
262,
4129,
286,
1692,
3160,
837,
1390,
1279,
2954,
29,
837,
508,
45022,
625,
4082,
837,
290,
911,
1872,
837,
262,
1048,
2649,
286,
10030,
764,
6660,
262,
640,
290,
5642,
286,
1918,
373,
262,
1388,
3616,
286,
262,
14075,
3721,
286,
10030,
837,
3584,
284,
617,
6287,
777,
43844,
21825,
584,
2995,
287,
1204,
355,
880,
764,
12168,
13399,
3522,
284,
11858,
32596,
393,
20886,
1692,
5370,
837,
1762,
832,
257,
1048,
705,
82,
366,
2612,
366,
851,
262,
5852,
286,
9942,
290,
7654,
287,
14075,
4901,
764,
1024,
871,
547,
635,
4762,
284,
1577,
9729,
837,
5048,
278,
262,
5822,
287,
262,
18848,
286,
465,
13360,
290,
26379,
262,
4542,
286,
511,
27081,
764,
14075,
13399,
8365,
3068,
1277,
9729,
1813,
284,
2839,
6506,
837,
290,
777,
9729,
1239,
12572,
656,
257,
900,
286,
11871,
306,
20326,
6573,
12416,
764,
3461,
1483,
287,
6156,
6365,
373,
1912,
319,
262,
3721,
286,
17266,
265,
837,
543,
837,
618,
5625,
284,
1692,
3592,
837,
4001,
326,
2506,
815,
2107,
287,
281,
39164,
835,
326,
750,
407,
18135,
351,
262,
880,
2488,
12,
31,
852,
286,
584,
661,
764,
4362,
43844,
547,
262,
510,
10476,
286,
17266,
265,
837,
18016,
373,
5884,
351,
606,
764,
1114,
1672,
837,
262,
11858,
19589,
5384,
705,
6573,
33738,
706,
1918,
837,
290,
416,
262,
968,
7526,
837,
257,
15593,
286,
24211,
287,
428,
8492,
373,
4762,
284,
307,
3306,
329,
6178,
47912,
656,
262,
45076,
764,
887,
287,
2276,
837,
18016,
373,
1912,
319,
8472,
2842,
284,
24963,
17266,
265,
287,
4445,
1204,
837,
2138,
621,
319,
7646,
3173,
326,
262,
11858,
8104,
503,
764,
220,
198
] |
Humans had free will to ignore divine guidance and the behavior required by maat , but by doing so they could bring divine punishment upon themselves . A deity carried out this punishment using its ba , the force that manifested the god 's power in the human world . Natural disasters and human ailments were seen as the work of angry divine bas . Conversely , the gods could cure righteous people of illness or even extend their lifespans . Both these types of intervention were eventually represented by deities : Shed , who emerged in the New Kingdom to represent divine rescue from harm , and <unk> , an apotropaic god from the late eras of Egyptian history who was believed to avenge wrongdoing .
