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Ctrl-X: Controlling Structure and Appearance for Text-To-Image Generation Without Guidance
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<a href="https://kuanhenglin.github.io" target="_blank">Kuan Heng Lin</a><sup>1</sup>*
<a href="https://sichengmo.github.io/" target="_blank">Sicheng Mo</a><sup>1</sup>*
<a href="https://bklingher.github.io" target="_blank">Ben Klingher</a><sup>1</sup>
<a href="https://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~fmu/" target="_blank">Fangzhou Mu</a><sup>2</sup>
<a href="https://boleizhou.github.io/" target="_blank">Bolei Zhou</a><sup>1</sup>
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<sup>1</sup>UCLA
<sup>2</sup>NVIDIA
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*Equal contribution
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NeurIPS 2024
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[<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.07540" target="_blank">Paper</a>]
[<a href="https://github.com/genforce/ctrl-x" target="_blank">Code</a>]
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<div class="title">Overview</div>
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We present <b>Ctrl-X</b>, a simple <i>training-free</i> and <i>guidance-free</i> framework for text-to-image (T2I) generation with structure and appearance control. Given user-provided structure and appearance images, Ctrl-X designs feedforward structure control to enable structure alignment with the structure image and semantic-aware appearance transfer to facilitate the appearance transfer from the appearance image. Ctrl-X supports novel structure control with arbitrary condition images of any modality, is significantly faster than prior training-free appearance transfer methods, and provides instant plug-and-play to any T2I and text-to-video (T2V) diffusion model.
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<b>How does it work?</b> Given clean structure and appearance latents, we first obtain noised structure and appearance latents via the diffusion forward process, then extracting their U-Net features from a pretrained T2I diffusion model. When denoising the output latent, we inject convolution and self-attention features from the structure latent and leverage self-attention correspondence to transfer spatially-aware appearance statistics from the appearance latent to achieve structure and appearance control. We name our method "Ctrl-X" because we reformulate the controllable generation problem by 'cutting' (and 'pasting') structure preservation and semantic-aware stylization together.
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<div class="title">Results: Structure and appearance control</div>
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Results of training-free and guidance-free T2I diffusion with structure and appearance control, where Ctrl-X supports a diverse variety of structure images, including natural images, ControlNet-supported conditions (e.g., canny maps, normal maps), and in-the-wild conditions (e.g., wireframes, 3D meshes). The base model here is <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.01952" target="_blank">Stable Diffusion XL v1.0</a>.
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<div class="title">Results: Multi-subject structure and appearance control</div>
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Ctrl-X is capable of multi-subject generation with semantic correspondence between appearance and structure images across both subjects and backgrounds. In comparison, <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.05543" target="_blank">ControlNet</a> + <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.06721" target="_blank">IP-Adapter</a> often fails at transferring all subject and background appearances.
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<div class="title">Results: Prompt-driven conditional generation</div>
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Ctrl-X also supports prompt-driven conditional generation, where it generates an output image complying with the given text prompt while aligning with the structure of the structure image. Ctrl-X continues to support any structure image/condition type here as well. The base model here is <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.01952" target="_blank">Stable Diffusion XL v1.0</a>.
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<div class="title">Results: Extension to video generation</div>
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We can directly apply Ctrl-X to text-to-video (T2V) models. We show results of <a href="https://animatediff.github.io/" target="_blank">AnimateDiff v1.5.3</a> (with base model <a href="https://huggingface.co/SG161222/Realistic_Vision_V5.1_noVAE" target="_blank">Realistic Vision v5.1</a>) here.
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<div class="bibtex">BibTeX</div>
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@inproceedings{lin2024ctrlx,
author = {Lin, {Kuan Heng} and Mo, Sicheng and Klingher, Ben and Mu, Fangzhou and Zhou, Bolei},
booktitle = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
title = {Ctrl-X: Controlling Structure and Appearance for Text-To-Image Generation Without Guidance},
year = {2024}
}
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<div class="ref">Related Work</div>
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<div class="image"><img src="assets/freecontrol.jpg"></div>
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<a href="https://genforce.github.io/freecontrol/" target="_blank">
Sicheng Mo, Fangzhou Mu, Kuan Heng Lin, Yanli Liu, Bochen Guan, Yin Li, Bolei Zhou.
FreeControl: Training-Free Spatial Control of Any Text-to-Image Diffusion Model with Any Condition.
CVPR 2024.</a><br>
<b>Comment:</b>
Training-free conditional generation by guidance in diffusion U-Net subspaces for structure control and appearance regularization.
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<div class="image"><img src="assets/cross_image_attention.jpg"></div>
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<a href="https://garibida.github.io/cross-image-attention/" target="_blank">
Yuval Alaluf, Daniel Garibi, Or Patashnik, Hadar Averbuch-Elor, Daniel Cohen-Or.
Cross-Image Attention for Zero-Shot Appearance Transfer.
SIGGRAPH 2024.</a><br>
<b>Comment:</b>
Guidance-free appearance transfer to natural images with self-attention key + value swaps via cross-image correspondence.
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