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With an atomic weight of 1.00794 u, hydrogen is the lightest element on the periodic table. Its monatomic form (H) is the most abundant chemical substance in the Universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass.", + "symbol": "H", + "xpos": 1, + "ypos": 1, + "wxpos": 1, + "wypos": 1, + "shells": [ + 1 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s1", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "1s1", + "electron_affinity": 72.769, + "electronegativity_pauling": 2.2, + "ionization_energies": [ + 1312 + ], + "cpk-hex": "ffffff", + "image": { + "title": "Vial of glowing ultrapure hydrogen, H2. Original size in cm: 1 x 5", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Hydrogenglow.jpg", + "attribution": "User:Jurii, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/hydrogen.php" + }, + "block": "s" + }, + { + "name": "Helium", + "appearance": "colorless gas, exhibiting a red-orange glow when placed in a high-voltage electric field", + "atomic_mass": 4.0026022, + "boil": 4.222, + "category": "noble gas", + "density": 0.1786, + "discovered_by": "Pierre Janssen", + "melt": 0.95, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": null, + "number": 2, + "period": 1, + "group": 18, + "phase": "Gas", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_002_helium/element_002_helium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_002_helium/element_002_helium.glb", + "spectral_img": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helium_spectrum.jpg", + "summary": "Helium is a chemical element with symbol He and atomic number 2. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas that heads the noble gas group in the periodic table. Its boiling and melting points are the lowest among all the elements.", + "symbol": "He", + "xpos": 18, + "ypos": 1, + "wxpos": 32, + "wypos": 1, + "shells": [ + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "1s2", + "electron_affinity": -48, + "electronegativity_pauling": null, + "ionization_energies": [ + 2372.3, + 5250.5 + ], + "cpk-hex": "d9ffff", + "image": { + "title": "Vial of glowing ultrapure helium. Original size in cm: 1 x 5", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Helium-glow.jpg", + "attribution": "Jurii, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/helium.php" + }, + "block": "s" + }, + { + "name": "Lithium", + "appearance": "silvery-white", + "atomic_mass": 6.94, + "boil": 1603, + "category": "alkali metal", + "density": 0.534, + "discovered_by": "Johan August Arfwedson", + "melt": 453.65, + "molar_heat": 24.86, + "named_by": null, + "number": 3, + "period": 2, + "group": 1, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_003_lithium/element_003_lithium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_003_lithium/element_003_lithium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Lithium (from Greek:λίθος lithos, \"stone\") is a chemical element with the symbol Li and atomic number 3. It is a soft, silver-white metal belonging to the alkali metal group of chemical elements. Under standard conditions it is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element.", + "symbol": "Li", + "xpos": 1, + "ypos": 2, + "wxpos": 1, + "wypos": 2, + "shells": [ + 2, + 1 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s1", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[He] 2s1", + "electron_affinity": 59.6326, + "electronegativity_pauling": 0.98, + "ionization_energies": [ + 520.2, + 7298.1, + 11815 + ], + "cpk-hex": "cc80ff", + "image": { + "title": "0.5 Grams Lithium under Argon. Original size of the largest piece in cm: 0.3 x 4", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/0.5_grams_lithium_under_argon.jpg", + "attribution": "Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/lithium.php" + }, + "block": "s" + }, + { + "name": "Beryllium", + "appearance": "white-gray metallic", + "atomic_mass": 9.01218315, + "boil": 2742, + "category": "alkaline earth metal", + "density": 1.85, + "discovered_by": "Louis Nicolas Vauquelin", + "melt": 1560, + "molar_heat": 16.443, + "named_by": null, + "number": 4, + "period": 2, + "group": 2, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_004_beryllium/element_004_beryllium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_004_beryllium/element_004_beryllium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Beryllium is a chemical element with symbol Be and atomic number 4. It is created through stellar nucleosynthesis and is a relatively rare element in the universe. It is a divalent element which occurs naturally only in combination with other elements in minerals.", + "symbol": "Be", + "xpos": 2, + "ypos": 2, + "wxpos": 2, + "wypos": 2, + "shells": [ + 2, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[He] 2s2", + "electron_affinity": -48, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.57, + "ionization_energies": [ + 899.5, + 1757.1, + 14848.7, + 21006.6 + ], + "cpk-hex": "c2ff00", + "image": { + "title": "Pure Beryllium bead, 2.5 grams. Original size in cm: 1 x 1.5", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Beryllium_%28Be%29.jpg", + "attribution": "Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/beryllium.php" + }, + "block": "s" + }, + { + "name": "Boron", + "appearance": "black-brown", + "atomic_mass": 10.81, + "boil": 4200, + "category": "metalloid", + "density": 2.08, + "discovered_by": "Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac", + "melt": 2349, + "molar_heat": 11.087, + "named_by": null, + "number": 5, + "period": 2, + "group": 13, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_005_boron/element_005_boron_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_005_boron/element_005_boron.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Boron is a metalloid chemical element with symbol B and atomic number 5. Produced entirely by cosmic ray spallation and supernovae and not by stellar nucleosynthesis, it is a low-abundance element in both the Solar system and the Earth's crust. Boron is concentrated on Earth by the water-solubility of its more common naturally occurring compounds, the borate minerals.", + "symbol": "B", + "xpos": 13, + "ypos": 2, + "wxpos": 27, + "wypos": 2, + "shells": [ + 2, + 3 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p1", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[He] 2s2 2p1", + "electron_affinity": 26.989, + "electronegativity_pauling": 2.04, + "ionization_energies": [ + 800.6, + 2427.1, + 3659.7, + 25025.8, + 32826.7 + ], + "cpk-hex": "ffb5b5", + "image": { + "title": "Pure Crystalline Boron, front and back side. Original size in cm: 2 x 3", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Boron.jpg", + "attribution": "Jurii, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/boron.php" + }, + "block": "p" + }, + { + "name": "Carbon", + "appearance": null, + "atomic_mass": 12.011, + "boil": null, + "category": "polyatomic nonmetal", + "density": 1.821, + "discovered_by": "Ancient Egypt", + "melt": null, + "molar_heat": 8.517, + "named_by": null, + "number": 6, + "period": 2, + "group": 14, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_006_carbon/element_006_carbon_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_006_carbon/element_006_carbon.glb", + "spectral_img": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carbon_Spectra.jpg", + "summary": "Carbon (from Latin:carbo \"coal\") is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. On the periodic table, it is the first (row 2) of six elements in column (group) 14, which have in common the composition of their outer electron shell. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds.", + "symbol": "C", + "xpos": 14, + "ypos": 2, + "wxpos": 28, + "wypos": 2, + "shells": [ + 2, + 4 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p2", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[He] 2s2 2p2", + "electron_affinity": 121.7763, + "electronegativity_pauling": 2.55, + "ionization_energies": [ + 1086.5, + 2352.6, + 4620.5, + 6222.7, + 37831, + 47277 + ], + "cpk-hex": "909090", + "image": { + "title": "Element 6 - Carbon", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Pure_Carbon.png", + "attribution": "Texas Lane, CC BY-SA 4.0 , via Wikimedia Commons" + }, + "block": "p" + }, + { + "name": "Nitrogen", + "appearance": "colorless gas, liquid or solid", + "atomic_mass": 14.007, + "boil": 77.355, + "category": "diatomic nonmetal", + "density": 1.251, + "discovered_by": "Daniel Rutherford", + "melt": 63.15, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": "Jean-Antoine Chaptal", + "number": 7, + "period": 2, + "group": 15, + "phase": "Gas", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_007_nitrogen/element_007_nitrogen_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_007_nitrogen/element_007_nitrogen.glb", + "spectral_img": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nitrogen_Spectra.jpg", + "summary": "Nitrogen is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7. It is the lightest pnictogen and at room temperature, it is a transparent, odorless diatomic gas. Nitrogen is a common element in the universe, estimated at about seventh in total abundance in the Milky Way and the Solar System.", + "symbol": "N", + "xpos": 15, + "ypos": 2, + "wxpos": 29, + "wypos": 2, + "shells": [ + 2, + 5 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p3", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[He] 2s2 2p3", + "electron_affinity": -6.8, + "electronegativity_pauling": 3.04, + "ionization_energies": [ + 1402.3, + 2856, + 4578.1, + 7475, + 9444.9, + 53266.6, + 64360 + ], + "cpk-hex": "3050f8", + "image": { + "title": "Vial of Glowing Ultrapure Nitrogen, N2. Original size in cm: 1 x 5", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Nitrogen-glow.jpg", + "attribution": "Jurii, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/nitrogen.php" + }, + "block": "p" + }, + { + "name": "Oxygen", + "appearance": null, + "atomic_mass": 15.999, + "boil": 90.188, + "category": "diatomic nonmetal", + "density": 1.429, + "discovered_by": "Carl Wilhelm Scheele", + "melt": 54.36, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": "Antoine Lavoisier", + "number": 8, + "period": 2, + "group": 16, + "phase": "Gas", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_008_oxygen/element_008_oxygen_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_008_oxygen/element_008_oxygen.glb", + "spectral_img": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oxygen_spectre.jpg", + "summary": "Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8. It is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds (notably oxides) with most elements. By mass, oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium.", + "symbol": "O", + "xpos": 16, + "ypos": 2, + "wxpos": 30, + "wypos": 2, + "shells": [ + 2, + 6 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p4", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[He] 2s2 2p4", + "electron_affinity": 140.976, + "electronegativity_pauling": 3.44, + "ionization_energies": [ + 1313.9, + 3388.3, + 5300.5, + 7469.2, + 10989.5, + 13326.5, + 71330, + 84078 + ], + "cpk-hex": "ff0d0d", + "image": { + "title": "Liquid Oxygen in a Beaker", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Liquid_oxygen_in_a_beaker_%28cropped_and_retouched%29.jpg", + "attribution": "Staff Sgt. Nika Glover, U.S. Air Force, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons" + }, + "block": "p" + }, + { + "name": "Fluorine", + "appearance": null, + "atomic_mass": 18.9984031636, + "boil": 85.03, + "category": "diatomic nonmetal", + "density": 1.696, + "discovered_by": "André-Marie Ampère", + "melt": 53.48, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": "Humphry Davy", + "number": 9, + "period": 2, + "group": 17, + "phase": "Gas", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_009_fluorine/element_009_fluorine_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_009_fluorine/element_009_fluorine.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Fluorine is a chemical element with symbol F and atomic number 9. It is the lightest halogen and exists as a highly toxic pale yellow diatomic gas at standard conditions. As the most electronegative element, it is extremely reactive:almost all other elements, including some noble gases, form compounds with fluorine.", + "symbol": "F", + "xpos": 17, + "ypos": 2, + "wxpos": 31, + "wypos": 2, + "shells": [ + 2, + 7 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p5", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[He] 2s2 2p5", + "electron_affinity": 328.1649, + "electronegativity_pauling": 3.98, + "ionization_energies": [ + 1681, + 3374.2, + 6050.4, + 8407.7, + 11022.7, + 15164.1, + 17868, + 92038.1, + 106434.3 + ], + "cpk-hex": "90e050", + "image": { + "title": "Liquid Fluorine at -196°C", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Fluoro_liquido_a_-196%C2%B0C_1.jpg", + "attribution": "Fulvio314, CC BY-SA 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons" + }, + "block": "p" + }, + { + "name": "Neon", + "appearance": "colorless gas exhibiting an orange-red glow when placed in a high voltage electric field", + "atomic_mass": 20.17976, + "boil": 27.104, + "category": "noble gas", + "density": 0.9002, + "discovered_by": "Morris Travers", + "melt": 24.56, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": null, + "number": 10, + "period": 2, + "group": 18, + "phase": "Gas", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_010_neon/element_010_neon_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_010_neon/element_010_neon.glb", + "spectral_img": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neon_spectra.jpg", + "summary": "Neon is a chemical element with symbol Ne and atomic number 10. It is in group 18 (noble gases) of the periodic table. Neon is a colorless, odorless, inert monatomic gas under standard conditions, with about two-thirds the density of air.", + "symbol": "Ne", + "xpos": 18, + "ypos": 2, + "wxpos": 32, + "wypos": 2, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[He] 2s2 2p6", + "electron_affinity": -116, + "electronegativity_pauling": null, + "ionization_energies": [ + 2080.7, + 3952.3, + 6122, + 9371, + 12177, + 15238, + 19999, + 23069.5, + 115379.5, + 131432 + ], + "cpk-hex": "b3e3f5", + "image": { + "title": "Vial of Glowing Ultrapure neon. Original size in cm: 1 x 5", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Neon-glow.jpg", + "attribution": "Jurii, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/neon.php" + }, + "block": "p" + }, + { + "name": "Sodium", + "appearance": "silvery white metallic", + "atomic_mass": 22.989769282, + "boil": 1156.09, + "category": "alkali metal", + "density": 0.968, + "discovered_by": "Humphry Davy", + "melt": 370.944, + "molar_heat": 28.23, + "named_by": null, + "number": 11, + "period": 3, + "group": 1, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_011_sodium/element_011_sodium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_011_sodium/element_011_sodium.glb", + "spectral_img": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sodium_Spectra.jpg", + "summary": "Sodium /ˈsoʊdiəm/ is a chemical element with symbol Na (from Ancient Greek Νάτριο) and atomic number 11. It is a soft, silver-white, highly reactive metal. In the Periodic table it is in column 1 (alkali metals), and shares with the other six elements in that column that it has a single electron in its outer shell, which it readily donates, creating a positively charged atom - a cation.", + "symbol": "Na", + "xpos": 1, + "ypos": 3, + "wxpos": 1, + "wypos": 3, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 1 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ne] 3s1", + "electron_affinity": 52.867, + "electronegativity_pauling": 0.93, + "ionization_energies": [ + 495.8, + 4562, + 6910.3, + 9543, + 13354, + 16613, + 20117, + 25496, + 28932, + 141362, + 159076 + ], + "cpk-hex": "ab5cf2", + "image": { + "title": "Na (Sodium) Metal", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Na_%28Sodium%29.jpg", + "attribution": "The original uploader was Dnn87 at English Wikipedia., CC BY-SA 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons" + }, + "block": "s" + }, + { + "name": "Magnesium", + "appearance": "shiny grey solid", + "atomic_mass": 24.305, + "boil": 1363, + "category": "alkaline earth metal", + "density": 1.738, + "discovered_by": "Joseph Black", + "melt": 923, + "molar_heat": 24.869, + "named_by": null, + "number": 12, + "period": 3, + "group": 2, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_012_magnesium/element_012_magnesium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_012_magnesium/element_012_magnesium.glb", + "spectral_img": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Magnesium_Spectra.jpg", + "summary": "Magnesium is a chemical element with symbol Mg and atomic number 12. It is a shiny gray solid which bears a close physical resemblance to the other five elements in the second column (Group 2, or alkaline earth metals) of the periodic table:they each have the same electron configuration in their outer electron shell producing a similar crystal structure. Magnesium is the ninth most abundant element in the universe.", + "symbol": "Mg", + "xpos": 2, + "ypos": 3, + "wxpos": 2, + "wypos": 3, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ne] 3s2", + "electron_affinity": -40, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.31, + "ionization_energies": [ + 737.7, + 1450.7, + 7732.7, + 10542.5, + 13630, + 18020, + 21711, + 25661, + 31653, + 35458, + 169988, + 189368 + ], + "cpk-hex": "8aff00", + "image": { + "title": "Magnesium crystals", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Magnesium_crystals.jpg", + "attribution": "Warut Roonguthai, CC BY-SA 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons" + }, + "block": "s" + }, + { + "name": "Aluminium", + "appearance": "silvery gray metallic", + "atomic_mass": 26.98153857, + "boil": 2743, + "category": "post-transition metal", + "density": 2.7, + "discovered_by": null, + "melt": 933.47, + "molar_heat": 24.2, + "named_by": "Humphry Davy", + "number": 13, + "period": 3, + "group": 13, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_013_aluminum/element_013_aluminum_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_013_aluminum/element_013_aluminum.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Aluminium (or aluminum; see different endings) is a chemical element in the boron group with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic, ductile metal. Aluminium is the third most abundant element (after oxygen and silicon), and the most abundant metal, in the Earth's crust.", + "symbol": "Al", + "xpos": 13, + "ypos": 3, + "wxpos": 27, + "wypos": 3, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 3 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ne] 3s2 3p1", + "electron_affinity": 41.762, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.61, + "ionization_energies": [ + 577.5, + 1816.7, + 2744.8, + 11577, + 14842, + 18379, + 23326, + 27465, + 31853, + 38473, + 42647, + 201266, + 222316 + ], + "cpk-hex": "bfa6a6", + "image": { + "title": "Pure aluminium foil. Original size in cm: 5 x 5", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Aluminium.jpg", + "attribution": "Jurii, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/aluminium.php " + }, + "block": "p" + }, + { + "name": "Silicon", + "appearance": "crystalline, reflective with bluish-tinged faces", + "atomic_mass": 28.085, + "boil": 3538, + "category": "metalloid", + "density": 2.329, + "discovered_by": "Jöns Jacob Berzelius", + "melt": 1687, + "molar_heat": 19.789, + "named_by": "Thomas Thomson (chemist)", + "number": 14, + "period": 3, + "group": 14, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_014_silicon/element_014_silicon_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_014_silicon/element_014_silicon.glb", + "spectral_img": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silicon_Spectra.jpg", + "summary": "Silicon is a chemical element with symbol Si and atomic number 14. It is a tetravalent metalloid, more reactive than germanium, the metalloid directly below it in the table. Controversy about silicon's character dates to its discovery.", + "symbol": "Si", + "xpos": 14, + "ypos": 3, + "wxpos": 28, + "wypos": 3, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 4 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ne] 3s2 3p2", + "electron_affinity": 134.0684, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.9, + "ionization_energies": [ + 786.5, + 1577.1, + 3231.6, + 4355.5, + 16091, + 19805, + 23780, + 29287, + 33878, + 38726, + 45962, + 50502, + 235196, + 257923 + ], + "cpk-hex": "f0c8a0", + "image": { + "title": "Chunk of Ultrapure Silicon, 2 x 2 cm", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Silicon.jpg", + "attribution": "Jurii, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/silicon.php" + }, + "block": "p" + }, + { + "name": "Phosphorus", + "appearance": "colourless, waxy white, yellow, scarlet, red, violet, black", + "atomic_mass": 30.9737619985, + "boil": null, + "category": "polyatomic nonmetal", + "density": 1.823, + "discovered_by": "Hennig Brand", + "melt": null, + "molar_heat": 23.824, + "named_by": null, + "number": 15, + "period": 3, + "group": 15, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_015_phosphorus/element_015_phosphorus_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_015_phosphorus/element_015_phosphorus.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Phosphorus is a chemical element with symbol P and atomic number 15. As an element, phosphorus exists in two major forms—white phosphorus and red phosphorus—but due to its high reactivity, phosphorus is never found as a free element on Earth. Instead phosphorus-containing minerals are almost always present in their maximally oxidised state, as inorganic phosphate rocks.", + "symbol": "P", + "xpos": 15, + "ypos": 3, + "wxpos": 29, + "wypos": 3, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 5 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ne] 3s2 3p3", + "electron_affinity": 72.037, + "electronegativity_pauling": 2.19, + "ionization_energies": [ + 1011.8, + 1907, + 2914.1, + 4963.6, + 6273.9, + 21267, + 25431, + 29872, + 35905, + 40950, + 46261, + 54110, + 59024, + 271791, + 296195 + ], + "cpk-hex": "ff8000", + "image": { + "title": "Purple Phosphorus", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Phosphorus-purple.jpg", + "attribution": "Jurii, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/phosphorus.php" + }, + "block": "p" + }, + { + "name": "Sulfur", + "appearance": "lemon yellow sintered microcrystals", + "atomic_mass": 32.06, + "boil": 717.8, + "category": "polyatomic nonmetal", + "density": 2.07, + "discovered_by": "Ancient china", + "melt": 388.36, + "molar_heat": 22.75, + "named_by": null, + "number": 16, + "period": 3, + "group": 16, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_016_sulfur/element_016_sulfur_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_016_sulfur/element_016_sulfur.glb", + "spectral_img": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sulfur_Spectrum.jpg", + "summary": "Sulfur or sulphur (see spelling differences) is a chemical element with symbol S and atomic number 16. It is an abundant, multivalent non-metal. Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with chemical formula S8.", + "symbol": "S", + "xpos": 16, + "ypos": 3, + "wxpos": 30, + "wypos": 3, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 6 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ne] 3s2 3p4", + "electron_affinity": 200.4101, + "electronegativity_pauling": 2.58, + "ionization_energies": [ + 999.6, + 2252, + 3357, + 4556, + 7004.3, + 8495.8, + 27107, + 31719, + 36621, + 43177, + 48710, + 54460, + 62930, + 68216, + 311048, + 337138 + ], + "cpk-hex": "ffff30", + "image": { + "title": "Native Sulfur From Russia", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Native_sulfur_%28Vodinskoe_Deposit%3B_quarry_near_Samara%2C_Russia%29_9.jpg", + "attribution": "James St. John, CC BY 2.0 , via Wikimedia Commons" + }, + "block": "p" + }, + { + "name": "Chlorine", + "appearance": "pale yellow-green gas", + "atomic_mass": 35.45, + "boil": 239.11, + "category": "diatomic nonmetal", + "density": 3.2, + "discovered_by": "Carl Wilhelm Scheele", + "melt": 171.6, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": null, + "number": 17, + "period": 3, + "group": 17, + "phase": "Gas", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_017_chlorine/element_017_chlorine_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_017_chlorine/element_017_chlorine.glb", + "spectral_img": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chlorine_spectrum_visible.png", + "summary": "Chlorine is a chemical element with symbol Cl and atomic number 17. It also has a relative atomic mass of 35.5. Chlorine is in the halogen group (17) and is the second lightest halogen following fluorine.", + "symbol": "Cl", + "xpos": 17, + "ypos": 3, + "wxpos": 31, + "wypos": 3, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 7 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ne] 3s2 3p5", + "electron_affinity": 348.575, + "electronegativity_pauling": 3.16, + "ionization_energies": [ + 1251.2, + 2298, + 3822, + 5158.6, + 6542, + 9362, + 11018, + 33604, + 38600, + 43961, + 51068, + 57119, + 63363, + 72341, + 78095, + 352994, + 380760 + ], + "cpk-hex": "1ff01f", + "image": { + "title": "A Sample of Chlorine", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Chlorine-sample-flip.jpg", + "attribution": "Benjah-bmm27, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons" + }, + "block": "p" + }, + { + "name": "Argon", + "appearance": "colorless gas exhibiting a lilac/violet glow when placed in a high voltage electric field", + "atomic_mass": 39.9481, + "boil": 87.302, + "category": "noble gas", + "density": 1.784, + "discovered_by": "Lord Rayleigh", + "melt": 83.81, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": null, + "number": 18, + "period": 3, + "group": 18, + "phase": "Gas", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_018_argon/element_018_argon_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_018_argon/element_018_argon.glb", + "spectral_img": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Argon_Spectrum.png", + "summary": "Argon is a chemical element with symbol Ar and atomic number 18. It is in group 18 of the periodic table and is a noble gas. Argon is the third most common gas in the Earth's atmosphere, at 0.934% (9,340 ppmv), making it over twice as abundant as the next most common atmospheric gas, water vapor (which averages about 4000 ppmv, but varies greatly), and 23 times as abundant as the next most common non-condensing atmospheric gas, carbon dioxide (400 ppmv), and more than 500 times as abundant as the next most common noble gas, neon (18 ppmv).", + "symbol": "Ar", + "xpos": 18, + "ypos": 3, + "wxpos": 32, + "wypos": 3, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 8 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ne] 3s2 3p6", + "electron_affinity": -96, + "electronegativity_pauling": null, + "ionization_energies": [ + 1520.6, + 2665.8, + 3931, + 5771, + 7238, + 8781, + 11995, + 13842, + 40760, + 46186, + 52002, + 59653, + 66199, + 72918, + 82473, + 88576, + 397605, + 427066 + ], + "cpk-hex": "80d1e3", + "image": { + "title": "Vial of glowing ultrapure argon. Original size in cm: 1 x 5", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Argon-glow.jpg", + "attribution": "Jurii, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/argon.php" + }, + "block": "p" + }, + { + "name": "Potassium", + "appearance": "silvery gray", + "atomic_mass": 39.09831, + "boil": 1032, + "category": "alkali metal", + "density": 0.862, + "discovered_by": "Humphry Davy", + "melt": 336.7, + "molar_heat": 29.6, + "named_by": null, + "number": 19, + "period": 4, + "group": 1, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_019_potassium/element_019_potassium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_019_potassium/element_019_potassium.glb", + "spectral_img": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Potassium_Spectrum.jpg", + "summary": "Potassium is a chemical element with symbol K (derived from Neo-Latin, kalium) and atomic number 19. It was first isolated from potash, the ashes of plants, from which its name is derived. In the Periodic table, potassium is one of seven elements in column (group) 1 (alkali metals):they all have a single valence electron in their outer electron shell, which they readily give up to create an atom with a positive charge - a cation, and combine with anions to form salts.", + "symbol": "K", + "xpos": 1, + "ypos": 4, + "wxpos": 1, + "wypos": 4, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 8, + 1 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ar] 4s1", + "electron_affinity": 48.383, + "electronegativity_pauling": 0.82, + "ionization_energies": [ + 418.8, + 3052, + 4420, + 5877, + 7975, + 9590, + 11343, + 14944, + 16963.7, + 48610, + 54490, + 60730, + 68950, + 75900, + 83080, + 93400, + 99710, + 444880, + 476063 + ], + "cpk-hex": "8f40d4", + "image": { + "title": "Potassium Pieces", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Potassium.JPG", + "attribution": "Dnn87, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons" + }, + "block": "s" + }, + { + "name": "Calcium", + "appearance": null, + "atomic_mass": 40.0784, + "boil": 1757, + "category": "alkaline earth metal", + "density": 1.55, + "discovered_by": "Humphry Davy", + "melt": 1115, + "molar_heat": 25.929, + "named_by": null, + "number": 20, + "period": 4, + "group": 2, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_020_calcium/element_020_calcium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_020_calcium/element_020_calcium.glb", + "spectral_img": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Calcium_Spectrum.png", + "summary": "Calcium is a chemical element with symbol Ca and atomic number 20. Calcium is a soft gray alkaline earth metal, fifth-most-abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust. The ion Ca2+ is also the fifth-most-abundant dissolved ion in seawater by both molarity and mass, after sodium, chloride, magnesium, and sulfate.", + "symbol": "Ca", + "xpos": 2, + "ypos": 4, + "wxpos": 2, + "wypos": 4, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 8, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ar] 4s2", + "electron_affinity": 2.37, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1, + "ionization_energies": [ + 589.8, + 1145.4, + 4912.4, + 6491, + 8153, + 10496, + 12270, + 14206, + 18191, + 20385, + 57110, + 63410, + 70110, + 78890, + 86310, + 94000, + 104900, + 111711, + 494850, + 527762 + ], + "cpk-hex": "3dff00", + "image": { + "title": "Calcium Grains, grain size about 1 mm", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Calcium.jpg", + "attribution": "Jurii, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/calcium.php" + }, + "block": "s" + }, + { + "name": "Scandium", + "appearance": "silvery white", + "atomic_mass": 44.9559085, + "boil": 3109, + "category": "transition metal", + "density": 2.985, + "discovered_by": "Lars Fredrik Nilson", + "melt": 1814, + "molar_heat": 25.52, + "named_by": null, + "number": 21, + "period": 4, + "group": 3, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_021_scandium/element_021_scandium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_021_scandium/element_021_scandium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Scandium is a chemical element with symbol Sc and atomic number 21. A silvery-white metallic d-block element, it has historically been sometimes classified as a rare earth element, together with yttrium and the lanthanoids. It was discovered in 1879 by spectral analysis of the minerals euxenite and gadolinite from Scandinavia.", + "symbol": "Sc", + "xpos": 3, + "ypos": 4, + "wxpos": 17, + "wypos": 4, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 9, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ar] 3d1 4s2", + "electron_affinity": 18, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.36, + "ionization_energies": [ + 633.1, + 1235, + 2388.6, + 7090.6, + 8843, + 10679, + 13310, + 15250, + 17370, + 21726, + 24102, + 66320, + 73010, + 80160, + 89490, + 97400, + 105600, + 117000, + 124270, + 547530, + 582163 + ], + "cpk-hex": "e6e6e6", + "image": { + "title": "Crystal of Scandium. About 1g", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Scandium%2C_Sc.jpg", + "attribution": "JanDerChemiker, CC BY-SA 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons" + }, + "block": "d" + }, + { + "name": "Titanium", + "appearance": "silvery grey-white metallic", + "atomic_mass": 47.8671, + "boil": 3560, + "category": "transition metal", + "density": 4.506, + "discovered_by": "William Gregor", + "melt": 1941, + "molar_heat": 25.06, + "named_by": "Martin Heinrich Klaproth", + "number": 22, + "period": 4, + "group": 4, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_022_titanium/element_022_titanium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_022_titanium/element_022_titanium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Titanium is a chemical element with symbol Ti and atomic number 22. It is a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density and high strength. It is highly resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia and chlorine.", + "symbol": "Ti", + "xpos": 4, + "ypos": 4, + "wxpos": 18, + "wypos": 4, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 10, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d2", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ar] 3d2 4s2", + "electron_affinity": 7.289, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.54, + "ionization_energies": [ + 658.8, + 1309.8, + 2652.5, + 4174.6, + 9581, + 11533, + 13590, + 16440, + 18530, + 20833, + 25575, + 28125, + 76015, + 83280, + 90880, + 100700, + 109100, + 117800, + 129900, + 137530, + 602930, + 639294 + ], + "cpk-hex": "bfc2c7", + "image": { + "title": "Titanium Crystal made with the van Arkel-de Booer Process. 87 grams, Orginial size in cm: 2.5 x 4", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Titanium.jpg", + "attribution": "Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/titanium.php" + }, + "block": "d" + }, + { + "name": "Vanadium", + "appearance": "blue-silver-grey metal", + "atomic_mass": 50.94151, + "boil": 3680, + "category": "transition metal", + "density": 6, + "discovered_by": "Andrés Manuel del Río", + "melt": 2183, + "molar_heat": 24.89, + "named_by": "Isotopes of vanadium", + "number": 23, + "period": 4, + "group": 5, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_023_vanadium/element_023_vanadium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_023_vanadium/element_023_vanadium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Vanadium is a chemical element with symbol V and atomic number 23. It is a hard, silvery grey, ductile and malleable transition metal. The element is found only in chemically combined form in nature, but once isolated artificially, the formation of an oxide layer stabilizes the free metal somewhat against further oxidation.", + "symbol": "V", + "xpos": 5, + "ypos": 4, + "wxpos": 19, + "wypos": 4, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 11, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ar] 3d3 4s2", + "electron_affinity": 50.911, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.63, + "ionization_energies": [ + 650.9, + 1414, + 2830, + 4507, + 6298.7, + 12363, + 14530, + 16730, + 19860, + 22240, + 24670, + 29730, + 32446, + 86450, + 94170, + 102300, + 112700, + 121600, + 130700, + 143400, + 151440, + 661050, + 699144 + ], + "cpk-hex": "a6a6ab", + "image": { + "title": "Pieces of Pure Vanadium with Oxide Layer", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Vanadium-pieces.jpg", + "attribution": "Jurii, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/vanadium.php" + }, + "block": "d" + }, + { + "name": "Chromium", + "appearance": "silvery metallic", + "atomic_mass": 51.99616, + "boil": 2944, + "category": "transition metal", + "density": 7.19, + "discovered_by": "Louis Nicolas Vauquelin", + "melt": 2180, + "molar_heat": 23.35, + "named_by": null, + "number": 24, + "period": 4, + "group": 6, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_024_chromium/element_024_chromium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_024_chromium/element_024_chromium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Chromium is a chemical element with symbol Cr and atomic number 24. It is the first element in Group 6. It is a steely-gray, lustrous, hard and brittle metal which takes a high polish, resists tarnishing, and has a high melting point.", + "symbol": "Cr", + "xpos": 6, + "ypos": 4, + "wxpos": 20, + "wypos": 4, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 13, + 1 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ar] 3d5 4s1", + "electron_affinity": 65.21, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.66, + "ionization_energies": [ + 652.9, + 1590.6, + 2987, + 4743, + 6702, + 8744.9, + 15455, + 17820, + 20190, + 23580, + 26130, + 28750, + 34230, + 37066, + 97510, + 105800, + 114300, + 125300, + 134700, + 144300, + 157700, + 166090, + 721870, + 761733 + ], + "cpk-hex": "8a99c7", + "image": { + "title": "Piece of Chromium Metal", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Chromium.jpg", + "attribution": "Jurii, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/chromium.php" + }, + "block": "d" + }, + { + "name": "Manganese", + "appearance": "silvery metallic", + "atomic_mass": 54.9380443, + "boil": 2334, + "category": "transition metal", + "density": 7.21, + "discovered_by": "Torbern Olof Bergman", + "melt": 1519, + "molar_heat": 26.32, + "named_by": null, + "number": 25, + "period": 4, + "group": 7, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_025_manganese/element_025_manganese_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_025_manganese/element_025_manganese.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Manganese is a chemical element with symbol Mn and atomic number 25. It is not found as a free element in nature; it is often found in combination with iron, and in many minerals. Manganese is a metal with important industrial metal alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels.", + "symbol": "Mn", + "xpos": 7, + "ypos": 4, + "wxpos": 21, + "wypos": 4, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 13, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d5", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ar] 3d5 4s2", + "electron_affinity": -50, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.55, + "ionization_energies": [ + 717.3, + 1509, + 3248, + 4940, + 6990, + 9220, + 11500, + 18770, + 21400, + 23960, + 27590, + 30330, + 33150, + 38880, + 41987, + 109480, + 118100, + 127100, + 138600, + 148500, + 158600, + 172500, + 181380, + 785450, + 827067 + ], + "cpk-hex": "9c7ac7", + "image": { + "title": "Two Oieces of Manganese Metal", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Manganese_element.jpg", + "attribution": "W. Oelen, CC BY-SA 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons" + }, + "block": "d" + }, + { + "name": "Iron", + "appearance": "lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge", + "atomic_mass": 55.8452, + "boil": 3134, + "category": "transition metal", + "density": 7.874, + "discovered_by": "5000 BC", + "melt": 1811, + "molar_heat": 25.1, + "named_by": null, + "number": 26, + "period": 4, + "group": 8, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_026_iron/element_026_iron_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_026_iron/element_026_iron.glb", + "spectral_img": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iron_Spectrum.jpg", + "summary": "Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from Latin:ferrum) and atomic number 26. It is a metal in the first transition series. It is by mass the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core.", + "symbol": "Fe", + "xpos": 8, + "ypos": 4, + "wxpos": 22, + "wypos": 4, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 14, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ar] 3d6 4s2", + "electron_affinity": 14.785, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.83, + "ionization_energies": [ + 762.5, + 1561.9, + 2957, + 5290, + 7240, + 9560, + 12060, + 14580, + 22540, + 25290, + 28000, + 31920, + 34830, + 37840, + 44100, + 47206, + 122200, + 131000, + 140500, + 152600, + 163000, + 173600, + 188100, + 195200, + 851800, + 895161 + ], + "cpk-hex": "e06633", + "image": { + "title": "Fragments of an iron meteorite, about 92% iron. Original size of the single pieces in cm: 0.4 - 0.8", + "url": "https://images-of-elements.com/iron-2.jpg", + "attribution": "Chemical ELements A Virtual Museum, CC BY 3.0 source: https://images-of-elements.com/iron.php" + }, + "block": "d" + }, + { + "name": "Cobalt", + "appearance": "hard lustrous gray metal", + "atomic_mass": 58.9331944, + "boil": 3200, + "category": "transition metal", + "density": 8.9, + "discovered_by": "Georg Brandt", + "melt": 1768, + "molar_heat": 24.81, + "named_by": null, + "number": 27, + "period": 4, + "group": 9, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_027_cobalt/element_027_cobalt_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_027_cobalt/element_027_cobalt.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Cobalt is a chemical element with symbol Co and atomic number 27. Like nickel, cobalt in the Earth's crust is found only in chemically combined form, save for small deposits found in alloys of natural meteoric iron. The free element, produced by reductive smelting, is a hard, lustrous, silver-gray metal.", + "symbol": "Co", + "xpos": 9, + "ypos": 4, + "wxpos": 23, + "wypos": 4, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 15, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d7", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ar] 3d7 4s2", + "electron_affinity": 63.898, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.88, + "ionization_energies": [ + 760.4, + 1648, + 3232, + 4950, + 7670, + 9840, + 12440, + 15230, + 17959, + 26570, + 29400, + 32400, + 36600, + 39700, + 42800, + 49396, + 52737, + 134810, + 145170, + 154700, + 167400, + 178100, + 189300, + 204500, + 214100, + 920870, + 966023 + ], + "cpk-hex": "f090a0", + "image": { + "title": "Fractions from a cobalt, 7 and 4 grams. Original size in cm: 2 x 2", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Cobalt_ore_2.jpg", + "attribution": "Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/cobalt.php" + }, + "block": "d" + }, + { + "name": "Nickel", + "appearance": "lustrous, metallic, and silver with a gold tinge", + "atomic_mass": 58.69344, + "boil": 3003, + "category": "transition metal", + "density": 8.908, + "discovered_by": "Axel Fredrik Cronstedt", + "melt": 1728, + "molar_heat": 26.07, + "named_by": null, + "number": 28, + "period": 4, + "group": 10, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_028_nickel/element_028_nickel_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_028_nickel/element_028_nickel.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel belongs to the transition metals and is hard and ductile.", + "symbol": "Ni", + "xpos": 10, + "ypos": 4, + "wxpos": 24, + "wypos": 4, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 16, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d8", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ar] 3d8 4s2", + "electron_affinity": 111.65, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.91, + "ionization_energies": [ + 737.1, + 1753, + 3395, + 5300, + 7339, + 10400, + 12800, + 15600, + 18600, + 21670, + 30970, + 34000, + 37100, + 41500, + 44800, + 48100, + 55101, + 58570, + 148700, + 159000, + 169400, + 182700, + 194000, + 205600, + 221400, + 231490, + 992718, + 1039668 + ], + "cpk-hex": "50d050", + "image": { + "title": "Nickel Chunk", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Nickel_chunk.jpg", + "attribution": "Materialscientist at English Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons" + }, + "block": "d" + }, + { + "name": "Copper", + "appearance": "red-orange metallic luster", + "atomic_mass": 63.5463, + "boil": 2835, + "category": "transition metal", + "density": 8.96, + "discovered_by": "Middle East", + "melt": 1357.77, + "molar_heat": 24.44, + "named_by": null, + "number": 29, + "period": 4, + "group": 11, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_029_copper/element_029_copper_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_029_copper/element_029_copper.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Copper is a chemical element with symbol Cu (from Latin:cuprum) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a reddish-orange color.", + "symbol": "Cu", + "xpos": 11, + "ypos": 4, + "wxpos": 25, + "wypos": 4, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 1 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ar] 3d10 4s1", + "electron_affinity": 119.235, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.9, + "ionization_energies": [ + 745.5, + 1957.9, + 3555, + 5536, + 7700, + 9900, + 13400, + 16000, + 19200, + 22400, + 25600, + 35600, + 38700, + 42000, + 46700, + 50200, + 53700, + 61100, + 64702, + 163700, + 174100, + 184900, + 198800, + 210500, + 222700, + 239100, + 249660, + 1067358, + 1116105 + ], + "cpk-hex": "c88033", + "image": { + "title": "Macro of Native Copper about 1 ½ inches (4 cm) in size", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/NatCopper.jpg", + "attribution": "Native_Copper_Macro_Digon3.jpg: 'Jonathan Zander (Digon3)' derivative work: Materialscientist, CC BY-SA 2.5 , via Wikimedia Commons" + }, + "block": "d" + }, + { + "name": "Zinc", + "appearance": "silver-gray", + "atomic_mass": 65.382, + "boil": 1180, + "category": "transition metal", + "density": 7.14, + "discovered_by": "India", + "melt": 692.68, + "molar_heat": 25.47, + "named_by": null, + "number": 30, + "period": 4, + "group": 12, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_030_zinc/element_030_zinc_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_030_zinc/element_030_zinc.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Zinc, in commerce also spelter, is a chemical element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It is the first element of group 12 of the periodic table. In some respects zinc is chemically similar to magnesium:its ion is of similar size and its only common oxidation state is +2.", + "symbol": "Zn", + "xpos": 12, + "ypos": 4, + "wxpos": 26, + "wypos": 4, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ar] 3d10 4s2", + "electron_affinity": -58, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.65, + "ionization_energies": [ + 906.4, + 1733.3, + 3833, + 5731, + 7970, + 10400, + 12900, + 16800, + 19600, + 23000, + 26400, + 29990, + 40490, + 43800, + 47300, + 52300, + 55900, + 59700, + 67300, + 71200, + 179100 + ], + "cpk-hex": "7d80b0", + "image": { + "title": "30 grams Zinc, front and back side. Original size in cm: 3", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Zinc_%2830_Zn%29.jpg", + "attribution": "Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/zinc.php" + }, + "block": "d" + }, + { + "name": "Gallium", + "appearance": "silver-white", + "atomic_mass": 69.7231, + "boil": 2673, + "category": "post-transition metal", + "density": 5.91, + "discovered_by": "Lecoq de Boisbaudran", + "melt": 302.9146, + "molar_heat": 25.86, + "named_by": null, + "number": 31, + "period": 4, + "group": 13, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_031_gallium/element_031_gallium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_031_gallium/element_031_gallium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Gallium is a chemical element with symbol Ga and atomic number 31. Elemental gallium does not occur in free form in nature, but as the gallium(III) compounds that are in trace amounts in zinc ores and in bauxite. Gallium is a soft, silvery metal, and elemental gallium is a brittle solid at low temperatures, and melts at 29.76 °C (85.57 °F) (slightly above room temperature).", + "symbol": "Ga", + "xpos": 13, + "ypos": 4, + "wxpos": 27, + "wypos": 4, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 3 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p1", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1", + "electron_affinity": 41, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.81, + "ionization_energies": [ + 578.8, + 1979.3, + 2963, + 6180 + ], + "cpk-hex": "c28f8f", + "image": { + "title": "Solid gallium, fresh and after some time (2 months) at room temperature", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Solid_gallium_%28Ga%29.jpg", + "attribution": "Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/gallium.php" + }, + "block": "p" + }, + { + "name": "Germanium", + "appearance": "grayish-white", + "atomic_mass": 72.6308, + "boil": 3106, + "category": "metalloid", + "density": 5.323, + "discovered_by": "Clemens Winkler", + "melt": 1211.4, + "molar_heat": 23.222, + "named_by": null, + "number": 32, + "period": 4, + "group": 14, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_032_germanium/element_032_germanium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_032_germanium/element_032_germanium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Germanium is a chemical element with symbol Ge and atomic number 32. It is a lustrous, hard, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors tin and silicon. Purified germanium is a semiconductor, with an appearance most similar to elemental silicon.", + "symbol": "Ge", + "xpos": 14, + "ypos": 4, + "wxpos": 28, + "wypos": 4, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 4 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p2", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2", + "electron_affinity": 118.9352, + "electronegativity_pauling": 2.01, + "ionization_energies": [ + 762, + 1537.5, + 3302.1, + 4411, + 9020 + ], + "cpk-hex": "668f8f", + "image": { + "title": "12 Grams Polycrystalline Germanium, 2*3 cm", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Polycrystalline-germanium.jpg", + "attribution": "Jurii, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/germanium.php" + }, + "block": "p" + }, + { + "name": "Arsenic", + "appearance": "metallic grey", + "atomic_mass": 74.9215956, + "boil": null, + "category": "metalloid", + "density": 5.727, + "discovered_by": "Bronze Age", + "melt": null, + "molar_heat": 24.64, + "named_by": null, + "number": 33, + "period": 4, + "group": 15, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_033_arsenic/element_033_arsenic_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_033_arsenic/element_033_arsenic.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Arsenic is a chemical element with symbol As and atomic number 33. Arsenic occurs in many minerals, usually in conjunction with sulfur and metals, and also as a pure elemental crystal. Arsenic is a metalloid.", + "symbol": "As", + "xpos": 15, + "ypos": 4, + "wxpos": 29, + "wypos": 4, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 5 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p3", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3", + "electron_affinity": 77.65, + "electronegativity_pauling": 2.18, + "ionization_energies": [ + 947, + 1798, + 2735, + 4837, + 6043, + 12310 + ], + "cpk-hex": "bd80e3", + "image": { + "title": "Ultrapure Metallic Arsenic under Argon, 1 - 2 grams. Original size of each piece in cm: 0.5 x 1", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Arsenic_%2833_As%29.jpg", + "attribution": "Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/arsenic.php" + }, + "block": "p" + }, + { + "name": "Selenium", + "appearance": "black, red, and gray (not pictured) allotropes", + "atomic_mass": 78.9718, + "boil": 958, + "category": "polyatomic nonmetal", + "density": 4.81, + "discovered_by": "Jöns Jakob Berzelius", + "melt": 494, + "molar_heat": 25.363, + "named_by": null, + "number": 34, + "period": 4, + "group": 16, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_034_selenium/element_034_selenium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_034_selenium/element_034_selenium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Selenium is a chemical element with symbol Se and atomic number 34. It is a nonmetal with properties that are intermediate between those of its periodic table column-adjacent chalcogen elements sulfur and tellurium. It rarely occurs in its elemental state in nature, or as pure ore compounds.", + "symbol": "Se", + "xpos": 16, + "ypos": 4, + "wxpos": 30, + "wypos": 4, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 6 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p4", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4", + "electron_affinity": 194.9587, + "electronegativity_pauling": 2.55, + "ionization_energies": [ + 941, + 2045, + 2973.7, + 4144, + 6590, + 7880, + 14990 + ], + "cpk-hex": "ffa100", + "image": { + "title": "Ultrapure Black, Amorphous Selenium, 3 - 4 grams. Original size in cm: 2", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Selenium.jpg", + "attribution": "Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/selenium.php" + }, + "block": "p" + }, + { + "name": "Bromine", + "appearance": null, + "atomic_mass": 79.904, + "boil": 332, + "category": "diatomic nonmetal", + "density": 3.1028, + "discovered_by": "Antoine Jérôme Balard", + "melt": 265.8, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": null, + "number": 35, + "period": 4, + "group": 17, + "phase": "Liquid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromine", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_035_bromine/element_035_bromine_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_035_bromine/element_035_bromine.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Bromine (from Ancient Greek:βρῶμος, brómos, meaning \"stench\") is a chemical element with symbol Br, and atomic number 35. It is a halogen. The element was isolated independently by two chemists, Carl Jacob Löwig and Antoine Jerome Balard, in 1825–1826.", + "symbol": "Br", + "xpos": 17, + "ypos": 4, + "wxpos": 31, + "wypos": 4, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 7 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p5", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5", + "electron_affinity": 324.537, + "electronegativity_pauling": 2.96, + "ionization_energies": [ + 1139.9, + 2103, + 3470, + 4560, + 5760, + 8550, + 9940, + 18600 + ], + "cpk-hex": "a62929", + "image": { + "title": "99.5 % pure liquid Bromine in a 4 x 1 cm big glass ampoule, cast in acrylic", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Bromine-ampoule.jpg", + "attribution": "Jurii, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/bromine.php" + }, + "block": "p" + }, + { + "name": "Krypton", + "appearance": "colorless gas, exhibiting a whitish glow in a high electric field", + "atomic_mass": 83.7982, + "boil": 119.93, + "category": "noble gas", + "density": 3.749, + "discovered_by": "William Ramsay", + "melt": 115.78, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": null, + "number": 36, + "period": 4, + "group": 18, + "phase": "Gas", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krypton", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_036_krypton/element_036_krypton_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_036_krypton/element_036_krypton.glb", + "spectral_img": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krypton_Spectrum.jpg", + "summary": "Krypton (from Greek:κρυπτός kryptos \"the hidden one\") is a chemical element with symbol Kr and atomic number 36. It is a member of group 18 (noble gases) elements. A colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, krypton occurs in trace amounts in the atmosphere, is isolated by fractionally distilling liquefied air, and is often used with other rare gases in fluorescent lamps.", + "symbol": "Kr", + "xpos": 18, + "ypos": 4, + "wxpos": 32, + "wypos": 4, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 8 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6", + "electron_affinity": -96, + "electronegativity_pauling": 3, + "ionization_energies": [ + 1350.8, + 2350.4, + 3565, + 5070, + 6240, + 7570, + 10710, + 12138, + 22274, + 25880, + 29700, + 33800, + 37700, + 43100, + 47500, + 52200, + 57100, + 61800, + 75800, + 80400, + 85300, + 90400, + 96300, + 101400, + 111100, + 116290, + 282500, + 296200, + 311400, + 326200 + ], + "cpk-hex": "5cb8d1", + "image": { + "title": "Vial of Glowing Ultrapure Krypton. Original size in cm: 1 x 5.", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Krypton-glow.jpg", + "attribution": "Jurii, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/krypton.php" + }, + "block": "p" + }, + { + "name": "Rubidium", + "appearance": "grey white", + "atomic_mass": 85.46783, + "boil": 961, + "category": "alkali metal", + "density": 1.532, + "discovered_by": "Robert Bunsen", + "melt": 312.45, + "molar_heat": 31.06, + "named_by": null, + "number": 37, + "period": 5, + "group": 1, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubidium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_037_rubidium/element_037_rubidium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_037_rubidium/element_037_rubidium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Rubidium is a chemical element with symbol Rb and atomic number 37. Rubidium is a soft, silvery-white metallic element of the alkali metal group, with an atomic mass of 85.4678. Elemental rubidium is highly reactive, with properties similar to those of other alkali metals, such as very rapid oxidation in air.", + "symbol": "Rb", + "xpos": 1, + "ypos": 5, + "wxpos": 1, + "wypos": 5, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 8, + 1 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Kr] 5s1", + "electron_affinity": 46.884, + "electronegativity_pauling": 0.82, + "ionization_energies": [ + 403, + 2633, + 3860, + 5080, + 6850, + 8140, + 9570, + 13120, + 14500, + 26740 + ], + "cpk-hex": "702eb0", + "image": { + "title": "Rubidium Metal Sample", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Rb5.JPG", + "attribution": "Dnn87, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons" + }, + "block": "s" + }, + { + "name": "Strontium", + "appearance": null, + "atomic_mass": 87.621, + "boil": 1650, + "category": "alkaline earth metal", + "density": 2.64, + "discovered_by": "William Cruickshank (chemist)", + "melt": 1050, + "molar_heat": 26.4, + "named_by": null, + "number": 38, + "period": 5, + "group": 2, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_038_strontium/element_038_strontium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_038_strontium/element_038_strontium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Strontium is a chemical element with symbol Sr and atomic number 38. An alkaline earth metal, strontium is a soft silver-white or yellowish metallic element that is highly reactive chemically. The metal turns yellow when it is exposed to air.", + "symbol": "Sr", + "xpos": 2, + "ypos": 5, + "wxpos": 2, + "wypos": 5, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 8, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Kr] 5s2", + "electron_affinity": 5.023, + "electronegativity_pauling": 0.95, + "ionization_energies": [ + 549.5, + 1064.2, + 4138, + 5500, + 6910, + 8760, + 10230, + 11800, + 15600, + 17100, + 31270 + ], + "cpk-hex": "00ff00", + "image": { + "title": "Strontium Pieces under Paraffin Oil.", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Strontium-1.jpg", + "attribution": "Jurii, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/strontium.php" + }, + "block": "s" + }, + { + "name": "Yttrium", + "appearance": "silvery white", + "atomic_mass": 88.905842, + "boil": 3203, + "category": "transition metal", + "density": 4.472, + "discovered_by": "Johan Gadolin", + "melt": 1799, + "molar_heat": 26.53, + "named_by": null, + "number": 39, + "period": 5, + "group": 3, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_039_yttrium/element_039_yttrium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_039_yttrium/element_039_yttrium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Yttrium is a chemical element with symbol Y and atomic number 39. It is a silvery-metallic transition metal chemically similar to the lanthanides and it has often been classified as a \"rare earth element\". Yttrium is almost always found combined with the lanthanides in rare earth minerals and is never found in nature as a free element.", + "symbol": "Y", + "xpos": 3, + "ypos": 5, + "wxpos": 17, + "wypos": 5, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 9, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d1", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Kr] 4d1 5s2", + "electron_affinity": 29.6, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.22, + "ionization_energies": [ + 600, + 1180, + 1980, + 5847, + 7430, + 8970, + 11190, + 12450, + 14110, + 18400, + 19900, + 36090 + ], + "cpk-hex": "94ffff", + "image": { + "title": "6,21g Yttrium, Reinheit mindestens 99%.", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Piece_of_Yttrium.jpg", + "attribution": "Jan Anskeit, CC BY-SA 4.0 , via Wikimedia Commons" + }, + "block": "d" + }, + { + "name": "Zirconium", + "appearance": "silvery white", + "atomic_mass": 91.2242, + "boil": 4650, + "category": "transition metal", + "density": 6.52, + "discovered_by": "Martin Heinrich Klaproth", + "melt": 2128, + "molar_heat": 25.36, + "named_by": null, + "number": 40, + "period": 5, + "group": 4, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_040_zirconium/element_040_zirconium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_040_zirconium/element_040_zirconium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Zirconium is a chemical element with symbol Zr and atomic number 40. The name of zirconium is taken from the name of the mineral zircon, the most important source of zirconium. The word zircon comes from the Persian word zargun زرگون, meaning \"gold-colored\".", + "symbol": "Zr", + "xpos": 4, + "ypos": 5, + "wxpos": 18, + "wypos": 5, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 10, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d2", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Kr] 4d2 5s2", + "electron_affinity": 41.806, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.33, + "ionization_energies": [ + 640.1, + 1270, + 2218, + 3313, + 7752, + 9500 + ], + "cpk-hex": "94e0e0", + "image": { + "title": "Two pieces of Zirconium, 1 cm each.", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Zirconium-pieces.jpg", + "attribution": "Jurii, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/zirconium.php" + }, + "block": "d" + }, + { + "name": "Niobium", + "appearance": "gray metallic, bluish when oxidized", + "atomic_mass": 92.906372, + "boil": 5017, + "category": "transition metal", + "density": 8.57, + "discovered_by": "Charles Hatchett", + "melt": 2750, + "molar_heat": 24.6, + "named_by": null, + "number": 41, + "period": 5, + "group": 5, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_041_niobium/element_041_niobium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_041_niobium/element_041_niobium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Niobium, formerly columbium, is a chemical element with symbol Nb (formerly Cb) and atomic number 41. It is a soft, grey, ductile transition metal, which is often found in the pyrochlore mineral, the main commercial source for niobium, and columbite. The name comes from Greek mythology:Niobe, daughter of Tantalus since it is so similar to tantalum.", + "symbol": "Nb", + "xpos": 5, + "ypos": 5, + "wxpos": 19, + "wypos": 5, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 12, + 1 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1 4d4", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Kr] 4d4 5s1", + "electron_affinity": 88.516, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.6, + "ionization_energies": [ + 652.1, + 1380, + 2416, + 3700, + 4877, + 9847, + 12100 + ], + "cpk-hex": "73c2c9", + "image": { + "title": "Niobium strips", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Niobium_strips.JPG", + "attribution": "Mauro Cateb, CC BY-SA 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons" + }, + "block": "d" + }, + { + "name": "Molybdenum", + "appearance": "gray metallic", + "atomic_mass": 95.951, + "boil": 4912, + "category": "transition metal", + "density": 10.28, + "discovered_by": "Carl Wilhelm Scheele", + "melt": 2896, + "molar_heat": 24.06, + "named_by": null, + "number": 42, + "period": 5, + "group": 6, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_042_molybdenum/element_042_molybdenum_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_042_molybdenum/element_042_molybdenum.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Molybdenum is a chemical element with symbol Mo and atomic number 42. The name is from Neo-Latin molybdaenum, from Ancient Greek Μόλυβδος molybdos, meaning lead, since its ores were confused with lead ores. Molybdenum minerals have been known throughout history, but the element was discovered (in the sense of differentiating it as a new entity from the mineral salts of other metals) in 1778 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele.", + "symbol": "Mo", + "xpos": 6, + "ypos": 5, + "wxpos": 20, + "wypos": 5, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 13, + 1 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1 4d5", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Kr] 4d5 5s1", + "electron_affinity": 72.1, + "electronegativity_pauling": 2.16, + "ionization_energies": [ + 684.3, + 1560, + 2618, + 4480, + 5257, + 6640.8, + 12125, + 13860, + 15835, + 17980, + 20190, + 22219, + 26930, + 29196, + 52490, + 55000, + 61400, + 67700, + 74000, + 80400, + 87000, + 93400, + 98420, + 104400, + 121900, + 127700, + 133800, + 139800, + 148100, + 154500 + ], + "cpk-hex": "54b5b5", + "image": { + "title": "99.9 Pure Molybdenum Crystal, about 2 x 3 cm, with anodisation color", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Molybdenum.jpg", + "attribution": "Jurii, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/molybdenum.php" + }, + "block": "d" + }, + { + "name": "Technetium", + "appearance": "shiny gray metal", + "atomic_mass": 98, + "boil": 4538, + "category": "transition metal", + "density": 11, + "discovered_by": "Emilio Segrè", + "melt": 2430, + "molar_heat": 24.27, + "named_by": null, + "number": 43, + "period": 5, + "group": 7, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_043_technetium/element_043_technetium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_043_technetium/element_043_technetium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Technetium (/tɛkˈniːʃiəm/) is a chemical element with symbol Tc and atomic number 43. It is the element with the lowest atomic number in the periodic table that has no stable isotopes:every form of it is radioactive. Nearly all technetium is produced synthetically, and only minute amounts are found in nature.", + "symbol": "Tc", + "xpos": 7, + "ypos": 5, + "wxpos": 21, + "wypos": 5, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 13, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d5", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Kr] 4d5 5s2", + "electron_affinity": 53, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.9, + "ionization_energies": [ + 702, + 1470, + 2850 + ], + "cpk-hex": "3b9e9e", + "image": { + "title": "Technetium Sample inside a sealed glass ampoule, filled with argon gas. 6x1 mm goldfoil covered with 99Tc powder (electroplated).", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Technetium-sample-cropped.jpg", + "attribution": "GFDL, CC BY-SA 4.0 , via Wikimedia Commons" + }, + "block": "d" + }, + { + "name": "Ruthenium", + "appearance": "silvery white metallic", + "atomic_mass": 101.072, + "boil": 4423, + "category": "transition metal", + "density": 12.45, + "discovered_by": "Karl Ernst Claus", + "melt": 2607, + "molar_heat": 24.06, + "named_by": null, + "number": 44, + "period": 5, + "group": 8, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_044_ruthenium/element_044_ruthenium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_044_ruthenium/element_044_ruthenium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Ruthenium is a chemical element with symbol Ru and atomic number 44. It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table. Like the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is inert to most other chemicals.", + "symbol": "Ru", + "xpos": 8, + "ypos": 5, + "wxpos": 22, + "wypos": 5, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 15, + 1 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1 4d7", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Kr] 4d7 5s1", + "electron_affinity": 100.96, + "electronegativity_pauling": 2.2, + "ionization_energies": [ + 710.2, + 1620, + 2747 + ], + "cpk-hex": "248f8f", + "image": { + "title": "Ruthenium Crystal, 0.6 grams, 0.6 x 1.3 cm size", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Ruthenium_crystal.jpg", + "attribution": "Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/ruthenium.php" + }, + "block": "d" + }, + { + "name": "Rhodium", + "appearance": "silvery white metallic", + "atomic_mass": 102.905502, + "boil": 3968, + "category": "transition metal", + "density": 12.41, + "discovered_by": "William Hyde Wollaston", + "melt": 2237, + "molar_heat": 24.98, + "named_by": null, + "number": 45, + "period": 5, + "group": 9, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_045_rhodium/element_045_rhodium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_045_rhodium/element_045_rhodium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Rhodium is a chemical element with symbol Rh and atomic number 45. It is a rare, silvery-white, hard, and chemically inert transition metal. It is a member of the platinum group.", + "symbol": "Rh", + "xpos": 9, + "ypos": 5, + "wxpos": 23, + "wypos": 5, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 16, + 1 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1 4d8", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Kr] 4d8 5s1", + "electron_affinity": 110.27, + "electronegativity_pauling": 2.28, + "ionization_energies": [ + 719.7, + 1740, + 2997 + ], + "cpk-hex": "0a7d8c", + "image": { + "title": "Pure Rhodium Bead, 1 gram. Original size in cm: 0.5", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Rhodium_%28Rh%29.jpg", + "attribution": "Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/rhodium.php" + }, + "block": "d" + }, + { + "name": "Palladium", + "appearance": "silvery white", + "atomic_mass": 106.421, + "boil": 3236, + "category": "transition metal", + "density": 12.023, + "discovered_by": "William Hyde Wollaston", + "melt": 1828.05, + "molar_heat": 25.98, + "named_by": null, + "number": 46, + "period": 5, + "group": 10, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_046_palladium/element_046_palladium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_046_palladium/element_046_palladium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Palladium is a chemical element with symbol Pd and atomic number 46. It is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston. He named it after the asteroid Pallas, which was itself named after the epithet of the Greek goddess Athena, acquired by her when she slew Pallas.", + "symbol": "Pd", + "xpos": 10, + "ypos": 5, + "wxpos": 24, + "wypos": 5, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 18 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 4d10", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Kr] 4d10", + "electron_affinity": 54.24, + "electronegativity_pauling": 2.2, + "ionization_energies": [ + 804.4, + 1870, + 3177 + ], + "cpk-hex": "006985", + "image": { + "title": "Palladium Crystal, about 1 gram. Original size in cm: 0.5 x 1", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Palladium_%2846_Pd%29.jpg", + "attribution": "Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/palladium.php" + }, + "block": "d" + }, + { + "name": "Silver", + "appearance": "lustrous white metal", + "atomic_mass": 107.86822, + "boil": 2435, + "category": "transition metal", + "density": 10.49, + "discovered_by": "unknown, before 5000 BC", + "melt": 1234.93, + "molar_heat": 25.35, + "named_by": null, + "number": 47, + "period": 5, + "group": 11, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_047_silver/element_047_silver_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_047_silver/element_047_silver.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Silver is a chemical element with symbol Ag (Greek:άργυρος árguros, Latin:argentum, both from the Indo-European root *h₂erǵ- for \"grey\" or \"shining\") and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it possesses the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and reflectivity of any metal. The metal occurs naturally in its pure, free form (native silver), as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite.", + "symbol": "Ag", + "xpos": 11, + "ypos": 5, + "wxpos": 25, + "wypos": 5, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 18, + 1 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1 4d10", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Kr] 4d10 5s1", + "electron_affinity": 125.862, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.93, + "ionization_energies": [ + 731, + 2070, + 3361 + ], + "cpk-hex": "c0c0c0", + "image": { + "title": "Natural silver nugget, 1 cm long.", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Silver-nugget.jpg", + "attribution": "Jurii, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: http://images-of-elements.com/silver.php" + }, + "block": "d" + }, + { + "name": "Cadmium", + "appearance": "silvery bluish-gray metallic", + "atomic_mass": 112.4144, + "boil": 1040, + "category": "transition metal", + "density": 8.65, + "discovered_by": "Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann", + "melt": 594.22, + "molar_heat": 26.02, + "named_by": "Isotopes of cadmium", + "number": 48, + "period": 5, + "group": 12, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_048_cadmium/element_048_cadmium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_048_cadmium/element_048_cadmium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Cadmium is a chemical element with symbol Cd and atomic number 48. This soft, bluish-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury. Like zinc, it prefers oxidation state +2 in most of its compounds and like mercury it shows a low melting point compared to transition metals.", + "symbol": "Cd", + "xpos": 12, + "ypos": 5, + "wxpos": 26, + "wypos": 5, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 18, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Kr] 4d10 5s2", + "electron_affinity": -68, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.69, + "ionization_energies": [ + 867.8, + 1631.4, + 3616 + ], + "cpk-hex": "ffd98f", + "image": { + "title": "48 Cd Cadmium", + "url": "https://images-of-elements.com/cadmium-4.jpg", + "attribution": "Chemical Elments A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/cadmium.php" + }, + "block": "d" + }, + { + "name": "Indium", + "appearance": "silvery lustrous gray", + "atomic_mass": 114.8181, + "boil": 2345, + "category": "post-transition metal", + "density": 7.31, + "discovered_by": "Ferdinand Reich", + "melt": 429.7485, + "molar_heat": 26.74, + "named_by": null, + "number": 49, + "period": 5, + "group": 13, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_049_indium/element_049_indium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_049_indium/element_049_indium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Indium is a chemical element with symbol In and atomic number 49. It is a post-transition metallic element that is rare in Earth's crust. The metal is very soft, malleable and easily fusible, with a melting point higher than sodium, but lower than lithium or tin.", + "symbol": "In", + "xpos": 13, + "ypos": 5, + "wxpos": 27, + "wypos": 5, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 18, + 3 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p1", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1", + "electron_affinity": 37.043, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.78, + "ionization_energies": [ + 558.3, + 1820.7, + 2704, + 5210 + ], + "cpk-hex": "a67573", + "image": { + "title": "1.5 x 1.5 cm liquid indium", + "url": "https://images-of-elements.com/indium-2.jpg", + "attribution": "Jurii, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: http://images-of-elements.com/indium.php" + }, + "block": "p" + }, + { + "name": "Tin", + "appearance": "silvery-white (beta, β) or gray (alpha, α)", + "atomic_mass": 118.7107, + "boil": 2875, + "category": "post-transition metal", + "density": 7.365, + "discovered_by": "unknown, before 3500 BC", + "melt": 505.08, + "molar_heat": 27.112, + "named_by": null, + "number": 50, + "period": 5, + "group": 14, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_050_tin/element_050_tin_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_050_tin/element_050_tin.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn (for Latin:stannum) and atomic number 50. It is a main group metal in group 14 of the periodic table. Tin shows a chemical similarity to both neighboring group-14 elements, germanium and lead, and has two possible oxidation states, +2 and the slightly more stable +4.", + "symbol": "Sn", + "xpos": 14, + "ypos": 5, + "wxpos": 28, + "wypos": 5, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 18, + 4 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p2", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2", + "electron_affinity": 107.2984, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.96, + "ionization_energies": [ + 708.6, + 1411.8, + 2943, + 3930.3, + 7456 + ], + "cpk-hex": "668080", + "image": { + "title": "Tin blob", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Tin-2.jpg", + "attribution": "Jurii, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: http://images-of-elements.com/tin.php" + }, + "block": "p" + }, + { + "name": "Antimony", + "appearance": "silvery lustrous gray", + "atomic_mass": 121.7601, + "boil": 1908, + "category": "metalloid", + "density": 6.697, + "discovered_by": "unknown, before 3000 BC", + "melt": 903.78, + "molar_heat": 25.23, + "named_by": null, + "number": 51, + "period": 5, + "group": 15, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_051_antimony/element_051_antimony_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_051_antimony/element_051_antimony.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Antimony is a chemical element with symbol Sb (from Latin:stibium) and atomic number 51. A lustrous gray metalloid, it is found in nature mainly as the sulfide mineral stibnite (Sb2S3). Antimony compounds have been known since ancient times and were used for cosmetics; metallic antimony was also known, but it was erroneously identified as lead upon its discovery.", + "symbol": "Sb", + "xpos": 15, + "ypos": 5, + "wxpos": 29, + "wypos": 5, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 18, + 5 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p3", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3", + "electron_affinity": 101.059, + "electronegativity_pauling": 2.05, + "ionization_energies": [ + 834, + 1594.9, + 2440, + 4260, + 5400, + 10400 + ], + "cpk-hex": "9e63b5", + "image": { + "title": "Antimony crystal, 2 grams, 1 cm", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Antimony-4.jpg", + "attribution": "Unknown authorUnknown author, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/antimony.php" + }, + "block": "p" + }, + { + "name": "Tellurium", + "appearance": null, + "atomic_mass": 127.603, + "boil": 1261, + "category": "metalloid", + "density": 6.24, + "discovered_by": "Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein", + "melt": 722.66, + "molar_heat": 25.73, + "named_by": null, + "number": 52, + "period": 5, + "group": 16, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellurium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_052_tellurium/element_052_tellurium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_052_tellurium/element_052_tellurium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Tellurium is a chemical element with symbol Te and atomic number 52. It is a brittle, mildly toxic, rare, silver-white metalloid. Tellurium is chemically related to selenium and sulfur.", + "symbol": "Te", + "xpos": 16, + "ypos": 5, + "wxpos": 30, + "wypos": 5, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 18, + 6 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p4", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4", + "electron_affinity": 190.161, + "electronegativity_pauling": 2.1, + "ionization_energies": [ + 869.3, + 1790, + 2698, + 3610, + 5668, + 6820, + 13200 + ], + "cpk-hex": "d47a00", + "image": { + "title": "Metallic tellurium, diameter 3.5 cm", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Tellurium2.jpg", + "attribution": "Unknown authorUnknown author, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/tellurium.php" + }, + "block": "p" + }, + { + "name": "Iodine", + "appearance": "lustrous metallic gray, violet as a gas", + "atomic_mass": 126.904473, + "boil": 457.4, + "category": "diatomic nonmetal", + "density": 4.933, + "discovered_by": "Bernard Courtois", + "melt": 386.85, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": null, + "number": 53, + "period": 5, + "group": 17, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_053_iodine/element_053_iodine_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_053_iodine/element_053_iodine.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Iodine is a chemical element with symbol I and atomic number 53. The name is from Greek ἰοειδής ioeidēs, meaning violet or purple, due to the color of iodine vapor. Iodine and its compounds are primarily used in nutrition, and industrially in the production of acetic acid and certain polymers.", + "symbol": "I", + "xpos": 17, + "ypos": 5, + "wxpos": 31, + "wypos": 5, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 18, + 7 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p5", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5", + "electron_affinity": 295.1531, + "electronegativity_pauling": 2.66, + "ionization_energies": [ + 1008.4, + 1845.9, + 3180 + ], + "cpk-hex": "940094", + "image": { + "title": "Iodine Sample", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Iodine-sample.jpg", + "attribution": "Benjah-bmm27, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons" + }, + "block": "p" + }, + { + "name": "Xenon", + "appearance": "colorless gas, exhibiting a blue glow when placed in a high voltage electric field", + "atomic_mass": 131.2936, + "boil": 165.051, + "category": "noble gas", + "density": 5.894, + "discovered_by": "William Ramsay", + "melt": 161.4, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": null, + "number": 54, + "period": 5, + "group": 18, + "phase": "Gas", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_054_xenon/element_054_xenon_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_054_xenon/element_054_xenon.glb", + "spectral_img": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xenon_Spectrum.jpg", + "summary": "Xenon is a chemical element with symbol Xe and atomic number 54. It is a colorless, dense, odorless noble gas, that occurs in the Earth's atmosphere in trace amounts. Although generally unreactive, xenon can undergo a few chemical reactions such as the formation of xenon hexafluoroplatinate, the first noble gas compound to be synthesized.", + "symbol": "Xe", + "xpos": 18, + "ypos": 5, + "wxpos": 32, + "wypos": 5, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 18, + 8 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p6", + "electron_affinity": -77, + "electronegativity_pauling": 2.6, + "ionization_energies": [ + 1170.4, + 2046.4, + 3099.4 + ], + "cpk-hex": "429eb0", + "image": { + "title": "Vial of glowing ultrapure xenon. Original size in cm: 1 x 5", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Xenon-glow.jpg", + "attribution": "Jurii, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/xenon.php" + }, + "block": "p" + }, + { + "name": "Cesium", + "appearance": "silvery gold", + "atomic_mass": 132.905451966, + "boil": 944, + "category": "alkali metal", + "density": 1.93, + "discovered_by": "Robert Bunsen", + "melt": 301.7, + "molar_heat": 32.21, + "named_by": null, + "number": 55, + "period": 6, + "group": 1, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_055_cesium/element_055_cesium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_055_cesium/element_055_cesium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Caesium or cesium is a chemical element with symbol Cs and atomic number 55. It is a soft, silvery-gold alkali metal with a melting point of 28 °C (82 °F), which makes it one of only five elemental metals that are liquid at or near room temperature. Caesium is an alkali metal and has physical and chemical properties similar to those of rubidium and potassium.", + "symbol": "Cs", + "xpos": 1, + "ypos": 6, + "wxpos": 1, + "wypos": 6, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 18, + 8, + 1 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s1", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 6s1", + "electron_affinity": 45.505, + "electronegativity_pauling": 0.79, + "ionization_energies": [ + 375.7, + 2234.3, + 3400 + ], + "cpk-hex": "57178f", + "image": { + "title": "Cesium/Caesium metal", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Cesium.jpg", + "attribution": "Dnn87 Contact email: Dnn87yahoo.dk, CC BY-SA 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons" + }, + "block": "s" + }, + { + "name": "Barium", + "appearance": null, + "atomic_mass": 137.3277, + "boil": 2118, + "category": "alkaline earth metal", + "density": 3.51, + "discovered_by": "Carl Wilhelm Scheele", + "melt": 1000, + "molar_heat": 28.07, + "named_by": null, + "number": 56, + "period": 6, + "group": 2, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_056_barium/element_056_barium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_056_barium/element_056_barium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Barium is a chemical element with symbol Ba and atomic number 56. It is the fifth element in Group 2, a soft silvery metallic alkaline earth metal. Because of its high chemical reactivity barium is never found in nature as a free element.", + "symbol": "Ba", + "xpos": 2, + "ypos": 6, + "wxpos": 2, + "wypos": 6, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 18, + 8, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 6s2", + "electron_affinity": 13.954, + "electronegativity_pauling": 0.89, + "ionization_energies": [ + 502.9, + 965.2, + 3600 + ], + "cpk-hex": "00c900", + "image": { + "title": "1.5 Grams Barium with a Grey Oxide Layer under Argon. Original size in cm: 0.7 x 1", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Barium_%2856_Ba%29.jpg", + "attribution": "Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/barium.php" + }, + "block": "s" + }, + { + "name": "Lanthanum", + "appearance": "silvery white", + "atomic_mass": 138.905477, + "boil": 3737, + "category": "lanthanide", + "density": 6.162, + "discovered_by": "Carl Gustaf Mosander", + "melt": 1193, + "molar_heat": 27.11, + "named_by": null, + "number": 57, + "period": 6, + "group": 3, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanthanum", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_057_lanthanum/element_057_lanthanum_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_057_lanthanum/element_057_lanthanum.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Lanthanum is a soft, ductile, silvery-white metallic chemical element with symbol La and atomic number 57. It tarnishes rapidly when exposed to air and is soft enough to be cut with a knife. It gave its name to the lanthanide series, a group of 15 similar elements between lanthanum and lutetium in the periodic table:it is also sometimes considered the first element of the 6th-period transition metals.", + "symbol": "La", + "xpos": 3, + "ypos": 9, + "wxpos": 3, + "wypos": 6, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 18, + 9, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 5d1", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 5d16s2", + "electron_affinity": 53, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.1, + "ionization_energies": [ + 538.1, + 1067, + 1850.3, + 4819, + 5940 + ], + "cpk-hex": "70d4ff", + "image": { + "title": "1 cm Big Piece of Pure Lanthanum", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Lanthanum.jpg", + "attribution": "Jurii, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/lanthanum.php" + }, + "block": "f" + }, + { + "name": "Cerium", + "appearance": "silvery white", + "atomic_mass": 140.1161, + "boil": 3716, + "category": "lanthanide", + "density": 6.77, + "discovered_by": "Martin Heinrich Klaproth", + "melt": 1068, + "molar_heat": 26.94, + "named_by": null, + "number": 58, + "period": 6, + "group": 3, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_058_cerium/element_058_cerium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_058_cerium/element_058_cerium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Cerium is a chemical element with symbol Ce and atomic number 58. It is a soft, silvery, ductile metal which easily oxidizes in air. Cerium was named after the dwarf planet Ceres (itself named after the Roman goddess of agriculture).", + "symbol": "Ce", + "xpos": 4, + "ypos": 9, + "wxpos": 4, + "wypos": 6, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 19, + 9, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 5d1 4f1", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2", + "electron_affinity": 55, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.12, + "ionization_energies": [ + 534.4, + 1050, + 1949, + 3547, + 6325, + 7490 + ], + "cpk-hex": "ffffc7", + "image": { + "title": "Ultrapure Cerium under Argon, 1.5 grams. Original size in cm: 1 x 1", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Cerium2.jpg", + "attribution": "Jurii, CC BY 1.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/cerium.php" + }, + "block": "f" + }, + { + "name": "Praseodymium", + "appearance": "grayish white", + "atomic_mass": 140.907662, + "boil": 3403, + "category": "lanthanide", + "density": 6.77, + "discovered_by": "Carl Auer von Welsbach", + "melt": 1208, + "molar_heat": 27.2, + "named_by": null, + "number": 59, + "period": 6, + "group": 3, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praseodymium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_059_praseodymium/element_059_praseodymium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_059_praseodymium/element_059_praseodymium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Praseodymium is a chemical element with symbol Pr and atomic number 59. Praseodymium is a soft, silvery, malleable and ductile metal in the lanthanide group. It is valued for its magnetic, electrical, chemical, and optical properties.", + "symbol": "Pr", + "xpos": 5, + "ypos": 9, + "wxpos": 5, + "wypos": 6, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 21, + 8, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f3", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f3 6s2", + "electron_affinity": 93, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.13, + "ionization_energies": [ + 527, + 1020, + 2086, + 3761, + 5551 + ], + "cpk-hex": "d9ffc7", + "image": { + "title": "1.5 Grams Praseodymium under Argon, 0.5 cm big pieces", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Praseodymium.jpg", + "attribution": "Jurii, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/praseodymium.php" + }, + "block": "f" + }, + { + "name": "Neodymium", + "appearance": "silvery white", + "atomic_mass": 144.2423, + "boil": 3347, + "category": "lanthanide", + "density": 7.01, + "discovered_by": "Carl Auer von Welsbach", + "melt": 1297, + "molar_heat": 27.45, + "named_by": null, + "number": 60, + "period": 6, + "group": 3, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodymium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_060_neodymium/element_060_neodymium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_060_neodymium/element_060_neodymium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Neodymium is a chemical element with symbol Nd and atomic number 60. It is a soft silvery metal that tarnishes in air. Neodymium was discovered in 1885 by the Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach.", + "symbol": "Nd", + "xpos": 6, + "ypos": 9, + "wxpos": 6, + "wypos": 6, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 22, + 8, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f4", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f4 6s2", + "electron_affinity": 184.87, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.14, + "ionization_energies": [ + 533.1, + 1040, + 2130, + 3900 + ], + "cpk-hex": "c7ffc7", + "image": { + "title": "Ultrapure Neodymium under Argon, 5 grams. Original length of the large piece in cm: 1", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Neodymium_%2860_Nd%29.jpg", + "attribution": "Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/neodymium.php" + }, + "block": "f" + }, + { + "name": "Promethium", + "appearance": "metallic", + "atomic_mass": 145, + "boil": 3273, + "category": "lanthanide", + "density": 7.26, + "discovered_by": "Chien Shiung Wu", + "melt": 1315, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": "Isotopes of promethium", + "number": 61, + "period": 6, + "group": 3, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_061_promethium/element_061_promethium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_061_promethium/element_061_promethium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Promethium, originally prometheum, is a chemical element with the symbol Pm and atomic number 61. All of its isotopes are radioactive; it is one of only two such elements that are followed in the periodic table by elements with stable forms, a distinction shared with technetium. Chemically, promethium is a lanthanide, which forms salts when combined with other elements.", + "symbol": "Pm", + "xpos": 7, + "ypos": 9, + "wxpos": 7, + "wypos": 6, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 23, + 8, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f5", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f5 6s2", + "electron_affinity": 12.45, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.13, + "ionization_energies": [ + 540, + 1050, + 2150, + 3970 + ], + "cpk-hex": "a3ffc7", + "image": { + "title": "Photomontage of what promethium metal might look like (it is too radioactive and real images are not available)", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Promethium.jpg", + "attribution": "Unknown authorUnknown author, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/promethium.php" + }, + "block": "f" + }, + { + "name": "Samarium", + "appearance": "silvery white", + "atomic_mass": 150.362, + "boil": 2173, + "category": "lanthanide", + "density": 7.52, + "discovered_by": "Lecoq de Boisbaudran", + "melt": 1345, + "molar_heat": 29.54, + "named_by": null, + "number": 62, + "period": 6, + "group": 3, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_062_samarium/element_062_samarium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_062_samarium/element_062_samarium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Samarium is a chemical element with symbol Sm and atomic number 62. It is a moderately hard silvery metal that readily oxidizes in air. Being a typical member of the lanthanide series, samarium usually assumes the oxidation state +3.", + "symbol": "Sm", + "xpos": 8, + "ypos": 9, + "wxpos": 8, + "wypos": 6, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 24, + 8, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f6", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f6 6s2", + "electron_affinity": 15.63, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.17, + "ionization_energies": [ + 544.5, + 1070, + 2260, + 3990 + ], + "cpk-hex": "8fffc7", + "image": { + "title": "Ultrapure Sublimated Samarium, 2 grams. Original size in cm: 0.8 x 1.5", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Samarium-2.jpg", + "attribution": "Unknown authorUnknown author, CC BY 1.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/samarium.php" + }, + "block": "f" + }, + { + "name": "Europium", + "appearance": null, + "atomic_mass": 151.9641, + "boil": 1802, + "category": "lanthanide", + "density": 5.264, + "discovered_by": "Eugène-Anatole Demarçay", + "melt": 1099, + "molar_heat": 27.66, + "named_by": null, + "number": 63, + "period": 6, + "group": 3, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_063_europium/element_063_europium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_063_europium/element_063_europium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Europium is a chemical element with symbol Eu and atomic number 63. It was isolated in 1901 and is named after the continent of Europe. It is a moderately hard, silvery metal which readily oxidizes in air and water.", + "symbol": "Eu", + "xpos": 9, + "ypos": 9, + "wxpos": 9, + "wypos": 6, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 25, + 8, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f7", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f7 6s2", + "electron_affinity": 11.2, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.2, + "ionization_energies": [ + 547.1, + 1085, + 2404, + 4120 + ], + "cpk-hex": "61ffc7", + "image": { + "title": "Weakly Oxidized Europium, hence slightly yellowish. 1.5 grams, large piece 0.6 x 1.6 cm.", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Europium.jpg", + "attribution": "Jurii, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/europium.php" + }, + "block": "f" + }, + { + "name": "Gadolinium", + "appearance": "silvery white", + "atomic_mass": 157.253, + "boil": 3273, + "category": "lanthanide", + "density": 7.9, + "discovered_by": "Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac", + "melt": 1585, + "molar_heat": 37.03, + "named_by": null, + "number": 64, + "period": 6, + "group": 3, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadolinium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_064_gadolinium/element_064_gadolinium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_064_gadolinium/element_064_gadolinium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Gadolinium is a chemical element with symbol Gd and atomic number 64. It is a silvery-white, malleable and ductile rare-earth metal. It is found in nature only in combined (salt) form.", + "symbol": "Gd", + "xpos": 10, + "ypos": 9, + "wxpos": 10, + "wypos": 6, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 25, + 9, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f7 5d1", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2", + "electron_affinity": 13.22, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.2, + "ionization_energies": [ + 593.4, + 1170, + 1990, + 4250 + ], + "cpk-hex": "45ffc7", + "image": { + "title": "Pure (99.95%) Amorphous Gadolinium, about 12 grams, 2 × 1.5 × 0.5 cm, cast in acrylic glass", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Gadolinium-2.jpg", + "attribution": "Jurii, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/gadolinium.php" + }, + "block": "f" + }, + { + "name": "Terbium", + "appearance": "silvery white", + "atomic_mass": 158.925352, + "boil": 3396, + "category": "lanthanide", + "density": 8.23, + "discovered_by": "Carl Gustaf Mosander", + "melt": 1629, + "molar_heat": 28.91, + "named_by": null, + "number": 65, + "period": 6, + "group": 3, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terbium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_065_terbium/element_065_terbium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_065_terbium/element_065_terbium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Terbium is a chemical element with symbol Tb and atomic number 65. It is a silvery-white rare earth metal that is malleable, ductile and soft enough to be cut with a knife. Terbium is never found in nature as a free element, but it is contained in many minerals, including cerite, gadolinite, monazite, xenotime and euxenite.", + "symbol": "Tb", + "xpos": 11, + "ypos": 9, + "wxpos": 11, + "wypos": 6, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 27, + 8, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f9", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f9 6s2", + "electron_affinity": 112.4, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.1, + "ionization_energies": [ + 565.8, + 1110, + 2114, + 3839 + ], + "cpk-hex": "30ffc7", + "image": { + "title": "Pure Terbium, 3 grams. Original size: 1 cm", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Terbium-2.jpg", + "attribution": "Unknown authorUnknown author, CC BY 1.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/terbium.php" + }, + "block": "f" + }, + { + "name": "Dysprosium", + "appearance": "silvery white", + "atomic_mass": 162.5001, + "boil": 2840, + "category": "lanthanide", + "density": 8.54, + "discovered_by": "Lecoq de Boisbaudran", + "melt": 1680, + "molar_heat": 27.7, + "named_by": null, + "number": 66, + "period": 6, + "group": 3, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysprosium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_066_dysprosium/element_066_dysprosium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_066_dysprosium/element_066_dysprosium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Dysprosium is a chemical element with the symbol Dy and atomic number 66. It is a rare earth element with a metallic silver luster. Dysprosium is never found in nature as a free element, though it is found in various minerals, such as xenotime.", + "symbol": "Dy", + "xpos": 12, + "ypos": 9, + "wxpos": 12, + "wypos": 6, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 28, + 8, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f10", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f10 6s2", + "electron_affinity": 33.96, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.22, + "ionization_energies": [ + 573, + 1130, + 2200, + 3990 + ], + "cpk-hex": "1fffc7", + "image": { + "title": "Pure Dysprosium Dendrites", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Dysprosium-2.jpg", + "attribution": "Jurii, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/dysprosium.php" + }, + "block": "f" + }, + { + "name": "Holmium", + "appearance": "silvery white", + "atomic_mass": 164.930332, + "boil": 2873, + "category": "lanthanide", + "density": 8.79, + "discovered_by": "Marc Delafontaine", + "melt": 1734, + "molar_heat": 27.15, + "named_by": null, + "number": 67, + "period": 6, + "group": 3, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_067_holmium/element_067_holmium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_067_holmium/element_067_holmium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Holmium is a chemical element with symbol Ho and atomic number 67. Part of the lanthanide series, holmium is a rare earth element. Holmium was discovered by Swedish chemist Per Theodor Cleve.", + "symbol": "Ho", + "xpos": 13, + "ypos": 9, + "wxpos": 13, + "wypos": 6, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 29, + 8, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f11", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f11 6s2", + "electron_affinity": 32.61, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.23, + "ionization_energies": [ + 581, + 1140, + 2204, + 4100 + ], + "cpk-hex": "00ff9c", + "image": { + "title": "Ultrapure Holmium, 17 grams. Original size in cm: 1.5 x 2.5", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Holmium2.jpg", + "attribution": "Unknown authorUnknown author, CC BY 1.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/holmium.php" + }, + "block": "f" + }, + { + "name": "Erbium", + "appearance": "silvery white", + "atomic_mass": 167.2593, + "boil": 3141, + "category": "lanthanide", + "density": 9.066, + "discovered_by": "Carl Gustaf Mosander", + "melt": 1802, + "molar_heat": 28.12, + "named_by": null, + "number": 68, + "period": 6, + "group": 3, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_068_erbium/element_068_erbium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_068_erbium/element_068_erbium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Erbium is a chemical element in the lanthanide series, with symbol Er and atomic number 68. A silvery-white solid metal when artificially isolated, natural erbium is always found in chemical combination with other elements on Earth. As such, it is a rare earth element which is associated with several other rare elements in the mineral gadolinite from Ytterby in Sweden, where yttrium, ytterbium, and terbium were discovered.", + "symbol": "Er", + "xpos": 14, + "ypos": 9, + "wxpos": 14, + "wypos": 6, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 30, + 8, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f12", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f12 6s2", + "electron_affinity": 30.1, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.24, + "ionization_energies": [ + 589.3, + 1150, + 2194, + 4120 + ], + "cpk-hex": "00e675", + "image": { + "title": "9.5 Gramms Pure Erbium, 2 x 2 cm", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Erbium-2.jpg", + "attribution": "Jurii, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/erbium.php" + }, + "block": "f" + }, + { + "name": "Thulium", + "appearance": "silvery gray", + "atomic_mass": 168.934222, + "boil": 2223, + "category": "lanthanide", + "density": 9.32, + "discovered_by": "Per Teodor Cleve", + "melt": 1818, + "molar_heat": 27.03, + "named_by": null, + "number": 69, + "period": 6, + "group": 3, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_069_thulium/element_069_thulium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_069_thulium/element_069_thulium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Thulium is a chemical element with symbol Tm and atomic number 69. It is the thirteenth and antepenultimate (third-last) element in the lanthanide series. Like the other lanthanides, the most common oxidation state is +3, seen in its oxide, halides and other compounds.", + "symbol": "Tm", + "xpos": 15, + "ypos": 9, + "wxpos": 15, + "wypos": 6, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 31, + 8, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f13", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f13 6s2", + "electron_affinity": 99, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.25, + "ionization_energies": [ + 596.7, + 1160, + 2285, + 4120 + ], + "cpk-hex": "00d452", + "image": { + "title": "Ultrapure (99.997%) Crystalline Thulium, 22.3 grams, 3 × 3 × 2 cm in size", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Thulium-2.jpg", + "attribution": "Jurii, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/thulium.php" + }, + "block": "f" + }, + { + "name": "Ytterbium", + "appearance": null, + "atomic_mass": 173.0451, + "boil": 1469, + "category": "lanthanide", + "density": 6.9, + "discovered_by": "Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac", + "melt": 1097, + "molar_heat": 26.74, + "named_by": null, + "number": 70, + "period": 6, + "group": 3, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytterbium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_070_ytterbium/element_070_ytterbium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_070_ytterbium/element_070_ytterbium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Ytterbium is a chemical element with symbol Yb and atomic number 70. It is the fourteenth and penultimate element in the lanthanide series, which is the basis of the relative stability of its +2 oxidation state. However, like the other lanthanides, its most common oxidation state is +3, seen in its oxide, halides and other compounds.", + "symbol": "Yb", + "xpos": 16, + "ypos": 9, + "wxpos": 16, + "wypos": 6, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 8, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f14 6s2", + "electron_affinity": -1.93, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.1, + "ionization_energies": [ + 603.4, + 1174.8, + 2417, + 4203 + ], + "cpk-hex": "00bf38", + "image": { + "title": "Ytterbium, 0.5 x 1 cm", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Ytterbium-3.jpg", + "attribution": "Jurii, CC BY 1.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/ytterbium.php" + }, + "block": "f" + }, + { + "name": "Lutetium", + "appearance": "silvery white", + "atomic_mass": 174.96681, + "boil": 3675, + "category": "lanthanide", + "density": 9.841, + "discovered_by": "Georges Urbain", + "melt": 1925, + "molar_heat": 26.86, + "named_by": null, + "number": 71, + "period": 6, + "group": 3, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutetium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_071_lutetium/element_071_lutetium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_071_lutetium/element_071_lutetium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Lutetium is a chemical element with symbol Lu and atomic number 71. It is a silvery white metal, which resists corrosion in dry, but not in moist air. It is considered the first element of the 6th-period transition metals and the last element in the lanthanide series, and is traditionally counted among the rare earths.", + "symbol": "Lu", + "xpos": 17, + "ypos": 9, + "wxpos": 17, + "wypos": 6, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 9, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d1", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f14 5d1 6s2", + "electron_affinity": 33.4, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.27, + "ionization_energies": [ + 523.5, + 1340, + 2022.3, + 4370, + 6445 + ], + "cpk-hex": "00ab24", + "image": { + "title": "1 cm Big Piece of Pure Lutetium", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Lutetium.jpg", + "attribution": "Jurii, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/lutetium.php" + }, + "block": "d" + }, + { + "name": "Hafnium", + "appearance": "steel gray", + "atomic_mass": 178.492, + "boil": 4876, + "category": "transition metal", + "density": 13.31, + "discovered_by": "Dirk Coster", + "melt": 2506, + "molar_heat": 25.73, + "named_by": null, + "number": 72, + "period": 6, + "group": 4, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_072_hafnium/element_072_hafnium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_072_hafnium/element_072_hafnium.glb", + "spectral_img": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hafnium_spectrum_visible.png", + "summary": "Hafnium is a chemical element with symbol Hf and atomic number 72. A lustrous, silvery gray, tetravalent transition metal, hafnium chemically resembles zirconium and is found in zirconium minerals. Its existence was predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869, though it was not identified until 1923, making it the penultimate stable element to be discovered (rhenium was identified two years later).", + "symbol": "Hf", + "xpos": 4, + "ypos": 6, + "wxpos": 18, + "wypos": 6, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 10, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d2", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2", + "electron_affinity": 17.18, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.3, + "ionization_energies": [ + 658.5, + 1440, + 2250, + 3216 + ], + "cpk-hex": "4dc2ff", + "image": { + "title": "Electrolytic Hafnium, 22 grams. Original size in cm: 1 x 2 x 3", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Hafnium_%2872_Hf%29.jpg", + "attribution": "Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/hafnium.php" + }, + "block": "d" + }, + { + "name": "Tantalum", + "appearance": "gray blue", + "atomic_mass": 180.947882, + "boil": 5731, + "category": "transition metal", + "density": 16.69, + "discovered_by": "Anders Gustaf Ekeberg", + "melt": 3290, + "molar_heat": 25.36, + "named_by": null, + "number": 73, + "period": 6, + "group": 5, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalum", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_073_tantalum/element_073_tantalum_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_073_tantalum/element_073_tantalum.glb", + "spectral_img": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tantalum_spectrum_visible.png", + "summary": "Tantalum is a chemical element with symbol Ta and atomic number 73. Previously known as tantalium, its name comes from Tantalus, an antihero from Greek mythology. Tantalum is a rare, hard, blue-gray, lustrous transition metal that is highly corrosion-resistant.", + "symbol": "Ta", + "xpos": 5, + "ypos": 6, + "wxpos": 19, + "wypos": 6, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 11, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d3", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f14 5d3 6s2", + "electron_affinity": 31, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.5, + "ionization_energies": [ + 761, + 1500 + ], + "cpk-hex": "4da6ff", + "image": { + "title": "Piece of tantalum, 1 cm in size", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Tantalum.jpg", + "attribution": "Jurii, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/tantalum.php" + }, + "block": "d" + }, + { + "name": "Tungsten", + "appearance": "grayish white, lustrous", + "atomic_mass": 183.841, + "boil": 6203, + "category": "transition metal", + "density": 19.25, + "discovered_by": "Carl Wilhelm Scheele", + "melt": 3695, + "molar_heat": 24.27, + "named_by": null, + "number": 74, + "period": 6, + "group": 6, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_074_tungsten/element_074_tungsten_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_074_tungsten/element_074_tungsten.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Tungsten, also known as wolfram, is a chemical element with symbol W and atomic number 74. The word tungsten comes from the Swedish language tung sten, which directly translates to heavy stone. Its name in Swedish is volfram, however, in order to distinguish it from scheelite, which in Swedish is alternatively named tungsten.", + "symbol": "W", + "xpos": 6, + "ypos": 6, + "wxpos": 20, + "wypos": 6, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 12, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d4", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2", + "electron_affinity": 78.76, + "electronegativity_pauling": 2.36, + "ionization_energies": [ + 770, + 1700 + ], + "cpk-hex": "2194d6", + "image": { + "title": "Tungsten rod with oxidised surface, 80 grams. Original size in cm: 1.3 x 3", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Tungsten_rod_with_oxidised_surface.jpg", + "attribution": "Jurii, CC BY 1.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/tungsten.php" + }, + "block": "d" + }, + { + "name": "Rhenium", + "appearance": "silvery-grayish", + "atomic_mass": 186.2071, + "boil": 5869, + "category": "transition metal", + "density": 21.02, + "discovered_by": "Masataka Ogawa", + "melt": 3459, + "molar_heat": 25.48, + "named_by": "Walter Noddack", + "number": 75, + "period": 6, + "group": 7, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhenium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_075_rhenium/element_075_rhenium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_075_rhenium/element_075_rhenium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Rhenium is a chemical element with symbol Re and atomic number 75. It is a silvery-white, heavy, third-row transition metal in group 7 of the periodic table. With an estimated average concentration of 1 part per billion (ppb), rhenium is one of the rarest elements in the Earth's crust.", + "symbol": "Re", + "xpos": 7, + "ypos": 6, + "wxpos": 21, + "wypos": 6, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 13, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d5", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2", + "electron_affinity": 5.8273, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.9, + "ionization_energies": [ + 760, + 1260, + 2510, + 3640 + ], + "cpk-hex": "267dab", + "image": { + "title": "Pure Rhenium Bead, arc melted, 21 grams. Original size in cm: 1.5 x 1.7. Measured radiation dose <0.05 μS/h.", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Pure_rhenium_bead%2C_arc_melted%2C_21_grams._Original_size_in_cm_-_1.5_x_1.7.jpg", + "attribution": "Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/rhenium.php" + }, + "block": "d" + }, + { + "name": "Osmium", + "appearance": "silvery, blue cast", + "atomic_mass": 190.233, + "boil": 5285, + "category": "transition metal", + "density": 22.59, + "discovered_by": "Smithson Tennant", + "melt": 3306, + "molar_heat": 24.7, + "named_by": null, + "number": 76, + "period": 6, + "group": 8, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_076_osmium/element_076_osmium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_076_osmium/element_076_osmium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Osmium (from Greek osme (ὀσμή) meaning \"smell\") is a chemical element with symbol Os and atomic number 76. It is a hard, brittle, bluish-white transition metal in the platinum group that is found as a trace element in alloys, mostly in platinum ores. Osmium is the densest naturally occurring element, with a density of 22.59 g/cm3.", + "symbol": "Os", + "xpos": 8, + "ypos": 6, + "wxpos": 22, + "wypos": 6, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 14, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d6", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2", + "electron_affinity": 103.99, + "electronegativity_pauling": 2.2, + "ionization_energies": [ + 840, + 1600 + ], + "cpk-hex": "266696", + "image": { + "title": "Pure Osmium Bead", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Osmium-bead.jpg", + "attribution": "Jurii, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/osmium.php" + }, + "block": "d" + }, + { + "name": "Iridium", + "appearance": "silvery white", + "atomic_mass": 192.2173, + "boil": 4403, + "category": "transition metal", + "density": 22.56, + "discovered_by": "Smithson Tennant", + "melt": 2719, + "molar_heat": 25.1, + "named_by": null, + "number": 77, + "period": 6, + "group": 9, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_077_iridium/element_077_iridium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_077_iridium/element_077_iridium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Iridium is a chemical element with symbol Ir and atomic number 77. A very hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal of the platinum group, iridium is generally credited with being the second densest element (after osmium) based on measured density, although calculations involving the space lattices of the elements show that iridium is denser. It is also the most corrosion-resistant metal, even at temperatures as high as 2000 °C. Although only certain molten salts and halogens are corrosive to solid iridium, finely divided iridium dust is much more reactive and can be flammable.", + "symbol": "Ir", + "xpos": 9, + "ypos": 6, + "wxpos": 23, + "wypos": 6, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 15, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d7", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s2", + "electron_affinity": 150.94, + "electronegativity_pauling": 2.2, + "ionization_energies": [ + 880, + 1600 + ], + "cpk-hex": "175487", + "image": { + "title": "Pieces of Pure Iridium, 1 gram. Original size: 0.1 - 0.3 cm each", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Iridium-2.jpg", + "attribution": "Unknown authorUnknown author, CC BY 1.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/iridium.php" + }, + "block": "d" + }, + { + "name": "Platinum", + "appearance": "silvery white", + "atomic_mass": 195.0849, + "boil": 4098, + "category": "transition metal", + "density": 21.45, + "discovered_by": "Antonio de Ulloa", + "melt": 2041.4, + "molar_heat": 25.86, + "named_by": null, + "number": 78, + "period": 6, + "group": 10, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_078_platinum/element_078_platinum_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_078_platinum/element_078_platinum.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Platinum is a chemical element with symbol Pt and atomic number 78. It is a dense, malleable, ductile, highly unreactive, precious, gray-white transition metal. Its name is derived from the Spanish term platina, which is literally translated into \"little silver\".", + "symbol": "Pt", + "xpos": 10, + "ypos": 6, + "wxpos": 24, + "wypos": 6, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 17, + 1 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s1 4f14 5d9", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1", + "electron_affinity": 205.041, + "electronegativity_pauling": 2.28, + "ionization_energies": [ + 870, + 1791 + ], + "cpk-hex": "d0d0e0", + "image": { + "title": "Crystals of Pure Platinum grown by gas phase transport", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Platinum_crystals.jpg", + "attribution": "Periodictableru, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons" + }, + "block": "d" + }, + { + "name": "Gold", + "appearance": "metallic yellow", + "atomic_mass": 196.9665695, + "boil": 3243, + "category": "transition metal", + "density": 19.3, + "discovered_by": "Middle East", + "melt": 1337.33, + "molar_heat": 25.418, + "named_by": null, + "number": 79, + "period": 6, + "group": 11, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_079_gold/element_079_gold_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_079_gold/element_079_gold.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Gold is a chemical element with symbol Au (from Latin:aurum) and atomic number 79. In its purest form, it is a bright, slightly reddish yellow, dense, soft, malleable and ductile metal. Chemically, gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element.", + "symbol": "Au", + "xpos": 11, + "ypos": 6, + "wxpos": 25, + "wypos": 6, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 18, + 1 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s1 4f14 5d10", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1", + "electron_affinity": 222.747, + "electronegativity_pauling": 2.54, + "ionization_energies": [ + 890.1, + 1980 + ], + "cpk-hex": "ffd123", + "image": { + "title": "Ultrapure Gold Leaf", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Gold_%2879_Au%29.jpg", + "attribution": "Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/gold.php" + }, + "block": "d" + }, + { + "name": "Mercury", + "appearance": "silvery", + "atomic_mass": 200.5923, + "boil": 629.88, + "category": "transition metal", + "density": 13.534, + "discovered_by": "unknown, before 2000 BCE", + "melt": 234.321, + "molar_heat": 27.983, + "named_by": null, + "number": 80, + "period": 6, + "group": 12, + "phase": "Liquid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury (Element)", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_080_mercury/element_080_mercury_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_080_mercury/element_080_mercury.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Mercury is a chemical element with symbol Hg and atomic number 80. It is commonly known as quicksilver and was formerly named hydrargyrum (/haɪˈdrɑːrdʒərəm/). A heavy, silvery d-block element, mercury is the only metallic element that is liquid at standard conditions for temperature and pressure; the only other element that is liquid under these conditions is bromine, though metals such as caesium, gallium, and rubidium melt just above room temperature.", + "symbol": "Hg", + "xpos": 12, + "ypos": 6, + "wxpos": 26, + "wypos": 6, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 18, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2", + "electron_affinity": -48, + "electronegativity_pauling": 2, + "ionization_energies": [ + 1007.1, + 1810, + 3300 + ], + "cpk-hex": "b8b8d0", + "image": { + "title": "6 grams pure mercury. Diameter of the inner disc: 2 cm", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Hydrargyrum_%2880_Hg%29.jpg", + "attribution": "Hi-Res Images of Chemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/mercury.php" + }, + "block": "d" + }, + { + "name": "Thallium", + "appearance": "silvery white", + "atomic_mass": 204.38, + "boil": 1746, + "category": "post-transition metal", + "density": 11.85, + "discovered_by": "William Crookes", + "melt": 577, + "molar_heat": 26.32, + "named_by": null, + "number": 81, + "period": 6, + "group": 13, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thallium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_081_thallium/element_081_thallium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_081_thallium/element_081_thallium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Thallium is a chemical element with symbol Tl and atomic number 81. This soft gray post-transition metal is not found free in nature. When isolated, it resembles tin, but discolors when exposed to air.", + "symbol": "Tl", + "xpos": 13, + "ypos": 6, + "wxpos": 27, + "wypos": 6, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 18, + 3 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p1", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1", + "electron_affinity": 36.4, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.62, + "ionization_energies": [ + 589.4, + 1971, + 2878 + ], + "cpk-hex": "a6544d", + "image": { + "title": "8 grams pure thallium under argon. Original size in cm: 0.7 x 1.5", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Thallium_%2881_Tl%29.jpg", + "attribution": "Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/thallium.php" + }, + "block": "p" + }, + { + "name": "Lead", + "appearance": "metallic gray", + "atomic_mass": 207.21, + "boil": 2022, + "category": "post-transition metal", + "density": 11.34, + "discovered_by": "Middle East", + "melt": 600.61, + "molar_heat": 26.65, + "named_by": null, + "number": 82, + "period": 6, + "group": 14, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_(element)", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_082_lead/element_082_lead_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_082_lead/element_082_lead.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Lead (/lɛd/) is a chemical element in the carbon group with symbol Pb (from Latin:plumbum) and atomic number 82. Lead is a soft, malleable and heavy post-transition metal. Metallic lead has a bluish-white color after being freshly cut, but it soon tarnishes to a dull grayish color when exposed to air.", + "symbol": "Pb", + "xpos": 14, + "ypos": 6, + "wxpos": 28, + "wypos": 6, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 18, + 4 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p2", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2", + "electron_affinity": 34.4204, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.87, + "ionization_energies": [ + 715.6, + 1450.5, + 3081.5, + 4083, + 6640 + ], + "cpk-hex": "575961", + "image": { + "title": "Ultrapure Lead Bead from two sides. Original size in cm: 1.5 x 2", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Lead-2.jpg", + "attribution": "Chemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/lead.php" + }, + "block": "p" + }, + { + "name": "Bismuth", + "appearance": "lustrous silver", + "atomic_mass": 208.980401, + "boil": 1837, + "category": "post-transition metal", + "density": 9.78, + "discovered_by": "Claude François Geoffroy", + "melt": 544.7, + "molar_heat": 25.52, + "named_by": null, + "number": 83, + "period": 6, + "group": 15, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_083_bismuth/element_083_bismuth_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_083_bismuth/element_083_bismuth.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Bismuth is a chemical element with symbol Bi and atomic number 83. Bismuth, a pentavalent post-transition metal, chemically resembles arsenic and antimony. Elemental bismuth may occur naturally, although its sulfide and oxide form important commercial ores.", + "symbol": "Bi", + "xpos": 15, + "ypos": 6, + "wxpos": 29, + "wypos": 6, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 18, + 5 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p3", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3", + "electron_affinity": 90.924, + "electronegativity_pauling": 2.02, + "ionization_energies": [ + 703, + 1610, + 2466, + 4370, + 5400, + 8520 + ], + "cpk-hex": "9e4fb5", + "image": { + "title": "Bismuth Crystal", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Bismuth-2.jpg", + "attribution": "Jurii, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/bismuth.php" + }, + "block": "p" + }, + { + "name": "Polonium", + "appearance": "silvery", + "atomic_mass": 209, + "boil": 1235, + "category": "post-transition metal", + "density": 9.196, + "discovered_by": "Pierre Curie", + "melt": 527, + "molar_heat": 26.4, + "named_by": null, + "number": 84, + "period": 6, + "group": 16, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_084_polonium/element_084_polonium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_084_polonium/element_084_polonium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Polonium is a chemical element with symbol Po and atomic number 84, discovered in 1898 by Marie Curie and Pierre Curie. A rare and highly radioactive element with no stable isotopes, polonium is chemically similar to bismuth and tellurium, and it occurs in uranium ores. Applications of polonium are few.", + "symbol": "Po", + "xpos": 16, + "ypos": 6, + "wxpos": 30, + "wypos": 6, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 18, + 6 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p4", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4", + "electron_affinity": 136, + "electronegativity_pauling": 2, + "ionization_energies": [ + 812.1 + ], + "cpk-hex": "ab5c00", + "image": { + "title": "This is only an illustration, not polonium itself. A silvery, radioactive metal, producing so much heat that it gets liquid and ionizes the surrounding air", + "url": "https://images-of-elements.com/polonium.jpg", + "attribution": "Chemical ELements A Virtual Museum, CC BY 3.0 source: https://images-of-elements.com/polonium.php" + }, + "block": "p" + }, + { + "name": "Astatine", + "appearance": "unknown, probably metallic", + "atomic_mass": 210, + "boil": 610, + "category": "metalloid", + "density": 6.35, + "discovered_by": "Dale R. Corson", + "melt": 575, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": null, + "number": 85, + "period": 6, + "group": 17, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astatine", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_085_astatine/element_085_astatine_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_085_astatine/element_085_astatine.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Astatine is a very rare radioactive chemical element with the chemical symbol At and atomic number 85. It occurs on Earth as the decay product of various heavier elements. All its isotopes are short-lived; the most stable is astatine-210, with a half-life of 8.1 hours.", + "symbol": "At", + "xpos": 17, + "ypos": 6, + "wxpos": 31, + "wypos": 6, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 18, + 7 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p5", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p5", + "electron_affinity": 233, + "electronegativity_pauling": 2.2, + "ionization_energies": [ + 899.003 + ], + "cpk-hex": "754f45", + "image": { + "title": "This is only an illustration, not astatine itself. Crystals similar to iodine, but darker in color than these, which due to the extreme radioactivity glow blue and evaporate to dark purple gas", + "url": "https://images-of-elements.com/astatine.jpg", + "attribution": "Chemical ELements A Virtual Museum, CC BY 3.0 source: https://images-of-elements.com/astatine.php" + }, + "block": "p" + }, + { + "name": "Radon", + "appearance": "colorless gas, occasionally glows green or red in discharge tubes", + "atomic_mass": 222, + "boil": 211.5, + "category": "noble gas", + "density": 9.73, + "discovered_by": "Friedrich Ernst Dorn", + "melt": 202, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": null, + "number": 86, + "period": 6, + "group": 18, + "phase": "Gas", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radon", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_086_radon/element_086_radon_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_086_radon/element_086_radon.glb", + "spectral_img": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radon_spectrum.png", + "summary": "Radon is a chemical element with symbol Rn and atomic number 86. It is a radioactive, colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, occurring naturally as a decay product of radium. Its most stable isotope, 222Rn, has a half-life of 3.8 days.", + "symbol": "Rn", + "xpos": 18, + "ypos": 6, + "wxpos": 32, + "wypos": 6, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 18, + 8 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6", + "electron_affinity": -68, + "electronegativity_pauling": 2.2, + "ionization_energies": [ + 1037 + ], + "cpk-hex": "428296", + "image": { + "title": "This is only an illustration, not radon itself. Radon is said to glow red in discharge tubes, although it practically is never used for this, due to its strong radioactivity.", + "url": "https://images-of-elements.com/radon.jpg", + "attribution": "Chemical ELements A Virtual Museum, CC BY 3.0 source: https://images-of-elements.com/radon.php" + }, + "block": "p" + }, + { + "name": "Francium", + "appearance": null, + "atomic_mass": 223, + "boil": 950, + "category": "alkali metal", + "density": 1.87, + "discovered_by": "Marguerite Perey", + "melt": 300, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": null, + "number": 87, + "period": 7, + "group": 1, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_087_francium/element_087_francium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_087_francium/element_087_francium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Francium is a chemical element with symbol Fr and atomic number 87. It used to be known as eka-caesium and actinium K. It is the second-least electronegative element, behind only caesium. Francium is a highly radioactive metal that decays into astatine, radium, and radon.", + "symbol": "Fr", + "xpos": 1, + "ypos": 7, + "wxpos": 1, + "wypos": 7, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 18, + 8, + 1 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s1", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 7s1", + "electron_affinity": 46.89, + "electronegativity_pauling": 0.79, + "ionization_energies": [ + 380 + ], + "cpk-hex": "420066", + "image": { + "title": "This is only an illustration, not francium itself.", + "url": "https://images-of-elements.com/francium.jpg", + "attribution": "Chemical ELements A Virtual Museum, CC BY 3.0 source: https://images-of-elements.com/francium.jpg" + }, + "block": "s" + }, + { + "name": "Radium", + "appearance": "silvery white metallic", + "atomic_mass": 226, + "boil": 2010, + "category": "alkaline earth metal", + "density": 5.5, + "discovered_by": "Pierre Curie", + "melt": 1233, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": null, + "number": 88, + "period": 7, + "group": 2, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_088_radium/element_088_radium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_088_radium/element_088_radium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Radium is a chemical element with symbol Ra and atomic number 88. It is the sixth element in group 2 of the periodic table, also known as the alkaline earth metals. Pure radium is almost colorless, but it readily combines with nitrogen (rather than oxygen) on exposure to air, forming a black surface layer of radium nitride (Ra3N2).", + "symbol": "Ra", + "xpos": 2, + "ypos": 7, + "wxpos": 2, + "wypos": 7, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 18, + 8, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 7s2", + "electron_affinity": 9.6485, + "electronegativity_pauling": 0.9, + "ionization_energies": [ + 509.3, + 979 + ], + "cpk-hex": "007d00", + "image": { + "title": "Radium electroplated on a very small sample of copper foil and covered with polyurethane to prevent reaction with the air", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Radium226.jpg", + "attribution": "grenadier, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons" + }, + "block": "s" + }, + { + "name": "Actinium", + "appearance": null, + "atomic_mass": 227, + "boil": 3500, + "category": "actinide", + "density": 10, + "discovered_by": "Friedrich Oskar Giesel", + "melt": 1500, + "molar_heat": 27.2, + "named_by": null, + "number": 89, + "period": 7, + "group": 3, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_089_actinium/element_089_actinium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_089_actinium/element_089_actinium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Actinium is a radioactive chemical element with symbol Ac (not to be confused with the abbreviation for an acetyl group) and atomic number 89, which was discovered in 1899. It was the first non-primordial radioactive element to be isolated. Polonium, radium and radon were observed before actinium, but they were not isolated until 1902.", + "symbol": "Ac", + "xpos": 3, + "ypos": 10, + "wxpos": 3, + "wypos": 7, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 18, + 9, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 6d1", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 6d1 7s2", + "electron_affinity": 33.77, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.1, + "ionization_energies": [ + 499, + 1170 + ], + "cpk-hex": "70abfa", + "image": { + "title": "Actinium-225 medical radioisotope held in a v-vial at ORNL. The blue glow comes from the ionization of surrounding air by alpha particles", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Actinium_sample_%2831481701837%29.png", + "attribution": "Oak Ridge National Laboratory, CC BY 2.0 , via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/oakridgelab/31481701837/" + }, + "block": "f" + }, + { + "name": "Thorium", + "appearance": "silvery, often with black tarnish", + "atomic_mass": 232.03774, + "boil": 5061, + "category": "actinide", + "density": 11.724, + "discovered_by": "Jöns Jakob Berzelius", + "melt": 2023, + "molar_heat": 26.23, + "named_by": null, + "number": 90, + "period": 7, + "group": 3, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_090_thorium/element_090_thorium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_090_thorium/element_090_thorium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Thorium is a chemical element with symbol Th and atomic number 90. A radioactive actinide metal, thorium is one of only two significantly radioactive elements that still occur naturally in large quantities as a primordial element (the other being uranium). It was discovered in 1828 by the Norwegian Reverend and amateur mineralogist Morten Thrane Esmark and identified by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jakob Berzelius, who named it after Thor, the Norse god of thunder.", + "symbol": "Th", + "xpos": 4, + "ypos": 10, + "wxpos": 4, + "wypos": 7, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 18, + 10, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 6d2", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 6d2 7s2", + "electron_affinity": 112.72, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.3, + "ionization_energies": [ + 587, + 1110, + 1930, + 2780 + ], + "cpk-hex": "00baff", + "image": { + "title": "Thorium Metal in Ampoule, corroded", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Thorium-1.jpg", + "attribution": "W. Oelen, CC BY-SA 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons" + }, + "block": "f" + }, + { + "name": "Protactinium", + "appearance": "bright, silvery metallic luster", + "atomic_mass": 231.035882, + "boil": 4300, + "category": "actinide", + "density": 15.37, + "discovered_by": "William Crookes", + "melt": 1841, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": "Otto Hahn", + "number": 91, + "period": 7, + "group": 3, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protactinium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_091_protactinium/element_091_protactinium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_091_protactinium/element_091_protactinium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Protactinium is a chemical element with symbol Pa and atomic number 91. It is a dense, silvery-gray metal which readily reacts with oxygen, water vapor and inorganic acids. It forms various chemical compounds where protactinium is usually present in the oxidation state +5, but can also assume +4 and even +2 or +3 states.", + "symbol": "Pa", + "xpos": 5, + "ypos": 10, + "wxpos": 5, + "wypos": 7, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 20, + 9, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f2 6d1", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2", + "electron_affinity": 53.03, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.5, + "ionization_energies": [ + 568 + ], + "cpk-hex": "00a1ff", + "image": { + "title": "This sample of Protactinium-233 (dark circular area in the photo) was photographed in the light from its own radioactive emission (the lighter area) at the National Reactor Testing Station in Idaho.", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Protactinium-233.jpg", + "attribution": "ENERGY.GOV, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons" + }, + "block": "f" + }, + { + "name": "Uranium", + "appearance": null, + "atomic_mass": 238.028913, + "boil": 4404, + "category": "actinide", + "density": 19.1, + "discovered_by": "Martin Heinrich Klaproth", + "melt": 1405.3, + "molar_heat": 27.665, + "named_by": null, + "number": 92, + "period": 7, + "group": 3, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_092_uranium/element_092_uranium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_092_uranium/element_092_uranium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons.", + "symbol": "U", + "xpos": 6, + "ypos": 10, + "wxpos": 6, + "wypos": 7, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 21, + 9, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f3 6d1", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f3 6d1 7s2", + "electron_affinity": 50.94, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.38, + "ionization_energies": [ + 597.6, + 1420 + ], + "cpk-hex": "008fff", + "image": { + "title": "A biscuit of uranium metal after reduction via the Ames Process. c.1943.", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Ames_Process_uranium_biscuit.jpg", + "attribution": "Unknown authorUnknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons" + }, + "block": "f" + }, + { + "name": "Neptunium", + "appearance": "silvery metallic", + "atomic_mass": 237, + "boil": 4447, + "category": "actinide", + "density": 20.45, + "discovered_by": "Edwin McMillan", + "melt": 912, + "molar_heat": 29.46, + "named_by": null, + "number": 93, + "period": 7, + "group": 3, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptunium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_093_neptunium/element_093_neptunium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_093_neptunium/element_093_neptunium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Neptunium is a chemical element with symbol Np and atomic number 93. A radioactive actinide metal, neptunium is the first transuranic element. Its position in the periodic table just after uranium, named after the planet Uranus, led to it being named after Neptune, the next planet beyond Uranus.", + "symbol": "Np", + "xpos": 7, + "ypos": 10, + "wxpos": 7, + "wypos": 7, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 22, + 9, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f4 6d1", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f4 6d1 7s2", + "electron_affinity": 45.85, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.36, + "ionization_energies": [ + 604.5 + ], + "cpk-hex": "0080ff", + "image": { + "title": "Neptunium 237 sphere (6 kg)", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Neptunium2.jpg", + "attribution": "Los Alamos National Laboratory,, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons" + }, + "block": "f" + }, + { + "name": "Plutonium", + "appearance": "silvery white, tarnishing to dark gray in air", + "atomic_mass": 244, + "boil": 3505, + "category": "actinide", + "density": 19.816, + "discovered_by": "Glenn T. Seaborg", + "melt": 912.5, + "molar_heat": 35.5, + "named_by": null, + "number": 94, + "period": 7, + "group": 3, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_094_plutonium/element_094_plutonium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_094_plutonium/element_094_plutonium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Plutonium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Pu and atomic number 94. It is an actinide metal of silvery-gray appearance that tarnishes when exposed to air, and forms a dull coating when oxidized. The element normally exhibits six allotropes and four oxidation states.", + "symbol": "Pu", + "xpos": 8, + "ypos": 10, + "wxpos": 8, + "wypos": 7, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 24, + 8, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f6", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f6 7s2", + "electron_affinity": -48.33, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.28, + "ionization_energies": [ + 584.7 + ], + "cpk-hex": "006bff", + "image": { + "title": "Plutonium Ring", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Plutonium_ring.jpg", + "attribution": "Los Alamos National Laboratory, Attribution, via Wikimedia Commons" + }, + "block": "f" + }, + { + "name": "Americium", + "appearance": "silvery white", + "atomic_mass": 243, + "boil": 2880, + "category": "actinide", + "density": 12, + "discovered_by": "Glenn T. Seaborg", + "melt": 1449, + "molar_heat": 62.7, + "named_by": null, + "number": 95, + "period": 7, + "group": 3, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_095_americium/element_095_americium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_095_americium/element_095_americium.glb", + "spectral_img": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Americium_spectrum_visible.png", + "summary": "Americium is a radioactive transuranic chemical element with symbol Am and atomic number 95. This member of the actinide series is located in the periodic table under the lanthanide element europium, and thus by analogy was named after the Americas. Americium was first produced in 1944 by the group of Glenn T.Seaborg from Berkeley, California, at the metallurgical laboratory of University of Chicago.", + "symbol": "Am", + "xpos": 9, + "ypos": 10, + "wxpos": 9, + "wypos": 7, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 25, + 8, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f7", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f7 7s2", + "electron_affinity": 9.93, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.13, + "ionization_energies": [ + 578 + ], + "cpk-hex": "545cf2", + "image": { + "title": "A small disc of Am-241 under the microscope.", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Americium_microscope.jpg", + "attribution": "Bionerd, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons" + }, + "block": "f" + }, + { + "name": "Curium", + "appearance": "silvery metallic, glows purple in the dark", + "atomic_mass": 247, + "boil": 3383, + "category": "actinide", + "density": 13.51, + "discovered_by": "Glenn T. Seaborg", + "melt": 1613, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": null, + "number": 96, + "period": 7, + "group": 3, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_096_curium/element_096_curium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_096_curium/element_096_curium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Curium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Cm and atomic number 96. This element of the actinide series was named after Marie and Pierre Curie – both were known for their research on radioactivity. Curium was first intentionally produced and identified in July 1944 by the group of Glenn T. Seaborg at the University of California, Berkeley.", + "symbol": "Cm", + "xpos": 10, + "ypos": 10, + "wxpos": 10, + "wypos": 7, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 25, + 9, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f7 6d1", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f7 6d1 7s2", + "electron_affinity": 27.17, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.28, + "ionization_energies": [ + 581 + ], + "cpk-hex": "785ce3", + "image": { + "title": "A piece of curium, which emitts strong radiation that makes it glow", + "url": "https://images-of-elements.com/s/curium-glow.jpg", + "attribution": "European Union, The Actinide Group, Institute for Transuranium Elements (JRC-ITU), source: https://images-of-elements.com/curium.php" + }, + "block": "f" + }, + { + "name": "Berkelium", + "appearance": "silvery", + "atomic_mass": 247, + "boil": 2900, + "category": "actinide", + "density": 14.78, + "discovered_by": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory", + "melt": 1259, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": null, + "number": 97, + "period": 7, + "group": 3, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_097_berkelium/element_097_berkelium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_097_berkelium/element_097_berkelium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Berkelium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Bk and atomic number 97. It is a member of the actinide and transuranium element series. It is named after the city of Berkeley, California, the location of the University of California Radiation Laboratory where it was discovered in December 1949.", + "symbol": "Bk", + "xpos": 11, + "ypos": 10, + "wxpos": 11, + "wypos": 7, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 27, + 8, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f9", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f9 7s2", + "electron_affinity": -165.24, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.3, + "ionization_energies": [ + 601 + ], + "cpk-hex": "8a4fe3", + "image": { + "title": "It took 250 days to make enough berkelium, shown here (in dissolved state), to synthesize element 117", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Berkelium.jpg", + "attribution": "ORNL, Department of Energy, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons" + }, + "block": "f" + }, + { + "name": "Californium", + "appearance": "silvery", + "atomic_mass": 251, + "boil": 1743, + "category": "actinide", + "density": 15.1, + "discovered_by": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory", + "melt": 1173, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": null, + "number": 98, + "period": 7, + "group": 3, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_098_californium/element_098_californium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_098_californium/element_098_californium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Californium is a radioactive metallic chemical element with symbol Cf and atomic number 98. The element was first made in 1950 at the University of California Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley, by bombarding curium with alpha particles (helium-4 ions). It is an actinide element, the sixth transuranium element to be synthesized, and has the second-highest atomic mass of all the elements that have been produced in amounts large enough to see with the unaided eye (after einsteinium).", + "symbol": "Cf", + "xpos": 12, + "ypos": 10, + "wxpos": 12, + "wypos": 7, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 28, + 8, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f10", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f10 7s2", + "electron_affinity": -97.31, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.3, + "ionization_energies": [ + 608 + ], + "cpk-hex": "a136d4", + "image": { + "title": "A disc of californium metal (249Cf, 10 mg). The source implies that the disc has a diameter about twice the thickness of a typical pin, or on the order of 1 mm", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Californium.jpg", + "attribution": "United States Department of Energy (see File:Einsteinium.jpg), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons" + }, + "block": "f" + }, + { + "name": "Einsteinium", + "appearance": "silver-colored", + "atomic_mass": 252, + "boil": 1269, + "category": "actinide", + "density": 8.84, + "discovered_by": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory", + "melt": 1133, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": null, + "number": 99, + "period": 7, + "group": 3, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_099_einsteinium/element_099_einsteinium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_099_einsteinium/element_099_einsteinium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Einsteinium is a synthetic element with symbol Es and atomic number 99. It is the seventh transuranic element, and an actinide. Einsteinium was discovered as a component of the debris of the first hydrogen bomb explosion in 1952, and named after Albert Einstein.", + "symbol": "Es", + "xpos": 13, + "ypos": 10, + "wxpos": 13, + "wypos": 7, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 29, + 8, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f11", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f11 7s2", + "electron_affinity": -28.6, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.3, + "ionization_energies": [ + 619 + ], + "cpk-hex": "b31fd4", + "image": { + "title": "300 micrograms of Einsteinium 253, which has a half-life of 20 days.", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Einsteinium.jpg", + "attribution": "Haire, R. G., US Department of Energy.Touched up by Materialscientist at en.wikipedia., Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons" + }, + "block": "f" + }, + { + "name": "Fermium", + "appearance": null, + "atomic_mass": 257, + "boil": null, + "category": "actinide", + "density": null, + "discovered_by": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory", + "melt": 1800, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": null, + "number": 100, + "period": 7, + "group": 3, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_100_fermium/element_100_fermium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_100_fermium/element_100_fermium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Fermium is a synthetic element with symbol Fm and atomic number 100. It is a member of the actinide series. It is the heaviest element that can be formed by neutron bombardment of lighter elements, and hence the last element that can be prepared in macroscopic quantities, although pure fermium metal has not yet been prepared.", + "symbol": "Fm", + "xpos": 14, + "ypos": 10, + "wxpos": 14, + "wypos": 7, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 30, + 8, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f12", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f12 7s2", + "electron_affinity": 33.96, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.3, + "ionization_energies": [ + 627 + ], + "cpk-hex": "b31fba", + "image": { + "title": "Fermium was first observed in the fallout from the Ivy Mike nuclear test.", + "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Ivy_Mike_-_mushroom_cloud.jpg", + "attribution": "U.S. Department of Energy, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons" + }, + "block": "f" + }, + { + "name": "Mendelevium", + "appearance": null, + "atomic_mass": 258, + "boil": null, + "category": "actinide", + "density": null, + "discovered_by": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory", + "melt": 1100, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": null, + "number": 101, + "period": 7, + "group": 3, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelevium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_101_mendelevium/element_101_mendelevium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_101_mendelevium/element_101_mendelevium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Mendelevium is a synthetic element with chemical symbol Md (formerly Mv) and atomic number 101. A metallic radioactive transuranic element in the actinide series, it is the first element that currently cannot be produced in macroscopic quantities through neutron bombardment of lighter elements. It is the antepenultimate actinide and the ninth transuranic element.", + "symbol": "Md", + "xpos": 15, + "ypos": 10, + "wxpos": 15, + "wypos": 7, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 31, + 8, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f13", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f13 7s2", + "electron_affinity": 93.91, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.3, + "ionization_energies": [ + 635 + ], + "cpk-hex": "b30da6", + "image": { + "title": "This is only an illustration, not mendelevium itself. Chemically similar to Thulium, the highly radioactive heavy metal emits very energetic α-radiation.", + "url": "https://images-of-elements.com/s/mendelevium.jpg", + "attribution": "Chemical Elments A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/mendelevium.php" + }, + "block": "f" + }, + { + "name": "Nobelium", + "appearance": null, + "atomic_mass": 259, + "boil": null, + "category": "actinide", + "density": null, + "discovered_by": "Joint Institute for Nuclear Research", + "melt": 1100, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": null, + "number": 102, + "period": 7, + "group": 3, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_102_nobelium/element_102_nobelium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_102_nobelium/element_102_nobelium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Nobelium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol No and atomic number 102. It is named in honor of Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite and benefactor of science. A radioactive metal, it is the tenth transuranic element and is the penultimate member of the actinide series.", + "symbol": "No", + "xpos": 16, + "ypos": 10, + "wxpos": 16, + "wypos": 7, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 32, + 8, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f14 7s2", + "electron_affinity": -223.22, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.3, + "ionization_energies": [ + 642 + ], + "cpk-hex": "bd0d87", + "image": { + "title": "This is only an illustration, not nobelium itself. Nobelium can only be made in very small amounts and emits strong radiation of various kinds.", + "url": "https://images-of-elements.com/nobelium.jpg", + "attribution": "Chemical Elments A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/nobelium.php" + }, + "block": "f" + }, + { + "name": "Lawrencium", + "appearance": null, + "atomic_mass": 266, + "boil": null, + "category": "actinide", + "density": null, + "discovered_by": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory", + "melt": 1900, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": null, + "number": 103, + "period": 7, + "group": 3, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrencium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_103_lawrencium/element_103_lawrencium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_103_lawrencium/element_103_lawrencium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Lawrencium is a synthetic chemical element with chemical symbol Lr (formerly Lw) and atomic number 103. It is named in honor of Ernest Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron, a device that was used to discover many artificial radioactive elements. A radioactive metal, lawrencium is the eleventh transuranic element and is also the final member of the actinide series.", + "symbol": "Lr", + "xpos": 17, + "ypos": 10, + "wxpos": 17, + "wypos": 7, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 32, + 8, + 3 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 7p1", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f14 7s2 7p1", + "electron_affinity": -30.04, + "electronegativity_pauling": 1.3, + "ionization_energies": [ + 470 + ], + "cpk-hex": "c70066", + "image": { + "title": "This is only an illustration, not lawrencium itself. Lawrencium can only be made in very small amounts and emits strong radiation", + "url": "https://images-of-elements.com/lawrencium.jpg", + "attribution": "Chemical Elments A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/lawrencium.php" + }, + "block": "d" + }, + { + "name": "Rutherfordium", + "appearance": null, + "atomic_mass": 267, + "boil": 5800, + "category": "transition metal", + "density": 23.2, + "discovered_by": "Joint Institute for Nuclear Research", + "melt": 2400, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": null, + "number": 104, + "period": 7, + "group": 4, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherfordium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_104_rutherfordium/element_104_rutherfordium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_104_rutherfordium/element_104_rutherfordium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Rutherfordium is a chemical element with symbol Rf and atomic number 104, named in honor of physicist Ernest Rutherford. It is a synthetic element (an element that can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature) and radioactive; the most stable known isotope, 267Rf, has a half-life of approximately 1.3 hours. In the periodic table of the elements, it is a d - block element and the second of the fourth - row transition elements.", + "symbol": "Rf", + "xpos": 4, + "ypos": 7, + "wxpos": 18, + "wypos": 7, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 32, + 10, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d2", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2", + "electron_affinity": null, + "electronegativity_pauling": null, + "ionization_energies": [ + 580 + ], + "cpk-hex": "cc0059", + "image": { + "title": "Decay traces in a spark chamber, not of rutherfordium, but of a pion. This is a completely different, unrelated particle, but the decay of rutherfordium would make streaks there, too.", + "url": "https://images-of-elements.com/s/rutherfordium.jpg", + "attribution": "Image © CERN, Chemical Elments A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/rutherfordium.php" + }, + "block": "d" + }, + { + "name": "Dubnium", + "appearance": null, + "atomic_mass": 268, + "boil": null, + "category": "transition metal", + "density": 29.3, + "discovered_by": "Joint Institute for Nuclear Research", + "melt": null, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": null, + "number": 105, + "period": 7, + "group": 5, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubnium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_105_dubnium/element_105_dubnium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_105_dubnium/element_105_dubnium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Dubnium is a chemical element with symbol Db and atomic number 105. It is named after the town of Dubna in Russia (north of Moscow), where it was first produced. It is a synthetic element (an element that can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature) and radioactive; the most stable known isotope, dubnium-268, has a half-life of approximately 28 hours.", + "symbol": "Db", + "xpos": 5, + "ypos": 7, + "wxpos": 19, + "wypos": 7, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 32, + 11, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d3", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "*[Rn] 5f14 6d3 7s2", + "electron_affinity": null, + "electronegativity_pauling": null, + "ionization_energies": [], + "cpk-hex": "d1004f", + "image": { + "title": "No Image Found", + "url": "https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png", + "attribution": "Chemical Elments A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/dubnium.php" + }, + "block": "d" + }, + { + "name": "Seaborgium", + "appearance": null, + "atomic_mass": 269, + "boil": null, + "category": "transition metal", + "density": 35, + "discovered_by": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory", + "melt": null, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": null, + "number": 106, + "period": 7, + "group": 6, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaborgium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_106_seaborgium/element_106_seaborgium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_106_seaborgium/element_106_seaborgium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Seaborgium is a synthetic element with symbol Sg and atomic number 106. Its most stable isotope 271Sg has a half-life of 1.9 minutes. A more recently discovered isotope 269Sg has a potentially slightly longer half-life (ca.", + "symbol": "Sg", + "xpos": 6, + "ypos": 7, + "wxpos": 20, + "wypos": 7, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 32, + 12, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d4", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "*[Rn] 5f14 6d4 7s2", + "electron_affinity": null, + "electronegativity_pauling": null, + "ionization_energies": [], + "cpk-hex": "d90045", + "image": { + "title": "No Image Found", + "url": "https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png", + "attribution": "Chemical Elments A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/seaborgium.php" + }, + "block": "d" + }, + { + "name": "Bohrium", + "appearance": null, + "atomic_mass": 270, + "boil": null, + "category": "transition metal", + "density": 37.1, + "discovered_by": "Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung", + "melt": null, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": null, + "number": 107, + "period": 7, + "group": 7, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohrium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_107_bohrium/element_107_bohrium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_107_bohrium/element_107_bohrium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Bohrium is a chemical element with symbol Bh and atomic number 107. It is named after Danish physicist Niels Bohr. It is a synthetic element (an element that can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature) and radioactive; the most stable known isotope, 270Bh, has a half-life of approximately 61 seconds.", + "symbol": "Bh", + "xpos": 7, + "ypos": 7, + "wxpos": 21, + "wypos": 7, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 32, + 13, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d5", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "*[Rn] 5f14 6d5 7s2", + "electron_affinity": null, + "electronegativity_pauling": null, + "ionization_energies": [], + "cpk-hex": "e00038", + "image": { + "title": "No Image Found", + "url": "https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png", + "attribution": "Chemical Elments A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/bohrium.php" + }, + "block": "d" + }, + { + "name": "Hassium", + "appearance": null, + "atomic_mass": 269, + "boil": null, + "category": "transition metal", + "density": 40.7, + "discovered_by": "Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung", + "melt": 126, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": null, + "number": 108, + "period": 7, + "group": 8, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_108_hassium/element_108_hassium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_108_hassium/element_108_hassium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Hassium is a chemical element with symbol Hs and atomic number 108, named after the German state of Hesse. It is a synthetic element (an element that can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature) and radioactive; the most stable known isotope, 269Hs, has a half-life of approximately 9.7 seconds, although an unconfirmed metastable state, 277mHs, may have a longer half-life of about 130 seconds. More than 100 atoms of hassium have been synthesized to date.", + "symbol": "Hs", + "xpos": 8, + "ypos": 7, + "wxpos": 22, + "wypos": 7, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 32, + 14, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d6", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "*[Rn] 5f14 6d6 7s2", + "electron_affinity": null, + "electronegativity_pauling": null, + "ionization_energies": [], + "cpk-hex": "e6002e", + "image": { + "title": "No Image Found", + "url": "https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png", + "attribution": "Chemical Elments A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/hassium.php" + }, + "block": "d" + }, + { + "name": "Meitnerium", + "appearance": null, + "atomic_mass": 278, + "boil": null, + "category": "unknown, probably transition metal", + "density": 37.4, + "discovered_by": "Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung", + "melt": null, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": null, + "number": 109, + "period": 7, + "group": 9, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitnerium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_109_meitnerium/element_109_meitnerium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_109_meitnerium/element_109_meitnerium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Meitnerium is a chemical element with symbol Mt and atomic number 109. It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element (an element not found in nature that can be created in a laboratory). The most stable known isotope, meitnerium-278, has a half-life of 7.6 seconds.", + "symbol": "Mt", + "xpos": 9, + "ypos": 7, + "wxpos": 23, + "wypos": 7, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 32, + 15, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d7", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "*[Rn] 5f14 6d7 7s2", + "electron_affinity": null, + "electronegativity_pauling": null, + "ionization_energies": [], + "cpk-hex": "eb0026", + "image": { + "title": "No Image Found", + "url": "https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png", + "attribution": "Chemical Elments A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/meitnerium.php" + }, + "block": "d" + }, + { + "name": "Darmstadtium", + "appearance": null, + "atomic_mass": 281, + "boil": null, + "category": "unknown, probably transition metal", + "density": 34.8, + "discovered_by": "Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung", + "melt": null, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": null, + "number": 110, + "period": 7, + "group": 10, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadtium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_110_darmstadtium/element_110_darmstadtium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_110_darmstadtium/element_110_darmstadtium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Darmstadtium is a chemical element with symbol Ds and atomic number 110. It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element. The most stable known isotope, darmstadtium-281, has a half-life of approximately 10 seconds.", + "symbol": "Ds", + "xpos": 10, + "ypos": 7, + "wxpos": 24, + "wypos": 7, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 32, + 16, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d8", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "*[Rn] 5f14 6d9 7s1", + "electron_affinity": null, + "electronegativity_pauling": null, + "ionization_energies": [], + "cpk-hex": null, + "image": { + "title": "No Image Found", + "url": "https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png", + "attribution": "Chemical Elments A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/darmstadtium.php" + }, + "block": "d" + }, + { + "name": "Roentgenium", + "appearance": null, + "atomic_mass": 282, + "boil": null, + "category": "unknown, probably transition metal", + "density": 28.7, + "discovered_by": "Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung", + "melt": null, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": null, + "number": 111, + "period": 7, + "group": 11, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgenium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_111_roentgenium/element_111_roentgenium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_111_roentgenium/element_111_roentgenium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Roentgenium is a chemical element with symbol Rg and atomic number 111. It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element (an element that can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature); the most stable known isotope, roentgenium-282, has a half-life of 2.1 minutes. Roentgenium was first created in 1994 by the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research near Darmstadt, Germany.", + "symbol": "Rg", + "xpos": 11, + "ypos": 7, + "wxpos": 25, + "wypos": 7, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 32, + 17, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d9", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "*[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s1", + "electron_affinity": 151, + "electronegativity_pauling": null, + "ionization_energies": [], + "cpk-hex": null, + "image": { + "title": "No Image Found", + "url": "https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png", + "attribution": "Chemical Elments A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/roentgenium.php" + }, + "block": "d" + }, + { + "name": "Copernicium", + "appearance": null, + "atomic_mass": 285, + "boil": 3570, + "category": "transition metal", + "density": 14.0, + "discovered_by": "Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung", + "melt": null, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": null, + "number": 112, + "period": 7, + "group": 12, + "phase": "Liquid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_112_copernicium/element_112_copernicium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_112_copernicium/element_112_copernicium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Copernicium is a chemical element with symbol Cn and atomic number 112. It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element that can only be created in a laboratory. The most stable known isotope, copernicium-285, has a half-life of approximately 29 seconds, but it is possible that this copernicium isotope may have a nuclear isomer with a longer half-life, 8.9 min.", + "symbol": "Cn", + "xpos": 12, + "ypos": 7, + "wxpos": 26, + "wypos": 7, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 32, + 18, + 2 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d10", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "*[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2", + "electron_affinity": null, + "electronegativity_pauling": null, + "ionization_energies": [], + "cpk-hex": null, + "image": { + "title": "No Image Found", + "url": "https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png", + "attribution": "Chemical Elments A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/copernicium.php" + }, + "block": "d" + }, + { + "name": "Nihonium", + "appearance": null, + "atomic_mass": 286, + "boil": 1430, + "category": "unknown, probably transition metal", + "density": 16, + "discovered_by": "RIKEN", + "melt": 700, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": null, + "number": 113, + "period": 7, + "group": 13, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununtrium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_113_nihonium/element_113_nihonium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_113_nihonium/element_113_nihonium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Nihonium is a chemical element with atomic number 113. It has a symbol Nh. It is a synthetic element (an element that can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature) and is extremely radioactive; its most stable known isotope, nihonium-286, has a half-life of 20 seconds.", + "symbol": "Nh", + "xpos": 13, + "ypos": 7, + "wxpos": 27, + "wypos": 7, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 32, + 18, + 3 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p1", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "*[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p1", + "electron_affinity": 66.6, + "electronegativity_pauling": null, + "ionization_energies": [], + "cpk-hex": null, + "image": { + "title": "No Image Found", + "url": "https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png", + "attribution": "Chemical Elments A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/nihonium.php" + }, + "block": "p" + }, + { + "name": "Flerovium", + "appearance": null, + "atomic_mass": 289, + "boil": 420, + "category": "post-transition metal", + "density": 14, + "discovered_by": "Joint Institute for Nuclear Research", + "melt": 340, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": null, + "number": 114, + "period": 7, + "group": 14, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flerovium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_114_flerovium/element_114_flerovium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_114_flerovium/element_114_flerovium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Flerovium is a superheavy artificial chemical element with symbol Fl and atomic number 114. It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element. The element is named after the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, where the element was discovered in 1998.", + "symbol": "Fl", + "xpos": 14, + "ypos": 7, + "wxpos": 28, + "wypos": 7, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 32, + 18, + 4 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p2", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "*[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p2", + "electron_affinity": null, + "electronegativity_pauling": null, + "ionization_energies": [], + "cpk-hex": null, + "image": { + "title": "No Image Found", + "url": "https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png", + "attribution": "Chemical Elments A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/flerovium.php" + }, + "block": "p" + }, + { + "name": "Moscovium", + "appearance": null, + "atomic_mass": 289, + "boil": 1400, + "category": "unknown, probably post-transition metal", + "density": 13.5, + "discovered_by": "Joint Institute for Nuclear Research", + "melt": 670, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": null, + "number": 115, + "period": 7, + "group": 15, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununpentium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_115_moscovium/element_115_moscovium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_115_moscovium/element_115_moscovium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Moscovium is the name of a synthetic superheavy element in the periodic table that has the symbol Mc and has the atomic number 115. It is an extremely radioactive element; its most stable known isotope, moscovium-289, has a half-life of only 220 milliseconds. It is also known as eka-bismuth or simply element 115.", + "symbol": "Mc", + "xpos": 15, + "ypos": 7, + "wxpos": 29, + "wypos": 7, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 32, + 18, + 5 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p3", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "*[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p3", + "electron_affinity": 35.3, + "electronegativity_pauling": null, + "ionization_energies": [], + "cpk-hex": null, + "image": { + "title": "No Image Found", + "url": "https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png", + "attribution": "Chemical Elments A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/moscovium.php" + }, + "block": "p" + }, + { + "name": "Livermorium", + "appearance": null, + "atomic_mass": 293, + "boil": 1085, + "category": "unknown, probably post-transition metal", + "density": 12.9, + "discovered_by": "Joint Institute for Nuclear Research", + "melt": 709, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": null, + "number": 116, + "period": 7, + "group": 16, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livermorium", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_116_livermorium/element_116_livermorium_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_116_livermorium/element_116_livermorium.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Livermorium is a synthetic superheavy element with symbol Lv and atomic number 116. It is an extremely radioactive element that has only been created in the laboratory and has not been observed in nature. The element is named after the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the United States, which collaborated with the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia to discover livermorium in 2000.", + "symbol": "Lv", + "xpos": 16, + "ypos": 7, + "wxpos": 30, + "wypos": 7, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 32, + 18, + 6 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p4", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "*[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p4", + "electron_affinity": 74.9, + "electronegativity_pauling": null, + "ionization_energies": [], + "cpk-hex": null, + "image": { + "title": "No Image Found", + "url": "https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png", + "attribution": "Chemical Elments A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/livermorium.php" + }, + "block": "p" + }, + { + "name": "Tennessine", + "appearance": null, + "atomic_mass": 294, + "boil": 883, + "category": "unknown, probably metalloid", + "density": 7.17, + "discovered_by": "Joint Institute for Nuclear Research", + "melt": 723, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": null, + "number": 117, + "period": 7, + "group": 17, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessine", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_117_tennessine/element_117_tennessine_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_117_tennessine/element_117_tennessine.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Tennessine is a superheavy artificial chemical element with an atomic number of 117 and a symbol of Ts. Also known as eka-astatine or element 117, it is the second-heaviest known element and penultimate element of the 7th period of the periodic table. As of 2016, fifteen tennessine atoms have been observed: six when it was first synthesized in 2010, seven in 2012, and two in 2014.", + "symbol": "Ts", + "xpos": 17, + "ypos": 7, + "wxpos": 31, + "wypos": 7, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 32, + 18, + 7 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p5", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "*[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p5", + "electron_affinity": 165.9, + "electronegativity_pauling": null, + "ionization_energies": [], + "cpk-hex": null, + "image": { + "title": "No Image Found", + "url": "https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png", + "attribution": "Chemical Elments A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/tenessine.php" + }, + "block": "p" + }, + { + "name": "Oganesson", + "appearance": null, + "atomic_mass": 294, + "boil": 350, + "category": "unknown, predicted to be noble gas", + "density": 4.95, + "discovered_by": "Joint Institute for Nuclear Research", + "melt": null, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": null, + "number": 118, + "period": 7, + "group": 18, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oganesson", + "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_118_oganesson/element_118_oganesson_srp_th.png", + "bohr_model_3d": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_118_oganesson/element_118_oganesson.glb", + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Oganesson is IUPAC's name for the transactinide element with the atomic number 118 and element symbol Og. It is also known as eka-radon or element 118, and on the periodic table of the elements it is a p-block element and the last one of the 7th period. Oganesson is currently the only synthetic member of group 18.", + "symbol": "Og", + "xpos": 18, + "ypos": 7, + "wxpos": 32, + "wypos": 7, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 32, + 18, + 8 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p6", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "*[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p6", + "electron_affinity": 5.40318, + "electronegativity_pauling": null, + "ionization_energies": [], + "cpk-hex": null, + "image": { + "title": "No Image Found", + "url": "https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png", + "attribution": "Chemical Elments A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com/oganesson.php" + }, + "block": "p" + }, + { + "name": "Ununennium", + "appearance": null, + "atomic_mass": 315, + "boil": 630, + "category": "unknown, but predicted to be an alkali metal", + "density": 3, + "discovered_by": "GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research", + "melt": null, + "molar_heat": null, + "named_by": null, + "number": 119, + "period": 8, + "group": 1, + "phase": "Solid", + "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununennium", + "bohr_model_image":null, + "bohr_model_3d":null, + "spectral_img": null, + "summary": "Ununennium, also known as eka-francium or simply element 119, is the hypothetical chemical element with symbol Uue and atomic number 119. Ununennium and Uue are the temporary systematic IUPAC name and symbol respectively, until a permanent name is decided upon. In the periodic table of the elements, it is expected to be an s-block element, an alkali metal, and the first element in the eighth period.", + "symbol": "Uue", + "xpos": 1, + "ypos": 8, + "wxpos": 1, + "wypos": 8, + "shells": [ + 2, + 8, + 18, + 32, + 32, + 18, + 8, + 1 + ], + "electron_configuration": "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p6 8s1", + "electron_configuration_semantic": "*[Uuo] 8s1", + "electron_affinity": 63.87, + "electronegativity_pauling": null, + "ionization_energies": [], + "cpk-hex": null, + "image":{ + "title": "No Image Found", + "url": "https://images-of-elements.com/s/transactinoid.png", + "attribution": "Chemical Elments A Virtual Museum under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, source: https://images-of-elements.com" + }, + "block": "s" + } + ] +} diff --git a/data/0c393561-dd13-4b7c-ac49-20ac469aa276.MOV b/data/0c393561-dd13-4b7c-ac49-20ac469aa276.MOV new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d55a009e45d283d400bf77e10e51930d9e595dd6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/0c393561-dd13-4b7c-ac49-20ac469aa276.MOV @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:38ab295787dfaaab73f42737ce5860a7a256a9a95c7e69305bfed063305a0a81 +size 23012229 diff --git a/data/171dd6d2-d1d4-439b-8d4e-7507018a816b.png b/data/171dd6d2-d1d4-439b-8d4e-7507018a816b.