|
[
27411,
550,
1479,
481,
284,
8856,
11871,
11154,
290,
262,
4069,
2672,
416,
17266,
265,
837,
475,
416,
1804,
523,
484,
714,
2222,
11871,
9837,
2402,
2405,
764,
317,
26462,
5281,
503,
428,
9837,
1262,
663,
26605,
837,
262,
2700,
326,
34300,
262,
5770,
705,
82,
1176,
287,
262,
1692,
995,
764,
12068,
24193,
290,
1692,
42549,
547,
1775,
355,
262,
670,
286,
7954,
11871,
1615,
764,
34511,
837,
262,
11858,
714,
13996,
19539,
661,
286,
8526,
393,
772,
9117,
511,
3868,
9774,
504,
764,
5747,
777,
3858,
286,
9572,
547,
4191,
7997,
416,
43844,
1058,
49340,
837,
508,
9349,
287,
262,
968,
7526,
284,
2380,
11871,
9992,
422,
4419,
837,
290,
1279,
2954,
29,
837,
281,
2471,
34248,
18452,
5770,
422,
262,
2739,
49089,
286,
14075,
2106,
508,
373,
4762,
284,
257,
18674,
25013,
764,
220,
198
] |
Egyptian texts take different views on whether the gods are responsible when humans suffer unjustly . Misfortune was often seen as a product of <unk> , the cosmic disorder that was the opposite of maat , and therefore the gods were not guilty of causing evil events . Some deities who were closely connected with <unk> , such as Set , could be blamed for disorder within the world without placing guilt on the other gods . But some writings do accuse the deities of causing human misery , while others give theodicies in the gods ' defense . Beginning in the Middle Kingdom , several texts connected the issue of evil in the world with a myth in which the creator god fights a human rebellion against his rule and then withdraws from the earth . Because of this human misbehavior , the creator is distant from his creation , allowing suffering to exist . New Kingdom writings do not question the just nature of the gods as strongly as those of the Middle Kingdom . They emphasize humans ' direct , personal relationships with deities and the gods ' power to intervene in human events . People in this era put faith in specific gods who they hoped would help and protect them through their lives . As a result , upholding the ideals of maat grew less important than gaining the gods ' favor as a way to guarantee a good life . Even the pharaohs were regarded as dependent on divine aid , and after the New Kingdom came to an end , government was increasingly influenced by oracles communicating the gods ' will .
|
[
14075,
13399,
1011,
1180,
5009,
319,
1771,
262,
11858,
389,
4497,
618,
5384,
8659,
21218,
306,
764,
14136,
37359,
373,
1690,
1775,
355,
257,
1720,
286,
1279,
2954,
29,
837,
262,
23464,
8967,
326,
373,
262,
6697,
286,
17266,
265,
837,
290,
4361,
262,
11858,
547,
407,
6717,
286,
6666,
6181,
2995,
764,
2773,
43844,
508,
547,
7173,
5884,
351,
1279,
2954,
29,
837,
884,
355,
5345,
837,
714,
307,
13772,
329,
8967,
1626,
262,
995,
1231,
12560,
14934,
319,
262,
584,
11858,
764,
887,
617,
19336,
466,
24456,
262,
43844,
286,
6666,
1692,
24672,
837,
981,
1854,
1577,
262,
29512,
444,
287,
262,
11858,
705,
3761,
764,
25976,
287,
262,
6046,
7526,
837,
1811,
13399,
5884,
262,
2071,
286,
6181,
287,
262,
995,
351,
257,
7918,
287,
543,
262,
13172,
5770,
11418,
257,
1692,
21540,
1028,
465,
3896,
290,
788,
8399,
82,
422,
262,
4534,
764,
4362,
286,
428,
1692,
2984,
46571,
837,
262,
13172,
318,
12899,
422,
465,
6282,
837,
5086,
7195,
284,
2152,
764,
968,
7526,
19336,
466,
407,
1808,
262,
655,
3450,
286,
262,
11858,
355,
7634,
355,
883,
286,
262,
6046,
7526,
764,
1119,
21322,
5384,
705,
1277,
837,
2614,
6958,
351,
43844,
290,
262,
11858,
705,
1176,
284,
22432,
287,
1692,
2995,
764,
4380,
287,
428,
6980,
1234,
4562,
287,
2176,
11858,
508,
484,
10719,
561,
1037,
290,
1805,
606,
832,
511,
3160,
764,
1081,
257,
1255,
837,
46004,
262,
22247,
286,
17266,
265,
6348,
1342,
1593,
621,
13977,
262,
11858,
705,
2661,
355,
257,
835,
284,
9149,
257,
922,
1204,
764,
3412,
262,
872,
33766,
82,
547,
11987,
355,
10795,
319,
11871,
6133,
837,
290,
706,
262,
968,
7526,
1625,
284,
281,
886,
837,
1230,
373,
6481,
12824,
416,
393,
9928,
22889,
262,
11858,
705,
481,
764,
220,
198
] |
= = = Worship = = =
|
[
796,
796,
796,
370,
11094,
796,
796,
796,
220,
198
] |
Official religious practices , which maintained maat for the benefit of all Egypt , were related to , but distinct from , the religious practices of ordinary people , who sought the gods ' help for their personal problems .
