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README.md

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+---
+license: gemma
+pipeline_tag: image-text-to-text
+extra_gated_heading: Access Gemma on Hugging Face
+extra_gated_prompt: To access Gemma on Hugging Face, you’re required to review and
+  agree to Google’s usage license. To do this, please ensure you’re logged in to Hugging
+  Face and click below. Requests are processed immediately.
+---
+
+> [!Note]
+> This repository corresponds to the Preview version of Gemma 3n E2B, to be used with Google AI Edge. You
+> can also try it out in [Google AI Studio](https://aistudio.google.com/prompts/new_chat?model=gemma-3n-e4b-it).
+>
+> The current checkpoint only supports text and vision input. We are actively working to roll out full multimodal features and are
+> collaborating with open-source partners to bring Gemma 3n to the open-source community in the coming weeks.
+> 
+> Gemma 3n models have a novel architecture that allows them to run with a smaller number of effective parameters.
+> They also have a Matformer architecture that allows nesting multiple models. Learn more about these techniques
+> in the [Gemma documentation](https://ai.google.dev/gemma/docs/gemma-3n). 
+
+# Gemma 3n model card
+
+**Model Page**: [Gemma 3n](https://ai.google.dev/gemma/docs/gemma-3n)
+
+**Resources and Technical Documentation**:
+
+-   [Responsible Generative AI Toolkit](https://ai.google.dev/responsible)
+-   [Gemma on Kaggle](https://www.kaggle.com/models/google/gemma-3n)
+-   Google AI Edge [documentation](https://ai.google.dev/edge/mediapipe/solutions/genai/llm_inference) to run on mobile
+-   Try on Android by downloading our [Google AI Edge Gallery](https://github.com/google-ai-edge/gallery/releases) sample app 
+
+**Terms of Use**: [Terms](https://ai.google.dev/gemma/terms)\
+**Authors**: Google DeepMind
+
+## Model Information
+
+Summary description and brief definition of inputs and outputs.
+
+### Description
+
+Gemma is a family of lightweight, state-of-the-art open models from Google,
+built from the same research and technology used to create the Gemini models.
+Gemma models are well-suited for a variety of content understanding tasks,
+including question answering, summarization, and reasoning. Their relatively
+small size makes it possible to deploy them in environments with limited
+resources such as laptops, desktops or your own cloud infrastructure,
+democratizing access to state of the art AI models and helping foster innovation
+for everyone.
+
+Gemma 3n models are designed for efficient execution on low-resource devices.
+They are capable of multimodal input, handling text, image, video, and audio
+input, and generating text outputs, with open weights for instruction-tuned
+variants. These models were trained with data in over 140 spoken languages.
+
+Gemma 3n models use selective parameter activation technology to reduce resource
+requirements. This technique allows the models to operate at an effective size
+of 2B and 4B parameters, which is lower than the total number of parameters they
+contain. For more information on Gemma 3n's efficient parameter management
+technology, see the [Gemma 3n](https://ai.google.dev/gemma/docs/gemma-3n#parameters)
+page.
+
+### Inputs and outputs
+
+-   **Input:**
+    -   Text string, such as a question, a prompt, or a document to be
+        summarized
+    -   Images, normalized to 256x256, 512x512, or 768x768 resolution
+        and encoded to 256 tokens each
+    -   Audio data encoded to 6.25 tokens per second from a single channel
+    -   Total input context of 32K tokens
+-   **Output:**
+    -   Generated text in response to the input, such as an answer to a
+        question, analysis of image content, or a summary of a document
+    -   Total output length up to 32K tokens, subtracting the request
+        input tokens
+
+### Citation
+
+```
+@article{gemma_3n_2025,
+    title={Gemma 3n},
+    url={https://ai.google.dev/gemma/docs/gemma-3n},
+    publisher={Google DeepMind},
+    author={Gemma Team},
+    year={2025}
+}
+```
+
+## Model Data
+
+Data used for model training and how the data was processed.
+
+### Training Dataset
+
+These models were trained on a dataset that includes a wide variety of sources
+totalling approximately 11 trillion tokens. The knowledge cutoff date for the
+training data was June 2024. Here are the key components:
+
+-   **Web Documents**: A diverse collection of web text ensures the model
+    is exposed to a broad range of linguistic styles, topics, and vocabulary.