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..24de5c3437bdf44164fd32cec6fb8d20f62c77ae Binary files /dev/null and b/data/171dd6d2-d1d4-439b-8d4e-7507018a816b.png differ diff --git a/data/198ffd8f-6041-458d-bacc-fe49872cfa43.txt b/data/198ffd8f-6041-458d-bacc-fe49872cfa43.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..101c54facfd05b61f78d4dd6721816dcd5a6a5a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/198ffd8f-6041-458d-bacc-fe49872cfa43.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7044 @@ +FOREWORD + + +To the Reader of this Work + + +In submitting Captain Carter’s strange manuscript to you in book form, +I believe that a few words relative to this remarkable personality will +be of interest. + +My first recollection of Captain Carter is of the few months he spent +at my father’s home in Virginia, just prior to the opening of the civil +war. I was then a child of but five years, yet I well remember the +tall, dark, smooth-faced, athletic man whom I called Uncle Jack. + +He seemed always to be laughing; and he entered into the sports of the +children with the same hearty good fellowship he displayed toward those +pastimes in which the men and women of his own age indulged; or he +would sit for an hour at a time entertaining my old grandmother with +stories of his strange, wild life in all parts of the world. We all +loved him, and our slaves fairly worshipped the ground he trod. + +He was a splendid specimen of manhood, standing a good two inches over +six feet, broad of shoulder and narrow of hip, with the carriage of the +trained fighting man. His features were regular and clear cut, his hair +black and closely cropped, while his eyes were of a steel gray, +reflecting a strong and loyal character, filled with fire and +initiative. His manners were perfect, and his courtliness was that of a +typical southern gentleman of the highest type. + +His horsemanship, especially after hounds, was a marvel and delight +even in that country of magnificent horsemen. I have often heard my +father caution him against his wild recklessness, but he would only +laugh, and say that the tumble that killed him would be from the back +of a horse yet unfoaled. + +When the war broke out he left us, nor did I see him again for some +fifteen or sixteen years. When he returned it was without warning, and +I was much surprised to note that he had not aged apparently a moment, +nor had he changed in any other outward way. He was, when others were +with him, the same genial, happy fellow we had known of old, but when +he thought himself alone I have seen him sit for hours gazing off into +space, his face set in a look of wistful longing and hopeless misery; +and at night he would sit thus looking up into the heavens, at what I +did not know until I read his manuscript years afterward. + +He told us that he had been prospecting and mining in Arizona part of +the time since the war; and that he had been very successful was +evidenced by the unlimited amount of money with which he was supplied. +As to the details of his life during these years he was very reticent, +in fact he would not talk of them at all. + +He remained with us for about a year and then went to New York, where +he purchased a little place on the Hudson, where I visited him once a +year on the occasions of my trips to the New York market—my father and +I owning and operating a string of general stores throughout Virginia +at that time. Captain Carter had a small but beautiful cottage, +situated on a bluff overlooking the river, and during one of my last +visits, in the winter of 1885, I observed he was much occupied in +writing, I presume now, upon this manuscript. + +He told me at this time that if anything should happen to him he wished +me to take charge of his estate, and he gave me a key to a compartment +in the safe which stood in his study, telling me I would find his will +there and some personal instructions which he had me pledge myself to +carry out with absolute fidelity. + +After I had retired for the night I have seen him from my window +standing in the moonlight on the brink of the bluff overlooking the +Hudson with his arms stretched out to the heavens as though in appeal. +I thought at the time that he was praying, although I never understood +that he was in the strict sense of the term a religious man. + +Several months after I had returned home from my last visit, the first +of March, 1886, I think, I received a telegram from him asking me to +come to him at once. I had always been his favorite among the younger +generation of Carters and so I hastened to comply with his demand. + +I arrived at the little station, about a mile from his grounds, on the +morning of March 4, 1886, and when I asked the livery man to drive me +out to Captain Carter’s he replied that if I was a friend of the +Captain’s he had some very bad news for me; the Captain had been found +dead shortly after daylight that very morning by the watchman attached +to an adjoining property. + +For some reason this news did not surprise me, but I hurried out to his +place as quickly as possible, so that I could take charge of the body +and of his affairs. + +I found the watchman who had discovered him, together with the local +police chief and several townspeople, assembled in his little study. +The watchman related the few details connected with the finding of the +body, which he said had been still warm when he came upon it. It lay, +he said, stretched full length in the snow with the arms outstretched +above the head toward the edge of the bluff, and when he showed me the +spot it flashed upon me that it was the identical one where I had seen +him on those other nights, with his arms raised in supplication to the +skies. + +There were no marks of violence on the body, and with the aid of a +local physician the coroner’s jury quickly reached a decision of death +from heart failure. Left alone in the study, I opened the safe and +withdrew the contents of the drawer in which he had told me I would +find my instructions. They were in part peculiar indeed, but I have +followed them to each last detail as faithfully as I was able. + +He directed that I remove his body to Virginia without embalming, and +that he be laid in an open coffin within a tomb which he previously had +had constructed and which, as I later learned, was well ventilated. The +instructions impressed upon me that I must personally see that this was +carried out just as he directed, even in secrecy if necessary. + +His property was left in such a way that I was to receive the entire +income for twenty-five years, when the principal was to become mine. +His further instructions related to this manuscript which I was to +retain sealed and unread, just as I found it, for eleven years; nor was +I to divulge its contents until twenty-one years after his death. + +A strange feature about the tomb, where his body still lies, is that +the massive door is equipped with a single, huge gold-plated spring +lock which can be opened _only from the inside_. + +Yours very sincerely, +Edgar Rice Burroughs. + + + + +CHAPTER I +ON THE ARIZONA HILLS + + +I am a very old man; how old I do not know. Possibly I am a hundred, +possibly more; but I cannot tell because I have never aged as other +men, nor do I remember any childhood. So far as I can recollect I have +always been a man, a man of about thirty. I appear today as I did forty +years and more ago, and yet I feel that I cannot go on living forever; +that some day I shall die the real death from which there is no +resurrection. I do not know why I should fear death, I who have died +twice and am still alive; but yet I have the same horror of it as you +who have never died, and it is because of this terror of death, I +believe, that I am so convinced of my mortality. + +And because of this conviction I have determined to write down the +story of the interesting periods of my life and of my death. I cannot +explain the phenomena; I can only set down here in the words of an +ordinary soldier of fortune a chronicle of the strange events that +befell me during the ten years that my dead body lay undiscovered in an +Arizona cave. + +I have never told this story, nor shall mortal man see this manuscript +until after I have passed over for eternity. I know that the average +human mind will not believe what it cannot grasp, and so I do not +purpose being pilloried by the public, the pulpit, and the press, and +held up as a colossal liar when I am but telling the simple truths +which some day science will substantiate. Possibly the suggestions +which I gained upon Mars, and the knowledge which I can set down in +this chronicle, will aid in an earlier understanding of the mysteries +of our sister planet; mysteries to you, but no longer mysteries to me. + +My name is John Carter; I am better known as Captain Jack Carter of +Virginia. At the close of the Civil War I found myself possessed of +several hundred thousand dollars (Confederate) and a captain’s +commission in the cavalry arm of an army which no longer existed; the +servant of a state which had vanished with the hopes of the South. +Masterless, penniless, and with my only means of livelihood, fighting, +gone, I determined to work my way to the southwest and attempt to +retrieve my fallen fortunes in a search for gold. + +I spent nearly a year prospecting in company with another Confederate +officer, Captain James K. Powell of Richmond. We were extremely +fortunate, for late in the winter of 1865, after many hardships and +privations, we located the most remarkable gold-bearing quartz vein +that our wildest dreams had ever pictured. Powell, who was a mining +engineer by education, stated that we had uncovered over a million +dollars worth of ore in a trifle over three months. + +As our equipment was crude in the extreme we decided that one of us +must return to civilization, purchase the necessary machinery and +return with a sufficient force of men properly to work the mine. + +As Powell was familiar with the country, as well as with the mechanical +requirements of mining we determined that it would be best for him to +make the trip. It was agreed that I was to hold down our claim against +the remote possibility of its being jumped by some wandering +prospector. + +On March 3, 1866, Powell and I packed his provisions on two of our +burros, and bidding me good-bye he mounted his horse, and started down +the mountainside toward the valley, across which led the first stage of +his journey. + +The morning of Powell’s departure was, like nearly all Arizona +mornings, clear and beautiful; I could see him and his little pack +animals picking their way down the mountainside toward the valley, and +all during the morning I would catch occasional glimpses of them as +they topped a hog back or came out upon a level plateau. My last sight +of Powell was about three in the afternoon as he entered the shadows of +the range on the opposite side of the valley. + +Some half hour later I happened to glance casually across the valley +and was much surprised to note three little dots in about the same +place I had last seen my friend and his two pack animals. I am not +given to needless worrying, but the more I tried to convince myself +that all was well with Powell, and that the dots I had seen on his +trail were antelope or wild horses, the less I was able to assure +myself. + +Since we had entered the territory we had not seen a hostile Indian, +and we had, therefore, become careless in the extreme, and were wont to +ridicule the stories we had heard of the great numbers of these vicious +marauders that were supposed to haunt the trails, taking their toll in +lives and torture of every white party which fell into their merciless +clutches. + +Powell, I knew, was well armed and, further, an experienced Indian +fighter; but I too had lived and fought for years among the Sioux in +the North, and I knew that his chances were small against a party of +cunning trailing Apaches. Finally I could endure the suspense no +longer, and, arming myself with my two Colt revolvers and a carbine, I +strapped two belts of cartridges about me and catching my saddle horse, +started down the trail taken by Powell in the morning. + +As soon as I reached comparatively level ground I urged my mount into a +canter and continued this, where the going permitted, until, close upon +dusk, I discovered the point where other tracks joined those of Powell. +They were the tracks of unshod ponies, three of them, and the ponies +had been galloping. + +I followed rapidly until, darkness shutting down, I was forced to await +the rising of the moon, and given an opportunity to speculate on the +question of the wisdom of my chase. Possibly I had conjured up +impossible dangers, like some nervous old housewife, and when I should +catch up with Powell would get a good laugh for my pains. However, I am +not prone to sensitiveness, and the following of a sense of duty, +wherever it may lead, has always been a kind of fetich with me +throughout my life; which may account for the honors bestowed upon me +by three republics and the decorations and friendships of an old and +powerful emperor and several lesser kings, in whose service my sword +has been red many a time. + +About nine o’clock the moon was sufficiently bright for me to proceed +on my way and I had no difficulty in following the trail at a fast +walk, and in some places at a brisk trot until, about midnight, I +reached the water hole where Powell had expected to camp. I came upon +the spot unexpectedly, finding it entirely deserted, with no signs of +having been recently occupied as a camp. + +I was interested to note that the tracks of the pursuing horsemen, for +such I was now convinced they must be, continued after Powell with only +a brief stop at the hole for water; and always at the same rate of +speed as his. + +I was positive now that the trailers were Apaches and that they wished +to capture Powell alive for the fiendish pleasure of the torture, so I +urged my horse onward at a most dangerous pace, hoping against hope +that I would catch up with the red rascals before they attacked him. + +Further speculation was suddenly cut short by the faint report of two +shots far ahead of me. I knew that Powell would need me now if ever, +and I instantly urged my horse to his topmost speed up the narrow and +difficult mountain trail. + +I had forged ahead for perhaps a mile or more without hearing further +sounds, when the trail suddenly debouched onto a small, open plateau +near the summit of the pass. I had passed through a narrow, overhanging +gorge just before entering suddenly upon this table land, and the sight +which met my eyes filled me with consternation and dismay. + +The little stretch of level land was white with Indian tepees, and +there were probably half a thousand red warriors clustered around some +object near the center of the camp. Their attention was so wholly +riveted to this point of interest that they did not notice me, and I +easily could have turned back into the dark recesses of the gorge and +made my escape with perfect safety. The fact, however, that this +thought did not occur to me until the following day removes any +possible right to a claim to heroism to which the narration of this +episode might possibly otherwise entitle me. + +I do not believe that I am made of the stuff which constitutes heroes, +because, in all of the hundreds of instances that my voluntary acts +have placed me face to face with death, I cannot recall a single one +where any alternative step to that I took occurred to me until many +hours later. My mind is evidently so constituted that I am +subconsciously forced into the path of duty without recourse to +tiresome mental processes. However that may be, I have never regretted +that cowardice is not optional with me. + +In this instance I was, of course, positive that Powell was the center +of attraction, but whether I thought or acted first I do not know, but +within an instant from the moment the scene broke upon my view I had +whipped out my revolvers and was charging down upon the entire army of +warriors, shooting rapidly, and whooping at the top of my lungs. +Singlehanded, I could not have pursued better tactics, for the red men, +convinced by sudden surprise that not less than a regiment of regulars +was upon them, turned and fled in every direction for their bows, +arrows, and rifles. + +The view which their hurried routing disclosed filled me with +apprehension and with rage. Under the clear rays of the Arizona moon +lay Powell, his body fairly bristling with the hostile arrows of the +braves. That he was already dead I could not but be convinced, and yet +I would have saved his body from mutilation at the hands of the Apaches +as quickly as I would have saved the man himself from death. + +Riding close to him I reached down from the saddle, and grasping his +cartridge belt drew him up across the withers of my mount. A backward +glance convinced me that to return by the way I had come would be more +hazardous than to continue across the plateau, so, putting spurs to my +poor beast, I made a dash for the opening to the pass which I could +distinguish on the far side of the table land. + +The Indians had by this time discovered that I was alone and I was +pursued with imprecations, arrows, and rifle balls. The fact that it is +difficult to aim anything but imprecations accurately by moonlight, +that they were upset by the sudden and unexpected manner of my advent, +and that I was a rather rapidly moving target saved me from the various +deadly projectiles of the enemy and permitted me to reach the shadows +of the surrounding peaks before an orderly pursuit could be organized. + +My horse was traveling practically unguided as I knew that I had +probably less knowledge of the exact location of the trail to the pass +than he, and thus it happened that he entered a defile which led to the +summit of the range and not to the pass which I had hoped would carry +me to the valley and to safety. It is probable, however, that to this +fact I owe my life and the remarkable experiences and adventures which +befell me during the following ten years. + +My first knowledge that I was on the wrong trail came when I heard the +yells of the pursuing savages suddenly grow fainter and fainter far off +to my left. + +I knew then that they had passed to the left of the jagged rock +formation at the edge of the plateau, to the right of which my horse +had borne me and the body of Powell. + +I drew rein on a little level promontory overlooking the trail below +and to my left, and saw the party of pursuing savages disappearing +around the point of a neighboring peak. + +I knew the Indians would soon discover that they were on the wrong +trail and that the search for me would be renewed in the right +direction as soon as they located my tracks. + +I had gone but a short distance further when what seemed to be an +excellent trail opened up around the face of a high cliff. The trail +was level and quite broad and led upward and in the general direction I +wished to go. The cliff arose for several hundred feet on my right, and +on my left was an equal and nearly perpendicular drop to the bottom of +a rocky ravine. + +I had followed this trail for perhaps a hundred yards when a sharp turn +to the right brought me to the mouth of a large cave. The opening was +about four feet in height and three to four feet wide, and at this +opening the trail ended. + +It was now morning, and, with the customary lack of dawn which is a +startling characteristic of Arizona, it had become daylight almost +without warning. + +Dismounting, I laid Powell upon the ground, but the most painstaking +examination failed to reveal the faintest spark of life. I forced water +from my canteen between his dead lips, bathed his face and rubbed his +hands, working over him continuously for the better part of an hour in +the face of the fact that I knew him to be dead. + +I was very fond of Powell; he was thoroughly a man in every respect; a +polished southern gentleman; a staunch and true friend; and it was with +a feeling of the deepest grief that I finally gave up my crude +endeavors at resuscitation. + +Leaving Powell’s body where it lay on the ledge I crept into the cave +to reconnoiter. I found a large chamber, possibly a hundred feet in +diameter and thirty or forty feet in height; a smooth and well-worn +floor, and many other evidences that the cave had, at some remote +period, been inhabited. The back of the cave was so lost in dense +shadow that I could not distinguish whether there were openings into +other apartments or not. + +As I was continuing my examination I commenced to feel a pleasant +drowsiness creeping over me which I attributed to the fatigue of my +long and strenuous ride, and the reaction from the excitement of the +fight and the pursuit. I felt comparatively safe in my present location +as I knew that one man could defend the trail to the cave against an +army. + +I soon became so drowsy that I could scarcely resist the strong desire +to throw myself on the floor of the cave for a few moments’ rest, but I +knew that this would never do, as it would mean certain death at the +hands of my red friends, who might be upon me at any moment. With an +effort I started toward the opening of the cave only to reel drunkenly +against a side wall, and from there slip prone upon the floor. + + + + +CHAPTER II +THE ESCAPE OF THE DEAD + + +A sense of delicious dreaminess overcame me, my muscles relaxed, and I +was on the point of giving way to my desire to sleep when the sound of +approaching horses reached my ears. I attempted to spring to my feet +but was horrified to discover that my muscles refused to respond to my +will. I was now thoroughly awake, but as unable to move a muscle as +though turned to stone. It was then, for the first time, that I noticed +a slight vapor filling the cave. It was extremely tenuous and only +noticeable against the opening which led to daylight. There also came +to my nostrils a faintly pungent odor, and I could only assume that I +had been overcome by some poisonous gas, but why I should retain my +mental faculties and yet be unable to move I could not fathom. + +I lay facing the opening of the cave and where I could see the short +stretch of trail which lay between the cave and the turn of the cliff +around which the trail led. The noise of the approaching horses had +ceased, and I judged the Indians were creeping stealthily upon me along +the little ledge which led to my living tomb. I remember that I hoped +they would make short work of me as I did not particularly relish the +thought of the innumerable things they might do to me if the spirit +prompted them. + +I had not long to wait before a stealthy sound apprised me of their +nearness, and then a war-bonneted, paint-streaked face was thrust +cautiously around the shoulder of the cliff, and savage eyes looked +into mine. That he could see me in the dim light of the cave I was sure +for the early morning sun was falling full upon me through the opening. + +The fellow, instead of approaching, merely stood and stared; his eyes +bulging and his jaw dropped. And then another savage face appeared, and +a third and fourth and fifth, craning their necks over the shoulders of +their fellows whom they could not pass upon the narrow ledge. Each face +was the picture of awe and fear, but for what reason I did not know, +nor did I learn until ten years later. That there were still other +braves behind those who regarded me was apparent from the fact that the +leaders passed back whispered word to those behind them. + +Suddenly a low but distinct moaning sound issued from the recesses of +the cave behind me, and, as it reached the ears of the Indians, they +turned and fled in terror, panic-stricken. So frantic were their +efforts to escape from the unseen thing behind me that one of the +braves was hurled headlong from the cliff to the rocks below. Their +wild cries echoed in the canyon for a short time, and then all was +still once more. + +The sound which had frightened them was not repeated, but it had been +sufficient as it was to start me speculating on the possible horror +which lurked in the shadows at my back. Fear is a relative term and so +I can only measure my feelings at that time by what I had experienced +in previous positions of danger and by those that I have passed through +since; but I can say without shame that if the sensations I endured +during the next few minutes were fear, then may God help the coward, +for cowardice is of a surety its own punishment. + +To be held paralyzed, with one’s back toward some horrible and unknown +danger from the very sound of which the ferocious Apache warriors turn +in wild stampede, as a flock of sheep would madly flee from a pack of +wolves, seems to me the last word in fearsome predicaments for a man +who had ever been used to fighting for his life with all the energy of +a powerful physique. + +Several times I thought I heard faint sounds behind me as of somebody +moving cautiously, but eventually even these ceased, and I was left to +the contemplation of my position without interruption. I could but +vaguely conjecture the cause of my paralysis, and my only hope lay in +that it might pass off as suddenly as it had fallen upon me. + +Late in the afternoon my horse, which had been standing with dragging +rein before the cave, started slowly down the trail, evidently in +search of food and water, and I was left alone with my mysterious +unknown companion and the dead body of my friend, which lay just within +my range of vision upon the ledge where I had placed it in the early +morning. + +From then until possibly midnight all was silence, the silence of the +dead; then, suddenly, the awful moan of the morning broke upon my +startled ears, and there came again from the black shadows the sound of +a moving thing, and a faint rustling as of dead leaves. The shock to my +already overstrained nervous system was terrible in the extreme, and +with a superhuman effort I strove to break my awful bonds. It was an +effort of the mind, of the will, of the nerves; not muscular, for I +could not move even so much as my little finger, but none the less +mighty for all that. And then something gave, there was a momentary +feeling of nausea, a sharp click as of the snapping of a steel wire, +and I stood with my back against the wall of the cave facing my unknown +foe. + +And then the moonlight flooded the cave, and there before me lay my own +body as it had been lying all these hours, with the eyes staring toward +the open ledge and the hands resting limply upon the ground. I looked +first at my lifeless clay there upon the floor of the cave and then +down at myself in utter bewilderment; for there I lay clothed, and yet +here I stood but naked as at the minute of my birth. + +The transition had been so sudden and so unexpected that it left me for +a moment forgetful of aught else than my strange metamorphosis. My +first thought was, is this then death! Have I indeed passed over +forever into that other life! But I could not well believe this, as I +could feel my heart pounding against my ribs from the exertion of my +efforts to release myself from the anaesthesis which had held me. My +breath was coming in quick, short gasps, cold sweat stood out from +every pore of my body, and the ancient experiment of pinching revealed +the fact that I was anything other than a wraith. + +Again was I suddenly recalled to my immediate surroundings by a +repetition of the weird moan from the depths of the cave. Naked and +unarmed as I was, I had no desire to face the unseen thing which +menaced me. + +My revolvers were strapped to my lifeless body which, for some +unfathomable reason, I could not bring myself to touch. My carbine was +in its boot, strapped to my saddle, and as my horse had wandered off I +was left without means of defense. My only alternative seemed to lie in +flight and my decision was crystallized by a recurrence of the rustling +sound from the thing which now seemed, in the darkness of the cave and +to my distorted imagination, to be creeping stealthily upon me. + +Unable longer to resist the temptation to escape this horrible place I +leaped quickly through the opening into the starlight of a clear +Arizona night. The crisp, fresh mountain air outside the cave acted as +an immediate tonic and I felt new life and new courage coursing through +me. Pausing upon the brink of the ledge I upbraided myself for what now +seemed to me wholly unwarranted apprehension. I reasoned with myself +that I had lain helpless for many hours within the cave, yet nothing +had molested me, and my better judgment, when permitted the direction +of clear and logical reasoning, convinced me that the noises I had +heard must have resulted from purely natural and harmless causes; +probably the conformation of the cave was such that a slight breeze had +caused the sounds I heard. + +I decided to investigate, but first I lifted my head to fill my lungs +with the pure, invigorating night air of the mountains. As I did so I +saw stretching far below me the beautiful vista of rocky gorge, and +level, cacti-studded flat, wrought by the moonlight into a miracle of +soft splendor and wondrous enchantment. + +Few western wonders are more inspiring than the beauties of an Arizona +moonlit landscape; the silvered mountains in the distance, the strange +lights and shadows upon hog back and arroyo, and the grotesque details +of the stiff, yet beautiful cacti form a picture at once enchanting and +inspiring; as though one were catching for the first time a glimpse of +some dead and forgotten world, so different is it from the aspect of +any other spot upon our earth. + +As I stood thus meditating, I turned my gaze from the landscape to the +heavens where the myriad stars formed a gorgeous and fitting canopy for +the wonders of the earthly scene. My attention was quickly riveted by a +large red star close to the distant horizon. As I gazed upon it I felt +a spell of overpowering fascination—it was Mars, the god of war, and +for me, the fighting man, it had always held the power of irresistible +enchantment. As I gazed at it on that far-gone night it seemed to call +across the unthinkable void, to lure me to it, to draw me as the +lodestone attracts a particle of iron. + +My longing was beyond the power of opposition; I closed my eyes, +stretched out my arms toward the god of my vocation and felt myself +drawn with the suddenness of thought through the trackless immensity of +space. There was an instant of extreme cold and utter darkness. + + + + +CHAPTER III +MY ADVENT ON MARS + + +I opened my eyes upon a strange and weird landscape. I knew that I was +on Mars; not once did I question either my sanity or my wakefulness. I +was not asleep, no need for pinching here; my inner consciousness told +me as plainly that I was upon Mars as your conscious mind tells you +that you are upon Earth. You do not question the fact; neither did I. + +I found myself lying prone upon a bed of yellowish, mosslike vegetation +which stretched around me in all directions for interminable miles. I +seemed to be lying in a deep, circular basin, along the outer verge of +which I could distinguish the irregularities of low hills. + +It was midday, the sun was shining full upon me and the heat of it was +rather intense upon my naked body, yet no greater than would have been +true under similar conditions on an Arizona desert. Here and there were +slight outcroppings of quartz-bearing rock which glistened in the +sunlight; and a little to my left, perhaps a hundred yards, appeared a +low, walled enclosure about four feet in height. No water, and no other +vegetation than the moss was in evidence, and as I was somewhat thirsty +I determined to do a little exploring. + +Springing to my feet I received my first Martian surprise, for the +effort, which on Earth would have brought me standing upright, carried +me into the Martian air to the height of about three yards. I alighted +softly upon the ground, however, without appreciable shock or jar. Now +commenced a series of evolutions which even then seemed ludicrous in +the extreme. I found that I must learn to walk all over again, as the +muscular exertion which carried me easily and safely upon Earth played +strange antics with me upon Mars. + +Instead of progressing in a sane and dignified manner, my attempts to +walk resulted in a variety of hops which took me clear of the ground a +couple of feet at each step and landed me sprawling upon my face or +back at the end of each second or third hop. My muscles, perfectly +attuned and accustomed to the force of gravity on Earth, played the +mischief with me in attempting for the first time to cope with the +lesser gravitation and lower air pressure on Mars. + +I was determined, however, to explore the low structure which was the +only evidence of habitation in sight, and so I hit upon the unique plan +of reverting to first principles in locomotion, creeping. I did fairly +well at this and in a few moments had reached the low, encircling wall +of the enclosure. + +There appeared to be no doors or windows upon the side nearest me, but +as the wall was but about four feet high I cautiously gained my feet +and peered over the top upon the strangest sight it had ever been given +me to see. + +The roof of the enclosure was of solid glass about four or five inches +in thickness, and beneath this were several hundred large eggs, +perfectly round and snowy white. The eggs were nearly uniform in size +being about two and one-half feet in diameter. + +Five or six had already hatched and the grotesque caricatures which sat +blinking in the sunlight were enough to cause me to doubt my sanity. +They seemed mostly head, with little scrawny bodies, long necks and six +legs, or, as I afterward learned, two legs and two arms, with an +intermediary pair of limbs which could be used at will either as arms +or legs. Their eyes were set at the extreme sides of their heads a +trifle above the center and protruded in such a manner that they could +be directed either forward or back and also independently of each +other, thus permitting this queer animal to look in any direction, or +in two directions at once, without the necessity of turning the head. + +The ears, which were slightly above the eyes and closer together, were +small, cup-shaped antennae, protruding not more than an inch on these +young specimens. Their noses were but longitudinal slits in the center +of their faces, midway between their mouths and ears. + +There was no hair on their bodies, which were of a very light +yellowish-green color. In the adults, as I was to learn quite soon, +this color deepens to an olive green and is darker in the male than in +the female. Further, the heads of the adults are not so out of +proportion to their bodies as in the case of the young. + +The iris of the eyes is blood red, as in Albinos, while the pupil is +dark. The eyeball itself is very white, as are the teeth. These latter +add a most ferocious appearance to an otherwise fearsome and terrible +countenance, as the lower tusks curve upward to sharp points which end +about where the eyes of earthly human beings are located. The whiteness +of the teeth is not that of ivory, but of the snowiest and most +gleaming of china. Against the dark background of their olive skins +their tusks stand out in a most striking manner, making these weapons +present a singularly formidable appearance. + +Most of these details I noted later, for I was given but little time to +speculate on the wonders of my new discovery. I had seen that the eggs +were in the process of hatching, and as I stood watching the hideous +little monsters break from their shells I failed to note the approach +of a score of full-grown Martians from behind me. + +Coming, as they did, over the soft and soundless moss, which covers +practically the entire surface of Mars with the exception of the frozen +areas at the poles and the scattered cultivated districts, they might +have captured me easily, but their intentions were far more sinister. +It was the rattling of the accouterments of the foremost warrior which +warned me. + +On such a little thing my life hung that I often marvel that I escaped +so easily. Had not the rifle of the leader of the party swung from its +fastenings beside his saddle in such a way as to strike against the +butt of his great metal-shod spear I should have snuffed out without +ever knowing that death was near me. But the little sound caused me to +turn, and there upon me, not ten feet from my breast, was the point of +that huge spear, a spear forty feet long, tipped with gleaming metal, +and held low at the side of a mounted replica of the little devils I +had been watching. + +But how puny and harmless they now looked beside this huge and terrific +incarnation of hate, of vengeance and of death. The man himself, for +such I may call him, was fully fifteen feet in height and, on Earth, +would have weighed some four hundred pounds. He sat his mount as we sit +a horse, grasping the animal’s barrel with his lower limbs, while the +hands of his two right arms held his immense spear low at the side of +his mount; his two left arms were outstretched laterally to help +preserve his balance, the thing he rode having neither bridle or reins +of any description for guidance. + +And his mount! How can earthly words describe it! It towered ten feet +at the shoulder; had four legs on either side; a broad flat tail, +larger at the tip than at the root, and which it held straight out +behind while running; a gaping mouth which split its head from its +snout to its long, massive neck. + +Like its master, it was entirely devoid of hair, but was of a dark +slate color and exceeding smooth and glossy. Its belly was white, and +its legs shaded from the slate of its shoulders and hips to a vivid +yellow at the feet. The feet themselves were heavily padded and +nailless, which fact had also contributed to the noiselessness of their +approach, and, in common with a multiplicity of legs, is a +characteristic feature of the fauna of Mars. The highest type of man +and one other animal, the only mammal existing on Mars, alone have +well-formed nails, and there are absolutely no hoofed animals in +existence there. + +Behind this first charging demon trailed nineteen others, similar in +all respects, but, as I learned later, bearing individual +characteristics peculiar to themselves; precisely as no two of us are +identical although we are all cast in a similar mold. This picture, or +rather materialized nightmare, which I have described at length, made +but one terrible and swift impression on me as I turned to meet it. + +Unarmed and naked as I was, the first law of nature manifested itself +in the only possible solution of my immediate problem, and that was to +get out of the vicinity of the point of the charging spear. +Consequently I gave a very earthly and at the same time superhuman leap +to reach the top of the Martian incubator, for such I had determined it +must be. + +My effort was crowned with a success which appalled me no less than it +seemed to surprise the Martian warriors, for it carried me fully thirty +feet into the air and landed me a hundred feet from my pursuers and on +the opposite side of the enclosure. + +I alighted upon the soft moss easily and without mishap, and turning +saw my enemies lined up along the further wall. Some were surveying me +with expressions which I afterward discovered marked extreme +astonishment, and the others were evidently satisfying themselves that +I had not molested their young. + +They were conversing together in low tones, and gesticulating and +pointing toward me. Their discovery that I had not harmed the little +Martians, and that I was unarmed, must have caused them to look upon me +with less ferocity; but, as I was to learn later, the thing which +weighed most in my favor was my exhibition of hurdling. + +While the Martians are immense, their bones are very large and they are +muscled only in proportion to the gravitation which they must overcome. +The result is that they are infinitely less agile and less powerful, in +proportion to their weight, than an Earth man, and I doubt that were +one of them suddenly to be transported to Earth he could lift his own +weight from the ground; in fact, I am convinced that he could not do +so. + +My feat then was as marvelous upon Mars as it would have been upon +Earth, and from desiring to annihilate me they suddenly looked upon me +as a wonderful discovery to be captured and exhibited among their +fellows. + +The respite my unexpected agility had given me permitted me to +formulate plans for the immediate future and to note more closely the +appearance of the warriors, for I could not disassociate these people +in my mind from those other warriors who, only the day before, had been +pursuing me. + +I noted that each was armed with several other weapons in addition to +the huge spear which I have described. The weapon which caused me to +decide against an attempt at escape by flight was what was evidently a +rifle of some description, and which I felt, for some reason, they were +peculiarly efficient in handling. + +These rifles were of a white metal stocked with wood, which I learned +later was a very light and intensely hard growth much prized on Mars, +and entirely unknown to us denizens of Earth. The metal of the barrel +is an alloy composed principally of aluminum and steel which they have +learned to temper to a hardness far exceeding that of the steel with +which we are familiar. The weight of these rifles is comparatively +little, and with the small caliber, explosive, radium projectiles which +they use, and the great length of the barrel, they are deadly in the +extreme and at ranges which would be unthinkable on Earth. The +theoretic effective radius of this rifle is three hundred miles, but +the best they can do in actual service when equipped with their +wireless finders and sighters is but a trifle over two hundred miles. + +This is quite far enough to imbue me with great respect for the Martian +firearm, and some telepathic force must have warned me against an +attempt to escape in broad daylight from under the muzzles of twenty of +these death-dealing machines. + +The Martians, after conversing for a short time, turned and rode away +in the direction from which they had come, leaving one of their number +alone by the enclosure. When they had covered perhaps two hundred yards +they halted, and turning their mounts toward us sat watching the +warrior by the enclosure. + +He was the one whose spear had so nearly transfixed me, and was +evidently the leader of the band, as I had noted that they seemed to +have moved to their present position at his direction. When his force +had come to a halt he dismounted, threw down his spear and small arms, +and came around the end of the incubator toward me, entirely unarmed +and as naked as I, except for the ornaments strapped upon his head, +limbs, and breast. + +When he was within about fifty feet of me he unclasped an enormous +metal armlet, and holding it toward me in the open palm of his hand, +addressed me in a clear, resonant voice, but in a language, it is +needless to say, I could not understand. He then stopped as though +waiting for my reply, pricking up his antennae-like ears and cocking +his strange-looking eyes still further toward me. + +As the silence became painful I concluded to hazard a little +conversation on my own part, as I had guessed that he was making +overtures of peace. The throwing down of his weapons and the +withdrawing of his troop before his advance toward me would have +signified a peaceful mission anywhere on Earth, so why not, then, on +Mars! + +Placing my hand over my heart I bowed low to the Martian and explained +to him that while I did not understand his language, his actions spoke +for the peace and friendship that at the present moment were most dear +to my heart. Of course I might have been a babbling brook for all the +intelligence my speech carried to him, but he understood the action +with which I immediately followed my words. + +Stretching my hand toward him, I advanced and took the armlet from his +open palm, clasping it about my arm above the elbow; smiled at him and +stood waiting. His wide mouth spread into an answering smile, and +locking one of his intermediary arms in mine we turned and walked back +toward his mount. At the same time he motioned his followers to +advance. They started toward us on a wild run, but were checked by a +signal from him. Evidently he feared that were I to be really +frightened again I might jump entirely out of the landscape. + +He exchanged a few words with his men, motioned to me that I would ride +behind one of them, and then mounted his own animal. The fellow +designated reached down two or three hands and lifted me up behind him +on the glossy back of his mount, where I hung on as best I could by the +belts and straps which held the Martian’s weapons and ornaments. + +The entire cavalcade then turned and galloped away toward the range of +hills in the distance. + + + + +CHAPTER IV +A PRISONER + + +We had gone perhaps ten miles when the ground began to rise very +rapidly. We were, as I was later to learn, nearing the edge of one of +Mars’ long-dead seas, in the bottom of which my encounter with the +Martians had taken place. + +In a short time we gained the foot of the mountains, and after +traversing a narrow gorge came to an open valley, at the far extremity +of which was a low table land upon which I beheld an enormous city. +Toward this we galloped, entering it by what appeared to be a ruined +roadway leading out from the city, but only to the edge of the table +land, where it ended abruptly in a flight of broad steps. + +Upon closer observation I saw as we passed them that the buildings were +deserted, and while not greatly decayed had the appearance of not +having been tenanted for years, possibly for ages. Toward the center of +the city was a large plaza, and upon this and in the buildings +immediately surrounding it were camped some nine or ten hundred +creatures of the same breed as my captors, for such I now considered +them despite the suave manner in which I had been trapped. + +With the exception of their ornaments all were naked. The women varied +in appearance but little from the men, except that their tusks were +much larger in proportion to their height, in some instances curving +nearly to their high-set ears. Their bodies were smaller and lighter in +color, and their fingers and toes bore the rudiments of nails, which +were entirely lacking among the males. The adult females ranged in +height from ten to twelve feet. + +The children were light in color, even lighter than the women, and all +looked precisely alike to me, except that some were taller than others; +older, I presumed. + +I saw no signs of extreme age among them, nor is there any appreciable +difference in their appearance from the age of maturity, about forty, +until, at about the age of one thousand years, they go voluntarily upon +their last strange pilgrimage down the river Iss, which leads no living +Martian knows whither and from whose bosom no Martian has ever +returned, or would be allowed to live did he return after once +embarking upon its cold, dark waters. + +Only about one Martian in a thousand dies of sickness or disease, and +possibly about twenty take the voluntary pilgrimage. The other nine +hundred and seventy-nine die violent deaths in duels, in hunting, in +aviation and in war; but perhaps by far the greatest death loss comes +during the age of childhood, when vast numbers of the little Martians +fall victims to the great white apes of Mars. + +The average life expectancy of a Martian after the age of maturity is +about three hundred years, but would be nearer the one-thousand mark +were it not for the various means leading to violent death. Owing to +the waning resources of the planet it evidently became necessary to +counteract the increasing longevity which their remarkable skill in +therapeutics and surgery produced, and so human life has come to be +considered but lightly on Mars, as is evidenced by their dangerous +sports and the almost continual warfare between the various +communities. + +There are other and natural causes tending toward a diminution of +population, but nothing contributes so greatly to this end as the fact +that no male or female Martian is ever voluntarily without a weapon of +destruction. + +As we neared the plaza and my presence was discovered we were +immediately surrounded by hundreds of the creatures who seemed anxious +to pluck me from my seat behind my guard. A word from the leader of the +party stilled their clamor, and we proceeded at a trot across the plaza +to the entrance of as magnificent an edifice as mortal eye has rested +upon. + +The building was low, but covered an enormous area. It was constructed +of gleaming white marble inlaid with gold and brilliant stones which +sparkled and scintillated in the sunlight. The main entrance was some +hundred feet in width and projected from the building proper to form a +huge canopy above the entrance hall. There was no stairway, but a +gentle incline to the first floor of the building opened into an +enormous chamber encircled by galleries. + +On the floor of this chamber, which was dotted with highly carved +wooden desks and chairs, were assembled about forty or fifty male +Martians around the steps of a rostrum. On the platform proper squatted +an enormous warrior heavily loaded with metal ornaments, gay-colored +feathers and beautifully wrought leather trappings ingeniously set with +precious stones. From his shoulders depended a short cape of white fur +lined with brilliant scarlet silk. + +What struck me as most remarkable about this assemblage and the hall in +which they were congregated was the fact that the creatures were +entirely out of proportion to the desks, chairs, and other furnishings; +these being of a size adapted to human beings such as I, whereas the +great bulks of the Martians could scarcely have squeezed into the +chairs, nor was there room beneath the desks for their long legs. +Evidently, then, there were other denizens on Mars than the wild and +grotesque creatures into whose hands I had fallen, but the evidences of +extreme antiquity which showed all around me indicated that these +buildings might have belonged to some long-extinct and forgotten race +in the dim antiquity of Mars. + +Our party had halted at the entrance to the building, and at a sign +from the leader I had been lowered to the ground. Again locking his arm +in mine, we had proceeded into the audience chamber. There were few +formalities observed in approaching the Martian chieftain. My captor +merely strode up to the rostrum, the others making way for him as he +advanced. The chieftain rose to his feet and uttered the name of my +escort who, in turn, halted and repeated the name of the ruler followed +by his title. + +At the time, this ceremony and the words they uttered meant nothing to +me, but later I came to know that this was the customary greeting +between green Martians. Had the men been strangers, and therefore +unable to exchange names, they would have silently exchanged ornaments, +had their missions been peaceful—otherwise they would have exchanged +shots, or have fought out their introduction with some other of their +various weapons. + +My captor, whose name was Tars Tarkas, was virtually the vice-chieftain +of the community, and a man of great ability as a statesman and +warrior. He evidently explained briefly the incidents connected with +his expedition, including my capture, and when he had concluded the +chieftain addressed me at some length. + +I replied in our good old English tongue merely to convince him that +neither of us could understand the other; but I noticed that when I +smiled slightly on concluding, he did likewise. This fact, and the +similar occurrence during my first talk with Tars Tarkas, convinced me +that we had at least something in common; the ability to smile, +therefore to laugh; denoting a sense of humor. But I was to learn that +the Martian smile is merely perfunctory, and that the Martian laugh is +a thing to cause strong men to blanch in horror. + +The ideas of humor among the green men of Mars are widely at variance +with our conceptions of incitants to merriment. The death agonies of a +fellow being are, to these strange creatures, provocative of the +wildest hilarity, while their chief form of commonest amusement is to +inflict death on their prisoners of war in various ingenious and +horrible ways. + +The assembled warriors and chieftains examined me closely, feeling my +muscles and the texture of my skin. The principal chieftain then +evidently signified a desire to see me perform, and, motioning me to +follow, he started with Tars Tarkas for the open plaza. + +Now, I had made no attempt to walk, since my first signal failure, +except while tightly grasping Tars Tarkas’ arm, and so now I went +skipping and flitting about among the desks and chairs like some +monstrous grasshopper. After bruising myself severely, much to the +amusement of the Martians, I again had recourse to creeping, but this +did not suit them and I was roughly jerked to my feet by a towering +fellow who had laughed most heartily at my misfortunes. + +As he banged me down upon my feet his face was bent close to mine and I +did the only thing a gentleman might do under the circumstances of +brutality, boorishness, and lack of consideration for a stranger’s +rights; I swung my fist squarely to his jaw and he went down like a +felled ox. As he sunk to the floor I wheeled around with my back toward +the nearest desk, expecting to be overwhelmed by the vengeance of his +fellows, but determined to give them as good a battle as the unequal +odds would permit before I gave up my life. + +My fears were groundless, however, as the other Martians, at first +struck dumb with wonderment, finally broke into wild peals of laughter +and applause. I did not recognize the applause as such, but later, when +I had become acquainted with their customs, I learned that I had won +what they seldom accord, a manifestation of approbation. + +The fellow whom I had struck lay where he had fallen, nor did any of +his mates approach him. Tars Tarkas advanced toward me, holding out one +of his arms, and we thus proceeded to the plaza without further mishap. +I did not, of course, know the reason for which we had come to the +open, but I was not long in being enlightened. They first repeated the +word “sak” a number of times, and then Tars Tarkas made several jumps, +repeating the same word before each leap; then, turning to me, he said, +“sak!” I saw what they were after, and gathering myself together I +“sakked” with such marvelous success that I cleared a good hundred and +fifty feet; nor did I, this time, lose my equilibrium, but landed +squarely upon my feet without falling. I then returned by easy jumps of +twenty-five or thirty feet to the little group of warriors. + +My exhibition had been witnessed by several hundred lesser Martians, +and they immediately broke into demands for a repetition, which the +chieftain then ordered me to make; but I was both hungry and thirsty, +and determined on the spot that my only method of salvation was to +demand the consideration from these creatures which they evidently +would not voluntarily accord. I therefore ignored the repeated commands +to “sak,” and each time they were made I motioned to my mouth and +rubbed my stomach. + +Tars Tarkas and the chief exchanged a few words, and the former, +calling to a young female among the throng, gave her some instructions +and motioned me to accompany her. I grasped her proffered arm and +together we crossed the plaza toward a large building on the far side. + +My fair companion was about eight feet tall, having just arrived at +maturity, but not yet to her full height. She was of a light +olive-green color, with a smooth, glossy hide. Her name, as I afterward +learned, was Sola, and she belonged to the retinue of Tars Tarkas. She +conducted me to a spacious chamber in one of the buildings fronting on +the plaza, and which, from the litter of silks and furs upon the floor, +I took to be the sleeping quarters of several of the natives. + +The room was well lighted by a number of large windows and was +beautifully decorated with mural paintings and mosaics, but upon all +there seemed to rest that indefinable touch of the finger of antiquity +which convinced me that the architects and builders of these wondrous +creations had nothing in common with the crude half-brutes which now +occupied them. + +Sola motioned me to be seated upon a pile of silks near the center of +the room, and, turning, made a peculiar hissing sound, as though +signaling to someone in an adjoining room. In response to her call I +obtained my first sight of a new Martian wonder. It waddled in on its +ten short legs, and squatted down before the girl like an obedient +puppy. The thing was about the size of a Shetland pony, but its head +bore a slight resemblance to that of a frog, except that the jaws were +equipped with three rows of long, sharp tusks. + + + + +CHAPTER V +I ELUDE MY WATCH DOG + + +Sola stared into the brute’s wicked-looking eyes, muttered a word or +two of command, pointed to me, and left the chamber. I could not but +wonder what this ferocious-looking monstrosity might do when left alone +in such close proximity to such a relatively tender morsel of meat; but +my fears were groundless, as the beast, after surveying me intently for +a moment, crossed the room to the only exit which led to the street, +and lay down full length across the threshold. + +This was my first experience with a Martian watch dog, but it was +destined not to be my last, for this fellow guarded me carefully during +the time I remained a captive among these green men; twice saving my +life, and never voluntarily being away from me a moment. + +While Sola was away I took occasion to examine more minutely the room +in which I found myself captive. The mural painting depicted scenes of +rare and wonderful beauty; mountains, rivers, lake, ocean, meadow, +trees and flowers, winding roadways, sun-kissed gardens—scenes which +might have portrayed earthly views but for the different colorings of +the vegetation. The work had evidently been wrought by a master hand, +so subtle the atmosphere, so perfect the technique; yet nowhere was +there a representation of a living animal, either human or brute, by +which I could guess at the likeness of these other and perhaps extinct +denizens of Mars. + +While I was allowing my fancy to run riot in wild conjecture on the +possible explanation of the strange anomalies which I had so far met +with on Mars, Sola returned bearing both food and drink. These she +placed on the floor beside me, and seating herself a short ways off +regarded me intently. The food consisted of about a pound of some solid +substance of the consistency of cheese and almost tasteless, while the +liquid was apparently milk from some animal. It was not unpleasant to +the taste, though slightly acid, and I learned in a short time to prize +it very highly. It came, as I later discovered, not from an animal, as +there is only one mammal on Mars and that one very rare indeed, but +from a large plant which grows practically without water, but seems to +distill its plentiful supply of milk from the products of the soil, the +moisture of the air, and the rays of the sun. A single plant of this +species will give eight or ten quarts of milk per day. + +After I had eaten I was greatly invigorated, but feeling the need of +rest I stretched out upon the silks and was soon asleep. I must have +slept several hours, as it was dark when I awoke, and I was very cold. +I noticed that someone had thrown a fur over me, but it had become +partially dislodged and in the darkness I could not see to replace it. +Suddenly a hand reached out and pulled the fur over me, shortly +afterwards adding another to my covering. + +I presumed that my watchful guardian was Sola, nor was I wrong. This +girl alone, among all the green Martians with whom I came in contact, +disclosed characteristics of sympathy, kindliness, and affection; her +ministrations to my bodily wants were unfailing, and her solicitous +care saved me from much suffering and many hardships. + +As I was to learn, the Martian nights are extremely cold, and as there +is practically no twilight or dawn, the changes in temperature are +sudden and most uncomfortable, as are the transitions from brilliant +daylight to darkness. The nights are either brilliantly illumined or +very dark, for if neither of the two moons of Mars happen to be in the +sky almost total darkness results, since the lack of atmosphere, or, +rather, the very thin atmosphere, fails to diffuse the starlight to any +great extent; on the other hand, if both of the moons are in the +heavens at night the surface of the ground is brightly illuminated. + +Both of Mars’ moons are vastly nearer her than is our moon to Earth; +the nearer moon being but about five thousand miles distant, while the +further is but little more than fourteen thousand miles away, against +the nearly one-quarter million miles which separate us from our moon. +The nearer moon of Mars makes a complete revolution around the planet +in a little over seven and one-half hours, so that she may be seen +hurtling through the sky like some huge meteor two or three times each +night, revealing all her phases during each transit of the heavens. + +The further moon revolves about Mars in something over thirty and +one-quarter hours, and with her sister satellite makes a nocturnal +Martian scene one of splendid and weird grandeur. And it is well that +nature has so graciously and abundantly lighted the Martian night, for +the green men of Mars, being a nomadic race without high intellectual +development, have but crude means for artificial lighting; depending +principally upon torches, a kind of candle, and a peculiar oil lamp +which generates a gas and burns without a wick. + +This last device produces an intensely brilliant far-reaching white +light, but as the natural oil which it requires can only be obtained by +mining in one of several widely separated and remote localities it is +seldom used by these creatures whose only thought is for today, and +whose hatred for manual labor has kept them in a semi-barbaric state +for countless ages. + +After Sola had replenished my coverings I again slept, nor did I awaken +until daylight. The other occupants of the room, five in number, were +all females, and they were still sleeping, piled high with a motley +array of silks and furs. Across the threshold lay stretched the +sleepless guardian brute, just as I had last seen him on the preceding +day; apparently he had not moved a muscle; his eyes were fairly glued +upon me, and I fell to wondering just what might befall me should I +endeavor to escape. + +I have ever been prone to seek adventure and to investigate and +experiment where wiser men would have left well enough alone. It +therefore now occurred to me that the surest way of learning the exact +attitude of this beast toward me would be to attempt to leave the room. +I felt fairly secure in my belief that I could escape him should he +pursue me once I was outside the building, for I had begun to take +great pride in my ability as a jumper. Furthermore, I could see from +the shortness of his legs that the brute himself was no jumper and +probably no runner. + +Slowly and carefully, therefore, I gained my feet, only to see that my +watcher did the same; cautiously I advanced toward him, finding that by +moving with a shuffling gait I could retain my balance as well as make +reasonably rapid progress. As I neared the brute he backed cautiously +away from me, and when I had reached the open he moved to one side to +let me pass. He then fell in behind me and followed about ten paces in +my rear as I made my way along the deserted street. + +Evidently his mission was to protect me only, I thought, but when we +reached the edge of the city he suddenly sprang before me, uttering +strange sounds and baring his ugly and ferocious tusks. Thinking to +have some amusement at his expense, I rushed toward him, and when +almost upon him sprang into the air, alighting far beyond him and away +from the city. He wheeled instantly and charged me with the most +appalling speed I had ever beheld. I had thought his short legs a bar +to swiftness, but had he been coursing with greyhounds the latter would +have appeared as though asleep on a door mat. As I was to learn, this +is the fleetest animal on Mars, and owing to its intelligence, loyalty, +and ferocity is used in hunting, in war, and as the protector of the +Martian man. + +I quickly saw that I would have difficulty in escaping the fangs of the +beast on a straightaway course, and so I met his charge by doubling in +my tracks and leaping over him as he was almost upon me. This maneuver +gave me a considerable advantage, and I was able to reach the city +quite a bit ahead of him, and as he came tearing after me I jumped for +a window about thirty feet from the ground in the face of one of the +buildings overlooking the valley. + +Grasping the sill I pulled myself up to a sitting posture without +looking into the building, and gazed down at the baffled animal beneath +me. My exultation was short-lived, however, for scarcely had I gained a +secure seat upon the sill than a huge hand grasped me by the neck from +behind and dragged me violently into the room. Here I was thrown upon +my back, and beheld standing over me a colossal ape-like creature, +white and hairless except for an enormous shock of bristly hair upon +its head. + + + + +CHAPTER VI +A FIGHT THAT WON FRIENDS + + +The thing, which more nearly resembled our earthly men than it did the +Martians I had seen, held me pinioned to the ground with one huge foot, +while it jabbered and gesticulated at some answering creature behind +me. This other, which was evidently its mate, soon came toward us, +bearing a mighty stone cudgel with which it evidently intended to brain +me. + +The creatures were about ten or fifteen feet tall, standing erect, and +had, like the green Martians, an intermediary set of arms or legs, +midway between their upper and lower limbs. Their eyes were close +together and non-protruding; their ears were high set, but more +laterally located than those of the Martians, while their snouts and +teeth were strikingly like those of our African gorilla. Altogether +they were not unlovely when viewed in comparison with the green +Martians. + +The cudgel was swinging in the arc which ended upon my upturned face +when a bolt of myriad-legged horror hurled itself through the doorway +full upon the breast of my executioner. With a shriek of fear the ape +which held me leaped through the open window, but its mate closed in a +terrific death struggle with my preserver, which was nothing less than +my faithful watch-thing; I cannot bring myself to call so hideous a +creature a dog. + +As quickly as possible I gained my feet and backing against the wall I +witnessed such a battle as it is vouchsafed few beings to see. The +strength, agility, and blind ferocity of these two creatures is +approached by nothing known to earthly man. My beast had an advantage +in his first hold, having sunk his mighty fangs far into the breast of +his adversary; but the great arms and paws of the ape, backed by +muscles far transcending those of the Martian men I had seen, had +locked the throat of my guardian and slowly were choking out his life, +and bending back his head and neck upon his body, where I momentarily +expected the former to fall limp at the end of a broken neck. + +In accomplishing this the ape was tearing away the entire front of its +breast, which was held in the vise-like grip of the powerful jaws. Back +and forth upon the floor they rolled, neither one emitting a sound of +fear or pain. Presently I saw the great eyes of my beast bulging +completely from their sockets and blood flowing from its nostrils. That +he was weakening perceptibly was evident, but so also was the ape, +whose struggles were growing momentarily less. + +Suddenly I came to myself and, with that strange instinct which seems +ever to prompt me to my duty, I seized the cudgel, which had fallen to +the floor at the commencement of the battle, and swinging it with all +the power of my earthly arms I crashed it full upon the head of the +ape, crushing his skull as though it had been an eggshell. + +Scarcely had the blow descended when I was confronted with a new +danger. The ape’s mate, recovered from its first shock of terror, had +returned to the scene of the encounter by way of the interior of the +building. I glimpsed him just before he reached the doorway and the +sight of him, now roaring as he perceived his lifeless fellow stretched +upon the floor, and frothing at the mouth, in the extremity of his +rage, filled me, I must confess, with dire forebodings. + +I am ever willing to stand and fight when the odds are not too +overwhelmingly against me, but in this instance I perceived neither +glory nor profit in pitting my relatively puny strength against the +iron muscles and brutal ferocity of this enraged denizen of an unknown +world; in fact, the only outcome of such an encounter, so far as I +might be concerned, seemed sudden death. + +I was standing near the window and I knew that once in the street I +might gain the plaza and safety before the creature could overtake me; +at least there was a chance for safety in flight, against almost +certain death should I remain and fight however desperately. + +It is true I held the cudgel, but what could I do with it against his +four great arms Even should I break one of them with my first blow, +for I figured that he would attempt to ward off the cudgel, he could +reach out and annihilate me with the others before I could recover for +a second attack. + +In the instant that these thoughts passed through my mind I had turned +to make for the window, but my eyes alighting on the form of my +erstwhile guardian threw all thoughts of flight to the four winds. He +lay gasping upon the floor of the chamber, his great eyes fastened upon +me in what seemed a pitiful appeal for protection. I could not +withstand that look, nor could I, on second thought, have deserted my +rescuer without giving as good an account of myself in his behalf as he +had in mine. + +Without more ado, therefore, I turned to meet the charge of the +infuriated bull ape. He was now too close upon me for the cudgel to +prove of any effective assistance, so I merely threw it as heavily as I +could at his advancing bulk. It struck him just below the knees, +eliciting a howl of pain and rage, and so throwing him off his balance +that he lunged full upon me with arms wide stretched to ease his fall. + +Again, as on the preceding day, I had recourse to earthly tactics, and +swinging my right fist full upon the point of his chin I followed it +with a smashing left to the pit of his stomach. The effect was +marvelous, for, as I lightly sidestepped, after delivering the second +blow, he reeled and fell upon the floor doubled up with pain and +gasping for wind. Leaping over his prostrate body, I seized the cudgel +and finished the monster before he could regain his feet. + +As I delivered the blow a low laugh rang out behind me, and, turning, I +beheld Tars Tarkas, Sola, and three or four warriors standing in the +doorway of the chamber. As my eyes met theirs I was, for the second +time, the recipient of their zealously guarded applause. + +My absence had been noted by Sola on her awakening, and she had quickly +informed Tars Tarkas, who had set out immediately with a handful of +warriors to search for me. As they had approached the limits of the +city they had witnessed the actions of the bull ape as he bolted into +the building, frothing with rage. + +They had followed immediately behind him, thinking it barely possible +that his actions might prove a clew to my whereabouts and had witnessed +my short but decisive battle with him. This encounter, together with my +set-to with the Martian warrior on the previous day and my feats of +jumping placed me upon a high pinnacle in their regard. Evidently +devoid of all the finer sentiments of friendship, love, or affection, +these people fairly worship physical prowess and bravery, and nothing +is too good for the object of their adoration as long as he maintains +his position by repeated examples of his skill, strength, and courage. + +Sola, who had accompanied the searching party of her own volition, was +the only one of the Martians whose face had not been twisted in +laughter as I battled for my life. She, on the contrary, was sober with +apparent solicitude and, as soon as I had finished the monster, rushed +to me and carefully examined my body for possible wounds or injuries. +Satisfying herself that I had come off unscathed she smiled quietly, +and, taking my hand, started toward the door of the chamber. + +Tars Tarkas and the other warriors had entered and were standing over +the now rapidly reviving brute which had saved my life, and whose life +I, in turn, had rescued. They seemed to be deep in argument, and +finally one of them addressed me, but remembering my ignorance of his +language turned back to Tars Tarkas, who, with a word and gesture, gave +some command to the fellow and turned to follow us from the room. + +There seemed something menacing in their attitude toward my beast, and +I hesitated to leave until I had learned the outcome. It was well I did +so, for the warrior drew an evil looking pistol from its holster and +was on the point of putting an end to the creature when I sprang +forward and struck up his arm. The bullet striking the wooden casing of +the window exploded, blowing a hole completely through the wood and +masonry. + +I then knelt down beside the fearsome-looking thing, and raising it to +its feet motioned for it to follow me. The looks of surprise which my +actions elicited from the Martians were ludicrous; they could not +understand, except in a feeble and childish way, such attributes as +gratitude and compassion. The warrior whose gun I had struck up looked +enquiringly at Tars Tarkas, but the latter signed that I be left to my +own devices, and so we returned to the plaza with my great beast +following close at heel, and Sola grasping me tightly by the arm. + +I had at least two friends on Mars; a young woman who watched over me +with motherly solicitude, and a dumb brute which, as I later came to +know, held in its poor ugly carcass more love, more loyalty, more +gratitude than could have been found in the entire five million green +Martians who rove the deserted cities and dead sea bottoms of Mars. + + + + +CHAPTER VII +CHILD-RAISING ON MARS + + +After a breakfast, which was an exact replica of the meal of the +preceding day and an index of practically every meal which followed +while I was with the green men of Mars, Sola escorted me to the plaza, +where I found the entire community engaged in watching or helping at +the harnessing of huge mastodonian animals to great three-wheeled +chariots. There were about two hundred and fifty of these vehicles, +each drawn by a single animal, any one of which, from their appearance, +might easily have drawn the entire wagon train when fully loaded. + +The chariots themselves were large, commodious, and gorgeously +decorated. In each was seated a female Martian loaded with ornaments of +metal, with jewels and silks and furs, and upon the back of each of the +beasts which drew the chariots was perched a young Martian driver. Like +the animals upon which the warriors were mounted, the heavier draft +animals wore neither bit nor bridle, but were guided entirely by +telepathic means. + +This power is wonderfully developed in all Martians, and accounts +largely for the simplicity of their language and the relatively few +spoken words exchanged even in long conversations. It is the universal +language of Mars, through the medium of which the higher and lower +animals of this world of paradoxes are able to communicate to a greater +or less extent, depending upon the intellectual sphere of the species +and the development of the individual. + +As the cavalcade took up the line of march in single file, Sola dragged +me into an empty chariot and we proceeded with the procession toward +the point by which I had entered the city the day before. At the head +of the caravan rode some two hundred warriors, five abreast, and a like +number brought up the rear, while twenty-five or thirty outriders +flanked us on either side. + +Every one but myself—men, women, and children—were heavily armed, and +at the tail of each chariot trotted a Martian hound, my own beast +following closely behind ours; in fact, the faithful creature never +left me voluntarily during the entire ten years I spent on Mars. Our +way led out across the little valley before the city, through the +hills, and down into the dead sea bottom which I had traversed on my +journey from the incubator to the plaza. The incubator, as it proved, +was the terminal point of our journey this day, and, as the entire +cavalcade broke into a mad gallop as soon as we reached the level +expanse of sea bottom, we were soon within sight of our goal. + +On reaching it the chariots were parked with military precision on the +four sides of the enclosure, and half a score of warriors, headed by +the enormous chieftain, and including Tars Tarkas and several other +lesser chiefs, dismounted and advanced toward it. I could see Tars +Tarkas explaining something to the principal chieftain, whose name, by +the way, was, as nearly as I can translate it into English, Lorquas +Ptomel, Jed; jed being his title. + +I was soon appraised of the subject of their conversation, as, calling +to Sola, Tars Tarkas signed for her to send me to him. I had by this +time mastered the intricacies of walking under Martian conditions, and +quickly responding to his command I advanced to the side of the +incubator where the warriors stood. + +As I reached their side a glance showed me that all but a very few eggs +had hatched, the incubator being fairly alive with the hideous little +devils. They ranged in height from three to four feet, and were moving +restlessly about the enclosure as though searching for food. + +As I came to a halt before him, Tars Tarkas pointed over the incubator +and said, “Sak.” I saw that he wanted me to repeat my performance of +yesterday for the edification of Lorquas Ptomel, and, as I must confess +that my prowess gave me no little satisfaction, I responded quickly, +leaping entirely over the parked chariots on the far side of the +incubator. As I returned, Lorquas Ptomel grunted something at me, and +turning to his warriors gave a few words of command relative to the +incubator. They paid no further attention to me and I was thus +permitted to remain close and watch their operations, which consisted +in breaking an opening in the wall of the incubator large enough to +permit of the exit of the young Martians. + +On either side of this opening the women and the younger Martians, both +male and female, formed two solid walls leading out through the +chariots and quite away into the plain beyond. Between these walls the +little Martians scampered, wild as deer; being permitted to run the +full length of the aisle, where they were captured one at a time by the +women and older children; the last in the line capturing the first +little one to reach the end of the gauntlet, her opposite in the line +capturing the second, and so on until all the little fellows had left +the enclosure and been appropriated by some youth or female. As the +women caught the young they fell out of line and returned to their +respective chariots, while those who fell into the hands of the young +men were later turned over to some of the women. + +I saw that the ceremony, if it could be dignified by such a name, was +over, and seeking out Sola I found her in our chariot with a hideous +little creature held tightly in her arms. + +The work of rearing young, green Martians consists solely in teaching +them to talk, and to use the weapons of warfare with which they are +loaded down from the very first year of their lives. Coming from eggs +in which they have lain for five years, the period of incubation, they +step forth into the world perfectly developed except in size. Entirely +unknown to their mothers, who, in turn, would have difficulty in +pointing out the fathers with any degree of accuracy, they are the +common children of the community, and their education devolves upon the +females who chance to capture them as they leave the incubator. + +Their foster mothers may not even have had an egg in the incubator, as +was the case with Sola, who had not commenced to lay, until less than a +year before she became the mother of another woman’s offspring. But +this counts for little among the green Martians, as parental and filial +love is as unknown to them as it is common among us. I believe this +horrible system which has been carried on for ages is the direct cause +of the loss of all the finer feelings and higher humanitarian instincts +among these poor creatures. From birth they know no father or mother +love, they know not the meaning of the word home; they are taught that +they are only suffered to live until they can demonstrate by their +physique and ferocity that they are fit to live. Should they prove +deformed or defective in any way they are promptly shot; nor do they +see a tear shed for a single one of the many cruel hardships they pass +through from earliest infancy. + +I do not mean that the adult Martians are unnecessarily or +intentionally cruel to the young, but theirs is a hard and pitiless +struggle for existence upon a dying planet, the natural resources of +which have dwindled to a point where the support of each additional +life means an added tax upon the community into which it is thrown. + +By careful selection they rear only the hardiest specimens of each +species, and with almost supernatural foresight they regulate the birth +rate to merely offset the loss by death. + +Each adult Martian female brings forth about thirteen eggs each year, +and those which meet the size, weight, and specific gravity tests are +hidden in the recesses of some subterranean vault where the temperature +is too low for incubation. Every year these eggs are carefully examined +by a council of twenty chieftains, and all but about one hundred of the +most perfect are destroyed out of each yearly supply. At the end of +five years about five hundred almost perfect eggs have been chosen from +the thousands brought forth. These are then placed in the almost +air-tight incubators to be hatched by the sun’s rays after a period of +another five years. The hatching which we had witnessed today was a +fairly representative event of its kind, all but about one per cent of +the eggs hatching in two days. If the remaining eggs ever hatched we +knew nothing of the fate of the little Martians. They were not wanted, +as their offspring might inherit and transmit the tendency to prolonged +incubation, and thus upset the system which has maintained for ages and +which permits the adult Martians to figure the proper time for return +to the incubators, almost to an hour. + +The incubators are built in remote fastnesses, where there is little or +no likelihood of their being discovered by other tribes. The result of +such a catastrophe would mean no children in the community for another +five years. I was later to witness the results of the discovery of an +alien incubator. + +The community of which the green Martians with whom my lot was cast +formed a part was composed of some thirty thousand souls. They roamed +an enormous tract of arid and semi-arid land between forty and eighty +degrees south latitude, and bounded on the east and west by two large +fertile tracts. Their headquarters lay in the southwest corner of this +district, near the crossing of two of the so-called Martian canals. + +As the incubator had been placed far north of their own territory in a +supposedly uninhabited and unfrequented area, we had before us a +tremendous journey, concerning which I, of course, knew nothing. + +After our return to the dead city I passed several days in comparative +idleness. On the day following our return all the warriors had ridden +forth early in the morning and had not returned until just before +darkness fell. As I later learned, they had been to the subterranean +vaults in which the eggs were kept and had transported them to the +incubator, which they had then walled up for another five years, and +which, in all probability, would not be visited again during that +period. + +The vaults which hid the eggs until they were ready for the incubator +were located many miles south of the incubator, and would be visited +yearly by the council of twenty chieftains. Why they did not arrange to +build their vaults and incubators nearer home has always been a mystery +to me, and, like many other Martian mysteries, unsolved and unsolvable +by earthly reasoning and customs. + +Sola’s duties were now doubled, as she was compelled to care for the +young Martian as well as for me, but neither one of us required much +attention, and as we were both about equally advanced in Martian +education, Sola took it upon herself to train us together. + +Her prize consisted in a male about four feet tall, very strong and +physically perfect; also, he learned quickly, and we had considerable +amusement, at least I did, over the keen rivalry we displayed. The +Martian language, as I have said, is extremely simple, and in a week I +could make all my wants known and understand nearly everything that was +said to me. Likewise, under Sola’s tutelage, I developed my telepathic +powers so that I shortly could sense practically everything that went +on around me. + +What surprised Sola most in me was that while I could catch telepathic +messages easily from others, and often when they were not intended for +me, no one could read a jot from my mind under any circumstances. At +first this vexed me, but later I was very glad of it, as it gave me an +undoubted advantage over the Martians. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII +A FAIR CAPTIVE FROM THE SKY + + +The third day after the incubator ceremony we set forth toward home, +but scarcely had the head of the procession debouched into the open +ground before the city than orders were given for an immediate and +hasty return. As though trained for years in this particular evolution, +the green Martians melted like mist into the spacious doorways of the +nearby buildings, until, in less than three minutes, the entire +cavalcade of chariots, mastodons and mounted warriors was nowhere to be +seen. + +Sola and I had entered a building upon the front of the city, in fact, +the same one in which I had had my encounter with the apes, and, +wishing to see what had caused the sudden retreat, I mounted to an +upper floor and peered from the window out over the valley and the +hills beyond; and there I saw the cause of their sudden scurrying to +cover. A huge craft, long, low, and gray-painted, swung slowly over the +crest of the nearest hill. Following it came another, and another, and +another, until twenty of them, swinging low above the ground, sailed +slowly and majestically toward us. + +Each carried a strange banner swung from stem to stern above the upper +works, and upon the prow of each was painted some odd device that +gleamed in the sunlight and showed plainly even at the distance at +which we were from the vessels. I could see figures crowding the +forward decks and upper works of the air craft. Whether they had +discovered us or simply were looking at the deserted city I could not +say, but in any event they received a rude reception, for suddenly and +without warning the green Martian warriors fired a terrific volley from +the windows of the buildings facing the little valley across which the +great ships were so peacefully advancing. + +Instantly the scene changed as by magic; the foremost vessel swung +broadside toward us, and bringing her guns into play returned our fire, +at the same time moving parallel to our front for a short distance and +then turning back with the evident intention of completing a great +circle which would bring her up to position once more opposite our +firing line; the other vessels followed in her wake, each one opening +upon us as she swung into position. Our own fire never diminished, and +I doubt if twenty-five per cent of our shots went wild. It had never +been given me to see such deadly accuracy of aim, and it seemed as +though a little figure on one of the craft dropped at the explosion of +each bullet, while the banners and upper works dissolved in spurts of +flame as the irresistible projectiles of our warriors mowed through +them. + +The fire from the vessels was most ineffectual, owing, as I afterward +learned, to the unexpected suddenness of the first volley, which caught +the ship’s crews entirely unprepared and the sighting apparatus of the +guns unprotected from the deadly aim of our warriors. + +It seems that each green warrior has certain objective points for his +fire under relatively identical circumstances of warfare. For example, +a proportion of them, always the best marksmen, direct their fire +entirely upon the wireless finding and sighting apparatus of the big +guns of an attacking naval force; another detail attends to the smaller +guns in the same way; others pick off the gunners; still others the +officers; while certain other quotas concentrate their attention upon +the other members of the crew, upon the upper works, and upon the +steering gear and propellers. + +Twenty minutes after the first volley the great fleet swung trailing +off in the direction from which it had first appeared. Several of the +craft were limping perceptibly, and seemed but barely under the control +of their depleted crews. Their fire had ceased entirely and all their +energies seemed focused upon escape. Our warriors then rushed up to the +roofs of the buildings which we occupied and followed the retreating +armada with a continuous fusillade of deadly fire. + +One by one, however, the ships managed to dip below the crests of the +outlying hills until only one barely moving craft was in sight. This +had received the brunt of our fire and seemed to be entirely unmanned, +as not a moving figure was visible upon her decks. Slowly she swung +from her course, circling back toward us in an erratic and pitiful +manner. Instantly the warriors ceased firing, for it was quite apparent +that the vessel was entirely helpless, and, far from being in a +position to inflict harm upon us, she could not even control herself +sufficiently to escape. + +As she neared the city the warriors rushed out upon the plain to meet +her, but it was evident that she still was too high for them to hope to +reach her decks. From my vantage point in the window I could see the +bodies of her crew strewn about, although I could not make out what +manner of creatures they might be. Not a sign of life was manifest upon +her as she drifted slowly with the light breeze in a southeasterly +direction. + +She was drifting some fifty feet above the ground, followed by all but +some hundred of the warriors who had been ordered back to the roofs to +cover the possibility of a return of the fleet, or of reinforcements. +It soon became evident that she would strike the face of the buildings +about a mile south of our position, and as I watched the progress of +the chase I saw a number of warriors gallop ahead, dismount and enter +the building she seemed destined to touch. + +As the craft neared the building, and just before she struck, the +Martian warriors swarmed upon her from the windows, and with their +great spears eased the shock of the collision, and in a few moments +they had thrown out grappling hooks and the big boat was being hauled +to ground by their fellows below. + +After making her fast, they swarmed the sides and searched the vessel +from stem to stern. I could see them examining the dead sailors, +evidently for signs of life, and presently a party of them appeared +from below dragging a little figure among them. The creature was +considerably less than half as tall as the green Martian warriors, and +from my balcony I could see that it walked erect upon two legs and +surmised that it was some new and strange Martian monstrosity with +which I had not as yet become acquainted. + +They removed their prisoner to the ground and then commenced a +systematic rifling of the vessel. This operation required several +hours, during which time a number of the chariots were requisitioned to +transport the loot, which consisted in arms, ammunition, silks, furs, +jewels, strangely carved stone vessels, and a quantity of solid foods +and liquids, including many casks of water, the first I had seen since +my advent upon Mars. + +After the last load had been removed the warriors made lines fast to +the craft and towed her far out into the valley in a southwesterly +direction. A few of them then boarded her and were busily engaged in +what appeared, from my distant position, as the emptying of the +contents of various carboys upon the dead bodies of the sailors and +over the decks and works of the vessel. + +This operation concluded, they hastily clambered over her sides, +sliding down the guy ropes to the ground. The last warrior to leave the +deck turned and threw something back upon the vessel, waiting an +instant to note the outcome of his act. As a faint spurt of flame rose +from the point where the missile struck he swung over the side and was +quickly upon the ground. Scarcely had he alighted than the guy ropes +were simultaneously released, and the great warship, lightened by the +removal of the loot, soared majestically into the air, her decks and +upper works a mass of roaring flames. + +Slowly she drifted to the southeast, rising higher and higher as the +flames ate away her wooden parts and diminished the weight upon her. +Ascending to the roof of the building I watched her for hours, until +finally she was lost in the dim vistas of the distance. The sight was +awe-inspiring in the extreme as one contemplated this mighty floating +funeral pyre, drifting unguided and unmanned through the lonely wastes +of the Martian heavens; a derelict of death and destruction, typifying +the life story of these strange and ferocious creatures into whose +unfriendly hands fate had carried it. + +Much depressed, and, to me, unaccountably so, I slowly descended to the +street. The scene I had witnessed seemed to mark the defeat and +annihilation of the forces of a kindred people, rather than the routing +by our green warriors of a horde of similar, though unfriendly, +creatures. I could not fathom the seeming hallucination, nor could I +free myself from it; but somewhere in the innermost recesses of my soul +I felt a strange yearning toward these unknown foemen, and a mighty +hope surged through me that the fleet would return and demand a +reckoning from the green warriors who had so ruthlessly and wantonly +attacked it. + +Close at my heel, in his now accustomed place, followed Woola, the +hound, and as I emerged upon the street Sola rushed up to me as though +I had been the object of some search on her part. The cavalcade was +returning to the plaza, the homeward march having been given up for +that day; nor, in fact, was it recommenced for more than a week, owing +to the fear of a return attack by the air craft. + +Lorquas Ptomel was too astute an old warrior to be caught upon the open +plains with a caravan of chariots and children, and so we remained at +the deserted city until the danger seemed passed. + +As Sola and I entered the plaza a sight met my eyes which filled my +whole being with a great surge of mingled hope, fear, exultation, and +depression, and yet most dominant was a subtle sense of relief and +happiness; for just as we neared the throng of Martians I caught a +glimpse of the prisoner from the battle craft who was being roughly +dragged into a nearby building by a couple of green Martian females. + +And the sight which met my eyes was that of a slender, girlish figure, +similar in every detail to the earthly women of my past life. She did +not see me at first, but just as she was disappearing through the +portal of the building which was to be her prison she turned, and her +eyes met mine. Her face was oval and beautiful in the extreme, her +every feature was finely chiseled and exquisite, her eyes large and +lustrous and her head surmounted by a mass of coal black, waving hair, +caught loosely into a strange yet becoming coiffure. Her skin was of a +light reddish copper color, against which the crimson glow of her +cheeks and the ruby of her beautifully molded lips shone with a +strangely enhancing effect. + +She was as destitute of clothes as the green Martians who accompanied +her; indeed, save for her highly wrought ornaments she was entirely +naked, nor could any apparel have enhanced the beauty of her perfect +and symmetrical figure. + +As her gaze rested on me her eyes opened wide in astonishment, and she +made a little sign with her free hand; a sign which I did not, of +course, understand. Just a moment we gazed upon each other, and then +the look of hope and renewed courage which had glorified her face as +she discovered me, faded into one of utter dejection, mingled with +loathing and contempt. I realized I had not answered her signal, and +ignorant as I was of Martian customs, I intuitively felt that she had +made an appeal for succor and protection which my unfortunate ignorance +had prevented me from answering. And then she was dragged out of my +sight into the depths of the deserted edifice. + + + + +CHAPTER IX +I LEARN THE LANGUAGE + + +As I came back to myself I glanced at Sola, who had witnessed this +encounter and I was surprised to note a strange expression upon her +usually expressionless countenance. What her thoughts were I did not +know, for as yet I had learned but little of the Martian tongue; enough +only to suffice for my daily needs. + +As I reached the doorway of our building a strange surprise awaited me. +A warrior approached bearing the arms, ornaments, and full +accouterments of his kind. These he presented to me with a few +unintelligible words, and a bearing at once respectful and menacing. + +Later, Sola, with the aid of several of the other women, remodeled the +trappings to fit my lesser proportions, and after they completed the +work I went about garbed in all the panoply of war. + +From then on Sola instructed me in the mysteries of the various +weapons, and with the Martian young I spent several hours each day +practicing upon the plaza. I was not yet proficient with all the +weapons, but my great familiarity with similar earthly weapons made me +an unusually apt pupil, and I progressed in a very satisfactory manner. + +The training of myself and the young Martians was conducted solely by +the women, who not only attend to the education of the young in the +arts of individual defense and offense, but are also the artisans who +produce every manufactured article wrought by the green Martians. They +make the powder, the cartridges, the firearms; in fact everything of +value is produced by the females. In time of actual warfare they form a +part of the reserves, and when the necessity arises fight with even +greater intelligence and ferocity than the men. + +The men are trained in the higher branches of the art of war; in +strategy and the maneuvering of large bodies of troops. They make the +laws as they are needed; a new law for each emergency. They are +unfettered by precedent in the administration of justice. Customs have +been handed down by ages of repetition, but the punishment for ignoring +a custom is a matter for individual treatment by a jury of the +culprit’s peers, and I may say that justice seldom misses fire, but +seems rather to rule in inverse ratio to the ascendency of law. In one +respect at least the Martians are a happy people; they have no lawyers. + +I did not see the prisoner again for several days subsequent to our +first encounter, and then only to catch a fleeting glimpse of her as +she was being conducted to the great audience chamber where I had had +my first meeting with Lorquas Ptomel. I could not but note the +unnecessary harshness and brutality with which her guards treated her; +so different from the almost maternal kindliness which Sola manifested +toward me, and the respectful attitude of the few green Martians who +took the trouble to notice me at all. + +I had observed on the two occasions when I had seen her that the +prisoner exchanged words with her guards, and this convinced me that +they spoke, or at least could make themselves understood by a common +language. With this added incentive I nearly drove Sola distracted by +my importunities to hasten on my education and within a few more days I +had mastered the Martian tongue sufficiently well to enable me to carry +on a passable conversation and to fully understand practically all that +I heard. + +At this time our sleeping quarters were occupied by three or four +females and a couple of the recently hatched young, beside Sola and her +youthful ward, myself, and Woola the hound. After they had retired for +the night it was customary for the adults to carry on a desultory +conversation for a short time before lapsing into sleep, and now that I +could understand their language I was always a keen listener, although +I never proffered any remarks myself. + +On the night following the prisoner’s visit to the audience chamber the +conversation finally fell upon this subject, and I was all ears on the +instant. I had feared to question Sola relative to the beautiful +captive, as I could not but recall the strange expression I had noted +upon her face after my first encounter with the prisoner. That it +denoted jealousy I could not say, and yet, judging all things by +mundane standards as I still did, I felt it safer to affect +indifference in the matter until I learned more surely Sola’s attitude +toward the object of my solicitude. + +Sarkoja, one of the older women who shared our domicile, had been +present at the audience as one of the captive’s guards, and it was +toward her the question turned. + +“When,” asked one of the women, “will we enjoy the death throes of the +red one or does Lorquas Ptomel, Jed, intend holding her for ransom” + +“They have decided to carry her with us back to Thark, and exhibit her +last agonies at the great games before Tal Hajus,” replied Sarkoja. + +“What will be the manner of her going out” inquired Sola. “She is very +small and very beautiful; I had hoped that they would hold her for +ransom.” + +Sarkoja and the other women grunted angrily at this evidence of +weakness on the part of Sola. + +“It is sad, Sola, that you were not born a million years ago,” snapped +Sarkoja, “when all the hollows of the land were filled with water, and +the peoples were as soft as the stuff they sailed upon. In our day we +have progressed to a point where such sentiments mark weakness and +atavism. It will not be well for you to permit Tars Tarkas to learn +that you hold such degenerate sentiments, as I doubt that he would care +to entrust such as you with the grave responsibilities of maternity.” + +“I see nothing wrong with my expression of interest in this red woman,” +retorted Sola. “She has never harmed us, nor would she should we have +fallen into her hands. It is only the men of her kind who war upon us, +and I have ever thought that their attitude toward us is but the +reflection of ours toward them. They live at peace with all their +fellows, except when duty calls upon them to make war, while we are at +peace with none; forever warring among our own kind as well as upon the +red men, and even in our own communities the individuals fight amongst +themselves. Oh, it is one continual, awful period of bloodshed from the +time we break the shell until we gladly embrace the bosom of the river +of mystery, the dark and ancient Iss which carries us to an unknown, +but at least no more frightful and terrible existence! Fortunate indeed +is he who meets his end in an early death. Say what you please to Tars +Tarkas, he can mete out no worse fate to me than a continuation of the +horrible existence we are forced to lead in this life.” + +This wild outbreak on the part of Sola so greatly surprised and shocked +the other women, that, after a few words of general reprimand, they all +lapsed into silence and were soon asleep. One thing the episode had +accomplished was to assure me of Sola’s friendliness toward the poor +girl, and also to convince me that I had been extremely fortunate in +falling into her hands rather than those of some of the other females. +I knew that she was fond of me, and now that I had discovered that she +hated cruelty and barbarity I was confident that I could depend upon +her to aid me and the girl captive to escape, provided of course that +such a thing was within the range of possibilities. + +I did not even know that there were any better conditions to escape to, +but I was more than willing to take my chances among people fashioned +after my own mold rather than to remain longer among the hideous and +bloodthirsty green men of Mars. But where to go, and how, was as much +of a puzzle to me as the age-old search for the spring of eternal life +has been to earthly men since the beginning of time. + +I decided that at the first opportunity I would take Sola into my +confidence and openly ask her to aid me, and with this resolution +strong upon me I turned among my silks and furs and slept the dreamless +and refreshing sleep of Mars. + + + + +CHAPTER X +CHAMPION AND CHIEF + + +Early the next morning I was astir. Considerable freedom was allowed +me, as Sola had informed me that so long as I did not attempt to leave +the city I was free to go and come as I pleased. She had warned me, +however, against venturing forth unarmed, as this city, like all other +deserted metropolises of an ancient Martian civilization, was peopled +by the great white apes of my second day’s adventure. + +In advising me that I must not leave the boundaries of the city Sola +had explained that Woola would prevent this anyway should I attempt it, +and she warned me most urgently not to arouse his fierce nature by +ignoring his warnings should I venture too close to the forbidden +territory. His nature was such, she said, that he would bring me back +into the city dead or alive should I persist in opposing him; +“preferably dead,” she added. + +On this morning I had chosen a new street to explore when suddenly I +found myself at the limits of the city. Before me were low hills +pierced by narrow and inviting ravines. I longed to explore the country +before me, and, like the pioneer stock from which I sprang, to view +what the landscape beyond the encircling hills might disclose from the +summits which shut out my view. + +It also occurred to me that this would prove an excellent opportunity +to test the qualities of Woola. I was convinced that the brute loved +me; I had seen more evidences of affection in him than in any other +Martian animal, man or beast, and I was sure that gratitude for the +acts that had twice saved his life would more than outweigh his loyalty +to the duty imposed upon him by cruel and loveless masters. + +As I approached the boundary line Woola ran anxiously before me, and +thrust his body against my legs. His expression was pleading rather +than ferocious, nor did he bare his great tusks or utter his fearful +guttural warnings. Denied the friendship and companionship of my kind, +I had developed considerable affection for Woola and Sola, for the +normal earthly man must have some outlet for his natural affections, +and so I decided upon an appeal to a like instinct in this great brute, +sure that I would not be disappointed. + +I had never petted nor fondled him, but now I sat upon the ground and +putting my arms around his heavy neck I stroked and coaxed him, talking +in my newly acquired Martian tongue as I would have to my hound at +home, as I would have talked to any other friend among the lower +animals. His response to my manifestation of affection was remarkable +to a degree; he stretched his great mouth to its full width, baring the +entire expanse of his upper rows of tusks and wrinkling his snout until +his great eyes were almost hidden by the folds of flesh. If you have +ever seen a collie smile you may have some idea of Woola’s facial +distortion. + +He threw himself upon his back and fairly wallowed at my feet; jumped +up and sprang upon me, rolling me upon the ground by his great weight; +then wriggling and squirming around me like a playful puppy presenting +its back for the petting it craves. I could not resist the +ludicrousness of the spectacle, and holding my sides I rocked back and +forth in the first laughter which had passed my lips in many days; the +first, in fact, since the morning Powell had left camp when his horse, +long unused, had precipitately and unexpectedly bucked him off +headforemost into a pot of frijoles. + +My laughter frightened Woola, his antics ceased and he crawled +pitifully toward me, poking his ugly head far into my lap; and then I +remembered what laughter signified on Mars—torture, suffering, death. +Quieting myself, I rubbed the poor old fellow’s head and back, talked +to him for a few minutes, and then in an authoritative tone commanded +him to follow me, and arising started for the hills. + +There was no further question of authority between us; Woola was my +devoted slave from that moment hence, and I his only and undisputed +master. My walk to the hills occupied but a few minutes, and I found +nothing of particular interest to reward me. Numerous brilliantly +colored and strangely formed wild flowers dotted the ravines and from +the summit of the first hill I saw still other hills stretching off +toward the north, and rising, one range above another, until lost in +mountains of quite respectable dimensions; though I afterward found +that only a few peaks on all Mars exceed four thousand feet in height; +the suggestion of magnitude was merely relative. + +My morning’s walk had been large with importance to me for it had +resulted in a perfect understanding with Woola, upon whom Tars Tarkas +relied for my safe keeping. I now knew that while theoretically a +prisoner I was virtually free, and I hastened to regain the city limits +before the defection of Woola could be discovered by his erstwhile +masters. The adventure decided me never again to leave the limits of my +prescribed stamping grounds until I was ready to venture forth for good +and all, as it would certainly result in a curtailment of my liberties, +as well as the probable death of Woola, were we to be discovered. + +On regaining the plaza I had my third glimpse of the captive girl. She +was standing with her guards before the entrance to the audience +chamber, and as I approached she gave me one haughty glance and turned +her back full upon me. The act was so womanly, so earthly womanly, that +though it stung my pride it also warmed my heart with a feeling of +companionship; it was good to know that someone else on Mars beside +myself had human instincts of a civilized order, even though the +manifestation of them was so painful and mortifying. + +Had a green Martian woman desired to show dislike or contempt she +would, in all likelihood, have done it with a sword thrust or a +movement of her trigger finger; but as their sentiments are mostly +atrophied it would have required a serious injury to have aroused such +passions in them. Sola, let me add, was an exception; I never saw her +perform a cruel or uncouth act, or fail in uniform kindliness and good +nature. She was indeed, as her fellow Martian had said of her, an +atavism; a dear and precious reversion to a former type of loved and +loving ancestor. + +Seeing that the prisoner seemed the center of attraction I halted to +view the proceedings. I had not long to wait for presently Lorquas +Ptomel and his retinue of chieftains approached the building and, +signing the guards to follow with the prisoner entered the audience +chamber. Realizing that I was a somewhat favored character, and also +convinced that the warriors did not know of my proficiency in their +language, as I had plead with Sola to keep this a secret on the grounds +that I did not wish to be forced to talk with the men until I had +perfectly mastered the Martian tongue, I chanced an attempt to enter +the audience chamber and listen to the proceedings. + +The council squatted upon the steps of the rostrum, while below them +stood the prisoner and her two guards. I saw that one of the women was +Sarkoja, and thus understood how she had been present at the hearing of +the preceding day, the results of which she had reported to the +occupants of our dormitory last night. Her attitude toward the captive +was most harsh and brutal. When she held her, she sunk her rudimentary +nails into the poor girl’s flesh, or twisted her arm in a most painful +manner. When it was necessary to move from one spot to another she +either jerked her roughly, or pushed her headlong before her. She +seemed to be venting upon this poor defenseless creature all the +hatred, cruelty, ferocity, and spite of her nine hundred years, backed +by unguessable ages of fierce and brutal ancestors. + +The other woman was less cruel because she was entirely indifferent; if +the prisoner had been left to her alone, and fortunately she was at +night, she would have received no harsh treatment, nor, by the same +token would she have received any attention at all. + +As Lorquas Ptomel raised his eyes to address the prisoner they fell on +me and he turned to Tars Tarkas with a word, and gesture of impatience. +Tars Tarkas made some reply which I could not catch, but which caused +Lorquas Ptomel to smile; after which they paid no further attention to +me. + +“What is your name” asked Lorquas Ptomel, addressing the prisoner. + +“Dejah Thoris, daughter of Mors Kajak of Helium.” + +“And the nature of your expedition” he continued. + +“It was a purely scientific research party sent out by my father’s +father, the Jeddak of Helium, to rechart the air currents, and to take +atmospheric density tests,” replied the fair prisoner, in a low, +well-modulated voice. + +“We were unprepared for battle,” she continued, “as we were on a +peaceful mission, as our banners and the colors of our craft denoted. +The work we were doing was as much in your interests as in ours, for +you know full well that were it not for our labors and the fruits of +our scientific operations there would not be enough air or water on +Mars to support a single human life. For ages we have maintained the +air and water supply at practically the same point without an +appreciable loss, and we have done this in the face of the brutal and +ignorant interference of you green men. + +“Why, oh, why will you not learn to live in amity with your fellows. +Must you ever go on down the ages to your final extinction but little +above the plane of the dumb brutes that serve you! A people without +written language, without art, without homes, without love; the victims +of eons of the horrible community idea. Owning everything in common, +even to your women and children, has resulted in your owning nothing in +common. You hate each other as you hate all else except yourselves. +Come back to the ways of our common ancestors, come back to the light +of kindliness and fellowship. The way is open to you, you will find the +hands of the red men stretched out to aid you. Together we may do still +more to regenerate our dying planet. The granddaughter of the greatest +and mightiest of the red jeddaks has asked you. Will you come” + +Lorquas Ptomel and the warriors sat looking silently and intently at +the young woman for several moments after she had ceased speaking. What +was passing in their minds no man may know, but that they were moved I +truly believe, and if one man high among them had been strong enough to +rise above custom, that moment would have marked a new and mighty era +for Mars. + +I saw Tars Tarkas rise to speak, and on his face was such an expression +as I had never seen upon the countenance of a green Martian warrior. It +bespoke an inward and mighty battle with self, with heredity, with +age-old custom, and as he opened his mouth to speak, a look almost of +benignity, of kindliness, momentarily lighted up his fierce and +terrible countenance. + +What words of moment were to have fallen from his lips were never +spoken, as just then a young warrior, evidently sensing the trend of +thought among the older men, leaped down from the steps of the rostrum, +and striking the frail captive a powerful blow across the face, which +felled her to the floor, placed his foot upon her prostrate form and +turning toward the assembled council broke into peals of horrid, +mirthless laughter. + +For an instant I thought Tars Tarkas would strike him dead, nor did the +aspect of Lorquas Ptomel augur any too favorably for the brute, but the +mood passed, their old selves reasserted their ascendency, and they +smiled. It was portentous however that they did not laugh aloud, for +the brute’s act constituted a side-splitting witticism according to the +ethics which rule green Martian humor. + +That I have taken moments to write down a part of what occurred as that +blow fell does not signify that I remained inactive for any such length +of time. I think I must have sensed something of what was coming, for I +realize now that I was crouched as for a spring as I saw the blow aimed +at her beautiful, upturned, pleading face, and ere the hand descended I +was halfway across the hall. + +Scarcely had his hideous laugh rang out but once, when I was upon him. +The brute was twelve feet in height and armed to the teeth, but I +believe that I could have accounted for the whole roomful in the +terrific intensity of my rage. Springing upward, I struck him full in +the face as he turned at my warning cry and then as he drew his +short-sword I drew mine and sprang up again upon his breast, hooking +one leg over the butt of his pistol and grasping one of his huge tusks +with my left hand while I delivered blow after blow upon his enormous +chest. + +He could not use his short-sword to advantage because I was too close +to him, nor could he draw his pistol, which he attempted to do in +direct opposition to Martian custom which says that you may not fight a +fellow warrior in private combat with any other than the weapon with +which you are attacked. In fact he could do nothing but make a wild and +futile attempt to dislodge me. With all his immense bulk he was little +if any stronger than I, and it was but the matter of a moment or two +before he sank, bleeding and lifeless, to the floor. + +Dejah Thoris had raised herself upon one elbow and was watching the +battle with wide, staring eyes. When I had regained my feet I raised +her in my arms and bore her to one of the benches at the side of the +room. + +Again no Martian interfered with me, and tearing a piece of silk from +my cape I endeavored to staunch the flow of blood from her nostrils. I +was soon successful as her injuries amounted to little more than an +ordinary nosebleed, and when she could speak she placed her hand upon +my arm and looking up into my eyes, said + +“Why did you do it You who refused me even friendly recognition in the +first hour of my peril! And now you risk your life and kill one of your +companions for my sake. I cannot understand. What strange manner of man +are you, that you consort with the green men, though your form is that +of my race, while your color is little darker than that of the white +ape Tell me, are you human, or are you more than human” + +“It is a strange tale,” I replied, “too long to attempt to tell you +now, and one which I so much doubt the credibility of myself that I +fear to hope that others will believe it. Suffice it, for the present, +that I am your friend, and, so far as our captors will permit, your +protector and your servant.” + +“Then you too are a prisoner But why, then, those arms and the regalia +of a Tharkian chieftain What is your name Where your country” + +“Yes, Dejah Thoris, I too am a prisoner; my name is John Carter, and I +claim Virginia, one of the United States of America, Earth, as my home; +but why I am permitted to wear arms I do not know, nor was I aware that +my regalia was that of a chieftain.” + +We were interrupted at this juncture by the approach of one of the +warriors, bearing arms, accoutrements and ornaments, and in a flash one +of her questions was answered and a puzzle cleared up for me. I saw +that the body of my dead antagonist had been stripped, and I read in +the menacing yet respectful attitude of the warrior who had brought me +these trophies of the kill the same demeanor as that evinced by the +other who had brought me my original equipment, and now for the first +time I realized that my blow, on the occasion of my first battle in the +audience chamber had resulted in the death of my adversary. + +The reason for the whole attitude displayed toward me was now apparent; +I had won my spurs, so to speak, and in the crude justice, which always +marks Martian dealings, and which, among other things, has caused me to +call her the planet of paradoxes, I was accorded the honors due a +conqueror; the trappings and the position of the man I killed. In +truth, I was a Martian chieftain, and this I learned later was the +cause of my great freedom and my toleration in the audience chamber. + +As I had turned to receive the dead warrior’s chattels I had noticed +that Tars Tarkas and several others had pushed forward toward us, and +the eyes of the former rested upon me in a most quizzical manner. +Finally he addressed me + +“You speak the tongue of Barsoom quite readily for one who was deaf and +dumb to us a few short days ago. Where did you learn it, John Carter” + +“You, yourself, are responsible, Tars Tarkas,” I replied, “in that you +furnished me with an instructress of remarkable ability; I have to +thank Sola for my learning.” + +“She has done well,” he answered, “but your education in other respects +needs considerable polish. Do you know what your unprecedented temerity +would have cost you had you failed to kill either of the two chieftains +whose metal you now wear” + +“I presume that that one whom I had failed to kill, would have killed +me,” I answered, smiling. + +“No, you are wrong. Only in the last extremity of self-defense would a +Martian warrior kill a prisoner; we like to save them for other +purposes,” and his face bespoke possibilities that were not pleasant to +dwell upon. + +“But one thing can save you now,” he continued. “Should you, in +recognition of your remarkable valor, ferocity, and prowess, be +considered by Tal Hajus as worthy of his service you may be taken into +the community and become a full-fledged Tharkian. Until we reach the +headquarters of Tal Hajus it is the will of Lorquas Ptomel that you be +accorded the respect your acts have earned you. You will be treated by +us as a Tharkian chieftain, but you must not forget that every chief +who ranks you is responsible for your safe delivery to our mighty and +most ferocious ruler. I am done.” + +“I hear you, Tars Tarkas,” I answered. “As you know I am not of +Barsoom; your ways are not my ways, and I can only act in the future as +I have in the past, in accordance with the dictates of my conscience +and guided by the standards of mine own people. If you will leave me +alone I will go in peace, but if not, let the individual Barsoomians +with whom I must deal either respect my rights as a stranger among you, +or take whatever consequences may befall. Of one thing let us be sure, +whatever may be your ultimate intentions toward this unfortunate young +woman, whoever would offer her injury or insult in the future must +figure on making a full accounting to me. I understand that you +belittle all sentiments of generosity and kindliness, but I do not, and +I can convince your most doughty warrior that these characteristics are +not incompatible with an ability to fight.” + +Ordinarily I am not given to long speeches, nor ever before had I +descended to bombast, but I had guessed at the keynote which would +strike an answering chord in the breasts of the green Martians, nor was +I wrong, for my harangue evidently deeply impressed them, and their +attitude toward me thereafter was still further respectful. + +Tars Tarkas himself seemed pleased with my reply, but his only comment +was more or less enigmatical—“And I think I know Tal Hajus, Jeddak of +Thark.” + +I now turned my attention to Dejah Thoris, and assisting her to her +feet I turned with her toward the exit, ignoring her hovering guardian +harpies as well as the inquiring glances of the chieftains. Was I not +now a chieftain also! Well, then, I would assume the responsibilities +of one. They did not molest us, and so Dejah Thoris, Princess of +Helium, and John Carter, gentleman of Virginia, followed by the +faithful Woola, passed through utter silence from the audience chamber +of Lorquas Ptomel, Jed among the Tharks of Barsoom. + + + + +CHAPTER XI +WITH DEJAH THORIS + + +As we reached the open the two female guards who had been detailed to +watch over Dejah Thoris hurried up and made as though to assume custody +of her once more. The poor child shrank against me and I felt her two +little hands fold tightly over my arm. Waving the women away, I +informed them that Sola would attend the captive hereafter, and I +further warned Sarkoja that any more of her cruel attentions bestowed +upon Dejah Thoris would result in Sarkoja’s sudden and painful demise. + +My threat was unfortunate and resulted in more harm than good to Dejah +Thoris, for, as I learned later, men do not kill women upon Mars, nor +women, men. So Sarkoja merely gave us an ugly look and departed to +hatch up deviltries against us. + +I soon found Sola and explained to her that I wished her to guard Dejah +Thoris as she had guarded me; that I wished her to find other quarters +where they would not be molested by Sarkoja, and I finally informed her +that I myself would take up my quarters among the men. + +Sola glanced at the accouterments which were carried in my hand and +slung across my shoulder. + +“You are a great chieftain now, John Carter,” she said, “and I must do +your bidding, though indeed I am glad to do it under any circumstances. +The man whose metal you carry was young, but he was a great warrior, +and had by his promotions and kills won his way close to the rank of +Tars Tarkas, who, as you know, is second to Lorquas Ptomel only. You +are eleventh, there are but ten chieftains in this community who rank +you in prowess.” + +“And if I should kill Lorquas Ptomel” I asked. + +“You would be first, John Carter; but you may only win that honor by +the will of the entire council that Lorquas Ptomel meet you in combat, +or should he attack you, you may kill him in self-defense, and thus win +first place.” + +I laughed, and changed the subject. I had no particular desire to kill +Lorquas Ptomel, and less to be a jed among the Tharks. + +I accompanied Sola and Dejah Thoris in a search for new quarters, which +we found in a building nearer the audience chamber and of far more +pretentious architecture than our former habitation. We also found in +this building real sleeping apartments with ancient beds of highly +wrought metal swinging from enormous gold chains depending from the +marble ceilings. The decoration of the walls was most elaborate, and, +unlike the frescoes in the other buildings I had examined, portrayed +many human figures in the compositions. These were of people like +myself, and of a much lighter color than Dejah Thoris. They were clad +in graceful, flowing robes, highly ornamented with metal and jewels, +and their luxuriant hair was of a beautiful golden and reddish bronze. +The men were beardless and only a few wore arms. The scenes depicted +for the most part, a fair-skinned, fair-haired people at play. + +Dejah Thoris clasped her hands with an exclamation of rapture as she +gazed upon these magnificent works of art, wrought by a people long +extinct; while Sola, on the other hand, apparently did not see them. + +We decided to use this room, on the second floor and overlooking the +plaza, for Dejah Thoris and Sola, and another room adjoining and in the +rear for the cooking and supplies. I then dispatched Sola to bring the +bedding and such food and utensils as she might need, telling her that +I would guard Dejah Thoris until her return. + +As Sola departed Dejah Thoris turned to me with a faint smile. + +“And whereto, then, would your prisoner escape should you leave her, +unless it was to follow you and crave your protection, and ask your +pardon for the cruel thoughts she has harbored against you these past +few days” + +“You are right,” I answered, “there is no escape for either of us +unless we go together.” + +“I heard your challenge to the creature you call Tars Tarkas, and I +think I understand your position among these people, but what I cannot +fathom is your statement that you are not of Barsoom.” + +“In the name of my first ancestor, then,” she continued, “where may you +be from You are like unto my people, and yet so unlike. You speak my +language, and yet I heard you tell Tars Tarkas that you had but learned +it recently. All Barsoomians speak the same tongue from the ice-clad +south to the ice-clad north, though their written languages differ. +Only in the valley Dor, where the river Iss empties into the lost sea +of Korus, is there supposed to be a different language spoken, and, +except in the legends of our ancestors, there is no record of a +Barsoomian returning up the river Iss, from the shores of Korus in the +valley of Dor. Do not tell me that you have thus returned! They would +kill you horribly anywhere upon the surface of Barsoom if that were +true; tell me it is not!” + +Her eyes were filled with a strange, weird light; her voice was +pleading, and her little hands, reached up upon my breast, were pressed +against me as though to wring a denial from my very heart. + +“I do not know your customs, Dejah Thoris, but in my own Virginia a +gentleman does not lie to save himself; I am not of Dor; I have never +seen the mysterious Iss; the lost sea of Korus is still lost, so far as +I am concerned. Do you believe me” + +And then it struck me suddenly that I was very anxious that she should +believe me. It was not that I feared the results which would follow a +general belief that I had returned from the Barsoomian heaven or hell, +or whatever it was. Why was it, then! Why should I care what she +thought I looked down at her; her beautiful face upturned, and her +wonderful eyes opening up the very depth of her soul; and as my eyes +met hers I knew why, and—I shuddered. + +A similar wave of feeling seemed to stir her; she drew away from me +with a sigh, and with her earnest, beautiful face turned up to mine, +she whispered “I believe you, John Carter; I do not know what a +‘gentleman’ is, nor have I ever heard before of Virginia; but on +Barsoom no man lies; if he does not wish to speak the truth he is +silent. Where is this Virginia, your country, John Carter” she asked, +and it seemed that this fair name of my fair land had never sounded +more beautiful than as it fell from those perfect lips on that far-gone +day. + +“I am of another world,” I answered, “the great planet Earth, which +revolves about our common sun and next within the orbit of your +Barsoom, which we know as Mars. How I came here I cannot tell you, for +I do not know; but here I am, and since my presence has permitted me to +serve Dejah Thoris I am glad that I am here.” + +She gazed at me with troubled eyes, long and questioningly. That it was +difficult to believe my statement I well knew, nor could I hope that +she would do so however much I craved her confidence and respect. I +would much rather not have told her anything of my antecedents, but no +man could look into the depth of those eyes and refuse her slightest +behest. + +Finally she smiled, and, rising, said “I shall have to believe even +though I cannot understand. I can readily perceive that you are not of +the Barsoom of today; you are like us, yet different—but why should I +trouble my poor head with such a problem, when my heart tells me that I +believe because I wish to believe!” + +It was good logic, good, earthly, feminine logic, and if it satisfied +her I certainly could pick no flaws in it. As a matter of fact it was +about the only kind of logic that could be brought to bear upon my +problem. We fell into a general conversation then, asking and answering +many questions on each side. She was curious to learn of the customs of +my people and displayed a remarkable knowledge of events on Earth. When +I questioned her closely on this seeming familiarity with earthly +things she laughed, and cried out + +“Why, every school boy on Barsoom knows the geography, and much +concerning the fauna and flora, as well as the history of your planet +fully as well as of his own. Can we not see everything which takes +place upon Earth, as you call it; is it not hanging there in the +heavens in plain sight” + +This baffled me, I must confess, fully as much as my statements had +confounded her; and I told her so. She then explained in general the +instruments her people had used and been perfecting for ages, which +permit them to throw upon a screen a perfect image of what is +transpiring upon any planet and upon many of the stars. These pictures +are so perfect in detail that, when photographed and enlarged, objects +no greater than a blade of grass may be distinctly recognized. I +afterward, in Helium, saw many of these pictures, as well as the +instruments which produced them. + +“If, then, you are so familiar with earthly things,” I asked, “why is +it that you do not recognize me as identical with the inhabitants of +that planet” + +She smiled again as one might in bored indulgence of a questioning +child. + +“Because, John Carter,” she replied, “nearly every planet and star +having atmospheric conditions at all approaching those of Barsoom, +shows forms of animal life almost identical with you and me; and, +further, Earth men, almost without exception, cover their bodies with +strange, unsightly pieces of cloth, and their heads with hideous +contraptions the purpose of which we have been unable to conceive; +while you, when found by the Tharkian warriors, were entirely +undisfigured and unadorned. + +“The fact that you wore no ornaments is a strong proof of your +un-Barsoomian origin, while the absence of grotesque coverings might +cause a doubt as to your earthliness.” + +I then narrated the details of my departure from the Earth, explaining +that my body there lay fully clothed in all the, to her, strange +garments of mundane dwellers. At this point Sola returned with our +meager belongings and her young Martian protege, who, of course, would +have to share the quarters with them. + +Sola asked us if we had had a visitor during her absence, and seemed +much surprised when we answered in the negative. It seemed that as she +had mounted the approach to the upper floors where our quarters were +located, she had met Sarkoja descending. We decided that she must have +been eavesdropping, but as we could recall nothing of importance that +had passed between us we dismissed the matter as of little consequence, +merely promising ourselves to be warned to the utmost caution in the +future. + +Dejah Thoris and I then fell to examining the architecture and +decorations of the beautiful chambers of the building we were +occupying. She told me that these people had presumably flourished over +a hundred thousand years before. They were the early progenitors of her +race, but had mixed with the other great race of early Martians, who +were very dark, almost black, and also with the reddish yellow race +which had flourished at the same time. + +These three great divisions of the higher Martians had been forced into +a mighty alliance as the drying up of the Martian seas had compelled +them to seek the comparatively few and always diminishing fertile +areas, and to defend themselves, under new conditions of life, against +the wild hordes of green men. + +Ages of close relationship and intermarrying had resulted in the race +of red men, of which Dejah Thoris was a fair and beautiful daughter. +During the ages of hardships and incessant warring between their own +various races, as well as with the green men, and before they had +fitted themselves to the changed conditions, much of the high +civilization and many of the arts of the fair-haired Martians had +become lost; but the red race of today has reached a point where it +feels that it has made up in new discoveries and in a more practical +civilization for all that lies irretrievably buried with the ancient +Barsoomians, beneath the countless intervening ages. + +These ancient Martians had been a highly cultivated and literary race, +but during the vicissitudes of those trying centuries of readjustment +to new conditions, not only did their advancement and production cease +entirely, but practically all their archives, records, and literature +were lost. + +Dejah Thoris related many interesting facts and legends concerning this +lost race of noble and kindly people. She said that the city in which +we were camping was supposed to have been a center of commerce and +culture known as Korad. It had been built upon a beautiful, natural +harbor, landlocked by magnificent hills. The little valley on the west +front of the city, she explained, was all that remained of the harbor, +while the pass through the hills to the old sea bottom had been the +channel through which the shipping passed up to the city’s gates. + +The shores of the ancient seas were dotted with just such cities, and +lesser ones, in diminishing numbers, were to be found converging toward +the center of the oceans, as the people had found it necessary to +follow the receding waters until necessity had forced upon them their +ultimate salvation, the so-called Martian canals. + +We had been so engrossed in exploration of the building and in our +conversation that it was late in the afternoon before we realized it. +We were brought back to a realization of our present conditions by a +messenger bearing a summons from Lorquas Ptomel directing me to appear +before him forthwith. Bidding Dejah Thoris and Sola farewell, and +commanding Woola to remain on guard, I hastened to the audience +chamber, where I found Lorquas Ptomel and Tars Tarkas seated upon the +rostrum. + + + + +CHAPTER XII +A PRISONER WITH POWER + + +As I entered and saluted, Lorquas Ptomel signaled me to advance, and, +fixing his great, hideous eyes upon me, addressed me thus + +“You have been with us a few days, yet during that time you have by +your prowess won a high position among us. Be that as it may, you are +not one of us; you owe us no allegiance. + +“Your position is a peculiar one,” he continued; “you are a prisoner +and yet you give commands which must be obeyed; you are an alien and +yet you are a Tharkian chieftain; you are a midget and yet you can kill +a mighty warrior with one blow of your fist. And now you are reported +to have been plotting to escape with another prisoner of another race; +a prisoner who, from her own admission, half believes you are returned +from the valley of Dor. Either one of these accusations, if proved, +would be sufficient grounds for your execution, but we are a just +people and you shall have a trial on our return to Thark, if Tal Hajus +so commands. + +“But,” he continued, in his fierce guttural tones, “if you run off with +the red girl it is I who shall have to account to Tal Hajus; it is I +who shall have to face Tars Tarkas, and either demonstrate my right to +command, or the metal from my dead carcass will go to a better man, for +such is the custom of the Tharks. + +“I have no quarrel with Tars Tarkas; together we rule supreme the +greatest of the lesser communities among the green men; we do not wish +to fight between ourselves; and so if you were dead, John Carter, I +should be glad. Under two conditions only, however, may you be killed +by us without orders from Tal Hajus; in personal combat in +self-defense, should you attack one of us, or were you apprehended in +an attempt to escape. + +“As a matter of justice I must warn you that we only await one of these +two excuses for ridding ourselves of so great a responsibility. The +safe delivery of the red girl to Tal Hajus is of the greatest +importance. Not in a thousand years have the Tharks made such a +capture; she is the granddaughter of the greatest of the red jeddaks, +who is also our bitterest enemy. I have spoken. The red girl told us +that we were without the softer sentiments of humanity, but we are a +just and truthful race. You may go.” + +Turning, I left the audience chamber. So this was the beginning of +Sarkoja’s persecution! I knew that none other could be responsible for +this report which had reached the ears of Lorquas Ptomel so quickly, +and now I recalled those portions of our conversation which had touched +upon escape and upon my origin. + +Sarkoja was at this time Tars Tarkas’ oldest and most trusted female. +As such she was a mighty power behind the throne, for no warrior had +the confidence of Lorquas Ptomel to such an extent as did his ablest +lieutenant, Tars Tarkas. + +However, instead of putting thoughts of possible escape from my mind, +my audience with Lorquas Ptomel only served to center my every faculty +on this subject. Now, more than before, the absolute necessity for +escape, in so far as Dejah Thoris was concerned, was impressed upon me, +for I was convinced that some horrible fate awaited her at the +headquarters of Tal Hajus. + +As described by Sola, this monster was the exaggerated personification +of all the ages of cruelty, ferocity, and brutality from which he had +descended. Cold, cunning, calculating; he was, also, in marked contrast +to most of his fellows, a slave to that brute passion which the waning +demands for procreation upon their dying planet has almost stilled in +the Martian breast. + +The thought that the divine Dejah Thoris might fall into the clutches +of such an abysmal atavism started the cold sweat upon me. Far better +that we save friendly bullets for ourselves at the last moment, as did +those brave frontier women of my lost land, who took their own lives +rather than fall into the hands of the Indian braves. + +As I wandered about the plaza lost in my gloomy forebodings Tars Tarkas +approached me on his way from the audience chamber. His demeanor toward +me was unchanged, and he greeted me as though we had not just parted a +few moments before. + +“Where are your quarters, John Carter” he asked. + +“I have selected none,” I replied. “It seemed best that I quartered +either by myself or among the other warriors, and I was awaiting an +opportunity to ask your advice. As you know,” and I smiled, “I am not +yet familiar with all the customs of the Tharks.” + +“Come with me,” he directed, and together we moved off across the plaza +to a building which I was glad to see adjoined that occupied by Sola +and her charges. + +“My quarters are on the first floor of this building,” he said, “and +the second floor also is fully occupied by warriors, but the third +floor and the floors above are vacant; you may take your choice of +these. + +“I understand,” he continued, “that you have given up your woman to the +red prisoner. Well, as you have said, your ways are not our ways, but +you can fight well enough to do about as you please, and so, if you +wish to give your woman to a captive, it is your own affair; but as a +chieftain you should have those to serve you, and in accordance with +our customs you may select any or all the females from the retinues of +the chieftains whose metal you now wear.” + +I thanked him, but assured him that I could get along very nicely +without assistance except in the matter of preparing food, and so he +promised to send women to me for this purpose and also for the care of +my arms and the manufacture of my ammunition, which he said would be +necessary. I suggested that they might also bring some of the sleeping +silks and furs which belonged to me as spoils of combat, for the nights +were cold and I had none of my own. + +He promised to do so, and departed. Left alone, I ascended the winding +corridor to the upper floors in search of suitable quarters. The +beauties of the other buildings were repeated in this, and, as usual, I +was soon lost in a tour of investigation and discovery. + +I finally chose a front room on the third floor, because this brought +me nearer to Dejah Thoris, whose apartment was on the second floor of +the adjoining building, and it flashed upon me that I could rig up some +means of communication whereby she might signal me in case she needed +either my services or my protection. + +Adjoining my sleeping apartment were baths, dressing rooms, and other +sleeping and living apartments, in all some ten rooms on this floor. +The windows of the back rooms overlooked an enormous court, which +formed the center of the square made by the buildings which faced the +four contiguous streets, and which was now given over to the quartering +of the various animals belonging to the warriors occupying the +adjoining buildings. + +While the court was entirely overgrown with the yellow, moss-like +vegetation which blankets practically the entire surface of Mars, yet +numerous fountains, statuary, benches, and pergola-like contraptions +bore witness to the beauty which the court must have presented in +bygone times, when graced by the fair-haired, laughing people whom +stern and unalterable cosmic laws had driven not only from their homes, +but from all except the vague legends of their descendants. + +One could easily picture the gorgeous foliage of the luxuriant Martian +vegetation which once filled this scene with life and color; the +graceful figures of the beautiful women, the straight and handsome men; +the happy frolicking children—all sunlight, happiness and peace. It was +difficult to realize that they had gone; down through ages of darkness, +cruelty, and ignorance, until their hereditary instincts of culture and +humanitarianism had risen ascendant once more in the final composite +race which now is dominant upon Mars. + +My thoughts were cut short by the advent of several young females +bearing loads of weapons, silks, furs, jewels, cooking utensils, and +casks of food and drink, including considerable loot from the air +craft. All this, it seemed, had been the property of the two chieftains +I had slain, and now, by the customs of the Tharks, it had become mine. +At my direction they placed the stuff in one of the back rooms, and +then departed, only to return with a second load, which they advised me +constituted the balance of my goods. On the second trip they were +accompanied by ten or fifteen other women and youths, who, it seemed, +formed the retinues of the two chieftains. + +They were not their families, nor their wives, nor their servants; the +relationship was peculiar, and so unlike anything known to us that it +is most difficult to describe. All property among the green Martians is +owned in common by the community, except the personal weapons, +ornaments and sleeping silks and furs of the individuals. These alone +can one claim undisputed right to, nor may he accumulate more of these +than are required for his actual needs. The surplus he holds merely as +custodian, and it is passed on to the younger members of the community +as necessity demands. + +The women and children of a man’s retinue may be likened to a military +unit for which he is responsible in various ways, as in matters of +instruction, discipline, sustenance, and the exigencies of their +continual roamings and their unending strife with other communities and +with the red Martians. His women are in no sense wives. The green +Martians use no word corresponding in meaning with this earthly word. +Their mating is a matter of community interest solely, and is directed +without reference to natural selection. The council of chieftains of +each community control the matter as surely as the owner of a Kentucky +racing stud directs the scientific breeding of his stock for the +improvement of the whole. + +In theory it may sound well, as is often the case with theories, but +the results of ages of this unnatural practice, coupled with the +community interest in the offspring being held paramount to that of the +mother, is shown in the cold, cruel creatures, and their gloomy, +loveless, mirthless existence. + +It is true that the green Martians are absolutely virtuous, both men +and women, with the exception of such degenerates as Tal Hajus; but +better far a finer balance of human characteristics even at the expense +of a slight and occasional loss of chastity. + +Finding that I must assume responsibility for these creatures, whether +I would or not, I made the best of it and directed them to find +quarters on the upper floors, leaving the third floor to me. One of the +girls I charged with the duties of my simple cuisine, and directed the +others to take up the various activities which had formerly constituted +their vocations. Thereafter I saw little of them, nor did I care to. + + + + +CHAPTER XIII +LOVE-MAKING ON MARS + + +Following the battle with the air ships, the community remained within +the city for several days, abandoning the homeward march until they +could feel reasonably assured that the ships would not return; for to +be caught on the open plains with a cavalcade of chariots and children +was far from the desire of even so warlike a people as the green +Martians. + +During our period of inactivity, Tars Tarkas had instructed me in many +of the customs and arts of war familiar to the Tharks, including +lessons in riding and guiding the great beasts which bore the warriors. +These creatures, which are known as thoats, are as dangerous and +vicious as their masters, but when once subdued are sufficiently +tractable for the purposes of the green Martians. + +Two of these animals had fallen to me from the warriors whose metal I +wore, and in a short time I could handle them quite as well as the +native warriors. The method was not at all complicated. If the thoats +did not respond with sufficient celerity to the telepathic instructions +of their riders they were dealt a terrific blow between the ears with +the butt of a pistol, and if they showed fight this treatment was +continued until the brutes either were subdued, or had unseated their +riders. + +In the latter case it became a life and death struggle between the man +and the beast. If the former were quick enough with his pistol he might +live to ride again, though upon some other beast; if not, his torn and +mangled body was gathered up by his women and burned in accordance with +Tharkian custom. + +My experience with Woola determined me to attempt the experiment of +kindness in my treatment of my thoats. First I taught them that they +could not unseat me, and even rapped them sharply between the ears to +impress upon them my authority and mastery. Then, by degrees, I won +their confidence in much the same manner as I had adopted countless +times with my many mundane mounts. I was ever a good hand with animals, +and by inclination, as well as because it brought more lasting and +satisfactory results, I was always kind and humane in my dealings with +the lower orders. I could take a human life, if necessary, with far +less compunction than that of a poor, unreasoning, irresponsible brute. + +In the course of a few days my thoats were the wonder of the entire +community. They would follow me like dogs, rubbing their great snouts +against my body in awkward evidence of affection, and respond to my +every command with an alacrity and docility which caused the Martian +warriors to ascribe to me the possession of some earthly power unknown +on Mars. + +“How have you bewitched them” asked Tars Tarkas one afternoon, when he +had seen me run my arm far between the great jaws of one of my thoats +which had wedged a piece of stone between two of his teeth while +feeding upon the moss-like vegetation within our court yard. + +“By kindness,” I replied. “You see, Tars Tarkas, the softer sentiments +have their value, even to a warrior. In the height of battle as well as +upon the march I know that my thoats will obey my every command, and +therefore my fighting efficiency is enhanced, and I am a better warrior +for the reason that I am a kind master. Your other warriors would find +it to the advantage of themselves as well as of the community to adopt +my methods in this respect. Only a few days since you, yourself, told +me that these great brutes, by the uncertainty of their tempers, often +were the means of turning victory into defeat, since, at a crucial +moment, they might elect to unseat and rend their riders.” + +“Show me how you accomplish these results,” was Tars Tarkas’ only +rejoinder. + +And so I explained as carefully as I could the entire method of +training I had adopted with my beasts, and later he had me repeat it +before Lorquas Ptomel and the assembled warriors. That moment marked +the beginning of a new existence for the poor thoats, and before I left +the community of Lorquas Ptomel I had the satisfaction of observing a +regiment of as tractable and docile mounts as one might care to see. +The effect on the precision and celerity of the military movements was +so remarkable that Lorquas Ptomel presented me with a massive anklet of +gold from his own leg, as a sign of his appreciation of my service to +the horde. + +On the seventh day following the battle with the air craft we again +took up the march toward Thark, all probability of another attack being +deemed remote by Lorquas Ptomel. + +During the days just preceding our departure I had seen but little of +Dejah Thoris, as I had been kept very busy by Tars Tarkas with my +lessons in the art of Martian warfare, as well as in the training of my +thoats. The few times I had visited her quarters she had been absent, +walking upon the streets with Sola, or investigating the buildings in +the near vicinity of the plaza. I had warned them against venturing far +from the plaza for fear of the great white apes, whose ferocity I was +only too well acquainted with. However, since Woola accompanied them on +all their excursions, and as Sola was well armed, there was +comparatively little cause for fear. + +On the evening before our departure I saw them approaching along one of +the great avenues which lead into the plaza from the east. I advanced +to meet them, and telling Sola that I would take the responsibility for +Dejah Thoris’ safekeeping, I directed her to return to her quarters on +some trivial errand. I liked and trusted Sola, but for some reason I +desired to be alone with Dejah Thoris, who represented to me all that I +had left behind upon Earth in agreeable and congenial companionship. +There seemed bonds of mutual interest between us as powerful as though +we had been born under the same roof rather than upon different +planets, hurtling through space some forty-eight million miles apart. + +That she shared my sentiments in this respect I was positive, for on my +approach the look of pitiful hopelessness left her sweet countenance to +be replaced by a smile of joyful welcome, as she placed her little +right hand upon my left shoulder in true red Martian salute. + +“Sarkoja told Sola that you had become a true Thark,” she said, “and +that I would now see no more of you than of any of the other warriors.” + +“Sarkoja is a liar of the first magnitude,” I replied, “notwithstanding +the proud claim of the Tharks to absolute verity.” + +Dejah Thoris laughed. + +“I knew that even though you became a member of the community you would +not cease to be my friend; ‘A warrior may change his metal, but not his +heart,’ as the saying is upon Barsoom.” + +“I think they have been trying to keep us apart,” she continued, “for +whenever you have been off duty one of the older women of Tars Tarkas’ +retinue has always arranged to trump up some excuse to get Sola and me +out of sight. They have had me down in the pits below the buildings +helping them mix their awful radium powder, and make their terrible +projectiles. You know that these have to be manufactured by artificial +light, as exposure to sunlight always results in an explosion. You have +noticed that their bullets explode when they strike an object Well, +the opaque, outer coating is broken by the impact, exposing a glass +cylinder, almost solid, in the forward end of which is a minute +particle of radium powder. The moment the sunlight, even though +diffused, strikes this powder it explodes with a violence which nothing +can withstand. If you ever witness a night battle you will note the +absence of these explosions, while the morning following the battle +will be filled at sunrise with the sharp detonations of exploding +missiles fired the preceding night. As a rule, however, non-exploding +projectiles are used at night.”[1] + + [1] I have used the word radium in describing this powder because in + the light of recent discoveries on Earth I believe it to be a mixture + of which radium is the base. In Captain Carter’s manuscript it is + mentioned always by the name used in the written language of Helium + and is spelled in hieroglyphics which it would be difficult and + useless to reproduce. + + +While I was much interested in Dejah Thoris’ explanation of this +wonderful adjunct to Martian warfare, I was more concerned by the +immediate problem of their treatment of her. That they were keeping her +away from me was not a matter for surprise, but that they should +subject her to dangerous and arduous labor filled me with rage. + +“Have they ever subjected you to cruelty and ignominy, Dejah Thoris” I +asked, feeling the hot blood of my fighting ancestors leap in my veins +as I awaited her reply. + +“Only in little ways, John Carter,” she answered. “Nothing that can +harm me outside my pride. They know that I am the daughter of ten +thousand jeddaks, that I trace my ancestry straight back without a +break to the builder of the first great waterway, and they, who do not +even know their own mothers, are jealous of me. At heart they hate +their horrid fates, and so wreak their poor spite on me who stand for +everything they have not, and for all they most crave and never can +attain. Let us pity them, my chieftain, for even though we die at their +hands we can afford them pity, since we are greater than they and they +know it.” + +Had I known the significance of those words “my chieftain,” as applied +by a red Martian woman to a man, I should have had the surprise of my +life, but I did not know at that time, nor for many months thereafter. +Yes, I still had much to learn upon Barsoom. + +“I presume it is the better part of wisdom that we bow to our fate with +as good grace as possible, Dejah Thoris; but I hope, nevertheless, that +I may be present the next time that any Martian, green, red, pink, or +violet, has the temerity to even so much as frown on you, my princess.” + +Dejah Thoris caught her breath at my last words, and gazed upon me with +dilated eyes and quickening breath, and then, with an odd little laugh, +which brought roguish dimples to the corners of her mouth, she shook +her head and cried + +“What a child! A great warrior and yet a stumbling little child.” + +“What have I done now” I asked, in sore perplexity. + +“Some day you shall know, John Carter, if we live; but I may not tell +you. And I, the daughter of Mors Kajak, son of Tardos Mors, have +listened without anger,” she soliloquized in conclusion. + +Then she broke out again into one of her gay, happy, laughing moods; +joking with me on my prowess as a Thark warrior as contrasted with my +soft heart and natural kindliness. + +“I presume that should you accidentally wound an enemy you would take +him home and nurse him back to health,” she laughed. + +“That is precisely what we do on Earth,” I answered. “At least among +civilized men.” + +This made her laugh again. She could not understand it, for, with all +her tenderness and womanly sweetness, she was still a Martian, and to a +Martian the only good enemy is a dead enemy; for every dead foeman +means so much more to divide between those who live. + +I was very curious to know what I had said or done to cause her so much +perturbation a moment before and so I continued to importune her to +enlighten me. + +“No,” she exclaimed, “it is enough that you have said it and that I +have listened. And when you learn, John Carter, and if I be dead, as +likely I shall be ere the further moon has circled Barsoom another +twelve times, remember that I listened and that I—smiled.” + +It was all Greek to me, but the more I begged her to explain the more +positive became her denials of my request, and, so, in very +hopelessness, I desisted. + +Day had now given away to night and as we wandered along the great +avenue lighted by the two moons of Barsoom, and with Earth looking down +upon us out of her luminous green eye, it seemed that we were alone in +the universe, and I, at least, was content that it should be so. + +The chill of the Martian night was upon us, and removing my silks I +threw them across the shoulders of Dejah Thoris. As my arm rested for +an instant upon her I felt a thrill pass through every fiber of my +being such as contact with no other mortal had even produced; and it +seemed to me that she had leaned slightly toward me, but of that I was +not sure. Only I knew that as my arm rested there across her shoulders +longer than the act of adjusting the silk required she did not draw +away, nor did she speak. And so, in silence, we walked the surface of a +dying world, but in the breast of one of us at least had been born that +which is ever oldest, yet ever new. + +I loved Dejah Thoris. The touch of my arm upon her naked shoulder had +spoken to me in words I would not mistake, and I knew that I had loved +her since the first moment that my eyes had met hers that first time in +the plaza of the dead city of Korad. + + + + +CHAPTER XIV +A DUEL TO THE DEATH + + +My first impulse was to tell her of my love, and then I thought of the +helplessness of her position wherein I alone could lighten the burdens +of her captivity, and protect her in my poor way against the thousands +of hereditary enemies she must face upon our arrival at Thark. I could +not chance causing her additional pain or sorrow by declaring a love +which, in all probability she did not return. Should I be so +indiscreet, her position would be even more unbearable than now, and +the thought that she might feel that I was taking advantage of her +helplessness, to influence her decision was the final argument which +sealed my lips. + +“Why are you so quiet, Dejah Thoris” I asked. “Possibly you would +rather return to Sola and your quarters.” + +“No,” she murmured, “I am happy here. I do not know why it is that I +should always be happy and contented when you, John Carter, a stranger, +are with me; yet at such times it seems that I am safe and that, with +you, I shall soon return to my father’s court and feel his strong arms +about me and my mother’s tears and kisses on my cheek.” + +“Do people kiss, then, upon Barsoom” I asked, when she had explained +the word she used, in answer to my inquiry as to its meaning. + +“Parents, brothers, and sisters, yes; and,” she added in a low, +thoughtful tone, “lovers.” + +“And you, Dejah Thoris, have parents and brothers and sisters” + +“Yes.” + +“And a—lover” + +She was silent, nor could I venture to repeat the question. + +“The man of Barsoom,” she finally ventured, “does not ask personal +questions of women, except his mother, and the woman he has fought for +and won.” + +“But I have fought—” I started, and then I wished my tongue had been +cut from my mouth; for she turned even as I caught myself and ceased, +and drawing my silks from her shoulder she held them out to me, and +without a word, and with head held high, she moved with the carriage of +the queen she was toward the plaza and the doorway of her quarters. + +I did not attempt to follow her, other than to see that she reached the +building in safety, but, directing Woola to accompany her, I turned +disconsolately and entered my own house. I sat for hours cross-legged, +and cross-tempered, upon my silks meditating upon the queer freaks +chance plays upon us poor devils of mortals. + +So this was love! I had escaped it for all the years I had roamed the +five continents and their encircling seas; in spite of beautiful women +and urging opportunity; in spite of a half-desire for love and a +constant search for my ideal, it had remained for me to fall furiously +and hopelessly in love with a creature from another world, of a species +similar possibly, yet not identical with mine. A woman who was hatched +from an egg, and whose span of life might cover a thousand years; whose +people had strange customs and ideas; a woman whose hopes, whose +pleasures, whose standards of virtue and of right and wrong might vary +as greatly from mine as did those of the green Martians. + +Yes, I was a fool, but I was in love, and though I was suffering the +greatest misery I had ever known I would not have had it otherwise for +all the riches of Barsoom. Such is love, and such are lovers wherever +love is known. + +To me, Dejah Thoris was all that was perfect; all that was virtuous and +beautiful and noble and good. I believed that from the bottom of my +heart, from the depth of my soul on that night in Korad as I sat +cross-legged upon my silks while the nearer moon of Barsoom raced +through the western sky toward the horizon, and lighted up the gold and +marble, and jeweled mosaics of my world-old chamber, and I believe it +today as I sit at my desk in the little study overlooking the Hudson. +Twenty years have intervened; for ten of them I lived and fought for +Dejah Thoris and her people, and for ten I have lived upon her memory. + +The morning of our departure for Thark dawned clear and hot, as do all +Martian mornings except for the six weeks when the snow melts at the +poles. + +I sought out Dejah Thoris in the throng of departing chariots, but she +turned her shoulder to me, and I could see the red blood mount to her +cheek. With the foolish inconsistency of love I held my peace when I +might have pled ignorance of the nature of my offense, or at least the +gravity of it, and so have effected, at worst, a half conciliation. + + +[Illustration I sought out Dejah Thoris in the throng of departing +chariots.] + + +My duty dictated that I must see that she was comfortable, and so I +glanced into her chariot and rearranged her silks and furs. In doing so +I noted with horror that she was heavily chained by one ankle to the +side of the vehicle. + +“What does this mean” I cried, turning to Sola. + +“Sarkoja thought it best,” she answered, her face betokening her +disapproval of the procedure. + +Examining the manacles I saw that they fastened with a massive spring +lock. + +“Where is the key, Sola Let me have it.” + +“Sarkoja wears it, John Carter,” she answered. + +I turned without further word and sought out Tars Tarkas, to whom I +vehemently objected to the unnecessary humiliations and cruelties, as +they seemed to my lover’s eyes, that were being heaped upon Dejah +Thoris. + +“John Carter,” he answered, “if ever you and Dejah Thoris escape the +Tharks it will be upon this journey. We know that you will not go +without her. You have shown yourself a mighty fighter, and we do not +wish to manacle you, so we hold you both in the easiest way that will +yet ensure security. I have spoken.” + +I saw the strength of his reasoning at a flash, and knew that it was +futile to appeal from his decision, but I asked that the key be taken +from Sarkoja and that she be directed to leave the prisoner alone in +future. + +“This much, Tars Tarkas, you may do for me in return for the friendship +that, I must confess, I feel for you.” + +“Friendship” he replied. “There is no such thing, John Carter; but +have your will. I shall direct that Sarkoja cease to annoy the girl, +and I myself will take the custody of the key.” + +“Unless you wish me to assume the responsibility,” I said, smiling. + +He looked at me long and earnestly before he spoke. + +“Were you to give me your word that neither you nor Dejah Thoris would +attempt to escape until after we have safely reached the court of Tal +Hajus you might have the key and throw the chains into the river Iss.” + +“It were better that you held the key, Tars Tarkas,” I replied + +He smiled, and said no more, but that night as we were making camp I +saw him unfasten Dejah Thoris’ fetters himself. + +With all his cruel ferocity and coldness there was an undercurrent of +something in Tars Tarkas which he seemed ever battling to subdue. Could +it be a vestige of some human instinct come back from an ancient +forbear to haunt him with the horror of his people’s ways! + +As I was approaching Dejah Thoris’ chariot I passed Sarkoja, and the +black, venomous look she accorded me was the sweetest balm I had felt +for many hours. Lord, how she hated me! It bristled from her so +palpably that one might almost have cut it with a sword. + +A few moments later I saw her deep in conversation with a warrior named +Zad; a big, hulking, powerful brute, but one who had never made a kill +among his own chieftains, and so was still an _o mad_, or man with one +name; he could win a second name only with the metal of some chieftain. +It was this custom which entitled me to the names of either of the +chieftains I had killed; in fact, some of the warriors addressed me as +Dotar Sojat, a combination of the surnames of the two warrior +chieftains whose metal I had taken, or, in other words, whom I had +slain in fair fight. + +As Sarkoja talked with Zad he cast occasional glances in my direction, +while she seemed to be urging him very strongly to some action. I paid +little attention to it at the time, but the next day I had good reason +to recall the circumstances, and at the same time gain a slight insight +into the depths of Sarkoja’s hatred and the lengths to which she was +capable of going to wreak her horrid vengeance on me. + +Dejah Thoris would have none of me again on this evening, and though I +spoke her name she neither replied, nor conceded by so much as the +flutter of an eyelid that she realized my existence. In my extremity I +did what most other lovers would have done; I sought word from her +through an intimate. In this instance it was Sola whom I intercepted in +another part of camp. + +“What is the matter with Dejah Thoris” I blurted out at her. “Why will +she not speak to me” + +Sola seemed puzzled herself, as though such strange actions on the part +of two humans were quite beyond her, as indeed they were, poor child. + +“She says you have angered her, and that is all she will say, except +that she is the daughter of a jed and the granddaughter of a jeddak and +she has been humiliated by a creature who could not polish the teeth of +her grandmother’s sorak.” + +I pondered over this report for some time, finally asking, “What might +a sorak be, Sola” + +“A little animal about as big as my hand, which the red Martian women +keep to play with,” explained Sola. + +Not fit to polish the teeth of her grandmother’s cat! I must rank +pretty low in the consideration of Dejah Thoris, I thought; but I could +not help laughing at the strange figure of speech, so homely and in +this respect so earthly. It made me homesick, for it sounded very much +like “not fit to polish her shoes.” And then commenced a train of +thought quite new to me. I began to wonder what my people at home were +doing. I had not seen them for years. There was a family of Carters in +Virginia who claimed close relationship with me; I was supposed to be a +great uncle, or something of the kind equally foolish. I could pass +anywhere for twenty-five to thirty years of age, and to be a great +uncle always seemed the height of incongruity, for my thoughts and +feelings were those of a boy. There were two little kiddies in the +Carter family whom I had loved and who had thought there was no one on +Earth like Uncle Jack; I could see them just as plainly, as I stood +there under the moonlit skies of Barsoom, and I longed for them as I +had never longed for any mortals before. By nature a wanderer, I had +never known the true meaning of the word home, but the great hall of +the Carters had always stood for all that the word did mean to me, and +now my heart turned toward it from the cold and unfriendly peoples I +had been thrown amongst. For did not even Dejah Thoris despise me! I +was a low creature, so low in fact that I was not even fit to polish +the teeth of her grandmother’s cat; and then my saving sense of humor +came to my rescue, and laughing I turned into my silks and furs and +slept upon the moon-haunted ground the sleep of a tired and healthy +fighting man. + +We broke camp the next day at an early hour and marched with only a +single halt until just before dark. Two incidents broke the tediousness +of the march. About noon we espied far to our right what was evidently +an incubator, and Lorquas Ptomel directed Tars Tarkas to investigate +it. The latter took a dozen warriors, including myself, and we raced +across the velvety carpeting of moss to the little enclosure. + +It was indeed an incubator, but the eggs were very small in comparison +with those I had seen hatching in ours at the time of my arrival on +Mars. + +Tars Tarkas dismounted and examined the enclosure minutely, finally +announcing that it belonged to the green men of Warhoon and that the +cement was scarcely dry where it had been walled up. + +“They cannot be a day’s march ahead of us,” he exclaimed, the light of +battle leaping to his fierce face. + +The work at the incubator was short indeed. The warriors tore open the +entrance and a couple of them, crawling in, soon demolished all the +eggs with their short-swords. Then remounting we dashed back to join +the cavalcade. During the ride I took occasion to ask Tars Tarkas if +these Warhoons whose eggs we had destroyed were a smaller people than +his Tharks. + +“I noticed that their eggs were so much smaller than those I saw +hatching in your incubator,” I added. + +He explained that the eggs had just been placed there; but, like all +green Martian eggs, they would grow during the five-year period of +incubation until they obtained the size of those I had seen hatching on +the day of my arrival on Barsoom. This was indeed an interesting piece +of information, for it had always seemed remarkable to me that the +green Martian women, large as they were, could bring forth such +enormous eggs as I had seen the four-foot infants emerging from. As a +matter of fact, the new-laid egg is but little larger than an ordinary +goose egg, and as it does not commence to grow until subjected to the +light of the sun the chieftains have little difficulty in transporting +several hundreds of them at one time from the storage vaults to the +incubators. + +Shortly after the incident of the Warhoon eggs we halted to rest the +animals, and it was during this halt that the second of the day’s +interesting episodes occurred. I was engaged in changing my riding +cloths from one of my thoats to the other, for I divided the day’s work +between them, when Zad approached me, and without a word struck my +animal a terrific blow with his long-sword. + +I did not need a manual of green Martian etiquette to know what reply +to make, for, in fact, I was so wild with anger that I could scarcely +refrain from drawing my pistol and shooting him down for the brute he +was; but he stood waiting with drawn long-sword, and my only choice was +to draw my own and meet him in fair fight with his choice of weapons or +a lesser one. + +This latter alternative is always permissible, therefore I could have +used my short-sword, my dagger, my hatchet, or my fists had I wished, +and been entirely within my rights, but I could not use firearms or a +spear while he held only his long-sword. + +I chose the same weapon he had drawn because I knew he prided himself +upon his ability with it, and I wished, if I worsted him at all, to do +it with his own weapon. The fight that followed was a long one and +delayed the resumption of the march for an hour. The entire community +surrounded us, leaving a clear space about one hundred feet in diameter +for our battle. + +Zad first attempted to rush me down as a bull might a wolf, but I was +much too quick for him, and each time I side-stepped his rushes he +would go lunging past me, only to receive a nick from my sword upon his +arm or back. He was soon streaming blood from a half dozen minor +wounds, but I could not obtain an opening to deliver an effective +thrust. Then he changed his tactics, and fighting warily and with +extreme dexterity, he tried to do by science what he was unable to do +by brute strength. I must admit that he was a magnificent swordsman, +and had it not been for my greater endurance and the remarkable agility +the lesser gravitation of Mars lent me I might not have been able to +put up the creditable fight I did against him. + +We circled for some time without doing much damage on either side; the +long, straight, needle-like swords flashing in the sunlight, and +ringing out upon the stillness as they crashed together with each +effective parry. Finally Zad, realizing that he was tiring more than I, +evidently decided to close in and end the battle in a final blaze of +glory for himself; just as he rushed me a blinding flash of light +struck full in my eyes, so that I could not see his approach and could +only leap blindly to one side in an effort to escape the mighty blade +that it seemed I could already feel in my vitals. I was only partially +successful, as a sharp pain in my left shoulder attested, but in the +sweep of my glance as I sought to again locate my adversary, a sight +met my astonished gaze which paid me well for the wound the temporary +blindness had caused me. There, upon Dejah Thoris’ chariot stood three +figures, for the purpose evidently of witnessing the encounter above +the heads of the intervening Tharks. There were Dejah Thoris, Sola, and +Sarkoja, and as my fleeting glance swept over them a little tableau was +presented which will stand graven in my memory to the day of my death. + +As I looked, Dejah Thoris turned upon Sarkoja with the fury of a young +tigress and struck something from her upraised hand; something which +flashed in the sunlight as it spun to the ground. Then I knew what had +blinded me at that crucial moment of the fight, and how Sarkoja had +found a way to kill me without herself delivering the final thrust. +Another thing I saw, too, which almost lost my life for me then and +there, for it took my mind for the fraction of an instant entirely from +my antagonist; for, as Dejah Thoris struck the tiny mirror from her +hand, Sarkoja, her face livid with hatred and baffled rage, whipped out +her dagger and aimed a terrific blow at Dejah Thoris; and then Sola, +our dear and faithful Sola, sprang between them; the last I saw was the +great knife descending upon her shielding breast. + +My enemy had recovered from his thrust and was making it extremely +interesting for me, so I reluctantly gave my attention to the work in +hand, but my mind was not upon the battle. + +We rushed each other furiously time after time, ’til suddenly, feeling +the sharp point of his sword at my breast in a thrust I could neither +parry nor escape, I threw myself upon him with outstretched sword and +with all the weight of my body, determined that I would not die alone +if I could prevent it. I felt the steel tear into my chest, all went +black before me, my head whirled in dizziness, and I felt my knees +giving beneath me. + + + + +CHAPTER XV +SOLA TELLS ME HER STORY + + +When consciousness returned, and, as I soon learned, I was down but a +moment, I sprang quickly to my feet searching for my sword, and there I +found it, buried to the hilt in the green breast of Zad, who lay stone +dead upon the ochre moss of the ancient sea bottom. As I regained my +full senses I found his weapon piercing my left breast, but only +through the flesh and muscles which cover my ribs, entering near the +center of my chest and coming out below the shoulder. As I had lunged I +had turned so that his sword merely passed beneath the muscles, +inflicting a painful but not dangerous wound. + +Removing the blade from my body I also regained my own, and turning my +back upon his ugly carcass, I moved, sick, sore, and disgusted, toward +the chariots which bore my retinue and my belongings. A murmur of +Martian applause greeted me, but I cared not for it. + +Bleeding and weak I reached my women, who, accustomed to such +happenings, dressed my wounds, applying the wonderful healing and +remedial agents which make only the most instantaneous of death blows +fatal. Give a Martian woman a chance and death must take a back seat. +They soon had me patched up so that, except for weakness from loss of +blood and a little soreness around the wound, I suffered no great +distress from this thrust which, under earthly treatment, undoubtedly +would have put me flat on my back for days. + +As soon as they were through with me I hastened to the chariot of Dejah +Thoris, where I found my poor Sola with her chest swathed in bandages, +but apparently little the worse for her encounter with Sarkoja, whose +dagger it seemed had struck the edge of one of Sola’s metal breast +ornaments and, thus deflected, had inflicted but a slight flesh wound. + +As I approached I found Dejah Thoris lying prone upon her silks and +furs, her lithe form wracked with sobs. She did not notice my presence, +nor did she hear me speaking with Sola, who was standing a short +distance from the vehicle. + +“Is she injured” I asked of Sola, indicating Dejah Thoris by an +inclination of my head. + +“No,” she answered, “she thinks that you are dead.” + +“And that her grandmother’s cat may now have no one to polish its +teeth” I queried, smiling. + +“I think you wrong her, John Carter,” said Sola. “I do not understand +either her ways or yours, but I am sure the granddaughter of ten +thousand jeddaks would never grieve like this over any who held but the +highest claim upon her affections. They are a proud race, but they are +just, as are all Barsoomians, and you must have hurt or wronged her +grievously that she will not admit your existence living, though she +mourns you dead. + +“Tears are a strange sight upon Barsoom,” she continued, “and so it is +difficult for me to interpret them. I have seen but two people weep in +all my life, other than Dejah Thoris; one wept from sorrow, the other +from baffled rage. The first was my mother, years ago before they +killed her; the other was Sarkoja, when they dragged her from me +today.” + +“Your mother!” I exclaimed, “but, Sola, you could not have known your +mother, child.” + +“But I did. And my father also,” she added. “If you would like to hear +the strange and un-Barsoomian story come to the chariot tonight, John +Carter, and I will tell you that of which I have never spoken in all my +life before. And now the signal has been given to resume the march, you +must go.” + +“I will come tonight, Sola,” I promised. “Be sure to tell Dejah Thoris +I am alive and well. I shall not force myself upon her, and be sure +that you do not let her know I saw her tears. If she would speak with +me I but await her command.” + +Sola mounted the chariot, which was swinging into its place in line, +and I hastened to my waiting thoat and galloped to my station beside +Tars Tarkas at the rear of the column. + +We made a most imposing and awe-inspiring spectacle as we strung out +across the yellow landscape; the two hundred and fifty ornate and +brightly colored chariots, preceded by an advance guard of some two +hundred mounted warriors and chieftains riding five abreast and one +hundred yards apart, and followed by a like number in the same +formation, with a score or more of flankers on either side; the fifty +extra mastodons, or heavy draught animals, known as zitidars, and the +five or six hundred extra thoats of the warriors running loose within +the hollow square formed by the surrounding warriors. The gleaming +metal and jewels of the gorgeous ornaments of the men and women, +duplicated in the trappings of the zitidars and thoats, and +interspersed with the flashing colors of magnificent silks and furs and +feathers, lent a barbaric splendor to the caravan which would have +turned an East Indian potentate green with envy. + +The enormous broad tires of the chariots and the padded feet of the +animals brought forth no sound from the moss-covered sea bottom; and so +we moved in utter silence, like some huge phantasmagoria, except when +the stillness was broken by the guttural growling of a goaded zitidar, +or the squealing of fighting thoats. The green Martians converse but +little, and then usually in monosyllables, low and like the faint +rumbling of distant thunder. + +We traversed a trackless waste of moss which, bending to the pressure +of broad tire or padded foot, rose up again behind us, leaving no sign +that we had passed. We might indeed have been the wraiths of the +departed dead upon the dead sea of that dying planet for all the sound +or sign we made in passing. It was the first march of a large body of +men and animals I had ever witnessed which raised no dust and left no +spoor; for there is no dust upon Mars except in the cultivated +districts during the winter months, and even then the absence of high +winds renders it almost unnoticeable. + +We camped that night at the foot of the hills we had been approaching +for two days and which marked the southern boundary of this particular +sea. Our animals had been two days without drink, nor had they had +water for nearly two months, not since shortly after leaving Thark; +but, as Tars Tarkas explained to me, they require but little and can +live almost indefinitely upon the moss which covers Barsoom, and which, +he told me, holds in its tiny stems sufficient moisture to meet the +limited demands of the animals. + +After partaking of my evening meal of cheese-like food and vegetable +milk I sought out Sola, whom I found working by the light of a torch +upon some of Tars Tarkas’ trappings. She looked up at my approach, her +face lighting with pleasure and with welcome. + +“I am glad you came,” she said; “Dejah Thoris sleeps and I am lonely. +Mine own people do not care for me, John Carter; I am too unlike them. +It is a sad fate, since I must live my life amongst them, and I often +wish that I were a true green Martian woman, without love and without +hope; but I have known love and so I am lost. + +“I promised to tell you my story, or rather the story of my parents. +From what I have learned of you and the ways of your people I am sure +that the tale will not seem strange to you, but among green Martians it +has no parallel within the memory of the oldest living Thark, nor do +our legends