document: In order to ensure that the Qβ VLPs-based therapeutics prepared the bioproduction process are not toxic to mice, we analysed the endotoxin concentration in WT-Qβ. The results showed that the purified WT-Qβ are almost free of endotoxin (Figure S15). We also investigated the cytotoxicity toward U87MG cells induced by WT-Qβ (without 3WJ RNAs). No significant inhibition of cell proliferation was observed in the WT-Qβ treated group (from 0.5 to 4 μM) for 24 h compared with control group (Figure S16).