|
[
15934,
4158,
6593,
837,
543,
9456,
17266,
265,
329,
262,
4414,
286,
477,
6365,
837,
547,
3519,
284,
837,
475,
7310,
422,
837,
262,
4158,
6593,
286,
8850,
661,
837,
508,
7194,
262,
11858,
705,
1037,
329,
511,
2614,
2761,
764,
220,
198
] |
Official religion involved a variety of rituals , based in temples . Some rites were performed every day , whereas others were festivals , taking place at longer intervals and often limited to a particular temple or deity . The gods received their offerings in daily ceremonies , in which their statues were clothed , anointed , and presented with food as hymns were recited in their honor . These offerings , in addition to maintaining maat for the gods , celebrated deities ' life @-@ giving generosity and encouraged them to remain benevolent rather than vengeful .
|
[
15934,
5737,
2950,
257,
4996,
286,
25797,
837,
1912,
287,
27081,
764,
2773,
41302,
547,
6157,
790,
1110,
837,
9472,
1854,
547,
25575,
837,
2263,
1295,
379,
2392,
20016,
290,
1690,
3614,
284,
257,
1948,
12505,
393,
26462,
764,
383,
11858,
2722,
511,
18369,
287,
4445,
27340,
837,
287,
543,
511,
25827,
547,
45361,
837,
281,
20909,
837,
290,
5545,
351,
2057,
355,
2537,
76,
5907,
547,
664,
863,
287,
511,
7522,
764,
2312,
18369,
837,
287,
3090,
284,
10941,
17266,
265,
329,
262,
11858,
837,
13943,
43844,
705,
1204,
2488,
12,
31,
3501,
31569,
290,
10085,
606,
284,
3520,
45599,
2138,
621,
410,
3540,
913,
764,
220,
198
] |
Festivals often involved a ceremonial procession in which a cult image was carried out of the temple in a barque @-@ shaped shrine . These processions served various purposes . In Roman times , when local deities of all kinds were believed to have power over the Nile inundation , processions in many communities carried temple images to the riverbanks so the gods could invoke a large and fruitful flood . Processions also traveled between temples , as when the image of Hathor from Dendera Temple visited her consort Horus at the Temple of Edfu . Rituals for a god were often based in that deity 's mythology . Such rituals were meant to be repetitions of the events of the mythic past , renewing the beneficial effects of the original events . In the Khoiak festival in honor of Osiris , his death and resurrection were ritually reenacted at a time when crops were beginning to sprout . The returning greenery symbolized the renewal of the god 's own life .