hold many similar tales. + +“My mother was rather small, in fact too small to be allowed the +responsibilities of maternity, as our chieftains breed principally for +size. She was also less cold and cruel than most green Martian women, +and caring little for their society, she often roamed the deserted +avenues of Thark alone, or went and sat among the wild flowers that +deck the nearby hills, thinking thoughts and wishing wishes which I +believe I alone among Tharkian women today may understand, for am I not +the child of my mother + +“And there among the hills she met a young warrior, whose duty it was +to guard the feeding zitidars and thoats and see that they roamed not +beyond the hills. They spoke at first only of such things as interest a +community of Tharks, but gradually, as they came to meet more often, +and, as was now quite evident to both, no longer by chance, they talked +about themselves, their likes, their ambitions and their hopes. She +trusted him and told him of the awful repugnance she felt for the +cruelties of their kind, for the hideous, loveless lives they must ever +lead, and then she waited for the storm of denunciation to break from +his cold, hard lips; but instead he took her in his arms and kissed +her. + +“They kept their love a secret for six long years. She, my mother, was +of the retinue of the great Tal Hajus, while her lover was a simple +warrior, wearing only his own metal. Had their defection from the +traditions of the Tharks been discovered both would have paid the +penalty in the great arena before Tal Hajus and the assembled hordes. + +“The egg from which I came was hidden beneath a great glass vessel upon +the highest and most inaccessible of the partially ruined towers of +ancient Thark. Once each year my mother visited it for the five long +years it lay there in the process of incubation. She dared not come +oftener, for in the mighty guilt of her conscience she feared that her +every move was watched. During this period my father gained great +distinction as a warrior and had taken the metal from several +chieftains. His love for my mother had never diminished, and his own +ambition in life was to reach a point where he might wrest the metal +from Tal Hajus himself, and thus, as ruler of the Tharks, be free to +claim her as his own, as well as, by the might of his power, protect +the child which otherwise would be quickly dispatched should the truth +become known. + +“It was a wild dream, that of wresting the metal from Tal Hajus in five +short years, but his advance was rapid, and he soon stood high in the +councils of Thark. But one day the chance was lost forever, in so far +as it could come in time to save his loved ones, for he was ordered +away upon a long expedition to the ice-clad south, to make war upon the +natives there and despoil them of their furs, for such is the manner of +the green Barsoomian; he does not labor for what he can wrest in battle +from others. + +“He was gone for four years, and when he returned all had been over for +three; for about a year after his departure, and shortly before the +time for the return of an expedition which had gone forth to fetch the +fruits of a community incubator, the egg had hatched. Thereafter my +mother continued to keep me in the old tower, visiting me nightly and +lavishing upon me the love the community life would have robbed us both +of. She hoped, upon the return of the expedition from the incubator, to +mix me with the other young assigned to the quarters of Tal Hajus, and +thus escape the fate which would surely follow discovery of her sin +against the ancient traditions of the green men. + +“She taught me rapidly the language and customs of my kind, and one +night she told me the story I have told to you up to this point, +impressing upon me the necessity for absolute secrecy and the great +caution I must exercise after she had placed me with the other young +Tharks to permit no one to guess that I was further advanced in +education than they, nor by any sign to divulge in the presence of +others my affection for her, or my knowledge of my parentage; and then +drawing me close to her she whispered in my ear the name of my father. + +“And then a light flashed out upon the darkness of the tower chamber, +and there stood Sarkoja, her gleaming, baleful eyes fixed in a frenzy +of loathing and contempt upon my mother. The torrent of hatred and +abuse she poured out upon her turned my young heart cold in terror. +That she had heard the entire story was apparent, and that she had +suspected something wrong from my mother’s long nightly absences from +her quarters accounted for her presence there on that fateful night. + +“One thing she had not heard, nor did she know, the whispered name of +my father. This was apparent from her repeated demands upon my mother +to disclose the name of her partner in sin, but no amount of abuse or +threats could wring this from her, and to save me from needless torture +she lied, for she told Sarkoja that she alone knew nor would she ever +tell her child. + +“With final imprecations, Sarkoja hastened away to Tal Hajus to report +her discovery, and while she was gone my mother, wrapping me in the +silks and furs of her night coverings, so that I was scarcely +noticeable, descended to the streets and ran wildly away toward the +outskirts of the city, in the direction which led to the far south, out +toward the man whose protection she might not claim, but on whose face +she wished to look once more before she died. + +“As we neared the city’s southern extremity a sound came to us from +across the mossy flat, from the direction of the only pass through the +hills which led to the gates, the pass by which caravans from either +north or south or east or west would enter the city. The sounds we +heard were the squealing of thoats and the grumbling of zitidars, with +the occasional clank of arms which announced the approach of a body of +warriors. The thought uppermost in her mind was that it was my father +returned from his expedition, but the cunning of the Thark held her +from headlong and precipitate flight to greet him. + +“Retreating into the shadows of a doorway she awaited the coming of the +cavalcade which shortly entered the avenue, breaking its formation and +thronging the thoroughfare from wall to wall. As the head of the +procession passed us the lesser moon swung clear of the overhanging +roofs and lit up the scene with all the brilliancy of her wondrous +light. My mother shrank further back into the friendly shadows, and +from her hiding place saw that the expedition was not that of my +father, but the returning caravan bearing the young Tharks. Instantly +her plan was formed, and as a great chariot swung close to our hiding +place she slipped stealthily in upon the trailing tailboard, crouching +low in the shadow of the high side, straining me to her bosom in a +frenzy of love. + +“She knew, what I did not, that never again after that night would she +hold me to her breast, nor was it likely we would ever look upon each +other’s face again. In the confusion of the plaza she mixed me with the +other children, whose guardians during the journey were now free to +relinquish their responsibility. We were herded together into a great +room, fed by women who had not accompanied the expedition, and the next +day we were parceled out among the retinues of the chieftains. + +“I never saw my mother after that night. She was imprisoned by Tal +Hajus, and every effort, including the most horrible and shameful +torture, was brought to bear upon her to wring from her lips the name +of my father; but she remained steadfast and loyal, dying at last +amidst the laughter of Tal Hajus and his chieftains during some awful +torture she was undergoing. + +“I learned afterwards that she told them that she had killed me to save +me from a like fate at their hands, and that she had thrown my body to +the white apes. Sarkoja alone disbelieved her, and I feel to this day +that she suspects my true origin, but does not dare expose me, at the +present, at all events, because she also guesses, I am sure, the +identity of my father. + +“When he returned from his expedition and learned the story of my +mother’s fate I was present as Tal Hajus told him; but never by the +quiver of a muscle did he betray the slightest emotion; only he did not +laugh as Tal Hajus gleefully described her death struggles. From that +moment on he was the cruelest of the cruel, and I am awaiting the day +when he shall win the goal of his ambition, and feel the carcass of Tal +Hajus beneath his foot, for I am as sure that he but waits the +opportunity to wreak a terrible vengeance, and that his great love is +as strong in his breast as when it first transfigured him nearly forty +years ago, as I am that we sit here upon the edge of a world-old ocean +while sensible people sleep, John Carter.” + +“And your father, Sola, is he with us now” I asked. + +“Yes,” she replied, “but he does not know me for what I am, nor does he +know who betrayed my mother to Tal Hajus. I alone know my father’s +name, and only I and Tal Hajus and Sarkoja know that it was she who +carried the tale that brought death and torture upon her he loved.” + +We sat silent for a few moments, she wrapped in the gloomy thoughts of +her terrible past, and I in pity for the poor creatures whom the +heartless, senseless customs of their race had doomed to loveless lives +of cruelty and of hate. Presently she spoke. + +“John Carter, if ever a real man walked the cold, dead bosom of Barsoom +you are one. I know that I can trust you, and because the knowledge may +someday help you or him or Dejah Thoris or myself, I am going to tell +you the name of my father, nor place any restrictions or conditions +upon your tongue. When the time comes, speak the truth if it seems best +to you. I trust you because I know that you are not cursed with the +terrible trait of absolute and unswerving truthfulness, that you could +lie like one of your own Virginia gentlemen if a lie would save others +from sorrow or suffering. My father’s name is Tars Tarkas.” + + + + +CHAPTER XVI +WE PLAN ESCAPE + + +The remainder of our journey to Thark was uneventful. We were twenty +days upon the road, crossing two sea bottoms and passing through or +around a number of ruined cities, mostly smaller than Korad. Twice we +crossed the famous Martian waterways, or canals, so-called by our +earthly astronomers. When we approached these points a warrior would be +sent far ahead with a powerful field glass, and if no great body of red +Martian troops was in sight we would advance as close as possible +without chance of being seen and then camp until dark, when we would +slowly approach the cultivated tract, and, locating one of the +numerous, broad highways which cross these areas at regular intervals, +creep silently and stealthily across to the arid lands upon the other +side. It required five hours to make one of these crossings without a +single halt, and the other consumed the entire night, so that we were +just leaving the confines of the high-walled fields when the sun broke +out upon us. + +Crossing in the darkness, as we did, I was unable to see but little, +except as the nearer moon, in her wild and ceaseless hurtling through +the Barsoomian heavens, lit up little patches of the landscape from +time to time, disclosing walled fields and low, rambling buildings, +presenting much the appearance of earthly farms. There were many trees, +methodically arranged, and some of them were of enormous height; there +were animals in some of the enclosures, and they announced their +presence by terrified squealings and snortings as they scented our +queer, wild beasts and wilder human beings. + +Only once did I perceive a human being, and that was at the +intersection of our crossroad with the wide, white turnpike which cuts +each cultivated district longitudinally at its exact center. The fellow +must have been sleeping beside the road, for, as I came abreast of him, +he raised upon one elbow and after a single glance at the approaching +caravan leaped shrieking to his feet and fled madly down the road, +scaling a nearby wall with the agility of a scared cat. The Tharks paid +him not the slightest attention; they were not out upon the warpath, +and the only sign that I had that they had seen him was a quickening of +the pace of the caravan as we hastened toward the bordering desert +which marked our entrance into the realm of Tal Hajus. + +Not once did I have speech with Dejah Thoris, as she sent no word to me +that I would be welcome at her chariot, and my foolish pride kept me +from making any advances. I verily believe that a man’s way with women +is in inverse ratio to his prowess among men. The weakling and the +saphead have often great ability to charm the fair sex, while the +fighting man who can face a thousand real dangers unafraid, sits hiding +in the shadows like some frightened child. + +Just thirty days after my advent upon Barsoom we entered the ancient +city of Thark, from whose long-forgotten people this horde of green men +have stolen even their name. The hordes of Thark number some thirty +thousand souls, and are divided into twenty-five communities. Each +community has its own jed and lesser chieftains, but all are under the +rule of Tal Hajus, Jeddak of Thark. Five communities make their +headquarters at the city of Thark, and the balance are scattered among +other deserted cities of ancient Mars throughout the district claimed +by Tal Hajus. + +We made our entry into the great central plaza early in the afternoon. +There were no enthusiastic friendly greetings for the returned +expedition. Those who chanced to be in sight spoke the names of +warriors or women with whom they came in direct contact, in the formal +greeting of their kind, but when it was discovered that they brought +two captives a greater interest was aroused, and Dejah Thoris and I +were the centers of inquiring groups. + +We were soon assigned to new quarters, and the balance of the day was +devoted to settling ourselves to the changed conditions. My home now +was upon an avenue leading into the plaza from the south, the main +artery down which we had marched from the gates of the city. I was at +the far end of the square and had an entire building to myself. The +same grandeur of architecture which was so noticeable a characteristic +of Korad was in evidence here, only, if that were possible, on a larger +and richer scale. My quarters would have been suitable for housing the +greatest of earthly emperors, but to these queer creatures nothing +about a building appealed to them but its size and the enormity of its +chambers; the larger the building, the more desirable; and so Tal Hajus +occupied what must have been an enormous public building, the largest +in the city, but entirely unfitted for residence purposes; the next +largest was reserved for Lorquas Ptomel, the next for the jed of a +lesser rank, and so on to the bottom of the list of five jeds. The +warriors occupied the buildings with the chieftains to whose retinues +they belonged; or, if they preferred, sought shelter among any of the +thousands of untenanted buildings in their own quarter of town; each +community being assigned a certain section of the city. The selection +of building had to be made in accordance with these divisions, except +in so far as the jeds were concerned, they all occupying edifices which +fronted upon the plaza. + +When I had finally put my house in order, or rather seen that it had +been done, it was nearing sunset, and I hastened out with the intention +of locating Sola and her charges, as I had determined upon having +speech with Dejah Thoris and trying to impress on her the necessity of +our at least patching up a truce until I could find some way of aiding +her to escape. I searched in vain until the upper rim of the great red +sun was just disappearing behind the horizon and then I spied the ugly +head of Woola peering from a second-story window on the opposite side +of the very street where I was quartered, but nearer the plaza. + +Without waiting for a further invitation I bolted up the winding runway +which led to the second floor, and entering a great chamber at the +front of the building was greeted by the frenzied Woola, who threw his +great carcass upon me, nearly hurling me to the floor; the poor old +fellow was so glad to see me that I thought he would devour me, his +head split from ear to ear, showing his three rows of tusks in his +hobgoblin smile. + +Quieting him with a word of command and a caress, I looked hurriedly +through the approaching gloom for a sign of Dejah Thoris, and then, not +seeing her, I called her name. There was an answering murmur from the +far corner of the apartment, and with a couple of quick strides I was +standing beside her where she crouched among the furs and silks upon an +ancient carved wooden seat. As I waited she rose to her full height and +looking me straight in the eye said + +“What would Dotar Sojat, Thark, of Dejah Thoris his captive” + +“Dejah Thoris, I do not know how I have angered you. It was furtherest +from my desire to hurt or offend you, whom I had hoped to protect and +comfort. Have none of me if it is your will, but that you must aid me +in effecting your escape, if such a thing be possible, is not my +request, but my command. When you are safe once more at your father’s +court you may do with me as you please, but from now on until that day +I am your master, and you must obey and aid me.” + +She looked at me long and earnestly and I thought that she was +softening toward me. + +“I understand your words, Dotar Sojat,” she replied, “but you I do not +understand. You are a queer mixture of child and man, of brute and +noble. I only wish that I might read your heart.” + +“Look down at your feet, Dejah Thoris; it lies there now where it has +lain since that other night at Korad, and where it will ever lie +beating alone for you until death stills it forever.” + +She took a little step toward me, her beautiful hands outstretched in a +strange, groping gesture. + +“What do you mean, John Carter” she whispered. “What are you saying to +me” + +“I am saying what I had promised myself that I would not say to you, at +least until you were no longer a captive among the green men; what from +your attitude toward me for the past twenty days I had thought never to +say to you; I am saying, Dejah Thoris, that I am yours, body and soul, +to serve you, to fight for you, and to die for you. Only one thing I +ask of you in return, and that is that you make no sign, either of +condemnation or of approbation of my words until you are safe among +your own people, and that whatever sentiments you harbor toward me they +be not influenced or colored by gratitude; whatever I may do to serve +you will be prompted solely from selfish motives, since it gives me +more pleasure to serve you than not.” + +“I will respect your wishes, John Carter, because I understand the +motives which prompt them, and I accept your service no more willingly +than I bow to your authority; your word shall be my law. I have twice +wronged you in my thoughts and again I ask your forgiveness.” + +Further conversation of a personal nature was prevented by the entrance +of Sola, who was much agitated and wholly unlike her usual calm and +possessed self. + +“That horrible Sarkoja has been before Tal Hajus,” she cried, “and from +what I heard upon the plaza there is little hope for either of you.” + +“What do they say” inquired Dejah Thoris. + +“That you will be thrown to the wild calots [dogs] in the great arena +as soon as the hordes have assembled for the yearly games.” + +“Sola,” I said, “you are a Thark, but you hate and loathe the customs +of your people as much as we do. Will you not accompany us in one +supreme effort to escape I am sure that Dejah Thoris can offer you a +home and protection among her people, and your fate can be no worse +among them than it must ever be here.” + +“Yes,” cried Dejah Thoris, “come with us, Sola, you will be better off +among the red men of Helium than you are here, and I can promise you +not only a home with us, but the love and affection your nature craves +and which must always be denied you by the customs of your own race. +Come with us, Sola; we might go without you, but your fate would be +terrible if they thought you had connived to aid us. I know that even +that fear would not tempt you to interfere in our escape, but we want +you with us, we want you to come to a land of sunshine and happiness, +amongst a people who know the meaning of love, of sympathy, and of +gratitude. Say that you will, Sola; tell me that you will.” + +“The great waterway which leads to Helium is but fifty miles to the +south,” murmured Sola, half to herself; “a swift thoat might make it in +three hours; and then to Helium it is five hundred miles, most of the +way through thinly settled districts. They would know and they would +follow us. We might hide among the great trees for a time, but the +chances are small indeed for escape. They would follow us to the very +gates of Helium, and they would take toll of life at every step; you do +not know them.” + +“Is there no other way we might reach Helium” I asked. “Can you not +draw me a rough map of the country we must traverse, Dejah Thoris” + +“Yes,” she replied, and taking a great diamond from her hair she drew +upon the marble floor the first map of Barsoomian territory I had ever +seen. It was crisscrossed in every direction with long straight lines, +sometimes running parallel and sometimes converging toward some great +circle. The lines, she said, were waterways; the circles, cities; and +one far to the northwest of us she pointed out as Helium. There were +other cities closer, but she said she feared to enter many of them, as +they were not all friendly toward Helium. + + +[Illustration She drew upon the marble floor the first map of +Barsoomian territory I had ever seen.] + + +Finally, after studying the map carefully in the moonlight which now +flooded the room, I pointed out a waterway far to the north of us which +also seemed to lead to Helium. + +“Does not this pierce your grandfather’s territory” I asked. + +“Yes,” she answered, “but it is two hundred miles north of us; it is +one of the waterways we crossed on the trip to Thark.” + +“They would never suspect that we would try for that distant waterway,” +I answered, “and that is why I think that it is the best route for our +escape.” + +Sola agreed with me, and it was decided that we should leave Thark this +same night; just as quickly, in fact, as I could find and saddle my +thoats. Sola was to ride one and Dejah Thoris and I the other; each of +us carrying sufficient food and drink to last us for two days, since +the animals could not be urged too rapidly for so long a distance. + +I directed Sola to proceed with Dejah Thoris along one of the less +frequented avenues to the southern boundary of the city, where I would +overtake them with the thoats as quickly as possible; then, leaving +them to gather what food, silks, and furs we were to need, I slipped +quietly to the rear of the first floor, and entered the courtyard, +where our animals were moving restlessly about, as was their habit, +before settling down for the night. + +In the shadows of the buildings and out beneath the radiance of the +Martian moons moved the great herd of thoats and zitidars, the latter +grunting their low gutturals and the former occasionally emitting the +sharp squeal which denotes the almost habitual state of rage in which +these creatures passed their existence. They were quieter now, owing to +the absence of man, but as they scented me they became more restless +and their hideous noise increased. It was risky business, this entering +a paddock of thoats alone and at night; first, because their increasing +noisiness might warn the nearby warriors that something was amiss, and +also because for the slightest cause, or for no cause at all some great +bull thoat might take it upon himself to lead a charge upon me. + +Having no desire to awaken their nasty tempers upon such a night as +this, where so much depended upon secrecy and dispatch, I hugged the +shadows of the buildings, ready at an instant’s warning to leap into +the safety of a nearby door or window. Thus I moved silently to the +great gates which opened upon the street at the back of the court, and +as I neared the exit I called softly to my two animals. How I thanked +the kind providence which had given me the foresight to win the love +and confidence of these wild dumb brutes, for presently from the far +side of the court I saw two huge bulks forcing their way toward me +through the surging mountains of flesh. + +They came quite close to me, rubbing their muzzles against my body and +nosing for the bits of food it was always my practice to reward them +with. Opening the gates I ordered the two great beasts to pass out, and +then slipping quietly after them I closed the portals behind me. + +I did not saddle or mount the animals there, but instead walked quietly +in the shadows of the buildings toward an unfrequented avenue which led +toward the point I had arranged to meet Dejah Thoris and Sola. With the +noiselessness of disembodied spirits we moved stealthily along the +deserted streets, but not until we were within sight of the plain +beyond the city did I commence to breathe freely. I was sure that Sola +and Dejah Thoris would find no difficulty in reaching our rendezvous +undetected, but with my great thoats I was not so sure for myself, as +it was quite unusual for warriors to leave the city after dark; in fact +there was no place for them to go within any but a long ride. + +I reached the appointed meeting place safely, but as Dejah Thoris and +Sola were not there I led my animals into the entrance hall of one of +the large buildings. Presuming that one of the other women of the same +household may have come in to speak to Sola, and so delayed their +departure, I did not feel any undue apprehension until nearly an hour +had passed without a sign of them, and by the time another half hour +had crawled away I was becoming filled with grave anxiety. Then there +broke upon the stillness of the night the sound of an approaching +party, which, from the noise, I knew could be no fugitives creeping +stealthily toward liberty. Soon the party was near me, and from the +black shadows of my entranceway I perceived a score of mounted +warriors, who, in passing, dropped a dozen words that fetched my heart +clean into the top of my head. + +“He would likely have arranged to meet them just without the city, and +so—” I heard no more, they had passed on; but it was enough. Our plan +had been discovered, and the chances for escape from now on to the +fearful end would be small indeed. My one hope now was to return +undetected to the quarters of Dejah Thoris and learn what fate had +overtaken her, but how to do it with these great monstrous thoats upon +my hands, now that the city probably was aroused by the knowledge of my +escape was a problem of no mean proportions. + +Suddenly an idea occurred to me, and acting on my knowledge of the +construction of the buildings of these ancient Martian cities with a +hollow court within the center of each square, I groped my way blindly +through the dark chambers, calling the great thoats after me. They had +difficulty in negotiating some of the doorways, but as the buildings +fronting the city’s principal exposures were all designed upon a +magnificent scale, they were able to wriggle through without sticking +fast; and thus we finally made the inner court where I found, as I had +expected, the usual carpet of moss-like vegetation which would provide +their food and drink until I could return them to their own enclosure. +That they would be as quiet and contented here as elsewhere I was +confident, nor was there but the remotest possibility that they would +be discovered, as the green men had no great desire to enter these +outlying buildings, which were frequented by the only thing, I believe, +which caused them the sensation of fear—the great white apes of +Barsoom. + +Removing the saddle trappings, I hid them just within the rear doorway +of the building through which we had entered the court, and, turning +the beasts loose, quickly made my way across the court to the rear of +the buildings upon the further side, and thence to the avenue beyond. +Waiting in the doorway of the building until I was assured that no one +was approaching, I hurried across to the opposite side and through the +first doorway to the court beyond; thus, crossing through court after +court with only the slight chance of detection which the necessary +crossing of the avenues entailed, I made my way in safety to the +courtyard in the rear of Dejah Thoris’ quarters. + +Here, of course, I found the beasts of the warriors who quartered in +the adjacent buildings, and the warriors themselves I might expect to +meet within if I entered; but, fortunately for me, I had another and +safer method of reaching the upper story where Dejah Thoris should be +found, and, after first determining as nearly as possible which of the +buildings she occupied, for I had never observed them before from the +court side, I took advantage of my relatively great strength and +agility and sprang upward until I grasped the sill of a second-story +window which I thought to be in the rear of her apartment. Drawing +myself inside the room I moved stealthily toward the front of the +building, and not until I had quite reached the doorway of her room was +I made aware by voices that it was occupied. + +I did not rush headlong in, but listened without to assure myself that +it was Dejah Thoris and that it was safe to venture within. It was well +indeed that I took this precaution, for the conversation I heard was in +the low gutturals of men, and the words which finally came to me proved +a most timely warning. The speaker was a chieftain and he was giving +orders to four of his warriors. + +“And when he returns to this chamber,” he was saying, “as he surely +will when he finds she does not meet him at the city’s edge, you four +are to spring upon him and disarm him. It will require the combined +strength of all of you to do it if the reports they bring back from +Korad are correct. When you have him fast bound bear him to the vaults +beneath the jeddak’s quarters and chain him securely where he may be +found when Tal Hajus wishes him. Allow him to speak with none, nor +permit any other to enter this apartment before he comes. There will be +no danger of the girl returning, for by this time she is safe in the +arms of Tal Hajus, and may all her ancestors have pity upon her, for +Tal Hajus will have none; the great Sarkoja has done a noble night’s +work. I go, and if you fail to capture him when he comes, I commend +your carcasses to the cold bosom of Iss.” + + + + +CHAPTER XVII +A COSTLY RECAPTURE + + +As the speaker ceased he turned to leave the apartment by the door +where I was standing, but I needed to wait no longer; I had heard +enough to fill my soul with dread, and stealing quietly away I returned +to the courtyard by the way I had come. My plan of action was formed +upon the instant, and crossing the square and the bordering avenue upon +the opposite side I soon stood within the courtyard of Tal Hajus. + +The brilliantly lighted apartments of the first floor told me where +first to seek, and advancing to the windows I peered within. I soon +discovered that my approach was not to be the easy thing I had hoped, +for the rear rooms bordering the court were filled with warriors and +women. I then glanced up at the stories above, discovering that the +third was apparently unlighted, and so decided to make my entrance to +the building from that point. It was the work of but a moment for me to +reach the windows above, and soon I had drawn myself within the +sheltering shadows of the unlighted third floor. + +Fortunately the room I had selected was untenanted, and creeping +noiselessly to the corridor beyond I discovered a light in the +apartments ahead of me. Reaching what appeared to be a doorway I +discovered that it was but an opening upon an immense inner chamber +which towered from the first floor, two stories below me, to the +dome-like roof of the building, high above my head. The floor of this +great circular hall was thronged with chieftains, warriors and women, +and at one end was a great raised platform upon which squatted the most +hideous beast I had ever put my eyes upon. He had all the cold, hard, +cruel, terrible features of the green warriors, but accentuated and +debased by the animal passions to which he had given himself over for +many years. There was not a mark of dignity or pride upon his bestial +countenance, while his enormous bulk spread itself out upon the +platform where he squatted like some huge devil fish, his six limbs +accentuating the similarity in a horrible and startling manner. + +But the sight that froze me with apprehension was that of Dejah Thoris +and Sola standing there before him, and the fiendish leer of him as he +let his great protruding eyes gloat upon the lines of her beautiful +figure. She was speaking, but I could not hear what she said, nor could +I make out the low grumbling of his reply. She stood there erect before +him, her head high held, and even at the distance I was from them I +could read the scorn and disgust upon her face as she let her haughty +glance rest without sign of fear upon him. She was indeed the proud +daughter of a thousand jeddaks, every inch of her dear, precious little +body; so small, so frail beside the towering warriors around her, but +in her majesty dwarfing them into insignificance; she was the mightiest +figure among them and I verily believe that they felt it. + +Presently Tal Hajus made a sign that the chamber be cleared, and that +the prisoners be left alone before him. Slowly the chieftains, the +warriors and the women melted away into the shadows of the surrounding +chambers, and Dejah Thoris and Sola stood alone before the jeddak of +the Tharks. + +One chieftain alone had hesitated before departing; I saw him standing +in the shadows of a mighty column, his fingers nervously toying with +the hilt of his great-sword and his cruel eyes bent in implacable +hatred upon Tal Hajus. It was Tars Tarkas, and I could read his +thoughts as they were an open book for the undisguised loathing upon +his face. He was thinking of that other woman who, forty years ago, had +stood before this beast, and could I have spoken a word into his ear at +that moment the reign of Tal Hajus would have been over; but finally he +also strode from the room, not knowing that he left his own daughter at +the mercy of the creature he most loathed. + +Tal Hajus arose, and I, half fearing, half anticipating his intentions, +hurried to the winding runway which led to the floors below. No one was +near to intercept me, and I reached the main floor of the chamber +unobserved, taking my station in the shadow of the same column that +Tars Tarkas had but just deserted. As I reached the floor Tal Hajus was +speaking. + +“Princess of Helium, I might wring a mighty ransom from your people +would I but return you to them unharmed, but a thousand times rather +would I watch that beautiful face writhe in the agony of torture; it +shall be long drawn out, that I promise you; ten days of pleasure were +all too short to show the love I harbor for your race. The terrors of +your death shall haunt the slumbers of the red men through all the ages +to come; they will shudder in the shadows of the night as their fathers +tell them of the awful vengeance of the green men; of the power and +might and hate and cruelty of Tal Hajus. But before the torture you +shall be mine for one short hour, and word of that too shall go forth +to Tardos Mors, Jeddak of Helium, your grandfather, that he may grovel +upon the ground in the agony of his sorrow. Tomorrow the torture will +commence; tonight thou art Tal Hajus’; come!” + +He sprang down from the platform and grasped her roughly by the arm, +but scarcely had he touched her than I leaped between them. My +short-sword, sharp and gleaming was in my right hand; I could have +plunged it into his putrid heart before he realized that I was upon +him; but as I raised my arm to strike I thought of Tars Tarkas, and, +with all my rage, with all my hatred, I could not rob him of that sweet +moment for which he had lived and hoped all these long, weary years, +and so, instead, I swung my good right fist full upon the point of his +jaw. Without a sound he slipped to the floor as one dead. + +In the same deathly silence I grasped Dejah Thoris by the hand, and +motioning Sola to follow we sped noiselessly from the chamber and to +the floor above. Unseen we reached a rear window and with the straps +and leather of my trappings I lowered, first Sola and then Dejah Thoris +to the ground below. Dropping lightly after them I drew them rapidly +around the court in the shadows of the buildings, and thus we returned +over the same course I had so recently followed from the distant +boundary of the city. + +We finally came upon my thoats in the courtyard where I had left them, +and placing the trappings upon them we hastened through the building to +the avenue beyond. Mounting, Sola upon one beast, and Dejah Thoris +behind me upon the other, we rode from the city of Thark through the +hills to the south. + +Instead of circling back around the city to the northwest and toward +the nearest waterway which lay so short a distance from us, we turned +to the northeast and struck out upon the mossy waste across which, for +two hundred dangerous and weary miles, lay another main artery leading +to Helium. + +No word was spoken until we had left the city far behind, but I could +hear the quiet sobbing of Dejah Thoris as she clung to me with her dear +head resting against my shoulder. + +“If we make it, my chieftain, the debt of Helium will be a mighty one; +greater than she can ever pay you; and should we not make it,” she +continued, “the debt is no less, though Helium will never know, for you +have saved the last of our line from worse than death.” + +I did not answer, but instead reached to my side and pressed the little +fingers of her I loved where they clung to me for support, and then, in +unbroken silence, we sped over the yellow, moonlit moss; each of us +occupied with his own thoughts. For my part I could not be other than +joyful had I tried, with Dejah Thoris’ warm body pressed close to mine, +and with all our unpassed danger my heart was singing as gaily as +though we were already entering the gates of Helium. + +Our earlier plans had been so sadly upset that we now found ourselves +without food or drink, and I alone was armed. We therefore urged our +beasts to a speed that must tell on them sorely before we could hope to +sight the ending of the first stage of our journey. + +We rode all night and all the following day with only a few short +rests. On the second night both we and our animals were completely +fagged, and so we lay down upon the moss and slept for some five or six +hours, taking up the journey once more before daylight. All the +following day we rode, and when, late in the afternoon we had sighted +no distant trees, the mark of the great waterways throughout all +Barsoom, the terrible truth flashed upon us—we were lost. + +Evidently we had circled, but which way it was difficult to say, nor +did it seem possible with the sun to guide us by day and the moons and +stars by night. At any rate no waterway was in sight, and the entire +party was almost ready to drop from hunger, thirst and fatigue. Far +ahead of us and a trifle to the right we could distinguish the outlines +of low mountains. These we decided to attempt to reach in the hope that +from some ridge we might discern the missing waterway. Night fell upon +us before we reached our goal, and, almost fainting from weariness and +weakness, we lay down and slept. + +I was awakened early in the morning by some huge body pressing close to +mine, and opening my eyes with a start I beheld my blessed old Woola +snuggling close to me; the faithful brute had followed us across that +trackless waste to share our fate, whatever it might be. Putting my +arms about his neck I pressed my cheek close to his, nor am I ashamed +that I did it, nor of the tears that came to my eyes as I thought of +his love for me. Shortly after this Dejah Thoris and Sola awakened, and +it was decided that we push on at once in an effort to gain the hills. + +We had gone scarcely a mile when I noticed that my thoat was commencing +to stumble and stagger in a most pitiful manner, although we had not +attempted to force them out of a walk since about noon of the preceding +day. Suddenly he lurched wildly to one side and pitched violently to +the ground. Dejah Thoris and I were thrown clear of him and fell upon +the soft moss with scarcely a jar; but the poor beast was in a pitiable +condition, not even being able to rise, although relieved of our +weight. Sola told me that the coolness of the night, when it fell, +together with the rest would doubtless revive him, and so I decided not +to kill him, as was my first intention, as I had thought it cruel to +leave him alone there to die of hunger and thirst. Relieving him of his +trappings, which I flung down beside him, we left the poor fellow to +his fate, and pushed on with the one thoat as best we could. Sola and I +walked, making Dejah Thoris ride, much against her will. In this way we +had progressed to within about a mile of the hills we were endeavoring +to reach when Dejah Thoris, from her point of vantage upon the thoat, +cried out that she saw a great party of mounted men filing down from a +pass in the hills several miles away. Sola and I both looked in the +direction she indicated, and there, plainly discernible, were several +hundred mounted warriors. They seemed to be headed in a southwesterly +direction, which would take them away from us. + +They doubtless were Thark warriors who had been sent out to capture us, +and we breathed a great sigh of relief that they were traveling in the +opposite direction. Quickly lifting Dejah Thoris from the thoat, I +commanded the animal to lie down and we three did the same, presenting +as small an object as possible for fear of attracting the attention of +the warriors toward us. + +We could see them as they filed out of the pass, just for an instant, +before they were lost to view behind a friendly ridge; to us a most +providential ridge; since, had they been in view for any great length +of time, they scarcely could have failed to discover us. As what proved +to be the last warrior came into view from the pass, he halted and, to +our consternation, threw his small but powerful fieldglass to his eye +and scanned the sea bottom in all directions. Evidently he was a +chieftain, for in certain marching formations among the green men a +chieftain brings up the extreme rear of the column. As his glass swung +toward us our hearts stopped in our breasts, and I could feel the cold +sweat start from every pore in my body. + +Presently it swung full upon us and—stopped. The tension on our nerves +was near the breaking point, and I doubt if any of us breathed for the +few moments he held us covered by his glass; and then he lowered it and +we could see him shout a command to the warriors who had passed from +our sight behind the ridge. He did not wait for them to join him, +however, instead he wheeled his thoat and came tearing madly in our +direction. + +There was but one slight chance and that we must take quickly. Raising +my strange Martian rifle to my shoulder I sighted and touched the +button which controlled the trigger; there was a sharp explosion as the +missile reached its goal, and the charging chieftain pitched backward +from his flying mount. + +Springing to my feet I urged the thoat to rise, and directed Sola to +take Dejah Thoris with her upon him and make a mighty effort to reach +the hills before the green warriors were upon us. I knew that in the +ravines and gullies they might find a temporary hiding place, and even +though they died there of hunger and thirst it would be better so than +that they fell into the hands of the Tharks. Forcing my two revolvers +upon them as a slight means of protection, and, as a last resort, as an +escape for themselves from the horrid death which recapture would +surely mean, I lifted Dejah Thoris in my arms and placed her upon the +thoat behind Sola, who had already mounted at my command. + +“Good-bye, my princess,” I whispered, “we may meet in Helium yet. I +have escaped from worse plights than this,” and I tried to smile as I +lied. + +“What,” she cried, “are you not coming with us” + +“How may I, Dejah Thoris Someone must hold these fellows off for a +while, and I can better escape them alone than could the three of us +together.” + +She sprang quickly from the thoat and, throwing her dear arms about my +neck, turned to Sola, saying with quiet dignity “Fly, Sola! Dejah +Thoris remains to die with the man she loves.” + +Those words are engraved upon my heart. Ah, gladly would I give up my +life a thousand times could I only hear them once again; but I could +not then give even a second to the rapture of her sweet embrace, and +pressing my lips to hers for the first time, I picked her up bodily and +tossed her to her seat behind Sola again, commanding the latter in +peremptory tones to hold her there by force, and then, slapping the +thoat upon the flank, I saw them borne away; Dejah Thoris struggling to +the last to free herself from Sola’s grasp. + +Turning, I beheld the green warriors mounting the ridge and looking for +their chieftain. In a moment they saw him, and then me; but scarcely +had they discovered me than I commenced firing, lying flat upon my +belly in the moss. I had an even hundred rounds in the magazine of my +rifle, and another hundred in the belt at my back, and I kept up a +continuous stream of fire until I saw all of the warriors who had been +first to return from behind the ridge either dead or scurrying to +cover. + +My respite was short-lived however, for soon the entire party, +numbering some thousand men, came charging into view, racing madly +toward me. I fired until my rifle was empty and they were almost upon +me, and then a glance showing me that Dejah Thoris and Sola had +disappeared among the hills, I sprang up, throwing down my useless gun, +and started away in the direction opposite to that taken by Sola and +her charge. + +If ever Martians had an exhibition of jumping, it was granted those +astonished warriors on that day long years ago, but while it led them +away from Dejah Thoris it did not distract their attention from +endeavoring to capture me. + +They raced wildly after me until, finally, my foot struck a projecting +piece of quartz, and down I went sprawling upon the moss. As I looked +up they were upon me, and although I drew my long-sword in an attempt +to sell my life as dearly as possible, it was soon over. I reeled +beneath their blows which fell upon me in perfect torrents; my head +swam; all was black, and I went down beneath them to oblivion. + + + + +CHAPTER XVIII +CHAINED IN WARHOON + + +It must have been several hours before I regained consciousness and I +well remember the feeling of surprise which swept over me as I realized +that I was not dead. + +I was lying among a pile of sleeping silks and furs in the corner of a +small room in which were several green warriors, and bending over me +was an ancient and ugly female. + +As I opened my eyes she turned to one of the warriors, saying, + +“He will live, O Jed.” + +“’Tis well,” replied the one so addressed, rising and approaching my +couch, “he should render rare sport for the great games.” + +And now as my eyes fell upon him, I saw that he was no Thark, for his +ornaments and metal were not of that horde. He was a huge fellow, +terribly scarred about the face and chest, and with one broken tusk and +a missing ear. Strapped on either breast were human skulls and +depending from these a number of dried human hands. + +His reference to the great games of which I had heard so much while +among the Tharks convinced me that I had but jumped from purgatory into +gehenna. + +After a few more words with the female, during which she assured him +that I was now fully fit to travel, the jed ordered that we mount and +ride after the main column. + +I was strapped securely to as wild and unmanageable a thoat as I had +ever seen, and, with a mounted warrior on either side to prevent the +beast from bolting, we rode forth at a furious pace in pursuit of the +column. My wounds gave me but little pain, so wonderfully and rapidly +had the applications and injections of the female exercised their +therapeutic powers, and so deftly had she bound and plastered the +injuries. + +Just before dark we reached the main body of troops shortly after they +had made camp for the night. I was immediately taken before the leader, +who proved to be the jeddak of the hordes of Warhoon. + +Like the jed who had brought me, he was frightfully scarred, and also +decorated with the breastplate of human skulls and dried dead hands +which seemed to mark all the greater warriors among the Warhoons, as +well as to indicate their awful ferocity, which greatly transcends even +that of the Tharks. + +The jeddak, Bar Comas, who was comparatively young, was the object of +the fierce and jealous hatred of his old lieutenant, Dak Kova, the jed +who had captured me, and I could not but note the almost studied +efforts which the latter made to affront his superior. + +He entirely omitted the usual formal salutation as we entered the +presence of the jeddak, and as he pushed me roughly before the ruler he +exclaimed in a loud and menacing voice. + +“I have brought a strange creature wearing the metal of a Thark whom it +is my pleasure to have battle with a wild thoat at the great games.” + +“He will die as Bar Comas, your jeddak, sees fit, if at all,” replied +the young ruler, with emphasis and dignity. + +“If at all” roared Dak Kova. “By the dead hands at my throat but he +shall die, Bar Comas. No maudlin weakness on your part shall save him. +O, would that Warhoon were ruled by a real jeddak rather than by a +water-hearted weakling from whom even old Dak Kova could tear the metal +with his bare hands!” + +Bar Comas eyed the defiant and insubordinate chieftain for an instant, +his expression one of haughty, fearless contempt and hate, and then +without drawing a weapon and without uttering a word he hurled himself +at the throat of his defamer. + +I never before had seen two green Martian warriors battle with nature’s +weapons and the exhibition of animal ferocity which ensued was as +fearful a thing as the most disordered imagination could picture. They +tore at each others’ eyes and ears with their hands and with their +gleaming tusks repeatedly slashed and gored until both were cut fairly +to ribbons from head to foot. + +Bar Comas had much the better of the battle as he was stronger, quicker +and more intelligent. It soon seemed that the encounter was done saving +only the final death thrust when Bar Comas slipped in breaking away +from a clinch. It was the one little opening that Dak Kova needed, and +hurling himself at the body of his adversary he buried his single +mighty tusk in Bar Comas’ groin and with a last powerful effort ripped +the young jeddak wide open the full length of his body, the great tusk +finally wedging in the bones of Bar Comas’ jaw. Victor and vanquished +rolled limp and lifeless upon the moss, a huge mass of torn and bloody +flesh. + +Bar Comas was stone dead, and only the most herculean efforts on the +part of Dak Kova’s females saved him from the fate he deserved. Three +days later he walked without assistance to the body of Bar Comas which, +by custom, had not been moved from where it fell, and placing his foot +upon the neck of his erstwhile ruler he assumed the title of Jeddak of +Warhoon. + +The dead jeddak’s hands and head were removed to be added to the +ornaments of his conqueror, and then his women cremated what remained, +amid wild and terrible laughter. + +The injuries to Dak Kova had delayed the march so greatly that it was +decided to give up the expedition, which was a raid upon a small Thark +community in retaliation for the destruction of the incubator, until +after the great games, and the entire body of warriors, ten thousand in +number, turned back toward Warhoon. + +My introduction to these cruel and bloodthirsty people was but an index +to the scenes I witnessed almost daily while with them. They are a +smaller horde than the Tharks but much more ferocious. Not a day passed +but that some members of the various Warhoon communities met in deadly +combat. I have seen as high as eight mortal duels within a single day. + +We reached the city of Warhoon after some three days march and I was +immediately cast into a dungeon and heavily chained to the floor and +walls. Food was brought me at intervals but owing to the utter darkness +of the place I do not know whether I lay there days, or weeks, or +months. It was the most horrible experience of all my life and that my +mind did not give way to the terrors of that inky blackness has been a +wonder to me ever since. The place was filled with creeping, crawling +things; cold, sinuous bodies passed over me when I lay down, and in the +darkness I occasionally caught glimpses of gleaming, fiery eyes, fixed +in horrible intentness upon me. No sound reached me from the world +above and no word would my jailer vouchsafe when my food was brought to +me, although I at first bombarded him with questions. + +Finally all the hatred and maniacal loathing for these awful creatures +who had placed me in this horrible place was centered by my tottering +reason upon this single emissary who represented to me the entire horde +of Warhoons. + +I had noticed that he always advanced with his dim torch to where he +could place the food within my reach and as he stooped to place it upon +the floor his head was about on a level with my breast. So, with the +cunning of a madman, I backed into the far corner of my cell when next +I heard him approaching and gathering a little slack of the great chain +which held me in my hand I waited his coming, crouching like some beast +of prey. As he stooped to place my food upon the ground I swung the +chain above my head and crashed the links with all my strength upon his +skull. Without a sound he slipped to the floor, stone dead. + +Laughing and chattering like the idiot I was fast becoming I fell upon +his prostrate form my fingers feeling for his dead throat. Presently +they came in contact with a small chain at the end of which dangled a +number of keys. The touch of my fingers on these keys brought back my +reason with the suddenness of thought. No longer was I a jibbering +idiot, but a sane, reasoning man with the means of escape within my +very hands. + +As I was groping to remove the chain from about my victim’s neck I +glanced up into the darkness to see six pairs of gleaming eyes fixed, +unwinking, upon me. Slowly they approached and slowly I shrank back +from the awful horror of them. Back into my corner I crouched holding +my hands palms out, before me, and stealthily on came the awful eyes +until they reached the dead body at my feet. Then slowly they retreated +but this time with a strange grating sound and finally they disappeared +in some black and distant recess of my dungeon. + + + + +CHAPTER XIX +BATTLING IN THE ARENA + + +Slowly I regained my composure and finally essayed again to attempt to +remove the keys from the dead body of my former jailer. But as I +reached out into the darkness to locate it I found to my horror that it +was gone. Then the truth flashed on me; the owners of those gleaming +eyes had dragged my prize away from me to be devoured in their +neighboring lair; as they had been waiting for days, for weeks, for +months, through all this awful eternity of my imprisonment to drag my +dead carcass to their feast. + +For two days no food was brought me, but then a new messenger appeared +and my incarceration went on as before, but not again did I allow my +reason to be submerged by the horror of my position. + +Shortly after this episode another prisoner was brought in and chained +near me. By the dim torch light I saw that he was a red Martian and I +could scarcely await the departure of his guards to address him. As +their retreating footsteps died away in the distance, I called out +softly the Martian word of greeting, kaor. + +“Who are you who speaks out of the darkness” he answered + +“John Carter, a friend of the red men of Helium.” + +“I am of Helium,” he said, “but I do not recall your name.” + +And then I told him my story as I have written it here, omitting only +any reference to my love for Dejah Thoris. He was much excited by the +news of Helium’s princess and seemed quite positive that she and Sola +could easily have reached a point of safety from where they left me. He +said that he knew the place well because the defile through which the +Warhoon warriors had passed when they discovered us was the only one +ever used by them when marching to the south. + +“Dejah Thoris and Sola entered the hills not five miles from a great +waterway and are now probably quite safe,” he assured me. + +My fellow prisoner was Kantos Kan, a padwar (lieutenant) in the navy of +Helium. He had been a member of the ill-fated expedition which had +fallen into the hands of the Tharks at the time of Dejah Thoris’ +capture, and he briefly related the events which followed the defeat of +the battleships. + +Badly injured and only partially manned they had limped slowly toward +Helium, but while passing near the city of Zodanga, the capital of +Helium’s hereditary enemies among the red men of Barsoom, they had been +attacked by a great body of war vessels and all but the craft to which +Kantos Kan belonged were either destroyed or captured. His vessel was +chased for days by three of the Zodangan war ships but finally escaped +during the darkness of a moonless night. + +Thirty days after the capture of Dejah Thoris, or about the time of our +coming to Thark, his vessel had reached Helium with about ten survivors +of the original crew of seven hundred officers and men. Immediately +seven great fleets, each of one hundred mighty war ships, had been +dispatched to search for Dejah Thoris, and from these vessels two +thousand smaller craft had been kept out continuously in futile search +for the missing princess. + +Two green Martian communities had been wiped off the face of Barsoom by +the avenging fleets, but no trace of Dejah Thoris had been found. They +had been searching among the northern hordes, and only within the past +few days had they extended their quest to the south. + +Kantos Kan had been detailed to one of the small one-man fliers and had +had the misfortune to be discovered by the Warhoons while exploring +their city. The bravery and daring of the man won my greatest respect +and admiration. Alone he had landed at the city’s boundary and on foot +had penetrated to the buildings surrounding the plaza. For two days and +nights he had explored their quarters and their dungeons in search of +his beloved princess only to fall into the hands of a party of Warhoons +as he was about to leave, after assuring himself that Dejah Thoris was +not a captive there. + +During the period of our incarceration Kantos Kan and I became well +acquainted, and formed a warm personal friendship. A few days only +elapsed, however, before we were dragged forth from our dungeon for the +great games. We were conducted early one morning to an enormous +amphitheater, which instead of having been built upon the surface of +the ground was excavated below the surface. It had partially filled +with debris so that how large it had originally been was difficult to +say. In its present condition it held the entire twenty thousand +Warhoons of the assembled hordes. + +The arena was immense but extremely uneven and unkempt. Around it the +Warhoons had piled building stone from some of the ruined edifices of +the ancient city to prevent the animals and the captives from escaping +into the audience, and at each end had been constructed cages to hold +them until their turns came to meet some horrible death upon the arena. + +Kantos Kan and I were confined together in one of the cages. In the +others were wild calots, thoats, mad zitidars, green warriors, and +women of other hordes, and many strange and ferocious wild beasts of +Barsoom which I had never before seen. The din of their roaring, +growling and squealing was deafening and the formidable appearance of +any one of them was enough to make the stoutest heart feel grave +forebodings. + +Kantos Kan explained to me that at the end of the day one of these +prisoners would gain freedom and the others would lie dead about the +arena. The winners in the various contests of the day would be pitted +against each other until only two remained alive; the victor in the +last encounter being set free, whether animal or man. The following +morning the cages would be filled with a new consignment of victims, +and so on throughout the ten days of the games. + +Shortly after we had been caged the amphitheater began to fill and +within an hour every available part of the seating space was occupied. +Dak Kova, with his jeds and chieftains, sat at the center of one side +of the arena upon a large raised platform. + +At a signal from Dak Kova the doors of two cages were thrown open and a +dozen green Martian females were driven to the center of the arena. +Each was given a dagger and then, at the far end, a pack of twelve +calots, or wild dogs were loosed upon them. + +As the brutes, growling and foaming, rushed upon the almost defenseless +women I turned my head that I might not see the horrid sight. The yells +and laughter of the green horde bore witness to the excellent quality +of the sport and when I turned back to the arena, as Kantos Kan told me +it was over, I saw three victorious calots, snarling and growling over +the bodies of their prey. The women had given a good account of +themselves. + +Next a mad zitidar was loosed among the remaining dogs, and so it went +throughout the long, hot, horrible day. + +During the day I was pitted against first men and then beasts, but as I +was armed with a long-sword and always outclassed my adversary in +agility and generally in strength as well, it proved but child’s play +to me. Time and time again I won the applause of the bloodthirsty +multitude, and toward the end there were cries that I be taken from the +arena and be made a member of the hordes of Warhoon. + +Finally there were but three of us left, a great green warrior of some +far northern horde, Kantos Kan, and myself. + +The other two were to battle and then I to fight the conqueror for the +liberty which was accorded the final winner. + +Kantos Kan had fought several times during the day and like myself had +always proven victorious, but occasionally by the smallest of margins, +especially when pitted against the green warriors. I had little hope +that he could best his giant adversary who had mowed down all before +him during the day. The fellow towered nearly sixteen feet in height, +while Kantos Kan was some inches under six feet. As they advanced to +meet one another I saw for the first time a trick of Martian +swordsmanship which centered Kantos Kan’s every hope of victory and +life on one cast of the dice, for, as he came to within about twenty +feet of the huge fellow he threw his sword arm far behind him over his +shoulder and with a mighty sweep hurled his weapon point foremost at +the green warrior. It flew true as an arrow and piercing the poor +devil’s heart laid him dead upon the arena. + +Kantos Kan and I were now pitted against each other but as we +approached to the encounter I whispered to him to prolong the battle +until nearly dark in the hope that we might find some means of escape. +The horde evidently guessed that we had no hearts to fight each other +and so they howled in rage as neither of us placed a fatal thrust. Just +as I saw the sudden coming of dark I whispered to Kantos Kan to thrust +his sword between my left arm and my body. As he did so I staggered +back clasping the sword tightly with my arm and thus fell to the ground +with his weapon apparently protruding from my chest. Kantos Kan +perceived my coup and stepping quickly to my side he placed his foot +upon my neck and withdrawing his sword from my body gave me the final +death blow through the neck which is supposed to sever the jugular +vein, but in this instance the cold blade slipped harmlessly into the +sand of the arena. In the darkness which had now fallen none could tell +but that he had really finished me. I whispered to him to go and claim +his freedom and then look for me in the hills east of the city, and so +he left me. + +When the amphitheater had cleared I crept stealthily to the top and as +the great excavation lay far from the plaza and in an untenanted +portion of the great dead city I had little trouble in reaching the +hills beyond. + + + + +CHAPTER XX +IN THE ATMOSPHERE FACTORY + + +For two days I waited there for Kantos Kan, but as he did not come I +started off on foot in a northwesterly direction toward a point where +he had told me lay the nearest waterway. My only food consisted of +vegetable milk from the plants which gave so bounteously of this +priceless fluid. + +Through two long weeks I wandered, stumbling through the nights guided +only by the stars and hiding during the days behind some protruding +rock or among the occasional hills I traversed. Several times I was +attacked by wild beasts; strange, uncouth monstrosities that leaped +upon me in the dark, so that I had ever to grasp my long-sword in my +hand that I might be ready for them. Usually my strange, newly acquired +telepathic power warned me in ample time, but once I was down with +vicious fangs at my jugular and a hairy face pressed close to mine +before I knew that I was even threatened. + +What manner of thing was upon me I did not know, but that it was large +and heavy and many-legged I could feel. My hands were at its throat +before the fangs had a chance to bury themselves in my neck, and slowly +I forced the hairy face from me and closed my fingers, vise-like, upon +its windpipe. + +Without sound we lay there, the beast exerting every effort to reach me +with those awful fangs, and I straining to maintain my grip and choke +the life from it as I kept it from my throat. Slowly my arms gave to +the unequal struggle, and inch by inch the burning eyes and gleaming +tusks of my antagonist crept toward me, until, as the hairy face +touched mine again, I realized that all was over. And then a living +mass of destruction sprang from the surrounding darkness full upon the +creature that held me pinioned to the ground. The two rolled growling +upon the moss, tearing and rending one another in a frightful manner, +but it was soon over and my preserver stood with lowered head above the +throat of the dead thing which would have killed me. + +The nearer moon, hurtling suddenly above the horizon and lighting up +the Barsoomian scene, showed me that my preserver was Woola, but from +whence he had come, or how found me, I was at a loss to know. That I +was glad of his companionship it is needless to say, but my pleasure at +seeing him was tempered by anxiety as to the reason of his leaving +Dejah Thoris. Only her death I felt sure, could account for his absence +from her, so faithful I knew him to be to my commands. + +By the light of the now brilliant moons I saw that he was but a shadow +of his former self, and as he turned from my caress and commenced +greedily to devour the dead carcass at my feet I realized that the poor +fellow was more than half starved. I, myself, was in but little better +plight but I could not bring myself to eat the uncooked flesh and I had +no means of making a fire. When Woola had finished his meal I again +took up my weary and seemingly endless wandering in quest of the +elusive waterway. + +At daybreak of the fifteenth day of my search I was overjoyed to see +the high trees that denoted the object of my search. About noon I +dragged myself wearily to the portals of a huge building which covered +perhaps four square miles and towered two hundred feet in the air. It +showed no aperture in the mighty walls other than the tiny door at +which I sank exhausted, nor was there any sign of life about it. + +I could find no bell or other method of making my presence known to the +inmates of the place, unless a small round hole in the wall near the +door was for that purpose. It was of about the bigness of a lead pencil +and thinking that it might be in the nature of a speaking tube I put my +mouth to it and was about to call into it when a voice issued from it +asking me whom I might be, where from, and the nature of my errand. + +I explained that I had escaped from the Warhoons and was dying of +starvation and exhaustion. + +“You wear the metal of a green warrior and are followed by a calot, yet +you are of the figure of a red man. In color you are neither green nor +red. In the name of the ninth ray, what manner of creature are you” + +“I am a friend of the red men of Barsoom and I am starving. In the name +of humanity open to us,” I replied. + +Presently the door commenced to recede before me until it had sunk into +the wall fifty feet, then it stopped and slid easily to the left, +exposing a short, narrow corridor of concrete, at the further end of +which was another door, similar in every respect to the one I had just +passed. No one was in sight, yet immediately we passed the first door +it slid gently into place behind us and receded rapidly to its original +position in the front wall of the building. As the door had slipped +aside I had noted its great thickness, fully twenty feet, and as it +reached its place once more after closing behind us, great cylinders of +steel had dropped from the ceiling behind it and fitted their lower +ends into apertures countersunk in the floor. + +A second and third door receded before me and slipped to one side as +the first, before I reached a large inner chamber where I found food +and drink set out upon a great stone table. A voice directed me to +satisfy my hunger and to feed my calot, and while I was thus engaged my +invisible host put me through a severe and searching cross-examination. + +“Your statements are most remarkable,” said the voice, on concluding +its questioning, “but you are evidently speaking the truth, and it is +equally evident that you are not of Barsoom. I can tell that by the +conformation of your brain and the strange location of your internal +organs and the shape and size of your heart.” + +“Can you see through me” I exclaimed. + +“Yes, I can see all but your thoughts, and were you a Barsoomian I +could read those.” + +Then a door opened at the far side of the chamber and a strange, dried +up, little mummy of a man came toward me. He wore but a single article +of clothing or adornment, a small collar of gold from which depended +upon his chest a great ornament as large as a dinner plate set solid +with huge diamonds, except for the exact center which was occupied by a +strange stone, an inch in diameter, that scintillated nine different +and distinct rays; the seven colors of our earthly prism and two +beautiful rays which, to me, were new and nameless. I cannot describe +them any more than you could describe red to a blind man. I only know +that they were beautiful in the extreme. + +The old man sat and talked with me for hours, and the strangest part of +our intercourse was that I could read his every thought while he could +not fathom an iota from my mind unless I spoke. + + +[Illustration The old man sat and talked with me for hours.] + + +I did not apprise him of my ability to sense his mental operations, and +thus I learned a great deal which proved of immense value to me later +and which I would never have known had he suspected my strange power, +for the Martians have such perfect control of their mental machinery +that they are able to direct their thoughts with absolute precision. + +The building in which I found myself contained the machinery which +produces that artificial atmosphere which sustains life on Mars. The +secret of the entire process hinges on the use of the ninth ray, one of +the beautiful scintillations which I had noted emanating from the great +stone in my host’s diadem. + +This ray is separated from the other rays of the sun by means of finely +adjusted instruments placed upon the roof of the huge building, +three-quarters of which is used for reservoirs in which the ninth ray +is stored. This product is then treated electrically, or rather certain +proportions of refined electric vibrations are incorporated with it, +and the result is then pumped to the five principal air centers of the +planet where, as it is released, contact with the ether of space +transforms it into atmosphere. + +There is always sufficient reserve of the ninth ray stored in the great +building to maintain the present Martian atmosphere for a thousand +years, and the only fear, as my new friend told me, was that some +accident might befall the pumping apparatus. + +He led me to an inner chamber where I beheld a battery of twenty radium +pumps any one of which was equal to the task of furnishing all Mars +with the atmosphere compound. For eight hundred years, he told me, he +had watched these pumps which are used alternately a day each at a +stretch, or a little over twenty-four and one-half Earth hours. He has +one assistant who divides the watch with him. Half a Martian year, +about three hundred and forty-four of our days, each of these men spend +alone in this huge, isolated plant. + +Every red Martian is taught during earliest childhood the principles of +the manufacture of atmosphere, but only two at one time ever hold the +secret of ingress to the great building, which, built as it is with +walls a hundred and fifty feet thick, is absolutely unassailable, even +the roof being guarded from assault by air craft by a glass covering +five feet thick. + +The only fear they entertain of attack is from the green Martians or +some demented red man, as all Barsoomians realize that the very +existence of every form of life of Mars is dependent upon the +uninterrupted working of this plant. + +One curious fact I discovered as I watched his thoughts was that the +outer doors are manipulated by telepathic means. The locks are so +finely adjusted that the doors are released by the action of a certain +combination of thought waves. To experiment with my new-found toy I +thought to surprise him into revealing this combination and so I asked +him in a casual manner how he had managed to unlock the massive doors +for me from the inner chambers of the building. As quick as a flash +there leaped to his mind nine Martian sounds, but as quickly faded as +he answered that this was a secret he must not divulge. + +From then on his manner toward me changed as though he feared that he +had been surprised into divulging his great secret, and I read +suspicion and fear in his looks and thoughts, though his words were +still fair. + +Before I retired for the night he promised to give me a letter to a +nearby agricultural officer who would help me on my way to Zodanga, +which he said, was the nearest Martian city. + +“But be sure that you do not let them know you are bound for Helium as +they are at war with that country. My assistant and I are of no +country, we belong to all Barsoom and this talisman which we wear +protects us in all lands, even among the green men—though we do not +trust ourselves to their hands if we can avoid it,” he added. + +“And so good-night, my friend,” he continued, “may you have a long and +restful sleep—yes, a long sleep.” + +And though he smiled pleasantly I saw in his thoughts the wish that he +had never admitted me, and then a picture of him standing over me in +the night, and the swift thrust of a long dagger and the half formed +words, “I am sorry, but it is for the best good of Barsoom.” + +As he closed the door of my chamber behind him his thoughts were cut +off from me as was the sight of him, which seemed strange to me in my +little knowledge of thought transference. + +What was I to do How could I escape through these mighty walls Easily +could I kill him now that I was warned, but once he was dead I could no +more escape, and with the stopping of the machinery of the great plant +I should die with all the other inhabitants of the planet—all, even +Dejah Thoris were she not already dead. For the others I did not give +the snap of my finger, but the thought of Dejah Thoris drove from my +mind all desire to kill my mistaken host. + +Cautiously I opened the door of my apartment and, followed by Woola, +sought the inner of the great doors. A wild scheme had come to me; I +would attempt to force the great locks by the nine thought waves I had +read in my host’s mind. + +Creeping stealthily through corridor after corridor and down winding +runways which turned hither and thither I finally reached the great +hall in which I had broken my long fast that morning. Nowhere had I +seen my host, nor did I know where he kept himself by night. + +I was on the point of stepping boldly out into the room when a slight +noise behind me warned me back into the shadows of a recess in the +corridor. Dragging Woola after me I crouched low in the darkness. + +Presently the old man passed close by me, and as he entered the dimly +lighted chamber which I had been about to pass through I saw that he +held a long thin dagger in his hand and that he was sharpening it upon +a stone. In his mind was the decision to inspect the radium pumps, +which would take about thirty minutes, and then return to my bed +chamber and finish me. + +As he passed through the great hall and disappeared down the runway +which led to the pump-room, I stole stealthily from my hiding place and +crossed to the great door, the inner of the three which stood between +me and liberty. + +Concentrating my mind upon the massive lock I hurled the nine thought +waves against it. In breathless expectancy I waited, when finally the +great door moved softly toward me and slid quietly to one side. One +after the other the remaining mighty portals opened at my command and +Woola and I stepped forth into the darkness, free, but little better +off than we had been before, other than that we had full stomachs. + +Hastening away from the shadows of the formidable pile I made for the +first crossroad, intending to strike the central turnpike as quickly as +possible. This I reached about morning and entering the first enclosure +I came to I searched for some evidences of a habitation. + +There were low rambling buildings of concrete barred with heavy +impassable doors, and no amount of hammering and hallooing brought any +response. Weary and exhausted from sleeplessness I threw myself upon +the ground commanding Woola to stand guard. + +Some time later I was awakened by his frightful growlings and opened my +eyes to see three red Martians standing a short distance from us and +covering me with their rifles. + +“I am unarmed and no enemy,” I hastened to explain. “I have been a +prisoner among the green men and am on my way to Zodanga. All I ask is +food and rest for myself and my calot and the proper directions for +reaching my destination.” + +They lowered their rifles and advanced pleasantly toward me placing +their right hands upon my left shoulder, after the manner of their +custom of salute, and asking me many questions about myself and my +wanderings. They then took me to the house of one of them which was +only a short distance away. + +The buildings I had been hammering at in the early morning were +occupied only by stock and farm produce, the house proper standing +among a grove of enormous trees, and, like all red-Martian homes, had +been raised at night some forty or fifty feet from the ground on a +large round metal shaft which slid up or down within a sleeve sunk in +the ground, and was operated by a tiny radium engine in the entrance +hall of the building. Instead of bothering with bolts and bars for +their dwellings, the red Martians simply run them up out of harm’s way +during the night. They also have private means for lowering or raising +them from the ground without if they wish to go away and leave them. + +These brothers, with their wives and children, occupied three similar +houses on this farm. They did no work themselves, being government +officers in charge. The labor was performed by convicts, prisoners of +war, delinquent debtors and confirmed bachelors who were too poor to +pay the high celibate tax which all red-Martian governments impose. + +They were the personification of cordiality and hospitality and I spent +several days with them, resting and recuperating from my long and +arduous experiences. + +When they had heard my story—I omitted all reference to Dejah Thoris +and the old man of the atmosphere plant—they advised me to color my +body to more nearly resemble their own race and then attempt to find +employment in Zodanga, either in the army or the navy. + +“The chances are small that your tale will be believed until after you +have proven your trustworthiness and won friends among the higher +nobles of the court. This you can most easily do through military +service, as we are a warlike people on Barsoom,” explained one of them, +“and save our richest favors for the fighting man.” + +When I was ready to depart they furnished me with a small domestic bull +thoat, such as is used for saddle purposes by all red Martians. The +animal is about the size of a horse and quite gentle, but in color and +shape an exact replica of his huge and fierce cousin of the wilds. + +The brothers had supplied me with a reddish oil with which I anointed +my entire body and one of them cut my hair, which had grown quite long, +in the prevailing fashion of the time, square at the back and banged in +front, so that I could have passed anywhere upon Barsoom as a +full-fledged red Martian. My metal and ornaments were also renewed in +the style of a Zodangan gentleman, attached to the house of Ptor, which +was the family name of my benefactors. + +They filled a little sack at my side with Zodangan money. The medium of +exchange upon Mars is not dissimilar from our own except that the coins +are oval. Paper money is issued by individuals as they require it and +redeemed twice yearly. If a man issues more than he can redeem, the +government pays his creditors in full and the debtor works out the +amount upon the farms or in mines, which are all owned by the +government. This suits everybody except the debtor as it has been a +difficult thing to obtain sufficient voluntary labor to work the great +isolated farm lands of Mars, stretching as they do like narrow ribbons +from pole to pole, through wild stretches peopled by wild animals and +wilder men. + +When I mentioned my inability to repay them for their kindness to me +they assured me that I would have ample opportunity if I lived long +upon Barsoom, and bidding me farewell they watched me until I was out +of sight upon the broad white turnpike. + + + + +CHAPTER XXI +AN AIR SCOUT FOR ZODANGA + + +As I proceeded on my journey toward Zodanga many strange and +interesting sights arrested my attention, and at the several farm +houses where I stopped I learned a number of new and instructive things +concerning the methods and manners of Barsoom. + +The water which supplies the farms of Mars is collected in immense +underground reservoirs at either pole from the melting ice caps, and +pumped through long conduits to the various populated centers. Along +either side of these conduits, and extending their entire length, lie +the cultivated districts. These are divided into tracts of about the +same size, each tract being under the supervision of one or more +government officers. + +Instead of flooding the surface of the fields, and thus wasting immense +quantities of water by evaporation, the precious liquid is carried +underground through a vast network of small pipes directly to the roots +of the vegetation. The crops upon Mars are always uniform, for there +are no droughts, no rains, no high winds, and no insects, or destroying +birds. + +On this trip I tasted the first meat I had eaten since leaving +Earth—large, juicy steaks and chops from the well-fed domestic animals +of the farms. Also I enjoyed luscious fruits and vegetables, but not a +single article of food which was exactly similar to anything on Earth. +Every plant and flower and vegetable and animal has been so refined by +ages of careful, scientific cultivation and breeding that the like of +them on Earth dwindled into pale, gray, characterless nothingness by +comparison. + +At a second stop I met some highly cultivated people of the noble class +and while in conversation we chanced to speak of Helium. One of the +older men had been there on a diplomatic mission several years before +and spoke with regret of the conditions which seemed destined ever to +keep these two countries at war. + +“Helium,” he said, “rightly boasts the most beautiful women of Barsoom, +and of all her treasures the wondrous daughter of Mors Kajak, Dejah +Thoris, is the most exquisite flower. + +“Why,” he added, “the people really worship the ground she walks upon +and since her loss on that ill-starred expedition all Helium has been +draped in mourning. + +“That our ruler should have attacked the disabled fleet as it was +returning to Helium was but another of his awful blunders which I fear +will sooner or later compel Zodanga to elevate a wiser man to his +place.” + +“Even now, though our victorious armies are surrounding Helium, the +people of Zodanga are voicing their displeasure, for the war is not a +popular one, since it is not based on right or justice. Our forces took +advantage of the absence of the principal fleet of Helium on their +search for the princess, and so we have been able easily to reduce the +city to a sorry plight. It is said she will fall within the next few +passages of the further moon.” + +“And what, think you, may have been the fate of the princess, Dejah +Thoris” I asked as casually as possible. + +“She is dead,” he answered. “This much was learned from a green warrior +recently captured by our forces in the south. She escaped from the +hordes of Thark with a strange creature of another world, only to fall +into the hands of the Warhoons. Their thoats were found wandering upon +the sea bottom and evidences of a bloody conflict were discovered +nearby.” + +While this information was in no way reassuring, neither was it at all +conclusive proof of the death of Dejah Thoris, and so I determined to +make every effort possible to reach Helium as quickly as I could and +carry to Tardos Mors such news of his granddaughter’s possible +whereabouts as lay in my power. + +Ten days after leaving the three Ptor brothers I arrived at Zodanga. +From the moment that I had come in contact with the red inhabitants of +Mars I had noticed that Woola drew a great amount of unwelcome +attention to me, since the huge brute belonged to a species which is +never domesticated by the red men. Were one to stroll down Broadway +with a Numidian lion at his heels the effect would be somewhat similar +to that which I should have produced had I entered Zodanga with Woola. + +The very thought of parting with the faithful fellow caused me so great +regret and genuine sorrow that I put it off until just before we +arrived at the city’s gates; but then, finally, it became imperative +that we separate. Had nothing further than my own safety or pleasure +been at stake no argument could have prevailed upon me to turn away the +one creature upon Barsoom that had never failed in a demonstration of +affection and loyalty; but as I would willingly have offered my life in +the service of her in search of whom I was about to challenge the +unknown dangers of this, to me, mysterious city, I could not permit +even Woola’s life to threaten the success of my venture, much less his +momentary happiness, for I doubted not he soon would forget me. And so +I bade the poor beast an affectionate farewell, promising him, however, +that if I came through my adventure in safety that in some way I should +find the means to search him out. + +He seemed to understand me fully, and when I pointed back in the +direction of Thark he turned sorrowfully away, nor could I bear to +watch him go; but resolutely set my face toward Zodanga and with a +touch of heartsickness approached her frowning walls. + +The letter I bore from them gained me immediate entrance to the vast, +walled city. It was still very early in the morning and the streets +were practically deserted. The residences, raised high upon their metal +columns, resembled huge rookeries, while the uprights themselves +presented the appearance of steel tree trunks. The shops as a rule were +not raised from the ground nor were their doors bolted or barred, since +thievery is practically unknown upon Barsoom. Assassination is the +ever-present fear of all Barsoomians, and for this reason alone their +homes are raised high above the ground at night, or in times of danger. + +The Ptor brothers had given me explicit directions for reaching the +point of the city where I could find living accommodations and be near +the offices of the government agents to whom they had given me letters. +My way led to the central square or plaza, which is a characteristic of +all Martian cities. + +The plaza of Zodanga covers a square mile and is bounded by the palaces +of the jeddak, the jeds, and other members of the royalty and nobility +of Zodanga, as well as by the principal public buildings, cafes, and +shops. + +As I was crossing the great square lost in wonder and admiration of the +magnificent architecture and the gorgeous scarlet vegetation which +carpeted the broad lawns I discovered a red Martian walking briskly +toward me from one of the avenues. He paid not the slightest attention +to me, but as he came abreast I recognized him, and turning I placed my +hand upon his shoulder, calling out + +“Kaor, Kantos Kan!” + +Like lightning he wheeled and before I could so much as lower my hand +the point of his long-sword was at my breast. + +“Who are you” he growled, and then as a backward leap carried me fifty +feet from his sword he dropped the point to the ground and exclaimed, +laughing, + +“I do not need a better reply, there is but one man upon all Barsoom +who can bounce about like a rubber ball. By the mother of the further +moon, John Carter, how came you here, and have you become a Darseen +that you can change your color at will” + +“You gave me a bad half minute my friend,” he continued, after I had +briefly outlined my adventures since parting with him in the arena at +Warhoon. “Were my name and city known to the Zodangans I would shortly +be sitting on the banks of the lost sea of Korus with my revered and +departed ancestors. I am here in the interest of Tardos Mors, Jeddak of +Helium, to discover the whereabouts of Dejah Thoris, our princess. Sab +Than, prince of Zodanga, has her hidden in the city and has fallen +madly in love with her. His father, Than Kosis, Jeddak of Zodanga, has +made her voluntary marriage to his son the price of peace between our +countries, but Tardos Mors will not accede to the demands and has sent +word that he and his people would rather look upon the dead face of +their princess than see her wed to any than her own choice, and that +personally he would prefer being engulfed in the ashes of a lost and +burning Helium to joining the metal of his house with that of Than +Kosis. His reply was the deadliest affront he could have put upon Than +Kosis and the Zodangans, but his people love him the more for it and +his strength in Helium is greater today than ever. + +“I have been here three days,” continued Kantos Kan, “but I have not +yet found where Dejah Thoris is imprisoned. Today I join the Zodangan +navy as an air scout and I hope in this way to win the confidence of +Sab Than, the prince, who is commander of this division of the navy, +and thus learn the whereabouts of Dejah Thoris. I am glad that you are +here, John Carter, for I know your loyalty to my princess and two of us +working together should be able to accomplish much.” + +The plaza was now commencing to fill with people going and coming upon +the daily activities of their duties. The shops were opening and the +cafes filling with early morning patrons. Kantos Kan led me to one of +these gorgeous eating places where we were served entirely by +mechanical apparatus. No hand touched the food from the time it entered +the building in its raw state until it emerged hot and delicious upon +the tables before the guests, in response to the touching of tiny +buttons to indicate their desires. + +After our meal, Kantos Kan took me with him to the headquarters of the +air-scout squadron and introducing me to his superior asked that I be +enrolled as a member of the corps. In accordance with custom an +examination was necessary, but Kantos Kan had told me to have no fear +on this score as he would attend to that part of the matter. He +accomplished this by taking my order for examination to the examining +officer and representing himself as John Carter. + +“This ruse will be discovered later,” he cheerfully explained, “when +they check up my weights, measurements, and other personal +identification data, but it will be several months before this is done +and our mission should be accomplished or have failed long before that +time.” + +The next few days were spent by Kantos Kan in teaching me the +intricacies of flying and of repairing the dainty little contrivances +which the Martians use for this purpose. The body of the one-man air +craft is about sixteen feet long, two feet wide and three inches thick, +tapering to a point at each end. The driver sits on top of this plane +upon a seat constructed over the small, noiseless radium engine which +propels it. The medium of buoyancy is contained within the thin metal +walls of the body and consists of the eighth Barsoomian ray, or ray of +propulsion, as it may be termed in view of its properties. + +This ray, like the ninth ray, is unknown on Earth, but the Martians +have discovered that it is an inherent property of all light no matter +from what source it emanates. They have learned that it is the solar +eighth ray which propels the light of the sun to the various planets, +and that it is the individual eighth ray of each planet which +“reflects,” or propels the light thus obtained out into space once +more. The solar eighth ray would be absorbed by the surface of Barsoom, +but the Barsoomian eighth ray, which tends to propel light from Mars +into space, is constantly streaming out from the planet constituting a +force of repulsion of gravity which when confined is able to lift +enormous weights from the surface of the ground. + +It is this ray which has enabled them to so perfect aviation that +battle ships far outweighing anything known upon Earth sail as +gracefully and lightly through the thin air of Barsoom as a toy balloon +in the heavy atmosphere of Earth. + +During the early years of the discovery of this ray many strange +accidents occurred before the Martians learned to measure and control +the wonderful power they had found. In one instance, some nine hundred +years before, the first great battle ship to be built with eighth ray +reservoirs was stored with too great a quantity of the rays and she had +sailed up from Helium with five hundred officers and men, never to +return. + +Her power of repulsion for the planet was so great that it had carried +her far into space, where she can be seen today, by the aid of powerful +telescopes, hurtling through the heavens ten thousand miles from Mars; +a tiny satellite that will thus encircle Barsoom to the end of time. + +The fourth day after my arrival at Zodanga I made my first flight, and +as a result of it I won a promotion which included quarters in the +palace of Than Kosis. + +As I rose above the city I circled several times, as I had seen Kantos +Kan do, and then throwing my engine into top speed I raced at terrific +velocity toward the south, following one of the great waterways which +enter Zodanga from that direction. + +I had traversed perhaps two hundred miles in a little less than an hour +when I descried far below me a party of three green warriors racing +madly toward a small figure on foot which seemed to be trying to reach +the confines of one of the walled fields. + +Dropping my machine rapidly toward them, and circling to the rear of +the warriors, I soon saw that the object of their pursuit was a red +Martian wearing the metal of the scout squadron to which I was +attached. A short distance away lay his tiny flier, surrounded by the +tools with which he had evidently been occupied in repairing some +damage when surprised by the green warriors. + +They were now almost upon him; their flying mounts charging down on the +relatively puny figure at terrific speed, while the warriors leaned low +to the right, with their great metal-shod spears. Each seemed striving +to be the first to impale the poor Zodangan and in another moment his +fate would have been sealed had it not been for my timely arrival. + +Driving my fleet air craft at high speed directly behind the warriors I +soon overtook them and without diminishing my speed I rammed the prow +of my little flier between the shoulders of the nearest. The impact +sufficient to have torn through inches of solid steel, hurled the +fellow’s headless body into the air over the head of his thoat, where +it fell sprawling upon the moss. The mounts of the other two warriors +turned squealing in terror, and bolted in opposite directions. + +Reducing my speed I circled and came to the ground at the feet of the +astonished Zodangan. He was warm in his thanks for my timely aid and +promised that my day’s work would bring the reward it merited, for it +was none other than a cousin of the jeddak of Zodanga whose life I had +saved. + +We wasted no time in talk as we knew that the warriors would surely +return as soon as they had gained control of their mounts. Hastening to +his damaged machine we were bending every effort to finish the needed +repairs and had almost completed them when we saw the two green +monsters returning at top speed from opposite sides of us. When they +had approached within a hundred yards their thoats again became +unmanageable and absolutely refused to advance further toward the air +craft which had frightened them. + +The warriors finally dismounted and hobbling their animals advanced +toward us on foot with drawn long-swords. + +I advanced to meet the larger, telling the Zodangan to do the best he +could with the other. Finishing my man with almost no effort, as had +now from much practice become habitual with me, I hastened to return to +my new acquaintance whom I found indeed in desperate straits. + +He was wounded and down with the huge foot of his antagonist upon his +throat and the great long-sword raised to deal the final thrust. With a +bound I cleared the fifty feet intervening between us, and with +outstretched point drove my sword completely through the body of the +green warrior. His sword fell, harmless, to the ground and he sank +limply upon the prostrate form of the Zodangan. + +A cursory examination of the latter revealed no mortal injuries and +after a brief rest he asserted that he felt fit to attempt the return +voyage. He would have to pilot his own craft, however, as these frail +vessels are not intended to convey but a single person. + +Quickly completing the repairs we rose together into the still, +cloudless Martian sky, and at great speed and without further mishap +returned to Zodanga. + +As we neared the city we discovered a mighty concourse of civilians and +troops assembled upon the plain before the city. The sky was black with +naval vessels and private and public pleasure craft, flying long +streamers of gay-colored silks, and banners and flags of odd and +picturesque design. + +My companion signaled that I slow down, and running his machine close +beside mine suggested that we approach and watch the ceremony, which, +he said, was for the purpose of conferring honors on individual +officers and men for bravery and other distinguished service. He then +unfurled a little ensign which denoted that his craft bore a member of +the royal family of Zodanga, and together we made our way through the +maze of low-lying air vessels until we hung directly over the jeddak of +Zodanga and his staff. All were mounted upon the small domestic bull +thoats of the red Martians, and their trappings and ornamentation bore +such a quantity of gorgeously colored feathers that I could not but be +struck with the startling resemblance the concourse bore to a band of +the red Indians of my own Earth. + +One of the staff called the attention of Than Kosis to the presence of +my companion above them and the ruler motioned for him to descend. As +they waited for the troops to move into position facing the jeddak the +two talked earnestly together, the jeddak and his staff occasionally +glancing up at me. I could not hear their conversation and presently it +ceased and all dismounted, as the last body of troops had wheeled into +position before their emperor. A member of the staff advanced toward +the troops, and calling the name of a soldier commanded him to advance. +The officer then recited the nature of the heroic act which had won the +approval of the jeddak, and the latter advanced and placed a metal +ornament upon the left arm of the lucky man. + +Ten men had been so decorated when the aide called out, + +“John Carter, air scout!” + +Never in my life had I been so surprised, but the habit of military +discipline is strong within me, and I dropped my little machine lightly +to the ground and advanced on foot as I had seen the others do. As I +halted before the officer, he addressed me in a voice audible to the +entire assemblage of troops and spectators. + +“In recognition, John Carter,” he said, “of your remarkable courage and +skill in defending the person of the cousin of the jeddak Than Kosis +and, singlehanded, vanquishing three green warriors, it is the pleasure +of our jeddak to confer on you the mark of his esteem.” + +Than Kosis then advanced toward me and placing an ornament upon me, +said + +“My cousin has narrated the details of your wonderful achievement, +which seems little short of miraculous, and if you can so well defend a +cousin of the jeddak how much better could you defend the person of the +jeddak himself. You are therefore appointed a padwar of The Guards and +will be quartered in my palace hereafter.” + +I thanked him, and at his direction joined the members of his staff. +After the ceremony I returned my machine to its quarters on the roof of +the barracks of the air-scout squadron, and with an orderly from the +palace to guide me I reported to the officer in charge of the palace. + + + + +CHAPTER XXII +I FIND DEJAH + + +The major-domo to whom I reported had been given instructions to +station me near the person of the jeddak, who, in time of war, is +always in great danger of assassination, as the rule that all is fair +in war seems to constitute the entire ethics of Martian conflict. + +He therefore escorted me immediately to the apartment in which Than +Kosis then was. The ruler was engaged in conversation with his son, Sab +Than, and several courtiers of his household, and did not perceive my +entrance. + +The walls of the apartment were completely hung with splendid +tapestries which hid any windows or doors which may have pierced them. +The room was lighted by imprisoned rays of sunshine held between the +ceiling proper and what appeared to be a ground-glass false ceiling a +few inches below. + +My guide drew aside one of the tapestries, disclosing a passage which +encircled the room, between the hangings and the walls of the chamber. +Within this passage I was to remain, he said, so long as Than Kosis was +in the apartment. When he left I was to follow. My only duty was to +guard the ruler and keep out of sight as much as possible. I would be +relieved after a period of four hours. The major-domo then left me. + +The tapestries were of a strange weaving which gave the appearance of +heavy solidity from one side, but from my hiding place I could perceive +all that took place within the room as readily as though there had been +no curtain intervening. + +Scarcely had I gained my post than the tapestry at the opposite end of +the chamber separated and four soldiers of The Guard entered, +surrounding a female figure. As they approached Than Kosis the soldiers +fell to either side and there standing before the jeddak and not ten +feet from me, her beautiful face radiant with smiles, was Dejah Thoris. + +Sab Than, Prince of Zodanga, advanced to meet her, and hand in hand +they approached close to the jeddak. Than Kosis looked up in surprise, +and, rising, saluted her. + +“To what strange freak do I owe this visit from the Princess of Helium, +who, two days ago, with rare consideration for my pride, assured me +that she would prefer Tal Hajus, the green Thark, to my son” + +Dejah Thoris only smiled the more and with the roguish dimples playing +at the corners of her mouth she made answer + +“From the beginning of time upon Barsoom it has been the prerogative of +woman to change her mind as she listed and to dissemble in matters +concerning her heart. That you will forgive, Than Kosis, as has your +son. Two days ago I was not sure of his love for me, but now I am, and +I have come to beg of you to forget my rash words and to accept the +assurance of the Princess of Helium that when the time comes she will +wed Sab Than, Prince of Zodanga.” + +“I am glad that you have so decided,” replied Than Kosis. “It is far +from my desire to push war further against the people of Helium, and, +your promise shall be recorded and a proclamation to my people issued +forthwith.” + +“It were better, Than Kosis,” interrupted Dejah Thoris, “that the +proclamation wait the ending of this war. It would look strange indeed +to my people and to yours were the Princess of Helium to give herself +to her country’s enemy in the midst of hostilities.” + +“Cannot the war be ended at once” spoke Sab Than. “It requires but the +word of Than Kosis to bring peace. Say it, my father, say the word that +will hasten my happiness, and end this unpopular strife.” + +“We shall see,” replied Than Kosis, “how the people of Helium take to +peace. I shall at least offer it to them.” + +Dejah Thoris, after a few words, turned and left the apartment, still +followed by her guards. + +Thus was the edifice of my brief dream of happiness dashed, broken, to +the ground of reality. The woman for whom I had offered my life, and +from whose lips I had so recently heard a declaration of love for me, +had lightly forgotten my very existence and smilingly given herself to +the son of her people’s most hated enemy. + +Although I had heard it with my own ears I could not believe it. I must +search out her apartments and force her to repeat the cruel truth to me +alone before I would be convinced, and so I deserted my post and +hastened through the passage behind the tapestries toward the door by +which she had left the chamber. Slipping quietly through this opening I +discovered a maze of winding corridors, branching and turning in every +direction. + +Running rapidly down first one and then another of them I soon became +hopelessly lost and was standing panting against a side wall when I +heard voices near me. Apparently they were coming from the opposite +side of the partition against which I leaned and presently I made out +the tones of Dejah Thoris. I could not hear the words but I knew that I +could not possibly be mistaken in the voice. + +Moving on a few steps I discovered another passageway at the end of +which lay a door. Walking boldly forward I pushed into the room only to +find myself in a small antechamber in which were the four guards who +had accompanied her. One of them instantly arose and accosted me, +asking the nature of my business. + +“I am from Than Kosis,” I replied, “and wish to speak privately with +Dejah Thoris, Princess of Helium.” + +“And your order” asked the fellow. + +I did not know what he meant, but replied that I was a member of The +Guard, and without waiting for a reply from him I strode toward the +opposite door of the antechamber, behind which I could hear Dejah +Thoris conversing. + +But my entrance was not to be so easily accomplished. The guardsman +stepped before me, saying, + +“No one comes from Than Kosis without carrying an order or the +password. You must give me one or the other before you may pass.” + +“The only order I require, my friend, to enter where I will, hangs at +my side,” I answered, tapping my long-sword; “will you let me pass in +peace or no” + +For reply he whipped out his own sword, calling to the others to join +him, and thus the four stood, with drawn weapons, barring my further +progress. + +“You are not here by the order of Than Kosis,” cried the one who had +first addressed me, “and not only shall you not enter the apartments of +the Princess of Helium but you shall go back to Than Kosis under guard +to explain this unwarranted temerity. Throw down your sword; you cannot +hope to overcome four of us,” he added with a grim smile. + +My reply was a quick thrust which left me but three antagonists and I +can assure you that they were worthy of my metal. They had me backed +against the wall in no time, fighting for my life. Slowly I worked my +way to a corner of the room where I could force them to come at me only +one at a time, and thus we fought upward of twenty minutes; the +clanging of steel on steel producing a veritable bedlam in the little +room. + +The noise had brought Dejah Thoris to the door of her apartment, and +there she stood throughout the conflict with Sola at her back peering +over her shoulder. Her face was set and emotionless and I knew that she +did not recognize me, nor did Sola. + +Finally a lucky cut brought down a second guardsman and then, with only +two opposing me, I changed my tactics and rushed them down after the +fashion of my fighting that had won me many a victory. The third fell +within ten seconds after the second, and the last lay dead upon the +bloody floor a few moments later. They were brave men and noble +fighters, and it grieved me that I had been forced to kill them, but I +would have willingly depopulated all Barsoom could I have reached the +side of my Dejah Thoris in no other way. + +Sheathing my bloody blade I advanced toward my Martian Princess, who +still stood mutely gazing at me without sign of recognition. + +“Who are you, Zodangan” she whispered. “Another enemy to harass me in +my misery” + +“I am a friend,” I answered, “a once cherished friend.” + +“No friend of Helium’s princess wears that metal,” she replied, “and +yet the voice! I have heard it before; it is not—it cannot be—no, for +he is dead.” + +“It is, though, my Princess, none other than John Carter,” I said. “Do +you not recognize, even through paint and strange metal, the heart of +your chieftain” + +As I came close to her she swayed toward me with outstretched hands, +but as I reached to take her in my arms she drew back with a shudder +and a little moan of misery. + +“Too late, too late,” she grieved. “O my chieftain that was, and whom I +thought dead, had you but returned one little hour before—but now it is +too late, too late.” + +“What do you mean, Dejah Thoris” I cried. “That you would not have +promised yourself to the Zodangan prince had you known that I lived” + +“Think you, John Carter, that I would give my heart to you yesterday +and today to another I thought that it lay buried with your ashes in +the pits of Warhoon, and so today I have promised my body to another to +save my people from the curse of a victorious Zodangan army.” + +“But I am not dead, my princess. I have come to claim you, and all +Zodanga cannot prevent it.” + +“It is too late, John Carter, my promise is given, and on Barsoom that +is final. The ceremonies which follow later are but meaningless +formalities. They make the fact of marriage no more certain than does +the funeral cortege of a jeddak again place the seal of death upon him. +I am as good as married, John Carter. No longer may you call me your +princess. No longer are you my chieftain.” + +“I know but little of your customs here upon Barsoom, Dejah Thoris, but +I do know that I love you, and if you meant the last words you spoke to +me that day as the hordes of Warhoon were charging down upon us, no +other man shall ever claim you as his bride. You meant them then, my +princess, and you mean them still! Say that it is true.” + +“I meant them, John Carter,” she whispered. “I cannot repeat them now +for I have given myself to another. Ah, if you had only known our ways, +my friend,” she continued, half to herself, “the promise would have +been yours long months ago, and you could have claimed me before all +others. It might have meant the fall of Helium, but I would have given +my empire for my Tharkian chief.” + +Then aloud she said “Do you remember the night when you offended me +You called me your princess without having asked my hand of me, and +then you boasted that you had fought for me. You did not know, and I +should not have been offended; I see that now. But there was no one to +tell you what I could not, that upon Barsoom there are two kinds of +women in the cities of the red men. The one they fight for that they +may ask them in marriage; the other kind they fight for also, but never +ask their hands. When a man has won a woman he may address her as his +princess, or in any of the several terms which signify possession. You +had fought for me, but had never asked me in marriage, and so when you +called me your princess, you see,” she faltered, “I was hurt, but even +then, John Carter, I did not repulse you, as I should have done, until +you made it doubly worse by taunting me with having won me through +combat.” + +“I do not need ask your forgiveness now, Dejah Thoris,” I cried. “You +must know that my fault was of ignorance of your Barsoomian customs. +What I failed to do, through implicit belief that my petition would be +presumptuous and unwelcome, I do now, Dejah Thoris; I ask you to be my +wife, and by all the Virginian fighting blood that flows in my veins +you shall be.” + +“No, John Carter, it is useless,” she cried, hopelessly, “I may never +be yours while Sab Than lives.” + +“You have sealed his death warrant, my princess—Sab Than dies.” + +“Nor that either,” she hastened to explain. “I may not wed the man who +slays my husband, even in self-defense. It is custom. We are ruled by +custom upon Barsoom. It is useless, my friend. You must bear the sorrow +with me. That at least we may share in common. That, and the memory of +the brief days among the Tharks. You must go now, nor ever see me +again. Good-bye, my chieftain that was.” + +Disheartened and dejected, I withdrew from the room, but I was not +entirely discouraged, nor would I admit that Dejah Thoris was lost to +me until the ceremony had actually been performed. + +As I wandered along the corridors, I was as absolutely lost in the +mazes of winding passageways as I had been before I discovered Dejah +Thoris’ apartments. + +I knew that my only hope lay in escape from the city of Zodanga, for +the matter of the four dead guardsmen would have to be explained, and +as I could never reach my original post without a guide, suspicion +would surely rest on me so soon as I was discovered wandering aimlessly +through the palace. + +Presently I came upon a spiral runway leading to a lower floor, and +this I followed downward for several stories until I reached the +doorway of a large apartment in which were a number of guardsmen. The +walls of this room were hung with transparent tapestries behind which I +secreted myself without being apprehended. + +The conversation of the guardsmen was general, and awakened no interest +in me until an officer entered the room and ordered four of the men to +relieve the detail who were guarding the Princess of Helium. Now, I +knew, my troubles would commence in earnest and indeed they were upon +me all too soon, for it seemed that the squad had scarcely left the +guardroom before one of their number burst in again breathlessly, +crying that they had found their four comrades butchered in the +antechamber. + +In a moment the entire palace was alive with people. Guardsmen, +officers, courtiers, servants, and slaves ran helter-skelter through +the corridors and apartments carrying messages and orders, and +searching for signs of the assassin. + +This was my opportunity and slim as it appeared I grasped it, for as a +number of soldiers came hurrying past my hiding place I fell in behind +them and followed through the mazes of the palace until, in passing +through a great hall, I saw the blessed light of day coming in through +a series of larger windows. + +Here I left my guides, and, slipping to the nearest window, sought for +an avenue of escape. The windows opened upon a great balcony which +overlooked one of the broad avenues of Zodanga. The ground was about +thirty feet below, and at a like distance from the building was a wall +fully twenty feet high, constructed of polished glass about a foot in +thickness. To a red Martian escape by this path would have appeared +impossible, but to me, with my earthly strength and agility, it seemed +already accomplished. My only fear was in being detected before +darkness fell, for I could not make the leap in broad daylight while +the court below and the avenue beyond were crowded with Zodangans. + +Accordingly I searched for a hiding place and finally found one by +accident, inside a huge hanging ornament which swung from the ceiling +of the hall, and about ten feet from the floor. Into the capacious +bowl-like vase I sprang with ease, and scarcely had I settled down +within it than I heard a number of people enter the apartment. The +group stopped beneath my hiding place and I could plainly overhear +their every word. + +“It is the work of Heliumites,” said one of the men. + +“Yes, O Jeddak, but how had they access to the palace I could believe +that even with the diligent care of your guardsmen a single enemy might +reach the inner chambers, but how a force of six or eight fighting men +could have done so unobserved is beyond me. We shall soon know, +however, for here comes the royal psychologist.” + +Another man now joined the group, and, after making his formal +greetings to his ruler, said + +“O mighty Jeddak, it is a strange tale I read in the dead minds of your +faithful guardsmen. They were felled not by a number of fighting men, +but by a single opponent.” + +He paused to let the full weight of this announcement impress his +hearers, and that his statement was scarcely credited was evidenced by +the impatient exclamation of incredulity which escaped the lips of Than +Kosis. + +“What manner of weird tale are you bringing me, Notan” he cried. + +“It is the truth, my Jeddak,” replied the psychologist. “In fact the +impressions were strongly marked on the brain of each of the four +guardsmen. Their antagonist was a very tall man, wearing the metal of +one of your own guardsmen, and his fighting ability was little short of +marvelous for he fought fair against the entire four and vanquished +them by his surpassing skill and superhuman strength and endurance. +Though he wore the metal of Zodanga, my Jeddak, such a man was never +seen before in this or any other country upon Barsoom. + +“The mind of the Princess of Helium whom I have examined and questioned +was a blank to me, she has perfect control, and I could not read one +iota of it. She said that she witnessed a portion of the encounter, and +that when she looked there was but one man engaged with the guardsmen; +a man whom she did not recognize as ever having seen.” + +“Where is my erstwhile savior” spoke another of the party, and I +recognized the voice of the cousin of Than Kosis, whom I had rescued +from the green warriors. “By the metal of my first ancestor,” he went +on, “but the description fits him to perfection, especially as to his +fighting ability.” + +“Where is this man” cried Than Kosis. “Have him brought to me at once. +What know you of him, cousin It seemed strange to me now that I think +upon it that there should have been such a fighting man in Zodanga, of +whose name, even, we were ignorant before today. And his name too, John +Carter, who ever heard of such a name upon Barsoom!” + +Word was soon brought that I was nowhere to be found, either in the +palace or at my former quarters in the barracks of the air-scout +squadron. Kantos Kan, they had found and questioned, but he knew +nothing of my whereabouts, and as to my past, he had told them he knew +as little, since he had but recently met me during our captivity among +the Warhoons. + +“Keep your eyes on this other one,” commanded Than Kosis. “He also is a +stranger and likely as not they both hail from Helium, and where one is +we shall sooner or later find the other. Quadruple the air patrol, and +let every man who leaves the city by air or ground be subjected to the +closest scrutiny.” + +Another messenger now entered with word that I was still within the +palace walls. + +“The likeness of every person who has entered or left the palace +grounds today has been carefully examined,” concluded the fellow, “and +not one approaches the likeness of this new padwar of the guards, other +than that which was recorded of him at the time he entered.” + +“Then we will have him shortly,” commented Than Kosis contentedly, “and +in the meanwhile we will repair to the apartments of the Princess of +Helium and question her in regard to the affair. She may know more than +she cared to divulge to you, Notan. Come.” + +They left the hall, and, as darkness had fallen without, I slipped +lightly from my hiding place and hastened to the balcony. Few were in +sight, and choosing a moment when none seemed near I sprang quickly to +the top of the glass wall and from there to the avenue beyond the +palace grounds. + + + + +CHAPTER XXIII +LOST IN THE SKY + + +Without effort at concealment I hastened to the vicinity of our +quarters, where I felt sure I should find Kantos Kan. As I neared the +building I became more careful, as I judged, and rightly, that the +place would be guarded. Several men in civilian metal loitered near the +front entrance and in the rear were others. My only means of reaching, +unseen, the upper story where our apartments were situated was through +an adjoining building, and after considerable maneuvering I managed to +attain the roof of a shop several doors away. + +Leaping from roof to roof, I soon reached an open window in the +building where I hoped to find the Heliumite, and in another moment I +stood in the room before him. He was alone and showed no surprise at my +coming, saying he had expected me much earlier, as my tour of duty must +have ended some time since. + +I saw that he knew nothing of the events of the day at the palace, and +when I had enlightened him he was all excitement. The news that Dejah +Thoris had promised her hand to Sab Than filled him with dismay. + +“It cannot be,” he exclaimed. “It is impossible! Why no man in all +Helium but would prefer death to the selling of our loved princess to +the ruling house of Zodanga. She must have lost her mind to have +assented to such an atrocious bargain. You, who do not know how we of +Helium love the members of our ruling house, cannot appreciate the +horror with which I contemplate such an unholy alliance.” + +“What can be done, John Carter” he continued. “You are a resourceful +man. Can you not think of some way to save Helium from this disgrace” + +“If I can come within sword’s reach of Sab Than,” I answered, “I can +solve the difficulty in so far as Helium is concerned, but for personal +reasons I would prefer that another struck the blow that frees Dejah +Thoris.” + +Kantos Kan eyed me narrowly before he spoke. + +“You love her!” he said. “Does she know it” + +“She knows it, Kantos Kan, and repulses me only because she is promised +to Sab Than.” + +The splendid fellow sprang to his feet, and grasping me by the shoulder +raised his sword on high, exclaiming + +“And had the choice been left to me I could not have chosen a more +fitting mate for the first princess of Barsoom. Here is my hand upon +your shoulder, John Carter, and my word that Sab Than shall go out at +the point of my sword for the sake of my love for Helium, for Dejah +Thoris, and for you. This very night I shall try to reach his quarters +in the palace.” + +“How” I asked. “You are strongly guarded and a quadruple force patrols +the sky.” + +He bent his head in thought a moment, then raised it with an air of +confidence. + +“I only need to pass these guards and I can do it,” he said at last. “I +know a secret entrance to the palace through the pinnacle of the +highest tower. I fell upon it by chance one day as I was passing above +the palace on patrol duty. In this work it is required that we +investigate any unusual occurrence we may witness, and a face peering +from the pinnacle of the high tower of the palace was, to me, most +unusual. I therefore drew near and discovered that the possessor of the +peering face was none other than Sab Than. He was slightly put out at +being detected and commanded me to keep the matter to myself, +explaining that the passage from the tower led directly to his +apartments, and was known only to him. If I can reach the roof of the +barracks and get my machine I can be in Sab Than’s quarters in five +minutes; but how am I to escape from this building, guarded as you say +it is” + +“How well are the machine sheds at the barracks guarded” I asked. + +“There is usually but one man on duty there at night upon the roof.” + +“Go to the roof of this building, Kantos Kan, and wait me there.” + +Without stopping to explain my plans I retraced my way to the street +and hastened to the barracks. I did not dare to enter the building, +filled as it was with members of the air-scout squadron, who, in common +with all Zodanga, were on the lookout for me. + +The building was an enormous one, rearing its lofty head fully a +thousand feet into the air. But few buildings in Zodanga were higher +than these barracks, though several topped it by a few hundred feet; +the docks of the great battleships of the line standing some fifteen +hundred feet from the ground, while the freight and passenger stations +of the merchant squadrons rose nearly as high. + +It was a long climb up the face of the building, and one fraught with +much danger, but there was no other way, and so I essayed the task. The +fact that Barsoomian architecture is extremely ornate made the feat +much simpler than I had anticipated, since I found ornamental ledges +and projections which fairly formed a perfect ladder for me all the way +to the eaves of the building. Here I met my first real obstacle. The +eaves projected nearly twenty feet from the wall to which I clung, and +though I encircled the great building I could find no opening through +them. + +The top floor was alight, and filled with soldiers engaged in the +pastimes of their kind; I could not, therefore, reach the roof through +the building. + +There was one slight, desperate chance, and that I decided I must +take—it was for Dejah Thoris, and no man has lived who would not risk a +thousand deaths for such as she. + +Clinging to the wall with my feet and one hand, I unloosened one of the +long leather straps of my trappings at the end of which dangled a great +hook by which air sailors are hung to the sides and bottoms of their +craft for various purposes of repair, and by means of which landing +parties are lowered to the ground from the battleships. + +I swung this hook cautiously to the roof several times before it +finally found lodgment; gently I pulled on it to strengthen its hold, +but whether it would bear the weight of my body I did not know. It +might be barely caught upon the very outer verge of the roof, so that +as my body swung out at the end of the strap it would slip off and +launch me to the pavement a thousand feet below. + +An instant I hesitated, and then, releasing my grasp upon the +supporting ornament, I swung out into space at the end of the strap. +Far below me lay the brilliantly lighted streets, the hard pavements, +and death. There was a little jerk at the top of the supporting eaves, +and a nasty slipping, grating sound which turned me cold with +apprehension; then the hook caught and I was safe. + +Clambering quickly aloft I grasped the edge of the eaves and drew +myself to the surface of the roof above. As I gained my feet I was +confronted by the sentry on duty, into the muzzle of whose revolver I +found myself looking. + +“Who are you and whence came you” he cried. + +“I am an air scout, friend, and very near a dead one, for just by the +merest chance I escaped falling to the avenue below,” I replied. + +“But how came you upon the roof, man No one has landed or come up from +the building for the past hour. Quick, explain yourself, or I call the +guard.” + +“Look you here, sentry, and you shall see how I came and how close a +shave I had to not coming at all,” I answered, turning toward the edge +of the roof, where, twenty feet below, at the end of my strap, hung all +my weapons. + +The fellow, acting on impulse of curiosity, stepped to my side and to +his undoing, for as he leaned to peer over the eaves I grasped him by +his throat and his pistol arm and threw him heavily to the roof. The +weapon dropped from his grasp, and my fingers choked off his attempted +cry for assistance. I gagged and bound him and then hung him over the +edge of the roof as I myself had hung a few moments before. I knew it +would be morning before he would be discovered, and I needed all the +time that I could gain. + +Donning my trappings and weapons I hastened to the sheds, and soon had +out both my machine and Kantos Kan’s. Making his fast behind mine I +started my engine, and skimming over the edge of the roof I dove down +into the streets of the city far below the plane usually occupied by +the air patrol. In less than a minute I was settling safely upon the +roof of our apartment beside the astonished Kantos Kan. + +I lost no time in explanation, but plunged immediately into a +discussion of our plans for the immediate future. It was decided that I +was to try to make Helium while Kantos Kan was to enter the palace and +dispatch Sab Than. If successful he was then to follow me. He set my +compass for me, a clever little device which will remain steadfastly +fixed upon any given point on the surface of Barsoom, and bidding each +other farewell we rose together and sped in the direction of the palace +which lay in the route which I must take to reach Helium. + +As we neared the high tower a patrol shot down from above, throwing its +piercing searchlight full upon my craft, and a voice roared out a +command to halt, following with a shot as I paid no attention to his +hail. Kantos Kan dropped quickly into the darkness, while I rose +steadily and at terrific speed raced through the Martian sky followed +by a dozen of the air-scout craft which had joined the pursuit, and +later by a swift cruiser carrying a hundred men and a battery of +rapid-fire guns. By twisting and turning my little machine, now rising +and now falling, I managed to elude their search-lights most of the +time, but I was also losing ground by these tactics, and so I decided +to hazard everything on a straight-away course and leave the result to +fate and the speed of my machine. + +Kantos Kan had shown me a trick of gearing, which is known only to the +navy of Helium, that greatly increased the speed of our machines, so +that I felt sure I could distance my pursuers if I could dodge their +projectiles for a few moments. + +As I sped through the air the screeching of the bullets around me +convinced me that only by a miracle could I escape, but the die was +cast, and throwing on full speed I raced a straight course toward +Helium. Gradually I left my pursuers further and further behind, and I +was just congratulating myself on my lucky escape, when a well-directed +shot from the cruiser exploded at the prow of my little craft. The +concussion nearly capsized her, and with a sickening plunge she hurtled +downward through the dark night. + +How far I fell before I regained control of the plane I do not know, +but I must have been very close to the ground when I started to rise +again, as I plainly heard the squealing of animals below me. Rising +again I scanned the heavens for my pursuers, and finally making out +their lights far behind me, saw that they were landing, evidently in +search of me. + +Not until their lights were no longer discernible did I venture to +flash my little lamp upon my compass, and then I found to my +consternation that a fragment of the projectile had utterly destroyed +my only guide, as well as my speedometer. It was true I could follow +the stars in the general direction of Helium, but without knowing the +exact location of the city or the speed at which I was traveling my +chances for finding it were slim. + +Helium lies a thousand miles southwest of Zodanga, and with my compass +intact I should have made the trip, barring accidents, in between four +and five hours. As it turned out, however, morning found me speeding +over a vast expanse of dead sea bottom after nearly six hours of +continuous flight at high speed. Presently a great city showed below +me, but it was not Helium, as that alone of all Barsoomian metropolises +consists in two immense circular walled cities about seventy-five miles +apart and would have been easily distinguishable from the altitude at +which I was flying. + +Believing that I had come too far to the north and west, I turned back +in a southeasterly direction, passing during the forenoon several other +large cities, but none resembling the description which Kantos Kan had +given me of Helium. In addition to the twin-city formation of Helium, +another distinguishing feature is the two immense towers, one of vivid +scarlet rising nearly a mile into the air from the center of one of the +cities, while the other, of bright yellow and of the same height, marks +her sister. + + + + +CHAPTER XXIV +TARS TARKAS FINDS A FRIEND + + +About noon I passed low over a great dead city of ancient Mars, and as +I skimmed out across the plain beyond I came full upon several thousand +green warriors engaged in a terrific battle. Scarcely had I seen them +than a volley of shots was directed at me, and with the almost +unfailing accuracy of their aim my little craft was instantly a ruined +wreck, sinking erratically to the ground. + +I fell almost directly in the center of the fierce combat, among +warriors who had not seen my approach so busily were they engaged in +life and death struggles. The men were fighting on foot with +long-swords, while an occasional shot from a sharpshooter on the +outskirts of the conflict would bring down a warrior who might for an +instant separate himself from the entangled mass. + +As my machine sank among them I realized that it was fight or die, with +good chances of dying in any event, and so I struck the ground with +drawn long-sword ready to defend myself as I could. + +I fell beside a huge monster who was engaged with three antagonists, +and as I glanced at his fierce face, filled with the light of battle, I +recognized Tars Tarkas the Thark. He did not see me, as I was a trifle +behind him, and just then the three warriors opposing him, and whom I +recognized as Warhoons, charged simultaneously. The mighty fellow made +quick work of one of them, but in stepping back for another thrust he +fell over a dead body behind him and was down and at the mercy of his +foes in an instant. Quick as lightning they were upon him, and Tars +Tarkas would have been gathered to his fathers in short order had I not +sprung before his prostrate form and engaged his adversaries. I had +accounted for one of them when the mighty Thark regained his feet and +quickly settled the other. + +He gave me one look, and a slight smile touched his grim lip as, +touching my shoulder, he said, + +“I would scarcely recognize you, John Carter, but there is no other +mortal upon Barsoom who would have done what you have for me. I think I +have learned that there is such a thing as friendship, my friend.” + +He said no more, nor was there opportunity, for the Warhoons were +closing in about us, and together we fought, shoulder to shoulder, +during all that long, hot afternoon, until the tide of battle turned +and the remnant of the fierce Warhoon horde fell back upon their +thoats, and fled into the gathering darkness. + +Ten thousand men had been engaged in that titanic struggle, and upon +the field of battle lay three thousand dead. Neither side asked or gave +quarter, nor did they attempt to take prisoners. + +On our return to the city after the battle we had gone directly to Tars +Tarkas’ quarters, where I was left alone while the chieftain attended +the customary council which immediately follows an engagement. + +As I sat awaiting the return of the green warrior I heard something +move in an adjoining apartment, and as I glanced up there rushed +suddenly upon me a huge and hideous creature which bore me backward +upon the pile of silks and furs upon which I had been reclining. It was +Woola—faithful, loving Woola. He had found his way back to Thark and, +as Tars Tarkas later told me, had gone immediately to my former +quarters where he had taken up his pathetic and seemingly hopeless +watch for my return. + +“Tal Hajus knows that you are here, John Carter,” said Tars Tarkas, on +his return from the jeddak’s quarters; “Sarkoja saw and recognized you +as we were returning. Tal Hajus has ordered me to bring you before him +tonight. I have ten thoats, John Carter; you may take your choice from +among them, and I will accompany you to the nearest waterway that leads +to Helium. Tars Tarkas may be a cruel green warrior, but he can be a +friend as well. Come, we must start.” + +“And when you return, Tars Tarkas” I asked. + +“The wild calots, possibly, or worse,” he replied. “Unless I should +chance to have the opportunity I have so long waited of battling with +Tal Hajus.” + +“We will stay, Tars Tarkas, and see Tal Hajus tonight. You shall not +sacrifice yourself, and it may be that tonight you can have the chance +you wait.” + +He objected strenuously, saying that Tal Hajus often flew into wild +fits of passion at the mere thought of the blow I had dealt him, and +that if ever he laid his hands upon me I would be subjected to the most +horrible tortures. + +While we were eating I repeated to Tars Tarkas the story which Sola had +told me that night upon the sea bottom during the march to Thark. + +He said but little, but the great muscles of his face worked in passion +and in agony at recollection of the horrors which had been heaped upon +the only thing he had ever loved in all his cold, cruel, terrible +existence. + +He no longer demurred when I suggested that we go before Tal Hajus, +only saying that he would like to speak to Sarkoja first. At his +request I accompanied him to her quarters, and the look of venomous +hatred she cast upon me was almost adequate recompense for any future +misfortunes this accidental return to Thark might bring me. + +“Sarkoja,” said Tars Tarkas, “forty years ago you were instrumental in +bringing about the torture and death of a woman named Gozava. I have +just discovered that the warrior who loved that woman has learned of +your part in the transaction. He may not kill you, Sarkoja, it is not +our custom, but there is nothing to prevent him tying one end of a +strap about your neck and the other end to a wild thoat, merely to test +your fitness to survive and help perpetuate our race. Having heard that +he would do this on the morrow, I thought it only right to warn you, +for I am a just man. The river Iss is but a short pilgrimage, Sarkoja. +Come, John Carter.” + +The next morning Sarkoja was gone, nor was she ever seen after. + +In silence we hastened to the jeddak’s palace, where we were +immediately admitted to his presence; in fact, he could scarcely wait +to see me and was standing erect upon his platform glowering at the +entrance as I came in. + +“Strap him to that pillar,” he shrieked. “We shall see who it is dares +strike the mighty Tal Hajus. Heat the irons; with my own hands I shall +burn the eyes from his head that he may not pollute my person with his +vile gaze.” + +“Chieftains of Thark,” I cried, turning to the assembled council and +ignoring Tal Hajus, “I have been a chief among you, and today I have +fought for Thark shoulder to shoulder with her greatest warrior. You +owe me, at least, a hearing. I have won that much today. You claim to +be a just people—” + +“Silence,” roared Tal Hajus. “Gag the creature and bind him as I +command.” + +“Justice, Tal Hajus,” exclaimed Lorquas Ptomel. “Who are you to set +aside the customs of ages among the Tharks.” + +“Yes, justice!” echoed a dozen voices, and so, while Tal Hajus fumed +and frothed, I continued. + +“You are a brave people and you love bravery, but where was your mighty +jeddak during the fighting today I did not see him in the thick of +battle; he was not there. He rends defenseless women and little +children in his lair, but how recently has one of you seen him fight +with men Why, even I, a midget beside him, felled him with a single +blow of my fist. Is it of such that the Tharks fashion their jeddaks +There stands beside me now a great Thark, a mighty warrior and a noble +man. Chieftains, how sounds, Tars Tarkas, Jeddak of Thark” + +A roar of deep-toned applause greeted this suggestion. + +“It but remains for this council to command, and Tal Hajus must prove +his fitness to rule. Were he a brave man he would invite Tars Tarkas to +combat, for he does not love him, but Tal Hajus is afraid; Tal Hajus, +your jeddak, is a coward. With my bare hands I could kill him, and he +knows it.” + +After I ceased there was tense silence, as all eyes were riveted upon +Tal Hajus. He did not speak or move, but the blotchy green of his +countenance turned livid, and the froth froze upon his lips. + +“Tal Hajus,” said Lorquas Ptomel in a cold, hard voice, “never in my +long life have I seen a jeddak of the Tharks so humiliated. There could +be but one answer to this arraignment. We wait it.” And still Tal Hajus +stood as though petrified. + +“Chieftains,” continued Lorquas Ptomel, “shall the jeddak, Tal Hajus, +prove his fitness to rule over Tars Tarkas” + +There were twenty chieftains about the rostrum, and twenty swords +flashed high in assent. + +There was no alternative. That decree was final, and so Tal Hajus drew +his long-sword and advanced to meet Tars Tarkas. + +The combat was soon over, and, with his foot upon the neck of the dead +monster, Tars Tarkas became jeddak among the Tharks. + +His first act was to make me a full-fledged chieftain with the rank I +had won by my combats the first few weeks of my captivity among them. + +Seeing the favorable disposition of the warriors toward Tars Tarkas, as +well as toward me, I grasped the opportunity to enlist them in my cause +against Zodanga. I told Tars Tarkas the story of my adventures, and in +a few words had explained to him the thought I had in mind. + +“John Carter has made a proposal,” he said, addressing the council, +“which meets with my sanction. I shall put it to you briefly. Dejah +Thoris, the Princess of Helium, who was our prisoner, is now held by +the jeddak of Zodanga, whose son she must wed to save her country from +devastation at the hands of the Zodangan forces. + +“John Carter suggests that we rescue her and return her to Helium. The +loot of Zodanga would be magnificent, and I have often thought that had +we an alliance with the people of Helium we could obtain sufficient +assurance of sustenance to permit us to increase the size and frequency +of our hatchings, and thus become unquestionably supreme among the +green men of all Barsoom. What say you” + +It was a chance to fight, an opportunity to loot, and they rose to the +bait as a speckled trout to a fly. + +For Tharks they were wildly enthusiastic, and before another half hour +had passed twenty mounted messengers were speeding across dead sea +bottoms to call the hordes together for the expedition. + +In three days we were on the march toward Zodanga, one hundred thousand +strong, as Tars Tarkas had been able to enlist the services of three +smaller hordes on the promise of the great loot of Zodanga. + +At the head of the column I rode beside the great Thark while at the +heels of my mount trotted my beloved Woola. + +We traveled entirely by night, timing our marches so that we camped +during the day at deserted cities where, even to the beasts, we were +all kept indoors during the daylight hours. On the march Tars Tarkas, +through his remarkable ability and statesmanship, enlisted fifty +thousand more warriors from various hordes, so that, ten days after we +set out we halted at midnight outside the great walled city of Zodanga, +one hundred and fifty thousand strong. + +The fighting strength and efficiency of this horde of ferocious green +monsters was equivalent to ten times their number of red men. Never in +the history of Barsoom, Tars Tarkas told me, had such a force of green +warriors marched to battle together. It was a monstrous task to keep +even a semblance of harmony among them, and it was a marvel to me that +he got them to the city without a mighty battle among themselves. + +But as we neared Zodanga their personal quarrels were submerged by +their greater hatred for the red men, and especially for the Zodangans, +who had for years waged a ruthless campaign of extermination against +the green men, directing special attention toward despoiling their +incubators. + +Now that we were before Zodanga the task of obtaining entry to the city +devolved upon me, and directing Tars Tarkas to hold his forces in two +divisions out of earshot of the city, with each division opposite a +large gateway, I took twenty dismounted warriors and approached one of +the small gates that pierced the walls at short intervals. These gates +have no regular guard, but are covered by sentries, who patrol the +avenue that encircles the city just within the walls as our +metropolitan police patrol their beats. + +The walls of Zodanga are seventy-five feet in height and fifty feet +thick. They are built of enormous blocks of carborundum, and the task +of entering the city seemed, to my escort of green warriors, an +impossibility. The fellows who had been detailed to accompany me were +of one of the smaller hordes, and therefore did not know me. + +Placing three of them with their faces to the wall and arms locked, I +commanded two more to mount to their shoulders, and a sixth I ordered +to climb upon the shoulders of the upper two. The head of the topmost +warrior towered over forty feet from the ground. + +In this way, with ten warriors, I built a series of three steps from +the ground to the shoulders of the topmost man. Then starting from a +short distance behind them I ran swiftly up from one tier to the next, +and with a final bound from the broad shoulders of the highest I +clutched the top of the great wall and quietly drew myself to its broad +expanse. After me I dragged six lengths of leather from an equal number +of my warriors. These lengths we had previously fastened together, and +passing one end to the topmost warrior I lowered the other end +cautiously over the opposite side of the wall toward the avenue below. +No one was in sight, so, lowering myself to the end of my leather +strap, I dropped the remaining thirty feet to the pavement below. + +I had learned from Kantos Kan the secret of opening these gates, and in +another moment my twenty great fighting men stood within the doomed +city of Zodanga. + +I found to my delight that I had entered at the lower boundary of the +enormous palace grounds. The building itself showed in the distance a +blaze of glorious light, and on the instant I determined to lead a +detachment of warriors directly within the palace itself, while the +balance of the great horde was attacking the barracks of the soldiery. + +Dispatching one of my men to Tars Tarkas for a detail of fifty Tharks, +with word of my intentions, I ordered ten warriors to capture and open +one of the great gates while with the nine remaining I took the other. +We were to do our work quietly, no shots were to be fired and no +general advance made until I had reached the palace with my fifty +Tharks. Our plans worked to perfection. The two sentries we met were +dispatched to their fathers upon the banks of the lost sea of Korus, +and the guards at both gates followed them in silence. + + + + +CHAPTER XXV +THE LOOTING OF ZODANGA + + +As the great gate where I stood swung open my fifty Tharks, headed by +Tars Tarkas himself, rode in upon their mighty thoats. I led them to +the palace walls, which I negotiated easily without assistance. Once +inside, however, the gate gave me considerable trouble, but I finally +was rewarded by seeing it swing upon its huge hinges, and soon my +fierce escort was riding across the gardens of the jeddak of Zodanga. + +As we approached the palace I could see through the great windows of +the first floor into the brilliantly illuminated audience chamber of +Than Kosis. The immense hall was crowded with nobles and their women, +as though some important function was in progress. There was not a +guard in sight without the palace, due, I presume, to the fact that the +city and palace walls were considered impregnable, and so I came close +and peered within. + +At one end of the chamber, upon massive golden thrones encrusted with +diamonds, sat Than Kosis and his consort, surrounded by officers and +dignitaries of state. Before them stretched a broad aisle lined on +either side with soldiery, and as I looked there entered this aisle at +the far end of the hall, the head of a procession which advanced to the +foot of the throne. + +First there marched four officers of the jeddak’s Guard bearing a huge +salver on which reposed, upon a cushion of scarlet silk, a great golden +chain with a collar and padlock at each end. Directly behind these +officers came four others carrying a similar salver which supported the +magnificent ornaments of a prince and princess of the reigning house of +Zodanga. + +At the foot of the throne these two parties separated and halted, +facing each other at opposite sides of the aisle. Then came more +dignitaries, and the officers of the palace and of the army, and +finally two figures entirely muffled in scarlet silk, so that not a +feature of either was discernible. These two stopped at the foot of the +throne, facing Than Kosis. When the balance of the procession had +entered and assumed their stations Than Kosis addressed the couple +standing before him. I could not hear his words, but presently two +officers advanced and removed the scarlet robe from one of the figures, +and I saw that Kantos Kan had failed in his mission, for it was Sab +Than, Prince of Zodanga, who stood revealed before me. + +Than Kosis now took a set of the ornaments from one of the salvers and +placed one of the collars of gold about his son’s neck, springing the +padlock fast. After a few more words addressed to Sab Than he turned to +the other figure, from which the officers now removed the enshrouding +silks, disclosing to my now comprehending view Dejah Thoris, Princess +of Helium. + +The object of the ceremony was clear to me; in another moment Dejah +Thoris would be joined forever to the Prince of Zodanga. It was an +impressive and beautiful ceremony, I presume, but to me it seemed the +most fiendish sight I had ever witnessed, and as the ornaments were +adjusted upon her beautiful figure and her collar of gold swung open in +the hands of Than Kosis I raised my long-sword above my head, and, with +the heavy hilt, I shattered the glass of the great window and sprang +into the midst of the astonished assemblage. With a bound I was on the +steps of the platform beside Than Kosis, and as he stood riveted with +surprise I brought my long-sword down upon the golden chain that would +have bound Dejah Thoris to another. + +In an instant all was confusion; a thousand drawn swords menaced me +from every quarter, and Sab Than sprang upon me with a jeweled dagger +he had drawn from his nuptial ornaments. I could have killed him as +easily as I might a fly, but the age-old custom of Barsoom stayed my +hand, and grasping his wrist as the dagger flew toward my heart I held +him as though in a vise and with my long-sword pointed to the far end +of the hall. + +“Zodanga has fallen,” I cried. “Look!” + +All eyes turned in the direction I had indicated, and there, forging +through the portals of the entranceway rode Tars Tarkas and his fifty +warriors on their great thoats. + +A cry of alarm and amazement broke from the assemblage, but no word of +fear, and in a moment the soldiers and nobles of Zodanga were hurling +themselves upon the advancing Tharks. + +Thrusting Sab Than headlong from the platform, I drew Dejah Thoris to +my side. Behind the throne was a narrow doorway and in this Than Kosis +now stood facing me, with drawn long-sword. In an instant we were +engaged, and I found no mean antagonist. + +As we circled upon the broad platform I saw Sab Than rushing up the +steps to aid his father, but, as he raised his hand to strike, Dejah +Thoris sprang before him and then my sword found the spot that made Sab +Than jeddak of Zodanga. As his father rolled dead upon the floor the +new jeddak tore himself free from Dejah Thoris’ grasp, and again we +faced each other. He was soon joined by a quartet of officers, and, +with my back against a golden throne, I fought once again for Dejah +Thoris. I was hard pressed to defend myself and yet not strike down Sab +Than and, with him, my last chance to win the woman I loved. My blade +was swinging with the rapidity of lightning as I sought to parry the +thrusts and cuts of my opponents. Two I had disarmed, and one was down, +when several more rushed to the aid of their new ruler, and to avenge +the death of the old. + + +[Illustration With my back against a golden throne, I fought once +again for Dejah Thoris.] + + +As they advanced there were cries of “The woman! The woman! Strike her +down; it is her plot. Kill her! Kill her!” + +Calling to Dejah Thoris to get behind me I worked my way toward the +little doorway back of the throne, but the officers realized my +intentions, and three of them sprang in behind me and blocked my +chances for gaining a position where I could have defended Dejah Thoris +against an army of swordsmen. + +The Tharks were having their hands full in the center of the room, and +I began to realize that nothing short of a miracle could save Dejah +Thoris and myself, when I saw Tars Tarkas surging through the crowd of +pygmies that swarmed about him. With one swing of his mighty longsword +he laid a dozen corpses at his feet, and so he hewed a pathway before +him until in another moment he stood upon the platform beside me, +dealing death and destruction right and left. + +The bravery of the Zodangans was awe-inspiring, not one attempted to +escape, and when the fighting ceased it was because only Tharks +remained alive in the great hall, other than Dejah Thoris and myself. + +Sab Than lay dead beside his father, and the corpses of the flower of +Zodangan nobility and chivalry covered the floor of the bloody +shambles. + +My first thought when the battle was over was for Kantos Kan, and +leaving Dejah Thoris in charge of Tars Tarkas I took a dozen warriors +and hastened to the dungeons beneath the palace. The jailers had all +left to join the fighters in the throne room, so we searched the +labyrinthine prison without opposition. + +I called Kantos Kan’s name aloud in each new corridor and compartment, +and finally I was rewarded by hearing a faint response. Guided by the +sound, we soon found him helpless in a dark recess. + +He was overjoyed at seeing me, and to know the meaning of the fight, +faint echoes of which had reached his prison cell. He told me that the +air patrol had captured him before he reached the high tower of the +palace, so that he had not even seen Sab Than. + +We discovered that it would be futile to attempt to cut away the bars +and chains which held him prisoner, so, at his suggestion I returned to +search the bodies on the floor above for keys to open the padlocks of +his cell and of his chains. + +Fortunately among the first I examined I found his jailer, and soon we +had Kantos Kan with us in the throne room. + +The sounds of heavy firing, mingled with shouts and cries, came to us +from the city’s streets, and Tars Tarkas hastened away to direct the +fighting without. Kantos Kan accompanied him to act as guide, the green +warriors commencing a thorough search of the palace for other Zodangans +and for loot, and Dejah Thoris and I were left alone. + +She had sunk into one of the golden thrones, and as I turned to her she +greeted me with a wan smile. + +“Was there ever such a man!” she exclaimed. “I know that Barsoom has +never before seen your like. Can it be that all Earth men are as you +Alone, a stranger, hunted, threatened, persecuted, you have done in a +few short months what in all the past ages of Barsoom no man has ever +done joined together the wild hordes of the sea bottoms and brought +them to fight as allies of a red Martian people.” + +“The answer is easy, Dejah Thoris,” I replied smiling. “It was not I +who did it, it was love, love for Dejah Thoris, a power that would work +greater miracles than this you have seen.” + +A pretty flush overspread her face and she answered, + +“You may say that now, John Carter, and I may listen, for I am free.” + +“And more still I have to say, ere it is again too late,” I returned. +“I have done many strange things in my life, many things that wiser men +would not have dared, but never in my wildest fancies have I dreamed of +winning a Dejah Thoris for myself—for never had I dreamed that in all +the universe dwelt such a woman as the Princess of Helium. That you are +a princess does not abash me, but that you are you is enough to make me +doubt my sanity as I ask you, my princess, to be mine.” + +“He does not need to be abashed who so well knew the answer to his plea +before the plea were made,” she replied, rising and placing her dear +hands upon my shoulders, and so I took her in my arms and kissed her. + +And thus in the midst of a city of wild conflict, filled with the +alarms of war; with death and destruction reaping their terrible +harvest around her, did Dejah Thoris, Princess of Helium, true daughter +of Mars, the God of War, promise herself in marriage to John Carter, +Gentleman of Virginia. + + + + +CHAPTER XXVI +THROUGH CARNAGE TO JOY + + +Sometime later Tars Tarkas and Kantos Kan returned to report that +Zodanga had been completely reduced. Her forces were entirely destroyed +or captured, and no further resistance was to be expected from within. +Several battleships had escaped, but there were thousands of war and +merchant vessels under guard of Thark warriors. + +The lesser hordes had commenced looting and quarreling among +themselves, so it was decided that we collect what warriors we could, +man as many vessels as possible with Zodangan prisoners and make for +Helium without further loss of time. + +Five hours later we sailed from the roofs of the dock buildings with a +fleet of two hundred and fifty battleships, carrying nearly one hundred +thousand green warriors, followed by a fleet of transports with our +thoats. + +Behind us we left the stricken city in the fierce and brutal clutches +of some forty thousand green warriors of the lesser hordes. They were +looting, murdering, and fighting amongst themselves. In a hundred +places they had applied the torch, and columns of dense smoke were +rising above the city as though to blot out from the eye of heaven the +horrid sights beneath. + +In the middle of the afternoon we sighted the scarlet and yellow towers +of Helium, and a short time later a great fleet of Zodangan battleships +rose from the camps of the besiegers without the city, and advanced to +meet us. + +The banners of Helium had been strung from stem to stern of each of our +mighty craft, but the Zodangans did not need this sign to realize that +we were enemies, for our green Martian warriors had opened fire upon +them almost as they left the ground. With their uncanny marksmanship +they raked the on-coming fleet with volley after volley. + +The twin cities of Helium, perceiving that we were friends, sent out +hundreds of vessels to aid us, and then began the first real air battle +I had ever witnessed. + +The vessels carrying our green warriors were kept circling above the +contending fleets of Helium and Zodanga, since their batteries were +useless in the hands of the Tharks who, having no navy, have no skill +in naval gunnery. Their small-arm fire, however, was most effective, +and the final outcome of the engagement was strongly influenced, if not +wholly determined, by their presence. + +At first the two forces circled at the same altitude, pouring broadside +after broadside into each other. Presently a great hole was torn in the +hull of one of the immense battle craft from the Zodangan camp; with a +lurch she turned completely over, the little figures of her crew +plunging, turning and twisting toward the ground a thousand feet below; +then with sickening velocity she tore after them, almost completely +burying herself in the soft loam of the ancient sea bottom. + +A wild cry of exultation arose from the Heliumite squadron, and with +redoubled ferocity they fell upon the Zodangan fleet. By a pretty +maneuver two of the vessels of Helium gained a position above their +adversaries, from which they poured upon them from their keel bomb +batteries a perfect torrent of exploding bombs. + +Then, one by one, the battleships of Helium succeeded in rising above +the Zodangans, and in a short time a number of the beleaguering +battleships were drifting hopeless wrecks toward the high scarlet tower +of greater Helium. Several others attempted to escape, but they were +soon surrounded by thousands of tiny individual fliers, and above each +hung a monster battleship of Helium ready to drop boarding parties upon +their decks. + +Within but little more than an hour from the moment the victorious +Zodangan squadron had risen to meet us from the camp of the besiegers +the battle was over, and the remaining vessels of the conquered +Zodangans were headed toward the cities of Helium under prize crews. + +There was an extremely pathetic side to the surrender of these mighty +fliers, the result of an age-old custom which demanded that surrender +should be signalized by the voluntary plunging to earth of the +commander of the vanquished vessel. One after another the brave +fellows, holding their colors high above their heads, leaped from the +towering bows of their mighty craft to an awful death. + +Not until the commander of the entire fleet took the fearful plunge, +thus indicating the surrender of the remaining vessels, did the +fighting cease, and the useless sacrifice of brave men come to an end. + +We now signaled the flagship of Helium’s navy to approach, and when she +was within hailing distance I called out that we had the Princess Dejah +Thoris on board, and that we wished to transfer her to the flagship +that she might be taken immediately to the city. + +As the full import of my announcement bore in upon them a great cry +arose from the decks of the flagship, and a moment later the colors of +the Princess of Helium broke from a hundred points upon her upper +works. When the other vessels of the squadron caught the meaning of the +signals flashed them they took up the wild acclaim and unfurled her +colors in the gleaming sunlight. + +The flagship bore down upon us, and as she swung gracefully to and +touched our side a dozen officers sprang upon our decks. As their +astonished gaze fell upon the hundreds of green warriors, who now came +forth from the fighting shelters, they stopped aghast, but at sight of +Kantos Kan, who advanced to meet them, they came forward, crowding +about him. + +Dejah Thoris and I then advanced, and they had no eyes for other than +her. She received them gracefully, calling each by name, for they were +men high in the esteem and service of her grandfather, and she knew +them well. + +“Lay your hands upon the shoulder of John Carter,” she said to them, +turning toward me, “the man to whom Helium owes her princess as well as +her victory today.” + +They were very courteous to me and said many kind and complimentary +things, but what seemed to impress them most was that I had won the aid +of the fierce Tharks in my campaign for the liberation of Dejah Thoris, +and the relief of Helium. + +“You owe your thanks more to another man than to me,” I said, “and here +he is; meet one of Barsoom’s greatest soldiers and statesmen, Tars +Tarkas, Jeddak of Thark.” + +With the same polished courtesy that had marked their manner toward me +they extended their greetings to the great Thark, nor, to my surprise, +was he much behind them in ease of bearing or in courtly speech. Though +not a garrulous race, the Tharks are extremely formal, and their ways +lend themselves amazingly to dignified and courtly manners. + +Dejah Thoris went aboard the flagship, and was much put out that I +would not follow, but, as I explained to her, the battle was but partly +won; we still had the land forces of the besieging Zodangans to account +for, and I would not leave Tars Tarkas until that had been +accomplished. + +The commander of the naval forces of Helium promised to arrange to have +the armies of Helium attack from the city in conjunction with our land +attack, and so the vessels separated and Dejah Thoris was borne in +triumph back to the court of her grandfather, Tardos Mors, Jeddak of +Helium. + +In the distance lay our fleet of transports, with the thoats of the +green warriors, where they had remained during the battle. Without +landing stages it was to be a difficult matter to unload these beasts +upon the open plain, but there was nothing else for it, and so we put +out for a point about ten miles from the city and began the task. + +It was necessary to lower the animals to the ground in slings and this +work occupied the remainder of the day and half the night. Twice we +were attacked by parties of Zodangan cavalry, but with little loss, +however, and after darkness shut down they withdrew. + +As soon as the last thoat was unloaded Tars Tarkas gave the command to +advance, and in three parties we crept upon the Zodangan camp from the +north, the south and the east. + +About a mile from the main camp we encountered their outposts and, as +had been prearranged, accepted this as the signal to charge. With wild, +ferocious cries and amidst the nasty squealing of battle-enraged thoats +we bore down upon the Zodangans. + +We did not catch them napping, but found a well-entrenched battle line +confronting us. Time after time we were repulsed until, toward noon, I +began to fear for the result of the battle. + +The Zodangans numbered nearly a million fighting men, gathered from +pole to pole, wherever stretched their ribbon-like waterways, while +pitted against them were less than a hundred thousand green warriors. +The forces from Helium had not arrived, nor could we receive any word +from them. + +Just at noon we heard heavy firing all along the line between the +Zodangans and the cities, and we knew then that our much-needed +reinforcements had come. + +Again Tars Tarkas ordered the charge, and once more the mighty thoats +bore their terrible riders against the ramparts of the enemy. At the +same moment the battle line of Helium surged over the opposite +breastworks of the Zodangans and in another moment they were being +crushed as between two millstones. Nobly they fought, but in vain. + +The plain before the city became a veritable shambles ere the last +Zodangan surrendered, but finally the carnage ceased, the prisoners +were marched back to Helium, and we entered the greater city’s gates, a +huge triumphal procession of conquering heroes. + +The broad avenues were lined with women and children, among which were +the few men whose duties necessitated that they remain within the city +during the battle. We were greeted with an endless round of applause +and showered with ornaments of gold, platinum, silver, and precious +jewels. The city had gone mad with joy. + +My fierce Tharks caused the wildest excitement and enthusiasm. Never +before had an armed body of green warriors entered the gates of Helium, +and that they came now as friends and allies filled the red men with +rejoicing. + +That my poor services to Dejah Thoris had become known to the +Heliumites was evidenced by the loud crying of my name, and by the +loads of ornaments that were fastened upon me and my huge thoat as we +passed up the avenues to the palace, for even in the face of the +ferocious appearance of Woola the populace pressed close about me. + +As we approached this magnificent pile we were met by a party of +officers who greeted us warmly and requested that Tars Tarkas and his +jeds with the jeddaks and jeds of his wild allies, together with +myself, dismount and accompany them to receive from Tardos Mors an +expression of his gratitude for our services. + +At the top of the great steps leading up to the main portals of the +palace stood the royal party, and as we reached the lower steps one of +their number descended to meet us. + +He was an almost perfect specimen of manhood; tall, straight as an +arrow, superbly muscled and with the carriage and bearing of a ruler of +men. I did not need to be told that he was Tardos Mors, Jeddak of +Helium. + +The first member of our party he met was Tars Tarkas and his first +words sealed forever the new friendship between the races. + +“That Tardos Mors,” he said, earnestly, “may meet the greatest living +warrior of Barsoom is a priceless honor, but that he may lay his hand +on the shoulder of a friend and ally is a far greater boon.” + +“Jeddak of Helium,” returned Tars Tarkas, “it has remained for a man of +another world to teach the green warriors of Barsoom the meaning of +friendship; to him we owe the fact that the hordes of Thark can +understand you; that they can appreciate and reciprocate the sentiments +so graciously expressed.” + +Tardos Mors then greeted each of the green jeddaks and jeds, and to +each spoke words of friendship and appreciation. + +As he approached me he laid both hands upon my shoulders. + +“Welcome, my son,” he said; “that you are granted, gladly, and without +one word of opposition, the most precious jewel in all Helium, yes, on +all Barsoom, is sufficient earnest of my esteem.” + +We were then presented to Mors Kajak, Jed of lesser Helium, and father +of Dejah Thoris. He had followed close behind Tardos Mors and seemed +even more affected by the meeting than had his father. + +He tried a dozen times to express his gratitude to me, but his voice +choked with emotion and he could not speak, and yet he had, as I was to +later learn, a reputation for ferocity and fearlessness as a fighter +that was remarkable even upon warlike Barsoom. In common with all +Helium he worshiped his daughter, nor could he think of what she had +escaped without deep emotion. + + + + +CHAPTER XXVII +FROM JOY TO DEATH + + +For ten days the hordes of Thark and their wild allies were feasted and +entertained, and, then, loaded with costly presents and escorted by ten +thousand soldiers of Helium commanded by Mors Kajak, they started on +the return journey to their own lands. The jed of lesser Helium with a +small party of nobles accompanied them all the way to Thark to cement +more closely the new bonds of peace and friendship. + +Sola also accompanied Tars Tarkas, her father, who before all his +chieftains had acknowledged her as his daughter. + +Three weeks later, Mors Kajak and his officers, accompanied by Tars +Tarkas and Sola, returned upon a battleship that had been dispatched to +Thark to fetch them in time for the ceremony which made Dejah Thoris +and John Carter one. + +For nine years I served in the councils and fought in the armies of +Helium as a prince of the house of Tardos Mors. The people seemed never +to tire of heaping honors upon me, and no day passed that did not bring +some new proof of their love for my princess, the incomparable Dejah +Thoris. + +In a golden incubator upon the roof of our palace lay a snow-white egg. +For nearly five years ten soldiers of the jeddak’s Guard had constantly +stood over it, and not a day passed when I was in the city that Dejah +Thoris and I did not stand hand in hand before our little shrine +planning for the future, when the delicate shell should break. + +Vivid in my memory is the picture of the last night as we sat there +talking in low tones of the strange romance which had woven our lives +together and of this wonder which was coming to augment our happiness +and fulfill our hopes. + +In the distance we saw the bright-white light of an approaching +airship, but we attached no special significance to so common a sight. +Like a bolt of lightning it raced toward Helium until its very speed +bespoke the unusual. + +Flashing the signals which proclaimed it a dispatch bearer for the +jeddak, it circled impatiently awaiting the tardy patrol boat which +must convoy it to the palace docks. + +Ten minutes after it touched at the palace a message called me to the +council chamber, which I found filling with the members of that body. + +On the raised platform of the throne was Tardos Mors, pacing back and +forth with tense-drawn face. When all were in their seats he turned +toward us. + +“This morning,” he said, “word reached the several governments of +Barsoom that the keeper of the atmosphere plant had made no wireless +report for two days, nor had almost ceaseless calls upon him from a +score of capitals elicited a sign of response. + +“The ambassadors of the other nations asked us to take the matter in +hand and hasten the assistant keeper to the plant. All day a thousand +cruisers have been searching for him until just now one of them returns +bearing his dead body, which was found in the pits beneath his house +horribly mutilated by some assassin. + +“I do not need to tell you what this means to Barsoom. It would take +months to penetrate those mighty walls, in fact the work has already +commenced, and there would be little to fear were the engine of the +pumping plant to run as it should and as they all have for hundreds of +years; but the worst, we fear, has happened. The instruments show a +rapidly decreasing air pressure on all parts of Barsoom—the engine has +stopped.” + +“My gentlemen,” he concluded, “we have at best three days to live.” + +There was absolute silence for several minutes, and then a young noble +arose, and with his drawn sword held high above his head addressed +Tardos Mors. + +“The men of Helium have prided themselves that they have ever shown +Barsoom how a nation of red men should live, now is our opportunity to +show them how they should die. Let us go about our duties as though a +thousand useful years still lay before us.” + +The chamber rang with applause and as there was nothing better to do +than to allay the fears of the people by our example we went our ways +with smiles upon our faces and sorrow gnawing at our hearts. + +When I returned to my palace I found that the rumor already had reached +Dejah Thoris, so I told her all that I had heard. + +“We have been very happy, John Carter,” she said, “and I thank whatever +fate overtakes us that it permits us to die together.” + +The next two days brought no noticeable change in the supply of air, +but on the morning of the third day breathing became difficult at the +higher altitudes of the rooftops. The avenues and plazas of Helium were +filled with people. All business had ceased. For the most part the +people looked bravely into the face of their unalterable doom. Here and +there, however, men and women gave way to quiet grief. + +Toward the middle of the day many of the weaker commenced to succumb +and within an hour the people of Barsoom were sinking by thousands into +the unconsciousness which precedes death by asphyxiation. + +Dejah Thoris and I with the other members of the royal family had +collected in a sunken garden within an inner courtyard of the palace. +We conversed in low tones, when we conversed at all, as the awe of the +grim shadow of death crept over us. Even Woola seemed to feel the +weight of the impending calamity, for he pressed close to Dejah Thoris +and to me, whining pitifully. + +The little incubator had been brought from the roof of our palace at +request of Dejah Thoris and she sat gazing longingly upon the unknown +little life that now she would never know. + +As it was becoming perceptibly difficult to breathe Tardos Mors arose, +saying, + +“Let us bid each other farewell. The days of the greatness of Barsoom +are over. Tomorrow’s sun will look down upon a dead world which through +all eternity must go swinging through the heavens peopled not even by +memories. It is the end.” + +He stooped and kissed the women of his family, and laid his strong hand +upon the shoulders of the men. + +As I turned sadly from him my eyes fell upon Dejah Thoris. Her head was +drooping upon her breast, to all appearances she was lifeless. With a +cry I sprang to her and raised her in my arms. + +Her eyes opened and looked into mine. + +“Kiss me, John Carter,” she murmured. “I love you! I love you! It is +cruel that we must be torn apart who were just starting upon a life of +love and happiness.” + +As I pressed her dear lips to mine the old feeling of unconquerable +power and authority rose in me. The fighting blood of Virginia sprang +to life in my veins. + +“It shall not be, my princess,” I cried. “There is, there must be some +way, and John Carter, who has fought his way through a strange world +for love of you, will find it.” + +And with my words there crept above the threshold of my conscious mind +a series of nine long forgotten sounds. Like a flash of lightning in +the darkness their full purport dawned upon me—the key to the three +great doors of the atmosphere plant! + +Turning suddenly toward Tardos Mors as I still clasped my dying love to +my breast I cried. + +“A flier, Jeddak! Quick! Order your swiftest flier to the palace top. I +can save Barsoom yet.” + +He did not wait to question, but in an instant a guard was racing to +the nearest dock and though the air was thin and almost gone at the +rooftop they managed to launch the fastest one-man, air-scout machine +that the skill of Barsoom had ever produced. + +Kissing Dejah Thoris a dozen times and commanding Woola, who would have +followed me, to remain and guard her, I bounded with my old agility and +strength to the high ramparts of the palace, and in another moment I +was headed toward the goal of the hopes of all Barsoom. + +I had to fly low to get sufficient air to breathe, but I took a +straight course across an old sea bottom and so had to rise only a few +feet above the ground. + +I traveled with awful velocity for my errand was a race against time +with death. The face of Dejah Thoris hung always before me. As I turned +for a last look as I left the palace garden I had seen her stagger and +sink upon the ground beside the little incubator. That she had dropped +into the last coma which would end in death, if the air supply remained +unreplenished, I well knew, and so, throwing caution to the winds, I +flung overboard everything but the engine and compass, even to my +ornaments, and lying on my belly along the deck with one hand on the +steering wheel and the other pushing the speed lever to its last notch +I split the thin air of dying Mars with the speed of a meteor. + +An hour before dark the great walls of the atmosphere plant loomed +suddenly before me, and with a sickening thud I plunged to the ground +before the small door which was withholding the spark of life from the +inhabitants of an entire planet. + +Beside the door a great crew of men had been laboring to pierce the +wall, but they had scarcely scratched the flint-like surface, and now +most of them lay in the last sleep from which not even air would awaken +them. + +Conditions seemed much worse here than at Helium, and it was with +difficulty that I breathed at all. There were a few men still +conscious, and to one of these I spoke. + +“If I can open these doors is there a man who can start the engines” I +asked. + +“I can,” he replied, “if you open quickly. I can last but a few moments +more. But it is useless, they are both dead and no one else upon +Barsoom knew the secret of these awful locks. For three days men crazed +with fear have surged about this portal in vain attempts to solve its +mystery.” + +I had no time to talk, I was becoming very weak and it was with +difficulty that I controlled my mind at all. + +But, with a final effort, as I sank weakly to my knees I hurled the +nine thought waves at that awful thing before me. The Martian had +crawled to my side and with staring eyes fixed on the single panel +before us we waited in the silence of death. + +Slowly the mighty door receded before us. I attempted to rise and +follow it but I was too weak. + +“After it,” I cried to my companion, “and if you reach the pump room +turn loose all the pumps. It is the only chance Barsoom has to exist +tomorrow!” + +From where I lay I opened the second door, and then the third, and as I +saw the hope of Barsoom crawling weakly on hands and knees through the +last doorway I sank unconscious upon the ground. + + + + +CHAPTER XXVIII +AT THE ARIZONA CAVE + + +It was dark when I opened my eyes again. Strange, stiff garments were +upon my body; garments that cracked and powdered away from me as I rose +to a sitting posture. + +I felt myself over from head to foot and from head to foot I was +clothed, though when I fell unconscious at the little doorway I had +been naked. Before me was a small patch of moonlit sky which showed +through a ragged aperture. + +As my hands passed over my body they came in contact with pockets and +in one of these a small parcel of matches wrapped in oiled paper. One +of these matches I struck, and its dim flame lighted up what appeared +to be a huge cave, toward the back of which I discovered a strange, +still figure huddled over a tiny bench. As I approached it I saw that +it was the dead and mummified remains of a little old woman with long +black hair, and the thing it leaned over was a small charcoal burner +upon which rested a round copper vessel containing a small quantity of +greenish powder. + +Behind her, depending from the roof upon rawhide thongs, and stretching +entirely across the cave, was a row of human skeletons. From the thong +which held them stretched another to the dead hand of the little old +woman; as I touched the cord the skeletons swung to the motion with a +noise as of the rustling of dry leaves. + +It was a most grotesque and horrid tableau and I hastened out into the +fresh air; glad to escape from so gruesome a place. + +The sight that met my eyes as I stepped out upon a small ledge which +ran before the entrance of the cave filled me with consternation. + +A new heaven and a new landscape met my gaze. The silvered mountains in +the distance, the almost stationary moon hanging in the sky, the +cacti-studded valley below me were not of Mars. I could scarce believe +my eyes, but the truth slowly forced itself upon me—I was looking upon +Arizona from the same ledge from which ten years before I had gazed +with longing upon Mars. + +Burying my head in my arms I turned, broken, and sorrowful, down the +trail from the cave. + +Above me shone the red eye of Mars holding her awful secret, +forty-eight million miles away. + +Did the Martian reach the pump room Did the vitalizing air reach the +people of that distant planet in time to save them Was my Dejah Thoris +alive, or did her beautiful body lie cold in death beside the tiny +golden incubator in the sunken garden of the inner courtyard of the +palace of Tardos Mors, the jeddak of Helium + +For ten years I have waited and prayed for an answer to my questions. +For ten years I have waited and prayed to be taken back to the world of +my lost love. I would rather lie dead beside her there than live on +Earth all those millions of terrible miles from her. + +The old mine, which I found untouched, has made me fabulously wealthy; +but what care I for wealth! + +As I sit here tonight in my little study overlooking the Hudson, just +twenty years have elapsed since I first opened my eyes upon Mars. + +I can see her shining in the sky through the little window by my desk, +and tonight she seems calling to me again as she has not called before +since that long dead night, and I think I can see, across that awful +abyss of space, a beautiful black-haired woman standing in the garden +of a palace, and at her side is a little boy who puts his arm around +her as she points into the sky toward the planet Earth, while at their +feet is a huge and hideous creature with a heart of gold. + +I believe that they are waiting there for me, and something tells me +that I shall soon know. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/23bcfab0-f47b-4dcb-8599-459c329ac153.mp3 b/data/23bcfab0-f47b-4dcb-8599-459c329ac153.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c4883fb1353935a2f052cede28e789000f1adc34 Binary files /dev/null and b/data/23bcfab0-f47b-4dcb-8599-459c329ac153.mp3 differ diff --git a/data/2bb16c35-403a-4d4c-859e-a88ccd55f876.xml b/data/2bb16c35-403a-4d4c-859e-a88ccd55f876.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5c4ceeec03fa0ec2a6e41c7ab3852b8a72cc863c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/2bb16c35-403a-4d4c-859e-a88ccd55f876.xml @@ -0,0 +1,2290 @@ + + +
+ + + applsci + + Applied Sciences + Appl. Sci. + Applied Sciences + + 2076-3417 + + MDPI + + + + 10.3390/app13031274 + applsci-13-01274 + + + Article + + + + Evaluating the Quality of Raw Chocolate as an Alternative to Commercial Products + + + + https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3063-8710 + + Kowalski + Radosław + + 1 + * + + + + Rosochacki + Marek + + 1 + 2 + + + https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0504-2862 + + Wyrostek + Jakub + + 1 + + + https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0034-8202 + + Islam + Muhammad Torequl + + 3 + + + + + + Gallo + Monica + + Academic Editor + + + Department of Analysis and Evaluation of Food Quality, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 8 Skromna Street, 20-704 Lublin, Poland + Arco by Paco Pérez & Treinta u Tres, 472C Grunwaldzka Avenue, 80-309 Gdańsk, Poland + Poland Department of Pharmacy, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh + + Correspondence: radoslaw.kowalski@up.lublin.pl + + + 18 + 01 + 2023 + + + 02 + 2023 + + 13 + 3 + 1274 + + + 28 + 12 + 2022 + + + 13 + 01 + 2023 + + + 16 + 01 + 2023 + + + + © 2023 by the authors. + 2023 + + Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). + + + +

