document: been broadly used for the delivery of genes as well as therapeutic nucleic acids. Tian et al. conjugated the transacting activation transduction (TAT) peptide onto the exterior surface of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), which exhibited enhanced internalization for miRNA delivery.24 Lam et al. also used cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) VLPs carrying a cell penetrating peptide (M-lycotoxin peptide L17E) to enhance siRNA delivery into mammalian cells.25 Our group has constructed RNA-loaded Qβ VLPs