|
[
26812,
10336,
1690,
2950,
257,
39490,
37968,
287,
543,
257,
2285,
2939,
373,
5281,
503,
286,
262,
12505,
287,
257,
2318,
4188,
2488,
12,
31,
14292,
29981,
764,
2312,
1429,
507,
4983,
2972,
4959,
764,
554,
7993,
1661,
837,
618,
1957,
43844,
286,
477,
6982,
547,
4762,
284,
423,
1176,
625,
262,
38063,
43431,
341,
837,
1429,
507,
287,
867,
5348,
5281,
12505,
4263,
284,
262,
7850,
43558,
523,
262,
11858,
714,
26342,
257,
1588,
290,
44474,
6947,
764,
10854,
507,
635,
14113,
1022,
27081,
837,
355,
618,
262,
2939,
286,
36556,
273,
422,
360,
2194,
64,
10857,
8672,
607,
762,
419,
29698,
379,
262,
10857,
286,
1717,
20942,
764,
35179,
82,
329,
257,
5770,
547,
1690,
1912,
287,
326,
26462,
705,
82,
25871,
764,
8013,
25797,
547,
4001,
284,
307,
46152,
1756,
286,
262,
2995,
286,
262,
7918,
291,
1613,
837,
6931,
278,
262,
13205,
3048,
286,
262,
2656,
2995,
764,
554,
262,
5311,
23013,
461,
10876,
287,
7522,
286,
40925,
837,
465,
1918,
290,
27556,
547,
374,
270,
935,
302,
268,
23800,
379,
257,
640,
618,
14450,
547,
3726,
284,
7500,
448,
764,
383,
8024,
10536,
24156,
6194,
1143,
262,
22901,
286,
262,
5770,
705,
82,
898,
1204,
764,
220,
198
] |
Personal interaction with the gods took many forms . People who wanted information or advice consulted oracles , run by temples , that were supposed to convey gods ' answers to questions . Amulets and other images of protective deities were used to ward off the demons that might threaten human well @-@ being or to impart the god 's positive characteristics to the wearer . Private rituals invoked the gods ' power to accomplish personal goals , from healing sickness to cursing enemies . These practices used heka , the same force of magic that the gods used , which the creator was said to have given to humans so they could fend off misfortune . The performer of a private rite often took on the role of a god in a myth , or even threatened a deity , to involve the gods in accomplishing the goal . Such rituals coexisted with private offerings and prayers , and all three were accepted means of obtaining divine help .
|
[
15644,
10375,
351,
262,
11858,
1718,
867,
5107,
764,
4380,
508,
2227,
1321,
393,
5608,
26889,
393,
9928,
837,
1057,
416,
27081,
837,
326,
547,
4385,
284,
13878,
11858,
705,
7429,
284,
2683,
764,
1703,
2261,
912,
290,
584,
4263,
286,
14153,
43844,
547,
973,
284,
15305,
572,
262,
17708,
326,
1244,
16180,
1692,
880,
2488,
12,
31,
852,
393,
284,
23553,
262,
5770,
705,
82,
3967,
9695,
284,
262,
35958,
764,
15348,
25797,
24399,
262,
11858,
705,
1176,
284,
9989,
2614,
4661,
837,
422,
11516,
26359,
284,
49766,
5775,
764,
2312,
6593,
973,
339,
4914,
837,
262,
976,
2700,
286,
5536,
326,
262,
11858,
973,
837,
543,
262,
13172,
373,
531,
284,
423,
1813,
284,
5384,
523,
484,
714,
41229,
572,
41600,
764,
383,
26960,
286,
257,
2839,
46048,
1690,
1718,
319,
262,
2597,
286,
257,
5770,
287,
257,
7918,
837,
393,
772,
8556,
257,
26462,
837,
284,
6211,
262,
11858,
287,
6424,
3929,
262,
3061,
764,
8013,
25797,
763,
1069,
6347,
351,
2839,
18369,
290,
15707,
837,
290,
477,
1115,
547,
6292,
1724,
286,
16727,
11871,
1037,
764,
220,
198
] |
Prayer and private offerings are generally called " personal piety " : acts that reflect a close relationship between an individual and a god . Evidence of personal piety is scant before the New Kingdom . Votive offerings and personal names , many of which are <unk> , suggest that commoners felt some connection between themselves and their gods . But firm evidence of devotion to deities became visible only in the New Kingdom , reaching a peak late in that era . Scholars disagree about the meaning of this change — whether direct interaction with the gods was a new development or an outgrowth of older traditions . Egyptians now expressed their devotion through a new variety of activities in and around temples . They recorded their prayers and their thanks for divine help on stelae . They gave offerings of figurines that represented the gods they were praying to , or that symbolized the result they desired ; thus a relief image of Hathor and a statuette of a woman could both represent a prayer for fertility . Occasionally , a person took a particular god as a patron , dedicating his or her property or labor to the god 's cult . These practices continued into the latest periods of Egyptian history . These later eras saw more religious innovations , including the practice of giving animal mummies as offerings to deities depicted in animal form , such as the cat mummies given to the feline goddess Bastet . Some of the major deities from myth and official religion were rarely invoked in popular worship , but many of the great state gods were important in popular tradition .