The aim of this presented study was the sensory evaluation, the analysis of the nutritional composition, and the analysis of the content of health-promoting ingredients, i.e., the total phenolic compounds and the total flavonoids, in raw chocolate (made exclusively from unroasted cocoa beans, cane sugar, and cocoa butter) in comparison to classic commercial chocolates available in the consumer market. The research showed that raw chocolate, compared to commercial chocolates, contained less carbohydrates (39.6% in raw chocolate and 42.7% and 53.7% in commercial chocolate, respectively), was characterized by a higher content of total phenolic compounds (22.08 mg GAE/g in raw chocolate and 9.25 and 7.87 mg GAE/g in commercial chocolates, respectively), had a a higher content of total flavonoids (8.75 mg ECE/g in raw chocolate and 4.43 mg/g and 3.83 mg ECE/g in commercial chocolates, respectively), and also had a higher total antioxidant activity (172.16 μM TE/g in raw chocolate and 132.60 and 63.76 μM TE/g in commercial chocolates, respectively). In the sensory assessment, raw chocolate received lower ranks than commercial chocolates, especially in the case of the most important discriminant in the entire evaluation, i.e., taste, which was unquestionably related to the lower content of carbohydrates. However, currently, it is necessary to reduce the consumption of sugar, which, when excessively present in the diet, is the cause of many diseases. However, in the sensory evaluation for the criteria “external appearance—shape” and “external appearance—surface condition,” the raw chocolate received the highest marks.