+    The training dataset includes content in over 140 languages.
+-   **Code**: Exposing the model to code helps it to learn the syntax and
+    patterns of programming languages, which improves its ability to generate
+    code and understand code-related questions.
+-   **Mathematics**: Training on mathematical text helps the model learn
+    logical reasoning, symbolic representation, and to address mathematical queries.
+-   **Images**: A wide range of images enables the model to perform image
+    analysis and visual data extraction tasks.
+-   Audio: A diverse set of sound samples enables the model to recognize
+    speech, transcribe text from recordings, and identify information in audio data.
+
+The combination of these diverse data sources is crucial for training a
+powerful multimodal model that can handle a wide variety of different tasks and
+data formats.
+
+### Data Preprocessing
+
+Here are the key data cleaning and filtering methods applied to the training
+data:
+
+-   **CSAM Filtering**: Rigorous CSAM (Child Sexual Abuse Material)
+    filtering was applied at multiple stages in the data preparation process to
+    ensure the exclusion of harmful and illegal content.
+-   **Sensitive Data Filtering**: As part of making Gemma pre-trained models
+    safe and reliable, automated techniques were used to filter out certain
+    personal information and other sensitive data from training sets.
+-   **Additional methods**: Filtering based on content quality and safety in
+    line with
+    [our policies](https://ai.google/static/documents/ai-responsibility-update-published-february-2025.pdf).
+
+## Implementation Information
+
+Details about the model internals.
+
+### Hardware
+
+Gemma was trained using [Tensor Processing Unit
+(TPU)](https://cloud.google.com/tpu/docs/intro-to-tpu) hardware (TPUv4p, TPUv5p
+and TPUv5e). Training generative models requires significant computational
+power. TPUs, designed specifically for matrix operations common in machine
+learning, offer several advantages in this domain:
+
+-   **Performance**: TPUs are specifically designed to handle the massive
+    computations involved in training generative models. They can speed up
+    training considerably compared to CPUs.
+-   **Memory**: TPUs often come with large amounts of high-bandwidth memory,
+    allowing for the handling of large models and batch sizes during training.
+    This can lead to better model quality.
+-   **Scalability**: TPU Pods (large clusters of TPUs) provide a scalable
+    solution for handling the growing complexity of large foundation models.
+    You can distribute training across multiple TPU devices for faster and more
+    efficient processing.
+-   **Cost-effectiveness**: In many scenarios, TPUs can provide a more
+    cost-effective solution for training large models compared to CPU-based
+    infrastructure, especially when considering the time and resources saved
+    due to faster training.
+
+These advantages are aligned with
+[Google's commitments to operate sustainably](https://sustainability.google/operating-sustainably/).
+
+### Software
+
+Training was done using [JAX](https://github.com/jax-ml/jax) and
+[ML Pathways](https://blog.google/technology/ai/introducing-pathways-next-generation-ai-architecture/).
+JAX allows researchers to take advantage of the latest generation of hardware,
+including TPUs, for faster and more efficient training of large models. ML
+Pathways is Google's latest effort to build artificially intelligent systems
+capable of generalizing across multiple tasks. This is specially suitable for
+foundation models, including large language models like these ones.
+
+Together, JAX and ML Pathways are used as described in the
+[paper about the Gemini family of models](https://goo.gle/gemma2report):
+*"the 'single controller' programming model of Jax and Pathways allows a single
+Python process to orchestrate the entire training run, dramatically simplifying
+the development workflow."*
+
+## Evaluation
+
+Model evaluation metrics and results.
+
+### Benchmark Results
+
+These models were evaluated at full precision (float32) against a large
+collection of different datasets and metrics to cover different aspects of
+content generation. Evaluation results marked with **IT** are for
+instruction-tuned models. Evaluation results marked with **PT** are for
+pre-trained models.