|
[
33189,
290,
2839,
18369,
389,
4143,
1444,
366,
2614,
44296,
366,
1058,
6529,
326,
4079,
257,
1969,
2776,
1022,
281,
1981,
290,
257,
5770,
764,
21259,
286,
2614,
44296,
318,
35183,
878,
262,
968,
7526,
764,
569,
19138,
18369,
290,
2614,
3891,
837,
867,
286,
543,
389,
1279,
2954,
29,
837,
1950,
326,
2219,
364,
2936,
617,
4637,
1022,
2405,
290,
511,
11858,
764,
887,
4081,
2370,
286,
25808,
284,
43844,
2627,
7424,
691,
287,
262,
968,
7526,
837,
8978,
257,
9103,
2739,
287,
326,
6980,
764,
26381,
12546,
546,
262,
3616,
286,
428,
1487,
851,
1771,
1277,
10375,
351,
262,
11858,
373,
257,
649,
2478,
393,
281,
503,
27922,
286,
4697,
15421,
764,
32658,
783,
6241,
511,
25808,
832,
257,
649,
4996,
286,
4568,
287,
290,
1088,
27081,
764,
1119,
6264,
511,
15707,
290,
511,
5176,
329,
11871,
1037,
319,
336,
417,
3609,
764,
1119,
2921,
18369,
286,
31474,
1127,
326,
7997,
262,
11858,
484,
547,
26002,
284,
837,
393,
326,
6194,
1143,
262,
1255,
484,
10348,
2162,
4145,
257,
8259,
2939,
286,
36556,
273,
290,
257,
1185,
84,
5857,
286,
257,
2415,
714,
1111,
2380,
257,
11443,
329,
21573,
764,
40659,
837,
257,
1048,
1718,
257,
1948,
5770,
355,
257,
19686,
837,
4648,
12364,
465,
393,
607,
3119,
393,
4827,
284,
262,
5770,
705,
82,
2285,
764,
2312,
6593,
3767,
656,
262,
3452,
9574,
286,
14075,
2106,
764,
2312,
1568,
49089,
2497,
517,
4158,
25438,
837,
1390,
262,
3357,
286,
3501,
5044,
285,
39578,
355,
18369,
284,
43844,
18904,
287,
5044,
1296,
837,
884,
355,
262,
3797,
285,
39578,
1813,
284,
262,
277,
4470,
22215,
17520,
316,
764,
2773,
286,
262,
1688,
43844,
422,
7918,
290,
1743,
5737,
547,
8365,
24399,
287,
2968,
11892,
837,
475,
867,
286,
262,
1049,
1181,
11858,
547,
1593,
287,
2968,
6761,
764,
220,
198
] |
The worship of some Egyptian gods spread to neighboring lands , especially to Canaan and Nubia during the New Kingdom , when those regions were under pharaonic control . In Canaan , the exported deities , including Hathor , Amun , and Set , were often syncretized with native gods , who in turn spread to Egypt . The Egyptian deities may not have had permanent temples in Canaan , and their importance there waned after Egypt lost control of the region . In contrast , many temples to the major Egyptian gods and deified pharaohs were built in Nubia . After the end of Egyptian rule there , the imported gods , particularly Amun and Isis , were syncretized with local deities and remained part of the religion of Nubia 's independent Kingdom of Kush . These gods were incorporated into the Nubian ideology of kingship much as they were in Egypt , so that Amun was considered the divine father of the king and Isis and other goddesses were linked with the Nubian queen , the <unk> . Some deities reached farther . <unk> became a goddess in Minoan Crete , and Amun 's oracle at Siwa Oasis was known to and consulted by people across the Mediterranean region .