+ + + raw chocolate + chemical composition + antioxidant activity + sensory evaluation + + + + a statutory activity subsidy from the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education for the Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology of the University of Life Sciences in Lublin + + This work was financed by a statutory activity subsidy from the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education for the Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology of the University of Life Sciences in Lublin. + + + + + + 1. Introduction +

Confectionery is a category of snacks that is among the most popular, both among adults and children. In 2014, 91% of Poles declared that they purchased confectionery, and for the majority of them, confections were an indispensable element of the diet. Among all the respondents, 40% declared consuming something sweet at least five times a week [1]. Chocolate is a product that is commonly consumed by all generations and age groups [2]. Data from the year 2020 confirms consumer interest in confectionery, with 21% of the respondents indicating that they choose products of the highest quality [3]. 33% of the consumers of confectionery choose chocolate products, with the dominant preferences being focused on milk chocolate (52%), followed by dark chocolate (33%), and white chocolate (13%). The volume of the Polish confectionery market is estimated at close to 3000 million EUR [3].

+

The consumption of confectionery in large amounts can be harmful, due to the presence of simple sugars, purified wheat flour, fat, unsaturated fatty acids, and trans isomers of fatty acids in their composition, which, in consequence, may lead to disturbances in the functioning of the organism and the development of diet-related diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, or disorders of the circulatory system [4].

+

Chocolate is rich in fats, proteins, carbohydrates, polyphenols, and other bioactive compounds [2]. Chocolate products with a high calorific value are increasingly being replaced by chocolate with a lower calorific value that retains taste quality and visual appeal. The trend in modern chocolate products is to eliminate unnecessary components with a negative effect on one’s health, such as sugar, preservatives, synthetic flavours, and emulsifiers. This is inseparably related to the current demand for products of the types described as “fit” and “eco” and for products with the least possible degree of processing. This situation is due to the growing awareness of consumers as to the current fashion and trends driven by celebrities from the worlds of sports and social media [5].

+

Chocolate is a unique food product, as it is characterised by a solid consistency at room temperature, but it melts easily in the mouth [6]. These properties of chocolate are a result of the properties of cocoa butter, which is a solid at temperatures below 25 °C and holds the particles of sugar and cocoa mass together. At the temperature of the human body, cocoa butter, however, is almost completely liquid, thus allowing the movement of particles due to which chocolate becomes a smooth liquid. Chocolate also has a specific sweetness that is attractive to a majority of people, so it appears strange that the history of chocolate started from a liquid, greasy, and bitter liquor with no resemblance to the product as we know it as today [7]. Its flavour is undoubtedly the most important attribute of chocolate in terms of consumer perceptions. In this respect, the quality of the initial raw material used in chocolate production is of immense importance. The successive stages of chocolate production also have a significant effect on the quality of the end product [8]. The production process of classic chocolate comprises fermentation, drying, roasting, grinding of the cocoa seed, the mixing of all ingredients (cocoa mass, sugar, cocoa butter, emulsifiers, flavours and, if required, milk components), conching, and tempering. The main chemical reactions take place during the fermentation, drying, cocoa seed roasting, and conching of the chocolate mass. These reactions are of the greatest importance for the final taste and flavour [2]. However, those stages also cause certain chemical modifications, which result in changes in the composition and biological properties of the cocoa seeds [9].

+

Cocoa tree seeds (beans) and chocolate itself contain over 200 substances that can improve health and well-being. Not all of those substances, however, are contained in amounts sufficient to produce a health-promoting effect, e.g., acylethanolamines, phenylethylamine, and serotonin [10]. Other substances, in turn, may have low bioavailability in the human organism or may undergo rapid degradation [11].

+

Cocoa and chocolate operate like functional foods, as they contain a number of substances that have a beneficial effect on human health. Chocolate combines certain sensory features with aphrodisiac and antidepressant properties, which expands its effects beyond the cardiovascular system, metabolic diseases, neurological disorders, and psychological profiles [12]. Over the last 15 years, there has been an increase in interest in the potential health benefits of antioxidants and other compounds included in the phytochemical composition of dark chocolate and cocoa [13]. Over 200 studies concerning the bioactive components, chemical composition, and health benefits of cocoa trees and cocoa products have been reported [2].

+

Cocoa tree seeds (beans) have an extremely rich history of medicinal and ritual applications. It started with cocoa seeds being used initially by the Olmecs and then by the Mayas and the Aztecs [14]. Chocolate’s history began with the Mayas, who were most likely the first people in South America to cultivate the cocoa tree. For the Mayas, chocolate was a cocoa drink prepared with hot water and often aromatised with cinnamon and pepper. It was called the food of the Gods, and it was served on the table of Emperor Montezuma II by the Aztecs [6,12]. The term “chocolate” was coined by the early Olmecs, was adopted by the Mayas, and was later adopted by the Mexica (Aztecs) [15]. The word “chocolate” probably originates from the word “Xococalit” from the Aztec “xocolatl” denoting bitter water, and was a drink prepared by the Pre-Olmecs from cocoa seeds as far back as about 2000 BC [16].

+

According to EU Directive 2000/36/EC of the European Parliament, “chocolate designates the product obtained from cocoa products and sugars that, subject to (b), contains not less than 35% total dry cocoa solids, including not less than 18% cocoa butter and not less than 14% of dry non-fat cocoa solids” (excluding certain kinds of chocolate such as “vermicelli”, “gianduja”, or “couverture”) [17].

+

The concept of raw chocolate is still not defined, but it assumes that raw chocolate retains the traits, parameters, and standards of chocolate, but at every stage of the production of such chocolate, the temperature cannot exceed 42 °C [18], the cocoa beans cannot be subjected to roasting, and the chocolate should be composed solely of three components: cocoa mass, cocoa butter, and sugar (of all kinds of chocolate, raw chocolate is the best for human health; therefore, in its production, alternative sugars are most frequently used, such as, e.g., coconut palm sugar, sugar from coconut palm flowers, xylitol, or stevia). There are concerns that not blasting them with heat of up to about 150 °C could mean an increase in bacteria such as salmonella. However, producers insist that, as no animal products are involved, there is no greater risk than when dealing with vegetables, such as carrots or lettuce [19].

+

In view of the present interest of consumers in products with the lowest degree of processing and that are characterised by a chemical composition rich in health-promoting components, we undertook a study aimed at the estimation of the quality of raw chocolate obtained with a simple craftsman method. The following research hypothesis was put forward: raw chocolate may constitute a more favourable alternative (in terms of chemical composition) to the highly processed commercial products. In order to prove the hypothesis, an analysis was conducted of the nutritional composition of the chocolate and the estimation of its content of health-promoting components, e.g., total phenolic content and total flavonoid content, as compared to classic commercial chocolates available in the consumer market. In addition, a sensory analysis was performed to determine the preferences of the members of the sensory assessment panel in comparison to the commercial products.

+ + + 2. Materials and Methods + + 2.1. Experimental Material +

The following ingredients were used for the production of the raw chocolate (MAN), and they all originated from organic production:

raw beans of the cocoa tree cv. Nacional Arriba from the Zoilita plantation in the Los Ríos region of Ecuador (“Eko gram”, Poland);

unrefined cane sugar (“Sweet garden”, India);

cocoa butter (“Eko gram”, Poland).

+

The reference material for the comparisons in the experiment consisted of two samples of commercial chocolate (64% and 50% cocoa mass) available on the market:

classic bitter chocolate 64% (COM 64%) ingredients: cocoa mass, sugar, cocoa with reduced fat content, cocoa butter, emulsifiers (soy lecithin, polyglycerol polyricinoleate), flavour, coca mass minimum of 64%;

light bitter chocolate 50% (COM 50%) ingredients: sugar, cocoa mass, cocoa with reduced fat content, cocoa butter, milk fat, emulsifiers (soy lecithin, polyglycerol polyricinoleate), salt, flavour, cocoa mass minimum of 50%.

+

The choice of reference chocolates with a cocoa mass content of 50% and 64% resulted from the popularity of these chocolates among consumers and corresponded, in terms of the cocoa mass content, to raw chocolate.

+ + + 2.2. Recipe of the Raw Chocolate +

Ingredients: raw cocoa tree beans, hulled—570 g; unrefined cane sugar—300 g; cocoa butter—50 g.

+

The percentage value of the chocolate is the total content of cocoa mass, including cocoa butter, in the chocolate; in the chocolate produced in this experiment, it was ≈ 65.26%.

+

A schematic diagram of the process of production is presented in Figure 1.

+

Cocoa beans were sorted, and those that did not meet the quality requirements were rejected. The accepted beans were ground to the point where the hulls cracked; excessive fragmentation may have resulted in excessive losses at the next stage of processing. The lighter hulls were separated using compressed air. After the melanger was started, when the rollers reached their maximum speed, 15 g of cocoa butter were added to reduce friction and wear on the machine, and then 570 g of cleaned cocoa beans (nibs) were added in batches. The fragmented beans, under the effect of grinding by the rollers, were gradually reduced in size. After 2 h of grinding, unrefined cane sugar was added in portions (300 g). After 24 h from the time of starting the operation of the melanger, the remaining portion of 35 g of cocoa butter was added. The entire mass was left for 48 h for conching. After 72 h of continuous operation of the machine, the smooth and aromatic mass was poured into a container and closed tightly. The chocolate was then left for 21 days in a dry room with a temperature of 16–18 °C in order to mature. The process of chocolate maturation was the final stage of chocolate production, in which taste and flavour were formed and attain full depth. Next, the chocolate was tempered on a marble tabletop. After the process of tempering, the liquid mass was poured into special polycarbonate forms, in which air bubbles were removed from the chocolate mass through the shaking of the forms, and then the whole quantity was left at a temperature of 16–18 °C for full crystallisation.

+ + + 2.3. Determination of Nutritional Composition +

Moisture in tested samples was determined according to the method AOAC 931.04 [20]. Ash contents were determined after dry digestion at 550 °C [21]. The content of lipids was determined according to the AOAC 963.15 official method [22], as modified by Roda and Lambri [23]. The samples were then subjected to acid hydrolysis and extraction by means of a Soxhlet apparatus. Portions of 3–4 g of chocolate/cocoa beans were weighed out. Those amounts were mixed with 45 mL of distilled water at boiling temperature, and then 55 mL of HCl (25% w/v) were added. The solutions were boiled for about 30 min in a reflux condenser, and then filtered using a Whatman n° 595 ½ filter. The filter containing the hydrolysed samples was rinsed thoroughly with distilled water until all chlorides were washed out, and then dried at 100 °C for 6 h. Ultimately, the fat material with the filter was extracted by means of a Soxhlet apparatus with the use of 50 mL of n-hexane for 4 h.

+

Protein determination was carried out following the AOAC 939.02-1939 method [24]. Dietary fibres were analyzed using the AOAC 985.29 methodology [25]. Total non-fibre carbohydrate contents were determined by percent differences (100%—% moisture, % protein, % fat, % ash, and % fibre content) [26].

+

The energetic value was calculated by applying the mean recalculation coefficients for protein, fat, and carbohydrates according to Kunachowicz et al. [27]. These factors were as follows: 1 g of protein—17 kJ, 1 g of fat—37 kJ, and 1 g of carbohydrates—17 kJ.

+ + + 2.4. Extraction of Bioactive Components +

The extraction of bioactive components from samples of the chocolate was conducted according to the procedure described by Barišić et al. [28]. The obtained extracts were stored in a freezer, and prior to analysis, they were filtered through a nylon membrane filter.

+ + + 2.5. Total Phenolic Content +

Determinations of the phenolic compounds in the tested samples were made by spectrophotometric means (λ = 725 nm) according to a modified Singleton and Rossi method [28,29]. A portion (0.1 mL) of chocolate or cocoa bean extract was mixed with 6 mL of water and 0.5 mL of the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent in a calibrated flask. After 6 min, 1.5 mL of 20% Na2CO3 was added, and the flask was topped up with distilled water to the target volume (10 mL). The mixture prepared in this manner was left for 2 h at room temperature in a dark place, and the absorbance of the final solution was measured at 725 nm relative to a blank sample. The results of the phenol content were expressed in gallic acid equivalents (GAE) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA, ACS reagent ≥ 98.00%). The results were calculated from the equation of the calibration curve prepared for gallic acid (GA) standards in the concentration range of 10–60 mg/L (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 mg/L). Each sample was diluted appropriately to fit the range of the standard curve. All analyses were performed in triplicate.

+ + + 2.6. Total Flavonoid Content +

The determination of flavonoid content in the tested samples was performed by means of spectrophotometry (λ = 510 nm) according to a modified procedure described by Karadeniz et al. [30]. An aliquot of methanolic chocolate extract (1 mL) was mixed with 5 mL of redistilled water and 0.3 mL of 5% NaNO2. After 5 min of incubation at room temperature, 0.6 mL of 10% AlCl3·6H2O was added. After 5 min of incubation, 2 mL of 1 M of NaOH was added, and the mixture was filled with redistilled water up to the final volume of 10 mL. The absorbance of the samples prepared in this manner was measured at 510 nm against the blank. The results of the flavonoid content were expressed in epicatechin equivalents (ECE) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA, ACS reagent ≥ 98.00%). The results were calculated from the equation of the calibration curve prepared for epicatechin (EC) standards in the concentration range of 10–400 mg/L (10; 50; 100; 150; 200; 250; 300; 400 mg/L). Each sample was diluted appropriately to fit the range of the standard curve. All analyses were performed in triplicate.

+ + + 2.7. Free Radical-Scavenging Ability by the Use of a Stable DPPH• Radical +

The antioxidant activity was determined according to a modified Brand–Williams et al. method with the use of the synthetic radical DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Sigma) dissolved in ethanol [31,32]. A total of 0.5mM of alcoholic DPPH solution was prepared by dissolving 19.72 mg of DPPH in ethanol. The obtained solution was diluted to final 0.08 mM working solution, so that its absorbance at 517 nm was approximately 0.9. The solution was stored in the dark.

+

The test sample contained 1.5 mL of the DPPH solution and 20 µL of the extracts; the absorbance (A) was measured 30 min after the initiation of the reaction. Each measurement was performed in triplicate, and the mean absorbance value (A1) for the solution was calculated.

+

The inhibition of the DPPH radical by the sample was calculated according to the following formula: inhibition % = 100 (A0 − A1)/A0, where A0 is the absorbance of the control, and A1 is the absorbance of the sample. Each sample, depending on the material of the chocolate, was diluted appropriately to the range of the standard curve prepared for Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid) standards. All analyses were performed in triplicate; the concentration values were based on a Trolox standard curve (40–600 μM) and expressed as micromoles of Trolox equivalents (TE) per gram of chocolate.

+ + + 2.8. Sensory Analysis +

The sensory evaluation was performed for the raw chocolate (MAN) and, as a reference, for two samples of commercial chocolates (COM 50% and COM 64%). Sensory analysis of the chocolates was conducted with regard to general preferences (the indication by the assessor that a single sample of chocolate was preferred in terms of sensory traits) and with the use of a hedonic scale, which determined the degree to which a given sample was “desirable” or “undesirable” to the consumer. A 5-point scale was used: like very much (+2 pts), like (+1 pt), neither like nor dislike (0 pts), dislike (−1 pt), dislike very much (−2 pts) [33,34,35,36]. In addition, sensory evaluation in terms of fragrance and flavour was conducted with the use of the ranking test, in which every sample was given a suitable rank, from the least intense fragrance/flavour (rank 1) to the most intense fragrance/flavour (rank 3) [33,35]. The results obtained for an individual trait were expressed as an average characteristic for a given testing group.

+

In addition, a five-point sensory assessment of the chocolates was conducted with regard to the visual appearance of the products: colour, form, and surface quality; and to the fracture, flavour, and taste. The assessors, using a five-point rating scale, were to assign a rank to the given quality trait from 5 to 1 (Table 1). The rank of 5 meant the highest result, and 1 meant the lowest. A definition of the quality of the tested product was assigned to every rank. In view of the fact that not all quality traits affect the overall quality to the same degree, weight coefficients were applied to determine the importance of the quality factors relative to the others (Table 1). The results obtained for a particular trait were summed up and expressed on a percentage scale, where the highest rating of a given trait corresponded to 100%.

+ + + 2.9. Statistical Analysis +

Data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s test using the SAS statistical system (SAS Version 9.1, SAS Inst., Cary, NC, USA). The significance of all tests was set at p ≤ 0.05.

+ + + + 3. Results and Discussion + + 3.1. Chemical Composition and Visual Assessment +

A bar of raw chocolate obtained in the experiment was characterised by a dark brown colour and a perfectly smooth surface (Figure 2).

+

Table 2 presents the nutritional composition of the raw chocolate produced in the experiment (MAN) compared to the composition of the commercial products (COM 50% and COM 64%) and to the composition of the cocoa beans from which the experimental product was derived.

+

The raw chocolate was characterised by the highest fat content (33.4%), compared to the commercial chocolates COM 50% and COM 64% (28.0 and 32.0%, respectively). In the case of the content of carbohydrates, the lowest level of those components was noted in the experimental product, at 39.6%, while in the case of the commercial products, the corresponding values were 53.7% and 42.7%, respectively. The nutritional composition determined the energy value of the products, and the raw chocolate was characterised by a calorific value (495 kcal) that was similar to those of the commercial chocolates (491 kcal and 494 kcal, respectively). Chocolate and chocolate products are characterised by a high nutritional and calorific value (above 3000 kcal/kg). A notable part of that high energy value results from the content of fat and carbohydrates. The literature data indicate that dark chocolate and milk chocolate are characterised by the following nutritional compositions: carbohydrate amounts of 49.7 and 50.5%, fat amounts of 33.6 and 36.3%, protein amounts of 6.6 and 7.3%, crude fibre amounts of 8 and 3.2%, and calorific values of 515 and 545 kcal, respectively [12]. Similar values of the nutritional composition of chocolate were described by Gürsoy and Heperkan [37], i.e., the compositions for dark and milk chocolate were, respectively: carbohydrate amounts of 55 and 57%, fat amounts of 32 and 33%, protein amounts of 5 and 7%, and calorific values 530 and 518 kcal. Caponio et al. [38] demonstrated that 70% dark chocolate % had the following composition: carbohydrate amounts of 45%, fat amounts of 41%, protein amounts of 8–9%, and soluble dietary fibre amounts of 5%. Cocoa butter is the component of chocolate that has the highest calorific value. It contains approximately 34% (33.3–40.2%) stearic acid (saturated acid), 34% (26.3–35.2%) oleic acid (monounsaturated acid), and 27% (25.2–33.7%) palmitic acid (saturated acid) [37,39]. Stearic acid has only a small effect on the level of cholesterol. Oleic acid may have a reducing effect on cholesterol levels, or it can be neutral in this respect. Palmitic acid, in turn, displays a moderate tendency towards elevating the level of cholesterol. The remaining part of cocoa butter is composed of unsaturated fatty acids [7]. Chocolate also contains minerals in its composition, especially potassium, magnesium, copper, and iron [13,40,41]. While the majority of carbohydrates in chocolate originate from saccharose, there are also small amounts of various carbohydrates in the dietary fibre contained in cocoa. Carbohydrate types and amounts are important because they affect the glycaemic index. Because the presence of lipids in food slows carbohydrate absorption, a high fat content in chocolate causes a slower rise in blood sugar levels, resulting in a lower glycaemic index [7].

+

Table 3 presents the total content of polyphenolics and the total content of flavonoids in the produced raw chocolate and in the commercial chocolates as compared to the content of those components in the non-roasted beans of the cocoa tree. The highest total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were noted in cocoa beans (27.82 mg GAE/g and 12.22 mg ECE/g, respectively). The raw chocolate produced in the experiment was characterised by significantly higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents (22.08 mg GAE/g and 8.75 mg ECE/g, respectively) in comparison to the commercial chocolates, which were characterised by a ca. 2.8-fold lower (COM 50%) and 2.4-fold lower (COM 64%) content of polyphenols and an ca. 2.3-fold lower (COM 50%) and ca. 2-fold lower (COM 64%) content of flavonoids.

+

The literature data indicate that non-roasted cocoa beans from Ecuador had a total phenolic content of 25.42 mg GAE/g, while the corresponding value for roasted cocoa beans was 22.92 mg GAE/g. The total phenolic content in various cocoa beans varied in the range from 9.96 mg GAE/g to 37.81 mg GAE/g and depended on the cultivar, place of origin, and method of treatment or processing (roasting). The cited authors indicated that a majority of the chocolates tested in the described experiment were characterised by a higher level of polyphenols in the chocolates (within the range of 9.10 mg GAE/g to 40.55 mg GAE/g) relative to the phenolic content in the respective cocoa beans from which the chocolates were produced [18]. Urbańska et al. [42], in a study on the mass of milk chocolates based on cocoa mass obtained from non-roasted cocoa beans from Peru, noted a total phenolic content ranging from about 15.25 mg GAE/g to approximately 16.85 mg GAE/g. In another study, chocolates from Peru had phenolic contents ranging from 1.69 mg GAE/g to 5.39 mg GAE/g [43]. Todorovic et al. [44] obtained polyphenol contents in chocolates in the range of 7.21 mg GAE/g to 12.65 mg GAE/g. Jaćimović et al. [13] showed that the content of total polyphenols in dark chocolate ranged from 10.55 to 39.82 mg GAE/g. In addition, it was found that the chocolate samples with the highest cocoa content were characterized by the highest content of polyphenols. It is known that the total polyphenol content varies depending on the variety of cocoa beans and the conditions during fermentation, drying, roasting, processing, and storage. In some cases, the results obtained cannot be directly compared due to different extraction solvents. In addition, some literature results are reported as mg of GAE per gram of cocoa product, while other results are reported as mg of GAE per gram of chocolate defatted sample, which contributes to some variation between the results [45].

+

The content of flavonoids in a study on cocoa beans from China, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea ranged from 3.50 mg ECE/g to 12.62 mg ECE/g [46], and the highest of those values corresponded to the value obtained in the experiment presented herein. The content of flavonoids in chocolates from Peru varied from 0.28 mg CE/g (catechin equivalents) to 1.99 mg CE/g [43]. In another study, the level of flavonoids in lipid-free chocolate masses fell within the range of 0.02 mg ECE/g to 6.01 mg ECE/g [47]. Jaćimović et al. [13] showed that the total flavonoid content in dark chocolate samples ranged from 10.04 to 37.85 mg CE/g. The chocolate samples with the highest levels of total polyphenols also contained the highest contents of flavonoids [13], which was also confirmed in our study. Samples with the highest content of cocoa showed the highest content of flavonoids. According to Lee et al. [48], cocoa has a higher content of flavonoids per portion than tea or red wine. Powdered cocoa is one of the richest identified dietary sources of flavonoids so far, next to buckwheat hulls, sorghum, and cinnamon [49].

+

The highest value of antioxidant activity, a 36.95% DPPH radical inhibition, was noted for non-roasted cocoa beans, which corresponded to 216.61 μM TE/g (Table 3). Higher antioxidant activity results for cocoa beans were obtained by Elodie et al. [9], i.e., between 295 and 329 μM TE/g (unfermented cocoa beans) and from 221 to 351 μM TE/g (fermented cocoa beans). The second-ranking sample in terms of antioxidant activity was the raw chocolate MAN obtained from non-roasted cocoa beans, which had an inhibition at a level of 29.91% (172.16 μM TE/g). The sample of commercial chocolate (COM 64%) was characterised by antioxidant activity at a level of 23.63% inhibition (132.60 μM TE/g). The lowest value of antioxidant activity was noted in the case of the commercial chocolate COM 50%–at a 12.72% inhibition (63.76 μM TE/g). Caponio et al. [38] showed that two types of dark chocolate, i.e., artisanal and industrial, had antioxidant activities of 79.81 and 68.65 μM TE/g, respectively, which were lower than in our study. The results obtained in the range of the contents of polyphenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity supported the correlation between the content of cocoa mass and the oxidative capacity of the products. Roasting cocoa beans generally results in a lowering of antioxidant activity. Arlorio et al. [50] noted a decrease in the antioxidant activity of cocoa ranging between 37 and 48% after preliminary roasting at 100 °C and proper roasting of various cocoa cultivars at 130 °C. In addition, Hu et al. [51] observed a decrease in the antioxidant activity of cocoa, ranging between 44 and 50%, during roasting at a high temperature (190 °C) for a short time (15 min).

+

With regard to the commercial production of chocolate, one should take into account that the numerous parameters of the complex technological process affect the nutritional as well as the health-promoting values of the obtained product [18]. Cocoa beans are the primary raw material for the production of chocolate and the most important source of phenolic compounds [52]. In the technological process, which is characterised by the use of high temperatures, a majority of polyphenols undergo degradation, which can be observed in the form of lower levels of those health-promoting components relative to the unprocessed raw material. It should be emphasised that certain polyphenols, e.g., (-)-epicatechin, can form highly complex, insoluble complexes that are very hard to determine analytically. Such complex procyanidins, under the effect of high temperatures, may undergo degradation into easily extractable monomeric forms, which affect the total phenolic content in the product [18]. The roasting of cocoa beans results in the appearance of the characteristic colour, flavour, taste, and texture of roasted cocoa beans [53], which has an effect on the sensory parameters of the final product, i.e., chocolate. As a result of the application of high temperatures during roasting, in the range of 120–150 °Cover 5–120 min, a reduction is observed in the total phenolic content and the total flavonoid content [53,54]. Chocolate processing has an effect on the total phenolic content and also on the antioxidant activity of chocolate, and suitable technology can “optimise” the retention of polyphenols and the antioxidant activity of chocolate [55]. Żyżelewicz et al. [56] indicated that, in the case of the total content of polyphenols in chocolate, the conching process did not contribute to a significant degradation of these compounds, unlike the roasting process. The progressive decrease in the content of polyphenols during the production of chocolate was also described by Di Mattia et al. [57]. These authors indicated that roasting played the most important role in this case, although differences in the concentration of polyphenols can also be observed between conched and un-tempered chocolate, as well as finished dark chocolate.

+ + + 3.2. Sensory Evaluation +

In the sensory analysis performed with the method of preference assessment by a group of assessors, the commercial chocolate COM 50% obtained the highest rank of 9 in total, while the experimental raw chocolate and the commercial chocolate COM 64% obtained the ranks of 2 and 1, respectively (Figure 3).

+

In the sensory analysis of the tested samples of chocolate according to the hedonic scale, the commercial chocolates obtained the highest summary values of ratings, i.e., 18 (COM 50%) and 13 (COM 64%), while the experimental raw chocolate (MAN) obtained the lowest rating of 2 (Figure 4).

+

In the analysis conducted with the method of sequencing the discriminants of the two traits of flavour and taste, the commercial chocolates were indicated as the preferred ones in terms of flavour, with average ranks of 2.33 (COM 50%) and 2 (COM 64%), respectively, while the raw chocolate (MAN) obtained the lowest rank of 1.83. When the criterion in the evaluation was the taste, all of the tested chocolates were given similar ranks (2 and 1.95), with the commercial chocolates having a minimal advantage (Figure 5).

+

In the next stage of the conducted sensory analysis of the chocolates, five evaluated traits were distinguished, i.e., external appearance—colour, external appearance—shape, external appearance—surface condition, fragrance, and flavour (Figure 6).

+

In the evaluation of the trait “external appearance—colour”, the commercial chocolates obtained the highest ranks in the percentage scale, i.e., 91.67% (COM 64%) and 90% (COM 50%), while the raw chocolate (MAN) obtained the rank of 86.67%. With regard to the criteria of “external appearance—shape” and “external appearance—surface condition”, the panel members gave the highest ranks to the raw chocolate (MAN), at 98.33 and 93.33%, respectively, while the ranks given to the commercial chocolates were 95 and 88.33% (COM 50%) and 93.33 and 88.33% (COM 64%), respectively. The commercial chocolates were characterised by the highest-ranked parameters, i.e., flavour and taste, and obtained the values of 81.67 and 75%, and 83.33 and 80%, for the chocolates COM 50% and COM 64%, respectively, while the rank given to the raw chocolate MAN for its flavour and taste was low at 65%. Taking into account the weight of the individual evaluated parameters, in this analysis, as can be seen in Table 1, the highest summary rank for all five of the evaluated discriminants was granted to the chocolate COM 50%, at 86.58%, followed by the chocolate COM 64% at84%, and the lowest rank was given to the raw chocolate MAN at 77.83%.

+

In summary of the results of the sensory evaluation, the commercial chocolate scored 50%. The most important discriminant in the evaluation was taste (weight factor 0.3), which is affected by sweetness, which is determined by the content of carbohydrates. The commercial chocolate COM 50% had the highest content of carbohydrates at 53.7% (Table 2). This was reflected in the highest level of sweetness in that chocolate. The chocolate COM 64% was the next-ranked chocolate in terms of taste, with 42.7% carbohydrate content, which was 11% less than the chocolate COM 50%. The experimental raw chocolate MAN had the lowest content of carbohydrates, 39.6%, and its rank for taste was also the lowest. The taste preferences of consumers are shaped by their being accustomed to products offered by commercial producers in the consumer market. Popov-Raljić et al. [58] analysed the sensory parameters of nine milk chocolate products that differed in their content of saccharose (400, 475, or 550 g/kg) and cocoa butter (280, 320 or 360 g/kg). The cited authors demonstrated that samples with a low content of sugar had a more bitter taste, while samples with a higher sugar content were characterised by a more intense milky/vanilla/caramel taste and a harder consistency, and they obtained higher ranks in the sensory evaluation. According to Urbańska et al. [59], a high sugar addition results in higher consumer acceptance of chocolates. However, in recent years, efforts have been made to reduce the content of sugar in various food products, including chocolate. The excessive intake of free sugars increases the total consumption of energy and may reduce the consumption of foods richer in nutrients, which involves numerous unfavourable health effects [60]. The excessive intake of sugar is related to an increased risk of the development of non-contagious diseases, such as excessive body mass, cardiometabolic diseases, elevated blood pressure, certain kinds of cancer, and tooth decay [61]. On the basis of evidence linking sugar intake with unfavourable health effects, the WHO [62] recommended a limitation of free sugar intake to less than 10% (at best, below 5%) of the daily total consumption of energy, which corresponds to 50 g a day per average adult. Although a number of countries have implemented a set of strategies and means aimed at reducing sugar intake [63], the available data show that the objective has not yet been attained [61]. In view of the above, the raw chocolate presented in this report can be an alternative to commercial products that are characterised by a higher content of carbohydrates. In spite of the lower ranks in the sensory analysis, it is worth promoting such a product that complies with WHO recommendations concerning the reduction of sugar intake.

+

Fat is another component that should be mentioned among the basic nutritional components of chocolate. The raw chocolate MAN had the highest content of fat (33.4%), while the commercial chocolate COM 50% was characterised by the lowest level of that component (28%). Guinard et al. [64] demonstrated that various levels of fat and sugar in chocolate resulted in very big differences in the sensory properties of milk chocolate. The cited authors demonstrated that samples with a high fat content were ranked lower than samples with a low content of fat.

+

The raw chocolate MAN was obtained from non-roasted cocoa beans, as opposed to the commercial chocolates, which were produced from roasted cocoa beans. In addition, the composition of the raw chocolate was limited solely to three basic components: non-roasted cocoa beans, cane sugar, and cocoa butter. According to the producer’s statement, the commercial chocolates contained additional components, such as emulsifiers (soy lecithin, polyglycerol polyricinoleate), flavour additives, and milk fat (in the case of the chocolate COM 50%). The raw chocolate had a higher content of total phenolic compounds and a higher total flavonoid content. As those components produce a more intense bitter taste, this resulted in reduced ranks in the evaluation of the trait “taste”. Oberrauter et al. [65] demonstrated that phenolic compounds are the key inducers of bitterness and sourness, which potentially reduces the acceptance of such chocolates by consumers.

+ + + + 4. Conclusions +

This presented study indicated that the craft raw chocolate produced solely with the use of three recipe ingredients (non-roasted cocoa beans, cane sugar, and cocoa butter) was characterised by a lower content of carbohydrates (39.6% in raw chocolate and 42.7% and 53.7% in commercial chocolates, respectively), higher total phenolic and total flavonoid contents (22.08 mg GAE/g and 8.75 mg ECE/g in raw chocolate; 9.25 and 7.87 mg GAE/g; and 4.43 and 3.83 mg ECE/g in commercial chocolates, respectively), and a higher antioxidant activity compared to commercial chocolates (172.16 μM TE/g in raw chocolate and 132.60 and 63.76 μM TE/g in commercial chocolates, respectively). In the sensory evaluation, the raw chocolate obtained lower rankings than the commercial chocolates, especially in the case of the most important discriminant in the entire evaluation, i.e., taste, which was unquestionably related to the lower content of carbohydrates. On the other hand, in the sensory evaluation for the criteria “external appearance—shape” and “external appearance—surface condition”, the panel members gave the highest ranks to the raw chocolate.

+ + + + + Author Contributions +

Conceptualisation, R.K. and M.R.; methodology R.K. and M.R.; software, J.W.; validation, R.K.; formal analysis, R.K.; investigation, R.K. and M.T.I.; resources, R.K. and M.T.I.; data curation, R.K., M.R. and J.W.; writing—original draft preparation, R.K.; writing—review and editing, R.K. and M.T.I.; visualization, R.K. and J.W.; supervision, R.K. and M.T.I.; project administration, R.K.; funding acquisition, R.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

+ + + Institutional Review Board Statement +

Not applicable.

+ + + Informed Consent Statement +

Not applicable.

+ + + Data Availability Statement +

Not applicable.

+ + + Conflicts of Interest +

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Block diagram of the process of raw chocolate production.

+ + + + + + +

Bar of raw chocolate: (A)—view from above, (B)—view from the front.

+ + + + + + +

Results of sensory analysis—method of preference evaluation. MAN—raw chocolate, COM 64%—classic bitter chocolate 64%, COM 50%—light bitter chocolate 50% (COM 50%).

+ + + + + + +

Results of sensory analysis—hedonic method, assessor perception of the samples. MAN—raw chocolate, COM 64%—classic bitter chocolate 64%, COM 50%—light bitter chocolate 50% (COM 50%).

+ + + + + + +

Evaluation of the taste of the samples, results of sensory analysis through the sequencing method. MAN–raw chocolate, COM 64%–classic bitter chocolate 64%, COM 50%–light bitter chocolate 50% (COM 50%).

+ + + + + + +

Results of five-point evaluation of the chocolates. MAN—raw chocolate, COM 64%—classic bitter chocolate 64%, COM 50%—light bitter chocolate 50% (COM 50%).

+ + + + + applsci-13-01274-t001_Table 1 + + +

Definitions of product quality for the five-point sensory assessment.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
QualityImportance CoefficientPoint Values
54321
External appearance—colour0.15dark brown to light brown, clear, very uniformdark brown to light brown, clean, uniformBrown, slightly unharmonizedtoo light or too dark, unevenwrong with a grey tint with spots
External appearance—shape0.10correct for a given form, no signs of damagenormalslightly distorted at the edgesdistortedclearly distorted
External appearance—surface condition0.15the upper one—perfectly smooth, with a clear form compression and gloss, the lower one—perfectly smooth mattethe upper one—smooth, with a clear imprint of the form and gloss, the lower one—smooth matte with slight cracksupper—smooth with an imprint of the form, slightly matte, small cracks, lower—slightly uneven, matteupper—irregularities, indistinct form pattern, no gloss, few matte spots, lower—uneven, with spotsupper—deformations, significant cracks, dull, lower—very uneven, cracked with a grey coating
Fracture0.10fine-grained, very uniformfine-grained, uniformfine-grained with individual air bubblescoarse with air bubbleswrong, uneven, with numerous air bubbles
Fragrance0.20intense, very pleasant, chocolatey, harmonizedintense, pleasantquite pleasant, but too weak, not very harmonizedweak or uncleanstale or foreign
Flavour0.30very pleasant, clear chocolate flavour with a clean filling, perfectly harmonizedpleasant, clear chocolate flavour with a clean filling, harmonizedquite pleasant, clear, harmonizednot very clear, not harmonizedstale, foreign, sour ranch
+ + + applsci-13-01274-t002_Table 2 + + +

Nutritional composition of raw chocolate, commercial chocolates and cocoa beans.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
SampleMoisture(%)Ash(%)Fat(%)Carbohydrates(%)Dietary Fibre(%)Proteins(%)Energy Value(kJ/kcal)
COM 50%0.6 b1.7 b28.0 d53.7 a9.8 d6.2 c2054/491
COM 64%0.5 b1.6 b32.0 c42.7 b14.0 c9.1 b2065/494
MAN0.3 b1.6 b33.4 b39.6 c15.8 b9.3 b2067/495
Cocoa beans4.3 a2.6 a45.1 a6.8 d26.3 a15 a2038/488
+ + +

MAN—raw chocolate, COM 64%—classic bitter chocolate 64%, COM 50%—light bitter chocolate 50% (COM 50%). Values designated with the same letters (a, b, c, d) within column do not significantly differ at 5% error (Duncan’s test).

+ + + + + applsci-13-01274-t003_Table 3 + + +

Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of the analysed samples of raw chocolate, commercial chocolates, and cocoa beans.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
SampleTotal Phenolic Content(mg GAE/g)Total Flavonoid Content(mg ECE/g)% DPPH Radical InhibitionAntioxidant Activity(μM TE/g)
COM 50%7.87 a3.83 a12.72 a63.76 a
COM 64%9.25 b4.43 b23.63 b132.60 b
MAN22.08 c8.75 c29.91 c172.16 c
Cocoa beans27.82 d12.22 d36.95 d216.61 d
+ + +

MAN—raw chocolate, COM 64%—classic bitter chocolate 64%, COM 50%—light bitter chocolate 50% (COM 50%), GAE—gallic acid equivalents, ECE—epicatechin equivalents, TE—Trolox equivalents. Values designated with the same letters (a, b, c, d) within column do not significantly differ at 5% error (Duncan’s test).