+
+#### Reasoning and factuality
+
+| Benchmark                      | Metric         | n-shot   |  E2B PT  |  E4B PT  |
+| ------------------------------ |----------------|----------|:--------:|:--------:|
+| [HellaSwag][hellaswag]         | Accuracy       | 10-shot  |   72.2   |   78.6   |
+| [BoolQ][boolq]                 | Accuracy       | 0-shot   |   76.4   |   81.6   |
+| [PIQA][piqa]                   | Accuracy       | 0-shot   |   78.9   |   81.0   |
+| [SocialIQA][socialiqa]         | Accuracy       | 0-shot   |   48.8   |   50.0   |
+| [TriviaQA][triviaqa]           | Accuracy       | 5-shot   |   60.8   |   70.2   |
+| [Natural Questions][naturalq]  | Accuracy       | 5-shot   |   15.5   |   20.9   |
+| [ARC-c][arc]                   | Accuracy       | 25-shot  |   51.7   |   61.6   |
+| [ARC-e][arc]                   | Accuracy       | 0-shot   |   75.8   |   81.6   |
+| [WinoGrande][winogrande]       | Accuracy       | 5-shot   |   66.8   |   71.7   |
+| [BIG-Bench Hard][bbh]          | Accuracy       | few-shot |   44.3   |   52.9   |
+| [DROP][drop]                   | Token F1 score | 1-shot   |   53.9   |   60.8   |
+
+[hellaswag]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.07830
+[boolq]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.10044
+[piqa]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.11641
+[socialiqa]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.09728
+[triviaqa]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.03551
+[naturalq]: https://github.com/google-research-datasets/natural-questions
+[arc]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.01547
+[winogrande]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.10641
+[bbh]: https://paperswithcode.com/dataset/bbh
+[drop]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.00161
+
+#### Multilingual
+
+| Benchmark                           | Metric                  | n-shot   |  E2B IT  |  E4B IT  |
+| ------------------------------------|-------------------------|----------|:--------:|:--------:|
+| [MGSM][mgsm]                        | Accuracy                |  0-shot  |   53.1   |   60.7   |
+| [WMT24++][wmt24pp] (ChrF)           | Character-level F-score |  0-shot  |   42.7   |   50.1   |
+| [Include][include]                  | Accuracy                |  0-shot  |   38.6   |   57.2   |
+| [MMLU][mmlu] (ProX)                 | Accuracy                |  0-shot  |    8.1   |   19.9   |
+| [OpenAI MMLU][openai-mmlu]          | Accuracy                |  0-shot  |   22.3   |   35.6   |
+| [Global-MMLU][global-mmlu]          | Accuracy                |  0-shot  |   55.1   |   60.3   |
+| [ECLeKTic][eclektic]                | ECLeKTic score          |  0-shot  |    2.5   |    1.9   |
+
+[mgsm]: https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.03057
+[wmt24pp]: https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.12404v1
+[include]:https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.19799
+[mmlu]: https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.03300
+[openai-mmlu]: https://huggingface.co/datasets/openai/MMMLU
+[global-mmlu]: https://huggingface.co/datasets/CohereLabs/Global-MMLU
+[eclektic]: https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.21228
+
+#### STEM and code
+
+| Benchmark                           | Metric                   | n-shot   |  E2B IT  |  E4B IT  |
+| ------------------------------------|--------------------------|----------|:--------:|:--------:|
+| [GPQA][gpqa] Diamond                | RelaxedAccuracy/accuracy |  0-shot  |   24.8   |   23.7   |
+| [LiveCodeBench][lcb] v5             | pass@1                   |  0-shot  |   18.6   |   25.7   |
+| Codegolf v2.2                       | pass@1                   |  0-shot  |   11.0   |   16.8   |
+| [AIME 2025][aime-2025]              | Accuracy                 |  0-shot  |    6.7   |   11.6   |
+
+[gpqa]: https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.12022
+[lcb]: https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.07974
+[aime-2025]: https://www.vals.ai/benchmarks/aime-2025-05-09
+
+#### Additional benchmarks
+
+| Benchmark                            | Metric     | n-shot   |  E2B IT  |  E4B IT  |
+| ------------------------------------ |------------|----------|:--------:|:--------:|
+| [MMLU][mmlu]                         |  Accuracy  |  0-shot  |   60.1   |   64.9   |
+| [MBPP][mbpp]                         |  pass@1    |  3-shot  |   56.6   |   63.6   |
+| [HumanEval][humaneval]               |  pass@1    |  0-shot  |   66.5   |   75.0   |
+| [LiveCodeBench][lcb]                 |  pass@1    |  0-shot  |   13.2   |   13.2   |
+| HiddenMath                           |  Accuracy  |  0-shot  |   27.7   |   37.7   |
+| [Global-MMLU-Lite][global-mmlu-lite] |  Accuracy  |  0-shot  |   59.0   |   64.5   |
+| [MMLU][mmlu] (Pro)                   |  Accuracy  |  0-shot  |   40.5   |   50.6   |
+
+[gpqa]: https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.12022
+[mbpp]: https://arxiv.org/abs/2108.07732
+[humaneval]: https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.03374
+[lcb]: https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.07974
+[global-mmlu-lite]: https://huggingface.co/datasets/CohereForAI/Global-MMLU-Lite
+
+#### Android Performance Benchmarks with Google AI Edge
+
+Note that all benchmark stats are from a Samsung S25 Ultra with 4096 KV cache size, 1024 tokens prefill, 256 tokens decode. 