|
[
383,
11892,
286,
617,
14075,
11858,
4104,
284,
19651,
8604,
837,
2592,
284,
47047,
290,
399,
549,
544,
1141,
262,
968,
7526,
837,
618,
883,
7652,
547,
739,
872,
3301,
9229,
1630,
764,
554,
47047,
837,
262,
29050,
43844,
837,
1390,
36556,
273,
837,
1703,
403,
837,
290,
5345,
837,
547,
1690,
17510,
1186,
1143,
351,
6868,
11858,
837,
508,
287,
1210,
4104,
284,
6365,
764,
383,
14075,
43844,
743,
407,
423,
550,
7748,
27081,
287,
47047,
837,
290,
511,
6817,
612,
266,
22739,
706,
6365,
2626,
1630,
286,
262,
3814,
764,
554,
6273,
837,
867,
27081,
284,
262,
1688,
14075,
11858,
290,
390,
1431,
872,
33766,
82,
547,
3170,
287,
399,
549,
544,
764,
2293,
262,
886,
286,
14075,
3896,
612,
837,
262,
17392,
11858,
837,
3573,
1703,
403,
290,
16530,
837,
547,
17510,
1186,
1143,
351,
1957,
43844,
290,
6150,
636,
286,
262,
5737,
286,
399,
549,
544,
705,
82,
4795,
7526,
286,
18995,
764,
2312,
11858,
547,
16560,
656,
262,
399,
549,
666,
12959,
286,
21557,
1056,
881,
355,
484,
547,
287,
6365,
837,
523,
326,
1703,
403,
373,
3177,
262,
11871,
2988,
286,
262,
5822,
290,
16530,
290,
584,
22215,
274,
547,
6692,
351,
262,
399,
549,
666,
16599,
837,
262,
1279,
2954,
29,
764,
2773,
43844,
4251,
18485,
764,
1279,
2954,
29,
2627,
257,
22215,
287,
1855,
24611,
5844,
660,
837,
290,
1703,
403,
705,
82,
393,
6008,
379,
15638,
10247,
440,
17765,
373,
1900,
284,
290,
26889,
416,
661,
1973,
262,
19517,
3814,
764,
220,
198
] |
Under the Greek Ptolemaic Dynasty and then Roman rule , Greeks and Romans introduced their own deities to Egypt . These newcomers equated the Egyptian gods with their own , as part of the Greco @-@ Roman tradition of interpretatio graeca . But the worship of the native gods was not swallowed up by that of foreign ones . Instead , Greek and Roman gods were adopted as manifestations of Egyptian ones . Egyptian cults sometimes incorporated Greek language , philosophy , iconography , and even temple architecture . Meanwhile , the cults of several Egyptian deities — particularly Isis , Osiris , Anubis , the form of Horus named Harpocrates , and the fused Greco @-@ Egyptian god Serapis — were adopted into Roman religion and spread across the Roman Empire . Roman emperors , like Ptolemaic kings before them , invoked Isis and Serapis to endorse their authority , inside and outside Egypt . In the empire 's complex mix of religious traditions , Thoth was transmuted into the legendary esoteric teacher Hermes Trismegistus , and Isis , who was venerated from Britain to Mesopotamia , became the focus of a Greek @-@ style mystery cult . Isis and Hermes Trismegistus were both prominent in the Western esoteric tradition that grew from the Roman religious world .