+ + + + + + +

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+ + + +
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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Alice in Wonderland + A Dramatization of Lewis Carroll's "Alice's Adventures in + Wonderland" and "Through the Looking Glass" + +Author: Alice Gerstenberg + +Release Date: March 26, 2011 [EBook #35688] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ALICE IN WONDERLAND *** + + + + +Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive.) + + + + + + + + + + + + +Larger Image + +Alice: You’re Humpty Dumpty! Just like an egg. +[Page 24] + + + + + +Larger Image +Text of Title Page + + + + + +Copyright +A. C. McCLURG & CO. +1915 + + + +Published December, 1915 + + + +Rights to produce this play in all countries of the world +are reserved by Alice Gerstenberg + + + +W. F. MAEL PRINTING COMPANY, CHICAGO + + + + +TO THE MEMORY OF LEWIS CARROLL + + + + + +This dramatic rendering of Alice in Wonderland, by Alice Gerstenberg of Chicago, was produced by The Players Producing Company of Chicago (Aline Barnsdall and Arthur Bissell), at the Fine Arts Theater, Chicago, February 11, 1915. After a successful run it opened at the Booth Theater, New York, March 23, 1915. + +The scenery and the costumes were designed by William Penhallow Henderson of Chicago. + +The music was written by Eric De Lamarter of Chicago. + +The advertising posters and cards were designed by Jerome Blum of Chicago. + +The illustrations of the characters of the play in this book were drawn by J. Allen St. John from photographs by Victor Georg of Chicago. + +W. H. Gilmore staged the play with the following cast: +Lewis Carroll Frank Stirling +Alice Vivian Tobin +Red Queen Florence LeClercq +White Queen Mary Servoss +White Rabbit Donald Gallaher +Humpty Dumpty Alfred Donohoe +Gryphon Fred W. Permain +Mock Turtle Geoffrey Stein +Mad Hatter Geoffrey Stein +March Hare Fred W. Permain +Dormouse J. Gunnis Davis +Frog Footman Walter Kingsford +Duchess Kenyon Bishop +Cheshire Cat Alfred Donohoe +King of Hearts Frederick Annerly +Queen of Hearts Winifred Hanley +Knave of Hearts Foxhall Daingerfield +Caterpillar Walter Kingsford +Two of Spades Rule Pyott +Five of Spades France Bendtsen +Seven of Spades John A. Rice + + + + +Alice in Wonderland +THE SCENES + +ACT I +Scene I—Alice’s Home. +Scene II—The Room in the Looking Glass. +Scene III—The Hall with Doors. +Scene IV—The Sea Shore. + +ACT II +Scene——The March Hare’s Garden. + +ACT III +Scene I—The Garden of Flowers. +Scene II—The Court of Hearts. +Scene III—Alice’s Home. + +Miss Gerstenberg’s manuscript called for costumes after the illustrations of John Tenniel, and scenery of the simple imaginative type, the “new art” in the theater. + + + + + +ALICE IN WONDERLAND + + + + + +[Pg 1] + +Alice in Wonderland + + + + +ACT I + + + +SCENE ONE + +Alice’s home. Lewis Carroll is discovered, playing chess. Golden-haired Alice, in a little blue dress, a black kitten in her arms, stands watching him. + + +Alice + +That’s a funny game, uncle. What did you do then? + + +Carroll + +A red pawn took a white pawn; this way. You see, Alice, the chessboard is divided into sixty-four squares, red and white, and the white army tries to win and the red army tries to win. It’s like a battle! + + +Alice + +With soldiers? + + +Carroll + +Yes, here are the Kings and Queens they are fighting for. That’s the Red Queen and here’s the White Queen. + +[Pg 2] +Alice + +How funny they look! + + +Carroll + +See the crowns on their heads, and look at their big feet. + + +Alice + +It’s a foot apiece, that’s what it is! Do they hump along like this? + + +Carroll + +Here! You’re spoiling the game. I must keep them all in their right squares. + + +Alice + +I want to be a queen! + + +Carroll + +Here you are [he points to a small white pawn] here you are in your little stiff skirt! + + +Alice + +How do you do, Alice! + + +Carroll + +And now you are going to move here. + +[Pg 3] +Alice + +Let me move myself. + + +Carroll + +When you have traveled all along the board this way and haven’t been taken by the enemy you may be a queen. + + +Alice + +Why do people always play with kings and queens? Mother has them in her playing cards too. Look! + +[Alice goes to the mantel and takes a pack of playing cards from the ledge.] + +Here’s the King of Hearts and here’s his wife; she’s the Queen of Hearts—isn’t she cross-looking? wants to bite one’s head off. + +[Carroll moves a pawn.] + +You’re playing against yourself, aren’t you? + + +Carroll + +That’s one way of keeping in practice, Alice; I have friends in the university who want to beat me. + + +Alice + +But if you play against yourself I should think you’d want to cheat! + + +Carroll + +Does a nice little girl like you cheat when she plays against herself? + +[Pg 4] +Alice + +Oh! I never do! I’d scold myself hard. I always pretend I’m two people too. It’s lots of fun, isn’t it? Sometimes when I’m all alone I walk up to the looking glass and talk to the other Alice. She’s so silly, that Alice; she can’t do anything by herself. She just mocks me all the time. When I laugh, she laughs, when I point my finger at her, she points her finger at me, and when I stick my tongue out at her she sticks her tongue out at me! Kitty has a twin too, haven’t you darling? + +[Alice goes to the mirror to show Kitty her twin.] + + +Carroll + +I’ll have to write a book some day about Alice—Alice in wonderland, “Child of the pure unclouded brow and dreaming eyes of wonder!” or, Alice through the looking glass! + + +Alice + +Don’t you wish sometimes you could go into looking-glass house? See! + +[Alice stands on an armchair and looks into the mirror.] + +There’s the room you can see through the glass; it’s just the same as our living-room here, only the things go the other way. I can see all of it—all but the bit just behind the fireplace. Oh! I do wish I could see that bit! I want so much to know if they’ve a fire there. You never can tell, you know, unless our fire smokes. Then smoke comes up in that room too—but that may be just to make it look as if they had a fire—just to pretend they had. The books are something like our books,[Pg 5] only the words go the wrong way. Won’t there ever be any way of our getting through, uncle? + + +Carroll + +Do you think Kitty would find looking-glass milk digestible? + + +Alice + +It doesn’t sound awful good, does it; but I might leave her at home. She’s been into an awful lot of mischief today. She found sister’s knitting and chased the ball all over the garden where sister was playing croquet with the neighbors. And I ran and ran after the naughty little thing until I was all out of breath and so tired! I am tired. + +[She yawns and makes herself comfortable in the armchair.] + + +Carroll + +[Replaces the playing cards on the mantel and consults his watch.] + +Take a nap. Yes, you have time before tea. + + +Alice + +[Half asleep.] + +We’re going to have mock turtle soup for supper! I heard mamma tell the cook not to pepper it too much. + + +Carroll + +What a funny little rabbit it is, nibbling all the time! + +[He leans gently over the back of her chair, and seeing[Pg 6] that she is going to sleep puts out the lamp light and leaves the room. A red glow from the fireplace illumines Alice.] + +[Dream music. A bluish light reveals the Red Chess Queen and the White Chess Queen in the mirror.] + + +Red Queen + +[Points to Alice and says in a mysterious voice.] + +There she is, let’s call her over. + + +White Queen + +Do you think she’ll come? + + +Red Queen + +I’ll call softly, Alice! + + +White Queen + +Hist, Alice. + + +Red Queen + +Alice! + + +White Queen + +Hush—if she wakes and catches us— + + +Both Queens + +Alice, come through into looking-glass house! + +[Their hands beckon her.] + +[Pg 7] +Alice + +[Rises, and talks sleepily. The Queens disappear. Alice climbs from the arm of the chair to the back of another and so on up to the mantel ledge, where she picks her way daintily between the vases.] + +I—don’t—know—how—I—can—get—through. I’ve tried—before—but the glass was hard—and I was afraid of cutting—my fingers— + +[She feels the glass and is amazed to find it like gauze.] + +Why, it’s soft like gauze; it’s turning into a sort of mist; why, it’s easy to get through! Why—why—I’m going through! + +[She disappears.] + + + + + +SCENE TWO + +[Is Scene One, reversed. The portieres are black and red squares like a chessboard. A soft radiance follows the characters mysteriously. As the curtain rises Alice comes through the looking glass; steps down, looks about in wonderment and goes to see if there is a “fire.” The Red Queen rises out of the grate and faces her haughtily.] + + +Alice + +Why, you’re the Red Queen! + + +Red Queen + +Of course I am! Where do you come from? And where are you going? Look up, speak nicely, and don’t twiddle your fingers! + +[Pg 8] +Alice + +I only wanted to see what the looking glass was like. Perhaps I’ve lost my way. + + +Red Queen + +I don’t know what you mean by your way; all the ways about here belong to me. Curtsey while you’re thinking what to say. It saves time. + + +Alice + +I’ll try it when I go home; the next time I’m a little late for dinner. + + +Red Queen + +It’s time for you to answer now; open your mouth a little wider when you speak, and always say, “Your Majesty.” I suppose you don’t want to lose your name? + + +Alice + +No, indeed. + + +Red Queen + +And yet I don’t know, only think how convenient it would be if you could manage to go home without it! For instance, if the governess wanted to call you to your lessons, she would call out “come here,” and there she would have to leave off, because there wouldn’t be any name for her to call, and of course you wouldn’t have to go, you know. + +[Pg 9] +Alice + +That would never do, I’m sure; the governess would never think of excusing me from lessons for that. If she couldn’t remember my name, she’d call me “Miss,” as the servants do. + + +Red Queen + +Well, if she said “Miss,” and didn’t say anything more, of course you’d miss your lessons. I dare say you can’t even read this book. + + +Alice + +It’s all in some language I don’t know. Why, it’s a looking-glass book, of course! And if I hold it up to a glass, the words will all go the right way again. + +Jabberwocky +’Twas brillig, and the slithy toves +Did gyre and gimble in the wabe; +All mimsy were the borogoves, +And the mome raths outgrabe. + +It seems very pretty, but it’s rather hard to understand; somehow it seems to fill my head with ideas—only I don’t exactly know what they are. + + +Red Queen + +I daresay you don’t know your geography either. Look at the map! + +[Pg 10][She takes a right angle course to the portieres and points to them with her sceptre.] + + +Alice + +It’s marked out just like a big chessboard. I wouldn’t mind being a pawn, though of course I should like to be a Red Queen best. + + +Red Queen + +That’s easily managed. When you get to the eighth square you’ll be a Queen. It’s a huge game of chess that’s being played—all over the world. Come on, we’ve got to run. Faster, don’t try to talk. + + +Alice + +I can’t. + + +Red Queen + +Faster, faster. + + +Alice + +Are we nearly there? + + +Red Queen + +Nearly there! Why, we passed it ten minutes ago. Faster. You may rest a little now. + +[Pg 11] +Alice + +Why, I do believe we’re in the same place. Everything’s just as it was. + + + + + +Red Queen + +Of course it is, what would you have it? + +[Pg 12] +Alice + +Well, in our country you’d generally get to somewhere else—if you ran very fast for a long time as we’ve been doing. + + +Red Queen + +A slow sort of country. Now here you see, it takes all the running you can do, to keep in the same place. If you want to get somewhere else, you must run at least twice as fast as that. + + +Alice + +I’d rather not try, please! I’m quite content to stay here—only I am so hot and thirsty. + + +Red Queen + +I know what you’d like. + +[She takes a little box out of her pocket.] + +Have a biscuit? + +[Alice, not liking to refuse, curtseys as she takes the biscuit and chokes.] + + +Red Queen + +While you’re refreshing yourself, I’ll just take the measurements. + +[She takes a ribbon out of her pocket and measures the map with it.] + +At the end of two yards I shall give you your directions—have another biscuit? + +[Pg 13] +Alice + +No thank you, one’s quite enough. + + +Red Queen + +Thirst quenched, I hope? At the end of three yards I shall repeat them—for fear of your forgetting them. At the end of four, I shall say good-bye. And at the end of five, I shall go! That Square belongs to Humpty Dumpty and that Square to the Gryphon and Mock Turtle and that Square to the Queen of Hearts. But you make no remark? + + +Alice + +I—I didn’t know I had to make one—just then. + + +Red Queen + +You should have said, “It’s extremely kind of you to tell me all this,” however, we’ll suppose it said. Four! Good-bye! Five! + +[Red Queen vanishes in a gust of wind behind the portieres. Rabbit music. White Rabbit comes out of the fireplace and walks about the room hurriedly. He wears a checked coat, carries white kid gloves in one hand, a fan in the other and takes out his watch to look at it anxiously.] + + +White Rabbit + +Oh the Duchess! the Duchess! Oh! won’t she be savage if I’ve kept her waiting! + +[Pg 14] +Alice + +I’ve never seen a rabbit with a waistcoat and a watch! And a waistcoat pocket! If you please, sir— + + +White Rabbit + +Oh! + +[He drops fan and gloves in fright and dashes out by way of the portieres in a gust of wind. Alice picks up the fan and playfully puts on the gloves. The portieres flap in the breeze and a shawl flies in.] + + +Alice + +[Catches the shawl and looks about for the owner; then meets the White Queen.] + +I’m very glad I happened to be in the way. + + +White Queen + +[Runs in wildly, both arms stretched out wide as if she were flying, and cries in a helpless frightened way.] + +Bread-and-butter, bread-and-butter. + + +Alice + +Am I addressing the White Queen? + + +White Queen + +Well, yes, if you call that a-dressing. It isn’t my notion of the thing, at all. + +[Pg 15] +Alice + +If your Majesty will only tell me the right way to begin, I’ll do it as well as I can. + + +White Queen + +But I don’t want it done at all. I’ve been a-dressing myself for the last two hours. + + +Alice + +Every single thing’s crooked, and you’re all over pins; may I put your shawl straight for you? + + +White Queen + +I don’t know what’s the matter with it! It’s out of temper. I’ve pinned it here, and I’ve pinned it there, but there’s no pleasing it. + + +Alice + +It can’t go straight, you know, if you pin it all on one side, and dear me, what a state your hair is in! + + +White Queen + +The brush has got entangled in it! And I lost the comb yesterday. + + +Alice + +[Takes out the brush and arranges the Queen’s hair.] + +You look better now! But really you should have a lady’s maid! + +[Pg 16] +White Queen + +I’m sure I’ll take you with pleasure. Two pence a week and jam every other day. + + +Alice + +[Who cannot help laughing.] + +I don’t want you to hire me—and I don’t care for jam. + + +White Queen + +It’s very good jam. + + +Alice + +Well, I don’t want any today, at any rate. + + +White Queen + +You couldn’t have it if you did want it. The rule is, jam tomorrow and jam yesterday—but never jam today. + + +Alice + +It must come sometimes to “jam today.” + + +White Queen + +No, it can’t, it’s jam every other day; today isn’t any other day, you know. + + +Alice + +I don’t understand you, it’s dreadfully confusing! + +[Pg 17] +White Queen + +That’s the effect of living backwards, it always makes one a little giddy at first— + + +Alice + +Living backwards! I never heard of such a thing! + + +White Queen + +But there’s one great advantage in it—that one’s memory works both ways. + + +Alice + +I’m sure mine only works one way. I can’t remember things before they happen. + + +White Queen + +It’s a poor sort of memory that only works backwards. + + +Alice + +What sort of things do you remember best? + + +White Queen + +Oh, things that happened the week after next. For instance now: + +[She sticks a large piece of plaster on her finger.] + +There’s the King’s messenger—he’s in prison being punished; and the trial doesn’t even begin till next Wednesday; and of course the crime comes last of all. + +[Pg 18] +Alice + +Suppose he never commits the crime? + + +White Queen + +[Binding the plaster with ribbon.] + +That would be all the better, wouldn’t it? + + +Alice + +Of course it would be all the better, but it wouldn’t be all the better his being punished. + + +White Queen + +You’re wrong there, at any rate; were you ever punished? + + +Alice + +Only for faults. + + +White Queen + +And you were all the better for it, I know! + + +Alice + +Yes, but then I had done the things I was punished for; that makes all the difference. + + +White Queen + +But if you hadn’t done them that would have been better still; better and better and better! + +[Pg 19] +Alice + +There’s a mistake somewhere— + + +White Queen + +[Screams like an engine whistle, and shakes her hand.] + +Oh, Oh, Oh! My finger’s bleeding. Oh, Oh, Oh! + + +Alice + +What is the matter? Have you pricked your finger? + + +White Queen + +I haven’t pricked it yet—but I soon shall—Oh, Oh, Oh! + + +Alice + +When do you expect to do it? + + +White Queen + +When I fasten my shawl again; the brooch will come undone directly. Oh, Oh! + +[Brooch flies open and she clutches it wildly.] + + +Alice + +Take care! you’re holding it all crooked! + + +White Queen + +[Pricks her finger and smiles.] + +That accounts for the bleeding, you see; now you understand the way things happen here. + +[Pg 20] +Alice + +But why don’t you scream now? + + + + + +White Queen + +Why, I’ve done all the screaming already. What would be the good of having it all over again? Oh! it’s time to run if you want to stay in the same place! Come on! + +[Pg 21] +Alice + +No, no! Not so fast! I’m getting dizzy!! + + +White Queen + +Faster, faster! + + +Alice + +Everything’s black before my eyes! + +[There is music, and the sound of rushing wind, and in the darkness the White Queen cries: “Faster, faster”; Alice gasps: “I can’t—please stop”; and the Queen replies: “Then you can’t stay in the same place. I’ll have to drop you behind. Faster—faster, good-bye.”] + + + + + +SCENE THREE + +When the curtain rises one sees nothing but odd black lanterns with orange lights, hanging, presumably, from the sky. The scene lights up slowly revealing Alice seated on two large cushions. She has been “dropped behind” by the White Queen and is dazed to find herself in a strange hall with many peculiar doors and knobs too high to reach. + + +Alice + +Oh! my head! Where am I? Oh dear, Oh dear! + +[She staggers up and to her amazement finds herself smaller than the table.] + +[Pg 22] I’ve never been smaller than any table before! I’ve always been able to reach the knobs! What a curious feeling. Oh! I’m shrinking. It’s the fan—the gloves! + +[She throws them away, feels her head and measures herself against table and doors.] + +Oh! saved in time! But I never—never— + + +White Rabbit + +Oh! my fan and gloves! Where are my— + + +Alice + +Oh! Mr. Rabbit—please help me out—I want to go home—I want to go home— + + +White Rabbit + +Oh! the Duchess! Oh! my fur and whiskers! She’ll get me executed, as sure as ferrets are ferrets! Oh! you have them! + + +Alice + +I’m sorry—you dropped them, you know— + + +White Rabbit + +[Picks up fan and gloves and patters off.] + +She’ll chop off your head! + + +Alice + +If you please sir—where am I?—won’t you please—tell me how to get out—I want to get out— + +[Pg 23] +White Rabbit + +[Looking at his watch.] + +Oh! my ears and whiskers, how late it’s getting. + +[A trap door gives way and Rabbit disappears. Alice dashes after only in time to have the trap door bang in her face.] + + +Alice + +[Amazed.] + +It’s a rabbit-hole—I’m small enough to fit it too! If I shrink any more it might end in my going out altogether like a candle. I wonder what I would be like then! What does the flame of a candle look like after the candle is blown out? I’ve never seen such a thing! + + +Humpty Dumpty + +[Sits on the wall.] + +Don’t stand chattering to yourself like that, but tell me your name and your business. + + +Alice + +My name is Alice, but— + + +Humpty Dumpty + +It’s a stupid name enough, what does it mean? + + +Alice + +Must a name mean something? + +[Pg 24] +Humpty Dumpty + +Of course it must; my name means the shape I am—and a good, handsome shape it is, too. With a name like yours, you might be any shape, almost. + + +Alice + +You’re Humpty Dumpty! Just like an egg. + + +Humpty Dumpty + +It’s very provoking, to be called an egg—very. + + +Alice + +I said you looked like an egg, Sir, and some eggs are very pretty, you know. + + +Humpty Dumpty + +Some people have no more sense than a baby. + + +Alice + +Why do you sit here all alone? + + +Humpty Dumpty + +Why, because there’s nobody with me. Did you think I didn’t know the answer to that? Ask another. + + +Alice + +Don’t you think you’d be safer down on the ground? That wall’s so very narrow. + +[Pg 25] +Humpty Dumpty + +What tremendously easy riddles you ask! Of course I don’t think so. Take a good look at me! I’m one that has spoken to a king, I am; to show you I’m not proud, you may shake hands with me! + +[He leans forward to offer Alice his hand but she is too small to reach it.] + +However, this conversation is going on a little too fast; let’s go back to the last remark but one. + + +Alice + +I’m afraid I can’t remember it. + + +Humpty Dumpty + +In that case we start fresh, and it’s my turn to choose a subject. + + +Alice + +You talk about it just as if it were a game. + + +Humpty Dumpty + +So here’s a question for you. How old did you say you were? + + +Alice + +Seven years and six months. + + +Humpty Dumpty + +Wrong! You never said a word about it. Now if you’d asked my advice, I’d have said, “Leave off at seven—but—” + +[Pg 26] +Alice + +I never ask advice about growing. + + +Humpty Dumpty + +Too proud? + + +Alice + +What a beautiful belt you’ve got on. At least, a beautiful cravat, I should have said—no, a belt, I mean—I beg your pardon. If only I knew which was neck and which was waist. + + +Humpty Dumpty + +It is a—most—provoking—thing, when a person doesn’t know a cravat from a belt. + + +Alice + +I know it’s very ignorant of me. + + +Humpty Dumpty + +It’s a cravat, child, and a beautiful one, as you say. There’s glory for you. + + +Alice + +I don’t know what you mean by “glory.” + + +Humpty Dumpty + +When I use a word, it means just what I choose it to mean—neither more nor less. + +[Pg 27] +Alice + +The question is, whether you can make words mean different things. + + +Humpty Dumpty + +The question is, which is to be master—that’s all. Impenetrability! That’s what I say! + + +Alice + +Would you tell me, please, what that means? + + +Humpty Dumpty + +I meant by “impenetrability” that we’ve had enough of that subject, and it would be just as well if you’d mention what you mean to do next, as I suppose you don’t mean to stop here all the rest of your life. + + +Alice + +That’s a great deal to make one word mean. + + +Humpty Dumpty + +When I make a word do a lot of work like that I always pay it extra. + + +Alice + +Oh! + +[Pg 28] +Humpty Dumpty + +Ah, you should see ’em come round me of a Saturday night, for to get their wages, you know. That’s all—Good-bye. + + +Alice + +Good-bye till we meet again. + + +Humpty Dumpty + +I shouldn’t know you again, if we did meet, you’re so exactly like other people. + + +Alice + +The face is what one goes by, generally. + + +Humpty Dumpty + +That’s just what I complain of. Your face is the same as everybody has—the two eyes—so—nose in the middle, mouth under. It’s always the same. Now if you had the two eyes on the same side of the nose, for instance—or the mouth at the top—that would be some help. + + +Alice + +It wouldn’t look nice. + + +Humpty Dumpty + +Wait till you’ve tried! Good-bye. + +[He disappears as he came.] + +[Pg 29] +Alice + +Oh! I forgot to ask him how to— + +[She tries to open the doors. They are all locked; she begins to weep. She walks weeping to a high glass table and sits down on its lower ledge. She sits on a big golden key and picks it up in surprise. She tries it on all the doors but it does not fit. She weeps and weeps—and Wonderland grows dark to her in her despair. In the darkness she cries, “Oh! I’m slipping! Oh, Oh! it’s a lake; Oh! my tears! I’m floating!” A mysterious light shows a “Drink me” sign around a bottle on the top of the table. Alice floats up to it panting, and holding on to the edge of the table takes up the bottle.] + + +Alice + +It isn’t marked poison. + +[She sips at it.] + +This is good! Tastes like cherry tart, custard, pineapple, roast turkey, toffy and hot buttered toast—all together. Oh! Oh! I’m letting out like a telescope. + +[A mysterious light shows her lengthening out.] + +[Music.] + +But the lake is rising too. Oh! Oh! it’s deep! I’m drowning. Help, help, I’m drowning, I’m drowning in my tears! + + +Gryphon + +Hjckrrh. Hjckrrh! + +[The Gryphon, a huge green creature with big glittering wings, appears where Humpty Dumpty had been and reaches glittering claws over to grab and save Alice.] + + + + + +[Pg 30] + +SCENE FOUR + +Is symbolic of a wet and rocky shore in a weird green light. The Mock Turtle is weeping dismally. + + +Gryphon + +Hjckrrh. Hjckrrh. Hjckrrh. + + +Mock Turtle + +[Answers with his weeping.] + + +Gryphon + +[Drags Alice in.] + +Drop your tears into the sea with his. + + +Alice + +He sobs as if he had a bone in his throat. He sighs as if his heart would break. What is his sorrow? + + +Mock Turtle + +Oh, Gryphon, it’s terrible! + + +Gryphon + +It’s all his fancy that. Mock Turtle hasn’t got no sorrow. This here young lady, she wants for to know your history, she do. + +[Pg 31] +Mock Turtle + +I’ll tell it her. Sit down both of you, and don’t speak a word till I’ve finished. + + +Alice + +I don’t see how you can ever finish, if you don’t begin. + + +Mock Turtle + +Once, I was a real Turtle. + +[A long silence is broken only by the exclamations, “Hjckrrh,” of the Gryphon and the heavy sobbing of the Mock Turtle.] + + +Mock Turtle + +When we were little, we went to school in the sea. The master was an old Turtle—we used to call him tortoise— + + +Alice + +Why did you call him Tortoise, if he wasn’t one? + + +Mock Turtle + +We called him Tortoise because he taught us; really you are very dull. + + +Gryphon + +You ought to be ashamed of yourself for asking such a simple question. Drive on, old fellow! Don’t be all day about it! + +[Pg 32] +Mock Turtle + +Yes, we went to school in the sea, tho’ you mayn’t believe it— + + +Alice + +I never said I didn’t. + + +Mock Turtle + +You did. + + +Gryphon + +Hold your tongue! + + +Mock Turtle + +We had the best of educations—in fact, we went to school every day. + + +Alice + +I’ve been to a day school too; you needn’t be so proud as all that. + + +Mock Turtle + +With extras? + + +Alice + +Yes, we learned French and music. + + +Mock Turtle + +And washing? + +[Pg 33] +Alice + +Certainly not! + + + + + +Mock Turtle + +Ah! Then yours wasn’t a really good school. Now at ours they had at the end of the bill, French, music, and washing—extra. + +[Pg 34] +Alice + +You couldn’t have wanted it much; living at the bottom of the sea. + + +Mock Turtle + +I couldn’t afford to learn it, I only took the regular course. + + +Alice + +What was that? + + +Mock Turtle + +Reeling and writhing, of course, to begin with, and then the different branches of Arithmetic—Ambition, Distraction, Uglification, and Derision. + + +Alice + +I never heard of Uglification. What is it? + + +Gryphon + +Never heard of uglifying! You know what to beautify is, I suppose? + + +Alice + +Yes, it means—to—make—anything—prettier. + + +Gryphon + +Well then, if you don’t know what to uglify is, you are a simpleton. + +[Pg 35] +Alice + +What else had you to learn? + + +Mock Turtle + +Well, there was Mystery; Mystery, ancient and modern, with Seaography, then Drawling—the Drawling-master was an old conger eel, that used to come once a week; what he taught us was Drawling, Stretching, and Fainting in Coils. + + +Alice + +What was that like? + + +Mock Turtle + +Well, I can’t show it you, myself. I’m too stiff. And the Gryphon never learned it. + + +Gryphon + +Hadn’t time; I went to the Classical master, though. He was an old crab, he was. + + +Mock Turtle + +I never went to him; he taught Laughing and Grief, they used to say. + + +Gryphon + +So he did, so he did. + +[Pg 36] +Alice + +And how many hours a day did you do lessons? + + +Mock Turtle + +Ten hours the first day, nine the next, and so on. + + +Alice + +What a curious plan! + + +Gryphon + +That’s the reason they’re called lessons, because they lessen from day to day. + + +Alice + +Then the eleventh day must have been a holiday? + + +Mock Turtle + +Of course it was. + + +Alice + +And how did you manage on the twelfth? + + +Gryphon + +That’s enough about lessons, tell her something about the games now. + +[Mock Turtle sighs deeply, draws back of one flapper across his eyes. He looks at Alice and tries to speak but sobs choke his voice.] + +[Pg 37] +Gryphon + +[Punching him in the back.] + +Same as if he had a bone in his throat. + + +Mock Turtle + +[With tears running down his cheeks.] + +You may not have lived much under the sea— + + +Alice + +I haven’t. + + +Mock Turtle + +And perhaps you were never even introduced to a lobster. + + +Alice + +I once tasted—no, never! + + +Mock Turtle + +So you can have no idea what a delightful thing a Lobster Quadrille is. + + +Alice + +No, indeed. What sort of a dance is it? + + +Gryphon + +Why, you first form into a line along the seashore. + +[Pg 38] +Mock Turtle + +Two lines; seals, turtles, salmon, and so on; then, when you’ve cleared all the jellyfish out of the way— + + +Gryphon + +That generally takes some time. + + +Mock Turtle + +You advance twice— + + +Gryphon + +Each with a lobster as a partner. + + +Mock Turtle + +Of course, advance twice, set to partners. + + +Gryphon + +Change lobsters, and retire in same order. + + +Mock Turtle + +Then you know, you throw the— + + +Gryphon + +The lobsters! + + +Mock Turtle + +As far out to sea as you can— + +[Pg 39] +Gryphon + +Swim after them! + + +Mock Turtle + +Turn a somersault in the sea. + + +Gryphon + +Change lobsters again! + + +Mock Turtle + +Back to land again, and—that’s all the first figure. + + +Alice + +It must be a very pretty dance. + + +Mock Turtle + +Would you like to see a little of it? + + +Alice + +Very much indeed. + + +Mock Turtle + +Come, let’s try the first figure. We can do it without lobsters, you know; which shall sing? + + +Gryphon + +Oh, you sing, I’ve forgotten the words. + +[Pg 40][Creatures solemnly dance round and round Alice, treading on her toes, waving fore-paws to mark time while Mock Turtle sings.] + +First Verse +“Will you walk a little faster!” said a whiting to a snail, +“There’s a porpoise close behind us, and he’s treading on my tail. +See how eagerly the lobsters and the turtles all advance! +They are waiting on the shingle—will you come and join the dance? +Will you, won’t you, will you, won’t you, will you join the dance? +Will you, won’t you, will you, won’t you, won’t you join the dance? + +Second Verse +“You can really have no notion how delightful it will be +When they take us up and throw us, with the lobsters, out to sea!” +But the snail replied, “Too far, too far!” and gave a look askance— +Said he thanked the whiting kindly, but he would not join the dance. +Would not, could not, would not, could not, would not join the dance. +Would not, could not, would not, could not, could not join the dance. + +[Pg 41][The creatures dance against Alice, pushing her back and forth between them. She protests and finally escapes; they bump against each other.] + + +Alice + +Thank you; it’s a very interesting dance to watch, and I do so like that curious song about the whiting. + + +Mock Turtle + +Oh, as to the whiting, they—you’ve seen them, of course? + + +Alice + +Yes, I’ve often seen them at din— + +[Checks herself hastily.] + + +Mock Turtle + +I don’t know where Din may be, but if you’ve seen them so often, of course you know what they’re like. + + +Alice + +I believe so, they have their tails in their mouths—and they’re all over crumbs. + + +Mock Turtle + +You’re wrong about the crumbs, crumbs would all wash off in the sea. But they have their tails in their mouths; and the reason is— + +[Pg 42][Mock Turtle yawns and shuts his eyes.] + +Tell her about the reason and all that. + + +Gryphon + +The reason is, that they would go with the lobsters to the dance. So they got thrown out to sea. So they had to fall a long way. So they got their tails fast in their mouths. So they couldn’t get them out again. That’s all. + + +Alice + +Thank you, it’s very interesting. I never knew so much about a whiting before. + + +Gryphon + +I can tell you more than that, if you like. Do you know why it’s called a whiting? + + +Alice + +I never thought about it. Why? + + +Gryphon + +It does the boots and shoes. + + +Alice + +Does the boots and shoes! + + +Gryphon + +Why, what are your shoes done with? I mean, what makes them so shiny? + +[Pg 43] +Alice + +They’re done with blacking, I believe. + + +Gryphon + +Boots and shoes under the sea, are done with whiting. Now you know. + + +Alice + +And what are they made of? + + +Gryphon + +Soles and eels, of course; any shrimp could have told you that. + + +Alice + +If I’d been the whiting, I’d have said to the porpoise, “Keep back, please; we don’t want you with us.” + + +Mock Turtle + +They were obliged to have him with them, no wise fish would go anywhere without a porpoise. + + +Alice + +Wouldn’t it really? + + +Mock Turtle + +Of course not; why if a fish came to me and told me he was going a journey, I should say, “With what porpoise?” + +[Pg 44] +Alice + +Don’t you mean purpose? + + +Mock Turtle + +I mean what I say. + + + + + +Gryphon + +Shall we try another figure of the Lobster Quadrille? Or would you like the Mock Turtle to sing you a song? + +[Pg 45] +Alice + +Oh, a song please, if the Mock Turtle would be so kind. + + +Gryphon + +Um! No accounting for tastes! Sing her “Turtle Soup,” will you, old fellow? + + +Mock Turtle + +[Sighs deeply and sometimes choked with sobs, sings.] + +“Beautiful Soup, so rich and green, +Waiting in a hot tureen! +Who for such dainties would not stoop? +Soup of the evening, beautiful Soup! +Soup of the evening, beautiful Soup! +Beau—ootiful Soo—op, +Beau—ootiful Soo—oop, +Soo—oop of the e-e-evening, +Beautiful, beautiful Soup.” + + +White Rabbit + +[Enters, stretching out a red and white checked sash with which he separates Alice from the creatures.] + +Check! + + +Mock Turtle + +They won’t let her stay in our square. + +[Pg 46] +White Rabbit + +The Queen is coming this way. + + +Gryphon + +She’ll chop our heads off. Come on, come on, let’s fly! + +[The Mock Turtle and Gryphon grab Alice and fly into the air.] + + +CURTAIN + +[The Curtain rises to reveal small silhouettes of the Gryphon, Mock Turtle, and Alice in an orange-colored moon far away in the sky. Down below the White Rabbit is shouting to them, “You’ll be safe in the March Hare’s garden.”] + +CURTAIN + + + + + +[Pg 47] +ACT II + + + +SCENE + +The March Hare’s garden, showing part of the Duchess’ house. On a small platform there is a tea table, set with many cups, continuing into wings to give impression of limitless length. The March Hare, Hatter, and Dormouse are crowded at one end. Alice sits on the ground where she has been dropped from the sky. Finding herself not bruised she rises and approaches the table. + + +March Hare and Hatter + +No room! No room! + + +Alice + +There’s plenty of room! + +[She sits in a large armchair at one end of the table.] + +I don’t know who you are. + + +March Hare + +I am the March Hare, that’s the Hatter, and this is the Dormouse. Have some wine? + + +Alice + +I don’t see any wine. + +[Pg 48] +March Hare + +There isn’t any. + + +Alice + +Then it wasn’t very civil of you to offer it. + + +March Hare + +It wasn’t very civil of you to sit down without being invited. + + +Alice + +I didn’t know it was your table; it’s laid for a great many more than three. + + +Hatter + +Your hair wants cutting. + + +Alice + +You should learn not to make personal remarks; it’s very rude. + + +Hatter + +Why is a raven like a writing-desk? + + +Alice + +Come, we shall have some fun now! I’m glad you’ve begun asking riddles—I believe I can guess that. + + +March Hare + +So you mean that you think you can find out the answer to it? + + + +Larger Image + +Hatter: Your hair wants cutting. + + + +[Pg 49]Alice + +Exactly so. + + +March Hare + +Then you should say what you mean. + + +Alice + +I do; at least—at least I mean what I say—that’s the same thing, you know. + + +Hatter + +Not the same thing a bit! Why, you might just as well say that “I see what I eat” is the same thing as, “I eat what I see!” + + +March Hare + +You might just as well say that “I like what I get,” is the same thing as “I get what I like.” + + +Dormouse + +You might just as well say that “I breathe when I sleep” is the same thing as “I sleep when I breathe.” + + +Hatter + +It is the same thing with you. + +[Takes out his watch, looks at it uneasily, shakes it, holds it to his ear.] + +[Pg 50]What day of the month is it? + + +Alice + +The fourth. + + +Hatter + +Two days wrong. I told you butter wouldn’t suit the works! + + +March Hare + +It was the best butter. + + +Hatter + +Yes, but some crumbs must have got in as well; you shouldn’t have put it in with the bread-knife— + + +March Hare + +[Takes the watch, looks at it gloomily, dips it into his cup of tea and looks at it again but doesn’t know what else to say.] + +It was the best butter, you know. + + +Alice + +What a funny watch! It tells the day of the month, and doesn’t tell what o’clock it is. + + +Hatter + +Why should it? Does your watch tell you what year it is? + +[Pg 51] +Alice + +Of course not, but that’s because it stays the same year for such a long time together. + + +Hatter + +Which is just the case with mine. + + +Alice + +I don’t quite understand you. What you said had no sort of meaning in it and yet it was certainly English. + + +Hatter + +[Pouring some hot tea on the Dormouse’s nose.] + +The Dormouse is asleep again. + + +Dormouse + +Of course, of course, just what I was going to remark myself. + + +Hatter + +Have you guessed the riddle yet? + + +Alice + +No, I give it up, what’s the answer? + + +Hatter + +I haven’t the slightest idea. + +[Pg 52] +March Hare + +Nor I. + + +Alice + +I think you might do something better with the time, than wasting it in asking riddles that have no answers. + + +Hatter + +If you knew Time as well as I do, you wouldn’t talk about wasting it. It’s him. + + +Alice + +I don’t know what you mean. + + +Hatter + +Of course you don’t. I dare say you never even spoke to Time. + + +Alice + +Perhaps not, but I know I have to beat time when I learn music. + + +Hatter + +Ah, that accounts for it. He won’t stand beating. Now, if you only kept on good terms with him, he’d do almost anything you liked with the clock. For instance, suppose it were nine o’clock in the morning, just time to begin lessons. You’d only have to whisper a hint to Time, and round goes the clock in a twinkling! Half past one, time for dinner. + +[Pg 53] +March Hare + +I only wish it was. + + +Alice + +That would be grand, certainly, but then—I shouldn’t be hungry for it, you know. + + +Hatter + +Not at first, perhaps, but you could keep it to half past one as long as you liked. + + +Alice + +Is that the way you manage? + + +Hatter + +Not I, we quarreled last March—just before he went mad, you know. It was at the great concert given by the Queen of Hearts and I had to sing. + +“Twinkle, twinkle, little bat! +How I wonder what you’re at!” + +You know the song, perhaps. + + +Alice + +I’ve heard something like it. + + +Dormouse + +Twinkle, twinkle, twinkle— + +[Pg 54] +Hatter + +Well, I’d hardly finished the first verse when the Queen bawled out, “He’s murdering the time! Off with his head!” + + +Alice + +How dreadfully savage! + + +Hatter + +And ever since that, he won’t do a thing I ask! It’s always six o’clock now. + + +Alice + +Is that the reason so many tea things are put out here? + + +Hatter + +Yes, that’s it; it’s always tea time, and we’ve no time to wash the things between whiles. + + +Alice + +Then you keep moving round, I suppose? + + +Hatter + +Exactly so, as the things get used up. + + +Alice + +But when you come to the beginning again? + +[Pg 55] +March Hare + +Suppose we change the subject. I vote the young lady tells us a story. + + +Alice + +I’m afraid I don’t know one. + + +March Hare and Hatter + +Then the Dormouse shall. Wake up Dormouse. + +[They pinch him on both sides at once.] + + +Dormouse + +[Opens his eyes slowly and says in a hoarse, feeble voice.] + +I wasn’t asleep, I heard every word you fellows were saying. + + +March Hare + +Tell us a story. + + +Alice + +Yes, please do! + + +Hatter + +And be quick about it, or you’ll be asleep again before it’s done. + + +Dormouse + +Once upon a time there were three little sisters, and their[Pg 56] names were Elsie, Lacie, and Tillie and they lived at the bottom of a well— + + +Alice + +What did they live on? + + + + + +Dormouse + +They lived on treacle. + +[Pg 57] +Alice + +They couldn’t have done that, you know, they’d have been ill. + + +Dormouse + +So they were, very ill. + + +Alice + +But why did they live at the bottom of a well? + + +March Hare + +Take some more tea. + + +Alice + +I’ve had nothing yet, so I can’t take more. + + +Hatter + +You mean, you can’t take less; it’s very easy to take more than nothing. + + +Alice + +Nobody asked your opinion. + + +Hatter + +Who’s making personal remarks now? + + +Alice + +[Helps herself to tea and bread and butter.] + +Why did they live at the bottom of a well? + +[Pg 58] +Dormouse + +[Takes a minute or two to think.] + +It was a treacle-well. + + +Alice + +There’s no such thing! + + +Hatter and March Hare + +Sh! Sh! + + +Dormouse + +If you can’t be civil, you’d better finish the story for yourself. + + +Alice + +[Very humbly.] + +No, please go on. I won’t interrupt you again. I dare say there may be one. + + +Dormouse + +One, indeed! And so these three little sisters—they were learning to draw, you know— + + +Alice + +What did they draw? + + +Dormouse + +Treacle. + +[Pg 59] +Hatter + +I want a clean cup. Let’s all move one place on. + +[Hatter moves on, Dormouse takes his place, March Hare takes Dormouse’s place and Alice unwillingly takes March Hare’s place.] + + +Alice + +I’m worse off than I was before. You’ve upset the milk jug into your plate. + + +March Hare + +It wasn’t very civil of you to sit down without being invited. + + +Alice + +Where did they draw the treacle from? + + +Hatter + +You can draw water out of a water well, so I should think you could draw treacle out of a treacle well—eh, stupid? + + +Alice + +But they were in the well. + + +Dormouse + +Of course they were—well in. They were learning to draw, and they drew all manner of things—everything that begins with an M— + +[Pg 60] +Alice + +Why with an M? + + + + + +March Hare + +Why not? + +[Alice is silent and confused. Hatter pinches Dormouse to wake him up.] + +[Pg 61] +Dormouse + +[Wakes with a little shriek and continues.] + +—that begins with an M, such as mousetraps and the moon and memory and muchness—you know you say things are “much of a muchness”—did you ever see such a thing as a drawing of a muchness? + + +Hatter + +Did you? + + +Alice + +Really now you ask me, I don’t think— + + +Hatter + +Then you shouldn’t talk. + + +March Hare + +No! + + +Alice + +[Rises and walks away.] + +You are very rude. It’s the stupidest tea party I ever was at in all my life— + +[White Rabbit enters carrying a huge envelope with a seal and crown on it.] + + +March Hare and Hatter + +No room! no room! + +[Pg 62][Rabbit pays no attention to them but goes to the house and raps loudly. A footman in livery with a round face and large eyes like a frog and powdered hair opens the door.] + + +White Rabbit + +For the Duchess. An invitation from the Queen to play croquet. + + +Frog + +From the Queen. An invitation for the Duchess to play croquet. + +[White Rabbit bows and goes out.] + + +March Hare and Hatter + +[To White Rabbit.] + +No room! No room! No room! + +[The Frog disappears into the house but leaves the door open. There is a terrible din and many sauce pans fly out.] + + +March Hare + +She’s at it again. + + +Hatter + +It’s perfectly disgusting. + + +March Hare + +Let’s move on. + +[The platform moves off with table, chairs, March Hare, [Pg 63]Hatter, and Dormouse. Meanwhile the Frog has come out again and is sitting near the closed door, staring stupidly at the sky. Alice goes to the door timidly and knocks.] + + +Frog + +There’s no sort of use in knocking, and that for two reasons: first, because I’m on the same side of the door as you are; secondly, because they’re making such a noise inside, no one could possibly hear you. + + +Alice + +Please then, how am I to get in? + + +Frog + +There might be some sense in your knocking if we had the door between us. For instance, if you were inside, you might knock, and I could let you out, you know. + + +Alice + +How am I to get in? + + +Frog + +I shall sit here, till tomorrow. + +[The door opens and a large plate skims out straight at the Frog’s head; it grazes his nose and breaks into pieces.] + +[Frog acts as if nothing had happened.] + +Or next day, maybe. + +[Pg 64] +Alice + +How am I to get in? + + +Frog + +Are you to get in at all? That’s the first question, you know. + + +Alice + +It’s really dreadful the way all you creatures argue. It’s enough to drive one crazy. + + +Frog + +I shall sit here, on and off, for days and days. + + +Alice + +But what am I to do? + + +Frog + +Anything you like. + +[He begins to whistle.] + + +Alice + +Where’s the servant whose business it is to answer the door? + + +Frog + +Which door? + + +Alice + +This door, of course! + +[The Frog looks at the door, and rubs his thumb on it to see if the paint will come off.] + + + +Larger Image + +Frog: I shall sit here till tomorrow. + + + +[Pg 65] + + + + + +Frog + +To answer the door? What’s it been asking for? + + +Alice + +I don’t know what you mean. + +[Pg 66] +Frog + +I speaks English, doesn’t I? Or are you deaf? What did it ask you? + + +Alice + +Nothing! I’ve been knocking at it. + + +Frog + +Shouldn’t do that—shouldn’t do that, vexes it, you know. + +[He kicks the door.] + +You let it alone, and it’ll let you alone, you know. + + +Alice + +Oh, there’s no use talking to you— + +[She starts to open the door just as the Duchess comes out carrying a pig in baby’s clothes. She sneezes—Frog sneezes and Alice sneezes.] + + +Duchess + +If everybody minded her own business— + +[She sneezes.] + + +Alice + +It’s pepper. + + +Duchess + +Of course, my cook puts it in the soup. + +[Pg 67] +Alice + +There’s certainly too much pepper in the soup. + + +Duchess + +Sneeze then and get rid of it! + +[Duchess begins to sing to the baby, giving it a violent shake at the end of every line of the lullaby.] + +“Speak roughly to your little boy, +And beat him when he sneezes; + +[Frog and Alice sneeze.] + +He only does it to annoy, +Because he knows it teases. + +[Duchess sneezes, Frog sneezes, Alice sneezes.] + +I speak severely to my boy, +I beat him when he sneezes; + +[Frog sneezes, Alice sneezes.] + +For he can thoroughly enjoy +The pepper when he pleases!” + +[Duchess sneezes, Frog sneezes, Alice sneezes, Duchess gasps and gives a tremendous sneeze.] + + +Alice + +Oh dear! + +[She jumps aside as kettles and pots come flying out of the door. The Duchess pays no attention.] + +What a cook to have! + +[She calls inside.] + +Oh! please mind what you’re doing! + +[Pg 68][Another pan comes out and almost hits the baby.] + +Oh! there goes his precious nose! + + +Duchess + +If everybody minded her own business, the world would go round a deal faster than it does. + + +Alice + +Which would not be an advantage. Just think what work it would make with the day and night! You see the earth takes twenty-four hours to turn round on its axis— + + +Duchess + +Talking of axes, chop off her head! + +[The head of a grinning Cheshire cat appears in a tree above a wall.] + + +Alice + +Oh, what’s that? + + +Duchess + +Cat, of course. + + +Alice + +Why does it grin like that? + + +Duchess + +It’s a Cheshire cat! and that’s why. [To baby.] Pig! + + + +Larger Image + +Duchess: I speak severely to my boy, +I beat him when he sneezes. + +[Pg 69] +Alice + +I didn’t know that Cheshire cats always grinned; in fact, I didn’t know that cats could grin. + + +Duchess + +They all can and most of ’em do. + + +Alice + +I don’t know of any that do. + + +Duchess + +You don’t know much and that’s a fact. Here, you may nurse it a bit, if you like! + +[Flings the baby at Alice.] + +I must go and get ready to play croquet with the Queen. + +[She goes into the house.] + + +Alice + +If I don’t take this child away with me, they’re sure to kill it in a day or two. Cheshire Puss, would you tell me please, which way I ought to walk from here? + + +Cat + +That depends a good deal on where you want to get to. + + +Alice + +I don’t much care where— + +[Pg 70] +Cat + +Then it doesn’t matter which way you walk. + + +Alice + +So long as I get somewhere. + + +Cat + +Oh, you’re sure to do that, if you only walk long enough. + + +Alice + +Please, will you tell me what sort of people live about here? + + +Cat + +All mad people. + + +Alice + +But I don’t want to go among mad people. + + +Cat + +Oh, you can’t help that; we’re all mad here. I’m mad. He’s mad. He’s dreaming now, and what do you think he’s dreaming about? + + +Alice + +[Goes to the Frog to scrutinize his face.] + +Nobody could guess that. + +[Pg 71] +Cat + +Why, about you! And if he left off dreaming about you, where do you suppose you’d be? + + +Alice + +Where I am now, of course. + + +Cat + +Not you. You’d be nowhere. Why, you’re only a sort of thing in his dream; and you’re mad too. + + +Alice + +How do you know I’m mad? + + +Cat + +You must be, or you wouldn’t have come here. + + +Alice + +How do you know that you’re mad? + + +Cat + +To begin with, a dog’s not mad. You grant that? + + +Alice + +I suppose so. + + +Cat + +Well then, you see a dog growls when it’s angry, and wags its[Pg 72] tail when it’s pleased. Now I growl when I’m pleased, and wag my tail when I’m angry. Therefore I’m mad. + + +Alice + +I call it purring, not growling. + + + + + +Cat + +Call it what you like. Do you play croquet with the Queen today? + +[Pg 73] +Alice + +I should like it very much, but I haven’t been invited yet. + + +Cat + +You’ll see me there. + +[Vanishes.] + + +Alice + +[To squirming baby.] + +Oh, dear, it’s heavy and so ugly. Don’t grunt—Oh—Oh—it’s a—pig. Please Mr. Footman take it! + + +Frog + +[Rises with dignity, whistles and disappears into the house; a kettle comes bounding out. Alice puts pig down and it crawls off.] + + +Cat + +[Appearing again.] + +By-the-bye, what became of the baby? + + +Alice + +It turned into a pig. + + +Cat + +I thought it would. + +[Vanishes.] + +[Pg 74][Frog comes out of the house with hedgehogs and flamingoes.] + + +Cat + +[Reappearing.] + +Did you say pig, or fig? + + +Alice + +I said pig; and I wish you wouldn’t keep appearing and vanishing so suddenly; you make one quite giddy. + + +Cat + +All right. [It vanishes slowly.] + +[Frog puts flamingoes down and reenters house. While Alice is examining the flamingoes curiously, Tweedledum and Tweedledee, each with an arm round the other’s neck, sidestep in and stand looking at Alice.] + + +Alice + +[Turns, sees them, starts in surprise and involuntarily whispers.] + +Tweedle—dee. + + +Dum + +Dum! + + +Dee + +If you think we’re waxworks, you ought to pay. + +[Pg 75] +Dum + +Contrariwise, if you think we’re alive, you ought to speak. + + +Dee + +The first thing in a visit is to say “How d’ye do?” and shake hands! + +[The brothers give each other a hug, then hold out the two hands that are free, to shake hands with her. Alice does not like shaking hands with either of them first, for fear of hurting the other one’s feelings; she takes hold of both hands at once and they all dance round in a ring, quite naturally to music, “Here we go round the mulberry bush.”] + + +Alice + +Would you tell me which road leads out of— + + +Dee + +What shall I repeat to her? + + +Dum + +The “Walrus and the Carpenter” is the longest. + +[Gives his brother an affectionate hug.] + + +Dee + +The sun was shining— + + +Alice + +If it’s very long, would you please tell me first which road— + +[Pg 76] +Dee + +The moon was shining sulkily. + + +Dum + +The sea was wet as wet could be— + + +Dee + +O Oysters, come and walk with us +The Walrus did beseech— + + +Dum + +[Looks at Dee.] + +A pleasant walk, a pleasant talk, +Along the briny beach— + + +Dee + +[Looks at Dum.] + +The eldest Oyster winked his eye +And shook his heavy head— + + +Dum + +[Looks at Dee.] + +Meaning to say he did not choose +To leave the oyster bed. + + +Dee + +But four young Oysters hurried up +And yet another four— + +[Pg 77] +Dum + +And thick and fast they came at last, +And more, and more, and more— + + +Dee + +The Walrus and the Carpenter +Walked on a mile or so, + + +Dum + +And then they rested on a rock +Conveniently low, + + +Dee + +And all the little Oysters stood +And waited in a row. + + +Dum + +“A loaf of bread,” the Walrus said, +“Is what we chiefly need. + + +Dee + +Now if you’re ready, Oysters dear, +We can begin to feed.” + + +Dum + +“But not on us!” the Oysters cried, +Turning a little blue. + +[Pg 78] +Dee + +“The night is fine,” the Walrus said, +“Do you admire the view?” + + +Dum + +The Carpenter said nothing but +“Cut us another slice. +I wish you were not quite so deaf— +I’ve had to ask you twice!” + + +Dee + +“It seems a shame,” the Walrus said, +“To play them such a trick, +After we’ve brought them out so far, +And made them trot so quick!” + + +Dum + +“O, Oysters,” said the Carpenter, +“You’ve had a pleasant run! + + +Dee + +Shall we be trotting home again?” + + +Dum + +But answer came there none— + + +Dee + +And this was scarcely odd, because + +[Pg 79] +Dum + +They’d eaten every— + + +Dee + +[Interrupts in a passion, pointing to a white rattle on the ground.] + +Do you see that? + + +Alice + +It’s only a rattle— + + +Dum + +[Stamps wildly and tears his hair.] + +I knew it was! It’s spoilt of course. My nice new rattle! + +[To Dee.] + +You agree to have a battle? + +[He collects sauce pans and pots.] + + +Dee + +[Picks up a sauce pan.] + +I suppose so. Let’s fight till dinner. + +[They go out hand in hand.] + + +Alice + +[Hears music.] + +I wonder what is going to happen next. + +[She backs down stage respectfully as the King and Queen of Hearts enter, followed by the Knave of Hearts carrying the King’s crown on a crimson velvet cushion, and the White Rabbit and others. When they come opposite to Alice they stop and look at her.] + +[The Duchess comes out of her house.] + +[Pg 80] +Queen + +[To the Knave.] + +Who is this? + + + + + +Knave + +[Bows three times, smiles and giggles.] + +[Pg 81] +Queen + +Idiot! What’s your name, child? + + +Alice + +My name is Alice, so please your Majesty. + + +Queen + +Off with her head! Off— + + +Alice + +Nonsense! + + +King + +Consider, my dear, she is only a child. + + +Queen + +Can you play croquet? + + +Alice + +Yes. + + +Queen + +Come on then. Get to your places. Where are the mallets? + + +Duchess + +Here. + +[The Frog appears with the flamingoes and hedgehogs.] + +[Pg 82] +Queen + +Off with his head! + +[No one pays any attention.] + + +Knave + +What fun! + + +Alice + +What is the fun? + + +Knave + +Why she; it’s all her fancy, that. They never execute anyone. + + +Alice + +What does one do? + + +Queen + +Get to your places! + +[She takes a flamingo, uses its neck as a mallet and a hedgehog as a ball. The Frog doubles himself into an arch. The King does the same with the followers and the Knave offers himself as an arch for Alice. Even though Alice does not notice him he holds the arch position. The Queen shouts at intervals, “Off with his head, off with her head.”] + + +Alice + +Where are the Chess Queens? + +[Pg 83] +Rabbit + +Under sentence of execution. + + +Alice + +What for? + + +Rabbit + +Did you say, “what a pity”? + + +Alice + +No, I didn’t. I don’t think it’s at all a pity. I said, “What for?” + + +Rabbit + +They boxed the Queen’s ears. + +[Alice gives a little scream of laughter.] + + +Rabbit + +Oh, hush! The Queen will hear you! You see they came rather late and the Queen said—Oh dear, the Queen hears me— + +[He hurries away.] + + +Alice + +[Noticing the Knave who still pretends to be an arch.] + +How can you go on thinking so quietly, with your head downwards? + +[Pg 84] +Knave + +What does it matter where my body happens to be? My mind goes on working just the same. The fact of it is, the more head downwards I am, the more I keep on inventing new things. + + +King + +Did you happen to meet any soldiers, my dear, as you came through the wood? + + +Alice + +Yes, I did; several thousand I should think. + + +King + +Four thousand, two hundred and seven, that’s the exact number. They couldn’t send all the horses, you know, because two of them are wanted in the game. And I haven’t sent the two messengers, either. + + +Alice + +What’s the war about? + + +King + +The red Chess King has the whole army against us but he can’t kill a man who has thirteen hearts. + +[The Duchess, Queen, Frog, and followers go out. The Knave and the Five-Spot, Seven-Spot, and Nine-Spot of Hearts stand behind the King.] + + + +Larger Image + +King: I only wish I had such eyes; to be able to see Nobody! + + + +[Pg 85]King + +Just look along the road and tell me if you can see either of my messengers. + + +Alice + +I see nobody on the road. + + +King + +I only wish I had such eyes; to be able to see Nobody! And at that distance too! Why, it’s as much as I can do to see real people, by this light. + + +Alice + +I see somebody now! But he’s coming very slowly—and what curious attitudes he goes into—skipping up and down, and wriggling like an eel. + + +King + +Not at all, those are Anglo-Saxon attitudes. He only does them when he’s happy. I must have two messengers, you know—to come and go. One to come and one to go. + + +Alice + +I beg your pardon? + + +King + +It isn’t respectable to beg. + +[Pg 86] +Alice + +I only meant that I didn’t understand. Why one to come and one to go? + + +King + +Don’t I tell you? I must have two—to fetch and carry. One to fetch, and one to carry. + + +March Hare + +[Enters, pants for breath—waves his hands about and makes fearful faces at the King.] + + +King + +You alarm me! I feel faint—give me a ham sandwich. Another sandwich! + + +March Hare + +There’s nothing but hay left now. + + +King + +Hay, then. There’s nothing like eating hay when you’re faint. + + +Alice + +I should think throwing cold water over you would be better. + + +King + +I didn’t say there was nothing better; I said there was nothing like it. + +[Pg 87] +King + +Who did you pass on the road? + + +March Hare + +Nobody. + + +King + +Quite right; this young lady saw him too. So of course Nobody walks slower than you. + + +March Hare + +I do my best; I’m sure nobody walks much faster than I do. + + +King + +He can’t do that; or else he’d have been here first. However, now you’ve got your breath, you may tell us what’s happened in the town. + + +March Hare + +I’ll whisper it. + +[Much to Alice’s surprise, he shouts into the King’s ear.] + +They’re at it again! + + +King + +Do you call that a whisper? If you do such a thing again, I’ll have you buttered. It went through and through my head like an earthquake. Give me details, quick! + +[Pg 88][The King and March Hare go out, followed by Five, Seven, and Nine Spots.] + + +Duchess + +[Runs in and tucks her arm affectionately into Alice’s.] + +You can’t think how glad I am to see you again, you dear old thing! + + +Alice + +Oh! + + +Duchess + +You’re thinking about something, my dear, and that makes you forget to talk. I can’t tell you just now what the moral of that is, but I shall remember it in a bit. + + +Alice + +Perhaps it hasn’t one. + + +Duchess + +Tut, tut, child! Everything’s got a moral, if only you can find it. + +[Squeezes closely, digs her chin into Alice’s shoulder, and roughly drags Alice along for a walk.] + + +Alice + +The game’s going on rather better now. + +[Pg 89] +Duchess + +’Tis so, and the moral of that is—“Oh, ’tis love, ’tis love, that makes the world go round!” + + +Alice + +Somebody said, that it’s done by everybody minding their own business. + + +Duchess + +Ah, well! It means much the same thing, and the moral of that is—“Take care of the sense, and the sounds will take care of themselves.” + + +Alice + +How fond you are of finding morals in things. + + +Duchess + +I daresay you’re wondering why I don’t put my arm round your waist. The reason is, that I’m doubtful about the temper of your flamingo. Shall I try the experiment? + + +Alice + +He might bite. + + +Duchess + +Very true; flamingoes and mustard both bite. And the moral of that is—“Birds of a feather flock together.” + +[Pg 90] +Alice + +Only mustard isn’t a bird. + + +Duchess + +Right, as usual; what a clear way you have of putting things. + + +Alice + +It’s a mineral, I think. + + +Duchess + +Of course it is; there’s a large mustard mine near here. And the moral of that is—“The more there is of mine, the less there is of yours.” + + +Alice + +Oh! I know, it’s a vegetable. It doesn’t look like one, but it is. + + +Duchess + +I quite agree with you, and the moral of that is—“Be what you would seem to be;” or, if you’d like it put more simply, “Never imagine yourself not to be otherwise than what it might appear to others that what you were or might have been was not otherwise than what you had been would have appeared to them to be otherwise.” + + +Alice + +I think I should understand that better if I had it written down, but I can’t quite follow it as you say it. + +[Pg 91] +Duchess + +That’s nothing to what I could say if I chose. + + +Alice + +Pray don’t trouble yourself to say it any longer than that. + + +Duchess + +Oh, don’t talk about trouble; I make you a present of everything I’ve said as yet. + + +Alice + +Uhm! + + +Duchess + +Thinking again? + + +Alice + +I’ve got a right to think. + + +Duchess + +Just about as much right as pigs have to fly, and the moral— + +[The arm of the Duchess begins to tremble and her voice dies down. The Queen of Hearts stands before them with folded arms and frowning like a thunderstorm.] + + +Duchess + +A fine day, your Majesty. + +[Pg 92]Queen + +Now, I give you fair warning, either you or your head must be off, and that in about half no time. Take your choice! + +[The Duchess goes meekly into the house.] + + + + + +Queen + +Let’s go on with the game. + +[She goes off and shouts at intervals, “Off with his head; off with her head.”] + +[Pg 93] +Cat + +How are you getting on? + + +Alice + +It’s no use speaking to you till your ears have come. I don’t think they play at all fairly and they all quarrel so and they don’t seem to have any rules in particular. And you’ve no idea how confusing it is with all the things alive; there’s the arch I’ve got to go through next walking about at the other end of the ground—and I should have croqueted the Queen’s hedgehog just now, only it ran away when it saw mine coming. + +[Music begins.] + + +Cat + +How do you like the Queen? + + +Alice + +Not at all; she’s so extremely— + +[The King, Queen and entire court enter. The Queen is near to Alice. The music stops and all look at Alice questioningly.] + +[Alice tries to propitiate the Queen.] + +—likely to win, + +[Music continues.] + +that it’s hardly worth while finishing the game. + +[Queen smiles and passes on.] + +[Pg 94] +King + +Who are you talking to? + + +Alice + +It’s a friend of mine—a Cheshire Cat—allow me to introduce it. + + +King + +I don’t like the look of it at all; however, it may kiss my hand if it likes. + + +Cat + +I’d rather not. + + +King + +Don’t be impertinent and don’t look at me like that. + + +Alice + +A cat may look at a king. I’ve read that in some book, but I don’t remember where. + + +King + +Well, it must be removed. My dear! I wish you would have this cat removed. + + +Queen + +Off with his head! + +[Pg 95] +Knave + +But you can’t cut off a head unless there’s a body to cut it off from. + + +King + +Anything that has a head can be beheaded. + + +Queen + +If something isn’t done about it in less than no time, I’ll have everybody executed, all round. + + +Alice + +It belongs to the Duchess; you’d better ask her about it. + + +Duchess + +It’s a lie! + + +Cat + +You’d better ask me. Do it if you can. + +[It grins away. The Duchess and Frog escape into the house.] + + +Queen + +Cut it off! + + +King + +It’s gone. + +[Pg 96] +Everybody + +It’s gone! It’s gone! Where, where, where— + + +Queen + +Cut it off. Cut them all off! + + +Everybody + +No, no, no! + + +Alice + +Save me, save me! + + +Knave + +[Shouts to Alice and gives her a tart for safety.] + +Take a tart! + + +Queen + +[Seeing Alice stand out a moment from the others.] + +Cut hers off! Cut hers off! + + +Others + +[Glad to distract Queen’s attention from themselves.] + +Cut hers off, cut hers off, cut— + + +Alice + +[Cries in fear and takes a quick bite at the tart. If there is a trap door on the stage Alice disappears down it, leaving the[Pg 97] crowd circling around the hole screaming and amazed. If the stage has no trap door, a bridge is built across the footlights with stairs leading down into the orchestra pit. When the crowd is chasing Alice she jumps over the footlights onto the bridge and as the curtain is falling dividing her from the crowd she appeals to the audience, “Save me, save me, who will save me?” and runs down the stairs and disappears.] + +CURTAIN + + + + + +[Pg 98] +ACT III + + + +SCENE ONE + +Is a garden of high, very conventional and artificial looking flowers. On a large mushroom sits the Caterpillar smoking a hookah. Alice is whirling about trying to get her equilibrium after her fall. She goes to the mushroom timidly and, conscious of her size, for her chin reaches the top of the mushroom, she gazes at the Caterpillar wonderingly. He looks at her lazily and speaks in a languid voice. + + +Caterpillar + +Who are you? + + +Alice + +I—I hardly know, sir, just at present. The Queen frightened me so and I’ve had an awfully funny fall down a tunnel or a sort of well. At least I know who I was when I got up this morning, but I think I must have been changed several times since then. + + +Caterpillar + +What do you mean by that? Explain yourself. + +[Pg 99] +Alice + +I can’t explain myself, I’m afraid, Sir, because I’m not myself, you see. Being so many different sizes in a day is very confusing. + + + + + +Caterpillar + +You! Who are you? + +[Pg 100] +Alice + +I think you ought to tell me who you are, first. + + +Caterpillar + +Why? + +[As Alice turns away.] + +Come back. I’ve something important to say. + +[Alice comes back.] + +Keep your temper. + + +Alice + +Is that all? + + +Caterpillar + +No. + +[He puffs at the hookah in silence; finally takes it out of his mouth and unfolds his arms.] + +So you think you’re changed, do you? + + +Alice + +I’m afraid I am, Sir; I don’t keep the same size. + + +Caterpillar + +What size do you want to be? + + +Alice + +I don’t know. At least I’ve never been so small as a caterpillar. + +[Pg 101] +Caterpillar + +[Rears angrily.] + +It is a very good height indeed. + + +Alice + +But I’m not used to it; I wish you wouldn’t all be so easily offended. + + +Caterpillar + +You’ll get used to it in time. + + +Alice + +Are you too big or am I too small? + +[She compares her height wonderingly with the tall flowers.] + + +Caterpillar + +[Looks at her sleepily, yawns, shakes himself, slides down from the mushroom and crawls slowly away.] + +One side will make you grow taller, and the other side will make you grow shorter. + + +Alice + +One side of what? The other side of what? + + +Caterpillar + +Of the mushroom. + +[Pg 102][Alice hesitates, then embraces mushroom and picks bit from each side.] + +[Three gardeners representing spades enter carrying brushes and red paint cans.] + + +Two-Spot + +Look out now, Five. Don’t go splashing paint over me like that. + + +Five-Spot + +I couldn’t help it. Seven jogged my elbow. + + +Seven-Spot + +That’s right, Five, always lay the blame on others. + + +Five-Spot + +You’d better not talk. I heard the Queen say only yesterday you deserved to be beheaded. + + +Two-Spot + +What for? + + +Seven-Spot + +That’s none of your business, Two. + + +Five-Spot + +Yes, it is his business, and I’ll tell him. It was for bringing the cook tulip roots instead of onions. + +[Pg 103] +Seven-Spot + +Well, of all the unjust things— + +[Sees Alice; others look around, all bow.] + + +Alice + +Could you please tell me what side to eat? + +[Five and Seven look at Two.] + + +Two-Spot + +I don’t know anything about it. + +[He paints a white rose, red.] + +You ought to have been red, we put you in by mistake, and if the Queen was to find it out we should all have our heads cut off. + +[A thumping is heard off stage and the music grows louder and louder.] + + +Alice + +What’s that? + + +Five-Spot + +The White Chess Queen. + + +Seven-Spot + +Don’t let her see what we are doing. + + +Two-Spot + +She’ll tell on us. + +[Pg 104] +Seven-Spot + +Run out and stop her from coming here. + + +Five-Spot + +[To Alice as she runs to the right.] + +No, no, the other way. + + +Alice + +But she’s off there! + + +Two-Spot + +You can only meet her by walking the other way. + + +Alice + +Oh! what nonsense. + + +All the Gardeners + +Go the other way! + + +Alice + +[Re-enters in dismay and dashes out to the left.] + +She’s running away from me. + +[The White Queen backs in from right and Alice backs in from left. They meet. The gardeners cry “The Queen” and throw themselves flat upon the ground; their backs are like the backs of the rest of the pack. Music stops. Alice looks at the Queen curiously.] + +[Pg 105] +Alice + +Oh, there you are! Why, I’m just the size I was when I saw you last. + + +White Queen + +Of course you are, and who are these? I can’t tell them by their backs. + +[She turns them over with her foot.] + +Turn over. Ah! I thought so! Get up! What have you been doing here? + + +Two-Spot + +May it please your Majesty, we were trying— + + +White Queen + +[Examines rose.] + +I see! Begone, or I’ll send the horses after you, and tell the Queen of Hearts. + +[Gardeners rush off. The Red Queen enters. Alice has gone to the mushroom again to look at its sides and there to her amazement finds a gold crown and scepter, which she immediately appropriates. Music. The Queens watch Alice superciliously. Alice puts on her crown, proudly exclaiming in great elation, “Queen Alice,” and walks down stage bowing right and left to the homage of imaginary subjects. She repeats as if scarcely daring to believe it true, “Queen Alice.” Music stops.] + +[Pg 106] +Red Queen + +Ridiculous! + + +Alice + +Isn’t this the Eighth Square? + + +Red Queen + +You can’t be a Queen, you know, till you’ve passed the proper examination. + + +White Queen + +The sooner we begin it, the better. + + +Alice + +Please, would you tell me— + + +Red Queen + +Speak when you’re spoken to. + + +Alice + +But if everybody obeyed that rule, and if you only spoke when you were spoken to, and the other person always waited for you to begin, you see nobody would ever say anything, so that— + + +Red Queen + +Preposterous. + +[Pg 107] +Alice + +I only said “if.” + + +Red Queen + +She says she only said “if.” + + +White Queen + +[Moans and wrings her hands.] + +But she said a great deal more than that. Ah, yes, so much more than that. + + +Red Queen + +So you did, you know; always speak the truth—think before you speak—and write it down afterwards. + + +Alice + +I’m sure I didn’t mean— + + +Red Queen + +That’s just what I complained of. You should have meant! What do you suppose is the use of a child without any meaning? Even a joke should have some meaning—and a child’s more important than a joke, I hope. You couldn’t deny that, even if you tried with both hands. + + +Alice + +I don’t deny things with my hands. + +[Pg 108] +Red Queen + +Nobody said you did. I said you couldn’t if you tried. + + +White Queen + +She’s in that state of mind, that she wants to deny something—only she doesn’t know what to deny! + + +Red Queen + +A nasty, vicious temper. I invite you to Alice’s dinner party this afternoon. + + +White Queen + +And I invite you. + + +Alice + +I didn’t know I was to have a party at all; but if there is to be one, I think I ought to invite the guests. + + +Red Queen + +We gave you the opportunity of doing it, but I dare say you’ve not had many lessons in manners yet. + + +Alice + +Manners are not taught in lessons; lessons teach you to do sums, and things of that sort. + + +White Queen + +Can you do addition? What’s one and one and one and one and one and one and one and one and one and one? + +[Pg 109] +Alice + +I don’t know. I lost count. + + +Red Queen + +She can’t do addition; can you do subtraction? Take nine from eight. + + +Alice + +Nine from eight I can’t, you know, but— + + +White Queen + +She can’t do subtraction. Can you do division? Divide a loaf by a knife—what’s the answer to that? + + +Alice + +I suppose— + + +Red Queen + +[Answers for her.] + +Bread and butter, of course. Try another subtraction sum. Take a bone from a dog; what remains? + + +Alice + +The bone wouldn’t remain, of course, if I took it—and the dog wouldn’t remain; it would come to bite me—and I’m sure I shouldn’t remain. + +[Pg 110] +Red Queen + +Then you think nothing would remain? + + +Alice + +I think that’s the answer. + + +Red Queen + +Wrong as usual; the dog’s temper would remain. + + +Alice + +But I don’t see how— + + +Red Queen + +Why, look here; the dog would lose its temper, wouldn’t it? + + +Alice + +Perhaps it would. + + +Red Queen + +Then if the dog went away, its temper would remain! + + +Alice + +They might go different ways! What dreadful nonsense we are talking. + + +Both Queens + +She can’t do sums a bit! + +[Pg 111] +Alice + +Can you do sums? + + +White Queen + +I can do addition, if you give me time—but I can’t do subtraction under any circumstances. + + +Red Queen + +Of course you know your A, B, C? + + +Alice + +To be sure I do. + + +White Queen + +So do I; we’ll often say it over together, dear. And I’ll tell you a secret—I can read words of one letter. Isn’t that grand? However, don’t be discouraged. You’ll come to it in time. + + +Red Queen + +Can you answer useful questions? How is bread made? + + +Alice + +I know that! You take some flour— + + +White Queen + +Where do you pick the flower? In a garden or in the hedges? + +[Pg 112] +Alice + +Well, it isn’t picked at all. It’s ground— + + +White Queen + +How many acres of ground? You mustn’t leave out so many things. + + +Red Queen + +Fan her head! She’ll be feverish after so much thinking. + +[They fan her with bunches of leaves which blow her hair wildly.] + + +Alice + +Please—please— + + +Red Queen + +She’s all right again now. Do you know languages? What’s the French for fiddle-de-dee? + + +Alice + +Fiddle-de-dee’s not English. + + +Red Queen + +Who ever said it was? + + +Alice + +If you tell me what language fiddle-de-dee is, I’ll tell you the French for it! + +[Pg 113] +Red Queen + +Queens never make bargains! + + +Alice + +I wish Queens never asked questions! + + +White Queen + +Don’t let us quarrel; what is the cause of lightning? + + +Alice + +The cause of lightning is the thunder—no, no! I meant the other way. + + +Red Queen + +It’s too late to correct it; when you’ve once said a thing, that fixes it, and you must take the consequences. + + +White Queen + +We had such a thunderstorm next Tuesday, you can’t think. + + +Red Queen + +She never could, you know. + + +White Queen + +Part of the roof came off, and ever so much thunder got in—and it went rolling round the room in great lumps—and knocking over the tables and things—till I was so frightened, I couldn’t remember my own name! + +[Pg 114] +Alice + +I never should try to remember my name in the middle of an accident. Where would be the use of it? + + +Red Queen + +You must excuse her. She means well, but she can’t help saying foolish things, as a general rule. She never was really well brought up, but it’s amazing how good tempered she is! Pat her on the head, and see how pleased she’ll be! A little kindness and putting her hair in papers would do wonders with her. + + +White Queen + +[Gives a deep sigh and leans her head on Alice’s shoulder.] + +I am so sleepy! + + +Red Queen + +She’s tired, poor thing; smooth her hair—lend her your night cap—and sing her a soothing lullaby. + + +Alice + +I haven’t got a night cap with me, and I don’t know any soothing lullabies. + + + +Larger Image + +Alice: Do wake up, you heavy things! + + + +Red Queen + +I must do it myself, then. + +[Pg 115] Hush-a-by lady, in Alice’s lap! +Till the feast’s ready, we’ve time for a nap; +When the feast’s over, we’ll go to the ball— +Red Queen and White Queen and Alice and all! + +And now you know the words. + +[She puts her head on Alice’s other shoulder.] + +Just sing it through to me. I’m getting sleepy too. + +[Both queens fall fast asleep and snore loudly.] + + +Alice + +What am I to do? Take care of two Queens asleep at once? Do wake up, you heavy things! + +[All lights go out, leaving a mysterious glow on Alice and the queens.] + + +White Rabbit + +[Blows trumpet off stage.] + +The trial’s beginning! + + +Alice + +What trial is it? + + +White Rabbit + +Who stole the tarts. + + +Alice + +I ate a tart. + +[Pg 116] +White Rabbit + +You’ve got to be tried. + + +Alice + +I don’t want to be tried. + + +White Rabbit + +You’ve got to be tried. + + +Alice + +I won’t be tried—I won’t-I won’t! + + + + + +SCENE TWO + +Is a court room suggesting playing cards. The jurymen are all kinds of creatures. The King and Queen of Hearts are seated on the throne. The Knave is before them in chains. The White Rabbit has a trumpet in one hand, and a scroll of parchment in the other. In the middle of the court stands a table with a large dish of tarts upon it. + + +White Rabbit + +[Blows three blasts on his trumpet.] + +Silence in the court! + + +Alice + +[Watches jurymen writing busily on their slates.] + +What are they doing? They can’t have anything to put down yet, before the trial’s begun. + +[Pg 117] +Knave + +They’re putting down their names for fear they should forget them before the end of the trial. + + +Alice + +Stupid things! + + +White Rabbit + +Silence in the court! + + +Jurors + +[Write in chorus.] + +Stupid things! + + +One Juror + +How do you spell stupid? + + +Alice + +A nice muddle their slates will be in before the trial’s over. + + +Queen + +There’s a pencil squeaking. Cut it down! + + +Jurors + +[In chorus as they write.] + +Squeaking— + +[Pg 118] +King + +[Wears a crown over his wig; puts on his spectacles as he says.] + +Herald, read the accusation! + + + + + +White Rabbit + +[Blows three blasts on his trumpet, unrolls parchment scroll and reads to music.] + +[Pg 119] The Queen of Hearts, she made some tarts, +All on a summer day; +The Knave of Hearts, he stole those tarts, +And took them quite away! + + +King + +Consider your verdict! + + +White Rabbit + +Not yet, not yet; there’s a great deal to come before that. + + +King + +Call the first witness. + + +White Rabbit + +First witness! + + +Hatter + +[Comes in with a teacup in one hand and a piece of bread and butter in the other.] + +I beg your pardon, your Majesty, for bringing these in, but I hadn’t quite finished my tea when I was sent for. + + +King + +You ought to have finished; when did you begin? + + +Hatter + +[Looks at the March Hare, who follows him arm-in-arm with the Dormouse.] + +[Pg 120]Fourteenth of March, I think it was. + + +March Hare + +Fifteenth. + + +Dormouse + +Sixteenth. + + +King + +Write that down. + + +Jury + +Fourteen, fifteen, sixteen—forty-five. Reduce that to shillings— + + +King + +Take off your hat. + + +Hatter + +It isn’t mine. + + +King + +Stolen! + + +Jury + +Stolen! + + +Hatter + +I keep them to sell. I’ve none of my own. I’m a hatter. + +[Pg 121] +Queen of Hearts + +[Puts on her spectacles and stares at Hatter, who fidgets uncomfortably.] + + +King + +Give your evidence and don’t be nervous, or I’ll have you executed on the spot. + +[The Hatter continues to shift nervously from one foot to the other, looks uneasily at the Queen, trembles so that he shakes off both of his shoes, and in his confusion bites a large piece out of his teacup instead of the bread and butter.] + + +Hatter + +I’m a poor man, your Majesty, and I hadn’t but just begun my tea—not above a week or so—and what with the bread and butter getting so thin—and the twinkling of the tea— + + +King + +The twinkling of what? + + +Hatter + +It began with the tea. + + +King + +Of course twinkling begins with a T. Do you take me for a dunce? Go on! + +[Pg 122] +Hatter + +I’m a poor man and most things twinkled after that—only the March Hare said— + + +March Hare + +I didn’t! + + +Hatter + +You did. + + +March Hare + +I deny it. + + +King + +He denies it; leave out that part. + + +Queen + +But what did the Dormouse say? + + +Hatter + +That I can’t remember. + + +King + +You must remember or I’ll have you executed. + + +Hatter + +[Drops teacup and bread and butter and goes down on one knee.] + +[Pg 123]I’m a poor man, your Majesty. + + +King + +If that’s all you know about it you may stand down. + + +Hatter + +I can’t go no lower; I’m on the floor as it is. + + +King + +Then you may sit down. + + +Hatter + +I’d rather finish my tea. + + +King + +You may go. + +[The Hatter goes out hurriedly, leaving one of his shoes behind.] + + +Queen + +[Nonchalantly to an officer.] + +And just take his head off outside. + +[But the Hatter was out of sight before the officer could get to the door.] + + +King + +Call the next witness! + +[Pg 124] +White Rabbit + +Next witness! + +[The Duchess enters with a pepper pot, which she shakes about. Everybody begins to sneeze. March Hare sneezes and rushes out.] + + +King + +Give your evidence! + + +Duchess + +Shan’t! + + +White Rabbit + +Your Majesty must cross-examine this witness. + + +King + +Well, if I must, I must. What does your cook say tarts are made of? + + +Duchess + +Pepper. + +[The Duchess shakes the pot and the court sneezes.] + + +Dormouse + +Treacle! + +[The Duchess shakes the pot at him. He sneezes for the first time.] + +[Pg 125] +Queen + +Collar the Dormouse! Behead the Dormouse! Turn that Dormouse out of court! Suppress him! Pinch him! Off with his whiskers! + +[The whole court is in confusion, turning the Dormouse out, and while it is settling down again the Duchess disappears.] + + +White Rabbit + +The Duchess! + + +Court + +She’s gone—she’s gone. + + +King + +Never mind! + +[In a low tone to the Queen.] + +Really, my dear, you must cross-examine the next witness. It quite makes my forehead ache! Call the next witness! + + +White Rabbit + +[Fumbles with the parchment, then cries in a shrill little voice.] + +Alice! + + +Alice + +Here! + +[Pg 126] +King + +What do you know about this business? + + +Alice + +Nothing whatever. + + +King + +[To the jury.] + +That’s very important. + + +White Rabbit + +Unimportant, your Majesty means, of course. + + +King + +Unimportant, of course I meant. Important—unimportant—unimportant—important. Consider your verdict! + +[Some of the jury write “important” and some write “unimportant.”] + + +White Rabbit + +There’s more evidence to come yet, please your Majesty; this paper has just been picked up. + + +Queen + +What’s in it? + + +White Rabbit + +[Fumbles with a huge envelope.] + +[Pg 127]I haven’t opened it yet, but it seems to be a letter, written by the prisoner to—to somebody. + + +King + +It must have been that unless it was written to nobody, which isn’t usual, you know. + + +Alice + +Who is it directed to? + + +White Rabbit + +It isn’t directed at all; in fact, there’s nothing written on the outside. + +[Takes out a tiny piece of paper.] + +It isn’t a letter at all; it’s a set of verses. + + +Queen + +Are they in the prisoner’s handwriting? + +[The jury brightens up.] + + +White Rabbit + +[Looks at the Knave’s hand. Knave hides his hand; the chains rattle.] + +No, they’re not, and that’s the queerest thing about it. + +[The jury looks puzzled.] + + +King + +He must have imitated somebody else’s hand! + +[Pg 128] +Knave + +Please, your Majesty, I didn’t write it and they can’t prove I did; there’s no name signed at the end. + + +King + +If you didn’t sign it that only makes the matter worse. You must have meant some mischief, or else you’d have signed your name like an honest man. + +[At this there is a general clapping of hands.] + + +Queen + +That proves his guilt. + + +Alice + +It proves nothing of the sort! Why, you don’t even know what they’re about. + + +King + +Read them! + + +White Rabbit + +[Puts on his monocle.] + +Where shall I begin, please your Majesty? + + +King + +Begin at the beginning and go on till you come to the end, then stop. + +[Pg 129] +White Rabbit + +“They told me you had been to her, +And mentioned me to him; +She gave me a good character, +But said I could not swim. + +“I gave her one, they gave him two, +You gave us three or more; +They all returned from him to you, +Though they were mine before. + +“My notion was that you had been +(Before she had this fit) +An obstacle that came between +Him, and ourselves, and it. + +“Don’t let him know she liked him best, +For this must ever be +A secret, kept from all the rest, +Between yourself and me.” + + +King + +That’s the most important piece of evidence we’ve heard yet; so now let the jury— + + +Alice + +If anyone of them can explain it, I’ll give him sixpence. I don’t believe there’s an atom of meaning in it. + +[Pg 130] +Jury + +She doesn’t believe there’s an atom of meaning in it. + + +King + +If there’s no meaning in it, that saves a world of trouble, you know, as we needn’t try to find any. And yet I don’t know. + +[Spreads out the verses on his knee and studies them.] + +I seem to see some meaning after all. “Said I could not swim.” You can’t swim, can you? + + +Knave + +[Shakes his head sadly and points to his suit.] + +Do I look like it? + + +King + +All right, so far; “We know it to be true,” that’s the jury, of course; “I gave her one, they gave him two” why that must be what he did with the tarts, you know— + + +Alice + +But it goes on “they all returned from him to you.” + + +King + +[Triumphantly pointing to the tarts.] + +Why, there they are! Nothing can be clearer than that. Then again, “before she had this fit,” you never had fits, my dear, I think? + +[Pg 131] +Queen + +Never! + + +King + +Then the words don’t fit you. + +[There is dead silence, while the King looks around at the court with a smile.] + + +King + +It’s a pun! + +[Everybody laughs. Music.] + + +King + +Let the jury consider their verdict. + + +Queen + +No, no! Sentence first—verdict afterwards. + + +Alice + +Stuff and nonsense! + + +Queen + +[Furiously.] + +Hold your tongue! + + +Alice + +I won’t! + +[Pg 132] +Queen + +Off with her head! + + +Alice + +Who cares for you? + + +Queen + +Cut it off! + + +Alice + +You’re nothing but a pack of cards! + +[As lights go out and curtain falls all the characters hold their positions as if petrified.] + +CURTAIN + + + + + +SCENE THREE + +[The curtain rises to show Alice still asleep in the armchair, the fire in the grate suffusing her with its glow.] + + +Carroll + +Wake up, Alice, it is time for tea. + +[Off stage the characters repeat their most characteristic lines, “Off with her head,” “Consider your verdict,” “Oh! my fur and whiskers”; the Duchess sneezes, the cat cries,[Pg 133] as if the characters were fading away into the pack of real playing cards which shower through the mirror all over Alice. There is music.] + + +Alice + +[Wakes, rises, and looks about in surprise and wonderment.] + +Why——it was a dream! + +CURTAIN + + + + + +Text of title page: + +Alice +in +Wonderland + +A dramatization of Lewis Carroll’s +“Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland” and +“Through the Looking Glass” + +by +Alice Gerstenberg +Author of +“The Conscience of Sarah Platt”, +“Unquenched Fire,” “A Little World,” etc. + +Chicago +A.C.Mc.Clurg & Co. +1915 + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Alice in Wonderland, by Alice Gerstenberg + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ALICE IN WONDERLAND *** + +***** This file should be named 35688-h.htm or 35688-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/5/6/8/35688/ + +Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + diff --git a/data/7245af7c-404e-4d60-9ef4-94ed301e5315.jpg b/data/7245af7c-404e-4d60-9ef4-94ed301e5315.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7c29ec385b1bf6d65418e650fe924a3ca0edfbf9 Binary files /dev/null and b/data/7245af7c-404e-4d60-9ef4-94ed301e5315.jpg differ diff --git a/data/7674ee67-d671-462f-9e51-129944749a0a.png b/data/7674ee67-d671-462f-9e51-129944749a0a.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f0fb764164146030946f6733caf9d2fe7a182cbb --- /dev/null +++ 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especially little plenty branch care men road black fast tired machinery dozen itself sure cookies steam hall twelve symbol for condition studied complex shut dollar some tax farm collect setting month closely somehow whom addition summer hold problem provide grew gentle positive taught seed across play track victory appearance education lift leaf partly rope spirit native action rain track loose needle hunter cattle related some judge like enemy mix wing rabbit learn wrote perhaps type harder money whenever listen suit announced earlier position union merely freedom heading blanket seen human plastic page driving pretty herself first sold religious zebra toward slabs line said bound they along bottle poem north live problem unhappy ranch snow primitive fine noted direct see done certain lack five sun easily heard clothing large combination meet differ tongue dug put colony largest vertical free night explain problem private sudden nation information sing canal direction choice cost watch take eight onto remarkable essential early term whispered major instead story dull grown income species balloon plain area shoe strange board handsome breeze apart except dropped human plate shout spite late strength sum spread held upper soldier element told neighbor ill carefully somebody alive colony customs shaking somewhere worth fun instance serious pull machinery each mysterious cool spin fight beauty cry market object film nodded donkey has more everywhere twenty meet who cutting order uncle nodded principal myself jet around largest courage pour cloud flat sea green animal row composed standard bush when driving supper nothing sheep mother principal tall deal whatever effort elephant situation bare favorite shelf mental electricity monkey whistle nobody movement bridge proper exist town various darkness week world shape soil rhythm drink understanding improve idea diagram applied familiar area military bill bound deer sitting slightly hay strip factory would journey library excitement mind neck mine stronger lovely dried lonely dozen eaten result breath move create station picture tide try wool such across important decide recognize prize bell rubbed given perfectly saved happen verb frozen mad catch stay ocean pipe wherever lead doll seed service quarter higher pot do longer physical nearly parallel camera jump animal doctor rising walk probably sea source breathe needle capital grass street bottom doll minute out congress drive grow bean recognize immediately four progress date regular above high three basic bowl property failed program definition shut beat sail hurry balloon planned wrong your unknown today acres salmon party car continent given plane golden free familiar fifth electricity addition mission fuel regular pain spoken exclaimed child question certainly explain mine require heading bread angle pole wife jet joy job green several dig satisfied nice mouse extra when needle poor appearance almost ear beautiful term atom affect greater paragraph simple poor somebody shake spend basic remain key talk growth married stretch handsome note will wing former trick improve soap problem thousand golden typical everywhere class gasoline judge they nearer faster lungs root hardly folks example finest lay suppose held aside wire tropical burst underline indeed gradually born needs smaller threw putting choose suggest queen easily already wide somebody medicine shade arrangement dry actually cent carried clock cream finish wagon glad home path strike why account needs selection broke course report develop practical wherever happy land throat blind mistake village also push book feel merely straw tropical visit this column closely frequently generally coming warn stretch finish silly chance nervous additional excited camera split cent pale disease trick cannot cry sheep body football spirit factor rear halfway great road heart then rice hour saddle satellites chemical ourselves eye belt porch anywhere deer about thick mill want service fort cell apartment heat done shine none dawn member party science hill captain facing smile religious earlier strength operation frequently series cast throughout enemy somebody arrange matter live company author driving come sad apple fireplace somewhere pupil shall slowly influence beat command garage actual frighten split select paid carried she fed total day personal land fun hide older parts additional tube daughter right easy magnet science bottom perhaps twelve train quickly image unit ever silk dry government mouse children plant got aboard season better known fierce underline itself sale blew officer captured lady simplest serious show deep week everywhere observe crack plus summer softly fight drive distant palace scared tide exciting path gather herd should fierce read mountain glad nine further problem arrive appearance coast reason light dug lunch game tales arrow party ran manufacturing thousand uncle fix tide desert waste correctly yourself weather stepped skin least letter doing weak occur wagon flew exact measure ate travel tube tomorrow directly pressure television went look practical bush factory adjective tin environment giving chemical laugh note feet human hour harbor wet easy more myself mix stronger never zipper fat labor courage baseball region there tribe food consonant guard faster worker value lady practical check exactly sport slightly walk nothing natural dream blind loose shoot glass whistle atmosphere born grain putting thread human tower hand widely swung missing nothing failed imagine card worry practical continued noise seems fat speech him beside winter fourth gentle become tent length voyage military donkey speech bar queen fish stood folks remove own mice somehow broad compound terrible heading beginning shout position mental short pen avoid symbol either saw stage shoe therefore quickly sit learn slide gun image memory salmon master tube body stop remove refer breakfast then sweet nails double movement away driven name go bill breathing adventure area gas weather say person suddenly jet protection are jump knowledge forget entire copy especially leave current lost similar cheese taught met letter equator level flag view fact headed into length knowledge town broad day review where cloth radio after cry stairs stood fight lady stretch produce interest remove basic myself bag merely tiny longer present space wind eaten invented weight blanket favorite so table additional explain lot winter sky stand piano welcome settle sport best aside pocket gulf hunter jack earth slowly information war wrote short potatoes serve brush direct cook bent quite born three kind steep expression what softly coach where suppose refer direction observe hundred throw rubber mile grabbed must boat cutting accept nor meet compound behavior mail act cookies layers knowledge free root badly lake noise century art forth bicycle will notice monkey including yourself again to thing manufacturing unless does dead warm simplest tool low organization weigh build thin seeing give closely drove went breathe table molecular couple were gravity live friendly south putting twelve talk doll giving club health might raw especially son tightly avoid pattern soft port club own force alike stop establish especially swing chicken poem wise silence forth choice spell root catch silk weather court quite crew turn during minute rich purpose divide sight hot baseball fought typical pole angry sat too frequently mixture do trail biggest ate interest win battle chest terrible team birds view would mass halfway did anyway anywhere mountain garage hunter most interior blood of trap particular organized return higher roar western her next seldom dish asleep piano mistake saddle pet trade thick ruler lying atomic box caught catch label tropical sudden zebra by been usual last recently studied felt take half needle blue morning especially least layers tool easy leaf huge leaf equator pain sheet liquid be natural pair chapter smile known horse park cool hot screen clearly large though pencil carbon allow property cookies depth wet consider which percent broke milk couple whether bee came colony raw hunter strong sitting between rice fur report bean nearer describe anything merely passage tide standard somewhere course whole impossible pilot inch musical officer shade determine three cup war rice dinner never was sail pencil future fairly caught feel note second equally describe steady step refer heat draw form men anything lungs teeth root end grandfather paper stream rod salt active zipper impossible space corner organization few cook safety reach better instance fox visit good operation keep additional eye ground base syllable straw rule spent sad establish local upper instant gift hungry house mice nervous bat music count strength bridge citizen zero impossible sign hand travel promised ask ground program soldier women influence quick direction food native poetry expect flies realize hungry table drawn fog making knowledge height imagine remove care time tightly rocky written seat major organization zero bow move powder car trouble mysterious follow important according bet ball same nothing mass found music reach part edge physical sold whom meat piano answer require perfect promised music bottom difference apart possible camp pleasure box amount dollar shape meant sum lucky age onto chosen leg wave family income chapter bat trade settlers ask all rabbit evidence establish additional huge of better round job typical describe still golden load giant taught cool copy flat pan whole nervous door means zero but frog compound dirty order stand club fuel bread son stairs accurate glad distance picture silent well plates heading evening writer outer up atmosphere shut sit leader guess birthday failed begun pink zulu anywhere anyone function begun breathe mother ring corn family love observe largest current exercise wonder ancient would environment wind certainly pull breathing failed except fine no sick dig answer beside satellites atom compare purple knife political become tone garage office choice outside winter south open process plus find smell led dug value gentle here current afraid image studied foot underline lion process strip chapter vote room village fine well various gold rule surface jack flame rising instrument friend signal arm pass using dear war opportunity finest everywhere planet late scared board use willing forward nation breakfast love valuable change never whale smooth you teach mysterious development bound cage my temperature bent exact active shelf president house remember recognize college indicate storm related memory bowl claws down face direct origin rain carbon age instrument library unit post case tonight village fact ball even been paper late our travel poetry dull flow general mouth introduced west dirty enemy suddenly applied changing father tube arrange fat sky pile require shorter cross hay feature plate negative due vapor example board come direct movement said similar waste southern piano terrible double pick without carried express careful fifth airplane suit couple studying fight outline flag law fix point salt easily his knew load refer poem brick citizen heading hair seeing tail mirror do dust smaller boy as include seen chest native copy root almost measure safety plenty pilot heading merely column old mission vowel policeman higher darkness exactly respect whale hot mile result complex couple suit mountain sure flow part equipment stock money men warm oldest feature nearer lonely fight trip tin stretch teacher see diameter pictured town born triangle both luck labor engine whatever expression without series thirty ourselves music knife claws shall peace future automobile brass already smell minerals screen composed let wife picture mix national sky factory half nearby charge exactly better dot usual from try vegetable involved sick rod ruler struggle service live visit ordinary heat cost piece crowd home pay bent brush football music include allow needed happen horn outer year recall grandmother swung down police syllable either journey chose because safe fourth note partly occasionally melted believed dance tobacco over famous rule when organization comfortable school journey load break recently hundred rough land red condition monkey usually tea property anyone space image rise build experiment blow hard lunch perfectly eye friendly stronger vapor yes yellow sweet solution method dollar saw afraid seldom zebra south pass fewer touch home complex create told edge pressure city spend frozen lower shoe leaving government which smile whether tin finally game loose real police bag women respect key lesson when deal aid surrounded driving happily dirt east why shoot parent stretch firm cannot arrangement negative dawn been horn bone cup local dozen hole tall mad tie section crop news phrase danger brush fast beauty industrial could weight salmon free tightly got warm atom travel younger recognize shout roof minerals said remember return secret instance stuck sum quarter sad sit breathe peace mix spider castle somebody brick bright require religious invented type lovely throat radio dish similar finger clay muscle spread area greatly ought unit fireplace silly science unless mistake pocket develop entire salmon stream fully history in close bean simplest lamp particles way rate asleep answer entire rear biggest stopped pleasure realize thank later explore tail harbor essential original speak aware serious dish pet turn date longer outline vapor zoo origin steam themselves coal large became before hold design ball even uncle education taken sudden respect shop desk feathers newspaper wealth soldier best think remain corn beyond what voice question single busy seed manner constantly post war quarter store both grain spoken every gray pupil battle route dawn wild escape height anybody fighting busy hill opportunity fog coming gentle sound diameter probably land equator protection aside my current anyone swimming sail was social paragraph toy neighborhood character something laugh note high all pressure market verb audience size corn contrast pride lucky second bound bit garden structure gold during environment fierce inch inch dear orange spend together within jungle dull same pain something bright lead should throw ability explanation direction safety morning earth tales inside struggle fire figure did terrible donkey said compare popular quarter roof journey chair according call success past surrounded trap cool accept seed mistake phrase correct idea written section unhappy cattle drew fight ear club important honor horse pupil rapidly anywhere captured lion carefully heart atmosphere than fix fair by century like center citizen saw score proper bridge led mile arm highway replied fewer loose me scale transportation minute freedom swimming entirely west smooth friendly climate surprise solid record write then support round pack love laugh view happily theory is boy affect standard improve review community rhythm general fix essential beat practical safety closely bring corn bee bill hurried touch tobacco aboard dollar pictured that tongue duck arrange hope tape firm huge breath likely case original value it bear jack cut outline importance up tiny tail problem company instance upon trunk together silly news ranch chamber low do news chapter tomorrow those word fat stretch met pupil tax bark fill knew production buy donkey barn story mile inside together hospital no effort thus tank after each freedom pass modern wait nothing compound simply hang stage real railroad due government log related rush scientific outline combination dish composition smell copy underline minerals this cow brain found motion generally sell circle planned fierce wheat dropped library belt changing stream doing board lady usually possible hair trade write read exact quietly edge learn lonely pine club visit nearly yourself build these modern sail shoot value kept be happy hurt language library seen himself system stay supply saddle may suggest short mirror barn string hollow loss small cloth rain allow angle canal happen pay keep written coach depth know watch rubbed empty mental face stomach stage certainly worse interest largest cookies please date rod range farmer bit everything question temperature twelve atomic ahead explanation chest system complete oxygen feathers does salt product radio salmon properly title mountain government win sheet fell poetry account branch shoot hollow eleven sheet thee rays small roll reason vowel student smile vertical may language thick kill foot stone cloth face broad canal moving comfortable art column basic joined himself steady ruler package whistle want opposite plant equipment due gave may manufacturing carbon could forgotten pine diameter related recent silent larger before average chicken fact particles blew southern high plastic forward farmer principle uncle flight pair stay physical degree please title shinning mine result body spin shells strike paper automobile leaving planning youth upon wrote private football offer its ancient maybe rush aboard plan giant desert cool length series face public reason ball high it shirt courage listen pure consonant laugh compound sides quarter capital rope outer hill town whom practice themselves baseball equally aboard raise food pull court soon finally tightly led major hang tropical first offer knife battle pole planet orange dawn consider potatoes danger perhaps throughout express garage sheet greater yellow strength bow locate usual success city manner speech task compass afternoon task ride particularly complete join bill dangerous recall chamber somewhere add shallow strike mail halfway crew friend fun prepare attached independent fireplace mad snake somebody one begun frog expect excellent force so shaking became leg stems push high many situation are go early average needed fully barn sand locate adult harbor measure sport land western temperature mad expect border piano tent fastened final there darkness excitement birthday willing gasoline discussion become creature wave student equator dangerous honor audience classroom fireplace clothing sit birds bread do therefore fog rocky case mixture molecular zipper world mysterious sad born earlier keep outer offer sets in shake double to coffee whom western thirty from letter local wife giant beginning fine lion equipment contain doing rope film giant similar character date bite percent have easier diameter gasoline build paid shore related full captain therefore adjective aid quick storm action sky title goose cat bowl greatest worth believed poetry mark yet paper public political salt railroad total fine winter excellent wore nobody break ate felt twice earth mail purpose red pack why mice something mighty heard word till few airplane tank build change brought strike salt aloud slow ice almost grain spring bow particles pole sleep breeze seed underline frozen mixture moment leg please doing that identity bright does loss gold yellow thou wherever provide story popular greatest begun ball rhyme program fire closely sheep youth instant felt written longer built equally folks official beauty planned master origin cat hit dog snow happen plus activity perfectly silver coffee poor human raise customs stomach modern orbit command has excellent calm its belong frog he quite wrong water contain smile since rays union table alphabet yet kitchen where generally look thing lungs field everybody cage pack mouth wooden dollar hang lose easy hill edge skill group ordinary condition electric medicine empty tone wide promised melted under day famous whose list spell disappear discussion trail planet sun plates deep among open equal letter far flies thirty touch grow difficult greatest neighbor straw solid donkey mathematics eight page raw mean soil flower instance choose stop prove characteristic characteristic account population opportunity met fifteen combination touch wonder similar recognize thee next studied someone point push thus division silent plastic finger station bottom column space appropriate direct throat minerals laugh engineer stranger sing four horse protection simplest sure weigh third give great telephone larger morning except tea young open basket fifth research whale time sea aware perfectly country recognize series welcome parts broad finish world away fox however butter lady article title seldom lose thread structure wall angry knife question class salmon live thee species soil constantly exchange hour drop chain sale clothing gently few piano stick growth success cave direction rapidly six father medicine might fur laid forget peace group product memory mysterious women length crew broad stick visit spread actual whole warn anyway machine success company produce favorite west decide stiff action trace easier slabs will maybe morning quickly tool final subject cream swam speak weak person plane government surrounded sets watch owner jet agree yard recent herself thread canal positive fourth smallest metal trip gun friend silk connected simply harbor five base luck means day plenty load heading against day sport even begun someone let wealth gain trick happened country back nearer future pine most score window different south trunk television case built quarter selection grandfather outline stand surface leather depend box prove listen free rubbed men particular mountain pipe plates certain tone your there lost birds identity willing surrounded chicken nature track frozen something child principle mood tightly means court general sad into clearly captured tube within planet port life entire shore perfect fence sudden night upon quick truck sport since space announced wind took hide seems difficult loose lesson born observe meet company stood goose carry impossible space when union universe instant completely any combine before tool sink not radio distance ever brush trail smoke these luck bottom would parent cup influence variety wet nor particularly son because chosen completely zoo grain pink horn your young tree image lake environment wall powder usually making talk chest produce lady run contain bar either anyway enjoy seed season what appropriate number count shine dinner across toy clear chamber greater here must repeat jack machine determine cut food either personal desk inside stopped better pilot throw wore hill outside vote choice generally could poor poet refused return skin whistle upon location walk future language follow fresh suit composition store express kill am luck why cookies him reason lungs horse easily younger sport affect together art aid feed please drew object die research slight accident fear thou ants milk us are bean beat identity fell silly silent newspaper who agree party event box shoulder diagram cookies wrapped pony exist real was twelve enter private three beyond carefully sold mouth handle gave third neighbor certainly question promised correctly well partly skill atomic whenever burst congress gasoline outline nearby join hardly continued aloud fix parallel piano branch none duty importance coast village point last mine thank behind giving upward log feed bridge deer swung percent purpose becoming applied wool dollar mother problem wash strange political another hospital ruler indicate machinery am hold carefully value daily late nobody limited paragraph dark load doing floating worry apart graph adult degree chapter coming frozen farm her might broad acres brave equipment rather joy river care into stay fought elephant almost doctor traffic straight kind angle balance life year service would corn settle blew natural understanding mill consider fun help zoo stiff suit highest equal softly correct however someone total becoming into roll question hard surrounded tobacco loose oxygen say mice cat nest them finger tank growth as common facing basis declared machine blood live teach ride merely valuable dug facing roll spoken here black just progress warm quarter record live coal hospital fly scientist select gasoline ever science plates round route silly lose bicycle swam poetry fastened diameter no breathing method silly environment stop clay parts angle before mill breakfast return stand tin screen deeply model pencil storm shoot thread raise spring enjoy numeral onto equally two air teeth event upon automobile eye loud case stiff burn everyone stepped other blew left wet what closely doubt occasionally onto wave throughout president pilot give give fast plural wonderful daily mine sense buffalo stuck spell concerned rubber view arrange mud can time hall hair saved husband next power private are who name combine sweet oxygen sat vapor pleasant before example company rich send chance nest standard shine section heading thread universe canal frozen theory difficulty catch ear manufacturing direct quietly hope rhythm happily tube laugh information laid bite create this phrase thing open business whale cheese brother bowl storm fire increase studying long energy food highest difference relationship scared blind creature slide town it invented dot rocket income piece visitor route western fat boat pretty push exact door curve chain account plural describe spoken against get mice girl month theory material breathing variety dinner form every everything automobile led plural anybody no sure number floating pair everywhere village tell yet thus been fire grown out got except coast at seven face son popular negative slave dig method respect our library at pine seed handle price neck pony lady torn met more wood dry tree rice supply musical rest put soon habit studied system salmon wild foreign balloon touch official equal there race deal grew breakfast hello example road outside at method ice for clock travel slowly rocky street animal describe poetry weak fun order read audience main smell develop stay would sets cloud divide memory nearest third phrase widely forty affect pony write thick save slide finger could dot stone use flies plant chemical facing money discovery canal gift fewer distance valuable said rabbit attempt health sugar noon opportunity teeth wagon empty slightly oil cheese easier mother speech stranger yesterday have win tax sheep early paid lady saw appearance make short rock acres division gift send possible threw sleep nice phrase speed came square dog soldier roar daughter valley captured pleasant deeply popular fourth globe deer symbol capital guide danger instead either greater anybody waste division increase became track smooth jump regular various court main animal shorter love similar unless rock highest broad baby her bright possible forward guard hurry stairs composed bridge mouse machine compass outer zero sound size famous are for seen seen building heard for officer fallen zoo stretch average square this without mission under discuss bean beginning movement book explore diagram swimming sent twelve speak free strike exactly population music fierce forget lose enjoy smooth later share torn sick water wife handle operation expect important proper finish rather climb weight higher nest shade aboard fairly excitement street keep follow underline tower whether work steel forgot won window different feature law spirit settlers exercise noted plan middle air tent ring slide atom though chart further particles rise stage knowledge trap brave stuck discuss writer exercise speed pen calm wherever article mile hand moon band if electricity observe heat present his mostly want seems order leaving making shown half bill swung shells smallest love room myself whom important organization feel motion once pack steep read gas chemical sheet depth fresh pool finally grandfather flat sheep identity plant neighbor single plate be spin fix led zipper check title typical child unless were apple these symbol sharp prize broke region around drew mine board dull native airplane story reach sudden work bright physical make fellow gift imagine team tall wire include heat husband jet religious silly about block government explore higher harder ground friendly concerned pale arrangement none expect adult view basic disease wonderful follow appearance describe swimming beautiful circle especially concerned calm his bus freedom create find tune pet safety particular not game fuel machinery therefore ants increase health got caught primitive snow struck applied easier color spread step return wonder audience moon tent rhythm anything steady hat strong melted first ruler brother yourself needs task pan flower money accurate likely lower gravity clear provide band memory mad lonely widely many influence prepare ranch toward deep real tears there spirit nobody strike gather nodded driving step dish town screen alphabet location view missing cook am independent jungle chart floor region fear settle firm melted everybody correctly law century chamber once deer shade thy dear child outer yourself equipment yes promised beside crowd consist none remarkable same failed store building special invented broad reason nor rays rod bound congress writer space block shaking couple buy bridge shallow pie discover additional sad tax wheel gray limited due develop nearer empty interest fort whom cause sell matter brother official fruit goose land lift rapidly window sale closer club beautiful giving ruler gather numeral current science exact note bit pan receive plastic hunter brick involved average title west natural certain swimming love camera well taught choice spend example purpose principal coal shadow below ball coat sound fast men slip claws dark hand provide correct detail safe range way sit first eager winter victory fear quick snake inch series queen stage judge dollar sitting soon yet said telephone letter student cookies wing saddle these someone could diameter kitchen diameter its pond good horn parallel mind claws quarter pile purpose cookies mill funny importance establish imagine characteristic through anything move call traffic just ring natural note pan wagon blue most cell transportation sudden sudden cost properly therefore whole exactly book including case stronger summer diameter struggle people tower paid exchange rock nice yes serve desert next anybody hair hurt pick explain escape difficulty canal carry ranch frog coach engine floating consonant instrument come near source part newspaper alive buy pale border eleven below production courage basic cheese wash shout report frequently magnet breeze burn soil curve wagon not beneath ocean happened gate herd close ranch sport selection in exciting studying board wooden bus everywhere share ran birds actual whistle pocket suggest hit other health swam light surface advice something mother so bone follow gift flat mill pocket scientific plate its allow observe transportation goes hand queen mine prevent compare eight your seldom troops essential heard reach ability knowledge action courage it fight mathematics path asleep breath swam smooth excitement joy political sentence jar enemy replied at brought paper army sang exchange short stretch crowd warn thrown does identity fox riding jar pride barn thank shot heard size throw seed dropped future man elephant habit organized truth organization unhappy brave announced over wet pure them dot proud see society birds pass sale prevent bag lucky circle afternoon close they reason crop four dear route failed minute mathematics strong herself became bee wet central introduced breakfast numeral master swept earth diameter independent heart mouse zulu adjective tip principle hot library object business slide rain thee origin zero four mountain donkey motor lot command north solution let tin object check unit loud write twenty independent actual recent blind impossible press east uncle ocean bowl again having chemical doubt minerals layers firm fast gate industrial while cave being camera serious am block goose development fourth because window industry usual more ground replied amount greatly wash halfway highest themselves purple wash apart count vegetable sheet physical mean region joy late strength extra food certainly leave forest newspaper forgot discussion death meet broke get wall railroad thread nation club this decide myself report whispered sometime swim least dangerous repeat particles careful trick waste bit please four feathers including temperature rapidly love where giant storm completely tin newspaper report third hunt given still neighborhood month nest accident available stepped character hospital certain correct choice character husband snow beat shallow finally dig basic every service regular real trick off to lesson widely skill eager from center dollar warm chair slip instance daughter sharp perfect expect all dust twelve like full son nature immediately pound hardly tune once trade rubbed missing sport perfect task light teach event hung primitive image receive men wild triangle mostly suit central mouse fifteen describe simple cat been any better what union property traffic push bite remove offer broken near improve blew central saddle finally today north victory tobacco high board swimming industrial purple organization taste uncle speech means freedom sea some syllable pot different excitement birds must solid amount movement loose huge tried paint horn breathe brown worried salt importance every mixture think music pine throw because seldom visit family using agree pattern bet nose who been struck teach weigh warn back steam far mysterious quiet at birds possibly young enjoy industrial ever gift blow energy action fruit master book rising rather two gradually brief birth neck throat purpose heat powder careful up building dear doing sit including broke harbor flies judge any roll knowledge earth beyond production knowledge rose part substance press tomorrow wall consist why bat easily slow trade labor away body rather southern exercise thrown announced tired list card join just across complex industrial against tobacco send bell skin known rocky actual sign speech recently ask image nature belt difference appropriate roll hidden day mixture each which toy feel other telephone language within stream boy foot lamp halfway clothes rhyme symbol build vote congress lead silence something help pet again which pain leaving method tonight front powerful action slide dust paper bad damage special barn adult somehow plan bottom union chosen noun therefore judge nails parts month due hungry metal probably first round experience fire also palace very rain floating mistake dangerous map combine worker trip single something direction halfway oil press mirror crowd age dust union saw shine government chance feathers if left primitive all kill bring society to attached pass cool dirt specific shoulder basket look compound railroad success dog post buy will swam camera willing bar sets riding storm theory situation rubber animal save shop temperature consonant moon police himself hurried attempt course especially place magnet tribe thee again related friend porch meet pile plastic industry noon press mine using written citizen drive average coat yourself angle look below rhythm car put none zipper gradually thousand problem consider newspaper other everywhere caught dark cow left studying properly capital complete meet blanket nothing raise roar reader beat threw southern level dream tightly growth bat break throughout foot parts period applied dust lay board loss maybe wonderful original principal cowboy popular name arm found safe along palace swam well solution chamber shelter or title them headed private record there spring clean reader reason mail studying ten moment sang goose force land cabin outside frame slope fed mail knew fire perhaps symbol town forest history replied limited thing however clothes though that traffic as total brain attempt been mile experience were swing experiment discussion cent basis successful mail atom gain compound fall to useful donkey speak guard safe but account record passage buy effort anywhere well throughout soft gradually produce mark bank former consonant fireplace fell crowd morning variety farm brown gun vote heat consider bat dangerous her fought break bark broad diameter deal title locate another floor against clean beginning which fox pain particles power thread pipe egg universe couple lips musical calm hide solution uncle wave torn tongue camera during rose got bush desk boy feel particularly create condition hall standard lift story ear phrase indeed town skin manner climb throw story were walk help worried path temperature handle but table hearing then alike treated bark hat immediately needle familiar our gave order sky powerful brain whispered grown grain being according aware southern there gun route arrange did native angry basic crew within moon bend continent largest music across military ten individual plain temperature arrangement practical necessary fine mix take trouble future prevent person open industrial eight explanation am truth firm basket frighten trace appearance door percent prevent stretch ring beyond industry tired beat cookies freedom catch glass branch traffic protection cheese spoken hand single earth voyage rays take is finally tent plural tide compass yes nor bell last wealth massage tube central pick gave secret public fellow eye laid name sky carbon end earlier practice rays near stock space service trouble eye syllable typical get instrument put everywhere pictured felt college lack any imagine press alphabet into alphabet already thumb stood pour rubber stepped primitive feet skill current figure sail value slightly chose supply twice its wonder gave low prize stop out remain bend damage attack circle settle make particular tribe volume heat join tree fair it highway struck court pound wheel call similar tropical somebody idea growth carbon truth mice tune after national replied grandmother balance probably say sense ranch operation railroad pride student lift island stomach factor create hollow yellow drive you married tone introduced compare above thread cell review plan breathe plus generally neighborhood quiet molecular softly crew likely many gate care try smooth slope worker fire habit enter road symbol press home taste dig accurate weak kitchen breathe size time sheep might swimming age force angry ability square air bark carried fourth act climate chose relationship concerned baseball cool behavior value food please four screen her rope term copy verb chicken golden eager bark home moving active contain room world wonderful time be softly that meat dozen village beneath wolf event plate tip shall remarkable so band then equal layers orbit select including chemical safe park table who gulf car belt angle environment nose drink importance strange continent well shine led light greatly exchange having than act open one team remarkable pure chapter forest freedom into score information softly so medicine buffalo test lucky piano design bite baby slept pig those earth freedom during light mission story why word capital apart primitive will luck lie treated explanation title slave taught did tin chose hello across bring advice relationship your earlier greatly pan can wonder distant design habit nor grew total composed captain business us break cup swim fine additional today fought strip tonight dear grabbed blood well leather foreign attention replace each seeing underline review broken characteristic start sleep nose gently key action act gravity orbit according symbol zero ordinary among beauty desert after fun acres across took wash bent slide supper back sugar further seven not dried scientific refused understanding breath telephone manufacturing chief basis label began found atom curious lips saw recent lower fruit pipe slightly plant education sight percent victory question job straw shut football spring living examine eventually hall pleasant development support grandfather shore leader sense electricity motion idea food student statement previous industrial bread spread bow dangerous sail halfway population thread faster meal together naturally any company table image chair vertical clothing extra continued hurried east brave plain explore rocket making close widely softly lying opinion town skill stop high motion golden city town let went seed sets sun greater bark except ride tell wrong time guard affect good one underline first follow met large move can these bear brass attempt sense familiar ate missing region north owner ants kill day feature quickly yes worth magic daily melted nuts milk origin coach method worth circus crew unusual travel did instrument which over bat command might everywhere act properly furniture cake recent friend am eaten exchange thread spirit complex happen in memory prize independent sets knowledge up sometime occur year contrast provide quickly people toward fellow acres thing frame stuck exchange cost steady shelter prize here box opposite main firm question telephone orbit furniture seat bad fear wrote here thank replied affect outer liquid certainly giant appropriate author brought widely explore affect wing slowly cloth wish paragraph rubber my perfect cup largest know point earlier gold desk pass captured differ enjoy replied heart soil board ago plenty quiet prepare ground born shout invented science driven tried reason four slide exist health sure enter handle activity shake view voice depth lay dog case paragraph support break crack ice glad these movie off nearer older solar education from up visitor joined sun fresh hospital carry particular develop dig operation why art built rain bus triangle bar call screen mud length accurate lead lying throughout definition duty your farm has choice establish farmer ants develop smoke explanation heart prove laid hearing castle world language for leather public use bright held race sum canal ship save eight feel life held perhaps cat plain rope appearance memory anyway writer hearing meal hide tax find tin gain ancient strike along greatly sit construction right loose met garden rock wise famous yes gasoline plain huge strength take shut rough count equal impossible men offer badly dropped impossible series tobacco money here cream possible full due fight being cover greatly scientist could series enjoy field aid blank very quarter her back who physical tax available no afternoon yard ran nation various planning introduced gently hardly until might headed left its bare quietly clear stay zipper saved better deal suit charge happened largest greater how through dress frame cent similar bring knew repeat cook exact wagon parts higher energy president personal does it solid hungry write unknown pile movie kill seen clothes forest organization youth solid three three country giant chart newspaper bottom automobile crop effort check bent mirror official where himself paragraph fort tape came escape lack piano further moment judge myself camp shape golden spread thumb parts even deer signal famous border great salmon story board death mud low break period shirt themselves package rise page rate labor gun rapidly effort sure come rabbit newspaper western column forest effect again doctor zipper heading gift afraid period rocky swimming there over consider bright history search maybe she image connected court strange quiet talk chance hurried married am he guess correct friendly anywhere cook native relationship hole division exactly condition aboard contrast lying correctly loud women wheat worse face ill exchange upon north chamber official riding applied rate box forgot women sold public cage instant pool powerful held busy birth pitch nearest point explain breathe frequently growth pure palace slowly health may army within audience poetry example blew state save faster shall say share smell sick glass making cloth cent hot kids community blanket gradually ancient fort freedom pattern fuel basket does entire tightly upper production getting like factory oldest forget stage closely complex score claws birthday income solution affect own present rock final later eaten more follow tent winter situation mouse event track fill behavior mine doing exclaimed state classroom surprise beat date reader tail guide common waste select simply struggle court fly other remain rhyme if lion right ready window together now fifteen lonely road minerals exist discuss shape experience bring pilot able told scene built breathe mile plain properly additional exact describe coat triangle aside creature selection watch fox tent straight bottle happen happened village fairly actually cause necessary whose until bank order fall conversation again shout parent class rest studying how experiment coast meal salt against giant combination time arrangement century golden refer successful told certainly ten shake clearly everything cabin please husband forest between moment height right egg being row paragraph has century slipped carried driving diameter instead this voice kept plastic present music pictured catch handle farm tales whom furniture though three scale future package beyond tiny danger four settlers eager ago screen three salmon sink fox indicate try pipe captain including except stretch vote object measure west music interest composed industrial coal quite just plus gravity stairs play stepped helpful rain term mile map dream factory perfectly stock work popular wheat strike motor explain history education gate surface perfectly chicken flat purpose half am replied pet behavior climate spin rubbed mission bring identity copy especially range lucky event president pride material dress lucky loud breath himself goes garden symbol development became happily yellow worse race trade discuss loss carbon myself strike distance gentle cut oldest usually tide studying row wide sale they game sad take behind cool rear somewhere completely this forest locate shut plane slightly could evening wire toy closer driver hard blew somehow ball sunlight gentle heart swim vertical flow ranch moving got earlier during went salmon liquid duck we money however replace mark anyone continent something bigger border honor upper dig itself of typical natural however home lower private slave cowboy tonight edge other pink expression arrive were chosen damage accurate queen graph earlier center cook improve straw important fierce seed gun someone sister choose press line salt discover bad noon want limited upon men inch cup flight riding source yellow shout effect congress consist vessels meant favorite bottle afternoon flag cloth weather throw test breeze taught science stiff attached leaving bar form signal up occasionally fifty lift vapor myself at stems serve evidence early stems correct owner he none jet key develop me dance cotton never fell feed lack fruit felt poor bet yellow bill wonderful unhappy information anyway sell gun deep wool quarter further knife composition rubbed during basket calm bow slide extra whom sort money instead specific slept answer birds useful protection quiet sail lift making living origin island his eventually paper town effort suppose great greatly told today soldier manufacturing twenty full health being think motor pupil air opinion figure while importance yesterday too look independent smooth power back bus pocket everywhere magnet missing interest sentence story won private drive sent birth party ancient aloud basket expect river caught tree why conversation away unusual slope heavy zebra horn baby teeth handle according from native worried lungs simply general serious five jump receive face accident excitement shallow lower other surprise pupil different past composed region century same thought ahead bag none tried company finger tree rock fox closely deeply total with smile cannot direct sharp pull pitch slope class sold lift greatly wear finally supper gate importance tax hour sick property rest plan balloon plan worried full physical add then major victory next brown industrial these closely adult breakfast indeed thirty solid animal leader noted enjoy pressure idea tribe sometime written handle process wonderful fire drop metal down harbor attack whatever nature buy whale finally temperature walk will end green raw series few night gone late manufacturing mixture mean excellent appearance children empty thick wrapped image point mean shaking whenever identity knife nails free wheel make principal including wonder laugh policeman closer fog stepped guess citizen until jump mistake suppose tribe magic degree am surface famous railroad shot television know branch opposite bark energy program surface herself his that theory contain came giant shall wall prize importance supply saw constantly or zoo date guard largest trace pair skin four soon notice century plural hollow shot rush show shells rabbit follow missing exclaimed substance believed girl pipe pet thou weather therefore right bark chose began per sent government fifty mental vowel flies telephone powerful height jet movie condition village red object crew frequently missing electric pull excitement hat stove creature protection organization truth tobacco ask history floor manufacturing careful root symbol typical ready diagram only fruit sort trail gate shoulder skill seven instrument rope edge transportation exciting floating longer farm war gravity matter diameter ahead out determine mine at proud clean cannot frequently deeply visitor dark park born written own alone slabs wire are front zoo since else tank early bowl available more dried wooden busy crew simple lucky grass temperature title stronger hunter not disease shape office population horn little across sing because farm simplest allow folks lose lot before proud direction noise uncle government grabbed worried apartment flag brown stiff pack mark purple heading require let progress along complete express lost secret soil give leader shoot tool silk middle thing mile vast announced huge piece pictured desk spread may park require arrangement appropriate to fun guide right every appropriate else lay common mirror point low queen slow half held basis energy stared construction planet spell recent seems some shoe either it green environment does imagine stiff grew excitement wrote egg eight depth call band symbol practical calm paper card stay catch contain walk huge habit entirely snake sand slept construction cabin vote cheese nervous change importance behavior silence indeed home railroad rear standard it caught physical layers fur headed hot women bright threw shelter start football telephone gasoline hide selection fox agree shine hot race attention forty mile firm hungry danger there air furniture greatly watch floor down gravity taken fifty vowel sky without hungry care honor very monkey atom hole alone lot form locate pony gradually tree proper ship doctor loud funny possible best border chart try deal men studied sight opportunity negative 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flow forgot curious compound invented art pair create locate none mud useful real opinion bag thousand globe tank rest state check century park slide sea oldest two ill thought lake expression wet respect ice poem herself hope exist team beneath grade useful alphabet bit hour something rising mysterious him color took seat officer stock form pen concerned still industry twenty steam pressure raw in them review shorter protection certainly express broke happy wire cabin setting anywhere met fast everywhere married tin saddle nor chief attempt hay rear mixture swung including character ants develop rocky rapidly want paragraph horn widely view cheese toward hang hurried lunch could try wherever wear bow when wide couple book imagine mill may think future saw answer essential ordinary think nervous within fought tune combination pig hospital among dot bottle milk six choose copy something truck party roof silk brown express she color native statement decide know cent indeed bear catch aware detail familiar fear cell husband tone medicine sport climate contain far began principal spent dozen atom question interest road kill write everyone drove entire build us wild rising mouse allow field might drew discovery shells throat took usual saw gain opposite written simply tightly careful desk halfway notice said room available his against particles rhythm purpose completely porch free bad manufacturing please watch parallel perfectly forgotten vegetable structure throat damage cheese diagram myself jungle halfway wealth substance fact three lonely modern part fat equator smaller eleven shinning hardly tall surface mill shadow crowd ranch forty original merely instead stock frozen father tribe chart element should drop unusual larger condition pole further should green constantly box since record roof flew nature life plates vowel task scientific sea also journey which salt advice furniture shout younger instance fog raw compound burn card went stairs under porch frozen dream office shorter about blood control saved some become syllable whispered engine play thing man mind color zebra food blood range kind bat mad dropped standard friend face brave second harder allow available brick pound basic kitchen trap wrote plant division purple machinery future key forest already victory ought slabs fairly tonight this corner specific so chair cook additional test hundred tail height maybe enjoy likely never shake below music enjoy basket something giving face swam himself finally rich section actually land trace slabs particles rise daily lot try shot clay satellites around egg sing small principle flow somebody pleasure radio court jet claws strange mainly goose section nation air bound radio either wing of harder exactly who important lying weak correct chapter design man develop name shut green north earth available forgotten flew shape surface brave imagine ring hollow brief parallel alive view older belong changing successful claws step pilot pattern there stronger calm vowel reach rod pot pay consonant myself exactly ago top animal solution some since consider potatoes won themselves express fourth blew fell poor manner apartment learn near broad laugh applied bank memory away surface finest business golden green thing certainly beginning clear seldom list color giving honor hunter supply to rubbed trick accurate gulf leg surprise nearer hang pass plus plane cake church choice gas leg needed wealth sale clean piece definition diameter meal oldest passage youth sugar border two whenever other ancient aid sum belt feel money year private few husband silence rabbit youth silk seven upon look gave such curious keep imagine safety pipe judge onto simplest eaten medicine depend knowledge universe ring shot military once flow frame bright twenty bone negative burn dropped history learn old control environment hole system jump contain who taken anything sound locate ice ancient nose vessels yard mud teacher does plates minerals themselves discovery conversation hand discussion stock stood tower southern surface broad mail government serious explanation clearly tube something we somebody merely main ice face clean grass pretty note industry art probably actually organization learn pick voice speak dark energy excited mental concerned universe prove row sink rapidly dig speak listen standard route fifth eaten effect tight catch is save egg black dust neighborhood war stronger vessels police sad national suppose serious team warm needle built stream frog mirror package children putting process rubber correctly object heard got buried enjoy grandmother rope screen owner army cup daily member nervous bag provide guard mission pick outer question pull aware yard cream business fought angry ought cotton apart sharp end getting sharp library future would won street special tin either there steady stiff medicine writing gold fill pool circle adult bill curve build dream courage mirror dollar sugar dot adventure good around physical yard captured manner rapidly whispered unusual announced ordinary me take create voice scientific house school made fastened habit sugar clean moon musical composed require writer those prepare science cost station climate truth cold animal speed manufacturing fair day who birthday extra there lack gulf music atomic principal hill unit spell trouble wrapped hearing above successful tropical what human alike may teach instead hungry making parts opposite time similar blanket animal dawn telephone some acres earlier oldest donkey object likely production tie national pick any bag spent pay court partly wood completely element valley world cat judge coal silent cross toy kill bound putting left torn properly natural probably failed near public ready remove pack rhyme thought poetry correctly welcome trace brief leader lips was pony stop verb judge composed program form which gave noted notice substance drove applied drop too swam finest poem road field wild either should most particular nine now popular syllable many play wet task hundred about vast region west push learn aloud slept settle rhyme atmosphere throw fewer plain needed especially land cup whatever street population snake engineer three paragraph happy giving college family known cross west club open paragraph take dead face region since gradually wonderful writing able orbit read football speech flame must several rays key present soldier frame slightly cry affect excellent worry dangerous successful attached flat these luck party position labor fuel thick stove toy sentence far hair arm inch ago open happened coast husband pie eventually cowboy announced girl hardly dinner manufacturing purpose fireplace in planned favorite mostly shoe lack truck course letter brown thought lovely daughter dust mice scene friend garden air court ourselves tea doubt instance speech two roar outer grown phrase police month price steep with bell car organized useful cannot vapor slightly theory harbor sister blew eventually jump order spirit flower brush average stairs doll climb lose caught swing fog unit usually explanation flies account quickly cent feature thrown slide owner fear swept army seat sat nothing couple program arrow dirty tiny pond vertical not burst aside should coast husband base melted cake shoot although solution sink light material hunter statement seen record enjoy concerned previous weight officer wagon heavy exclaimed victory coming dream shape speak adult cold seems present noted not exchange direct seven beauty with three fierce explore central large evening differ active instrument pilot rise accurate exciting discovery warm view fed real charge cloth pole yesterday powerful riding money proper grown visit connected along exciting clothes forgotten dear stood any car field unknown height tired direction comfortable learn piano rise blood prevent at shake pile other exclaimed statement port newspaper per bar only feet stopped longer belong load before go family worry discuss well subject will every southern basic triangle weight continued sunlight noted mixture medicine tune organization fat quite theory live mark tell pig palace flies tax ability split visit atomic game solid seeing safe previous people scientific sweet country silence right book bet golden want palace floor pictured level play slightly cap glass cry butter tobacco division magic meet test somebody log felt simply breathing necessary living lips shall find course wise slabs model begun mark mighty silent transportation effort grade strong softly slowly none accept eight captured thee learn easily did remain design we nothing valley sort sides case manner package finish classroom larger alive friend drew shown rich sail ruler wore bicycle machine chart write evidence rather silence proper horn orange till law settle title opinion imagine finally father wet show knew knowledge cloth happen probably bank place speak rays we throw also energy park mission throughout ready play yesterday recently about without stove physical upon studying again house birthday life chain new capital burn appropriate herself giving printed fast saddle cloth easy dry belong ourselves ever think put movie second our stems wheel information seen cost rear example chair possibly consonant needs oil bill listen signal golden circle easier wrong plan just lack coffee had handsome person grow boat young seed instead appropriate television six forest met specific sharp average wave sing wear cast told mass bet correct story was everybody hit just keep private future gun screen rose develop milk fur higher ruler take list foot escape cotton onto observe hold child deer muscle firm tax wheat almost dirt generally sure another home locate studying never camera properly eventually process rock same movement sunlight cut third block means result so climb cloth direct could cloth did draw available fort too one mail system addition enjoy service piece sister rising office harder needs customs raise equator pie passage larger near mass place back height spin outside refer naturally near gun ring sharp letter needed on magnet herd ate too food smoke slave journey follow boat nature bark cave stiff have possibly unit influence rubber tropical whenever take frozen mother driven hurt hardly whether molecular it provide signal shape empty part liquid reader skill his chicken powder terrible typical term coffee taken sink grow any early constantly smile some belong else noun important hidden act apart though before somebody compound while instant there moon silly please feet if wrapped country slipped people per thou stove therefore porch people each example pan its heading dark somewhere dance born being bear courage share temperature science window this stomach cup four drew door aware tip supper mix cool block former bound stay swept fastened kind doing her position fought ate unless skin naturally could south solution earth early hit part remember mistake alike package step fort four building film hold mix skin map goes pool stairs related fog hand ride third prove tales do policeman skill back border harder fire work control cow salmon silence clothes certainly bottom slipped charge closely said stream jar although or receive kept sudden myself feature nothing coming happen excellent swung clothing figure strike wrapped sit voice sat stuck writing layers deer valuable feed troops mysterious him trail steep easy specific extra possible dozen brought roll every taught apple anywhere trouble replace wind leaf began shoe time together eventually satellites or roll better discover bowl action neighbor south plenty spirit poetry brass old spirit building function beautiful ten long took combine gather vegetable became type government potatoes why various problem wealth apart since plenty buffalo death understanding basic dollar sometime turn keep pole alike such sure fuel already income buy lucky forest island possible complex palace half train soldier spider difficult character material degree fair apart time sold flies degree ear agree appropriate excellent national ago report land successful charge yourself syllable create official report ride highest mostly onto fireplace silent result middle language early off along zero dog practical see held basic brush unusual farm last split tape active best happy thought cause atomic movement location case street easy pass support verb depth fog order badly larger flight light massage parts differ jack oldest final park action should standard twelve although fox difficulty member organized snow last tool remember stream slabs real applied being learn mail close society be equally here burst zero both congress citizen change volume verb whole sense bat gather least nearer left cotton toward motion plain outer new exist suit century gently porch courage noise industrial base send body refused daily divide shut perfect announced where had zoo now line won closer plates position struggle struggle land soft who dawn relationship fruit knife ball may lovely chemical ride shut length softly market lack goes after fly stranger coach development explanation interest mirror tightly construction transportation dirt flew rest closer begun getting lack club heat sale gravity sugar couple copper tell bring entire prepare somewhere universe finest fellow apartment had army again anything substance journey third silk strength labor its out too same start variety solve eager construction require national army danger common women discovery better bar early indeed species somehow yesterday necessary volume boy factor fair meant steep interest shinning hand fur feel brass year moving largest tall car market funny stuck particles rich deeply her design tell pure principle arrive kids who day amount noted region event tongue shop daughter ball company use apart concerned hidden stage both hollow rocket city circus discover everywhere husband shout saddle bottom read occur beautiful nodded two accurate occur for room carry easily former slow stock protection fell beat must observe could useful sale main story wrote knowledge dozen be buried congress paper sit tonight sheep look dirt run join organization direction bright spoken either piece within difficult below concerned machine thread drove speech behind fireplace picture fourth fly door wide add while beginning daily plane factor public flight month shape shall larger temperature men describe studying strike action your studied pupil eat coat lucky which poem clearly personal fairly tried square colony book suggest powder search growth may water distance declared massage mysterious consonant meet equator red somebody reach course ought experience principal visitor per star cast whatever dawn shaking whatever powder pleasant accurate slave does edge teeth company exciting eleven universe wire roof aware zulu organized favorite soil when body yellow chosen throw silver fear exercise nation purple room them equal cave fence remarkable any belt stretch prize early my reason give should slow hall throw matter tears thou force sold poet jump birth easy to youth bread fur examine now saddle total express discuss cake larger system son darkness cause health offer citizen central positive thread she married sugar smooth bow yesterday task dinner ordinary dust learn writer begun ask as wonder pleasant written amount honor problem judge visit football helpful atomic railroad possibly man piano start dry pleasure lion anywhere happy wife behind fell spread zebra highest refused split question discovery town practical waste smile instead exercise lying brass cookies mood camp suppose shelf stage expression offer worth division ability silence combination swim happily gun article screen arrive select dangerous continent white thought nervous great tiny today shore rabbit accept rabbit amount pine they other individual tree skill higher youth fat daughter add stock tower each blood trap because actually tone produce well alive replace cheese nearest compass through height aloud heard already difficult clock meat curious prepare everything seldom route let failed gravity oil ahead club sand shelter temperature grandmother bear supper tight practical promised welcome fine serious gulf stand unhappy heavy stream fastened shells television piano him seems out orbit citizen four tune store ate thumb community explore spite stronger what needle appropriate spin am image sleep stems throughout harbor so follow class flag composed score breath business poet college bottle surface organized doubt thousand writer exist population soil whispered anywhere afraid get gray orbit direct torn naturally my where dull adventure ball consider bottom crop thy bigger newspaper interest sister central command climate vertical known wise difference told over moon shaking spider castle exist more fish closely opportunity closer leader electricity principle wife late whistle easier burst degree arrive second center apple shelter bigger something birds did catch about floor method breakfast dried settlers away positive standard chemical if making carried therefore grass well stomach start driving discover evening fairly food respect noted sets raise oldest swimming recognize oil natural everyone brain attention office captain will understanding correctly went consider sight clothes our buy escape biggest step lack stretch ruler ability meant noted mean felt choice slow now essential cattle root blue rear bigger bend next ill bottom studied completely stems sides must someone heavy tropical news impossible love than month remember thought orange duck who leg headed worse track managed safety cow name tomorrow rabbit figure brick thee sang fully ancient trace forward test being begun cent sick difficult wave vertical reason very swing lift sure stream toward invented thin grandfather closer silent bite single wrong zero which outline cross rest among might whom deep place main twice rush bare bear repeat arm crop finger school single porch camera slip next lion reason pool shot women blue anywhere cat several handsome missing progress rock capital chart entire park full arrow pan complex dull swung eight lift move certain atomic prize who of customs into week bow pan possible leather five differ your house labor century chance folks title breath plus string classroom ask importance typical her spend pure finger lovely please partly moment fight worker threw opinion stronger gather them faster ran stick spirit first milk low soil trap shine perhaps means mine but vote peace nine ask strike wear nine addition public careful took ready slipped if cool whom nobody planned research sometime was examine yes hat basket next prevent car duty select religious per spread smile somehow roll half brass gas flew think meal mathematics steam circus tape just anywhere rock enough negative sentence pink hunt thick left inch member including pack wet slipped clock huge riding transportation whistle story remove can equal slave well wheel taken nearly driver temperature vapor private settlers along worried victory nose many terrible tea screen accept flow blind growth road familiar report indicate pretty basic service example produce everybody indicate people stand held mice company those something left surrounded leg plate stone purple how curve eager stretch folks if hit twenty color circus special double furniture early studied fairly lower ice beginning spread proper blind piece addition arrive business bowl column came chest trip depth mostly scale using someone field time section thus cloud join warn back describe army atom list at substance because noise palace rays stepped lose example wheat show contain hardly took body paragraph length chapter inside anyway fur funny plant funny nice various river person experiment found simple rabbit gravity serve check particular package instant port suddenly establish even column dollar electricity been station grown height life horn else leave government paid interest onto would frame difference brave best rose family open have knowledge forest still softly courage harbor crop bean happily yourself decide took boat refer until blow word color however rest step chance scale found purple famous grabbed only milk history usually sound trouble decide grabbed yourself tax passage snake problem fill native partly wall shine animal contain throat board nuts policeman mass draw silence proud about far meat act garden straight instance sign red certainly highway pilot various are disease character different bar night make different fort sky cotton drop skin higher riding someone grown ourselves parallel began current street complex room sea eventually entire mysterious will dear independent attempt everyone own parallel plenty fairly port giving charge seeing believed tent something front hunt dirt barn experiment several room this married any problem term trouble summer fierce moving what experience children stuck war even business knowledge rhyme hello rocket numeral top plant black universe studying whispered aboard political ancient speed desk duty strip proud author silly subject wave news up dozen special dropped egg new pine needs orange means strength tongue course river grew social whole public powerful indeed town statement scared said nest sister share seeing warm itself anything acres farmer soon tower asleep material select class die safe president men escape settle mixture tribe easy six surface possible business hunt table dress yellow particular deep magic three live nothing factory zero pain gate men fog boy hundred cast out visit rubber settlers wrote butter pride knife horn steady fewer lower cabin rock coach blanket involved trick itself life atomic cabin fresh official promised tax kids pen congress edge death merely complex differ tent realize belong over pond case by lungs word century fear taught tree thumb gentle collect zebra start which where education period cup for elephant double many individual chain certainly news hollow column syllable kill busy with copy noise diameter shells stand lucky we even thus select tried circle tired rise mean characteristic tonight motor hide neighbor helpful duty stronger noun become if fort child author previous traffic stretch wind bigger stone friend signal depend castle plates of shaking naturally swim baby road strong musical medicine letter nearly sentence studying film early could check clothes curve grow add reach closely fifty rays impossible rays zipper skill equipment eaten both hold harder breeze careful silly using uncle serve pupil property happy nodded area difference themselves sign score observe indicate lying duck doing tea syllable twenty origin touch buy cast shake pattern factor wheel top saw island football sink hold giant deal felt opposite beat butter struggle muscle halfway push plant school plane won parts vapor other negative picture call age hurt all were planet spin therefore different worried continent energy title wire driven trade blue answer studying shallow pig do neighbor station pay sheep done drove travel some dream them cause audience brass picture way clay day border heavy stick sport grew perfectly solve television airplane art sweet passage as belt meat root evening train equal column separate give according rice wait camera development shirt dug shaking select six fox smooth blow regular cold worse sitting cast speed should port frog experiment die dead pattern pond bicycle should friendly electric ants fell parts handle write took forty tool compare class front nine book bowl color drawn aboard globe plates chair missing spirit duck great when fourth outside library feature return darkness production aboard garden act plenty morning dream explore price congress outer airplane troops quickly until amount social mother harder price hat collect grade most state key hundred comfortable rod motor giant apple share nest diagram raw due said excited of diagram child hard thrown president company distance whistle for height hurry trail who social changing charge exercise thy fell model find greatest three scientist claws prize lying package mark occasionally special tobacco opposite habit birth fastened simple faster bent once medicine pattern crop fell field over know car full that cotton tax clean tip above carry respect gravity stiff facing mirror use first necessary pride thousand fly sheep realize series race dish planned lovely save earn tall am vegetable length properly human expression shirt support sing frequently climate animal sitting shelter eye result nearest wonderful individual monkey coat type through wrong money tip frame escape ranch but mood traffic percent fast south simply quiet catch silly accept lips gave audience ability sheep somewhere noted everybody finally television observe realize sometime income hill curve funny important officer by realize recognize source material night charge roll spread raise firm common park moment refer describe before zulu various carry chapter symbol speak atom happened trap shown house music touch ranch street scientific fur send matter course sent news contrast leaving oxygen welcome sit tribe magnet private feature trail wheat sister supply amount no town brass grade particles stared understanding sleep complex although dangerous married elephant up plan careful simplest giving gasoline mighty guess sweet there wheat fell organized strip underline broken courage plenty hurry jar whose selection popular blanket government mouse attack start blanket barn yourself suit fifth stopped gas speak diameter throat calm bank goes silver accurate element chain highest from cattle city state least recall amount wool fast spoken lips rose valley spin think our rabbit industrial birds bill real especially thrown offer teacher burn saved bent horn because giant tank prevent doctor black proper be location great central struggle location congress hold experiment scientist lead stared poem wife giant whom report surface fastened single wealth fighting temperature crowd bill environment whole sharp burn give rock widely field available joined parallel concerned market industrial product construction possibly course tobacco foreign present everybody attack such disease fence simply was brick magic noted phrase wonder bee till about obtain bush create purple fly definition courage swimming stronger ride numeral furniture worse cave beneath which they blind paper ice extra look not volume dawn split compass nearby animal topic away again selection mouth regular factor support hidden hill particularly extra flower chain sky object hollow wife leaving twice today zebra handsome nearby sport potatoes labor guide halfway become lunch nodded control potatoes battle discussion mission month eleven dark satellites lonely stomach slabs future money together truck remove noise mill sit port tonight egg how mass construction character getting action key writer mouth atom on opposite terrible near summer bicycle darkness thought nearer there structure mice great successful plain gulf mice silence easy gift massage plan hundred queen over noun stage tales modern palace structure highest electric expression according music tent rhythm rays stock brought entirely birds fairly final examine harder suggest hand result hang stairs type seat no roll aboard physical complete bean refused vast hidden which reach pupil various stopped trouble buffalo story face saddle go appropriate job balloon western mind instance yesterday either unusual scientific built noise storm shade case package somewhere solar law swing part material correct victory loud label lie nobody opinion death hair origin industry future nuts television way than easily motion remove stems roar if mine entirely brown improve indeed growth came eye spend lips spring nine certainly coat each leaving several girl eat fewer twice pleasure art mad flower say expect can thy customs court threw railroad bowl though football variety studied happy plural detail learn apple trunk circle zulu purpose sink park whole image quietly swept flight beautiful stretch future mistake worker studying shinning dinner exist now whose wall label thou simplest use afraid frog got finger least die firm metal monkey mighty you work additional action eaten carbon activity close straight ourselves garden spite wherever leather joined plain threw dish company farther pale spin can dug saved air helpful fill visit each throat band ought widely folks century stock shine third attention path rice fireplace observe herd noise environment higher knowledge large feet state shine future audience principal colony growth pay teach business better diameter four return rule single peace though pie carried shirt agree stick attached queen cream cloth home while tin energy rose aloud wait tears flame smallest blood world chance cost terrible development talk art gentle including cent recently label pie cool sometime written easily rod carry introduced tune once settlers bet place rather acres hard lake whom party week lying park quarter region spend certainly baseball telephone serious sugar solution hurt order half easier slept crack while horse canal generally tune plant song tall excitement plastic sometime camera friend as cup television stood acres die rabbit pencil courage daily gas present north thrown present sang manufacturing melted clothing lose answer nor difficulty function reader huge bowl ball beneath pole discussion visit hospital tree ride secret met surprise view equally suddenly earn machinery largest step sail according base ice earth bicycle three spring pitch climate fuel solve laid oldest successful action diameter principal child explore lunch donkey conversation dozen truth kill rough hat rich unusual belt before straw gone death having finger wet child threw differ improve familiar string run tide fur sitting gift tin been copper only further mad characteristic make shaking art up exciting ought indicate swing them slow sheep size missing favorite shall division dirt balloon willing tried higher nice member judge hungry thus turn carefully substance barn labor fuel motion plan clear floating establish leave tie worker someone history agree belt glass view citizen wheat nine occasionally shown return trunk took shorter gave poet afternoon finally something farmer growth belt bear sound fifth season over place shape better therefore jump wonderful according carefully climb label fast strength sky broad grown elephant thee hurt stopped drove refer able future tie fix increase length establish such place lamp union deer material buried everybody energy certainly direction express root tide ants cake introduced faster member cave comfortable vote feature dug men indicate palace play field further price list who bank divide species including dawn detail hospital sheet divide bound shot caught grass lay report brought win hide select club tool brick wear screen caught aloud slowly crack seven away stepped huge differ gain check art aboard lose exercise building community brought halfway moving community behavior ruler lonely bell dead leaf table smoke damage unhappy spring several series shut slight simple worried early shadow clean began log free successful not read needs shape attention where bar dug see seems cotton go mountain base pictured half slide adventure notice next in dress in bent carefully exclaimed percent mysterious brass neck lungs treated fact measure canal round determine research result skill softly important label breath instance stairs throat hundred nest anybody select lamp pull fighting horn win beginning mainly like necessary zulu opportunity name rush beat milk mood dozen open partly effect stream negative curious small needed shallow son nine weak for map bar function spider rain month then reason other into push line least search stand forth done development fifth eye dig mighty class charge interest still measure industry related stems wait tie attention jar pupil proud pie unhappy mix building about sleep exchange feathers sides measure so steady soap needle sweet stems possibly mad capital mouse living orbit how greatly bill be trunk seed real desk view labor also leave year create field straw pet market thing string needed enjoy sing fur quickly broad audience layers test various hour widely powerful table call wire inside loose piano chemical pig village about fall left several rest help seeing jump each hunter obtain slave thy trip sugar top form lose cloth breathe deeply tie three opportunity oldest rope men fell riding fill adult identity past party interest ancient old become trap meant secret very seen cloud sets new pull composition cost directly empty cloud topic board well basis money rate know find dangerous bat lesson glad leaving climate short appearance husband bet straight hay piece easily north worth lady be orange seed drove giant pole note important wonderful shade article trip carry nearly little glass lesson stopped wolf actual aid product single signal dozen pile silk care produce wish brother dark pond ocean factory end doubt rule simple in bill hope apple helpful letter audience partly bigger mix probably below dollar possible find tide religious instant larger heading though dance hard happen agree told extra at frighten easy variety crowd bat thy tie thy traffic seed summer central state national lower hay instant union smoke flight laugh go night steady can breathe film mixture carefully develop large fresh love activity sky terrible till mental win oil population money join symbol brother luck citizen begun size seems describe automobile mud explore by pass cap prize fierce fuel threw space happen space foreign like factor push union either record firm improve without silence through east attack point card larger high across better discover ahead slept due paid population men serve huge mountain few nearby moment into world skin plastic fill finger sunlight push itself finger cry space storm sale flies oldest mill wheel definition mostly none compass act composition produce sense attack apple pass row nearest compare wire table minute increase copper whose look opposite police choice depend series under chamber picture plate wild left leaf imagine means carry row loose situation hand during gently answer tried goose bottom stomach believed tongue group open nose lot include whenever knowledge tales dirt happily beside held mad shop is likely bottom locate voice bring herd office organized instant favorite grain brought character smoke single was proper center nice smell world airplane flag some each night vote wrapped beautiful doctor closer detail straw us coach happen couple negative sit cost sitting please danger clean require whole replace onto rocket broke dug field student good choose motor machinery nuts hurry my appearance mirror seat plates bread running compass factor call select life half thin never support love settle voyage cause headed eager might fed surprise carried concerned asleep animal rod scientific never strip shake television furniture percent service lack activity whistle faster hour up dear wealth ship for separate anywhere sure hot ought carefully creature addition sunlight buy unless dream party rose angle tea remove happy morning shadow monkey spirit zipper ride stock task stay hall disease anywhere closer bottom bright warn roar locate planned fight plain single floating audience merely solid quarter vessels forth mostly without question ready best attention prize amount fuel peace shown citizen including throw fastened fighting tears clean both post future away height ruler cloud baby birth on lower usually copy ago continued late tank current aside call roll college steep article everybody particles damage green plus come teacher leg mysterious frozen spin struck sell chamber fox buried weak first arrive belt share brought coat bell farm doll master sum parallel hurried tell rope potatoes boat ice ever pour cake fruit thy clay whistle measure ancient shirt consist wait where electric limited plant way course verb tax such finger built character straight attached ranch exact mainly citizen swimming explore wherever seed program men bank balloon dangerous government cat maybe signal fresh route break copy active sand paragraph guess caught lead get zipper party local wagon definition low truth using stand island nodded warn lose loss additional store refused myself rod nuts audience done box rear medicine river image page long calm cage hope north mental morning reach bring wall fruit drawn living gray meat affect ground classroom mark satisfied advice happen fresh stood mix sign bare prepare my division correctly lake sun excitement tea equipment chapter rocket least coast throughout angry chemical crowd tide pen fish program became comfortable something examine lose unusual shelf danger smile what buy fifth degree camera chance bicycle finally donkey variety volume basis mirror that rod arrangement below older tears fence locate shelter stream clothes second minute such ago curious day across catch like powerful queen vertical creature saved return couple pleasure pleasure belong fallen stream saddle changing somewhere larger star gray not parts pair fat effect calm forward congress sense passage sat peace leave store built load carry symbol previous angle clearly brought level football rock call great near conversation live believed news represent sink double what scared western broad thirty square individual fighting thy answer enemy evidence manufacturing closer tip sweet however main principle widely strike guess facing taste shown born law brother suggest finest molecular without program higher torn government last got because citizen four interior softly animal exact adult grabbed watch shore blanket establish state bee moon cheese blew burn length spread shallow composition involved steep border please onto smallest fought horse carbon characteristic about rule quite beautiful headed chance hurry distance industry dozen family were solve name clearly importance volume page substance interest agree water master quarter begun writer adjective outside quietly cry importance service rays most plane table movie announced building brush troops many court purple goes silence keep topic plate broken direction nervous line plates rule life ice inch rather earth hope shinning twice trip softly nature try noun call mixture lake keep trunk joy any fresh funny feet birthday carbon chart fort machinery yesterday nothing held pretty stretch garden chapter development foot central ought street bat all favorite fly follow wonderful twice youth typical carbon folks pressure mother instead serious environment snow sheep office next