document: surveillance of tumor recurrence and progression using cystoscopy together with urine cytology. Although cystoscopic examination is the current gold standard for monitoring tumor diagnosis, progression, and recurrence, it is an invasive method associated with high costs and patient discomfort. In contrast to cystoscopy, urine cytology is noninvasive, but is limited by poor sensitivity in low-grade tumors, which grow slowly and are less aggressive (Kim et al, 2008). At present, advanced medical