|
[
4698,
262,
8312,
350,
1462,
293,
2611,
291,
30908,
290,
788,
7993,
3896,
837,
25059,
290,
22482,
5495,
511,
898,
43844,
284,
6365,
764,
2312,
29661,
1602,
515,
262,
14075,
11858,
351,
511,
898,
837,
355,
636,
286,
262,
11955,
1073,
2488,
12,
31,
7993,
6761,
286,
6179,
39485,
7933,
31047,
764,
887,
262,
11892,
286,
262,
6868,
11858,
373,
407,
27961,
510,
416,
326,
286,
3215,
3392,
764,
5455,
837,
8312,
290,
7993,
11858,
547,
8197,
355,
38538,
286,
14075,
3392,
764,
14075,
2285,
82,
3360,
16560,
8312,
3303,
837,
8876,
837,
7196,
4867,
837,
290,
772,
12505,
10959,
764,
11214,
837,
262,
2285,
82,
286,
1811,
14075,
43844,
851,
3573,
16530,
837,
40925,
837,
1052,
46676,
837,
262,
1296,
286,
29698,
3706,
2113,
79,
34095,
837,
290,
262,
43954,
11955,
1073,
2488,
12,
31,
14075,
5770,
2930,
499,
271,
851,
547,
8197,
656,
7993,
5737,
290,
4104,
1973,
262,
7993,
8065,
764,
7993,
795,
49406,
837,
588,
350,
1462,
293,
2611,
291,
21557,
878,
606,
837,
24399,
16530,
290,
2930,
499,
271,
284,
11438,
511,
4934,
837,
2641,
290,
2354,
6365,
764,
554,
262,
13735,
705,
82,
3716,
5022,
286,
4158,
15421,
837,
536,
849,
373,
21595,
7241,
656,
262,
13273,
44894,
4701,
41167,
833,
1042,
1533,
396,
385,
837,
290,
16530,
837,
508,
373,
31299,
515,
422,
5491,
284,
14937,
43372,
49442,
837,
2627,
262,
2962,
286,
257,
8312,
2488,
12,
31,
3918,
10715,
2285,
764,
16530,
290,
41167,
833,
1042,
1533,
396,
385,
547,
1111,
9208,
287,
262,
4885,
44894,
6761,
326,
6348,
422,
262,
7993,
4158,
995,
764,
220,
198
] |
Temples and cults in Egypt itself declined as the Roman economy deteriorated in the third century AD , and beginning in the fourth century , Christians suppressed the veneration of Egyptian deities . The last formal cults , at Philae , died out in the fifth or sixth century . Most beliefs surrounding the gods themselves disappeared within a few hundred years , remaining in magical texts into the seventh and eighth centuries . But many of the practices involved in their worship , such as processions and oracles , were adapted to fit Christian ideology and persisted as part of the Coptic Church . Given the great changes and diverse influences in Egyptian culture since that time , scholars disagree about whether any modern Coptic practices are descended from those of pharaonic religion . But many festivals and other traditions of modern Egyptians , both Christian and Muslim , resemble the worship of their ancestors ' gods .
|
[
5825,
2374,
290,
2285,
82,
287,
6365,
2346,
7392,
355,
262,
7993,
3773,
44525,
287,
262,
2368,
4289,
5984,
837,
290,
3726,
287,
262,
5544,
4289,
837,
9316,
25822,
262,
31299,
341,
286,
14075,
43844,
764,
383,
938,
8766,
2285,
82,
837,
379,
4543,
3609,
837,
3724,
503,
287,
262,
8150,
393,
11695,
4289,
764,
4042,
9056,
7346,
262,
11858,
2405,
12120,
1626,
257,
1178,
3470,
812,
837,
5637,
287,
10883,
13399,
656,
262,
14024,
290,
16974,
10675,
764,
887,
867,
286,
262,
6593,
2950,
287,
511,
11892,
837,
884,
355,
1429,
507,
290,
393,
9928,
837,
547,
16573,
284,
4197,
4302,
12959,
290,
33264,
355,
636,
286,
262,
6955,
13370,
4564,
764,
11259,
262,
1049,
2458,
290,
10084,
16717,
287,
14075,
3968,
1201,
326,
640,
837,
9123,
12546,
546,
1771,
597,
3660,
6955,
13370,
6593,
389,
23667,
422,
883,
286,
872,
3301,
9229,
5737,
764,
887,
867,
25575,
290,
584,
15421,
286,
3660,
32658,
837,
1111,
4302,
290,
3765,
837,
22464,
262,
11892,
286,
511,
18668,
705,
11858,
764,
220,
198
] |
= South of Heaven =
|
[
796,
2520,
286,
11225,
796,
220,
198
] |
South of Heaven is the fourth studio album by American thrash metal band Slayer . Released on July 5 , 1988 , the album was the band 's second collaboration with record producer Rick Rubin , whose production skills on Slayer 's previous album Reign in Blood had helped the band 's sound evolve .