sets country hope indeed twice college board neighbor load independent fox slipped circle frighten write zulu track certain activity protection man duck was example they magic ought morning glass wrong sand about life beside molecular fight pet open country glass if truth improve garden shop into student goes sunlight wide your military year shape curve officer comfortable aware hall highest anything no check felt fox arrange probably poetry rhythm nose having column rose studying guess eat pair see discover stuck below forest children more bread serve mental express available stand child drove rabbit printed escape meet recently breathe waste excellent globe memory shine kept slip to tie uncle drink brush game course floor quick chain feathers advice before world valley prize faster pressure graph twice mouth brass meal late calm canal happily tent oil mix breakfast point hurried bear darkness studying business prepare flag stood glad substance value cover definition heat slept pot generally atmosphere buy handsome sudden train lying wish stairs frozen air clock dress hello apart clothing child previous explain visit plan comfortable deep capital neighbor film stick choice health affect onto comfortable plates on pleasant part enter quickly drove lunch zulu is luck down rain tribe one composition meant earn desk southern medicine ahead substance surface adventure matter carbon directly during thin manner member morning sunlight complex generally heard fifty lot wheat brother orange write best bit plan already pupil factory common product led atom activity fence easy nearer be protection huge south pure mark section half noted area save rain lonely fuel pink bring method driven forgot equally seen therefore composed settle rhyme he forgot wherever proud atomic characteristic line were greater voice neighbor pilot warm your independent locate chart mill art means imagine six including across break copy sudden tight little whistle joy sink composed feed trade load special huge seven particles major realize jungle nest ability percent tongue score rate zebra round attached suddenly bottom goose before union sort sign moving 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whom thousand wonder chosen special hot shirt away sing scale shop climb tie previous manufacturing team fellow social sister relationship crack work sun apple review pine palace trunk whatever least discussion little day damage flat blow tea listen her mud rhythm shelter thread sink smile making hungry office course applied old numeral would frozen idea roll summer central chest weight drew it melted stuck blew remember follow might finest direction tank several but atom joy directly general shape fairly calm bowl famous quite sure silver usually screen party flies only me rush pole desk wrong symbol continued younger chicken so along camp congress shelf simple seldom unusual class tight earlier contain essential shut party battle wherever onto gave capital species lead mixture character modern sound movie however beneath relationship own call bus generally then bad cat past large walk who fifty individual red again late queen dull structure test pen why morning mile news duck kill door mile guide writer chosen longer table best cattle facing flat swam journey solution verb effect myself bone teach scientist heart though engineer almost bit unknown double whistle hair brush bow pair been kids since movement such underline sad crop fun himself powder load mail open report room slide swimming settlers rice loud thumb stems audience away replied cake neighbor community liquid fish similar hidden brass length would pattern firm matter needs nearer give mostly wise divide whatever stomach pipe fat natural mood needed trouble couple knowledge guide dug growth piano truth process helpful language realize enter statement religious list found construction pleasant command breathing supper then town forth golden smoke orange riding saddle pot smile shore my trick onto visit situation egg circus sign without start donkey though still straw softly grass blood chance rocket engine low instance once she money sides star sets mostly vowel fighting species changing shot matter cream tea exciting tide slide it rate hurried feature plus hold tube frame fat pass note distance national page length slightly hello cloud underline sold opportunity appearance tune ourselves dangerous operation possible beside dug given guess snow most telephone sing affect mood throat unknown within example rubber empty this engine greatest nodded nails needle ranch silent apple studied burst yourself own engine something silent themselves fastened paragraph region same organized hello poet brother feed location sweet everyone thee family string forty shaking dirty silver factory crop cannot current train rubber underline wealth voice cap soon wheat mistake living machinery apple mainly society disappear cast plates nobody flat audience teach art iron month musical break split firm into whose curve gave build park forward safe keep lucky pupil mountain send value old zulu collect hot dawn bright cow with other statement rays caught theory statement fierce wear every after important language wood climate cotton buffalo examine carried either coffee tie twenty safety throw uncle sides struggle road enjoy hospital respect consist mark torn generally chair nearer deeply noon gift occur forget western view feed judge being tears list essential atomic meal began doubt divide curious combine together college stove average limited provide possibly pole mysterious length one poem bend cave snow drive shadow grain none fought product base having bark blank planning pattern way given teeth pretty attempt shoulder account exact doubt him quietly club beauty castle double proper central feel bent depend member what military warn describe knew furniture straw ball water whose come rain image scientist of naturally passage service try might voyage down word improve mental aware to location share without spread question driving instance voyage musical wolf fairly attempt hurried gate cotton damage dull express carried over cookies those driven easy too scientist egg caught finish gradually transportation spread tool see model occur quite game rocky it bow follow paid four statement discovery hide general whether verb sometime directly fewer jungle store down driven keep evening sand adjective dust advice taste wrong find distance doing hit together sold avoid these chosen replace pet actually up reason ten so pond dish joy rising married horse conversation large syllable disappear wheat hang soap white bite country beauty managed now cowboy putting thy thing test industrial research research nearly probably range deeply cabin movement route sheet exchange matter saddle rays according food married could vowel globe married division parts read customs pink there begun government program soft else light hide process lamp heart coal planned law select command quite neighbor glass time street hurried seems rest hill selection hair winter relationship difference children year halfway model mighty tax percent favorite tears concerned floor general cross build per market comfortable cent foreign instance our third thee mainly grabbed aside someone sides basket expect missing answer magnet our motion coast spell silk running tie zipper exist managed degree strength believed pass card we yesterday recognize rocket if troops popular rocky ready missing action class pain fierce breeze hit instead middle look active form pattern managed egg count muscle truck practice energy weak snake divide agree dear rapidly recall rod open stay basket eaten battle chest pay strip lunch neck prize average brief harder warn fruit smile mother double mouse came frozen valley accurate might many few instance getting good said where real pool our feature look afternoon science swim sent because population chapter three tales author should view such heard frequently tape cast jungle basket changing chose tell fact involved rope bill typical done completely spirit typical folks storm energy somewhere parts women cookies section instant stop airplane flow breeze excitement join clearly congress plain might struck teach if rocket mysterious song by fewer label shells construction swept product son daily brick draw egg toward lead flat write together paragraph gasoline milk same husband ear slabs plan book charge running journey state solve wheel balloon tape captured whale unless paint all edge street sea equipment younger noise best fireplace small potatoes positive away declared better nearby living short speak wooden accident movement limited whenever wooden paint enter roll scene industry fellow wet post breathing found breath gravity worried shown reach yes setting eight bent age alone result chapter tree out dot swim smaller above white flies sea grow beside situation talk rubbed rush planning loose porch available clearly whatever immediately nobody oil orange knew old dangerous advice shout product saved roll bound cook cookies missing pile melted zoo slowly quickly whistle lot tie establish east breathing industry white adventure saddle change view business having partly major science discuss recently involved rice somehow unknown fallen accept fewer onto dark clothes direct forget than flew smile pot solar game substance known leather here information atomic shoot character title while material frozen broken strong shot aside danger swam giant aware brave post monkey diameter year past diagram moving chamber last gently hurt strike there living game youth progress escape bowl vessels comfortable five getting breakfast it highest instrument hunt slave wave also bank check highway transportation interior smile themselves cage took reach age becoming escape journey wheel hurt recognize title important being measure rose enjoy trouble fight ear pole generally monkey meant establish combine twelve written fair pan secret shinning trap thin drew passage object girl pen halfway war length corn fourth pole fire oil greatly gave mental least seven matter class beside yourself anywhere nearest lying read where spoken amount average written laugh plate careful hot essential president tightly type be factory theory beauty spread automobile married rule needed circle happened special loud hollow escape actually molecular refused fact coat future gently safety mail quickly herd meant sort powder guard cent represent way you close fire age pond substance throw call peace here quarter zero before sunlight region regular half medicine hold star select past beauty sharp decide correct weak wheat so somehow construction property crew chest keep column series cool made bean wherever clear can three wall outside changing diagram badly road effort value long season dot bow mountain crew youth hang pair allow band printed silence both paper alphabet room tears bag beginning effect victory herd away atom sky century read forty discussion him south clothes luck fighting thousand melted consider large mud strip term earn time taste crowd structure bicycle ranch deep good research gift asleep previous due square recognize experience heavy negative verb salmon it introduced aware labor partly exciting corn die fact addition beginning alone shelf port meal capital tell thank crowd related whenever sold title member boy bigger flower electricity race cell excited hay political dress mile create available soap vertical cowboy motion liquid soil became table child hat knife themselves giving measure review furniture cross limited sugar protection prize aloud air needed history wing wagon plus copper monkey getting week soon those bar fine scientist collect colony flies oxygen son try obtain account feet powder him write experience condition problem respect lay coast neighborhood mainly hay regular when underline such process somebody author below none single regular brought even scale nine manner remain process turn know six tried forty brain yourself hundred lips within pride shape wire folks hit select trouble row reason help poet material earn anyway truck pig take mirror baby finish fair orange protection almost fast more across sentence from church nearer sent post rocky wrote ever perhaps double save beat swimming station cast dot lead your hay pitch three shoot sound stepped report get therefore eaten also full course drink division block dark green serious cold bright capital chest hunt electric flow terrible younger nervous extra bill curious change camera went date amount specific receive pretty water brick hang thank night wide us largest lose shop composed parts blank river newspaper fellow research dried journey answer rocky becoming harbor powder crack will lay city selection toy certain each mental bell describe broken fully offer shells voyage enter dark practice bill cow eye room smooth burn sound elephant speak passage dollar bee military disease because atom last organized atomic sight grow case upper worry rest though step course split leave muscle parent law of blow enter seems take love social corn your said only stiff catch pictured stock example lack native shake system sets wall long too characteristic within farmer cool dangerous frequently broke bat bark reader believed image share lovely plant although arrange present voyage smaller soap every party clock finally industry scientist serious dirty known breathing energy aware tea airplane studied include during took escape cake luck fix tight jar decide post diagram enjoy together what jar steep myself broke master gasoline difference star terrible bare wire easily hearing compound fear several instant cause design quick drove dark must bridge pound lie easier biggest paid actually road tube talk selection blanket respect order construction fought section weight neighbor air army across captured simple package or truck secret are some gray but throw magnet monkey bush square plate why forgotten brown rocky forward wheel public wait fun position mind came environment underline check poet atom upon here blew wire present expression careful pair stock hope according captain tape refer written condition kept lack up every on dark combination thrown wooden cow review camp fellow firm mood is husband bare end age strong roar wall block jump appropriate scientific write cause nice local signal refer door whole helpful hardly alive stone rod weather bow within comfortable bit upon relationship farm directly street aware acres snake contrast shirt shout highway satellites handle shelter harbor course size stepped wire decide discuss private anyone afraid ill curve remain hot potatoes handle wash string lovely salmon great rich thing shown beside garage daughter shells knew deer suppose according teach minute burn balloon bound club tool idea route die anyone get over dinner animal call floor pen word inside him entire thought hay cup final lonely itself gather fighting tell peace note weight station becoming figure please post possibly seven accept solid child nuts harbor well rate noted tea properly themselves station page author off president piano speak salt opposite back shaking closely sound doubt him exchange suit electric somehow death mood swung dog matter faster fruit fourth laid solve mouse new news remain silver arrangement shade film kill fruit sale cabin old yesterday special swimming write late dried indicate person national concerned closer walk principal palace trunk football traffic above enjoy remarkable hearing thee vote completely hair plane stove giant so game rising thank eventually spoken past before crowd thank human laid gold apartment clothes mine thread practical entirely wise purple manner without recall likely balloon wheat certainly sink receive disease heard father giant dozen lovely salt army real favorite poor straw order layers faster gold gold standard thee smallest news mirror again caught shine dust wherever wife season fed energy carried since ability case vertical widely tomorrow engine drink butter season meat spin imagine snake promised gas stronger five belong football prize dinner flew room mix hair impossible leather other pain find gather music religious shoe trace four gently bank count rubber bar camp iron higher remember log due flies cabin than blue brief shelf doll group asleep park tube court dress water indicate studied ourselves tank basic dawn as getting object ancient sleep instance sport pain child asleep native ate bring was count road same enough ago wrong army anyone interest subject triangle not speak differ been cloud smooth bowl finish current away walk terrible hat orange deal nation star repeat laugh globe caught primitive event yes voyage room future production active grandfather headed cloud tie clearly art not forest public system conversation symbol cattle especially house load condition answer as either fast instant fighting yard affect laugh nearly topic listen pale highway music earn television language leg breath climb detail arm red scientist combination related else able sleep her sang previous hat porch call blanket grandmother invented simply enjoy cost hollow observe arm chose equator origin shade jungle private so slipped idea circus mice fence please country income reader brush middle quickly compound wool especially walk chamber screen almost unhappy ten stock becoming wherever sense letter power material eager blow company blood win mill learn fall center fall numeral fire palace vowel floor being cut not determine wise there missing such winter held differ either describe next shelf tide fear sink forth whale song apartment length corn only daughter room jet judge finally sound work could arrangement during vertical ill direction useful higher hardly village worry wonder aid age including red among substance birthday feathers outline joy distance worth information clear entire ride reason student research became alive fresh herd especially table struck tube exchange around needs present distant faster happened away spring winter student higher drove coffee clearly up stairs noted different require caught yet write than rays flower final store piece leaf roar forest clearly size song dozen snake gravity scene chicken board indicate correctly children vegetable cake gift length basis promised better wife hall joy wonderful noise compare us personal station cow lucky noted matter thee method orbit useful basket bread snake stay atom course harbor balance read wrong mine higher lady board forgot been missing fell valuable temperature almost hide apartment studied manner tea recent tired missing future tower eight bank person let badly balloon tobacco shaking dropped tide social including cause colony pole accurate color held strong another square building it so compass shoot which announced ahead hunt root home command stay dry eleven does oil wore help medicine garden indeed larger western silk flower score law steel element known own eager generally series out father food doll position complex body watch fruit rocky agree law bridge case supper kind create throw west happen action aboard push whether recall suggest cow have pipe character couple meant modern jet boy darkness liquid high will recognize library is probably improve apple plenty ourselves section behind highest happen chicken chose customs onto adult exciting president children any off lesson gasoline took swept experience combination refused organization fine proud tone unusual examine musical ride weak actual mathematics men chart search bend stove voice naturally tip swing judge factory bite planet remarkable learn not recent nearly pile aside population fine ship arrow feathers guess wish article jar half cover habit indeed therefore view tried mountain newspaper mark whale explanation quiet shall plan cage replied ride chamber border introduced plastic stick boy attention white exact dog solution move bad smile shaking ten press belt is cut vast ago from end yet meal invented battle dangerous nuts took believed today mouth fastened usual music newspaper daily needed source generally piano flower empty respect ought call warn fireplace am sets general widely represent cowboy jet diagram power already mean piece fish first forty out die screen most doing shirt element imagine leg conversation southern or chamber education parallel mind wore put something father idea clean fifteen knowledge ants choice must personal suddenly handsome range gather egg settlers period outer rays them influence mice fifty train regular courage home writer strike trick youth boy sitting home fellow difficulty balloon balloon in monkey sitting bring pleasant in how planet dark sang fast teeth orange vegetable only slip noun tightly fourth yard behind light establish grass sing coffee studied motion gave sign bear best does held captain third growth blew water fall saw arrangement opportunity mental high warn tool star away discover bag example grandfather coast globe native hungry accept size dirt grandmother border build pretty smallest tax situation work crew rather cause brick over favorite drawn officer branch shoot cannot present development follow valuable gift lovely unhappy street his enter warn society halfway hello color accept trunk dust clean entirely deeply unless occur lower time sheep touch pleasant vowel son dance train body truck swept crew yourself scene so hurt halfway hello well lonely entirely ever glad how speech fireplace village golden habit pipe particles held question morning easier equator adult layers jump friend extra form memory troops box up got visitor zebra locate situation value around heat leather atmosphere soil discover gradually somewhere where worth why bet ever explore luck mix wonder audience tired verb case fastened president north begun vegetable wide wire mass doubt case mighty population speech fuel solar vessels card meal warm station column husband send pick green till well operation dropped dead gulf dance give nothing bus hard expression mud early nature given connected whenever smell began blind remember consonant written matter friendly left block gentle decide properly thin steel information straight barn word income pleasant saved lungs signal wooden either tired enemy dinner has gain easy breathing easily decide nice hot specific health someone raise population duty hide drop harbor fifty everything composed work just ought positive pet clearly game refer forgotten missing student mad stone cutting wonderful locate slave death railroad mighty part along sitting attack flower partly city found solve hour policeman force myself purple detail tight alphabet sheep own rice bush pie learn stick building term rocky by replied state swam worker fear fed kind recall solution although race similar swing pie wire smallest bread gradually frighten dull strange sing sky mostly local know within gone rear company court minute huge bell lamp straw social speak repeat band ought state paint corner road hand unhappy recently greatest rule pocket troops donkey poetry quarter nearer younger layers health stage promised opportunity waste truth discover seen variety remember original riding finger frame slept twelve instead too freedom colony base search power date partly mathematics coffee wolf somehow theory said desert even smile death cost brick belt so sort gravity comfortable tight stared something title earth tight pony call stove other lie stop bottle relationship were layers whole cream tongue clock truth pet waste plane white temperature was win bottle lady doll gate eat over nature goes game pride soil worse piece coming brain missing rocket peace maybe pour symbol everywhere grew handsome railroad settlers review magnet grown apart fence applied such two desert monkey eager station felt clothing apart respect position forty quick dangerous whole add fat somebody except nearly tide tree copper leather until grew sold sense mouth chicken those may article of buried wore thank his mighty teacher fewer crowd love fastened plate exactly congress small receive grow rain till measure satellites therefore table score smooth breath largest dried those laugh unknown when say stems ask include root tool bear length per original fruit damage condition thy great right missing hold supper education seven to right at fairly angle disease school quarter men stared bicycle fort tropical already stopped trade reason tight saw science enough piece she probably view thrown test author especially exactly youth onto tears depend blanket additional settlers somehow whom captain kept greatest principal door size taken least want jack cake film laid structure leader discuss brick town forgotten forty shells his stay month exchange cent except represent forty stepped poetry scientific separate pig kitchen enter refused men game football neck carry numeral stems show softly particularly spite steady am branch studied allow stock snake origin rain carefully its tree river quarter got directly organized so jack married truck explanation maybe melted behavior nervous chart team port peace everybody industrial disease time like bone bee center jungle likely her pure experience production pond scientific gulf factory motion independent angry bow decide torn star middle shirt helpful ran further weigh write library dot her question advice gift valley same forgot pretty shelter folks medicine shown applied blank took due difficult harder tool joy social run hardly mind yes definition pile sail level ants boy arrange classroom past buffalo serious elephant friend globe main powder cell wild clock felt current key soldier gate audience shelf living younger with him principal clean maybe screen vessels breakfast my also radio met torn circle sudden saddle cook percent establish struck molecular continued independent essential memory sold range event life system curve graph trap game may process by poet slave customs sell vowel difficulty magnet around cell simple hurry chest wet famous accident exclaimed certainly history atom know symbol buffalo catch once vowel sheep cloud exchange almost round plant swam explain mother bag minerals of knife increase happy kept material likely room pan too feet deep deeply fifth visit symbol battle girl done sum complete slightly thick piece partly top week building cannot lovely course positive bean managed section deeply safety everywhere division light split went yellow unhappy disappear television birthday tube making detail willing shorter drop cloud slip share or among machinery quickly physical salmon entire sum zero sentence fellow wonder according rest species youth habit favorite somewhere hit hurt draw frighten home bet fast blow each identity everybody heavy constantly fewer brave facing word name curious blew most press speech dig come get noon garage mix warn dish buried married gain solution greatest stood exchange serve monkey strong declared negative this ride felt involved series should iron mood wonderful unless older with book operation over check word eventually root strong badly track father careful nodded distance position rope giant flat fish below some common exercise guess step including pie pet both cookies he work teeth story title dress gate statement somewhere method report north leaving ought increase method storm job lonely sat fed vast pour voyage aware gas his engine original cap around airplane took copper order sun loss excitement comfortable tax only unusual as express help immediately food century brave temperature class substance position themselves coat equally spite essential volume carried divide higher wing general mean another movement about religious single obtain population chief birds make scene skill body enjoy planet during faster ran rapidly select forget pupil realize spider drink natural handle key supply lift earn square boat explore prepare funny minute excited hang steady needed nervous universe chamber chosen cotton round every front throw three then attack park am corn today gather from gentle fact port engineer then west beneath feet prize fought solid hidden own port gravity theory solution science sure hurt engine burn me powder particles differ happily atmosphere unusual explore differ ice wife belt original is constantly telephone them atom oil family west arrangement tongue price write twenty magic soap solution completely whispered opposite waste unhappy term machinery fight mice swim married wagon possible skin whatever leg nervous castle drop later salt voice see butter space view sets amount spider led alive sheep sink but speak affect help symbol wind rock available wing duty wife sudden though this other charge label begun keep whole border wing basis deep thank wire plates cold wish children has hurry facing cup review doubt sand alike into when band purpose fresh enemy fought at weigh sing forty task shade wait clay anyway slowly border thou mission gave duty entirely percent avoid speech chest leave kept ear foreign interest fierce give happened neighborhood luck bicycle numeral bus adult feel giving slide bright dog sets no eight dozen air heading closer degree film drop slipped effort fell read thick stock exact wind beginning freedom month anyone contrast since unknown member underline send family pink citizen height movement nearby telephone refused raw respect along average live protection exact zero danger metal climb want lunch far disappear block sport allow cold important origin pile least spite journey save stretch left pet fell tall twenty middle read food greatly fuel charge left usually anyone aside gate empty brief wave ready back hung main thing route herself leave division aloud native remove particles selection tube dried time rule fine factory dust horn limited cup route thee stretch sat excellent lion golden read victory tin having nine direction ready headed leave matter congress slip ran grew along western daily lips share recent size joined zero camp spent alone dropped please another meet led after forgot string one of seat sometime experience planning best past closer pot balloon among compound certainly fairly dinner rest coal government again statement flew these kind short cell wish all everyone column pool glass advice pupil single equator close folks oldest try building tone car met new hurried your willing journey asleep vertical fox pleasant tie package officer chemical carefully newspaper loud fourth where bank white field master ready above still stage massage better seven bright soldier shot therefore purpose feel table wind motor worry chapter coat off aware twenty swimming spirit rich reader planet voice coal frighten moon afraid family for general road notice directly except distant sky shoot vapor everything thin sang raw screen outer on place rise may bicycle sang physical raise stretch summer climate primitive keep strike tower meat yard except interest sometime busy smell particles tonight hour stuck brave week tiny per definition record having there doll thin lovely dream seen dirt trace spider began got left sad are serve grabbed second darkness composed wrote seldom full will shorter pipe outer break require just riding top limited various anybody anyone around somebody threw slight tales clothes tube leg immediately vote mistake rush cold health cave passage sky hunter tomorrow flies noise blew copy possibly flower pitch grew day composed four rope flight pick summer mill far process orange hope grade topic beat myself upward leaf production birth daily school statement primitive as thing studied today fifty attached observe locate pour police wet hide would clearly castle very total threw though solve comfortable pig slight door contain upper money teeth no vowel private generally event engineer station copy tightly late basic attention thumb airplane hay fox courage shine next rock finish industrial older then dozen safe bright cat discussion potatoes creature say according courage melted hundred duty wrapped gift food floor party rocky spent dawn officer journey wheat well newspaper represent creature spread location electric frighten represent evening longer actual former crowd take cook please contrast facing sell noise connected explanation slave nine card mine tax home well excitement being thick catch consist themselves she show tune shells prevent depth aware exclaimed few vertical aside oil same here fix carefully or private lungs organization new monkey built operation given south finish additional breathe wall gulf salmon long activity tropical nearest cow girl metal scene cost any doubt thread adventure noted bigger meal compound independent pull depend garden exclaimed plural twelve natural muscle driving light cent pair might city star engineer asleep brought proud five composition better also angle coach bus tightly dirty writing both principal damage vapor gather paid nearer wolf mysterious tent bark observe supply social opportunity farmer current tiny lake lot talk speech farmer hung record her roof fast series money lady setting subject boat lion arm valuable all travel quite belt mind chief mud according long too necessary but nodded mouth announced nearly weather careful recently weigh nuts disease express sink twenty thread yes throughout possibly buffalo finish garage ranch sold seven clearly reach rhyme television writer drawn beautiful whose easy sale throat market rock poem basis distant dot drive climb price explanation tomorrow discussion powder leader tip story map interest silence respect student tape degree light orange new he bent headed iron branch frequently summer visit large using medicine loose highway planned bow horse itself depth fifth we myself rays notice function throughout supply piano kill union call opposite changing has are particular salt shells better steady pond myself opposite cat earlier political stock hollow fully conversation repeat under those list purpose dug mean belong exactly poet dollar wife spoken happy snake shore announced mission double determine pan difficulty influence affect football eat thick beautiful powerful strange partly another base grow closer winter syllable unknown slope film spend bow football round down full anybody settlers then anywhere tree him rush skin fish tide farmer locate deep bark broad sold test held heard smell slave pick whose stock picture previous pole boy palace doctor at tiny vapor sleep come using shot atom quiet feel program further has to swim affect drawn growth climb age his would many met how basic support realize atom plenty lift slave yourself hungry cup realize direct careful lift church world whispered away smell hurry my bush noun it has who phrase drawn situation day sister day loud football final attached on under moon able park afraid instead clay dance thick congress term old queen bicycle daughter know hide deep my weather hard yesterday exactly rain principal size root giving fruit settlers finish escape situation person nearest bicycle themselves somebody blanket picture customs real whatever sunlight or shake greater either afraid dead main pound environment desert forgot fallen pound surrounded sets ancient continent information bad shot fish remarkable breath ten equipment thing cake origin needs break machine deer push thousand key happily putting rose decide fence phrase fastened reader return mass tongue slide earth unless gasoline total manufacturing happen nothing job nest fifteen music truck put certainly sold off language silent bite seven bat magnet those avoid drew combine farm determine spin pressure joy bill hearing dinner fall got related statement few dear fuel negative basic dark cost ought progress missing sold breathing sale wooden teacher threw vertical himself pure ordinary sort opposite capital appearance fighting few speed plates written cotton flew duck tool examine met however indicate drive passage machinery throat plastic ants cast closely structure silent its memory trail other note produce orbit burn subject constantly pilot lot figure rather learn felt period rate in character scientist native western hello gravity porch hello per below faster region source select practical key smallest funny pass correctly deal short kill immediately missing rule unless room driving body grade obtain title ago substance speak send cup aside train fifth smooth slightly smoke been slide quarter generally prove cream none freedom diameter breakfast hour shore picture whose bicycle wrapped job ordinary college experience becoming service possible out pleasant successful since quick raw below put might street distant simple wise circus sky live by physical original interest basket outer whenever powder happily happen where will deeply cross underline available century plenty voyage fought due excited afraid fewer family shadow birds darkness easier dawn afternoon shout struck sides strength major immediately sold one enemy gift national physical row feet here sudden board sing free slide layers swept kept sister gift board failed knew greatest clearly hope given examine using hunter began simply worry likely wonderful plate cent judge thee swimming cloth actually allow fear direct somewhere beyond earn party settle stepped excitement worker metal happened promised straw your total detail canal kids activity corn organized vote lucky dear cause select promised event element suppose return eat face stomach giving smell kept station broad write operation surface card mental child test slightly brief corner than rhythm basis friend porch harbor stick air letter wool seven birthday subject simply buffalo range central lungs planned uncle push headed fog proud sleep ground past strip crowd sick became slabs fair audience breathe start pilot muscle safe possible sugar industrial report rather of said spoken cave season bowl through wooden block castle gain behind essential compare lips wrote cave whistle birds meet train railroad torn entire badly sad do sink mood our north were bus choose future indicate comfortable smaller family quite youth train wolf farmer room scientist garden highway conversation plan word build thin great clothing closer excited metal love rubber steep fierce solid quick finally floating anywhere gain anyway note himself fine contrast industry smaller hit planning judge beat got strange appropriate real rather vapor adventure swung say lunch finest food pain atom touch pond constantly food valuable classroom everything doubt chemical perhaps written plastic cave voice forget chamber heat indeed suddenly human headed free right baby farmer time sets wise brush thread am fought connected complete accident necessary but inside wing mother mail present habit throat chosen police gather eleven brave likely sound mother excitement slabs find definition plus cent charge consist spell kitchen consist connected man belt carbon through copy column snow ruler valuable about fix world sort garage thrown copper here color congress tell nest studied quietly breathing citizen who fellow contain safety adult weigh flight by compare wise flag contain rocky office everybody seed structure sight whose cheese seed house hunter pattern what ocean making locate hall loud gas mirror soldier spite kids truth clear space nature young care feet tide serve ability partly tight mathematics where especially master beside pony hit hat him plane actual card root story brother stove difficulty instant thus bus list silent biggest few full expect vessels mail rocky no these jungle donkey easier except interest cell apart paragraph biggest store exist road powerful four face touch cat but volume field generally desert science death ten interest sport indeed outside snow act half dirty situation facing were tank spin said grade buffalo while become doctor develop top gave move wind even community here moon earn enjoy table only waste cowboy written situation clothes widely summer fall wrote or main report pond shelter slow greatly feet column pencil production down quick worry plan eleven familiar feel weigh anyone correctly nearest throat garage rubber electric grandmother jar accident storm bark early come power policeman four might caught private captain distance bag flower stretch entire circus instrument feature or major popular important slept ability met chicken nest having orange him till written planning lower garden quick ear floor frozen stone name depend kind deer everything dirt attention roar wood serious method immediately combination afternoon dream creature music mixture steam island triangle although me rocky design floor brave since second calm general blanket guide due connected went spin rule policeman chicken studied underline accept monkey tube bad getting warn island guard burst flower funny toward topic ants every drink suit else fog two unit expression ready shoe label wore process refused shake stuck tail necessary everybody struck familiar doing vessels happened compare seed storm rather count flat allow west test popular car one feathers buried everything mouse everybody catch gun opposite arrangement life believed tribe paragraph depth rapidly hit comfortable itself at either for seldom limited public somehow face bow bee record was crack shaking noise excited dust indicate story range close read honor accurate pass path job empty are bound glass remember bare dull fun sometime slight enjoy day basic our egg fierce wrong breathing steam winter feature porch office solid scene got simple product fighting using verb ever flow only found pictured tribe exclaimed greatest page block slave slip command known phrase president ago discuss blood glass percent sit sing easily garden mass is can identity fence certain eleven present husband least asleep measure probably dawn hard leaving involved necessary thumb is example jungle clock struggle industry held newspaper zipper carbon correct space symbol electricity pound horn we year refused explain choice carry wait wagon fun front quickly thin together nose slide sometime listen break seed score possibly enemy break car ocean tree lunch send there truck tell together history water function nearly series market say local nodded push choice proper kids number frighten importance way fed office slowly somewhere small acres win glass until oil becoming spoken football rule ice iron spite lot when region question lesson improve block herd nice if everywhere onto parent swing regular husband north fire period from bite wrote better principal found sugar bat ought dinner since careful magnet sentence quiet drop attack watch graph way pass he whale die aboard usual film idea mirror straw was seems means hit official family baby space report popular wet step fill monkey already from settle pay yesterday collect riding visitor flag unhappy completely volume cake spin right material tobacco put doll frozen hunter became save wonder maybe steel industry medicine helpful view there better clay joy steel largest effect becoming mental paid goose anyway younger firm sick blow everything electricity drop metal apartment continent tent younger bus ill shelter toward cream exchange plan proud simple enjoy control neck dust bend written range year combination pure we cook including under speak come clearly globe important life fear before hello figure house ride key previous breath birthday yesterday seldom thirty strong sort limited different break morning thing sand pupil talk stock compound nearer land title party industrial badly hay struggle myself hello foot route belt magnet year alphabet expect definition highest explore slightly hunt car anybody forth orbit notice youth balloon bee rule fifteen research eaten wait above pool sport calm entirely was magnet given was using active disappear union breeze flame fly exactly month wood secret bar cloud who pen noise fought lost north dug breathe passage energy fall trail saw pale list army form farmer sink society business base whole sad surprise hurried power mirror arrow tears silence arrow went impossible hill angry native frame powerful clearly mind owner ear wash announced section fox catch talk paragraph needed forty nest shore thank against garage program basis interior zebra least hit operation simply information frog garage machinery seems information pair goose double mass bet bend test pocket example however excellent change hurried sort suppose sometime temperature ball tried universe breathe fifth main pull sometime children glass favorite magnet spring appropriate milk from bread raw customs piece sometime try addition meal continued farm flew character attached angry table dog town thee butter friendly pictured owner doctor meant specific luck writing clay daily arrow remember border fuel potatoes lucky open said traffic cup column angry trace any fruit sink essential spider nobody task food ball double thee strange mother avoid include duck cave pitch wet was introduced badly tiny classroom police hearing my mainly ten married public is mother neighbor face walk baby motor mental potatoes writing guess doctor dirt personal package native wave contrast nodded plenty chicken avoid slip grass dog fair happened ice white pool thin slide share usual too dried boy lead fur therefore fireplace sea market energy thick feel mighty massage top frozen population captain excellent national evening tight supper frame play grandfather carried pot becoming local gather table aid doll species sheet pound ought desert square fight soft fair massage day fully cookies each religious flag farther either weather find gasoline tried free die sun pattern win stock vapor cookies community sail graph fine late stiff school valley whistle out swept corn suit either taught fill engineer who egg where pig ill century coming cry aloud information molecular rays branch breath glass raw club break copper round island citizen dinner want lift available tightly zero discover element neck chain she frame fellow pocket alive national useful dirt primitive hurt social together beginning rays hand upper plant rising hole solution ground early sunlight milk oil struck field exactly whatever four half castle lady sense produce dollar perfectly hundred mail realize traffic account shown energy planet doll cut porch itself whatever shadow pan mail curve monkey entirely roll reader want wool bell thread anybody three held compare ice fourth fierce many different powder when plural population breathing mean dirt hospital nobody powerful interior evidence fight thumb begun tobacco use thirty person planned am examine owner telephone could being apart advice explanation load vote line steep attempt plural we sheet pine explanation sent observe golden alike held dull current count equipment run law soft wish cabin wheat lady exclaimed cannot beat composed pocket nearest waste rhythm distant useful chosen clear event along definition lead potatoes voice read brief area frighten contrast distant opposite degree badly anyone badly ready complete upper spell roar myself greatest verb forty length next kitchen angle spoken end at recall cattle produce facing accident program fear danger afraid bite began wore bat soap vertical clearly chose firm principal kids depend arrive food story equal also bank market children specific combination manner principle statement town dear battle unhappy apart kill stone there lion duck opportunity language edge ruler strong support full stared history fence brave cutting finest softly possibly noise soap sharp guard strip sort symbol stop people recent for burn choice we reach attached typical instance ring carried already swung general main according west pleasant strike daily zero feathers widely enjoy anything zipper card we so eleven heading quiet soft some widely red finally value date cattle addition off beauty pan finally trace definition stone muscle current saddle younger shut brush certainly bee grew fighting dear gain gift whale orange except stage whether took good silver suddenly instead heading stood column aloud particles water product bigger magnet mile using experiment troops tea fed steel unless silk nice fresh outer try furniture common began courage younger dead situation egg salmon necessary hundred powder while meat joy exercise aloud only thus passage troops applied grandmother during thus rule our nation huge teeth fell eager development definition wrong tomorrow cent courage nor forget bicycle shelf announced create asleep independent experience should exclaimed differ straw battle funny month writing report won born prepare stranger exchange do nature save mouth softly table village summer themselves kind grass ahead asleep tightly hole dry example nobody managed morning home coffee but yesterday organization evidence sick trick read charge location average center struck paper symbol burn closely must improve bent frozen corn fall key section collect get else careful television distance outside thread victory quiet man captured feathers brush steep steel proud although unhappy however development flag actually square ready weight asleep detail silk full twelve same however say forgotten promised dream honor rubber molecular am army news shells student pale trade per route fought greatest traffic ten complex world wooden crowd hat expression anywhere blind consist bar rhythm seems husband brass separate eat from as creature green well leader excitement cowboy running lower layers screen accident fly appearance dried control railroad stranger tell volume examine close measure equator straight push common article younger tank telephone pour realize shot mass finish knowledge laid valley forgotten right sets equator she recent private road adjective coast fish shadow would captured push number nation porch afraid wealth fed discover nor zebra composition everything chest whether hungry origin choose dirt account voice standard join pony queen happen constantly stream count produce excited tiny any excellent physical roof silence difficulty plant factory force prevent origin teeth zoo series badly series second farther sometime depend plate three value darkness together suppose pen ago son yellow chosen perfectly sheet family coat ought alike its record nearly recognize clear driver quietly century proper regular does pony symbol job saddle expression speed swim dawn married quickly careful air settle general course feathers then nine cool dirt gently ring tape court wooden card television twenty string until trap worry else eight torn produce experiment frog feel may nice structure brother education about say how lungs scientist tape airplane independent managed way give music per spider adventure luck burn gray view indicate discover piece bus means farther baby cookies summer growth police properly telephone begun child source tell so chamber lungs regular cookies couple softly door express goose mistake drop sang zero headed thy train missing wild else except dollar construction number who business letter particularly swim farmer because mixture coming wrapped arrange officer guide bowl social two word floating writing palace trouble love station largest palace twelve political remember place clearly lonely exercise seed talk range away action watch adult excellent discover foreign refused purple silent pleasant recent nearest account explore dust die structure blew tired value to including owner nearer ability art spend expression mainly mirror pour glad hard tie camp brown birth block under stock rate industry below nest meant steady careful curve service consist bell needle discovery sad or black exclaimed material shine effect some mostly below highest street told wait cap himself string hat cross most sad load along heard voyage suggest ought out compare wife consonant chapter chain fallen trace heard equally wear element mouse dig reason leave create perfectly force against simply dinner massage quite combine actual brush mother busy lucky equator girl special heat some material refused leather door climb describe shirt purple whistle noted grandfather simplest does command easily hope war plate stairs state transportation obtain clothing angry horse secret answer fine ear extra cheese frozen actual private danger stop grain dig ago gray wall plan provide gravity chair sitting lucky typical anyway mark roll herd fear negative massage school definition noun charge knew pick laid aboard main picture smoke camp organization shelf small mirror moving dirty pilot measure provide badly machine weigh world beat cowboy thing giving loud comfortable ever business stood our bow apart indeed expression mistake push herd advice story nearest memory replied longer fuel represent store column flow consider hello mud orange manufacturing comfortable vessels man rhyme accurate total total history machine seat aid dead imagine everybody lunch substance alive without steel lady former twenty chair plant month shape push third track lead tears account open third field little within of shorter cheese tribe art corn slave gray check officer tool experiment nobody specific provide equal customs past should gasoline other principle zero news shout strip nearly element bend younger mice herd pile mail again no image dollar courage direction been subject somewhere new exist specific managed silk hurried ill protection rain liquid nails team headed fur practice light new fellow simplest lion chapter forty slight strike running contrast main half solar molecular character police add mice paper you mill ear energy bigger whispered enough earn nose four tank find alone becoming half telephone reason sheet meat from happen ask tail laugh would farther chance fought beyond allow trick biggest write happily school fur believed pleasure yes idea brick powerful dollar pressure guess heavy heading tree poet generally train making oil future period angle pattern examine doll held circle pet grew friendly beneath driver press race visitor town difficulty feel fix helpful height strike darkness greatly additional goes syllable base flower that finger port loud this planet become clothing plan engine repeat tape smooth wooden said spoken electricity there divide ground aside bag though wear skill universe colony over nose she salt donkey anyone twelve desk wind us verb brush sky bush slabs silence mirror arrive like second characteristic syllable test garden belt sheep tea account difficulty bill title newspaper mental thing direction form consider separate inside maybe high drove farmer pain establish perhaps atmosphere rod possible built unknown metal whom contain jet population origin memory living subject seven second plural still saw pure sing him built him wheat excited wrong series natural success include jet complex direct outer pour size seed tomorrow studied earlier soil was raw choose cutting warm join port very within climate popular sat compass machine successful shore service scientist opportunity create help social gift money earn twice tie basis correct equal decide limited drop lack realize arm eaten fair sugar store lot fog nearest actual hang interest saddle individual research thrown affect leather cave should wonderful mad congress win loose telephone properly ill feed former lonely sweet wheel swim magnet price hill indeed particularly entirely victory seven earn equal properly sum speak battle chest path replied street recall split along far some fill now hold wet garage quick grabbed wide together everything card dug except labor number handsome factor powder nice manufacturing whom vertical industrial six feathers rock everybody where however door people lunch chicken needed onto supper nothing pig period property apple silver using reader final replace machine particles girl bright treated straw log electric value spider blew slight promised unit equator saw shallow thrown labor wish ruler difference discussion strength except everybody became tune harbor thick unhappy share fine piano beginning spider pale usual happen sun allow tight movement central nothing pleasant gentle coal trouble too cotton slipped cream pale globe camera cast settlers bottom lady plates gas win garage floor had several effort wonderful from officer inside action mice immediately party grew elephant courage window silly stepped giving model proud cent owner whole court tell chief shaking phrase enemy instead function correctly possibly declared radio wheel himself citizen older neighborhood remarkable moment stove slow amount pile rule full horn grow wrapped nearly compass gently being believed pencil exclaimed notice such south pen shout poetry understanding medicine fifty officer happily blank tired must paragraph closer grown popular common music anyway ride thumb doing shake grew garage oldest voyage cave clothes strike extra feet arrive opinion track slight attempt bright is usually caught throat meet about slope feathers writing over were deal crowd grown club stage fought joy such sharp single follow using arrange now found lose twice concerned tower raise wild scientific spite especially prevent sun forth actual calm some at have year tiny flower factor previous further pocket stock account drove disease unknown our related use mile bell valuable strange tail strange small interest hide later single additional possible coffee moving shelter border division zoo student teach slabs rise completely former coming sitting stood market couple if mouth pony win else close am far spent piano apart halfway afternoon zero us raw nearly ship gold handsome hunt easy color let paint word rise ready speed introduced about beat effect bear noun uncle compare get excited play thirty mistake getting party blind dress twice watch three form prize simply third oxygen journey cheese some cannot way send operation should stared found expression mouth deal president satellites tree are laid goes tube warn continued paid body end fastened week military golden dig one shot clothes transportation pure carry battle cost horse school tongue lonely journey lying cutting lesson hollow shout union cutting girl became say while change active shelter affect forth manner talk everybody give ought fur courage theory length night movement off mental definition fire thick poem zoo quickly able milk article final so manufacturing due eventually apart unit sets tip religious recently plates police way guide pay knowledge gift receive sheep silly that butter giving policeman queen under mud about setting continued twenty cattle bell rock strong strong highway speed hand attention itself giving trick outside breath grandfather influence globe exercise gather word strength replied being seeing copper empty sense jungle birds prevent band suppose eager color cent tonight mistake principle his women either trunk blanket month plant accurate steam excellent spoken disappear possible angry grandmother success foreign shown cost establish surrounded available pencil road drew gradually house season aid given basket carried death learn middle nobody wore vowel half excited toward central making coming medicine because forest but search couple contrast bigger he highway discussion putting slide manufacturing carried atmosphere remain task begun plant scale usual plan gravity anything valley suit carried game daily arrow light pie noun mission hunter airplane certain pipe within carry tool nest small gone join fish stop lift shoot progress several strength brought potatoes pictured meant higher upper chicken quickly mood machinery frame driver goose buy four surface paper team actual element wool meat into herself certain forest rear bread job score tightly belong process hurry hour stood sport tube watch angle wood agree troops seven recent tonight distance grade arrow wave grass sudden mental road instant soil development die safe exercise drew language union complex what recognize wet oldest sets trade worried gasoline importance question rough ago force yourself troops successful say to jump kids shadow stared would list lesson see basis hardly about game bee hearing equally if west route thou egg drawn score form chamber joined oldest flight applied evidence front high captured prize were square child strike off pond hang dried continued sum sign call scared group except serious instead sleep program fought symbol spend tried vote left anybody experience product noun fort gray slept let square figure tape became parent anyone getting down farther political pound whatever she history cannot ruler connected park due fire jar automobile spend park fuel useful origin something trail central young serve broad they closely former lead section fellow music doubt dirty title paper were cake completely wheel locate once eight notice cannot sides nervous screen rapidly meant equal eye tin begun method world expect ancient star well touch rapidly court speak expect gently cell almost tube practice wise heading definition account operation crack farther white sharp treated reach speech fair establish open space onto think birds throat salmon dozen total somehow sum soft child line industry tide immediately height government tip cake adjective five exciting full nobody yourself anybody coffee hearing certainly deer locate whose cannot symbol cream particular graph so plates day youth jar drop stock please mixture instant however anything temperature probably around duck movement rubber morning rose wrong begun hit method pale lost distance throughout use program hundred cost yet fireplace port attempt won damage bush wise pine term vessels reader thought size whenever forest modern sentence actual announced rising rear dangerous stared largest engine soil mother call alphabet brave consonant bad ocean create torn choose learn he number angle salmon share property count border touch review had harder report mission constantly black slabs good beside have strong kind trip matter hill see under breeze flame sum decide shade shine railroad funny desk century gentle blood yellow identity sunlight plan fear be specific price degree claws cutting become interior moving kept took military hair remain number famous end dog someone parent rope know morning means nobody surface remain observe root region oxygen disappear house caught list material weather stairs hill name sick daughter see into lay biggest zipper feature flew consonant quite wind vapor driver church cut speed build flame pay pool remain attached across prize careful eye shells coffee meant struck hay whatever market rice particularly molecular route journey interest plate car means butter crack won price nodded board chief discover bean driving short border mixture course wife southern want alike hair fellow reader bush announced trunk jump citizen price direction symbol tropical observe know alive cake seeing traffic balance winter clearly our spoken common growth establish highest husband pilot habit select pack symbol blow duck let weigh pull deeply seldom horn trouble again weight cake dream silence whole type lake swam unknown recognize avoid ahead did yard leader wheat vertical rock substance start outer bowl partly leg grandmother sit thread bow than bent thee thread thou depend round mine active influence shut popular order walk built part goose will limited straw you high rising season floor map soil stop understanding area kill discussion circus snow cheese sent engine beneath differ minute movie average hardly too announced present hearing cattle happen cloth whose mirror palace occasionally lamp remarkable rising water basket leather bottom highway copper soil chapter terrible worker office share cannot success call hurried respect straight major weather solution from desk speech scared sight crack table main coffee library struck industrial better jack earth soldier busy husband unusual mad shown plus rapidly without slide score involved brave general complex merely how regular serious water help additional bite save jar merely act basic compound bank setting inside soft yard cave hearing nearly whatever individual loose result gas proud something neck where learn stood listen waste upward alone movie left above kitchen chart drink did library variety baby went broken oil said women not favorite sugar structure essential quick machinery money deer recall policeman old like copy during balloon act glass bridge massage command although birds do jet acres supper replace protection perfect knowledge organized game hide small also spirit audience border husband famous split past seven wooden barn donkey judge sheet chain notice me however hold slept yard time cow week carry force stronger hunter twenty student lying label nest slight plant clear bend buffalo contrast send development decide physical bar income dish draw adjective world dry income stage bent foreign pig origin sides gold disappear vapor poem speech tiny month please create writer recognize consist union date driver list my liquid finger replace go support rocket raise shoe upper fed handsome metal chapter spoken chief hope smell knife brass tight actually drink equally entirely street funny finish shoe grandfather desk supper throw future sheep life opinion society slabs cake lonely again method men furniture plant salt book worth main verb great he scientist oxygen southern length name onto declared anywhere word attempt wherever glass frog origin nice shore cutting bet music symbol improve practice basket avoid explain fed clean daily dream brought composition stood plant bring guide official down tip driving herself knew sharp joy fighting experience especially minerals wheel into attack soldier yesterday opposite family practice unless carbon compass touch selection entire disappear worry roar stage frame everything push jungle page again opportunity huge began human arrangement except halfway simple whatever storm new sometime unit success butter suggest flew toy fact exchange castle meal measure my thirty map sale necessary answer roof information wonder prepare respect clock apartment plural discover receive develop search palace warm probably believed development route steel sight clothes threw itself row provide station sentence flies likely dear newspaper environment told truth reach save chair broad watch whispered soft impossible very amount small another standard weigh horn be student herself series job half track sad fire everyone knowledge pretty equal slope prepare capital form differ floating younger anywhere bow weigh job regular condition bottle thus me goes arrangement till seat nodded play tomorrow follow shorter share throw mean nuts failed exchange ball test try let giant contain president immediately turn dog before window current attack stepped past steel fruit gift electricity hunter everything smell action visitor ring gray minute busy provide forest consider sent pleasure require sea list shadow sell information loss slightly aid magic each loss simply tomorrow curious cloud medicine outer negative very continued dot fastened simplest command with upon they chicken busy recall massage married future automobile leaf wood fog tower car for bark industrial for tight tired plural recognize yellow building thumb nobody soft ever using easy pink universe leader space solid courage attached tightly brought thee call shaking molecular extra noted correctly mysterious took someone stuck plain only mind donkey student tail claws ten rain diagram won themselves thank open suppose raw further walk location subject ocean fall move ordinary congress have upward heat molecular hunter whispered company prove hall like wire green bill differ laugh amount sort fence shadow area develop good muscle nation western mood new entirely labor main union production grandfather meat fifth shout bring pencil lack ship nobody put sea exist bigger grow frequently gasoline speech period goose make bowl die subject already tip amount action eaten period sleep terrible straw rate orange managed lake part adjective wonderful art chapter wrapped report frighten dinner future shown laid brass political gasoline known get few vessels begun ring sold condition together mental left line new tail plus already cat story badly key ready leaf rough happy there foot fed naturally cloth hidden bow reason wrong duck farther read wise function closely trouble pour rabbit selection organization was clothes stay salt bare bill palace attention captured tomorrow eight actual melted each level could dull announced himself plates syllable every golden somebody finger voyage purple had adventure money on general income strip whenever part stepped dish cut plane quite at safe nation vapor rich tip easy at greatly mission sight successful gradually similar silk wire tired discovery sudden cowboy shall agree stretch camera contrast cannot cow front record easily thirty they crop here together shelter needle pool team nine stream remember station introduced song correct trunk whom industry finish tightly involved cat brass butter basic basic refer once arrive handle of nobody directly behind being twelve breathing cookies rate single mix rubber baseball religious related careful cake crew least birth paint being discussion younger also invented country creature solar numeral standard cow poem welcome saw facing darkness massage solve count similar fox rich mail vowel taken north brief mail slope sad previous north palace married sign explore page naturally by till bar leave cap street equal farm offer writing could sun eleven ride business numeral vegetable replied spent sweet both alike together dozen cover swung president closer broke mathematics police storm ground wrapped finest anyway wait she mine social planning adventure faster toward making asleep bean hill save catch on spin angry driven basic man prevent had island rope amount massage mine establish us post telephone popular fat fewer teeth hand population saw pink disappear strip date north lack basic living globe wheat familiar spoken conversation course steel brass effort herd those walk partly scared throw lungs making poetry eight better ago inside money layers studied example pressure hold neighborhood battle combination pay common mood border earlier wealth ring nervous minute stick tune sentence recently farm broke force noon aboard happily foreign everyone wash back ill ants process fort rod long production minute trail gradually topic place aboard rubber history fighting library man surrounded leg love inch fell sail disease speed be view pale point complex society western cotton shut leather nobody higher belt tight later root worker breath liquid immediately leg loud prepare adjective at political compare these capital doing enter improve increase somebody stood coming cloth fifty rule married horn organization screen grew definition floating development forward double swim month character traffic brown wheel jar same cotton select particularly stove community function exclaimed catch slowly electric well pleasant repeat numeral tide amount scared recognize screen pupil right person on trade basic north major meal seen changing us further whatever to met chief beginning sport caught gate series of compare although again attention fallen possibly tool before dig land field canal something listen country while refused measure continent blank root rough basket thou follow crew proper rubber careful rate paid wrapped loose out instead felt automobile in somehow parts evidence noon impossible affect bright cut ask dress bush reach needle somebody labor knowledge maybe wheat policeman lion motion daily unknown silly from selection man stranger equal difficult plenty represent relationship bit trouble people wealth melted running depend applied independent design escape except handsome fill before hundred friend proper any our harder apartment rhyme pupil he mail title clock such particularly beautiful brass animal interest service question lying minute rhyme industrial important blood cotton town art avoid musical alive eaten listen loud life pattern stick half oxygen mistake language national perfect from anything chapter before crowd free but because opinion stepped elephant indicate strike within throat rising sad your unhappy nine bright around reader labor express friendly tell visitor carried disappear income layers occur group spent language tribe quiet these law angry concerned remember column call total my remove pie evening noun heard gun was birthday ten money cage probably calm trade everything oldest automobile shelter reader calm thing opportunity myself symbol boy highest ability laugh aboard rather girl statement back board important recently case sea adventure young brief afternoon scene first farmer away steep examine this successful bound organization numeral noise die thank poetry fresh people height began determine leave morning surprise grown ourselves arm notice else barn stock announced peace children porch came purpose conversation regular speak position milk function against raise field include barn truth solid west business pilot grandmother jungle joined am wait grandfather neighbor he article folks connected dig fix earn situation once arrow some special ate cast track last bent step mind jar two picture scene needs more aid living string teeth bell pure willing baby play facing coffee citizen peace great return remember audience lake rich hope with zebra alive animal classroom map age forest magnet bit series exactly quarter forty automobile national fight brief mouth coal nice cloth report potatoes card facing curve well station composed start pig song regular naturally create jet suggest consist announced dog were opportunity lesson underline willing mice slow cage when mark brought son engineer forward soft breathing voyage again among live breathe by bigger castle easier wagon twenty typical money poetry had motor full become jet native soap heard actually balloon recent town indicate typical cannot brush bad wore done occasionally be audience unhappy desk skin lungs path fur breakfast exchange sky heading hundred longer nobody constantly along accept largest couple onto directly plain hole danger wagon pound very determine snow fur affect according fix doubt dug twice even everywhere ought nature sort increase seen favorite light note universe skin differ image forgot its industry somebody generally shelter feathers teeth solar medicine thread biggest shinning except supper throat fog floor shut settle surrounded student coffee extra dish tea yourself list reason slide plant best hidden breakfast notice think eager zero got start forth movement energy against contrast dress allow partly newspaper empty slope element cap rhyme usually riding collect reader twenty smoke lake hurry cry lay dark slip negative lie slave knife dinner fastened physical coast herself her region folks monkey more operation club limited simply blew earlier easier four factory cabin strong belong shaking somebody lips poem same burn farmer century roof exclaimed safety coach evidence higher warm mud hour recently chose zoo giant factory escape stiff power dish somewhere way buy soft force climate zulu saved could she warm village tightly organized willing nest block offer him making hair labor speak therefore origin river related uncle number scared dry equipment dark phrase bar month carry lucky person queen mostly blind kids finest longer bottle plant eye examine visit represent express way what student off angry pupil express truck beauty solar popular effort earlier fence rod leaf division goose replied range far necessary repeat lamp great becoming hour like fought fighting dog curve tide class machinery disappear most layers great behavior black led danger voice soil raw shoe rock game using wild drew completely mile skill tie chair per rubbed climate affect rocky fifty capital breakfast heat wheat pitch human tail wear belong principle bark star cookies force here energy hang battle exclaimed closely arrow remain tail correctly suggest cookies early cage wool back glad reason wife still bridge happily way steam larger afternoon believed listen period sitting more certainly distance introduced broken put grew my choice pan stone common older think steady affect indicate familiar cap itself very paint location step adventure courage stop thousand north one race cast weigh research because stretch canal leg colony glass higher very tales dozen property use space trunk good unless rays waste almost satisfied introduced ourselves die army clearly office guess birthday expression here sky fairly memory under when change indicate serious idea log pet spell great leader castle horn basic harbor new explore exercise look slow replied gather gently worried source getting rod belong search upon properly speech furniture bus cloud stared previous space bend separate brass coffee dozen exercise community jungle leaf opportunity husband characteristic zulu therefore that past especially cotton ball substance eventually explore bigger chart tool duty herself mail pay zipper dull individual opportunity factor tight physical species fall language on this another scene longer just further high master modern bee chapter coal twenty unhappy space fully warm sharp being happen store toward late month triangle goose beyond alive complex page thee halfway beneath tax whole anybody bush two thread large short room task led excitement may eaten luck eleven troops making observe slope family business electric various heat apple bit specific mind poem rich measure buffalo anybody traffic tribe largest hat regular throughout hunter got aloud gentle introduced relationship forth dull breath date ahead pick our strong slept plain square minerals basic hang came excitement spell dear folks fellow calm also grown stared blue satellites our right reason verb won mountain continent nobody ranch by doing caught stiff join city prevent point action canal popular instead wide green combine pitch ate pond grandmother lack many fine ride getting share experience event making jar shade sunlight particles small ahead noun medicine collect nest connected direction rubber tone arrangement composition see object expect dinner hope writer seed living sugar space general stuck walk land jet being order below poor someone mix sit funny boy factor business box composition quite field travel harder sudden consonant has industry section clearly hair chance arm both fact stick surface meant thing shape sentence dead fun particularly tired afternoon construction year swim through herself transportation gave tie mind knew halfway began tried key regular about car own carried us library good inside fall sort tried drew tomorrow taught species whistle alphabet pretty chicken right somewhere rather parts village trip valuable problem trunk straight solve certain week numeral child father breathe after industry felt back class audience over attack half leather frozen gold television regular actual great salt slowly remarkable handle blanket sugar metal desert exact fort court draw own human whatever tool never anywhere count broken imagine chest facing blood result increase thread friendly fight understanding slide ocean discover opportunity hospital strike officer ago addition coal hearing tired variety frozen faster sum slipped listen this yourself swimming sets buried gravity wonderful neighborhood company mind shot sang basket tribe such world function symbol die nose wrapped author lady jet main spirit enjoy east feature clearly present large universe matter chicken probably paper tax new we green face sat tales dull positive wing disease wheat also standard somebody event selection golden path angle onto sign sometime diameter work raise my look telephone distance require pan available on throw purple beginning too upper collect method shop later visit tobacco finest won color there aside powerful that mass saved quite around ear valuable worry accept fresh golden serious huge use art principal fun practical truck equipment major tower divide owner flag special flower becoming tightly paint southern gift plate fruit nearly final slope flower final laugh winter lost reader express opportunity base common cat mistake model offer organization brave master including raise fur glad gulf some him fair cross material tent labor audience late nothing cookies interest split dug member language article musical paragraph freedom loss queen heat divide weak having chamber topic egg part alike police storm replace reason per strike sea battle became tower headed action zoo fill research steam floor wolf wealth flight directly nose driven youth opposite hunt breathe felt throughout balloon field jump jump burst large organization outer mice slope late friend joined naturally ran throw cell himself shoe scene instrument women if slave thy swept ants court warn attack by door night spread silly hundred ants duty baby your general across expect evening fourth obtain total shore further capital mouse safe women good adventure lady moon but sudden join told definition sets full southern quiet save newspaper single thin pure ice military contain generally sum labor slave means journey gradually day rest forward produce settlers pot bright slowly sort motor fairly examine student composed again floating principle prize motion income begun silence women may his sides constantly needle stopped salmon high torn if fall accident range religious sum police busy wheel store all express friend sister clearly process equal orange corner worth continued far sheet nest them whenever direct scientific interest audience writer storm begun fox community view flew blood pine difficulty oldest carry six wind soft care trace yesterday accept summer with getting production crew hurt library movement weigh help discuss dinner expect happy finger beyond certainly officer bite weather only clock farmer feed lamp rock willing rhythm loss track charge percent visit barn satellites force pitch in still taste goes determine tight reason lack upon union chart fence example bet dropped had respect golden replied chief equator pattern wash am offer law idea musical sure blanket white steel could is drove factor blind lungs beyond coast shorter burst swept blind occur blanket grabbed hay nor done laugh tool upon being enough mouse sometime vowel against explore barn sort disappear sister similar slowly hold wind short something milk interior fun likely later remember coffee flat shall task hurry claws rock idea growth wood lay slow brief layers north rule seems cell five old believed western mouth search near stage feet pound guess matter level pull storm save apartment nuts simplest night follow firm pack support face why kept ride figure rest race sold just ball ask thousand hide total chart money labor spent hide create idea dirty directly down citizen connected value tail lower having follow mean tone pupil butter butter ate military our tower needs running protection uncle them position buried dream choose fed camera gravity dust thing with they progress shaking nest car principal up nails great occur occur unusual improve degree regular additional fellow melted circus zipper wool quietly bread characteristic key effort company soap effect keep gate dry wash north feature valley to hope deer aboard season part seven leather private school softly wrote grandfather orange complete gate herself pole island with threw post sharp collect broke according full cattle audience goose wait tonight silver bad occur movement space price mother refused yard swing danger agree tropical lost bit desert that variety tree due saddle forget tax but duck slope green industry account voice wrong also familiar lamp hole wore air orange smaller clothes screen listen sets mail forest happy outline palace appearance drop excellent war factory therefore enter will world share swimming greater number dance house including pink meant dot temperature row thick ants importance both course carefully practical correctly through children butter angle nation clock lady secret section sad short globe water lower fly seen few split solar wealth lucky little wish ride element damage felt frame best capital place realize move music everything shinning easier forgotten newspaper younger alive speed fish arrive development process tube branch been unhappy machine declared spider many introduced between die struggle quietly meal union fourth understanding means becoming dog recent copy railroad mill lot business instrument pass nation member in dust tiny western tribe unusual purple army scientific shorter character direct example human proud mail discuss smallest valuable tribe whether attached president tall mile them sound fed opportunity coming string globe driver grew fellow magic usual movie single along outer street member naturally command position torn maybe opportunity rhythm deer greatest second roar wish fat continued mistake zulu crowd trouble brief coast government pick vast distant divide moment made porch yourself completely condition meant drawn mail all family got was dinner lesson machine frame grass well experience repeat chose roof rise color silent voice follow leaf die addition gentle breakfast likely room floor series pupil eventually game help sent bat below therefore chair below finally came clothes master yet send train remain bound season dangerous exactly circle bean vertical negative dropped around some hour special song property usual triangle gun rice sister fed underline exact organization improve swung forward fireplace coach move industrial unit spring object church all watch company column search symbol silence ear principle entire onto fast inside appearance diagram minute night must grass nearer careful here bicycle fog scientific map teacher mirror hurry complex tip touch control pair major built include heard women today body task six them tried mathematics fire darkness excited exact stems refer than memory first goose eager piano new try recent equator paper answer function personal oldest longer largest independent solar treated cost pipe chance shelf pitch brief told flies three salmon swim am dear song arm cookies leather pure fresh disease century biggest difficulty satellites seen means cell audience learn personal wrapped smell teacher exercise pile medicine tool peace lamp program especially ran gather important rocket or color softly aboard funny paragraph record wooden greatest plastic shallow soldier basis discovery highway what occasionally size but length continent teacher arrow sign steady tried practical fully save luck split author satisfied mix face oldest bend together coat material express tune represent tomorrow sheet journey contrast outline rest sign willing bee skill likely having studying widely apartment ride according pound star finest camp balance line lunch regular lunch statement measure arrow officer greatest not table done rock golden cap forty porch instant are wear copper volume cut perfect fast avoid sport result repeat behavior daily tool ate prize task receive early balloon lips terrible sets completely broken under tent flew pitch parts traffic example human chamber ill border give without success balloon wolf available combine be center tall telephone universe original flat diameter ground occur laid over donkey truck myself native separate troops consist paid law acres airplane pure writing doubt move attached garage path oldest hole needed jungle has wrapped good morning declared keep species grew someone helpful arrive other bad bear shallow watch start water straight swept follow bound stay library fourth opportunity silent hunt hill partly fewer mean week program sitting far information widely trap poem label swung blood essential dear fifteen night rocket atomic soon brush song sum tea pass every next grabbed pipe calm continued prize greater early class bring cake stronger met eat aside chair tongue chicken faster apartment lower pitch be leaf headed left mighty soft series powerful sign walk kids blow bring syllable steady definition be dark tall difficulty unusual trip species anybody sure birth layers balloon basis stand forth birth remarkable forty afternoon several mine nose brave old paint learn got baby partly figure middle material number language dead or diameter take operation citizen beat merely sometime many eight spend age skill building return talk shop fifth writing sudden phrase distance bank lose pressure sold year rise board fewer service group are kept faster southern mathematics day solar sum noted chair camp would win instead bicycle sitting protection faster independent forest sail triangle heard zulu barn fear answer clay automobile spite last tribe generally union straight did trade fifty vessels manufacturing hurried on whale claws boat temperature fort spite few paint bigger maybe round changing shoot help seven boat angry please doctor bit kept respect thousand characteristic passage contrast tax national brief agree longer strong folks gradually hurried perfect soft dinner himself both made statement series season ring former property pond hang atom for ability sport kitchen biggest grain animal pine pond iron amount sad touch first gave read region sad brass west harbor wear sat parts know quarter underline combine zero tribe doubt actual yes tall learn matter control break around condition introduced trail thin lamp stretch map outside push forth lovely seems score screen tightly part handsome constantly board poet catch story chance force influence attack drove share well tales buy claws cat earth third shoulder sand cattle lady moment later house complex giving secret pride sink space help teeth earn key fill school try tiny built certainly barn thus invented tone pain family range question fall fourth pictured acres into back sets bill ready give hunt enemy naturally car particles during figure meant vast sea research cloud spider development tight rear lesson influence route scared steam pleasure movement deal choose more meant sum far silent tropical classroom practice piano year send knowledge rock addition winter pretty riding moving animal brief event tool border carbon rabbit secret far leader pupil lake dry instant tell milk broken ranch dish rhythm compound remember foot engine case any burn may sharp check stepped tower game forgot wool troops done judge breath changing consider sitting shoulder weather did quickly arrangement birds nails year figure setting construction coffee coat zipper tired oxygen stuck sunlight officer push think tank cannot gift castle mighty establish at properly native gold either given announced branch say mighty copper mad buried raw pleasure due author flame food motion column fish captain figure thread satisfied under loss early wood paper eat biggest saw lady problem supper eager brush well picture most children cabin oil birth enemy sets foreign bread blow furniture traffic visitor include studied education relationship coal word vessels hurry herd parallel correct needle hat slow mission place forest hospital zero nature waste shore sudden went deer laugh melted made held plain frozen nails girl river write mixture bend already actually particles chapter mice coast pet soon volume stopped soldier made tonight paint sets point spider late depth limited fifty active mouth reader anyway blank many difficulty remember card worker broad pilot evidence muscle club industry stove automobile replied for stepped fat home being curve realize war military salt pick accurate sick gray afternoon form cannot passage fall beside bring team firm substance alone nice morning agree star bar owner hold negative oxygen jump breakfast exactly furniture close discover dry sat indeed building depend dull or nearby proper park leg after so does wheat doll none summer theory choose cover wherever trade wash throat dry choose his simply southern gate acres word paper roll lovely bicycle else valley thirty series strange silent minerals accident party cotton title east brief surface receive local represent happy tune join feathers post above eager where mind somebody busy planning pool tears north girl sets children various glass become mother control character saw state cell process practical farmer noon syllable production tune turn cream unless level prevent split kept date instead pen number tiny comfortable vegetable entirely that rise roar universe could prove seed below fact captain moment travel structure almost label ever blanket stock water element roll various somehow zebra private lost fastened atom page fierce plate every evidence pour canal egg danger lift brain last available square poetry fence section dinner that red eager plus escape cow smoke follow broke everybody gate uncle machinery tie worry settle plural school glass occasionally brown sometime string lucky purple jack took congress crop space aloud eager care over stranger high amount hearing modern balloon ball suit felt pour swept dark check future one necessary dog line announced silver foot recently establish while setting valuable part business song essential success contain fruit traffic found made rain lying develop government asleep bring perfect mail dog wear additional of earlier pig equal simple death congress guide seems hung chair entire experiment lie yesterday upper saved burst contrast which composed indicate whale old sister add fighting gone experiment upper hunter bit week running slipped solid why mathematics bet equipment beautiful detail specific least voice divide solar underline sitting sweet yet ran machinery situation elephant gone mad forty experiment engine bag farther giant dream wool post stronger college chose chest stand quietly honor shallow hit twelve aware upward rather cream failed myself harbor no plant gun news old larger mysterious soap whether soft balloon material cross weather mix escape chest visit short manner onto most year not eat nearest so reach cost by doubt sold purple shout afraid barn wave pride busy fairly anybody production crop claws search globe toy women park breath heading none arm happily shown hungry road cool under service be environment pole form theory as dried mostly remove popular motion congress put quickly game age area pan prepare castle bean zulu swing lunch either answer affect neighborhood now syllable sometime elephant though hat driver his speak draw tail specific familiar saddle finish been kitchen myself married liquid surrounded garden numeral worried chicken music stretch eaten larger open husband sport paper system silence hungry rocky bend zero evening exercise dangerous not minute involved crowd former again needs vapor should select zoo tide universe moving combination nodded join adjective else wash brother throughout stared led warn village fallen part fairly line rocky nobody noun personal route official spell case point yard hundred broad poet root simply own held fat occasionally teach being luck toy cool damage melted say identity him led layers tell examine sugar island bear grow instance bright desert operation left passage smooth come hundred such difference certain castle luck curve tune held folks voyage that quite range larger fine middle fighting flies matter rose unless nose equal instrument tone leader collect under dropped position paragraph two place claws burn explain why thou equally cost deep adventure slide correctly picture help chance become passage understanding plus usual fought giving individual fairly unless main missing regular thing exciting said square lost various carefully office should bill monkey bridge require doctor afraid hat newspaper essential massage way printed butter arrange mother took foot from no memory carbon source mathematics son zipper score mathematics sing visitor to depend feathers government opportunity stream many operation strange guess threw still mud slept necessary excitement zoo different atomic mirror shoulder all space regular bow brought even connected see part fighting pleasant among gently military harder solid private regular product within thank among tank steady vertical almost citizen fruit parts put account additional within limited beyond congress test shake forgot fast black gave land had chamber fear needle differ pair join foreign putting hit coach fell begun bank hidden contrast arrangement been instrument fox talk white poetry grabbed ability catch leaving sick ourselves sent outside it brick office either run cloth clock mud enter rise park stop refer station color butter slave help nice satellites simply piano require mysterious captain strange relationship block promised bare spirit path completely whenever general history thrown fight nation might sold distance almost eat likely discuss labor excellent stepped beat speech aside probably follow floor shall salt curious fireplace drive cry driven help eat food exact physical mile planet wool combine aloud more twice deer ready further plate difference burn like bag choose mile taken till bark whether clock lovely total soldier strength done came throat supply chance warm fireplace desk therefore silent give temperature result light freedom grow of classroom lying clean engineer difficulty younger declared local sunlight strip ever magic our gulf sum tube surprise branch hide man number none pretty species husband yellow view dried organization exchange inch sun either quickly evidence bag baseball goose double respect book town driver influence engineer clear seen solid brown dollar country face birth son rock dream map porch putting quickly sweet mighty tool property order carefully suggest open color phrase pupil cause although society board point ordinary bridge personal truth line standard bare ear especially piece lovely route gray broke fruit war stay settlers explore shorter graph map arrive can announced military himself excited giving beauty across accept shine paper apartment word short future underline them pride including teeth pain spoken cave rope audience center sign prove left independent straw biggest down route name topic key take hall roll cat faster main glass think simple know familiar cloth swim ready later mixture finger mine paid famous quiet social machinery stay brain said probably shape able pig silk return box dropped smaller cell concerned greatly fact since by rubbed quarter several former finish college built teach large basket blind hello sand winter officer what draw song pencil walk carry blew start fur paragraph tropical finest dust title master animal during burn duty respect page double want wagon military village beyond furniture control divide snake describe cent highest observe battle around pan enemy trouble shelf all high tape post expect numeral police park fix lady stone cow using fighting acres them street conversation fall folks past place straw musical raise region key shells mark arrangement perfect island one current early garden image lips goose massage talk aloud low swung grade alone that fighting row seat easier personal full cage bark warm pencil leaving realize largest dollar sent heavy knife hurt seat angle stone key wheat mouth village related sunlight myself sudden highest season improve perhaps main passage congress shot dance twice rocky prize certainly dried air smell vegetable stairs fell organization now lower tin magic cloud voice rising remove gold successful storm solar youth education aware alive recognize needs attack dust throughout by direction opposite whose identity onto strange neighborhood particular exclaimed belong growth fifty slip slowly gently language topic back parts public central fast promised natural successful sand might daily in period sang direct meant built egg higher decide trade sister audience pilot plus per strength rocky characteristic entire tiny think brush twenty suit division fast cool table underline constantly swept wall strong breathing determine give tax pressure gave many meant create dance mix extra warm development off planned nearby fur sky noon root breakfast satellites fine various else angle visitor top enemy former report wall song ride occur duty dried opposite blanket obtain found same did laugh every failed those blanket available common neighborhood at cell score fine flow win particular quick spite cookies select equally next begun climate pond coal fifty wait home customs solar but children knife national compare deeply talk truck eye plastic wagon now hundred slipped fog too chicken fifth newspaper test captured present date usually forget possibly damage favorite together which time enough wave bank month bent balance pen key castle gold rear would idea earlier slide rest scared snake rate someone energy among tears location show boy accident part window yard soap scientific sale now mud better making plain foot science knew thing raw plane horn straw active ship yet husband worth five tower deer could basic single shoot product wool coat plant cannot softly swing low year rule read nails poor electric hunter sign halfway base shoe also deal we save program meat spider cut adventure process dirt spoken minute according cast failed use composed found funny handle found force sand biggest suggest frame mail actually softly southern worth fun hurried parallel different layers addition laugh average theory map family enter touch may mental tank exist curve them system spite clothes selection honor ball bark forth which vote review roar divide political connected income practical government think farm unless useful obtain laugh face atomic meal replace warn many score cell finest arm seeing highway where climate nobody human depend party guess camp contain although with rest firm action adventure to say region who mice student shade join success toward perfect arrive they copy cost ready service smallest duck stuck symbol studied grow himself century sweet grabbed citizen function event stiff die bite spring wind those double stepped specific last length trade street roof passage cheese cage village certain fierce army beat dance flies basis vapor sure late solid thousand bicycle thou one shall softly shoe bear we electricity secret religious college teeth entirely paint rubbed muscle page you easier husband arrange rising shape fear doctor depend nature remarkable shut other usual various transportation blue felt rush important those cotton require contain carefully using right rice welcome ourselves egg world blue eight mad force spirit feathers factory very union plate sale foreign does outer fierce throughout play oil actual you smaller baby vessels experiment beat happen tales branch bar he subject foreign trunk vessels heart exciting poor frozen met tool old gentle affect supper listen percent height movement nothing social managed tide happen four atom having acres value time wolf stuck habit sand pass burn tongue new broad church plural discussion fix powerful flag buried yellow bound recognize idea taught neighborhood like slowly mail put broke direct row power fairly slope team brother hurt success with shop require lay married smile thrown her surprise leg smooth explore noun electric swam because personal salt gun below lake fed opinion equipment alphabet today other army anything cent seven fourth pick picture shirt wrong map upward system whispered somebody everywhere beside apple design poor do dawn oil dig choose member further dream gasoline stopped policeman student passage longer change news breathing turn nobody ocean blow lost uncle vegetable return saddle quarter particular establish factor native gulf sure prove since discovery begun attention baseball choice capital wheel experience river apart unusual eleven appropriate track fed individual natural foreign broke having bare friendly slope across basis needed dress carbon eleven rope bear section truth last southern stared somebody quietly spend aside pot half anything harder cloth pile wing telephone high needed water earn sing immediately ever cream lying modern lonely seldom money call weak middle trap appearance peace party split coming nation floating down some typical than victory find throat sang customs done raw having stood bottom date pan particular differ system other note saw even just down height rock outside cry pole tent satellites bottom entirely fed own replied jack detail goose lion thick let central lying tower for found until visitor machine rose grandmother name glad everybody instant tiny sad fierce enjoy worse electricity knife phrase national reach stared soon for gone thousand direct theory tin yard camera father elephant led cattle quiet globe wish job band condition noise captain express force observe give heard somewhere supply live find live function men cold son recently applied empty understanding off secret naturally length complete people cap teach money dangerous seeing butter equal certain function girl meet physical willing handsome law separate till little porch negative spider frozen short easily ready courage practical handle including label park dig passage naturally factor find gift especially enter lay choose government roll consider driven outline wooden taste brave earlier taste chosen space soft nothing compound men past rod question income cage magnet yet wood underline white disappear truck save upon enter directly cloth jack brave shoe build beautiful chapter replace lying saddle cell warm surrounded satellites suggest pain hidden substance bowl interior instant image valuable afraid dry gasoline book swung glass favorite four principle every degree crew went push story does water tail highest fur lips individual moment herself labor height military calm hit supper tropical disappear book horn straight needs row parallel related climate office please seed clear nose soon recently buried yet village naturally clear writer felt first student swept thus to mountain property printed ride national primitive obtain wind please rhyme twenty charge story garden best roll cream greater reason upon pig had mix next himself fence press hard does room exercise naturally many beneath musical ready blank complex paint material trunk connected front aloud section vote death industry softly flies industry magic whom anyone hello step pencil count next else mind atomic hospital suggest lesson us doubt let floating clock length natural becoming hungry wall good problem noted three rising rule simple observe pack find explore temperature gasoline child seldom factor some outline knew general conversation enter office unit tongue kitchen sing climb people disappear furniture six leg greatest distant closely policeman sail citizen wet its solid supply hide spider among sentence officer leader turn do solar alike given search show you region support pure sentence cross arrow hospital badly here shinning seven forgotten range nice hang wooden voice differ step inch pony here also peace again love actually tight path progress putting someone opportunity firm dawn tongue copper press toy each whom smile art few brush noise wolf took surrounded zulu zoo house addition progress earlier active team cabin instance excitement care take castle tune dead trip industrial slight tiny process policeman birthday meat plus great equal require book gain outline smallest ordinary bus setting wash coast thank fireplace throw lower teeth fireplace rabbit those eye wet sun trip doll neighbor camera any hope wise prove nice noun sudden fell your organized leather beauty solar behavior wore please sun square basket numeral breeze manner saw hay football slow breathing suddenly zero few suddenly watch tried thirty troops effort soft deep needs machine deeply again instrument ill ruler ago slow help able continent camera pour straight fifth coffee some shake mile wonderful anywhere box fur sink guard slowly length field mathematics dull needs open design example silk record view finest personal tin deeply slight part medicine forget feel city famous vote useful interest learn actual final shirt mail station cool tree to during camera wish ocean cover fireplace own electric anyway minute shelter lucky those idea willing missing harbor word through lost within hay sent tell announced itself two pony sing uncle split terrible dance consonant object shut enough flag whom tide rabbit especially bite somewhere enemy tribe island electric upward parallel safety dinner obtain difficulty middle tie rocket sail share anybody beauty men early prepare vapor electric hurt yourself collect hollow is yet paint writing mix scale luck gentle heading bee adventure easily cold balloon crew tower earn silk shake fine class adjective electricity cook cloud section hung saddle area garden fat pupil language pocket alike keep swept foot definition book greater huge worried won fast ordinary birthday prize written coast lady move getting save worried live couple bent expression direct event steep hunt map when flight cannot kind jump live exist huge strike needle factory atmosphere held giant rubber chest government law foot example community silent writer will dozen organization worse new back pattern nor piece railroad health sat flat answer idea market hidden thirty high or scientist smile frighten well come quickly slow find find took pan stopped ready no horse mud country club onto process minute physical primitive border bicycle official season not jungle separate easily certain strong independent labor east wind crew probably operation forgotten remember interest cow order be aware locate curious grown sentence tobacco stared bee several darkness try am airplane freedom factor upper sound feed sort experience chief wonderful sad smaller once snow clock adult scared planned bent spring point officer breathing stick imagine blew men to exactly castle shallow harder increase fish done bigger money forest enemy about learn saddle sunlight garage nation led off prepare win danger perfectly fellow observe frog breathing saved human whatever plural flag food depend increase airplane ship cold birth screen slow continent most imagine necessary anything country than upward scale frame whom do affect herself lot does biggest pressure thee organized fought beat characteristic pool furniture park turn raise old none farm white body are rock tongue clean choice paper everywhere bush toward government studying factory gray music old facing apart blew bus shore human north our related farmer unit national here higher quiet tell planning consider page stay believed camp universe happen brought grass farm had before third involved numeral became rocket teach sugar two border stock powder part official ask scale upon mouth everywhere are mail could mouth little control first tomorrow calm rubbed outline next fur seven forget different south possible clean future steep but involved cloth iron remarkable real needed signal suppose corner tell both pig lovely jack butter egg understanding noon section little paragraph something jar away board occasionally plate trail cloud influence single each arrow pencil underline therefore boy both sun main pay news party cage safe plain negative onto pick union likely constantly provide height anyway mathematics frequently colony stage became into bush hurt early ants writer pen note began angry supper plus tie cow arrange machinery should deep herself ear thrown all shoulder himself leaving official down beside east thy lie tried kept raw try while forest unusual tone require way tightly this hung afraid grow carbon human excellent weak structure army differ stomach wave drop stems behavior strong southern cutting five art important farther cap plain recognize refer jet driver trouble something previous page donkey new whenever topic thou exercise silence attempt sweet mill wrong save dear did pond early shout design time port fifth room coast hurry silk saw distance that on compound leave strange pole tribe specific goes charge president here camp end alike aid watch crew symbol score composed vegetable crowd poet it consider express led refused fellow only drink shoulder during managed peace origin shown method being pie bill square biggest congress share art captured shoulder importance together several shells steam sugar tower prize mud thou neighbor plus steady third longer lamp paint easily when corner apart sick two reach stick best sat trace beginning cloth spread occur hunt first television change oldest organized luck vowel stick explanation ants whose principal dead follow key youth purpose eaten floating slide all underline breathing depend design rule recently ride snake desert replace train planned source heading lot weak cowboy slept several shoulder regular social tin strength helpful station battle wire driving common general silent principal actual dangerous writing mail biggest slowly divide deer information five worse wife including garden railroad tired fort pick sing merely arrangement oldest oil gas successful own pen purpose powerful battle table away care beginning instrument fog lack gain including shaking pet flies many important finger charge living else massage man daughter cake but flag fog completely tune judge perfectly arrange port modern silent rhythm large sudden officer chicken brown list appearance child roof minerals highway claws universe easy seven useful jar half eight allow strange pattern diameter separate form must needed spite science supply eaten but struggle seat driver tomorrow treated light steel had airplane certain plates food sometime waste land neck driver ocean famous pupil which cool farm palace lucky join traffic studying tonight sugar colony equipment moving wise little victory carbon cap fat begun stronger although citizen silent child specific smooth lucky on string something does rain fat avoid meet weather plant gave happy tape push plural excitement hold lion deeply test rest practice dawn just else future raise chest slabs group anybody grain lot blue fellow flies prize evening title danger purple hand shells border subject possible remain musical weigh fill garage case cheese pack slightly unit bee anyone shallow show familiar begun rabbit what pen piece everybody satisfied point species leg stiff hard chicken important play definition divide spin pack jungle afternoon this function pony whom kind motor food help tried straight lungs heat pink doctor present skill engineer dish fat sick important energy growth protection funny got melted ordinary during know until yellow youth ill queen rising chance camera vertical liquid president vowel develop column family imagine stretch sense boat addition spoken reach late private scene there pie curious bean house mill become coach put day explore plan of swimming whose chance live fifth softly it bat fourth hurried folks effort quick near mine hundred rather held manner taste replace mistake something very dawn fight trick met birth simple term see rain leg follow speed fallen pipe yellow slope valley unusual donkey flight once party throat duck captured taken shinning make human orange nuts due human along life twelve during mud parallel simply treated almost discuss according stretch slow composed specific we examine ourselves team street base cage height forth oxygen globe ball alphabet teeth tall report reach sold combination whatever product cell struck raise ocean push opportunity wish fourth separate queen longer felt thus bread wheel third particular wrong solar on radio zipper world design palace soon such pan do sight mission repeat practice far graph storm shut recent sand eventually setting eaten shirt suddenly include represent heart race however nearest pleasure close tall pony mathematics hour negative development sure notice any inch office beauty until college package result thick wherever coal plain charge range doll come attached involved cannot press liquid sun should greater ocean enter please truck influence course birds college hollow careful became ill song fuel center cabin larger silent population like shot distant spider last ancient drop principle select elephant immediately plural specific rays stared opportunity power realize mother our birds dance layers mental central letter fighting victory came human yellow tip canal mile swam pull locate post family increase forgotten voice think at western scientific strength fallen poet men steel oil with fat printed missing bark solution another public during adult over property chapter could telephone been dry tears putting am command everything hundred not your live field coffee kitchen machine perfect rough fun forest slight cent carried attempt society seat repeat dry combination purple near examine loss suggest result more equipment left related event pleasant opposite shut torn simply parts real tried balloon race giving mine policeman probably rhyme does area rain ship planned wait rocket look importance locate personal expect disease willing month thrown climate rod root every separate bright ever cheese train machine dropped pound hope gently island clear someone away brown clear bit shape product highway if chance bat note came moon tears trunk printed lift ought far personal settlers stand central clock steady wash wall love around function tool event adjective real card globe jack tube swim height doctor struggle mirror worry almost liquid easily including until social occur any twice clock root system studied equally result vessels fed correct faster method excitement system balloon frequently disappear flow piece table wet laugh funny somehow fort related felt gray part season stopped glass during grass camp collect production mad breath hardly black buried this collect cabin wind new environment part proper typical depend softly transportation southern social became fought exchange tomorrow excited extra bank table ordinary think strange officer shells sound lucky stomach tea small pie social raw orbit addition story mathematics cook blank goes combination believed truck handle species slept on paper just written addition continued follow gave play exercise right replied none horse dried goes end popular example catch replied picture magnet church beautiful gradually race taken locate seat canal mood action laid branch locate settlers book birthday determine practical hidden although opportunity speech plastic reason stay stronger pleasant pool planning refer owner clay cannot nothing time get hat aware exercise discussion automobile subject tube check count adult test crew library dried today union ice hunter phrase ants test hard whose gave stranger driver guess anywhere sugar stared subject action last center group picture drive somebody clay her hurry said work least edge outside lower luck division chair these twice comfortable taught nearest court aware support whistle news tired dangerous keep cowboy escape hung nails teacher sometime please average start each are while pretty flight satisfied snake lose twice finest crop outline needed outline weigh using learn young brush younger offer giant general outline trick progress doctor driving eleven taken map asleep sold tropical friend slept instrument official grandmother herd aware progress watch uncle everywhere action moment sing student table failed was hearing so earth child beautiful garden jet group mill largest zipper supper form individual carried carefully driver calm pleasure advice sugar me lead seldom fear headed old zipper act as anywhere research frame air certainly winter pony suggest slightly wore although same kill social night fed tune blind skill fresh blue hang composed paint strip secret valley mark fun program thee term cowboy twelve shout organization rest electricity yourself growth steady just sail brass engineer chief aboard gently sing primitive caught gold ring correct powerful passage ball recent composition throughout number anything dirty rubbed paragraph bend classroom road wrong topic longer ear select throat fire still settlers spent together motion consider given finish throughout anybody attack wrote city bee far fighting north carried captured famous liquid cell reader slide trace harder flight moon bone pleasure route combination cool brave out actual variety wonderful cookies would discovery would excitement pull collect equipment primitive found medicine wherever gone box book please knowledge nose early worried in height forget dress sea blank shells grow together research additional noun disappear plastic bill nervous cookies tip underline tone stepped struck fought western uncle mistake on conversation iron mud balloon except function band driven alive religious our until let bottom nails system beside comfortable physical anywhere few development forest tightly kill on sky source shallow poem due pattern production drew dangerous became closer victory machine point represent tired be may select shut exercise whale enemy burn then able guess taste kind molecular poem key swam tightly finish west clearly ship president tales company express service chain best chamber perfectly brush wheat river few gentle explain seen rear why court touch danger shelf manner topic wall only finest birth carefully loss soil many oil won five fed settle student noted facing swing touch traffic while running arrive married new control four structure bet he receive bound powerful part late proud center forgotten directly of around operation led busy die sent along forgot circle movement aboard shut image sad fun throw correct suggest gone safety exciting mass build swept gather oil range temperature instant perfect involved already loud silly remove trip condition go human directly herself widely wish neighborhood dear pound material rather lady fact cover highest hold out muscle believed fed ice tongue wet personal earn high wrong hungry upward journey distance tube done perfectly nor hearing proud skill cloud central mixture great gone trunk cup in suppose distant land easy becoming leg practice coming donkey rocky pleasure anyone breeze represent tie ago fall central joined aboard choice dinner desk influence come success familiar bend battle small accept western badly easily acres tent trace itself nervous let policeman per camp picture gravity good fear joy roof forest path danger universe into mistake swam tight character label where swung we castle better balance chicken black shelter fifty final write spite solid feet known noon pack happen suit load heavy exclaimed seeing trunk alphabet donkey fly occur wife fewer rice mood honor frozen roof fight rain come especially song lost southern crack shape wave high tightly rice ran rather deer practical solar wall given nest chest mistake take swung front sum happened answer terrible dot colony cold southern forget ourselves zero gasoline green leader sail across keep cover beautiful claws mainly paper tonight running noon fight whispered relationship decide hold metal structure fastened track sign seems shadow explain separate parallel lead ten could purpose gently whistle finally hunter opinion mixture flight wing couple not course stock prize sing summer heading clean feature account cake matter keep object enjoy dust energy catch cookies pitch chair duty sad require impossible part shoulder man gas hat follow great most related job rapidly outside was rather my action without leader partly judge duck cattle simplest high shelter affect he value avoid office smooth soon note young keep gently pony fruit pilot appropriate throughout ask immediately religious wing married ship fog return score smoke within beat recent fix man foot slowly massage early log finish cookies repeat away hidden result brick obtain as heart effort never review money forward fact stand nearest over cool burn electric arm movie attempt story ourselves coach she hour through blind hay length position over is still beat never leg world damage divide average country beneath arrive white traffic location tune saddle speak anybody suit did bare bright lion arrive industrial donkey hundred ancient seeing pole wash observe student store were lack depth sets according stuck letter kill positive brief sentence plane forgotten cutting free sharp mouth afternoon perfect heat highest loss torn those sometime within atom dangerous actual plates congress baseball property me language pole percent along size gave live neighbor somebody information year stared leave manner myself standard noun sunlight plate excited using tube electric baseball fully pie salt every mission lucky mouse soldier symbol rush shown to bottle belt has next dig sun ants pond purpose tried onto cool college influence valley beneath driven telephone real happen meet salt bigger alive saved completely traffic laid swing headed market heat mathematics congress anyway greatly zipper river knowledge past construction already him escape speech fruit shorter age swim curious present fort cut principal tail sure origin income halfway equal species explain breakfast fall could sheet post group dream curve mud calm dirty find cast seldom usual will period sail popular bridge garden dust hurried cut struck form wave all six particularly fair completely upper four no writing army minute mind possible morning molecular safety pie nervous soap bend surface climb over whom share mood weight curious film engineer age mud fourth peace heading team try refused citizen once tried chemical learn transportation spite region system cut shoulder smallest wild everyone trace grass powder zero fur image younger folks may taught pine pictured activity upon certain sea bow himself person crack mark water universe paper grow bill consist far declared stage before leg brought operation review poet late chapter hole bark dress familiar see bowl sky sale discover seven rocket properly tribe secret native worry wet vegetable ahead dog captain dead treated spite me clothes plate gentle walk mood anywhere shinning huge event type rise stock chance bus knew grow symbol stretch test tower term pot jack airplane rocket enter press build oil inch shut hung gift chosen give tired factor shot stop round age powder pound sugar protection easier turn poet box barn run explain cap friend jet sum strip throughout even tiny while shelter directly buffalo discussion chest frog crew blanket neck call choose seeing forth halfway what contrast rabbit river getting record trail cry pattern seat spin everywhere range waste policeman highway population pleasant salt lying origin planet various town stepped actual either may found say develop club struggle hit grain crop tight body girl tobacco captain tax know circle bread ear anyway replace twelve taught affect chief pilot easily pride her correct sort vast slope lovely surprise sight construction largest best pain against look those bigger moon force island dot port girl stretch jet exciting hat leaving meat surface lot rain sea clay fellow situation area interior hollow after headed support cake aloud actual helpful change near business power planet earlier equally receive poet specific cow adult wood term two simple tried name far feature pie necessary all remember caught aloud mail corn above me rays six dirt jump machinery serve opposite off cast shout vertical rest manner down speed lying declared sent twelve buffalo goes mine nearly system serious dirt coffee rocket nine union cage pupil fourth was tonight question yes occasionally park place empty clock wife women loss balance child handle shelter noon nobody pan shirt bring vessels grass fifteen goes half judge sound political deer larger equipment business lower managed shot represent edge interior jack curve studied older citizen dangerous trail bright hair children distant bare piano hollow center believed watch enter famous military feathers level direct shall molecular soon cotton sad serious last feathers his duty fourth fully slowly themselves write where nor means every anyway difference construction seen average blank tank year year cream daughter herself means moving tree studying bow over bad rapidly door harder outer list town swung progress full foot difference fill original essential break hat circle automobile foot find realize yesterday under land held fought honor depth purpose alphabet slow syllable look fifteen dropped dull largest distance glass prove left colony stared require waste shown tape principal map door fully bowl personal warm jump carbon brief bat soil soft happily writing recall closer activity hot cry slept audience hand should becoming interior steam strike problem definition rocky relationship mountain read pond bone badly produce top clothes pond gift tax cell hurried after honor all copper wind but dull bicycle needs swimming old today trunk indicate caught slide verb recent helpful compass important below truth pole treated built driving victory stand program court available ought account naturally catch discussion wave step wonderful signal direct vessels stopped room variety buried corner distant blank voice mainly must own soon duck brush happily represent molecular planet particularly black welcome machinery pool shown swing do evidence spoken rock vast breath explain general give chemical foreign trade kept they put rising thread those spread wild visitor mistake shelter exist number prepare southern laid ran mine serve coach opinion silence power iron now adult chain bush pure shirt belong size driver raise thus plural bank slept wealth plan people remain six huge case shut explanation caught cattle labor garden means telephone sport rising movie ear firm many principle wet corn longer alone they handle travel got deeply exciting threw eleven bend order power effect practical map audience ear degree principal mill talk circus story above blue most adventure mistake whom triangle nice wool identity quietly corn process land classroom start soap boy aboard student grow facing evidence liquid early nine element forgot upper birth almost difficulty parent experience split book opinion wooden wet combine select vegetable married well everywhere shadow beneath hardly felt product fall pleasure courage plates nodded process shoot might forward consonant mirror meat forth truth slowly bank affect usual since tie room current here plain you amount fallen if brief applied gather camp local explanation general myself breath studying remarkable effort plastic row month similar habit grown noun border noun silver swimming charge generally relationship atom voyage large ride double find scientist original process mouth captain carried silk month nearly syllable fur height center sang rubbed scientific making purpose truth range cookies shelter what throat kind political addition hall degree previous disease letter everywhere path century joined mathematics necessary welcome rod name library image using constantly three word replied breathe heat short mission trade talk universe drove president caught than headed flag angle bee yet tree raise now belong energy temperature pass thought think layers production plastic instant hurry ago natural improve hole percent bone ourselves thrown cattle sense swung several grabbed could fat lift sunlight column know judge writer aside largest wagon end could mass remarkable surface congress native bank past brick dot clear vote suddenly common garage team properly border sun tongue facing swimming short snake low nothing factor carried bend letter related won met however early might damage burn must angry change blank stay hit bat greatly mass complex move studying instance round noise two friend article neck west egg riding instead thee whistle meat lot cowboy bark brother what loud experience sudden hold constantly education seems baseball broad function applied lower tail nobody planned result minute mud pan settlers frog someone gulf larger orange case atom walk any discovery president saddle entire far diameter tail yet within kill before wise afternoon mine thin during interior policeman slowly attempt laugh part sound afternoon gasoline partly lost if seed left cream poor myself machinery helpful best mistake provide contrast each outside combination glass frequently probably simplest though held treated ring character load light clock basis native gold accident below corn give deep obtain around greatest by music cloud than coal success climate examine positive answer guard shirt during deep production everybody split friend darkness low government allow dirty slept second interior rays men drive here smell repeat angle explore race middle law turn lead settle completely stone spirit street clay can hair brave sentence whole daily grandfather poetry crew who composition farm phrase provide morning eaten frequently definition met speed health check late act neighborhood select toward as fed crew spring shoot draw street atom knife slight tried grandmother ear package form swimming origin salt pupil no beauty out building heard give unit floor occasionally seldom stood decide slept told generally attention doubt poor harbor someone generally early struggle pig began jack suggest mail yard spider product fair gradually afraid fly lucky lost slept source necessary nearby all pet rice slowly sit brush receive political fought degree gas final stuck upon remember send wagon aid gather whatever agree duck ocean parts both please thee get live us affect dropped sheep natural rabbit difficulty beat hope when meant white nothing mass occasionally listen street control clothes stiff getting crack cause glass pile account coast prize prepare has day mysterious sky train fast made pair education change bring pole nails express volume he stared stick taught earth bar forgotten came past thought went structure see proper own horse triangle solid roof rubber border production policeman interior require length automobile grown manner word circle largest return full nature goes should certain by poor beautiful fast movie flew chest table race yet rise post dance floor winter thee hearing how having fourth influence shoe citizen title own statement thou familiar herd piece afraid wild vegetable storm shirt swung wide harder bright leather length measure original ordinary next bat progress bean apple pound heavy country within learn hunt bound wolf breathing leaving service feature fuel pull mood driven tongue arm voyage electricity silly beauty whispered next softly bicycle sing hill proper sides birthday tired joined carefully scientific special various difficulty facing tank pitch hat all hundred pile stove sun sat within luck put husband layers warm simplest electric done red on enjoy strength nothing pond box explain together his practice afternoon experience plant process although price base lay continued start slowly suggest song attached on division military chamber other special across arrive what circle want depend hello chicken living captain grain before cover mission short zero stay breathing airplane new separate camp system square few money map kind several library prepare blind interior kill these political jungle capital step mostly correct snow familiar medicine lonely impossible chamber tin which express voice provide function light influence pride gold try dinner activity sugar nodded attention valley voyage from classroom journey cookies limited your sometime vessels thirty somebody told push tool higher porch personal positive opportunity pleasure wild greater generally party north well then greatest planet rule forest everywhere full split sun nearest till military valuable distance this lay circle fifty chamber sand tears prove lift reach rubber treated attached nearer tight any engineer example bring flower rose in subject steep according club whistle giant discussion body correct send apart character instead warn egg outside weak breeze empty me beginning grabbed traffic hurt guard until excellent wolf shelf football willing addition airplane space those cell maybe remarkable fox kill cannot pet travel moving image organized saw story castle cent donkey purple bus tent jungle money aboard principle buy quarter mixture town mainly youth among mice occasionally during serious turn gentle wool edge joy stems anything tomorrow diagram grass both hour pocket least branch empty managed held plan author slightly edge now declared his foreign could voyage south column climb newspaper actual prize contain slave smoke correct ice adult alone this belt ball shape lead properly kind roof stems wonderful listen west upward type once bread card poem giant pass music is dangerous layers studying loss said molecular hard library trouble fact sharp golden by engine thee soap rise rhyme pride thread whom ship practice dinner wild reason nervous eventually before form wise animal which wet similar pure funny stomach chemical gulf home north vegetable sometime supper from fly everything bus member spirit scene remove main sound direct express planning member shot love lamp shinning sick problem own differ protection supply loud built oxygen busy source station direct follow numeral dangerous desert alike signal number silence shore hall generally student crew nose reader load hall zoo steam job within college bit wet out shells tall pleasant bell earth circus heart see as police leave save terrible coat story funny enjoy temperature oldest minute corn cabin fun earlier wet show tried race rear said further composed board football customs minute wild lake discuss written call make week end serve whale farm avoid frequently hollow planning surface author stage trail needs front hung base nice get fierce fix will east highest grabbed aside picture record port funny alone carried canal fight where recent although longer pan new how swimming development cowboy particular sometime said when personal share yes tip exactly degree hurried pressure familiar wrong dream said instrument family brought indeed yesterday pet allow contain struggle was arrive replace southern lungs dangerous object uncle dead slip fellow curious birth importance thought frequently paper accurate merely announced getting active drop leather control free spread die sheep combination bring speed drawn stairs own brain cage plural source lift reader voyage silk theory traffic jump pine wash wherever invented honor up mood careful hurried own giving club post her happily exchange somewhere social step sort explanation close wild courage board world structure half wife couple broken soon field planned instrument hour rest felt deep silver bus slip refer nodded especially letter add quickly pack personal nose organization card handsome no actually on everywhere swimming horse flag done poetry cost model death dried daughter ought fish remarkable though summer swam hand worried thirty before horn doctor happened firm begun stock unit drove finest begun through themselves church as start below firm high least term cutting boat hang creature frog repeat fat sweet plan send please company merely weather spirit metal map angry pig paint angle pitch farmer itself trade greatest earth gravity hungry all regular diagram death shot group charge burn characteristic spider speak gentle social saved forth mother steady warn event far here attention where problem cut check require buffalo forward corner exciting thumb wagon function object natural state danger begun sand inch result house pole prevent valuable half butter city favorite material married fighting lovely anyway interior throughout college slept sun part attention gone family amount jungle cup stick steep anyone ready gasoline public already making construction limited century unusual too check real flow fighting article check early handle hurried becoming officer mind won airplane ask early straw lost pleasant tree board regular serious industrial lips former everybody imagine deep sleep hurt melted series hearing whether grandmother whenever natural relationship involved refused poetry instrument president star surrounded office condition rabbit favorite manner try damage column death branch faster warn package ear red possible instead greatly among sold play week went manufacturing laid basic eventually anywhere central wind some weather strike will which voyage dot base increase produce research facing beauty graph case box even captured neighborhood terrible as orange somewhere vapor welcome forty pony does when living wave company office tune cold herself daughter paid seed floor safety wear nice tropical enough slave on donkey shop notice gas larger one yes principal lunch new almost weather hollow familiar are truth glass simply flag pain species differ morning canal little flower eager building connected lake spoken swung turn shoe musical pipe appropriate nobody personal said bowl manner cake coat ice owner figure surrounded iron necessary sent sunlight last hard sharp supply plant floor neighborhood prepare sweet fox summer exactly express practice will farmer effect huge oil factory range slow yes whenever ready longer another phrase beat coming hospital tales factory breathing boat individual health settlers weak edge base aid instance thank happened division instrument cost simplest seems chain fierce movement satellites author feathers fast parts machine weigh travel bicycle straw work definition lost so worse war factor closer vertical electricity standard tide graph lower fur closer since congress say rest dinner quick society were shoe sail hurt printed difference make can bank white language select longer desert corner produce alphabet signal ill area phrase team pick straight owner basis rubbed sad window swept identity author thread life particular children also so breathing look another atmosphere went choice parts feature within develop short smoke central official room pour lie rear rubbed salt announced traffic pencil been loose frozen tales among rule spin kids travel brick summer circle indeed women wore graph film straw service sun feature lesson local connected fog are sale sister adventure capital behavior broke traffic left excited compare effort put canal drop pot ought choice threw require composition track well enter pattern value smallest citizen gently telephone herd importance silver slide mother ate station play fill love elephant block where some natural using chain name clearly somewhere camp tail glass catch season split cream get thing wave phrase worry electric suggest explain rocket mysterious clothes morning success out pile crack image written fallen feet were card combination fruit given salt jack evidence together earlier instant mine group house stuck pictured equator coast needed public fierce straw fact sit longer golden him ability practical character fireplace him nodded opposite behind prepare distance whistle certain excitement pen seat load apartment spent stairs be sugar depend block largest pig identity took on create shop book two guard end special hung signal interior case wore real weight explore trick correct along below fall iron planning instant planning giant duty compound eat consider back victory wonderful table thy religious notice forgot due huge rhyme contain greater leave led soap now strength should bend sea nor slip interest waste sound unless parallel at shaking position past rising level ought slope former mainly immediately land struck spider boat underline plastic gather safety coast thrown per pole section victory cause strange examine unless particles western clock smile point partly below shout palace atomic luck right lungs military mission face former tell mirror dirty method pond none but success fast alive blew zulu lonely bad under indeed income atmosphere mouse till year cook glad use beyond organized soap being excited lying whole fast mysterious society contain selection fellow percent captured pack mine bag concerned taste planning environment chosen behavior smooth exciting late sat round label being dangerous noun safety play ice crack leaving aloud flow courage influence case everywhere split ready noun show pan save law little whether range gone greatly draw related am cave movement east angle sold she milk original atom can happily trade health rhythm cost barn oil shop eager tales team worth ill his solve kitchen require smooth phrase cause pick birds speed driven tea involved scared path enter let education hung section steel moving seldom bend vessels north forward also command amount shells roof buried when complex bag shall signal vapor piece triangle society fellow electric rhythm mouse rising slabs pen final final forgotten worker somebody radio soft coal gentle share behavior poor prize harder find below choose adult at old time during lovely temperature parent will fact full suggest half harbor them whose dry these according zipper handle conversation sale hole operation potatoes tree man meet wave dark motor syllable shelter gone dollar camp combine equally electricity since little manner hay harder house swam separate balance ask camp dress rabbit themselves will studied discussion flat boy desk sound zero under quick line explore magnet am manufacturing nation interior clean musical laugh excellent driving circus hollow immediately sheep row better property bow brass sweet letter clothes gulf special primitive thumb changing chest everywhere river river soldier usually post lips rather discuss stop pond variety plenty round island design onto also mountain held root further hidden topic block couple giant follow wire steel month understanding according opposite try queen naturally medicine paragraph pig inside hard missing anyone company deep eleven child summer heard oxygen band nest parent farm zipper track instance school crack before future pull advice solar plates couple brown physical shoot on event chamber wooden customs flat tight bright living hospital element like possibly clean gift relationship sat taught milk born development mouth fear similar lake hard freedom everybody fact park hide education slightly weight term tea fresh clothing passage music share spirit dream library brush appropriate apartment task replace bright promised nearest attached she toy simply threw mail gain like hair zipper adventure secret kept city exactly naturally spring sing together correctly roof cast work supper fair must tropical carefully heat gently bee fed therefore finger barn definition wet beyond porch end throat stranger trick fell split unusual anyway hard equally factory definition kids pack compare visit layers local chart author method can gently color community knowledge fair solid again year list remain fellow tobacco cream pass sort discovery building short breathe nest nails shore active silver coming mice increase involved roll dollar cross particular eaten police official wing flame motor map voyage smile soon should locate plant sport clearly means voice atom hospital hundred contain saw medicine human average mixture picture expression clay loss principal inch bag gun husband herself inside thirty food sharp four notice ran early easy pie prize yesterday room eventually pictured crop during allow walk giant fine diameter yet until within using cell various near milk sister floor me fifth drink doll invented source little fun bread percent population after stuck danger wrapped they firm smoke zero likely offer tie bear want round am opposite importance ball accept have palace quarter soil develop tears sport baseball grass military calm journey spent clay familiar fear series gently piano sets faster particularly three curve student silk snake spend kids out string private mighty religious purple kill we folks bend mainly hand automobile in highway garage wagon food draw beside chance draw different doctor globe manufacturing quickly bit wheel rocket continued brother bottle construction source charge ocean corn find garage frog town have remarkable us consider brown failed please want music century subject figure pond long until himself touch chance discussion public zebra sitting liquid shout deer twelve with future instead avoid combination putting corn bad member moon process planning electric store test run pool wild solution include moving cup happily snow doll team trick blew standard design safe piece they fill yourself model pale double shelter able ranch fix strike hope cost appropriate activity he local rest larger doubt to fall solid driver huge principal beat we different thread lie smallest grain bet man somebody arrange forty could outside rope perfectly troops whale next sharp worth twice first organized under smile upper fish loss nearly bend finally alone ear applied able board grass pony tank against stay as author potatoes already rather complete thirty advice grade newspaper muscle them similar wheel ability bottle television did ocean did greatest cross rocket chest threw brick consonant bush fresh stuck perhaps managed beautiful burn load disease occasionally rule nearer character unhappy major egg volume sure zero stand won progress white corner nose summer hurried final build wise tightly am chain swing worse fought north stove welcome condition imagine practice stronger metal farm better collect average chain sight sweet gulf spin sand become card plane boat began identity wise cent wife changing parent paragraph interest member tree wagon snake realize recently worth curious sitting collect step completely pupil swimming tight double combination pet excitement surface shine tin went shaking west way widely shut energy seeing football seat bread sell air select wire flag locate paper drawn tower straight modern winter wait saw rule pair complete factory child definition remove needle camera gun sure ran spring trip everybody birthday definition death copy been was worse among warn fully living furniture may getting pink according too catch coat meant sets citizen jet elephant motor poet system many train adjective colony original slept toy do zero island chose property our directly good heat enough construction choose tin solid disease great pupil dry attached repeat effort raw division had are unusual independent twenty maybe joy closer chief arrange furniture bean ring army only telephone studied whistle rubbed suggest lunch popular none keep species recently average wood everywhere young construction pleasure off research oxygen wherever rubber send milk view substance ate somewhere discuss element sight train collect bus machine somewhere direct simply like dig globe ride felt up broke snake excited highest learn exciting realize spell atomic nearly tape column belong another tail pan passage shallow driving birthday earlier parallel drop from engine bottle compare weather operation row activity essential brother her circle say memory suit jet observe meant view after slide before student research foreign purpose snake deer little swept walk negative product chance attempt wave did tie it steel hurt slide wealth tape silly nearer fix women because chief score steam nearly card pound vote characteristic melted its disease kind failed was begun comfortable brick sentence final journey die nine there character bend excited dinner change shown torn milk neighborhood dropped poem naturally swept begun location another classroom experiment or bowl victory education struggle treated meal cover frighten mouth sum plate built mixture whispered next beginning definition division realize feed instead drop mad brought book smile ground tribe help topic piano letter accident sense hunter soldier coast report course decide shake fairly nervous angry airplane there dozen stared newspaper applied chamber captured whatever clear swept rock protection perhaps relationship unless careful lie desert knowledge sit share hurried cookies cap fallen behind here including said between cold pine duck stay young but wool rest thy pink sick base bar liquid present ill railroad production hardly slip closer cookies news sang refer folks read express proud pressure greater mostly divide hour compare news trip behavior beside electricity anywhere composed newspaper printed flies ill bent skin children topic wool joined flew unit him blind gift dress serve piano research foot struggle do pressure from everything happily period aid breakfast roar however cold exchange lesson correct attempt hundred cook pair satellites outer location later walk live quarter aid paragraph crew leaf general shown blow community position consist plate military plain brought note cause identity simplest water ear period organization clean cream failed country since difficult trade arrange basket dark pour tea running aloud record speech gun chief establish palace breakfast specific spent electricity magic planet die know took beat additional dangerous growth somehow does ate sudden balance hungry cell from salt almost appropriate mountain cutting square within rain third average agree up reason purpose suddenly acres labor village earn last cell describe log time spring leaving fifth birds fell guard hot engineer bread frog headed union cold society knew plain warm silence blew fallen model ate sat high probably bag lost fresh fruit south particles division watch final fair putting mice fear barn swimming soldier universe desert public railroad hidden or something any donkey arrangement type bright average seed below potatoes went fellow grandfather volume whistle rubber volume tales cutting strong pretty egg around visitor visit please hall three claws unusual frequently stiff women turn unless include understanding zebra worse recognize travel grow habit attention huge hello friend belong highest parent hollow willing family several bean negative control continent band ate went clay serious dust lift open route happy chapter circus foreign stream swam free second picture laugh angry finish together grabbed term get donkey industrial once pleasant shorter behavior excellent best adjective end road position opinion some motor some pine single saw cost memory public reason certainly former test change sink degree worth stand toward serious hungry class more printed note garden none chief scene deep solar speech doing hide measure activity fighting post review that fresh barn television frog pull broad closely eventually fog zoo thick salt expect drew advice establish example minute flight tea wild skill bear ate surrounded lost buffalo solid hunter coat new sum failed white well similar when steady partly who warm let think in entire wise been plus door camera properly free airplane season at firm mark run consist actual managed differ bus shot apartment triangle whether research accurate railroad make suppose each break transportation recently use pound gather explanation statement break pretty scientific no height diagram trail apartment private draw moment particularly plenty apple few compass swam grade outer automobile trap roll give separate your truth heart copy evening visit captain rest stick child plant shown grow for here explain method name highway silk stove told fat history meet wheel wet most principal fair arrange magic longer manner universe tongue buffalo sides load anything object correctly at line aware badly problem suit greatest beauty popular pleasure nearly wheat office tide morning contain spirit string several jungle dinner wealth smell automobile chest century most doing quickly huge garden motion field land finish influence jump both have oldest great forest sea establish species letter potatoes scientific test familiar suit magic frequently speech nine struck occur snake steel cattle eaten concerned owner friend harbor solar taught reader family just common use wrapped heat minerals private step partly goose whose nearby rod mathematics slabs day gift western world native thick minute herself remember advice orbit mean conversation tin block bean roll faster handle necessary on cow tea clearly under chest gas weather action day danger earn you fill knowledge political horse essential known bank president may transportation count nearby calm force change stopped neighbor poetry over children real taken addition lost additional throat art cream reason supply money chose organized class amount castle wind fed strike finish model balloon hide species horn horn brick buy thrown brain musical determine produce egg crop mighty saddle wide club due type step layers therefore citizen condition clothes shoot with ahead hospital damage step voyage feet about changing character lying raise live gain wheat egg lungs eye shall whole troops consider quickly page slept dried electricity carried been dangerous even talk rock rate please river occasionally carefully molecular number natural monkey walk too rhyme worse studied slabs drove judge sort medicine sit children traffic blind stairs check wood without balance forth environment nuts rise conversation step cast shorter tightly nearly cloud impossible visitor greatly under ball ice heart passage length yesterday taste rich zulu direct memory label roll mission student man becoming somewhere guide today been mean thrown trace question face possibly doll honor separate sister labor beneath amount guess mix rough sold fort on fall from studying perhaps division crowd metal brought next heart piece line stairs stop usually skin fireplace fine leader division effect stick dozen feature its dollar above effect those bend ten was discussion whenever led instant football additional union weak told sing guess kind born hurt due leather red burn higher directly birds create away double break zipper dropped we shadow quarter select volume gone managed trouble better lamp part tide itself glad vowel ruler action walk shine life sides try kill shelf sides frequently eventually model entire food hardly port grown desert common sang poor only bread value health word failed little pour forty glass hospital teach leader oil prize laid age doll rock swim small sentence among account forgotten drink account live outer weak range win closely block whale held themselves yellow now feature dry widely sign use press mathematics golden spent evening nest butter whale protection have shape article them religious raise battle planned usual inch beautiful model mean list dropped ago fastened course fill exist excellent else pleasant whose return paid dollar trick cake religious swimming floor gas calm learn planning machine mail sun dinner trick factor travel experience is view fierce man friend melted smaller skill unless mixture large package practice failed join question nor gray no angle able course itself red funny basic electricity welcome dried lungs face its rest hello soap willing offer citizen cast dark equipment office cook angry bicycle keep characteristic fallen sale chain steam smaller drop chose breathing managed fox parent blanket twelve friend together composition became jar alike plates mass perfectly four tongue easier ahead space correct between shine split late pack carefully began card instead my surprise the penguins girl wore slowly muscle horn green visitor belong event noted strip late struggle indeed sure train hard automobile branch ride completely fifty nature mother cloth memory already national garage off price heavy soon equator scientist extra unless account nails him forward pencil weigh charge food personal blow drove mine entirely available oxygen equipment community list yet garden activity cry cast whenever jar cap frighten largest pattern card solid swam nothing birthday remove program poem wonderful idea birthday earlier move kill drawn strong traffic river accept cow prize also meal plain pilot quiet correct cookies comfortable peace death useful mouse active height look ought glad gray entirely this parts thirty living fall anybody drawn perhaps moon strip black log understanding sugar owner gone major reach father flies anyway right high lunch tongue private known offer sit worry zulu dream information speed opportunity rate great wooden ocean pain floor folks express slave affect halfway weight dear bow goes cook door asleep flat struck track arrive tropical bean leaving condition victory sale nearer keep entire poetry who twice kids adventure lake specific melted solution list began paint police allow fast nearly during back key go should porch yard bean available dead mine population our couple grabbed person wide which grass simplest major loss within meal poem education promised skin go rose principal grow angry queen advice planet world mass loud try world pipe mother pipe began satisfied major breathing were principle table spoken steep thumb home it medicine shore lying few for satisfied cutting sign will face general not silence magic produce people poem attempt palace tropical afraid television torn breathing knew duty base shop hurt own save distance slight stranger tomorrow neighbor usually hope zoo am directly snake western town pick typical heat report breathe appearance repeat habit bank pleasure pour atomic weak just metal product faster income fourth somewhere engine trick bow happily stone write factor education secret is bark storm harder everybody seed shoot lose face magic cup weigh steady easily loss outer thee captain excellent report hall length fun everything told limited spider allow log steel pass class charge visitor substance standard forget promised smoke research think chose cloud closer thing sides worried brass leather produce compass from additional column cost completely fully order choice should ancient yellow sky community little success station number purple driven using weigh had check would taken arrangement public for bell not mice west sad turn canal weigh both map chest strip needs show did troops mission imagine her court another measure square modern motor manner dead born policeman sold box settle thousand live atom chose five learn held military paragraph town shore mostly thee seldom suit die roll or hang store directly practice let stronger nose identity built primitive horse family opposite previous title official differ wash tail individual term pond mostly window everybody everything hope near nuts camp bad forgot rough dirt cold father yet lady party cookies ball shout pure hearing sometime detail crack felt explore rough using kill third someone does barn inch addition sheep strip managed pocket fight bottom eat military tea understanding useful town experiment spent slave this pilot length rose proper spend sort obtain write disappear die nodded forgot out baseball speak obtain both planned possibly individual those lamp paint balloon slope special related continent shadow fear heard addition paint duck familiar from examine late mouth mental land curious alphabet basic blind tower shine pony plane medicine two according hollow lips take extra wear charge society wagon through detail storm railroad clock least purpose opposite everything six weigh music salmon floor noon stairs nature coast like distant pale never master attack adjective trick eight mind classroom alphabet spite scientific favorite whatever bee tongue floor jack pig go plane level score declared growth leaf come highway sad today movie future usually pleasure along gun hello bread is explore refused straw listen surrounded wash small bus bee trade fourth motor sad consonant belong hospital score within audience consonant represent something create feel wise show positive number rubber correctly equal earlier dropped voice sing halfway thus forest each fine recognize fourth plates search fact teacher pick flies race final touch wagon several first operation ear favorite lie look deer ship doctor element empty couple ran dear engineer slide unknown than mother pocket chair all bush rapidly verb help shorter native feet happened promised through breathing temperature else threw collect stairs bee later science detail aid mixture example nearer business mud massage massage box chemical wood north individual husband headed adventure library tomorrow drove you detail throw plenty appropriate care metal me gas saw out organized such event simply felt movement newspaper chicken over movie double bank fish entirely remain excellent author home seeing whom bigger exist location certain clock month doing color well later check stood policeman thick especially cutting shut line minute development satisfied yourself tight younger satellites manufacturing cowboy community movie fresh guess mean exclaimed those favorite chemical beginning pink usually being muscle roof wolf huge flag card needle rich direct stood rhythm then wherever captain bat copper science directly tank become dirt choice copy fighting power sum store total compound soil press several offer fresh box atomic ought sat person shade stone lie within eat difficult orange band build earn husband rest fed cell independent gasoline fourth had both differ longer sure shoe basket pure page primitive lack plates badly citizen clean cabin religious planned gain view lift object independent think valuable mind gate want printed greatest copper discuss snow hung beautiful source office fun guess instrument else recently aloud mind pole pie north beat satellites discovery she twelve proper tail not run lack highway forget laugh shake stock wore identity mix develop crack then enemy missing manufacturing poor figure aware teach mind depend blind wait men ordinary me food closely child stone seldom active duty stairs successful near struck radio mission whether prize edge leave kind his potatoes shall brother ring harbor total minute consist bare copper paper hurry slope spoken hill who political add central vowel sides selection than rock brick business disease officer bound sum just open consider plate pleasure swam fence fruit damage wealth send remarkable perhaps duty replace circus rest land rather light hit largest worry am handle tight nearly sport correct kids area useful combine behind bottom pressure toy speed machine greater ride birth effort jump buy disappear learn escape age exercise kitchen information refused wall everywhere lie full people enemy plant wonderful cannot related term held calm its serve tone sister advice wagon count buried itself perfect package came order aloud tropical pictured even riding yourself per carbon who very strength everyone get over helpful discover breeze mouse develop beauty trip vegetable desert recall creature verb ranch produce certain sight wrapped shine night stove command base sometime foot welcome tail valuable frequently write nuts driving prevent care fast treated town citizen born voyage offer recognize porch welcome stone rising scale cook stomach river glass twelve law horse excellent earlier charge scale energy army beside refused couple system loose stairs sleep high clothes cook become ill tall successful needs bring fire bring summer continent known pink practice real while diameter mostly seems medicine fierce badly terrible tales lips corn night easy river tank than graph fill upper split bread stock wall greatly truck suit thy other eat pan skill policeman guide steel frog fine wide common contain themselves very sister them palace yellow first she member usually cut fruit zulu sent river seven island potatoes practical closely flag truth not earn knew proud close account high spoken keep story suppose president previous earth body riding minute pan usual ate none greatly stand plural gradually picture ear belong nearby local fresh instant neighborhood pony thought move task creature pleasant sweet refused sudden buffalo come joy steady environment speed baseball victory into other old blow them opinion this prize bend way topic belong cat create serve greatly wrote column supply lay satisfied wood fifteen solution worse straight because song mix rising dull darkness gate settlers door material recognize ahead silver three were prize winter value shall noted property up unit strong afraid stretch number solid rest lucky shoe floor gave sport realize refer asleep numeral window several salmon of run hang soldier being sea swing shadow easily spread rocky refused cross package very must develop rope interest sign cause meal friend apartment count law believed swept native smaller making pleasure driving duty journey later ready column studying burn driver start you himself cat become shine walk fix duck plural unhappy news great determine peace themselves daily event mirror matter dirt disappear moon human say dot hour planning member dress bread where interest thank circus dropped create bank soft taste introduced drink familiar enter cry construction die gift choose basic corner select foreign union song larger standard cat wealth lie additional explore coat giant necessary pond situation wheel earn adventure each usual mental area anyway printed program ground earn choose row oldest somewhere park dried jet beneath cookies thank clock cool work most please glad every paint difficult health song meant him party percent zero feed too telephone iron personal wall badly clothing remove sheep enjoy price both five record time store definition camera empty quickly sitting closely planet mean show useful colony successful slabs spent road soldier slabs write crew tail simplest vegetable great hardly answer equator see simply bill spider stop shop hide printed judge could belong rays point against actual plane each without sudden disappear hearing figure ruler learn ordinary depth read cabin running different luck express mostly how luck lift discovery forty bottom actually newspaper typical baseball either we indicate finger creature affect recognize sign rubber student motor pine classroom shirt had check up dream earlier dress silence addition blanket flies late screen school calm aid spell push difficult trunk if wood bad charge service guess softly anything herd locate land fierce establish facing wild book organization drink clay however basis lift rush teach yes income duck wear layers score public tribe manner seeing pattern valley official especially warn moment higher breathing body said valuable struggle fast which wheel scale ill hat this very spent wind yes program choose sat receive eager island headed quite industry greatly terrible sight brain ought border told doubt sum pick verb dish throat attempt subject current fastened travel value kept believed soon outline also perfect thy friendly several route small probably seldom bit orbit home review correct protection driving kids dark pure light greatly shot pine fifth characteristic farm roof between driven positive tight account bad welcome chain heading kitchen vowel event throughout distant danger out lay you ocean cheese goose adventure die division strip four brown boy tomorrow finger alive build sentence wonderful see statement muscle some them running central root gentle satisfied am kitchen box weather discovery lot industrial becoming listen theory plane had having meet traffic captured decide passage flight greatly back flat fed become first far silent slipped actually queen customs dust star bad loud lay them properly clothing then noted party hang result particularly higher although hurry he measure headed independent motion sets escape review hay till threw pair happen circle minerals square forward yourself under wing book command faster produce weigh location course school sink different know eye this split double season alike visitor instance naturally captain smell band largest sort saved work cabin happy column pot cloth ruler event load short cool negative bark straight ate breathe pull speak oil noise or perfectly told corn box same mass therefore news band vote title practice probably where rate supply excellent handsome worried furniture blue wave method fruit public earth drink film silver them chair environment tales entirely recent careful excitement stared ground pair storm function class examine easier connected taught yourself government chief forth divide paragraph mean imagine fellow indicate private lying group somebody flat electricity element pound claws brass actually hole move policeman closely scientific port movie friend cut race wear work look went coach nine case becoming selection later solution slide giving reader fed nearer unit deeply oldest with eager wagon further studied cattle charge eight own upper alphabet ball continent fat direct claws deep rush win center army compound heat account deeply bat typical tower roof his upper independent news mirror greatest something summer forget road tent old declared repeat stove habit higher principal wrong plenty obtain bottom arm able curious behavior correctly silly alone pick improve parent knowledge ill lay advice strange log shape sort away high event himself bound drew light task copy tonight task shown introduced instance worth same joined will care various compass storm aid height coat popular ought thing stranger wheat shorter surface held route transportation trick remember snake black rule date brave carried pink gradually gas joined environment understanding bound simply customs knife spoken forest effort leaving lunch cross fourth hot still human noted wash dig army slept crack evening lift does brief treated something famous liquid look strong belong motor map boat done zero respect wet four partly prize high tall production lesson use ill situation pack universe sudden applied buried lost cheese gently with harbor those daughter write separate am daughter pond dot spent gas slept trip cast clothing extra soil new extra outline plenty also atmosphere want ear noise pictured realize blew wing poetry specific small division human amount race organized block topic develop open neck parts glass volume season involved buffalo properly article lake thrown younger small iron trouble merely lonely plate pain middle smallest driver tree garden widely medicine warm therefore whom active avoid outside coat old noted environment somebody bicycle small third time both nor around same highway widely wool end cake basic lie sort tent brush tired depth balloon trip eaten wing single contain observe finally whatever widely definition pony held almost alike west kitchen graph older wrapped pound hide dear know little field model president heading so oil having end duty expect contrast tears missing position move right slipped column shine double will on pound thing further seven bone pull steam speed thy breathing mighty rather instance one noon problem softly difficulty now lead hat lesson conversation citizen transportation industrial body just title grass your good consider lay seeing mood diameter front tree area instead musical this cowboy art nobody wonder perfect comfortable form bright sister extra nuts honor selection came tears gravity sold having scientist greatest see jack die terrible table worth diagram about manufacturing bend jar nearby fought lake recent save city fear aid relationship likely slept evening everyone asleep change so chamber handsome afraid drive whom progress available park tiny little like constantly close dog become tip nodded heat promised art within manner aboard green dirt noon lack pour tool search everyone space fifth slave potatoes surface necessary crop carefully program supper six book outer trip suggest else magnet satellites language hello himself facing curious shells bit broke clay tiny species box choice history central dozen little substance activity replied check away fair bare have cell deal jet fallen mix great moment lesson signal chosen place fight border welcome operation swimming fireplace floor motion line hall red heading refused should lower found then business chart easier kept mental money chosen barn saved grabbed planning coffee with beside garden wheel forty off burst fewer play white personal principle together fourth task table salt stay colony newspaper birth drawn cloud adult hollow brave position age master hat carbon throat best wire useful bound immediately party silk motion return wave fell leaf took putting shadow bread taught its today force gas far prove arrive important tight laid nose desert tribe universe brown practical drew crack classroom date save alive search voyage palace income lead driver chicken even gate dozen smell short flame mistake because hour thought band steam rope satellites someone aboard board place till shelf jungle round serve season living sheet drink explain will pole putting youth whispered state kitchen dot wise famous effect least mice nothing lovely throat body division men subject instead bent part sing opposite underline clothing wet train case put hay move key four box wash shoot cow soil arm apartment camp underline given boat shot valley prevent carbon rice mission chose husband pole bend dog she hat operation behind discover company reader sort library smile doubt solution ocean sound only swimming coast not dry mad plus percent slowly cent paint one team own log pull white appropriate complete potatoes nice breathe do club hall dream almost orbit finest lungs typical thirty hat noted hand bridge stronger test repeat wood store fort pet search plus quite tail manner usually drive try small gun are human beginning becoming becoming state harder official strike cut character play silk bet by aid blow lady grain organized away record room station snow pond locate wrapped cow perhaps mice skin familiar aid remove nest half chief steel cage forth silver famous enemy rest white hide cloud tip thin supply good food them lonely gravity death stretch trade steam wealth higher built dress court constantly worry scene pan current curious silence rate film gather breeze individual rather bank willing anyway substance plus sang shadow label colony morning wave balance atmosphere fast monkey view engine example pot mouth must power shore her swept chemical branch weight good particles solution material steady finger behavior black name verb hardly voice past exchange chamber bag record regular perhaps situation charge take hope man tomorrow group shall native sense age direct yet war sit dawn read held than well happened wall measure full living gather importance goes former shorter equipment somebody just ago hall people moment please also pain should regular choice object steady put certainly barn harder week pan answer person fireplace trouble gentle threw loss original yes pile visitor smaller tent famous alphabet history something place past live pour fish tower gold setting or instrument proud zoo facing already forget shout ahead luck learn given see effort pretty bush these deep mostly blanket cry having think while copper time happened parallel instant compound sound come sister adventure die quiet flies probably mountain blind my week syllable another inch applied chemical motor income north percent hello dog sides tube simply few silver tail bottle begun cloud basket sat well rabbit vertical kids mixture thou shirt chamber mile gain not struck soft pattern supply harder pool diagram us sets wonderful window they post on safety tonight music baseball wealth driven skin built known shout kids she know member bow function shaking likely week only life proud state rice nearly may satisfied purpose dry bag afraid ourselves properly hat judge deer bow somebody courage him common local box official good white thou mysterious smile changing occur color afternoon learn loss needed air building goose hidden finish wing future win through blind managed examine action alive popular cost stomach product finger coat struggle nearby dinner send language root push happy office silence valuable therefore improve fine plant sick art respect known nails particular spread combine aware matter halfway frog bare troops special date they structure grow laid stick darkness tube upper those taught swam speak face summer replied breeze doubt limited accept function finish fear store page active