+
+These numbers will continue to improve while Gemma 3n is in preview.
+
+| Weight Quantization | Backend | Prefill (tokens/sec) | Decode (tokens/sec) | Time to first token (sec) | Model size (MB) | Peak RSS Memory (MB) | GPU Memory (MB) |
+| :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: |
+| dynamic\_int4 | CPU | 163 | 17.6 | 6.7 | 2991 | 2704 | 193 |
+| dynamic\_int4 | GPU | 620 | 23.3 | 12.7 | 2991 | 3408 | 3408 |
+
+* Model size: measured by the size of the .tflite flatbuffer (serialization format for LiteRT models)  
+* The inference on CPU is accelerated via the LiteRT [XNNPACK](https://github.com/google/XNNPACK) delegate with 4 threads  
+* Benchmark on CPU is done assuming XNNPACK cache is enabled  
+* Benchmark on GPU is done assuming model is cached
+* Vision encoder is always run on GPU with 512x512 resolution
+* Cpufreq governor is set to performance during benchmark. Observed performance may vary depending on your phone’s hardware and current activity level.  
+* dynamic\_int4: quantized model with int4 weights and float activations.
+
+
+## Ethics and Safety
+
+Ethics and safety evaluation approach and results.
+
+### Evaluation Approach
+
+Our evaluation methods include structured evaluations and internal red-teaming
+testing of relevant content policies. Red-teaming was conducted by a number of
+different teams, each with different goals and human evaluation metrics. These
+models were evaluated against a number of different categories relevant to
+ethics and safety, including:
+
+-   **Child Safety**: Evaluation of text-to-text and image to text prompts
+    covering child safety policies, including child sexual abuse and
+    exploitation.
+-   **Content Safety:** Evaluation of text-to-text and image to text prompts
+    covering safety policies including, harassment, violence and gore, and hate
+    speech.
+-   **Representational Harms**: Evaluation of text-to-text and image to text
+    prompts covering safety policies including bias, stereotyping, and harmful
+    associations or inaccuracies.
+
+In addition to development level evaluations, we conduct "assurance
+evaluations" which are our 'arms-length' internal evaluations for responsibility
+governance decision making. They are conducted separately from the model
+development team, to inform decision making about release. High level findings
+are fed back to the model team, but prompt sets are held-out to prevent
+overfitting and preserve the results' ability to inform decision making. Notable
+assurance evaluation results are reported to our Responsibility & Safety Council
+as part of release review.
+
+### Evaluation Results
+
+For all areas of safety testing, we saw safe levels of performance across the
+categories of child safety, content safety, and representational harms relative
+to previous Gemma models. All testing was conducted without safety filters to
+evaluate the model capabilities and behaviors. For text-to-text,  image-to-text,
+and audio-to-text, and across all model sizes, the model produced minimal policy
+violations, and showed significant improvements over previous Gemma models'
+performance with respect to high severity violations. A limitation of our
+evaluations was they included primarily English language prompts.
+
+## Usage and Limitations
+
+These models have certain limitations that users should be aware of.
+
+### Intended Usage
+
+Open generative models have a wide range of applications across various
+industries and domains. The following list of potential uses is not
+comprehensive. The purpose of this list is to provide contextual information
+about the possible use-cases that the model creators considered as part of model
+training and development.
+
+-   Content Creation and Communication
+    -   **Text Generation**: Generate creative text formats such as
+        poems, scripts, code, marketing copy, and email drafts.