|
[
2520,
286,
11225,
318,
262,
5544,
8034,
5062,
416,
1605,
5636,
1077,
6147,
4097,
27076,
764,
28728,
319,
2901,
642,
837,
12122,
837,
262,
5062,
373,
262,
4097,
705,
82,
1218,
12438,
351,
1700,
9920,
8759,
34599,
837,
3025,
3227,
4678,
319,
27076,
705,
82,
2180,
5062,
29297,
287,
7235,
550,
4193,
262,
4097,
705,
82,
2128,
18101,
764,
220,
198
] |
South of Heaven was Slayer 's second album to enter the Billboard 200 , and its last to be released by Def Jam Recordings , although the album became an American Recordings album after Rick Rubin ended his partnership with Russell Simmons . It was one of only two Def Jam titles to be distributed by Geffen Records through Warner Bros. Records because of original distributor Columbia Records ' refusal to release work by the band . The release peaked at number 57 and in 1992 was awarded a gold certification by the Recording Industry Association of America .
|
[
2520,
286,
11225,
373,
27076,
705,
82,
1218,
5062,
284,
3802,
262,
36229,
939,
837,
290,
663,
938,
284,
307,
2716,
416,
2896,
9986,
13266,
654,
837,
3584,
262,
5062,
2627,
281,
1605,
13266,
654,
5062,
706,
8759,
34599,
4444,
465,
10413,
351,
11563,
22553,
764,
632,
373,
530,
286,
691,
734,
2896,
9986,
8714,
284,
307,
9387,
416,
2269,
46985,
13407,
832,
14469,
14266,
13,
13407,
780,
286,
2656,
32137,
9309,
13407,
705,
17387,
284,
2650,
670,
416,
262,
4097,
764,
383,
2650,
33948,
379,
1271,
7632,
290,
287,
9768,
373,
11343,
257,
3869,
18094,
416,
262,
43905,
17420,
5396,
286,
2253,
764,
220,
198
] |
In order to offset the pace of the group 's previous album , Slayer deliberately slowed down the album 's tempo . In contrast to their previous albums , the band utilized undistorted guitars and toned @-@ down vocals . While some critics praised this musical change , others — more accustomed to the style of earlier releases — were disappointed . The songs " Mandatory Suicide " and the title track , however , have become permanent features of the band 's live setlist .
|
[
554,
1502,
284,
11677,
262,
8761,
286,
262,
1448,
705,
82,
2180,
5062,
837,
27076,
14593,
20955,
866,
262,
5062,
705,
82,
28691,
764,
554,
6273,
284,
511,
2180,
16788,
837,
262,
4097,
21487,
3318,
396,
9741,
32497,
290,
5680,
276,
2488,
12,
31,
866,
25355,
764,
2893,
617,
9188,
15342,
428,
10530,
1487,
837,
1854,
851,
517,
23840,
284,
262,
3918,
286,
2961,
10050,
851,
547,
11679,
764,
383,
7259,
366,
47018,
27695,
366,
290,
262,
3670,
2610,
837,
2158,
837,
423,
1716,
7748,
3033,
286,
262,
4097,
705,
82,
2107,
900,
4868,
764,
220,
198
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.