Overview
Bashar al-Assad's regime in Syria collapsed following a decisive offensive by a coalition of armed opposition groups, led by Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS).
Assad and his family fled to Russia, ending over five decades of Ba'ath Party rule.
External factors, including weakened support from allies Russia and Iran, significantly contributed to the regime's downfall.
Key Events Leading to Assad’s Fall
Internal Challenges:

Decades of authoritarian governance under Assad and his father.
Economic stagnation, corruption, inequality, and lack of social reforms fueled public discontent.
Militarized suppression of opposition further deepened the crisis.
External Influences:

Geopolitical rivalries turned Syria into a battleground.
Western countries, Arab monarchies, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and Israel supported opposition forces to weaken Assad's allies (Russia and Iran).
Russia’s focus on Ukraine and Iran’s tensions with Israel weakened Assad’s external support network.
Critical Developments:

Israeli strikes weakened Hezbollah and Iranian influence.
Loss of key cities (Aleppo, Homs) and encirclement of Damascus facilitated the opposition's victory.
Consequences of Assad’s Ouster
Regional Instability:

Syria is expected to remain fragmented, similar to post-Gaddafi Libya.
Conflicts among diverse rebel factions (secular, Islamist, ethno-nationalist) may exacerbate instability.
Extremist organizations could exploit the power vacuum.
Impact on Iran:

Assad’s fall disrupts Iran’s “Axis of Resistance” and logistical ties to Hezbollah.
Growing internal discontent and external pressures in Iran may trigger a “Persian Autumn,” leading to regional upheavals.
Geopolitical Shifts:

A potential chain reaction could revise borders, change political regimes, and intensify resource struggles in the Middle East.
Israel and other nations may capitalize on Syria’s instability to strengthen regional influence.
Analysis
The collapse was a culmination of long-standing internal and external contradictions rather than a sudden event.
Assad’s leadership style, marked by inexperience and an inability to adapt, left him vulnerable to systemic and external pressures.
The region faces significant challenges in achieving stability, with risks of prolonged conflicts and intensified geopolitical rivalries.
Conclusion
The international community must prioritize aiding Syria’s reconstruction and refrain from further foreign interference.
Syria’s future should be shaped by its people, without being a pawn in global power struggles.
Stability in the region will require addressing underlying issues of governance, economic inequality, and external exploitation.