+    -   **Chatbots and Conversational AI**: Power conversational
+        interfaces for customer service, virtual assistants, or interactive
+        applications.
+    -   **Text Summarization**: Generate concise summaries of a text
+        corpus, research papers, or reports.
+    -   **Image Data Extraction**: Extract, interpret, and summarize
+        visual data for text communications.
+    -   **Audio Data Extraction**: Transcribe spoken language, speech
+        translated to text in other languages, and analyze sound-based data.
+-   Research and Education
+    -   **Natural Language Processing (NLP) and generative model
+        Research**: These models can serve as a foundation for researchers to
+        experiment with generative models and NLP techniques, develop
+        algorithms, and contribute to the advancement of the field.
+    -   **Language Learning Tools**: Support interactive language
+        learning experiences, aiding in grammar correction or providing writing
+        practice.
+    -   **Knowledge Exploration**: Assist researchers in exploring large
+        bodies of data by generating summaries or answering questions about
+        specific topics.
+
+### Limitations
+
+-   Training Data
+    -   The quality and diversity of the training data significantly
+        influence the model's capabilities. Biases or gaps in the training data
+        can lead to limitations in the model's responses.
+    -   The scope of the training dataset determines the subject areas
+        the model can handle effectively.
+-   Context and Task Complexity
+    -   Models are better at tasks that can be framed with clear
+        prompts and instructions. Open-ended or highly complex tasks might be
+        challenging.
+    -   A model's performance can be influenced by the amount of context
+        provided (longer context generally leads to better outputs, up to a
+        certain point).
+-   Language Ambiguity and Nuance
+    -   Natural language is inherently complex. Models might struggle
+        to grasp subtle nuances, sarcasm, or figurative language.
+-   Factual Accuracy
+    -   Models generate responses based on information they learned
+        from their training datasets, but they are not knowledge bases. They
+        may generate incorrect or outdated factual statements.
+-   Common Sense
+    -   Models rely on statistical patterns in language. They might
+        lack the ability to apply common sense reasoning in certain situations.
+
+### Ethical Considerations and Risks
+
+The development of generative models raises several ethical concerns. In
+creating an open model, we have carefully considered the following:
+
+-   Bias and Fairness
+    -   Generative models trained on large-scale, real-world text and image data
+        can reflect socio-cultural biases embedded in the training material.
+        These models underwent careful scrutiny, input data pre-processing
+        described and posterior evaluations reported in this card.
+-   Misinformation and Misuse
+    -   Generative models can be misused to generate text that is
+        false, misleading, or harmful.
+    -   Guidelines are provided for responsible use with the model, see the
+        [Responsible Generative AI Toolkit](https://ai.google.dev/responsible).
+-   Transparency and Accountability:
+    -   This model card summarizes details on the models' architecture,
+        capabilities, limitations, and evaluation processes.
+    -   A responsibly developed open model offers the opportunity to
+        share innovation by making generative model technology accessible to
+        developers and researchers across the AI ecosystem.
+
+Risks identified and mitigations:
+
+-   **Perpetuation of biases**: It's encouraged to perform continuous monitoring
+    (using evaluation metrics, human review) and the exploration of de-biasing
+    techniques during model training, fine-tuning, and other use cases.
+-   **Generation of harmful content**: Mechanisms and guidelines for content
+    safety are essential. Developers are encouraged to exercise caution and
+    implement appropriate content safety safeguards based on their specific
+    product policies and application use cases.
+-   **Misuse for malicious purposes**: Technical limitations and developer
+    and end-user education can help mitigate against malicious applications of
+    generative models. Educational resources and reporting mechanisms for users
+    to flag misuse are provided. Prohibited uses of Gemma models are outlined
+    in the
+    [Gemma Prohibited Use Policy](https://ai.google.dev/gemma/prohibited_use_policy).
+-   **Privacy violations**: Models were trained on data filtered for removal of
+    certain personal information and other sensitive data. Developers are
+    encouraged to adhere to privacy regulations with privacy-preserving
+    techniques.
+
+### Benefits
+
+At the time of release, this family of models provides high-performance open
+generative model implementations designed from the ground up for responsible AI
+development compared to similarly sized models.
+
+Using the benchmark evaluation metrics described in this document, these models
+have shown to provide superior performance to other, comparably-sized open model
+alternatives.g

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