document: Biosensors are composed of nanobiomaterials as a transducing platform to detect any chemical, biological, and physical substances by quantifying the signal sources, including optical and electrochemical sources (Singh et al., 2018). The specific signals rely on selective-recognition biomolecules, including antibodies, aptamers, and enzymes. These biomolecules are able to recognise trace target biomarkers generated by cancers and other diseases. Current nanotechnology provides the following