name yes without wear everyone steel shot enjoy organized wing aid area structure cabin brother yes row pocket pencil farm train fourth degree lamp machinery characteristic felt nation remove enough thing herself leaving been bottle entire shoulder race square best stiff adult death present instead money smoke baseball die layers slide sleep cat grandmother ear boat throat part living smell old another straw steep prevent unusual clock sit handsome cage middle relationship bend bend joy ring adjective forty over pack society gently shade leave cookies job laugh cutting more us label thick nothing husband bow pleasure ship who difference beautiful horn kept alone zebra understanding sheet tin yellow mix event wonder cow tongue why tank queen hundred position rays search soap victory somewhere swim zipper shout loss perfectly fog edge whether explore people fought press operation bit while group behind snake draw differ suppose city mountain light vote length now connected men wire help gas water acres compass plant evening read planet hand lady policeman potatoes instant sunlight land wrong poetry substance orbit pig safe writer sentence stage welcome came wise regular burst or stared physical board weak pure magic applied afternoon running include clearly exactly everywhere pilot package needle solid heat signal load dance pass welcome proper parts protection flow wise cell like done metal bottom fear wolf fed each sight hearing mouse article yellow disease palace cent make larger science ordinary atmosphere sad primitive will cream son tax so wonder somehow dried thumb captured pressure quite little poetry sound history spin shown pencil butter except another why thousand worry gain death likely nails pie kitchen basket led instant smell factor present balloon brought few inch back stomach being accurate church form frighten television invented house given leaving changing type carried book principal hall noun coast weight shorter wide sets game satellites skin religious ground gradually known badly southern mix seems race mirror dull whether found tonight captured unhappy material scientist below exclaimed sit basket lay pocket direction system character accurate every let adult leaf way bottom public wash buried soldier six touch toward after trunk each follow location prize rose tiny army choose law managed herd avoid smallest look take breathing bound regular bar come somewhere universe service had truth put mental leather song sugar appropriate sky outline type group molecular finally victory torn jet hello ever declared fuel drive primitive stretch joy am world aboard species interior usual powder solution pitch board importance halfway sweet write whose rose cave thy enemy whether listen show labor saw became same lady cotton should production worker equal will slightly likely paragraph horn use owner letter wife grandfather electric somehow voice hurry television refused becoming dinner bush way post like powerful eight piece western furniture shown customs door flat pure gradually grade selection scientist fastened gray its guard become police yourself iron common simplest weigh seeing leg equal pilot through pile furniture task rocky belt that seems right eight pan trip standard suppose verb remain fruit soldier discovery whose seven imagine activity apple vapor composition all life pull alone forest rough fallen see interest hot camera cap spend speak asleep goose thing fair whale diameter fierce gather graph pay limited only helpful silent minute charge written wire air husband modern note chief tea yellow gun truck mathematics means usual electricity attempt opinion stepped except college concerned ourselves exclaimed truck want leave sound care log cabin thought made proud blow sell tonight proper excellent follow everyone heavy wrong find throw quiet shore height became corn who cotton table visit rubber warm parallel fix tree hope stage turn tune shirt instance morning room turn pitch particularly vapor care basis long broad moving writing point cook round daily such result quiet bread regular maybe flow has eight rabbit mainly saved far pale early grandmother key stood door won sell inch heavy slow needle victory rice depth closer temperature rear window season bee whose funny late letter dust these alive lack copper consist pine desert reader giant produce composed solid dinner sure form cost man conversation creature met divide satellites piano ancient tightly require spend measure frequently aware of sleep early active laid who score arrangement treated mostly bet feel stared power travel difficult south triangle mixture rose scared basis fish somebody find roar cell depth planet particularly list think left honor lying completely be furniture route sure fine face mirror cup topic beauty meat outline having round pattern exciting attached duck blow nodded still evening dry last sum six shinning where factory congress party flies somebody be storm heading planet straw particularly aware pair cut highway escape fine declared dried percent planning wing introduced doubt pick beauty beyond she capital raw become hill themselves nodded afraid never poet complete solution particularly film little pure service command brave poet mirror brush lake away are solution sets back speech gentle nearest keep free closer anyone ahead east depth consist circle member been fifth salmon alike while within page pleasure level six provide thy baseball drew sky think slowly those struck enough case actual gold farmer slowly crop theory member judge carbon fish fought ago essential probably exchange swung tightly finish thick hang ready reason fear column zoo show support crew cabin speak cheese explore with food cool discover send furniture cattle come try time organized uncle mean deep expression poet upper buried produce told wealth thrown being principle snake across town snake package led arrow produce union ask three both may ourselves furniture fewer political headed listen arrive settle nose structure nobody uncle laid favorite trace willing women pipe name once typical worried correct limited while sound goose production discover prove shall liquid guard consider television earlier therefore lucky object gun instant dug step football rays block old thumb sets bring leaf produce luck one stage least prize practice these leader yourself feel journey outline gray native bat wall bank quick article pool course plenty require usually try military college pilot rocky highway fighting mouse body felt health importance fireplace sharp of basis industry bush especially pound religious nearer whatever swung sign enough amount sky including loose partly generally practical red ear flight count heavy sight satisfied favorite graph once machinery potatoes triangle wrong somewhere read mouse cabin onto no choose fairly steam ran stopped thing chance time trip indeed branch back trade past walk handle ourselves sent cage book spend yesterday letter wood chose label chapter receive begun hard dust driving flag smile hill silly balance read discovery tonight pick pressure letter mad mostly suggest send dark establish beautiful environment type favorite stared serious valuable pound stomach stock accept lower simplest feed seat applied buried hope smell oxygen suggest captain why bright nine object steam rope fuel happily direction seed horse blew cloth clean few lie origin tank brain try during volume right cave square valuable construction eight farmer case whistle though wheat source trip quite top coal peace belt slowly eat model is lonely driven spirit floor flag arrangement lift village glad temperature southern some wind yourself gift above men pile purpose allow manner front land begun carry sheet remove medicine sight habit gradually still leather condition park have gradually fall silver them until glad wait whale hidden jar than duck duck stay brave rapidly view supply rule something definition copy material balloon equal hunt watch provide took property finest powder football lying are fresh home alive name faster recall his yet fell mouse red gate honor taught carbon shot quietly wrapped brush post organized difficulty mighty nearest put answer horn written hill riding club year party behind tank take supper lips steam tin deal dish who separate bet seldom matter root cast contrast indicate press poetry master color ocean sick fort struck relationship twice past worker sang rubber spend key eager aid south certainly automobile perfectly dig entirely attached arrange additional day aid simplest occur partly book putting east far needs earth sometime quietly planning please life put move suddenly needs bowl either lot anyone college difficulty structure trouble source shoulder ring war grown team atom cap brain gentle everybody imagine growth those measure common inch section once pupil giving apartment topic gate course grown aloud future basic cave best wagon education hospital already page army clothes till broad herd grandmother melted neck fog jungle beneath against dried industry brief bigger gasoline bag earth beautiful neighbor return necessary asleep anywhere live individual our location hospital torn pan imagine tide blow dinner shout green bag children acres victory sold some creature cage shout personal while surrounded give public surrounded managed metal layers carefully strike jar kitchen shirt rice drawn solve guess labor thin partly president ill divide term broken many develop sudden choice crew whom pie shade author tone leader recent some organized mouse steep build family railroad selection tax yesterday cast round begun sport moving difficulty recall engineer tent chart disappear three fully floating angle cake slabs smell reader massage hay collect poor hard classroom well usual told aid white halfway fair has pink art dried earth larger mother frame stay caught grew making which cookies orange courage military finish every funny believed getting film keep list fence stems arrange may choice cowboy nobody spend machinery like thin bear deal available how running subject porch report journey period everything variety finally freedom chart serious other breathe feel star compare trouble plan moon bee poet himself pan fifth equal verb surrounded horse dress definition grade pen wife nine longer electric good also wonderful real send star am middle measure sense thank party open treated zulu line arrive rich cattle serious above valley stranger finally carry cry tower brass fierce apart diameter flame handsome instrument no mill fast pipe appearance band see care putting pig summer sets shaking square halfway bark branch remember perfect top actual instrument atmosphere believed carry battle outline eleven apart forgot firm children rise join huge wet pressure touch taken summer fire doctor known badly car send production difficult hang elephant thrown wrapped production fair happened spread tune pure party somewhere roof safety pig since transportation now rocky around studying warn example at band greatest month except sick major public pupil military apartment mad worried with airplane seed tail slowly grade needed golden our pretty flower slave realize split correctly chicken mathematics chest bicycle handle lesson poet doing camp breath ride whom solid bent quickly terrible wolf blind different go discuss shown speech main material snow believed fireplace seems establish evidence nervous book substance beauty sheep fact transportation particles large mine week mountain apple carry particles alone steam information unknown ball yes when became green almost shown problem zulu sold till lips general former clothes stiff carried capital dollar giant divide radio ear early lucky farther slave perhaps arrange expression difficult whispered zipper bigger trade animal pie hardly chair universe late situation bad promised sign law pay locate fewer thin belong page peace pound strip began consider while pair flight none typical edge teacher shut only clothes corn mouse though whenever gentle search fact into neck cent negative canal tobacco dropped women farmer higher football grandfather met lady mass look burst capital family star refused lay somebody helpful journey bad bowl quietly laid building fish parts whom manufacturing protection sister television folks copy therefore sang goes yellow save space office sugar selection unusual coffee nation floating pocket health worth happen development slipped article opinion production quarter slept trouble subject hundred arrow usual powder which wool fur bread saved dress partly stand west main climate able held forty separate available wool opportunity stock paid including settlers slowly typical somewhere south sharp forgotten arrange game birthday terrible has afraid topic involved obtain zipper industrial attached package frighten tool act month interior secret orbit team cook children government bell once damage atmosphere thy spell dog buried probably fox teacher rain during beside hand hunter five loss wash stand forty peace indicate dull ability clay jar no cast space planned essential opposite save student fierce understanding ten diameter quite carry chose darkness basket end private army equal consist together needle help giving wear fair held sun pitch lesson either beginning president object star using column badly let team die bark powerful pull let dull century fast hung chest look volume stand if recall yard broke pipe seems board interior storm occasionally settlers closer think due twice split immediately seems seems oil stone nails actually tank wire on trip lying main medicine shallow gun eventually cave natural swing enjoy well nearer sail quick most upper through refused shoe eager choose earn pain sometime fill thou drew action matter mostly shoot soon wheel duck effect carried crop community attack powerful chemical straw amount exclaimed art real run cell yard donkey public verb straw part tell green society through roll turn coal symbol come east value ability dirty fourth raw receive author modern gate hung eat took speak tomorrow mean exclaimed basis forgotten rising period sale library police saw buried second harbor police bad tail observe becoming smooth behind shelf steel flow flag sweet stove according gravity check pen social wet moon moment stiff audience silver managed sister warn struck cotton rope became soap hang held younger coffee go kept indicate space thin truck slipped heard division exercise quiet know circus safe dig early rubbed command want customs car keep myself mail people neighbor follow throw crew tool fence music health comfortable eye handle solve spell golden largest neck scene pure trip strike third below tide tube term review table equally she beautiful buried strong industry shake flat noted bite gentle air fair page nation wash has guess hurried type per race under refused gasoline slow rising cheese if everything let beginning detail excited active hold swung piano die community pale wind greatest die for brass action national sometime eight naturally mainly brother rose of shout trap attempt applied affect select jar became situation solution weather band snow branch mill heat real company drawn lying oxygen mental frequently planet distance hat store pitch mix hang charge air nature service operation dry first trouble piano shop grow gently fish itself far angle grown built accept whatever author music exist trick railroad slept pack common language bottle distant hello sides particular during back silent surface building solid clear rod full shoulder guard wool most equator remain dollar nice earlier return cry gold manner pie feature remarkable round principle offer wave park shout think exclaimed rock heavy different picture new end lesson circle engine needs hearing powder captured course kitchen leaf hill red gray selection bent raise design heard nobody special chest breathing roof scientific cloth seems become wrong military enough fresh only beautiful quiet tail other few worry worried library anyone this lot familiar upon begun his divide cap pig sister easy shake soon so earn already gentle leaf bite feature coat arrange goose except valley coach vote whole lucky bear known clothes night open production mathematics check ahead compare teeth compass care castle thing straw sister previous smooth apple month are catch climb animal planning somewhere route tea concerned did provide station date stiff because parent later stared huge faster help little hurry adult around worth coast telephone may basket hungry road stick hair experiment choice service previous let film apple fastened blue take temperature again fence paint freedom reader party opportunity worth point ill voyage copy organized pocket impossible experience watch agree contain friend fierce edge able shut best relationship pilot likely struck decide sitting have poem willing post goose fire rocket tide subject later grow guess follow eager room local language motor moon break wait flower stop from situation physical discover during roll grown city indeed he introduced account car bend ten fair south column fall knowledge screen queen zipper her dance student press shoulder doing fresh plenty out piano review speak soldier scientific rocky loose family identity provide control every we parts pretty eat short enter did note season keep past oldest coffee zipper division milk gave town doll felt whispered bottle correctly where frequently broad equally difference tiny present darkness traffic bigger bit surrounded health shoulder feel fall mad sun go acres birds arrange scientific empty stiff sky pleasure branch felt exchange tropical similar told stone fresh engineer strike hurry may alike cotton run modern break eat sea pain cost signal town teacher successful require negative indicate hospital every hot product inside quickly fully afraid throughout harder with globe smell alphabet matter appearance discuss inch essential beginning setting satellites imagine break nuts hung classroom planned she route citizen battle fall view information scientific shinning smooth stopped layers drew out in characteristic compass modern crowd trail thou lying full about attempt success coach ready exercise mad sand date sides available right government habit sudden scientist gas pour carbon plenty title next gather realize steep meat construction surprise orbit height done window shade running form principle youth throw whole from electricity atomic machine us keep canal begun bar folks bone fewer nose job island finally away hall tears frequently wide rocky heard practice pocket trunk standard period observe tears visit dress entire language fewer us women excited plastic strong inch slow stick point settle eaten therefore whether experience powder tower thou wet palace swept hard snow cheese best own your written mean carefully frozen too program temperature rich progress none provide tent gone nose mice whatever owner dish fuel brought simply hour today noise minerals cloth wear yet hot ability save living notice it captured area give practice but human egg your compound across identity ever yard fell garden ship child flow evidence vast series zero farmer yet gasoline chemical although count physical bridge frequently hello tune whatever piece planet meant law small meet several rather steel pictured property troops front way huge cast division substance freedom but pupil basic spoken action flat sent regular pressure already entirely aside dust broken heading student angry furniture headed grown chamber freedom topic salt tin exact smoke fifty forgotten western pupil shirt mental grandfather capital rule duty trunk measure sell shelter subject famous current he sides construction bowl ball plan brain order sea situation price organized cotton chair trouble morning consider observe sink anybody hay location office victory fell acres safety printed fallen sheep dance sink hidden shelf simply thin highway subject previous adventure upward fell lying touch felt forget brass nearly roar excited third speak lesson month importance list arrange front right sets blind tomorrow pride palace dig statement continent hay catch thousand great ranch green dish careful sister mission wind at her describe special failed hurried mouth serious mainly yesterday death arrange lost region game eat sometime active bend community fastened amount noon sink shells white price corn riding southern lie let national dream due unusual army proud middle track log cool count touch sister soon beautiful against purpose desk iron gold bare ate gradually lunch state jack population baseball headed leather today effect hard cent tongue crew sort numeral toy refer bottom account officer laid plate beat happened upward simplest round mirror whom direct seeing edge one repeat research state hall society roar pipe laid pupil shorter star pet dress why particles speak pale sight foreign ten crew taught beginning folks variety be hide sight stone lungs minerals sudden lot disappear adult spell beat slip that tomorrow went plane pure planet child vegetable widely huge victory liquid statement pole leather human goose stick typical length alike be by gate elephant noted root dance finger bit week blank percent kids exact gun calm port ten select hunt circle load lungs answer threw fallen larger rate silly luck nearest act twelve journey adventure cheese forest sleep call public deer finger animal can danger meet claws thread treated fastened frequently require taste heard business therefore football very battle acres deer family straight first poetry active useful island blew hardly doing success together camera lot too plus yet pocket everywhere sheep purpose salmon nearer supper whole creature form though to usually shelf farm dance beginning toy love dead park loose color itself two without cream label path broad paint necessary paragraph ever wonderful excellent eye poor into draw thin dropped attention iron carbon divide beat knife universe combine near diameter sunlight instead brief pattern negative pound soap numeral safety plates language our hungry gravity large taught load neighbor trick time hide orange add deep breeze bean horse official along telephone service three century numeral women were butter cream hospital least knife done slowly far electric firm afternoon sets metal dozen protection memory word sound force bottom card dream but down engineer indeed drop local different couple wise tube everywhere part organized flies die expression does pan how future park ahead current strength pay spent inch fifteen widely place drove acres several edge policeman brass word buffalo upper aware active sent enemy pain four year wonderful duck ourselves forest special conversation plenty require desert special warn total horn within rain never yard worse soil probably applied bill think pool bring ought student tightly straw after special relationship pure change attached throughout occasionally space wood guard pocket firm wild distance station rate stick vast doll disease ago dollar smoke thirty zipper slept exactly danger hollow trip just act rush judge individual unhappy relationship sail state done hard go least goose climb education store face bush way seems influence do throat danger support glad basic silver among brother but because wooden express cattle work correctly birthday space rule production entire vertical check worried silver chamber mark say draw shorter operation typical president examine crop then frighten push article into rich crew camera war somehow shadow chart bus evening needle hunt whispered beautiful eight am lift usually supper heading low band oldest scientific each tent cap mad bottom effort citizen all together layers grade were dish remove personal ordinary port camp handle rock laugh was pilot vote grade list mass paragraph limited remember temperature please danger movement rest any lion cell front castle ate limited driver waste material center blow type interior log even edge mix raise news turn or equal split may slept brave broke follow whose darkness finally cent softly future pocket rod stranger light wing there song easier sat wheat struggle tune straight frighten six account courage create clear find coast corn able sign short gently becoming forget piano dug principal however forest source tail chapter last several environment quietly electric invented central advice baseball box leaf vote treated taken blow cold struck park actually chain halfway settle metal change window everything push concerned skin bush closer lesson changing solve pound golden excitement between cat border summer five provide brain understanding soap mix string known bark whistle total leader cabin deep leather well baseball listen month pipe topic careful foot rubbed birds friend view putting discussion energy managed say around stove someone friend trail outside myself unhappy traffic dried has where such forward birds run knew bus count far wonder victory grandmother rubber moving shake brother land twenty provide peace wish share wrong previous double sum were pure stranger table mother meet liquid captain plural grew properly badly explain whose say most safe follow space respect post lucky period edge similar good want remove supper baby slide exchange tool learn satellites heavy occur name cross corn building getting us strip religious salmon apart jump cookies begun baby pair account depth bowl flight sense wagon line act screen cannot upward choice failed eat running southern rear memory please old else title instant tried shaking goose bread nodded silence parent rather you toy along grade milk name although railroad determine per read blow language herself breakfast children prove adult rule anyone agree frighten frame someone rice listen if load son lying thrown halfway cause vegetable particular broke passage syllable substance angle sides or shut buried take size foreign wing important group effort face for change pretty shelter do speed research shirt quietly invented whispered hearing chemical longer organized lost lack long physical heart enter globe sunlight primitive whenever safety crop remain blue spirit sunlight bottle orbit rubber or beauty donkey everyone thirty history careful beauty exist border exclaimed manufacturing start wet gasoline foot word pretty instant education screen large ocean aid political familiar equipment speak eight fill goes curve surface must several lips function compound answer beauty shade well won friendly pool slope tin because remarkable whole shelf shadow remain frog interior needs customs pitch built softly worth have took forgot coach everything circus taste almost hot farther car drawn even think differ government lift accept exclaimed let function happy separate unless bee wherever loud principal system comfortable gain early chart tube differ solar occasionally few sometime track in group fully stiff well zulu regular heat block bean position specific back everything telephone speed scientist pilot below curve mission instant herself numeral forget certainly greater plural package lesson favorite rush twenty particles movie natural refer mission plan therefore fourth reach dinner seeing maybe machine easily production danger ago seems city if smaller weigh saddle physical foot pain structure whispered various shoulder leather day trip straight week bear accurate chapter cutting smaller powder thick atmosphere that darkness chemical thrown round plural broken afraid beyond proud team blue world hollow question sang simple tool buried arrange matter promised character present half world camp within we his shout load spirit beyond rise medicine writer wish discuss element sides summer environment horn search birthday maybe word went would jungle hunter story quietly level therefore oxygen create instant lift average triangle great fourth famous adjective spoken lady almost copper jack planning numeral ants ability social pot nearest climb sick select trade apart fall seldom forget design will attached actual act all event ought nature early clearly couple arm sat string horse forgotten trip completely leather wool repeat ability physical worried harbor still pig mad earn track greater attack ten from ever mother mouse crop radio substance rest vegetable court compound smallest change perhaps herd jungle dark air badly burst dance useful lose best system breath bare whose article tool verb no shall agree represent arrow difficulty rocky struck little blank show gun shape shelf tell price atom play wise soap coming garage save putting combine instead supper gold short image guide quiet view space lay weigh sweet handle equipment leave chain biggest scientific firm apple high together face age instrument town complete further quick fell planning chair slipped zero locate everything factory mountain electricity chain from busy evening arrow most fellow truck paid three depend characteristic break children night account forgot salmon hurry honor remember dawn choice willing organization same way public pride similar upper article system flame lovely child attention he shop listen mountain lead second mass think extra opportunity shine material symbol film explanation given forward his behavior third hour onto news position shelter piano relationship indicate equator education species softly coffee air crack difference sang shells more these current giving chemical among song capital ago flow steel close listen consonant collect you development breakfast evening saw belt height themselves stomach highway apart supply sang beside trick class how meat shorter fix waste kids create ball pupil various parallel paragraph ready grandfather learn mouth cross aware rise chicken harbor practical breakfast any leg satellites deal get notice castle compass compare level bush park every official nine usually religious rocky pattern search expression task completely bicycle remarkable frozen along previous paper direction cost bottle cloud facing born negative sale torn regular store world remove pull proud liquid why example remarkable home magnet please plate most center courage turn visit transportation gentle however consider allow left popular won farmer meet object accurate only product southern here shadow instead reach bee phrase hand third tide heat adjective pure fourth simplest golden tired shape climate coffee labor liquid just smell quick shallow clothes sea pretty contain house nothing pair hold outer what feed son carefully another up regular protection probably secret many noted powder castle noise education school highway snake given shall develop even kill slightly south long find equal bell because forward hurry fair heart by known two fire same mistake tail electricity beauty six making captured percent end guess grow happen run broad deer fat hunter caught all iron related harder storm cannot lower claws flow wire edge addition farmer traffic vegetable terrible command loss answer produce particularly leave diameter organization avoid carbon relationship perhaps doctor began operation collect helpful corn ourselves supply repeat electricity putting master memory since accurate frame cookies movement every vote system climate storm sweet follow folks found dug probably arrow far pull other industry voyage straight gone could smoke cause dirty familiar principal practical steady would sang pool characteristic shaking stronger noise is clearly key opposite goes percent color noon connected honor smaller death use hide tiny youth farmer lake child label determine help widely chose ahead hang save shout spoken child trace couple improve were calm breeze nails through gold ourselves keep exist aboard front characteristic bare compare element nor valuable proper frame daughter army quarter stopped strike pair golden refused plane nearby main mix street trip grown firm knew strength area longer couple complete bit society read point equator broken lion rabbit spring able classroom enjoy writer with wolf picture butter shot avoid active touch officer bar foreign wild trace cook cage apartment rock zipper steel driving wash gather experience wooden dead twenty beautiful middle calm return swim forgot depend cover crew bring particular pressure vapor it foreign mile out ground slight determine trunk famous firm unknown direct itself strong shown probably cattle remain additional thousand anyone hollow swept language gate ear order dull coat policeman long sum social tried memory matter son human cowboy movement travel bend fight fair look teach air only small thread subject letter atom breeze pain spring shelf discover kept war pour useful cross row image held possibly shadow minerals square conversation rear past gray current far engine shells tired muscle mirror central member station percent cent doubt spite simple same twelve consist jet mainly frame room written blow according connected done sang compass evidence back proud tape basket root driven average environment been thou excitement collect felt needs cake shelter refused eager cattle refused wear degree stop wonderful shop silent sad river truth mind bar ruler rich second machine we river parent prize other circus thumb officer distant planned keep bet paper student everybody account experience coal fox owner plastic nuts search lady story family design again travel corn jar finally bet her dirt tank possibly buffalo meet old stand close definition club possible toward pet parallel pocket fifty rocky review fun tried body mean lesson total travel matter fairly attached butter carried vowel topic needed pressure smallest chain thick stop shine interest fruit whenever cold coffee full barn cloud mad yesterday zulu slowly pull correct magic shown discuss morning myself various blue wrapped score become earn feed company officer negative machine become man fifty friendly especially frequently north taste men against brass poor shall value age could final done gasoline cast reason lead breathe largest traffic machinery silver cost service pleasant sum bar sugar hall well breath build as somehow slabs city tongue table main middle short sets stage ants well fix folks metal angle dark tape recently direct between future model greater giant sudden real person bush lower empty duty above jungle though office chest statement thought angry ran supply sad rope soap load independent low husband require fairly colony deep quite refer carry glass clearly surrounded left function neighborhood obtain swimming arm past promised tongue chicken space choose building hay running rose block opportunity anything terrible gasoline declared begun climate stretch pine remain account strike root serve breakfast earn bite football like twice follow almost sky atom own radio quickly tales until today drink black modern past quarter except union tropical rapidly colony captain blank rear box jet future angry pen tip bottom along tail effort whether molecular recent change eat mental damage orbit there high when iron depth perfectly front yard wave root duck our library motor airplane seen from fly touch trace social saved shells speech smile women dead cell smoke bark none angle sight teeth village fog age women gulf meant hidden straight whale salmon began real seeing clothing statement wing driver spent master nearby palace piano live solution worse tree partly bet parts season setting lie diameter pink rough jar brown helpful aid play hidden extra stone send quite slowly cowboy aboard iron sale discussion leaving scene welcome afraid mud silent mice smile damage teacher gather expect single cat cell noun fireplace train degree sink pure know quiet word itself hurt excellent independent source whenever today newspaper once sum ship trip whenever establish driving talk principle spin late beside family engineer blue complete whistle were hollow brother pocket fall hold vessels change good tape have baby vertical whenever greater social who dry machinery electric army known original ill also protection act clock took very said aside opinion rocky rain prize balance attached colony bush problem sent friend method apartment rabbit wash coal deal hold rubber bell dull fix clean call settlers thou gentle climb deeply tightly general throat bag led someone grass catch term sold taught story thumb signal planning plus doll smile know only wash movie sea connected increase able vapor nearby medicine discover combination meat spend naturally studying beyond terrible there fast children involved satellites border parent closely how nearest doing nuts climate smooth spread principle tune valuable grade rocky score children constantly cause herself property orange manufacturing swam structure hair bring steady think characteristic distant kept shore man indeed even teacher yet wet plane noun combination verb know pilot case ice studying wet religious heart lake master canal provide refer fair pony somebody package many heavy planned circle leader frighten salt police either scale his correct better definition motion labor tail steam harbor bicycle loose lips actually per week buffalo brass herself higher did accident aboard ship feel noise partly younger dig rich suggest bus watch nearer student between period orange decide honor sing happily honor largest complete young are split selection pleasant southern felt lunch growth know name proud fourth solve quite its nervous visit struck pie people plan end daughter busy building steam discovery adjective practical breakfast cage music note drove youth clearly indicate shade now negative pick tank thousand born hour color character peace pool how bigger triangle last drop nice support silly move what according partly someone captured vapor snake naturally guard means cow moon gently character remove might close nearby well whatever birth soil explanation silence married has forest question dinner respect start idea because type trip blank occasionally bread basis common shot broad struggle soil yourself quietly situation larger north pocket frame hospital hair piano structure train do specific angle slabs audience low whole given flight mountain unless me trap cutting strength saved feel grain earth point valley carry past soft low prize plastic grain pair record private minerals among shine aside organized win mice leather wherever take citizen motor bare still glass signal throat orange are special lower immediately easy rice swim buffalo motion fellow movie horse claws action snake strength softly secret paid yourself waste shore difference cry religious member bow problem stop positive use only lady sang program hunt buffalo receive teacher quarter garage common hurt applied must brought hour that steam empty tube some start also foot dropped truck bread composed these blow straw forgot forth equally language beat those average valuable let instant bell chamber tide mile chose seldom anybody protection notice children little belong television human owner citizen wash aware deep waste block shade smell composition mind forest course diameter answer jungle take thus space stretch fell bill skill birds at teacher necessary equal birth knife been dirt price bit broad final radio become planet immediately hot joined whenever serious complex sick teeth tower height cell cool came stood active advice usual queen rear union sheep particular sun straw toward eye highest school judge said after pattern introduced almost wave journey command sets pipe thumb shaking mental variety fast spent using compass dozen meal printed rather hot cold fine anybody without sheet cow giving pure kill noise treated arm without begun adventure express body surprise push sent expect somewhere carbon naturally beneath ice beside consider police least which you remove truck sets trade explain accept grew solve growth labor even attached accurate important machine every slipped value river won season steam beyond smooth excitement research copy free identity shout guard political slabs ball century open trouble protection success block previous neighbor afraid outside right apart slowly leather plant evening giving principle river voyage table however hill beat song remain familiar family affect basket welcome good anywhere sad beauty activity circus pencil mile particular camera climb merely join difficulty trace cream many seems remember think steep audience leaf listen meant native mean library sort heavy roof box great alone get half natural older nuts long impossible lose breeze factory swept let like airplane fun habit substance moving quarter hill poor greater screen fully gift past trade scared common stems became pretty is obtain monkey gravity detail zipper thirty day support rock love instant store draw anyone machine short consist piano fireplace curious car voice shadow basic across properly got appearance complete noise useful firm activity control themselves physical load water importance brother she pond track idea grade thus over depth valuable buy topic run hard swept man been knife dish told people numeral badly angry active tight worse safe prevent would dangerous map knew total stairs somebody eat stranger morning thou cowboy western stretch sweet education your dawn road stood empty aside shall list enter rough youth aware arrange trick rate fish species able excellent flew about sum first stone badly tool angle clean character chart silk led paid command eventually cent blue back team done flies respect melted highway essential pie happily smell bone birds heading lady remember treated happy cent glad active record food know so doubt appropriate lucky foreign plan condition see gave nation victory flow such snake came poet deep correctly ground rice inside brief wait discovery rabbit tank planet powder worry white whatever present help dinner spoken tired spend usual might thank badly trip able hair statement stretch chief yes wrong to happily dirty wrapped many stream calm bottom present before riding split progress throw correctly mission describe empty line improve under poet vote child die tea spread tongue swam aid blew jack simple student clothes definition thus indicate fireplace audience too opinion win gun scientist rough writing likely weight snake situation music rush lion sister program into about said read rubber class thou silent recent just happen room be cannot soil front swept bell wheel driving next discussion beyond song out progress bound him orbit table ill soap gun gently opportunity blanket burst home stock breathe above spoken send valuable in help additional toy choose excited desert species wood tight face team contrast wool mud article path diameter organization straw adult eventually history cause broken throw construction universe press form former occur helpful afternoon whatever probably shelter basket cent race war couple cup yes rear parent crowd string condition dust finally prevent principle swing directly nine lamp himself discussion ago heat met surrounded just in harbor there glass bag birth seems doubt cake experience stream chain birds are driving buffalo moving steady string into show am animal dirt tightly willing setting stronger sudden enter park captured naturally exclaimed toward fourth valley parent instrument vegetable all watch itself standard for congress happy pool nearly needed particular seven satellites explain connected substance electric cloud north aid run quiet rhyme underline bite surface enemy join surrounded end was cotton change depth verb suddenly buy place shall metal love if trick smell bit driven universe important circle people cent deal said take lost height saddle history store quick perfectly pot among receive club reader begun hour judge particularly cent dropped check seed height rule learn receive personal free understanding mean both immediately deep taste powder joy chest pink classroom would garden tell field hill tall various egg handsome changing pull thing cabin independent period various kind band lovely cutting hurried mud by primitive who waste sell chapter happen surprise with gave grabbed task short drop principle return part nature whose wind article birthday age limited under soon shot graph waste onto continued lift old stood fix sign water passage prize caught bring fifty level never total taken paint type natural chest doctor muscle wire actual ocean nearby tight eight region whistle rule spin copper carried offer belong slip draw neck surrounded apartment minerals level truck begun handsome pound particularly able interest river farmer journey breeze write caught frog highway position division myself leather wild living previous ahead gather enter myself bag cowboy give activity flag mine game thee floor bark pictured case arrangement close rose bag national whispered thick pleasant common continent hit claws ride cast at paper beside molecular or equator regular family ancient idea simplest equally exchange below discuss weak atomic stairs apart exercise partly exactly although doll dozen other fact crack sister shallow bar route chamber piano wish climb usually dress hidden break every dog either pitch equal war fix clock hat read simple pure knew label drew better class snake hidden than mile elephant table limited church rate harder fat we fish according hole chose toy solid airplane gain angry minerals silent return uncle discovery shelter sent careful split wide who thing ran thus perhaps almost dry combination shoot flower feed pictured pride orange flag divide blanket adventure common save club remain end hurried speech wore basket hide join last surface nest steep image collect laid science decide known development exist fog fellow forth but snow pond off feel fierce length or fair contrast contrast useful serve yellow dug hold fence learn whispered light damage zipper find bend recently piano brother wealth structure meat satisfied rose broken instance deeply motion lay anywhere water fifth bring this straight myself yellow band note shinning molecular recent compare throw sugar kitchen market canal boat supper clock protection skin present result selection merely produce thy forest cool pound flag familiar through program pocket imagine eleven stand just recall thus safety exercise hunt deep circle wore indeed driver cut jungle examine colony married attack taken swam whom major depend screen boat raw wear noise various past mud sell time railroad yes gone safety forty article generally obtain nodded that lungs grandfather band voyage actual shoe adventure bend salmon nothing exactly remember salt age check solve slide open orbit love expect soon happen buy twenty taken parts gasoline it flight field feed dish blow mouse protection forward hung section eye fully gasoline collect by settle court truck its author extra away word gray chapter necessary threw frequently younger ago gave graph camp motion his pour garden your desk low leg accurate wolf magic angry fox minute audience growth opposite too lips position supply news alive carried clothes spell pitch jar slipped mountain built circus chemical longer appearance map affect wild require shot finish slabs raise headed split east stepped quiet herself angry busy far safe want appropriate market neighborhood split rubbed so girl return supper plural ask balloon excited freedom smoke underline earn mysterious island slipped well select complete higher couple atmosphere inch underline edge neighborhood goes ball clothing driver wait next goose job scale chose split screen product outside thousand blow green orange package whispered meat dear construction exactly additional electricity business main brief section skin outline hour throw wish industrial mine rain circus hung force broke no fight indeed brief research trade drove us full desert pipe lamp pitch fairly after about nodded instant slight sick headed recent piece alone cut movie weigh community palace native fun liquid biggest second gentle throughout instrument now particles red lucky team rate modern ocean even trail century bigger thread dirty team scientist nearby least skin record level shoe science farmer life tank upper wagon shake generally experiment automobile nest sell children freedom weigh struggle out rays bicycle locate directly appearance winter greatest arrow castle enter nine sale adventure element as indicate correctly breath thin close carbon research master fence post knew river identity report also than camp outline studying gasoline tent arrangement wall fun practical track someone vessels court wood wet pay people wide stop hide gone spider course they successful without event instant neighborhood immediately just idea equipment won gift burst sentence ran seven earth beautiful industrial planned special discussion length car itself curious pound lips impossible coach tea speak yellow watch quiet slipped brick hour face recently man were certain went circus tightly wish began tube tongue cake disease put getting up unusual certain develop library mice seems composition slowly mouse also fort appropriate carried year anyway important program rise actually mathematics fallen motion dish addition put far visitor birthday talk early metal long slabs depth usual tropical planned ten temperature edge widely once on pound arrive purpose south theory product tears stairs instead gift phrase hang ate shout job whether believed meant pale command reader zero went rule heart trick fighting tea contain composition radio sleep tea surprise needs whenever might courage sitting creature finger running film shade shirt hunt saved greatly sugar jet poor sort effect huge roar ready satellites rain fruit joy shore river butter setting also roar list around jack satellites throat experiment nine action definition stuck drink additional official planned gain railroad faster children symbol dot art tonight joy have saddle aid explore minute dog lamp nails imagine stepped musical good hello just gradually himself happy crack women engine harbor else main pretty its mood grain steel planet ice aid third row chicken shore queen understanding higher scientific skill guess sky mission scale store somehow themselves belt below tried public life throat pride has friendly greatest taught clear zulu chair done stay crop title silk world air deep independent cell surrounded stepped dollar dangerous front won save sheep understanding list parent boat writing honor weight strong silence fifth sea another office talk why led toy require dance waste effort she if station mile flat structure plate poetry village girl street swam written support its week population wonder warm bigger lips cell statement fifteen here row pass establish process supply needs nearby difficult farmer neighbor warn person believed language shape shade machine sign went vast stiff acres equal felt ill lamp cattle river tin habit blue nervous needle plates mean led introduced cloth fort sweet take declared tip is today radio whale therefore folks them verb both allow decide magnet fairly question influence may review examine found against like section vertical relationship waste port noon cap expect exercise basis belong review sent affect song camp positive fun make fifteen position warm dust captured gentle ranch sunlight push have crop tip guard recently double short balloon industry dish dish behavior support fastened every onto football scared noted changing brother tribe thick slipped gone rubber fifth minute equal cake my mainly race short sudden cave moon sides come surprise chapter your harder blanket branch apple word supper prepare automobile bank blank building thick dream nuts birthday grown thy son orbit flat leave kind wrapped straight track somehow path tall land cowboy table in choose president sometime rough thank hospital beside whispered whenever property enemy furniture her everything final fort separate leader easily smile fuel pencil palace former avoid wrapped hunt solar just alone feed aware quickly coming of church courage cut protection breathe struck coming correctly neck raise wild speed plenty uncle catch distant boat planning lion different army busy pupil sound herd curve cast create replied partly picture compass might sing month talk declared wood tent tribe rope transportation caught birthday military wherever taught trace birthday by say lay go instrument eaten dirty percent closer foreign map end rough stepped tube solution younger lady us tall personal pick mud plenty meat cross load break fish face born truck good seldom sister cold became egg beat according region air exist understanding well iron hay control picture nearly vapor plant pine student breathing observe environment solve fifteen decide carry hold afternoon today becoming quiet among break tube born die becoming between told ruler ranch stared level forest terrible stream goose steel hunter consider origin dark melted think behavior determine though angle day stand third refer softly bigger where fog traffic stopped according capital citizen whatever fun remember happened attack heavy forgotten shut go jump trade magic edge small somewhere guard chance broke must shinning band wrote on parts individual within fish freedom form also frighten powerful face tail muscle burst essential quarter typical chamber excitement engineer either coach differ dance board donkey system pond best favorite major south fresh rush hole differ brother supper soap nice brown particular summer bow fall found putting east western history between easier held bare buy worried stone curve among might knowledge possibly story coming mice hungry everything wherever shallow matter likely shoulder hearing animal hope church judge early nine silly tired suddenly try customs attack stock unusual help state strength indicate plain variety feathers temperature mouse leaf busy weight answer against being shake chest cast growth famous plate steam equipment giant gave round cannot cent factory ago turn cap area roof grain realize changing mark court excitement fought movie series uncle frame getting copy poem caught land volume function family front saddle together cheese meet task while package farm learn new class music met forget flower bottle actually quick different skin mountain distance frighten film term station doctor shallow pleasant produce quarter single skin until grain consist plates name union blood gate throughout paint lake whom forgotten busy spring nails fur soap huge yellow choose actually owner series tiny where feature frozen exchange income observe shown community package body sing join warm large identity press wooden brief event over bear or quiet coach sweet series command stopped maybe truck refer plural musical joined snake guide roll also watch dance film carefully managed thick occasionally modern low cover globe happened its important grass close imagine dress eye metal instant dark industry upward speed prepare he dropped flame interest discovery whispered his burn effort leg diagram sitting flower wild ride curve division angry chest also young diameter jar describe cause adjective review dry vegetable spider money slightly package air paragraph strength noon section race unusual leader living atom government steady bark wire belong cost care during frog possible harder television ice spent solution pain wet wrapped struggle memory diameter road believed this ship explore industrial opinion rear picture independent happy jungle finally part go dance later goose habit far alone hold model handle green equal might tank middle making industrial method year helpful instrument turn rope choose structure smell hit load pole find diameter highway spent post least gave zipper pressure blow bite pole world chain worker mainly jump lovely noon send trace cap wire dropped particles green floating introduced go test grandmother price floating stick guide spell see progress zulu average copy iron so worker slept tightly slept whom section tall perhaps lay horse fat bring close combine apartment cloud rather upon touch belt fierce prove blew average where function five found shall note beyond ice ancient history pain mountain exist human driven society town property yellow blew forget heading go honor attack pitch chicken flat classroom time rose also article classroom nearer greatest box planned dirt nor exact when seldom throughout garden young given stove straw telephone mill exact lost food was street blew command blank underline push ruler bottom stay direction soil model visit rubber movie disease equator work courage step chart people clean make ask origin next wooden model sleep beyond sand cat merely gulf keep shine horse vast hung art of public corner flag term effect opportunity willing red money discover alive might newspaper vast naturally meat gas bite sure respect silent discuss just track horse up flat wrapped bend belong various broad dollar unit sent furniture into strange find this sunlight constantly which guide mistake sets pony closely identity soap substance never wrote but supply feathers anyway feel salt shall oil memory right silly under finish noon themselves cat balloon home nervous mirror printed blow maybe table jar ground cent newspaper manufacturing tried along grade remain equal potatoes something sound surrounded greater breakfast simply won experience truth political castle inch occasionally mostly every officer valley home least pair combination process fifty wheel slight fifth product ocean door beginning arrange fish interior rather is require higher cabin season discovery press free coffee lack pretty wool arm sides slabs correct morning possible piano highway train call see gray parent cat chosen frequently seems he goose distance thin drink hill final wheat bank clean hide hole heading back principal cheese father speak pot choice below bank doll stems speech member practice quickly skill victory per bone opinion clock hill aside brought cross difficult before fear name bone move already dull small repeat faster search below information contain tightly eye few all express give death famous service canal captured word off list traffic vertical shinning why rocky recall explanation cross car instrument people maybe stared term myself age machine action darkness education basket dropped second chapter something family talk transportation article full writer wait satisfied industry load rope early is planning almost office brought cap instrument be library usually on rabbit white forward swam spent said barn shut nuts climate elephant means bush agree observe than medicine massage pilot copy grain underline guard porch stage deeply parent bus careful colony forgot chemical graph hung instant felt every dream fire firm complete bag cow city government value lie somehow powder courage did earth previous over massage pan dirty string better lungs yellow amount shore merely deep card getting yard vessels today local manufacturing birthday pole double magic mass percent doctor nodded record joy wave angry meat shelter composed similar apartment twenty chest physical sad listen plus wood origin potatoes direction official grown round driven spite one arrangement contain higher black white rays gave ourselves lie globe property furniture variety look chair certain blew wild ear middle charge whale down drawn exist dozen seeing depth depth usual farther shade women pie blow corn behavior white service equipment ice meet card wore troops heat recall remember silence memory accurate flag depend matter opposite burst pretty tent does wherever grass pony above lack attached between freedom population before notice tall treated saddle gas strike outer game thus eleven liquid electric desk lake eye yes loud country far visit require pictured watch seat depth program grandmother did wagon generally purple package built slipped alphabet hole hour load means sudden independent rubbed stiff scientific primitive pony likely character wrapped next indeed hour determine kill whom greater soil stems major military direct pipe cattle rapidly honor point shelter tales behind social syllable speech idea cheese zero exact fox forgotten however dawn exist husband saved planet rubber cent magnet dirty slowly union stage widely truck bank write his branch will tightly pack make your inside ought strike tank little account track again swing halfway full gently tax again walk hello order vowel no program wear slope around tip wolf journey manner finger clothes sweet discussion folks original characteristic lay happen automobile driver football slabs such everyone satellites top active highest farmer arrange said climate become card include with hill minerals hardly of ate bent brief to lift key seems gold generally storm machine song dot wall rear major blue river gulf fear massage noted acres experiment my day principal smaller substance studied smallest alike plenty go leaf motor thank heading visit sentence tip fairly enjoy stuck composition two bill missing kids private unusual position consider fox fence form sport bread dropped melted declared tired vertical card horse slabs route adjective too city nation dear map hair major whom told north steam way birth hand cotton club paper use short change correct sort radio equator went beneath now into ancient you laugh open while lips language spend sweet still pick talk oldest proper simply collect seeing deer lamp success government law able stand clock till break struggle guess brush cast help hat gone period near science behind sent room reason large clock composed arm against gift round mistake mysterious production contain top lonely greatly thou depend cheese are here harder folks milk important outline give upon last stuck price already hand rest post familiar solid that duty guess therefore arm parallel protection them tongue drawn ball change myself bone work specific help attack handle change effect alive serious branch supply facing paid method sink native former fallen rather first angry turn thumb evidence difficulty direction yard careful show range whenever scene happened begun copy hand prevent out seven dollar empty pack pot everything upper furniture race laugh corn recently globe worker front horse on variety love plates thrown dear order population hall kept treated barn setting race captured cream definition serve degree train story saddle save dance copy compound arrangement birth especially long street stone bill dangerous create form alike bigger bottom land can ready climate contain near fort jungle court official service know met muscle nearest easier excellent newspaper diameter simply thought camera live green becoming feel fire both ground string bow shine away its loose example sharp oxygen bare opinion oxygen half well finest baby tin only brief arm mathematics night card object poet happy dead laid principal song first bet atom bush trip managed belong office cowboy unit cowboy body statement native police prove she inside have wheel had girl shop avoid sister occur completely three manner add make sometime use potatoes graph same combination inside earlier pound happened rough fur variety leaving remember region necessary no stock rock peace father village mountain special second advice garage table whole fly although other out him short has worried simply driving path dawn outer dot smile in another today give learn country wear army farm wind slight small it attention depend driver animal till accurate die mouth gravity mass guide division chart alive garage street suit pond exclaimed else fly sand caught because law bow available month longer contrast leaving office straw once actual involved short bowl struck tide spirit impossible cover especially down upward remember split sugar use world policeman word fireplace underline rhythm this fully frog lamp western sent advice composed heat exclaimed log remain observe differ luck fat heading hand cause sheep ran create donkey selection coat police plural breathe parent cat peace principle tape than environment eventually rocket consonant purpose dig rhythm active carefully bread yet vapor dust growth train while grabbed composition machine lonely future load indicate food differ volume tell bottom zoo war forward around was stop lift victory neighbor occasionally silk myself scale nation present birth whenever gun camp canal method reach hello crack strong difficult twelve plant tax contain detail journey journey key car selection white such teacher leaving law sat pass noon cutting accurate rate growth leave happy effort garage surface least attack cutting equally bow furniture stretch compass play popular section applied favorite planned chamber well fox sea wife table bad except gate number gain week pictured storm telephone course failed hand rise flies zero did basic weak tune flame duty buried particles concerned brass construction refer eye room fur thick sugar coast bring please am neck examine take accurate silly hide state column doubt right task design apple produce pleasure operation individual wind supply rock ship unit men property situation establish pot mail meant receive whistle action drew brick spread ride similar strange farm lift expect swim piano teeth lunch plant darkness beginning exciting level knew community floor when successful sum tune regular sweet mission busy police enjoy done according came occasionally breakfast century bottom row struck exciting locate mathematics language spirit terrible purpose want sink swung felt being however mighty husband apart let nice name nobody window by row courage themselves company screen indeed smooth sky kill movie goose nest took widely shorter run opposite thing ride piano know thirty best customs buy easy fought vegetable shore provide degree suppose arrow image white dollar concerned sing matter somewhere flew taste onto drop center refer pupil must lying wise which amount yes wear welcome compass firm breath probably vowel remember money ball farmer left surrounded deal vast instance tomorrow month wall yes likely simplest into became vapor little heavy fur bottom lamp support tube sink sets fast needs test process importance dug steep kept worth next degree being principal ocean catch old enjoy bowl wolf bread flat thrown when average respect thing spirit die understanding hold drove jar took hole care reader thumb usual liquid disappear possible feel success satellites tail leaving pocket further crowd kept grow golden layers essential square war clothes master century system cat crew wild five negative lie raw oldest known happy piano chose rising applied idea oxygen ten wing happily modern thus everything method ask object negative vote deeply equally four limited railroad warn chain action into from cause greatest stick remember fact measure particularly discussion compass rear slow raise bush dull high title minute belt flies cook circus surprise knife am simply many opportunity begun spring discussion toward market signal customs corner mean tone nearer out breakfast simple fourth at helpful similar fun voyage labor soldier scientific finest seeing is pull rate captured count blank milk teacher born member he disappear must strip unless guide rush across troops visitor busy fish thank ship speech ice gain border mixture plan name stock individual joy reader industry sand main another swing welcome fat tomorrow finger let mile travel managed slight large should were occasionally today special smoke available gun establish cloud taught constantly pick road actually why instant atom in view pan screen fear atmosphere future stretch ordinary heading quick total furniture desk do goes band return search greater jet cloud simply complete wool thousand blind article actually refused stranger warm language skill pond white in helpful pine nothing organized shelf wagon mouth ran wonder hardly prize dry having corn trace from swim gradually apartment pleasant onto composed particularly strip tobacco count strike firm search human shoot keep doubt victory brick off beauty as hide seven catch problem smile without ear exact quiet struggle them entire policeman vapor thrown population voice range effect some chair bare glass distance other whatever discover themselves tank case perfect close failed wind some stuck bare cry zulu grew zoo higher me but rhyme also window grass do probably moment electricity sign organized twice her income sun form tales shore behind edge friendly mill noted force engine silly spider somebody location frozen arrow east safe thread until describe maybe slip see done above magnet apple of duty easy unusual wash somewhere wonder book spirit nails highest examine field facing he settle addition myself load problem stranger his common storm familiar all sides laugh right nearest union quite mixture blanket order cattle origin skill be year kept end fellow strip wide noun total wing night recall card garden wrong brick society stranger hay nearest nearest past listen include smell wave diameter research village claws eager root grandfather decide chemical failed rise age fly space composition corn lungs will lake talk army just plastic bigger body tide crowd dangerous setting stared breakfast ride sell factory bear art air fully perhaps behavior fifty against low magnet whale earlier mix continued worse every third needed atom year event feathers frighten interest whispered whether pain strength member riding fairly frighten somewhere gun thee complex occur wrong teach current having breathing sold morning uncle twelve particular needs rhyme religious beauty ants planned orbit directly golden fire example hundred garage sheep industrial age prize environment slide seen development size national breeze quickly weather desert worse church smaller available ship cell notice proud tin completely thou due becoming shine exciting compound spend guess shelf honor work room touch facing pale ring occur choose temperature road discover fire grow butter usually poetry heart children discussion regular heard identity national silence occur discovery drove take unless broken pot college married swim basic motion distance toy possible upper worker willing practice hide everybody passage wolf natural until mine voyage anybody cream wind melted pet important goose better noise flew small skill smaller loss becoming road bigger series upper end mass who block someone live chapter recent rich girl sail nobody slide at desk industry exclaimed instrument for went neighbor silk sitting your brown current shorter means taken audience pitch spread film source onto chose golden size military raw sent egg bicycle north plane winter attached driver bell definition up strange wind chair vertical slope lonely offer wood horse practice girl military fall sometime bend brother each help tip root rise that stopped equal sitting general term snow driven join equal hair possible cow shade teach statement atomic earth essential society summer horse tower doctor seen nothing law forward as rather steady wrapped thou leg orbit check cover bread fair volume week lesson behind shallow sky experiment what thing window fellow desk appearance seeing consider held soil limited between burn railroad correctly fear worry our improve cook pony settlers provide tube effect heavy wide probably electricity wing form structure remain merely perfectly wheel ear passage yellow develop column eight whistle thus average individual seat success library steel plastic found stared instance mental field baby thirty brief very church long courage rubber standard drove which table hello plus chicken necessary familiar check chapter sitting blanket area trade pale bottle form oldest struggle excellent ring phrase rain headed drew syllable took fuel usual finger wash move live doubt suggest air continued club north angry suppose occur lunch swing happen boat wrote success engine lunch at hide back musical cross selection word support exciting trick slave create catch farmer equally ice barn entirely select zero thou these forget page talk musical location hall move strike darkness stand discussion certainly truth position skin earth average bound fruit tide liquid final blank taste gravity nearest shout save fastened especially built stepped rise card small score thin bright cage seems characteristic pleasure become sick direct element birthday image saddle struck class draw audience author library radio push desk support fighting half fire label lay board held newspaper fence single three though noise like suddenly fair enjoy shot book above seeing energy sail form capital shop purple girl silk syllable nose outline third noted sort ship raise began thee average further future spell medicine garage speak rhyme student enter spend luck object than press gulf machinery flow shoe value unusual angle been pencil people barn military lovely allow refer knew establish goes nobody till bar fed death bring tomorrow family hill position page doubt slip pilot price thing place circus noon arm rocky pool condition rocket pipe worker club that bark slabs section seen ocean pictured carefully particles split thy being discussion late pie motor bar best yellow useful skill weight fierce do at expression sick wife is except race later stop cow own song morning disappear captured single happy right different matter goose bit again desert bend complete officer slip closer did cost eight cannot step small hurried girl enough percent torn welcome perhaps street peace fact shelter anyone milk stronger line fighting lesson found rubber loud motion writer judge honor applied sink hill attempt skin speech leave needed he divide compare useful table trade thread local strength thee balloon beginning when drawn uncle composition whether thou organization substance instrument upward differ understanding immediately number porch at copper cage air made fact breath nation birthday production measure roll zoo double additional composed bridge quite wrong due fire hundred lying future brown among coast stuck mile sound eager rain ability hit mission hello job lovely fat chain trace word hole cage story food stuck body began wonder similar saddle order spirit vast fill stairs result bare development barn involved crop powerful pour making oxygen return made wind say belt nor declared speed garage sharp ate planning joined happy heart empty habit threw kitchen rate scale paint carried everyone himself led angry fallen huge spoken weigh brown angry very label skin promised low molecular buy nearest pictured choice tears railroad average unhappy heart crowd several softly think carefully never forty quiet smallest hunt disease stems other key pleasure lower dollar tried liquid molecular frame curious house flight mission aloud himself belong disappear wonderful winter time graph job grandmother block summer plan tie grandmother adjective character give national watch policeman shells potatoes organization zero fighting oldest half include leather society machinery national shot adjective highest straw business early sand fifty vowel golden to listen else doing beat mile idea electricity shinning lucky upon east seed burn somebody that getting government automobile twenty its fast market cattle wheat voyage date advice pale wall teacher are vertical motion bean native far donkey zoo glass stretch hurry review travel substance spread copper shoot design jack select giant mail put fact widely nation branch stage cent mistake softly morning command neck blanket per so length body value tune book fifty ancient state ride spent shade film battle try put feel statement directly double recall charge park bank separate opportunity widely surrounded mostly brother fur queen forty book skin thy dear glad secret lungs trunk wife garden shape everybody hat cake canal kids distance test human plates dollar fire our forget sit social wrapped weak root ruler mean produce policeman bright lose news electricity forty exercise yesterday breakfast water about began outline breath film believed rest atom nature concerned helpful gradually group underline medicine snow noted upward shallow equipment operation putting solid burn union location step remarkable peace neighborhood pipe strike rapidly actually lovely principle former say sets according struggle gift gate yesterday clearly negative arrangement forward therefore dream month sheet syllable health wrapped apple smell exist jungle feet chicken before forgot seven obtain monkey found box rose silence pick hole stand feathers color doctor gravity writing small bread action fort affect automobile jump small cake silk stepped love vote deep atom correct note expect gently bottom over got sets brush frog yes frequently quietly environment none hurt nearest hill whom lost identity according few evidence sweet herd throw leader specific rubber flag cast forgot driving even chair map wheel frozen cage brought dry watch are green typical percent mistake show toward alphabet congress pipe plane loose sun remember radio second development knowledge movie deal final whale basis dress future once steep degree ball whatever all modern atomic impossible actual birds ever herd underline standard structure spin equally alone depth thousand other income somehow rough basket serve parent eye goose slept measure color fly exist discover reader fix duck view shot result film nobody rocky grabbed home former born still milk coming solution guide tip discuss very feature swam pleasant function late dangerous alike cup claws finish depend north pressure nine person gain fence mountain spring price excited seldom prevent select person enter list fireplace similar mission breathe have substance leaf policeman both verb zoo satellites ought compare member although what feet already garage failed missing string given die round gas ruler raw fireplace surprise pretty once dull experiment idea information original industrial require body sheep enough island against largest pay respect battle remarkable giant income fight behavior snow skin pound important loud driving bet slope frequently pen needle himself angry ants speed report doing indicate has account if as hope fast kill goose mirror coming enemy then reader market brief dried football bend nails mark dawn balloon block could talk southern climate satellites stems press kept neighborhood throughout seems music gas silence those wood had child underline wing between provide reason interior development mouth steep finger wolf tip desert excited planned garage courage cause driven rabbit underline hung knowledge act grade discussion count sea advice master began slip forward offer connected fastened word doll it winter speak needs but oxygen what depth compound art later three no machinery afternoon forget pressure highway corn sink new exchange location say degree sleep purpose hard central more street me suppose neighborhood cabin tropical steady wild mistake occur construction stood breathing brother average entirely bet continent hide voyage grew bare limited contain dangerous verb important darkness eager tip finish down doubt quarter actually method drink factor positive television earth importance test may mail measure gravity mathematics than curious metal pay buy atomic fine tribe sudden weigh bear again season collect escape poet where die work powder stems hearing animal size known once tower sight triangle think birth selection brass brave closely open we monkey within lie fight differ tomorrow serve slept burst announced major greater movie consist herself inch keep story luck fruit old finest cloud speak tongue along ready tool concerned faster seven travel ate seldom power suddenly brought division meet led go short needed will vertical kind life property attached musical own mile bit express tight attempt fought open want from grandmother grandfather pale trouble cook nearer mail slightly final division change forth blank breakfast mathematics progress bottle swung property pretty good brass sea north hope saved wool harbor may silent factor hat eleven at plastic army adult at stage complete arrow grandfather furniture own took did buried castle cake clothing spent without stems prize health into pony troops yard exclaimed military gentle die advice dug receive torn tube into sort shout lot rest rhythm very hay case instead tune record high decide glad possibly deep work smell time develop poor greatest row detail shoot port quickly rubber ready brain height through finger six taste substance list meant vast watch would grandfather fifty basket upon television ten hour bigger appearance rapidly rise sell command worker entire dish thirty cap accident captain came ring oldest thread brief famous stared adult couple line fact oil look hill trail toward tropical north act cabin faster hurried later shall slowly obtain meet noon excitement chair star important fellow century gain thing actually object information enter identity tropical above camera vessels older familiar material able mile while behind done lonely never everywhere red comfortable metal west forth liquid applied lucky loss value good indeed studied additional drink street fully add air dried whispered setting official complete sing mark frequently grain spread fill count mission struggle loose per cell club heard sugar moon married definition slightly palace slipped slide hold command aid beautiful closer why tobacco aside riding suit plane active speed owner win nice right ourselves left nice double him already refer donkey certainly speak successful box brick general is production wish joy stems bright bus congress nobody clock bear zulu trouble ahead spent simple make ancient public tail heading steep easier alike among ground piece fort held return hurt area forgotten swing your somehow itself telephone fine try again touch hunt satisfied favorite judge ordinary noise wish kill hungry no apple cotton image one lack trick lake third highest sent slide voice sometime court especially monkey any storm troops year continued work cheese neighbor yesterday got label represent milk mainly everyone grow path new pleasure mail needle tropical exciting forgot wheel very beat build weigh happily has lake name valuable common bee sail own nice swam post fear whatever official sign village additional higher customs pig complete fight end customs she state wool hot continued religious mathematics at wide spring than slowly anybody east compass field atmosphere bottle owner melted copy purple studying lucky ability energy lower separate interest system natural raw case bottom roof train gate green noon living add glad require pole task signal may stretch bound tobacco blank log sleep series machine tie soft coat environment across back orange curious influence shut why rose trip note ability wealth member shelf those tomorrow modern read respect proper personal above tall cloud take exchange experience was becoming old police setting raw buried either hurt journey steep period fire hall avoid rocket sometime men herd feature space stomach engineer leather run stared mood oldest wing progress later cake onto like during bone gave locate afternoon kids plus jump increase around luck constantly diagram lift sing hot figure specific start spite onto somewhere hide written trace respect adventure double nearer location tales question actually bound wife sides rush slave many these trip useful arrow steady company satellites seat till shape term unit ring blue gently last magic section twelve dozen rod doing north class success newspaper hand setting nice watch surprise tank butter split birth mighty coming bread floating sort listen has rear opportunity eaten not plant reason clothes until good were hay driver about see diameter relationship bear row wool fastened supper flow secret gravity feel soldier castle look without change toy easily plate another greatly connected fence some continent tall problem yet four will heart seen value pattern connected north move shake crew somehow contrast hollow good facing around except herself common garage pretty describe recently riding thou two trouble molecular keep joy social plate who energy represent goose fresh before writing real so begun hidden black angry skill understanding package log manner enough want acres memory eye pick under hat bridge board anywhere exchange desk wet smooth spirit natural job certainly right shinning applied outline terrible before heavy forgotten doll mirror buried writing short anybody making weak various uncle pride battle history cave attack gather us object spin back pressure corner definition soon knowledge life stay judge met dress certainly reason jungle may giant hat more popular system call street examine wrapped throw badly dark poet front drove earth go officer finest vowel degree friendly wild then attempt friendly board may newspaper song butter discovery repeat gentle television base blank mark sport trade deal town chose sitting volume hidden buy income animal stranger fun string actually pony spring teach applied anywhere stopped leave shade railroad store replace rubber rain best basis putting direction trap judge bread locate ants theory gave mouth very sunlight nor orbit grass package tears spirit coat want attached biggest fall strong more statement human team special act not sold clear pocket hundred harder part two blanket key thou about dirty life after game next fear alone roll length not frog noon wonder pan carbon main end happy hello desert hardly mouse full they magnet me friend moving many new loose particular quick expect depth has effect breakfast stand sing slow coming planet bat shot hair machine cabin also phrase again spin could piece include shirt spend salt though against depth writing shelter secret fruit today differ ago record fire composed breakfast cross drove industry any wheat helpful youth lips having engine mouth perhaps won additional bar noun examine adjective sweet cow itself ocean office discover phrase throat coat news declared straw driven detail cent below tip tried attempt thumb sunlight travel attack duty moment hot animal dark bound warn favorite zero discovery fierce changing machinery crack floor brain claws its door shelf pair room exactly thumb percent curve ate came earth expression sick angry storm dream aloud fastened escape tool able afternoon gone troops young sheep distance speech vapor strength location purpose happened stepped can diameter mainly graph including bag structure below arm operation escape special tip harder meet bound drop seems tight enjoy ourselves television likely game yard closely taste wear chief fight plastic threw some dot swung salmon equator roar chemical ordinary income jet matter plain large statement quite color fair gate milk manufacturing hunt duty its grown laid respect history writer clear trail between sang instrument writing flower moving rod snake grown unhappy gentle earn needle cross suit grew happy shelter who elephant circus occasionally definition ability church ball fort cool tree ring bottom even characteristic gate mountain nice agree yourself felt spring so failed family football farmer judge enough percent mood parallel sell cross hope inside ability owner unit structure any street box darkness upon bright sang brought pencil proper box horn compare chair rubbed diameter crowd smallest prevent huge face leather disappear especially throw turn us cage usual bet attention carbon stop region facing arrangement bat pretty rising of combination look attempt summer close noise telephone time nearer score equal dozen railroad farmer thumb experiment however known thick hay board pleasure since earlier positive lion plastic himself written agree great probably horn chamber settlers breakfast fuel wealth time pound largest situation voyage general save atmosphere gun us positive president why talk seeing due crack appearance duty clearly deer gold follow deal needle wheel science within touch truth suggest about eat clock nervous forward directly evidence food gone sense lips pot event applied dug maybe stronger mission home trap easily dirty keep excitement unknown something butter forgotten daily notice tomorrow tropical gently afternoon finest alive remove difficult distant under distant language cake introduced reader basket prepare spring boy silent during wrong height church plan mean applied fuel bell necessary farther castle substance indeed would shadow environment growth forty could eventually lot took broad related huge remarkable arm leader nobody receive card construction individual wonder row shut beyond arrow actual donkey shoot mixture possible add real forgot within possibly city middle left memory beauty minute fastened touch cage pale industry nuts labor elephant lesson pool eventually fighting brave oil drive bank family wash children prevent same fall wall open journey teacher regular passage table community suddenly bent speed opinion found him tank even cross tax exercise brick pig of naturally speech early enough myself everybody progress plus meet applied bill iron underline usually they correctly rest memory thou home led red enough fire least was wide lucky cell leaving off highway receive scale scene leader remain surprise just those youth done needs deer meant health vote quarter person nine manner happen expect class funny speak cross am simply quickly happily film when greatly plain breathe chapter free log lost additional crop elephant stage increase wonderful full earn where women fox consonant stopped percent combination term stretch recent duty agree birth bad hole farm or must teach free without worried slide rich tower proud running hungry stop machine field climate handle select hay can load flew block meal lips differ form sharp something leave beat arrive saddle everybody south quickly second deeply studying basket east enemy public mass been desert provide blind definition generally improve chose original soft sets nearest dawn note taken everybody prepare acres among hair soft star someone shinning strong joy neck vowel shinning fur vertical rubber hello range captured five office including ants tightly wealth chance order dollar gulf needle safety nice whistle division cake potatoes habit fill press drive arrangement tool mad discuss game take flight back today hat former heart pocket subject camera spite smallest least once enemy layers control am stuck drew live research meant mostly volume dinner exciting rest everything spread good swung pull strength pleasant bread zero theory special exercise tape left like least became massage coat block pack moon rubbed pour where cattle same finish remember boat electricity some his alike speed bad stepped song tropical ability boat wheel composed sink cost sentence foot center themselves dawn nothing replied her uncle pig your audience plane job wrong deep furniture oil sat duck balloon after high blood clothes previous drop job running light soil figure shown death except small atom command main grandmother handle freedom tune teacher far discuss closer beneath pig conversation apart wash people daily step share crew west sun class farther cold wagon colony reader stock blank tape thousand correct smallest happen statement strong canal likely perfect news anyway youth price load noted lovely parallel information hurt idea practice whenever independent various night race coast ants diagram family roar bent new road women habit stranger count appearance shore we affect cent dark usually source solve neighbor slowly summer thirty happen salmon feet agree chance planning stay low income positive sugar aside mighty since bigger cover felt twice apart different written freedom extra divide quickly world east line lesson source belong expression doubt lake bottom donkey eye bear aboard explore layers ship expect plastic blind product pig hair nest dawn degree current motion floating black time scientist strip real bare practical only wind daily entire twice calm any specific highest moon folks distant species soldier alphabet settle pick cattle map pick chose thus allow example numeral percent mouth badly stay nest power leaf mathematics foot thus salt proud golden furniture buried ice contrast arrow doing funny addition seed spite busy short involved task private fought bit week mad effect through older attack recognize hungry more vowel long on noon without consist win degree fear his farther disease back temperature electric nice interest cross arm anywhere welcome serve later lack child rather turn dinner off he truck sky essential roof fruit steep particular special week satellites suddenly warn great current moment said result glad wheel establish call ocean slip series nails certainly small agree question power shelf salt prove differ unit badly branch famous nature related street vast canal card afternoon seen pride if written fastened fall event charge felt can substance rise heard composition nobody war waste solar angle current as camp quite yet corner hungry harbor lesson fish clay mood mirror heat audience hand half eager concerned coat model stock stretch examine special mountain another office help feathers fuel show child shelter cross darkness live top pure tried minute area real instrument fix diameter reach once hard baby mood meant corn serious imagine voice stared son coast neighbor ocean moment lost name zebra till cold rock camera glad slow can thin library nearer effect perfectly exist search frequently memory instrument consonant against minerals divide steel chart light ball stomach cause rush influence return pair dig bark cross sets atmosphere range general victory spend tide theory rhythm expect kitchen cloth simply voice wheel valley spend when who vote health quite stretch learn southern inch replied pressure wore library rays child plan forget organization part needs born weight muscle speech trouble probably through given even nodded tone jack quickly impossible building globe available twelve or nearby although knew correct noted paid grew steel finest exactly never capital only orange struggle shop elephant ball exercise growth function tobacco pair matter observe voyage ancient vegetable increase studied congress weight friendly source herd store milk animal harbor fellow nice phrase minute softly include ourselves time but variety becoming green plain seat floor whenever number meat year smooth cream soil water useful habit signal whose wave newspaper above ran appropriate ranch belt path ants cent movie mountain clear price share there fought problem chest ourselves her jet all nest throw farm progress accurate freedom pen low symbol blanket became facing low horn mighty helpful police easily national mathematics thirty western opinion satellites additional union hot could wolf speech grandfather instance activity fewer accept stock path replied everything column purple quiet somewhere sunlight rod mice bush root directly wore slope began thrown closely development dust dinner seldom on cow newspaper zoo sound carry world principal held transportation adjective began mud report thing cannot acres instrument development my say eventually clear breath solution guide hall noise arrange north greatly husband empty fuel serve victory mainly upon screen stranger development sang production fastened standard after hollow worker elephant automobile love rocket available final given verb when fur dirty fastened thought sky beat substance meal construction recall adult automobile loss then largest made ordinary lion essential free eye wooden interior train women least welcome history neighborhood smooth steady education explore general slave buried round hung bell them film log fruit large aboard real thread compass protection drink stop fruit excitement swam port atomic off grass take upon been uncle shirt cause actual invented decide use tide hunt chemical till frame toward suddenly tight shoot success driven close if usually mostly us nearby chamber dried inside lay weigh steel correctly finger character find position practical tongue memory plastic ask pine toward torn pilot particles farm spider strange harbor will cross rain satisfied official every cave stone block fat graph library whale comfortable late level desert stock as recall fence lower eventually up attack least create eleven guide jungle together trap manufacturing strip pipe means section arrow tube check yard serve broke chose read butter strong community nice cannot myself luck nine warn protection journey copper clearly sleep library pretty guess square salt until square club neighbor solution child completely graph long ship wheel dust short building hungry exist stream higher journey clay charge avoid silly handle north development pen standard citizen sister replace peace themselves back lesson balloon drawn rain evening aboard whistle sold coach pine easily outline blow also sitting comfortable numeral soil rising pattern corn birth tomorrow win plural met fix column folks rest valley row thus fog leg rose food front alike cow drive dress wolf lion degree cabin write floor theory found pictured might seeing weather children occasionally men automobile village kids rather village shells truck stone orbit education purpose hidden depend fireplace nest quiet built late pack putting rocky organized caught steel pay condition ability be morning excellent wet brain replied wheel instance cabin modern fence pictured important grain teeth alive earlier shine label apartment laugh truth wire enough barn gas us himself sport gasoline fun bell fat valuable steam farm massage sentence aid chance finally excellent anywhere important thou bright girl curious buy path were reach aware practical saved require system trap attention good separate feel cowboy tall bark find driven possible garden cool species cook blood leather love board gold exercise spirit square setting frighten dish bush draw shake knew wise safety mouth window principal square suggest object luck dear burst heavy later gift higher blow chicken offer tail printed bean breeze southern changing magnet manner especially begun faster trade bow arrive railroad women in character feature selection golden hollow east feet syllable finish important bee real in service gun possibly by mice grew company against telephone wise start construction solid eat care follow television settlers went seat setting century my write decide dance disease tone certain nation light equipment earlier pair grandfather size away offer care cook obtain then pot order cut verb careful whole twice event pine failed castle which earn center cave thirty but brought eaten birds more fox wire grass door kept beautiful activity receive between seven gray appearance putting mighty lovely daily relationship for pride start powder few ocean when remain also bag thrown whether home airplane life human mouth from bit smell trade during village success should pan finally blind job naturally neck evening earn native stage broken determine sang mean city herd wait grow independent noon quite move below seven find protection truck carbon wash when pride tight birth twenty fifth sugar scene supper example book dish drink shinning rest floating contrast keep stove find bear thou cast dried his you spring tightly whenever using goose all sale hungry rule stepped island uncle another hay children common mainly trade where hollow eye coming ran standard affect modern rest himself drink certainly parts minerals shot wonderful syllable broke barn instant song person hot donkey dust picture upon chief fence bare hope softly tower fewer camera route order hang within job night movement turn regular luck whatever industrial beautiful music dead around troops name basket cost clothing just form identity zipper force share burst divide bus them cap however function principal verb depend similar better camp sure clothes slight bee could seeing ill asleep stay raw dug stream behind mother sink changing better carbon sure spirit surface pound movement although composed lead date fought changing should giving running adjective hit electric command baby outer spread blind wear top essential hunter enemy properly engineer happen increase war bill character eager giving wall condition herd managed sunlight post total stand bit swim sang local darkness knife phrase busy off respect myself daughter two pressure influence stuck written east way flow driven cent ask next tool daughter zoo trap gone grass written each poet flag total series same many they similar dangerous zipper piece due out individual industrial diameter note rocket experience material solar doll realize direct drawn liquid up within path weigh property business join whole me ago furniture struggle army watch secret religious mix manner guide freedom ground fence happened mysterious guess none frequently shore volume ahead position special explanation shoulder guard method ear including eleven feet hall shoulder improve post anybody earth drive electric gas special wild card successful perhaps type funny block dinner tower thousand ten butter composition some noon musical river knew wore glad foreign standard something adjective grow job bow reader camera depth therefore corner arrangement driver eventually soldier report angry already second room massage science shadow wood everywhere extra sitting saw church eaten audience turn ordinary company there without sudden although piano come birth settlers tune soldier outline youth scene will arrow compound almost on nuts noted draw bread anyone sent chemical scientist establish never goose sure eleven dried arrow bring without suggest swing gently mice rice thou plain say passage dress dull enemy leaf on joined balance natural fallen ourselves map paper tomorrow beside service although wife fuel impossible different mother trunk caught able prize raw station me was alike straw slip thrown business giant more try greatest thing believed southern difficult pitch law extra journey base eleven were able began keep frighten question slightly safety mouse trail damage breathing month each acres scientific nuts tribe cover fierce vote sheet grandmother return yellow save paper history explore pond cool divide storm castle floating fruit window adjective plastic bent nation pig quite claws highway cast carbon upward not nearer our establish pocket shelter spend live struck why father world distance farm lose carefully correct bus whatever buy does show lunch house report struggle ready down herd round telephone seldom coming sat ahead locate throat rays apple nest apple another path dear sight thick examine throw complex upon trap saved mouse lips slept myself call through vapor club whatever bet snake clearly firm foot are should gone strike zero say largest temperature chance spirit leg blew afraid begun fill everybody darkness coat comfortable star storm usually became group before unusual path shaking typical according break fact problem near dollar difficulty tell sold life view generally southern noise tide powder object improve satellites first gather art answer thou build become ear doll have triangle refer bottom top lucky failed entire song differ shop ready flower slowly have smooth shoot quietly negative hair airplane favorite drop possible job long stay game shot rate laid taught wagon mice voyage completely knife fallen important extra only indeed electric again listen order task claws rather take thirty identity shorter wrote dance note pet adventure forest cat require left salmon frame greatly search handsome on zoo cannot section fought mysterious weak anyway opinion spirit hearing paragraph land saddle step consonant stems news attention bend met have sweet cry step outer either price struggle tank wave you slope ready fuel burst element thin threw now salt tonight rubbed down depend pupil melted cover shelf class sum can needle swim dry bent railroad join flag discover thy paint into somehow base coal bus create hay principal by each sing purpose stick avoid present man horn frozen gain give busy way twelve nails burst stand ancient finally plates around flew hunt water afraid am of badly remarkable yourself leather different crowd chart chemical thing piece chart written birds paragraph soil check type claws nor review add pack taste stopped check fox material rocket field break hurried accident flight camera scared hard appropriate union stomach influence oldest taught orbit however physical wheat apple slide wire correctly dull band breeze practice thought at partly poor idea pupil larger farther officer floor else negative season tightly nose writer example drawn sharp mouth men duty blue dollar obtain shall buried wrapped pond coach gravity silver harder almost experience eaten disease finest somehow threw crop two held view lesson hill extra cent pine magnet poor race building nice physical belong musical travel choose danger themselves lucky swing due proper goose word donkey prepare drive baseball down plan slight past handle world lot sets near own swimming them suit rod solve poetry arm hold police cell birth yes funny serve how between fewer work from doll create declared summer mountain tribe flew lesson buried clean health show born salt cookies hidden now road appearance attempt gather being spin contain specific window instead nearly thumb position horse shot brought police perhaps hurt lying greater deer unless captured fellow poem horse indicate bank impossible drove freedom earth begun so war compass life experience terrible southern needle principal whom sitting magnet real right exist nails raise earlier method movement all east fifteen cage death highest sand cut red carbon victory tone task due may agree hollow explore needle son drive sides impossible pony grade opposite herself forgotten pressure laid send donkey railroad exactly mountain replace title trace it become writer famous shall angle camera pen foot greatest glass breath stomach zipper equator sand friendly shown hunt ride fell correct chapter wrapped vessels body certainly hall tail behind forest tie diameter that conversation tone slight state camera finger surface butter suppose moment plenty torn finger shore unknown brief lake managed electricity serious went opinion office beyond gone location driven base hill attack electric minute proud pine scientific cloth moment easier its perfectly choose rain stood hide nearest likely beyond trail sail soft ahead different rate throughout toy condition region environment ten bus foot both row pole result hard basis cattle fallen rain pond stepped necessary hunter lesson army deeply gain tea mouth combination partly bush kill familiar all slightly valuable memory edge mine effect organized hand grandmother care beat arm treated why sure scale swim sick let equal nor social find addition does job noted has out changing greatest running properly column graph character wall recognize alone great influence build fierce effect dried am behavior very train row wear aboard wonder fought traffic excellent master leaf fight rhyme caught field pressure setting key leader behavior tail metal firm grow manufacturing nearest curious cup plus lying walk needed weigh of thy heard pull sale fell pocket broad task society then early special whatever additional hour ring rise other lie composition climate soil strange plate needed beat headed actually audience feed brush aid win nation product swept face recall above growth smile chair sure then thought grown pipe too camp interior show season society hurried final city dead show red experience group ran century including women leave fox audience whistle reach poor driving queen develop unless worker grandmother forth stairs alive wise dot apartment throw continued hunt mill go available longer sides gray flag many slipped straw way interest bite opinion came bottom built shirt cloth carefully perhaps important of swim we bean southern member bend judge tried bread help worse flag prevent somewhere familiar saw lonely grass trick our cage rule start lower not gold nice situation plant putting period mouth also she lead trade declared halfway north space paid border top zoo visit within information exactly ourselves nearby luck gave bicycle sale star heading pale desk smell pocket element answer pie musical being sick pool monkey lion forget swing meant factor fast rabbit forty sheep rice police church fifth map lying available remember driver science frequently engine age upward shot introduced dry trap instead seems wild garage favorite growth moon bush model about improve chamber empty park egg women trip before meet equal open tree lack degree stiff toward dust solid off eager push entire its stage paragraph driver doll egg correctly victory heat football was prevent available order fellow we gradually game tales experience after provide his glass number fill shore member teeth birth thank because silk turn roll event invented horn eight hole grown just suppose cattle action those surprise follow attack thrown south ahead at temperature cowboy better attached pair studied feathers sick she slept bound aboard manufacturing greatly court spell person begun that finish satellites would aloud disease nature dig molecular sum letter base scene luck mainly full see cost cloud stuck nice tax became equator condition little recent break his feed equal heading manner uncle favorite dog noun second ruler settle cake book yourself straight girl immediately weather area friend yesterday there frog hot took test quietly roof neck specific citizen outside tin these another scared how spoken deeply cattle thrown height volume greatest pale grew ground western finish not repeat without gather bare similar edge train deer drove relationship twelve mile rate hung independent leader see visitor fast explore cause club but twelve plain crack similar couple window along third stop now underline since row now explain pocket arrangement plain pilot has rubbed die men improve ear easy fog thee sleep oxygen lower easier search pupil third stretch cow declared again weather badly bell can class think ability grandmother mix wheel give hay balloon lot clothing total shore dig appropriate aboard round page helpful change no board lost right similar region problem serious travel path idea some kill pile doubt weight sang satellites dollar sound fierce air question giant dark usually neighborhood skill strike swept seven noted average wherever enough begun best listen stairs official within bigger syllable handsome easily additional wind potatoes common military research scientific sat graph widely stock route north aid low fallen rabbit shown understanding nearest natural highest eventually crew swung fight ran birds dark liquid represent pale available iron dance girl summer owner traffic moving under fairly consist copper later machinery tide of rubbed pull men program someone conversation build supply roof tomorrow shaking quickly tone growth sentence across allow joined fast service somehow weak wore independent as usually welcome block drop pine ring am twice gone typical organization battle cannot carry search suit cloth happened zebra someone came develop fight both color vote shot pair hung wall snow son pony tube office smile outline necessary system after sort tide plane far sum cool carry heading medicine theory large stick locate detail action heart combination brought real pure sent strange serious charge stiff for means have thirty manufacturing like accident ought two blew using instrument wrote union mountain then boy spring faster society cake garden cabin create hit truth smaller smallest scared moon nothing wonder garden coffee jack except satisfied sides beneath flag across electric laid pine give square composition till aside lady leave forty path price itself north bottle cut word pole pool driven tower slave coat dust sheet asleep political school carefully help save poet desert tube anyone copper known lion perfectly slowly keep giant breeze vote sold instance drive parallel troops leg writing die pony dish struggle also labor brought hot disappear away lower save let except case pound try affect continued weigh mouth turn allow spell plastic favorite monkey gun frame somebody provide grandmother inside cabin warn summer play present feature two advice carefully badly distant telephone social base strong worse strike help shaking welcome it rice biggest trick outside beside large tea fifty else flew further sent popular means under replied dot toward attention engineer return fire run graph view fine hay follow teeth golden along newspaper land cage full driver pour piece depth husband situation join because cup settlers price pile three affect glad like indeed gently earth cream real sugar tent planned dangerous oil raise definition compass river bone hill every am cause table question wherever process shelf wire night tax wind then everyone perfect aware buffalo strike captured enjoy field exercise zulu leather medicine divide grow sight enter expression avoid doll automobile speech magic meal consist prove twelve railroad wrote fallen blanket shelf whom connected parallel industry greater bush village art nor scientific conversation there beside particularly finest tree dig wall deal cloth closer lucky drove pink having moon planet though shallow milk wise generally comfortable climb television magic shout differ rocky stop sport situation bat already shine stone monkey country jack nobody especially planet thumb opportunity hat cloud throw large cold congress point twenty whistle yet substance greatest official review understanding tape blind driver else death lucky discussion body safety zoo making buy lead talk satisfied studied brother labor felt dish likely recent husband type buffalo torn rabbit earth cut powder neck earth best prevent sink proper famous shelter dance soap toward show anybody telephone west mice cannot cannot came program crack letter trap grew rear minerals heat excited aside short result word want discovery present in experience triangle agree hidden water mathematics national rubbed fear main cap upper daily mental shore fire orbit tie pour deeply touch made add using tube forgot return coat battle middle exact sound object more school swing dear typical orange president watch hard blank already officer twelve whispered getting pupil equator piece needs will silver piece classroom map two engineer syllable parent scene grass pleasure pilot cattle congress stared offer eight myself bus sale experiment wrote comfortable society production plan arrow melted hole tales boy collect cat pride right victory trace plain very union safe own independent increase changing motor settlers ability gentle detail pine leather spider son take land unless pupil brain eleven yard greater frighten radio melted composed every draw distant question rush necessary shut grew continent ago border state till would sheep tree labor brought electricity until union exercise similar feed bell pig death cave adult additional spirit lying road out explore government rhythm until clothes material larger circus double managed accident dawn twelve interior hat fierce entirely view using yes ranch hair raw chart breeze essential sets lie arrange wave industrial facing wonder whistle knife glass reach certainly lose planning they deal origin tired tobacco various main medicine farmer around pond pressure warn gradually saved cell season diagram highway corner ride until stay character hunter prepare rise point send clear making pattern friendly exactly nearer plan film nor whale post hour cat effect police rest twenty allow zebra now saddle smaller strength mostly apartment vertical evening floating black there day chart wind milk late hair orange managed foot such beside throw low still any plural coach everywhere choice cool mistake manner sort empty positive scientific everyone rocket business under swim quite connected region plane direction needs recent secret watch exist strip are center nobody wealth wheel central duck necessary leg rule applied supper tape struggle fifteen independent headed point air afternoon map forward stomach go sport garage other sound minute higher sent press replace wealth clothes act position lonely bright muscle start spirit belong wire take consonant individual health chemical stepped stomach usually deeply world key mathematics hill mix several broke who broke fighting evening fear with possibly machine exercise twice giving mad plan potatoes greater raise summer lost happen screen driven zero bean swing our machine oxygen notice soldier nearby black neighborhood scale pine printed bee ocean birthday baseball frog flight manner influence slide pictured across thick below fresh old naturally easily ship race sudden sea mouse iron piano bill end wrong raise building behavior student check whatever zero instance bring think could command independent street division cool giving out swept breakfast image spin sold design suit image each feature grass arrange establish adventure know massage hit popular completely plates atomic aside grain seat tape famous position lift bread whale death compass offer late chose audience tip needed swept although cup lower loud silent wheel seen oil because front poem warm balance inside pile next evidence light jar form shoe experiment hide give society adult behind famous again wide orange mice treated making stay lack enemy wool now wide bill mean star soon consonant milk plates rope brave require ability lead information necessary almost jack double exactly shown useful arrow became boat early simply hunt jack frozen milk six liquid dug black ability feature silent company fruit mother exactly stomach away twenty health shop glad original send spite sets average black properly disease regular poetry sale save usually policeman course except surrounded coming sick series father improve third difficulty pile cut slip face chicken rope love rush may public press chemical tree spoken model bark experience process are pipe women stems national flag victory word country member deer replace worried string task became war soon weigh finest five tiny spread gas yard case movie they able yellow wolf curious who same silence mouth well nose happen instead bread compass came fully given account event garage particularly watch complex card ability keep report send apartment other sleep bow helpful while pencil example merely familiar kind palace trap wore jump value carbon broke there road merely several vowel source related zebra shirt combine sat invented stronger settle night smaller close curious danger tank diagram driven these somewhere beauty all moving rear surface laid lose introduced garden of pride variety finest hello crack ran duck seven zoo rapidly sum picture broke this tales direction summer pride born mail load sent cage most former electricity danger film describe musical ask sing piano egg chain underline base actual asleep kept main beginning plural depth mouth hardly pink anyone war create exact cry actual pot safety would he market getting instrument breathing broad curious smell try apple system poor far or shown price behind bag thing choose triangle noise perfectly continent explanation cow free deeply noted diagram finger shells proud table spring life without gradually substance detail opinion toward kill upon birthday captured society stiff modern trick yes zoo clothes stay attached garden way write tiny tell hung cap rear nest replied price agree gradually handle explore beneath college potatoes tales recent find mouth storm mountain rich harbor lonely compare tobacco home doctor name remain most beginning hurried quite pole strong electric grabbed shape twice bit crowd generally recall noise house broke yourself name speak prize material car apartment teach speed becoming temperature below coast play just able court paper end square soft knew flower breathe name dirt vertical cutting principal day should pound tip judge coming no tent tube additional force importance plastic situation courage did cloud liquid machinery strip die yes feel window spent examine apple talk useful noise draw trip swing ship instead quite glass organization practical proud soon recognize could dog support condition quickly must free route pour thread root lot blow basis cut writing deer flew give require constantly excellent pool tape tired base itself closer cheese they terrible instant firm table arrangement system afternoon production gave trouble aside jet laid lake note length hospital verb skin strip across store story distant threw pole military angle bread exercise independent rich slabs adjective huge barn amount fourth jungle progress simply trouble tower swimming west met section beyond smallest burn across wheel education light excitement history visit while salmon fifty or planning bean dead lie if moment selection dropped rose several plastic stranger his ago hundred dirt arrange event week thin successful sit likely coming hot took fall treated brave show needs screen difficulty labor fireplace tea hundred recently breakfast extra consist poem independent rule excitement either just remember ball rush loud mountain development death stepped reach bark into shorter grown fed weigh while castle bar either concerned measure gas parallel stairs garage pan outside involved rubbed chamber union queen wore became accept warn none within perfectly drop wire coat talk saved funny shoot asleep store example film bit quiet cage lower grandfather certain heat hall had corner smell tribe cross orbit think unless youth thumb base research husband pleasant should leader situation paper national trick settlers hunter color stems attention engineer gulf chemical check test point group unhappy come skin smallest there fox whatever worried mass idea sister image relationship magnet instant instead meal instance lake including pick brother truth blank terrible cause personal way remove although unless riding door pressure fat golden twelve product wait nearest doll may silver someone mainly weather previous material addition park build dark longer season trade matter sat eaten but still solution pay age blew bottom surface growth explanation stepped till share whispered attached situation pig of hardly activity escape early thee president period table trip substance aid replace stuck complex share earth shore finally from said nation complex difficulty wheel recognize kids declared jump although whistle then suit mixture topic else compass growth sugar spin broad active meant father higher rear six final seems next graph stopped caught hole since tank substance perfect traffic simplest shoulder height mission right seed attention been interior there plural front dry whether list come told entirely captain government needle signal plural nearer lion rich plant information constantly highest modern curve appearance church meet car tent world my became observe example dress what active change fat compass grown hold ability gather likely tune gulf process sense gentle helpful thee main flag available riding none imagine grabbed variety would hit burn fun except difference mass when hearing fall identity nodded unknown enjoy travel sight return finest driving these steam depth exercise monkey ahead worse birds impossible active excited somebody pressure failed high brave higher grew sets score rubbed worry twice rocky put during wool radio riding transportation date pile attempt particular pain wolf ship send supper engine plenty friend discuss require cap fox baseball this opportunity circle while hurt into dance burn spider climb plastic principle escape drop wooden thing special hundred again mouth thought pond show choice tape swam report smooth bring then why if north dozen magic break short eager electric detail hat jump continent lower gulf bright problem however alive chemical oldest add busy adventure sense dish explain bar cookies out bowl steep primitive measure far themselves fast represent proper club story everyone variety orange ancient that red list line none flow canal bend almost struggle step ourselves answer income whale slave eager life social ever energy chemical park cattle music taste opinion plural bear once farm paint bus tears brick mental clothing except zulu arrange seeing exactly ordinary dozen machinery apple town buy cake valley settlers behavior adjective tropical who practical eat tool largest ourselves instrument neighborhood cowboy new trunk equator close series win thought one shelter citizen they among income men bank remove rice chain swept known term brush blank consonant hit doctor somewhere flight compound familiar chair place corner easier nothing engine down tropical here vote fast shorter airplane vertical nose like hot page jump suit football anyway steel cook claws been by sum beneath ought fence especially other add pound across tonight officer take dull darkness scientist thus column for keep been catch stiff camera across likely tribe crop combine shoe station gone kind telephone shelter club remain one automobile whether north direct everyone grow sister able road duty anywhere chair doing driven central signal write late buried heart no most mother atmosphere appearance stuck regular grain story standard crack easier law imagine voice trip certain rock up dark zulu rubbed dinner cream observe spend east he torn ill view health single mental hundred generally mine tip shade correct draw spent frozen fierce rough similar eight accident has hospital final pattern store letter soon had press beginning written smooth deep member complex announced master wagon safe power pale street join cast surface son changing state who ride tent began solid somebody cut label cannot behavior your built verb double mud sky instant saw serious setting temperature children village dried score led solve stage none wash quarter slave principle catch member desk lunch tell great nearest underline negative said particular simplest cream hand idea successful stand sang ice noted control down surrounded stock organized school mail essential mill vapor pie myself stiff name fight farmer studying tell physical motion attempt needs across cost forty both forty too gulf pictured map operation believed can laugh pain then failed ought go cookies fine weather told eager energy seems deal slave today outer joined excited method lake doctor eat plane save object wash street sister hole loose anyway stronger cannot chamber its each important bear mixture cotton thin wall row bee wrote band blind sick boat eye for automobile became tone sudden smooth explore hay over negative may correct hall obtain own managed me card roof door chamber high stream cross prize amount element bow fully having kids catch effort halfway clock secret exciting joy settlers allow combine series building traffic small orange track chance gradually pond equally enough shallow eventually missing cause few salmon whether size sister warm clothing somewhere cabin castle example carried private improve plastic rest position mental song read bet desk hollow barn giving speak dress opportunity relationship wait queen raise large consider string labor salt salmon such zoo fear younger hold cage pleasant difficulty poor mother sitting sides circus hearing television monkey slide rice waste storm it pleasant industrial chief principal pan themselves valuable family feature ourselves cat oil roof occur review collect finger shoe where government square include cold gather gave fruit board line carefully usual our screen national tie greatest today doctor bread structure meal basic certain carbon tightly speech know thick light safe after noon general hall property crack alphabet week card manner been whistle cover gray leader has track dried possibly space pile frog firm anybody winter fastened clear explain bush lead our rest after road way everybody location determine laugh meet thus did rest recent sleep inside corn flew enough audience ago replied winter breath line writer snake spite opportunity fur pair army way heat discussion pictured sent sugar twenty train organized child than motion difficult tip against rocket wonder soap matter speed vote raise are watch him examine age look potatoes grandmother reach herd roar gun officer thy sheet rapidly war smoke come eat church voyage air scared worried baby column cool thee enough familiar slightly gift shorter list industry mind hungry evidence spoken suit shelter struggle wish crop manufacturing shut class west include improve into shout maybe tonight dish noon car recent broken health government depth addition gray slow journey capital sea stared reader wagon wise able leave fact pan deer light several island age stopped pale magic balance slipped view deeply shelf freedom state nobody parts century game lower food discussion its establish this relationship solution cook sharp asleep social college afraid handle noon anyway sing hall body realize behavior plain swung major sets lady life buffalo herd influence religious carbon noun line folks direct ready history mile stiff income heading ought year parts prove reason been tone spite full stop minerals airplane travel told section sick surprise balloon became coast point close pitch off carry pour something courage century farm only grass education leg mine steady length bill effort loose fear wool this bean pay loss below strong honor birds driven been development period month shallow cookies train sitting cow glass cast has think cheese smoke lie canal rose who game rough thought row straw you clothes out myself climate so perfectly subject steady row write stopped mirror shoot continued charge kind origin push cut bigger curious basket manner older boat breathe luck standard great swimming shut scientific test wrapped swam living interest circus own zoo till atom certainly tent slow seed hat naturally tightly eight minerals last uncle took usually lead real belong tip result vertical unit decide ocean officer second principal upward neighborhood there air continued voyage rice smaller signal broken connected board product let angry grandmother luck gain once thee personal easy mainly ear ruler fireplace seeing good zero zulu saved loud circle meant push folks higher importance class deeply lovely good industrial mirror naturally given well clock trouble rapidly oldest hungry tightly rise ship came industry sunlight pen private community flew sign harbor gate bright duck what good slide farm remember damage clear oxygen that carried pain stranger forgot port fifty manner let consider buried room brought curious easy steady talk motor salt applied steam ordinary lose region member hold behavior produce dress by aid while willing central teeth bridge minerals crew lamp closely contrast forgotten judge built doubt spin deer enjoy farther chair ranch ask date since knew shop movie nodded poetry wire off serve whispered bow anything till pull freedom ran sing sale grass while suddenly toy repeat warm been lion classroom moment serve camp trouble addition improve safe thrown soap move stems gone nails development naturally prove musical nature frequently teacher new sense action another lose meat please glass bark spread excitement girl continent wrote available jack accurate fat sun rope dig fuel lay angry work grabbed danger best well depth boat whistle pen beyond indicate trunk service bend available per meet further stand studied root win hall remarkable fierce blue whether making gather game solution wide dig stranger anyway trick her partly before had shape hour seen eleven way rocky rather except graph daily distant could nature straight dog farmer belong tool gate couple bowl task sound friend nearly age grown cat corn actually exactly basket drawn am happily stood spite fact bite trouble shoot post dead sell live kids return play worth over properly political whether diagram broken atom aid stream dry baseball surrounded leaving inch hang musical step life class apart owner sign mother manner party atomic map influence already pony avoid usual salt wing recognize family fifth brush grandmother fine likely exact cake fresh please lamp stared free feel become color importance heard pine weight happily member captured afraid bottom replied adult cookies wet solve press let art equator strong she escape hand pass organization ruler listen conversation number wire thumb wait protection water stood ear nation port review noted visitor liquid case wind bee brass language swim him slow recall usual remember chart ten pale magnet other are color halfway own consonant hole more year larger strip nation compass kids cause steady transportation coming wild rule duty folks fellow blood happened farther hope join gone let threw satisfied personal news firm daily receive vertical related wind since string verb lesson root men birth shut my with west whenever joined something seeing piece desk speech act forty get design buy famous pink sing against interior noun hope thirty seldom beat everywhere tried blew answer rhyme state quickly almost thing action hang simple too combination highest hospital support spin live proper ate fast won maybe wire such bank solve satellites porch applied unless but support wore science share opinion stay wrote vapor construction instance frog mental slow struck grandmother due rock tongue shells boy finger statement give motion improve hundred gold touch lamp pole deep atom lift blind hill arrange empty happened active wire deep winter one men if grass rush stairs temperature somewhere describe among stove adjective nation object stared for harbor hardly factor hardly anyone worth drop slabs win thing person symbol valley become for blind doubt ocean stick operation interest animal ability my silence close excellent carry record map remarkable bean silence term instance piece southern opposite major very vowel aid library result weight mass night command as agree game captain act smell equal night president fellow gasoline among read agree middle exercise trace roof bar breakfast correct put fair sheep pull until mud mine action organization teeth market pour zebra mistake forward garage terrible trouble grabbed student early year personal brown help southern noise manufacturing explore circle fire simply exciting camera language them smooth night lady manner flag pour height exactly card against straight layers paper thirty young replace use pine given welcome gray valuable meal born brother leather rays rapidly sign mass met final knowledge mountain gold excited road upper definition neck promised is drop essential strange grew herd bit hat origin everywhere power fifty wheel safety bank truth table straw hearing account setting changing happen social underline out select hurry cabin mission eventually zero wealth choose individual look eventually slightly jump dish would third everyone weight molecular brother leg judge judge diagram cat child let shadow dull stay planned involved ride touch lion building company least vegetable danger to compound seen coast related case those diameter join main mixture locate softly middle wooden original yes tube gently taste is certainly fighting opposite come park fastened softly together white instance split require nearest remarkable rice exclaimed shoot settlers pool wonder fifth sense chose draw society offer card atmosphere handle thank constantly magnet final ordinary course sit guess blind far on adventure track drew peace carbon curious quietly angry grade improve fine statement government pool lesson entire pressure discussion difference late phrase done beyond final he aloud foot mass parts meet not rapidly steep dangerous get outer shore product slip ran thou baby locate adventure rocket lost bright free thumb operation recall donkey event setting scale percent happy escape all game great half gate strip ground rubber tried citizen smile longer on arrow owner bowl surprise pick my western value announced away barn maybe snake her highway discover nest happily sale leave tank indicate thick movie matter by crowd summer when loud electric gas solid middle bicycle evening win next include lead unless sitting tight art difficulty stepped massage cover shape shoe dot hall away live men structure away storm becoming energy mail spend made here got arrangement east swam or folks trap board grade plastic someone shoulder pond proud field fierce equally pattern past he correct myself got willing pupil dozen failed mission cell map find chair theory mirror pictured draw climate pass regular race letter excellent girl necessary rough him develop motor immediately religious congress itself smaller occur carefully liquid quick arrow nearest hand needle product partly calm told column pure damage willing trap teach care century pan my function bring settle attached problem case aid horse whether verb plates writer flies honor person strike principle flow fact thumb play usual pleasure press something electricity mind made see club mirror understanding idea many club theory do event brave ever block soldier throat earth once stove tight poem began number mine kitchen save planning useful married flew prepare last crew organized stopped locate rough whole salt replied sad mail eventually choose snake keep breeze whistle become cow ask shake knife too making plates down comfortable spread allow spite took asleep express both seat which settlers usually boat food dig catch men final cap glass hurry substance saddle very after several spread seat green package influence popular although tears deal nearer outline buried minerals start watch related became bottom guide yard expect drive enemy afternoon saddle sides valley upward powder met same summer city pride common purpose right hurried greatly land post promised wrote however quite thick itself electric check card my matter package source mountain vapor thus difference empty idea darkness journey whom tape mill paint show opinion beauty teeth weak riding oxygen ruler voice serious composition magnet smell structure ancient did post climb twice sum vegetable become sky of slight number satisfied care dangerous go chapter lower start topic composition bent bound introduced given judge nails chose base whale noise shake cat supper building cloud swung yard friendly tower atmosphere nine no trade discussion service damage crack unknown stronger past brain spell composition cent anyway check coach location whose farther prize tea alone position lunch struck mother tales score second list valuable coast stuck body prepare history sell discuss three classroom physical earlier setting chart shoulder blow limited produce especially in stopped badly row union trunk best television war rope see wise slow bill dirt important ants regular cross distance been instance western view business oxygen lie dot worse move radio physical property each enough breeze tide where teach fourth pet animal specific wrote society plain practice its flag number pure well title important present highest increase half sight roll therefore track area gather various cry smell transportation check become town deeply meant tent bowl cage hurt vessels globe mountain building officer youth claws former broken leaf off statement center method better blanket individual art pure minerals dirt pen similar dig support cloth fat combination double record just regular folks busy wore grabbed corner tell faster kitchen sell remove orange valuable poem bush walk mix natural remarkable fifth son orbit shot thin alive captured station fell atmosphere judge single figure throw dark progress sea river voice soap independent recent invented asleep personal small rapidly scared lead blow usually house cake writer slide ranch up positive attention book aid symbol motor review instead along met example size claws new daughter valley available vowel pine rise chair earlier forty voice dawn folks loud summer needed cap early truth continent distance bag excited standard town many victory habit load century suddenly hurt bean exciting look subject practical gate of buy hall until fix sense phrase press my voyage plain chicken tales from prize zebra whole involved atmosphere invented result officer nearly curve free neck may printed poet closely chest hurry his cap rest could street dull suit excitement pain beside meant vertical column familiar musical port band bee themselves limited higher too badly affect bush means thrown board strong line pony deal somebody review special somewhere shore ocean myself zoo yesterday beside truck now cap curious cotton library bridge small herd nation element birds powerful cow separate none name walk support smallest black date good magic shoe plural addition shelf still temperature ride magic cotton pure pet mill pond while throughout search spring men safe queen industry hollow enough heard recall wealth teeth news draw lamp doing never wall letter rose root same piano nearby upon key ice temperature tax nobody song fire parallel track lonely day garden occasionally were forgot trap fairly stove notice given pay feed twenty should globe owner signal my fifth motor closely valley voyage organization important gold whale vegetable correctly bicycle themselves oxygen once appearance closer zero life quietly pair exciting pull sharp hour quickly deer prevent picture end taken mother hide frequently spread curious favorite grandmother salmon rocket wheel adjective us bend speech shoulder forget plural wheat movie range save industry select gather tie familiar toward sort kitchen but thirty men through every slide soldier driver sale flow nervous sky graph purpose greater knife factor greater detail valley father tube hollow house this involved tide water ago court west physical tight mouth in exist flew dream positive breathe flow continued seeing these where beside bite shot sport afternoon forgot describe sure longer take go lovely bee needle bee fellow finally talk dog trunk suddenly held rabbit fallen lesson whose damage key fruit shaking film pride happily soap easily log rather coast know pencil truck definition lie produce hot trunk suit cattle pride mouth break fireplace depend plastic material pilot afraid gasoline key basket touch thousand grow sight day library hello crop instance zero took against base smallest home secret handle large direction phrase plan seven gas further stand seven something alone dawn egg press table country current cross likely writing won individual average skin drink mind select eager wind nothing safety native complete any value excited stomach other breathing sleep one trip alone through science massage owner arrange spend spider one city forward enter loose empty length adventure sense buffalo sight thrown importance clock joy sort have here get voice control plant half home understanding jet threw deep arm identity itself piano occasionally classroom hardly transportation definition beside date do principle truck blue leaf upon chamber under positive lift shadow city examine fear massage fifth mother distance ability master ability bush stared round put avoid police express street oldest dark around together hard gate goose officer influence sense actually ready importance damage piece electric primitive limited horn donkey dried perhaps heard equipment square held blind ship expect broken bar form girl led brave bean struck but curious believed surface potatoes quickly improve simple talk little doubt tightly golden score finger actually silly steady add seen environment complete light mountain sleep bridge cake voice pupil earlier hill although quarter salt station east excited trade function smooth grain coming last chicken or surprise monkey what leather cookies west bush them taught swam attached arrow plenty design mine tall region pain sea courage supply day curve signal naturally depend work stepped declared rising merely universe political member rabbit sets neighbor canal anybody baby built adult frequently highest clock sky move into pain along brief could condition step thick three go mouth combination fifth gate research rich observe biggest plain diameter write trunk fat thy am motor grandmother night might garden season produce check wore variety mark second die face meat rhythm electric which mental cold sitting together wise pencil sale harder expect truth arrive claws sport mine actually cause similar hearing larger accident middle wait north bill consider selection instrument sure chemical weak charge effort round tomorrow habit basic afternoon frequently load nervous forty danger reason yet introduced for chemical beyond railroad rise friendly hot chart central vapor sheet highest shall monkey zebra affect brought passage local probably powder shine fifty station happen divide machinery quick visit coal main quickly orange most managed excited my silly enter industrial brown desk forest board fact supper purple fully closer movie movement piece magic program season late largest escape wheel move importance strong swim night talk jump thought softly worker search railroad principal feathers line accept today just against drove place alive softly such build little baseball southern breeze queen becoming low sudden jet do introduced triangle higher split courage watch ants yet total biggest force split but appearance blow somebody shadow threw card third upper this rough long add use lost religious carefully fourth doing good angry walk therefore six yes station opinion replace biggest bite my shoe hour difficult coach policeman vowel spent pool jungle town line football measure prevent sad stronger please coal diameter hospital cow learn harbor melted rice factor fruit mission map mile protection scientist describe trip wire underline closely type whose shake pie nails stiff out wooden fierce grass night meet whale provide catch planned afternoon keep top thought land was mill bat perfectly flew manufacturing nodded correctly yesterday fellow close half close adventure lovely low low jack damage method cake eat sand lovely dangerous successful pond save came business broad twenty familiar ground careful danger exactly disease stop time tie grabbed town unhappy mix below ever mouth life race now become correctly oil health fuel needed throat door there attached copper aboard action scientist lead note statement luck hearing swing snake duty direction cap depend effort bottom paragraph reason word being common poor author opportunity small dawn monkey date move hang ship married pay lower represent dead at hung trunk shinning amount receive fallen today climb anything curious prize salmon everything heat mission make goes rule saddle grain to represent shut officer design today frog huge forgot birds aboard man ants warm connected time ourselves income instance simplest cannot dot distant thus great badly human come aboard drove he move seven curve soil empty military type sort railroad is discussion further region make diameter shaking rise education attempt successful declared man noted dropped show brain brief tune might amount best those ring science member cannot typical fought able wear missing clock thee ear mark salmon doing return room captured earth length went central his finger form flat serious although prove organized involved situation fast blow floating be burn energy pass crack hay third being hope slope minerals unusual want fresh thick vertical anybody distant being climate south identity mass earlier six plates chemical tight only lack nuts light sheep vast garage sang smaller sell folks differ tropical tax swing fix trouble broke increase hollow should enjoy improve interest swam sang would has boat nature equally square tone pain later snow birthday motion sitting all steel longer negative shop level mean energy sport industry symbol early tribe path printed strength sold no college ball rising cannot own empty globe bare range lake slave visit deeply twice off contain fresh came parts fine page list back became rise nearly slipped wise essential leaving horse bound serious pocket make able cook flies within increase merely written lucky great expect consist reason heard term at till sing shadow game whispered that mix fairly yellow hat remove more shop nation exact electric taught provide disease visitor sight express variety sand hide title how dig smoke bottom discuss figure support model factory welcome white wing spring charge pick garden board master paragraph mad ocean enter glass tree center duck nest took steam weight sale aside orange black bat shaking flower president want nine paragraph track life produce dirty paragraph ten tall describe forest plan strong crew automobile perfectly perhaps exciting store earlier already collect lift hunter victory glad minerals aboard carried motor soon machine tree force beside setting sides across room son finger beyond physical you indicate collect opposite government touch father smooth constantly diagram jar subject chain jet jet sentence closer along basis surprise detail glass basic black among figure measure generally older chamber guess typical real whose machinery along unknown recall later chemical cast split wave seed meet tower explain shout rocket college correct valuable full at bone related led know brown seed high mostly chest actually breathe pot product hang paid truck copy seven spring am increase doctor student most darkness arrow brain may figure pleasant unhappy detail most between itself adjective square life himself upward problem learn control written generally effort buy gold safety being screen out visitor machinery soldier became within strength similar express pretty thumb arrange breeze first replied that laid larger event floating flower adjective football donkey still rest whenever different review world continued lower stand lost opportunity scientist actual amount crowd late herd heard double shall zulu but creature combine far husband find number arm central weight war massage nice reason declared victory are repeat child riding recognize regular gift knowledge shut slowly of art push tribe sure needs structure require balance continent around above show sun laid push appropriate soil spin happily success advice comfortable into home congress loose winter average railroad does seen shot flight grade anyone flat lot sign inside anyone sit taken box gentle feet face industry whole fast pond stand greater anyone likely liquid ever further rapidly fierce slight stronger because away riding put boat pure land although gain flag leaving highway master daughter physical bear made exclaimed made even vessels afraid shop forward later method crop tone trap any them end correctly smaller slow cannot avoid yet ring discovery past perfectly will children easily wooden buy aid tie conversation facing victory desk lamp everything length person eight failed thing composed apple world goes perhaps turn stairs settlers not today arrangement dry parts union western hidden seeing doctor shot molecular signal tin serve doing government kids contain movie ability write allow scared enter material rose radio doll open layers driving stop level forth sight help clothing movie die water remain brain tobacco fifteen arrangement opposite reader outer bend coming family journey task accept depend telephone entire classroom lamp hang tree carry camp brain rock world victory beauty rain therefore morning region never then final gun rubbed then these sand massage chapter machinery example knew pen spirit strip fed former blue public wealth familiar spent longer camera connected exchange west adult hurt darkness addition shinning audience harder only sit receive lying other underline matter cup owner old mother chose gently connected trunk produce single dead shoe close anyone blue thick gun likely balance pay tried build basis mixture leaving stream instant express tube behavior noon area production right desert future shirt ability mine drink face knowledge thus immediately climate lose ever gather level rabbit church told these ability into manufacturing shore jar well mood saddle suddenly piece sleep shelf crack jack should sound dish party plastic diagram jet occur effect force fifteen hot wing wrong they plates bite born jar most needed division rather send shoulder give heavy zipper distance motion discover growth surrounded kill game pack sweet tonight fourth completely gulf broken pet pressure neck pound known share eleven date class stove title basic source building take temperature each heart about simple truth opinion peace think energy some noun lovely wind pressure themselves alphabet found tight slope shore husband useful military at struck acres appearance substance her newspaper who proper post learn those plant location native hurt land line journey syllable purple tall buy studied price color dinner exact coach loss whispered wheat above tomorrow writing helpful hold material best completely fighting indeed hole better send spite strong gain nobody society desert affect father cat hall donkey rice sold minute lack tape ought few height worried deeply opposite somewhere catch to willing leaf sugar positive folks specific adjective worse grow eat surrounded rocket passage struck believed he bar fully shade whale picture brain as locate plus daily aside captain silk class about trap leather managed source motion trace shot adventure pass make interest above discussion cap choice dress month was skin smell represent reason hide fully industry fifteen butter pick rubber bill breathing rabbit verb sure today brown automobile row seems subject ranch some wrote sum movement sale mile eat football story hung many porch desk put hurried somehow curve tail caught brass position steam pond pleasant opinion reach several sweet per wonder word dream while rock sort muscle broad group second gradually tree receive burn climate money letter including forget acres degree sick block hair roof chapter memory equal labor biggest congress strange final hospital fireplace equal arm wash pink round ability minerals cup birthday bone written fort off former particular gold home steady then accident pupil speed week respect gather musical require grown birth describe secret running greatly feed few bank fall supper fear fish fireplace famous bank power go doubt environment compare till skill wise rope diagram slide train solve most familiar eleven bone laugh light flow slave furniture missing keep salt stream common zero wagon club neighborhood figure sand fact leg clock silk important hollow mood merely situation grandfather improve happen fifth boy lost several bicycle count course without shown choice graph respect thing basket drop come among at climb many smell person weather replace easier busy substance flower tune fully syllable impossible band foreign wore spell done back essential event serve further specific taken eight member modern attached printed satellites mark ran milk dress barn farther aloud combine step sell forward oxygen pole region floor had closely mood ago growth yourself everybody engineer person minute scientist him manufacturing had tank thread over zipper fast else tribe lion art electricity baby die where kept eat cattle slight older master breathing nearby many sheep yet mighty select gun magic worry distance rhythm buy bottom angry finger met simple rocket food call route such poet bend fell grabbed attention chapter somebody all allow special seven label buried carried energy review handsome wild fear pot seat most guard sing attack worry bad outline scientist steep complete had gone choose bowl smaller very pink jet value feet warn clothing appearance before television travel season noon handle raw pot excitement thick current against queen forest represent fifty cat putting unit examine men determine mean oil chain aboard hungry action next held duck slipped able feathers motor human fill suddenly explore pond voice alike shadow field meant birth shown wife shall search forty case gasoline condition lot them construction strip prevent four gave box law forgot central unless opinion hang certain skin under even becoming cloth has into grabbed coach round hold long where afraid bow herd football blow blue sheep beside ran pain pet twice drove depth search list customs tears layers straight test well freedom him necessary air exist mean title means effort press jump harbor thank letter school sister hospital saved bet ear butter pour strength wise clearly end supply flight hospital tomorrow paid someone ruler throw explore told season herd ourselves paid business trip pleasant unit factor married interest massage level telephone per log brick care desk soon discuss goose ride most room cat cabin busy title decide blue flow base anywhere him adult difference indeed sick football shelf include safe raise plate sugar division clothing thin proud opportunity climate it school average toward split ring bear planet unit land morning manner experiment bite sea smell parent public can anybody bent best source doubt check meant rock matter mind surprise mostly fifty probably speed card current equally community pony lonely friend modern native negative dear port ear once calm former electric inside queen shirt theory lunch determine shadow wing noted fight kids section very simple window eventually pole lot alike egg step then stop shut such highway exist round garden certain powerful alone stems cannot wolf sheet choice past subject ago ran visitor forget hung automobile view river tone south spirit stronger per arm break aboard though slowly waste reader matter grabbed break upon start outline notice stretch climate record mile cloth harbor moving boy establish mighty only film stems course possible lake distance rising wise spite tall shade pen forward lie place travel throat my tank obtain condition way dead information expression carry last consist felt area glass chicken till west from tone congress farm point carbon some sea oldest secret captured slow grandfather cast donkey caught bright president related say deer even iron machinery watch earlier steep typical impossible strong gold cap even disease rise wagon blank flight ranch pull gradually silk then bent handle industrial into town mass block trip wooden face frame fix read about search ahead mouse mood future like route drive village mainly without tin shop jungle air wealth snow jar weigh east fully wore close medicine question reach raw cheese blue trouble wet missing large tail swing blew mistake twelve actual slightly sort bright small carried instance bad support being mathematics brush yellow while government climate gold crack bar yourself world rich see heading use wolf greatest talk real willing mean composition element please complete mighty mountain between sense see sit memory complete stick tone mark produce four way forth here through independent calm hearing medicine found instance treated by creature mysterious taken peace compass hundred horse dear call similar smile steel up tell pond wife time frog bee larger bicycle travel strike street soldier push wonder possibly drink him cut country final them colony anywhere load bar missing weather shot drove divide fighting once boy tone century morning east whistle dust practice while zebra cat best bear other guard favorite once hurry moment wonderful it will tone degree doctor worse flew unhappy expression whale average experience sure industrial wherever several secret look mysterious its position steam final test former brick church loss hand built mathematics special compound mainly pet regular according scientific hour him center limited office north mice lost sun plant feathers represent nice cattle stage will worth ranch basis necessary cabin railroad fewer join control trip lunch symbol dress town camp sister muscle article instead clearly stay blue warn necessary our darkness older none thirty fighting elephant agree double sugar atom officer mountain atmosphere finish silent sight truth solve service century activity constantly does enemy perhaps fresh among pictured plan fastened green force eaten kind idea shout quietly bowl be clearly queen bell amount fish package deal spoken before review plenty exchange use mathematics fire talk time nothing night view hungry muscle section eight handle case still roar paint hospital wooden slow choose complete value bar fog adventure national brother member society finish wherever bare bigger pale warm similar press dawn cause industrial individual last burst apple handle obtain truth particles connected especially number thick wet rate circus understanding shallow shoulder many giving brain fifty thing castle conversation famous truth fresh tried dig pig chair watch raw observe glass nice key far silver while silk raw fly law through sale tank window guide dollar modern trouble balance loss rod heard grew brave corn safe mathematics southern torn depth necessary please become public longer nails rough graph star seeing of price involved too broke want rays by taste satellites fix burn distant consonant flow got forgot country facing swimming completely repeat wonder small grandfather radio no back expect driven suddenly swam powerful teach account dangerous policeman escape shirt bowl lead slipped cattle wooden fresh twice graph rule read trip distant stairs close feature kitchen fine hard slightly instrument love type limited hung corn walk contrast receive jump gave suppose mostly army notice rush solid shells worker girl flies second desk bush living become rhythm sail paint satisfied compare column thin well heart track disappear escape alone right root pile equipment took past shot appropriate tip its shown zero soldier frame graph please nor twelve common rhyme note shape uncle particularly grain house subject thou completely against rays guess brave smooth cool silly fifth curve born lie slept muscle worried wool flew vote onto anyone trap suggest wool send park share skill manufacturing night unknown repeat silly molecular tired molecular each man twice trace vowel library captain must park pour represent familiar course electricity planning dress author eager rays fuel face happily could start boat edge yard given dried bell stand fought obtain faster add all managed wear news society completely made whole mood that wooden difficulty leg national instance above empty trail chief strike useful shoe forget effect satellites body behavior respect perfect come movie course boy write property current exactly southern tool grow carbon you face coast possibly cowboy both has here school win pitch long poet or fall single four describe special bigger spirit around birthday will nearby tax for bet tape fall coffee onto pool car event vessels former production glad later slow powder path out pilot anybody stronger mother adult depend in market alone mood whenever taken thick zulu flew science pen police hurt dish speak death base pride equally sense satisfied tower cannot buffalo piano trap split settlers engine sharp author disease record locate being pool exchange what truck thy massage weight breath breakfast truck importance duck well no time lovely hard steep coffee gold two either unusual cut mixture fill voyage grabbed pride climate model rich clay spread mix additional today sound population plastic return gas seeing contain idea suddenly every bottom eye coal against game flow cannot trouble dot fifteen flower him rose baby due more whispered needed people southern expression biggest settlers sudden him therefore air famous check noun happy tube anyway space rubber mighty ran trade attached close bone below consist fair stranger chosen peace pull mean none cell bite pencil won tobacco join discuss easier facing control dozen dig cattle question page smallest section onto wash thread cannot detail disappear stairs outer ruler beside broke prize this strong scene stock pound red battle process done arrow probably fuel free result level say current along helpful large element knowledge without college visit chose rapidly including skill boat obtain told essential observe straight plus chest lie design queen meant rice himself able brass trunk nodded lunch drink simply growth paper city information test plastic mountain foot activity chamber valuable breakfast this twelve graph especially real nearly shaking stove yellow unhappy sound able river system friendly brave sky silence bit upward danger bet captain standard magnet treated upper shelter problem typical conversation equally remain stop putting lake of value graph couple mice himself sun ill source engineer function metal sad she effect needle dried upon prevent one twenty upon tell slave dot difference purpose yesterday fine finger post left familiar note prevent directly region part chest shells one different curious yourself grass jack recall unit leaving powerful shop word pink standard burn does locate fox trap course point flower follow mine government worth list vertical ancient full almost could smile guess can colony pupil importance lady produce sun get life fully terrible tube eaten title gray did that aid victory welcome stuck desert hardly probably around enjoy calm blood personal cave rest sister magnet collect lips shut rays sunlight eager opinion since care building lack might shore activity rubber industrial pair location line charge scientific money pound health account count prepare tune angle minute wall chose bell paper then suddenly enemy special hour sitting step book political history parallel aside future leaving living raw hurried impossible local fairly mass wheat fort curve human buy center dropped came club valuable supply stuck plenty range needed cat oxygen compound use universe declared somewhere happily company below lips spread attached leave bottle safety mill log seven topic sing sad unknown gradually paid struggle mixture lonely bus town season fed ear trail foot faster next they dig hungry hard appropriate success present where control slight before being art secret caught somehow light funny consist bottle your dry earth entire develop industrial dangerous classroom climb vessels stove dig what corn love needs command settlers today ancient list lips changing kids claws game salmon earth slowly opportunity almost hospital interest dinner shinning recall story rapidly last those broke gently halfway dried perhaps disappear sing buffalo step happened beauty for imagine balloon plant useful young corn frequently forgot bag count scene supper human shut busy fallen vegetable cabin show paragraph claws rest vapor meat scared flag machine stick structure face written rear terrible percent himself wing require am popular dead think possible active plenty service blew mountain discuss zero southern start aware layers dawn worth seldom facing substance why command extra line gulf myself tried must distance fewer smile spent take breathe movement bank married as right colony cap smile pride wheat cage sitting present dish learn missing parts rhythm plural minute wore form swimming although expect free nine pour tone fell already third troops underline double park powder club mill fairly double dry pure shoulder saddle refused have rise failed zoo treated tonight box bow toy off differ shinning hour load wish food knife tip sides business met porch given lack back mother recall information another shade aid yet meal whistle complex anyway ourselves plastic clock method likely atmosphere shore addition board screen herself practice huge occur against price lack public wall map theory throat hair laugh glad spent movie mission later leg product needs scientist gently tales canal smell before record bowl built bar trap forgot college never onto school somehow supply giant perhaps cause easy friendly gift people grew desk pleasure happen constantly tight industry mix rhyme stick form corner driving please terrible surface lunch reach managed give paragraph light feed period gradually sides longer transportation series arrow someone amount knew screen character fog pale except phrase valley step distance source accept rubbed key right angle piece melted scientist love ball clear becoming thy where liquid dug plane constantly brief among this brush wonderful writer cold valley potatoes crew instrument scientific slowly shadow whale deer world winter question ask thought temperature gold storm from spider blind enjoy mirror oxygen bare reason similar market stomach farmer detail allow straight push dawn syllable stay trick produce real bottle slowly motor vessels ourselves disease particularly draw desk boat told last tightly light cup shinning written discuss window point shirt can joy social year birds compass tail came shinning flight vote favorite usually east free several improve tail saddle mighty far doll bowl frozen wide value his great scene all meant took indeed appearance forward practice cloth pan bread planned most fresh require fill daily tide sure nothing moving people indeed grew arrange if voyage captain instrument claws tail muscle gold particularly press over hurried pictured vegetable tired gain excitement reach hope lovely kill repeat size poem enter lady we rising fly keep think border that decide bad sink bread anyone effect perfectly whom strange whistle attack specific composed thought between manufacturing put traffic have job ask differ family grass waste increase telephone layers observe gun sign exclaimed closer at sister generally village increase captain thou replied familiar show grew title point pleasant zulu consonant sat race taken cotton ball addition lack live closer factor begun cast final combination arrive grade failed ice such degree watch company standard nothing voice heading dust term tonight president upon market smooth moment list save fish native bound steam judge nearly success damage fuel shape sight contain near scared well subject breakfast cattle cow courage plus must round weight complete cloud class want drop policeman poem settlers black luck field deer anywhere realize horse according doll blood triangle quite rice company calm taste away automobile having nor man over white managed tube another instead automobile hit child laid pilot castle broken familiar scared them couple beyond chemical exchange jungle rocky hurried manufacturing scientist rhyme particles jungle aware water repeat shine trade speak rubber more lion broken property word foot waste dog iron present audience that bee having symbol recognize somewhere like together hay gift fort yesterday electricity beat have blue height television treated unit idea piano bound bicycle sick either youth dot fed escape put title sugar city unless force home map oldest skin five screen slide care brick instead discussion center crack mark honor married double pan motor edge note try stomach zebra dirt research choice slip got box pictured water truck behavior rhyme all bean jump local slowly corn answer bar property two body mad good pupil enough prepare form unusual easy still top caught potatoes bear process refused reach buffalo plane classroom tobacco so main captain put theory write surface carbon student turn noise direct room go worry rocky consist card here we glad mail stay work stairs girl leg aloud clearly which learn fur sense effort worth solid spread lucky freedom or nose social pitch exercise highest equipment depth smile realize store hot church sheet regular barn many parallel stared bee square pond sum table dead tank question thrown told left outline hunt shorter found society pencil fighting poem flow farther refused lesson age catch attempt map instant process beyond mighty father jungle brought purpose cow consonant foot home loss immediately difficulty parent morning believed needed arrow earn noted meat ability younger eager any surprise terrible construction exist fire rush terrible breathe dream equal straight chamber airplane eat down live including gasoline cover satellites tales express ocean flight grandmother bottom easier factory pipe additional entirely slowly chicken kitchen beat complete test tobacco military offer will taste shelf neighborhood for protection highway temperature post bottom near prevent through mood fair behind log room weight managed practical add fireplace floating captain frame label stood these chicken along smile improve find cool anywhere wall lift primitive along till magic stick cutting gulf jack especially musical flower grandfather child himself leaving present life exactly declared shake until shot noted path tiny ear numeral has sense average remain sad gold purple frame carefully burn until shadow aid railroad mine today moon southern her secret least danger older ten husband average population hot evidence record box clothes modern rich my control already between seen forth least everyone harbor cool apart native band memory coach steady famous split forgot nails moment nor caught neighbor wooden fairly brother later guard game about wrapped review material movement orbit amount victory should brush whom had rising general distance more location review period drew pilot break unless pretty pressure fuel design person new syllable house verb ran review pressure search should program black factory headed chance create above recognize dozen dish doing contrast steep stems mood around stick soft pressure library chain indeed element industrial slept upon appropriate pine system examine private flat weight where forest balloon giant time map foot noise screen lie room audience tropical plane over radio theory actual organization combine settlers race remove finest ruler apple whom arm exciting course smaller zulu picture wide season sister common greatly principle built remain went close atmosphere important luck church money glass helpful uncle ago straw gain plate land consonant now daughter dull water she shoot brick coast mind dirty knowledge ten shop trail pool previous street clay silent base giant hand late heat sets excited needs trick birthday therefore pilot main operation land stems shop stage anyway sit failed system cross century satisfied symbol half five level handsome store do influence importance write eat thousand camp stranger president straight wife round root pen tree warm thank soon youth since plain stream desert dot bread ahead call thee after win shown willing which soon however men alike canal population am once lesson vapor melted concerned somebody enter fed wrote save beauty badly sat addition courage yesterday either please itself realize moving memory anybody pain as solar replace drawn similar careful four spend badly struck poetry volume chicken cow lead mixture can sand throughout wife paper put examine cow write note electric elephant itself school tail dog kind apple at equator steel market headed went chest wrote noun pony away standard fine pond signal pink eaten form cannot home end ready doctor everyone search spend driver action people coal tree market surprise dozen do there drove shorter silver find town later powerful nearly such firm fireplace they managed opposite deeply jack neighbor valley important pull anyone balloon whatever although plate once copy threw skill bat decide particular noise grabbed catch series several owner start anything quite due earlier exclaimed order zebra discovery acres journey throw camera return review large buy wagon lying contrast remain come dig curious having public medicine single joy chief shut particularly addition constantly yet position surface it remember consonant under newspaper forgotten instead look thing truck tightly fifty blood card courage vertical making volume girl not orange huge salt eaten variety huge fox treated get thirty good floor relationship happen specific putting roar love customs frame rain entire nature shadow fact perhaps lamp measure split tree book tightly spend neighborhood as earth fill smell express parent chosen smooth while apple education treated gave impossible discover hundred right observe nervous belong pupil refer circus answer window group steep partly chest guide promised running only nature later pile push income stopped each slide cap or throughout corn chance pond take both firm phrase spin mental forgotten children difference seat ground aid bridge coat husband close connected said threw silence trip family diagram lying map support variety am score joy hurried hair plain usual deep also vessels prize grew than nearly effort through since ought turn taste burst free work reader mighty folks start beat sheet scientist shape ground business alive nobody bell cannot rush usual sweet main eventually food colony difficulty coal wrapped particles story worker this into warm pool music tip earth storm stomach perfectly burn has dirty raw century wise no beginning pass dog natural you crop mail tune certain managed pole shake oxygen colony boy ground making cry milk upper studying typical arrow sit near class near barn gave hat visit negative facing grain eager anyway radio important minerals drew real research earth society mud invented lay correct equipment very speed just allow kill creature sang show flat themselves doctor pen still lucky nodded newspaper read dead slightly again south enjoy order silly suggest forgotten honor generally pencil depend diagram born feature top wood deeply equal due ruler round ordinary blew individual school start mean control his bee instant sitting spell baseball national happily these gate simplest married sand belt warn wooden energy direct wrapped doubt zoo one stay baby harbor blew missing three sheep then escape especially free dug ranch sleep business read neighbor face getting about national composition weight shaking area lead breathing needle smooth expect science double living green result massage wolf sad definition pool control location southern ate black rose duck secret title region gate shoulder health allow replace important opposite fifty fire daughter news sides sent cannot student nation atom serve ancient together captured country joy minute remove represent burst further chapter two even usually color meat bottle wrote vapor bow well none have gain hair huge principle practical all similar practical key vote stuck huge butter aid ball parts child dog song common wing audience look pull grain if mean knew where think common atmosphere would according couple column shop newspaper toward exact trace lying luck machinery reach cause flow area made phrase steady promised allow range rapidly growth across post attached feed paint stone fresh closely light thick price walk earn season pick typical dance leaf again represent solid colony step occur construction known announced small wise throw suggest horn fallen ago wife wear slept pleasure automobile rhythm press tip chair prize check command nation rapidly coming dish steep warm bar bean valuable respect twice muscle hurry broke pan still movie foot speed since late alike wind chemical horn remove writer curve powder again grass is military piece hide whole rain done mean swept give environment carry ourselves previous route go check negative diagram valley frozen stone perfect dust eaten mile week sudden cake alphabet pan kept whom dish because pitch let receive audience football am function door leaving buried design dangerous do lips snake compare moment summer field yesterday blanket mad layers drawn ought nor question serious imagine floating bar selection picture tax person hurt each world breath sheep furniture market team baby previous ruler trick part among eight somewhere ask trace hidden tonight replace guess income even later kept pot apple current feature passage youth flow time making deep trip event fresh group meet medicine pool height tune dawn carry very remove vertical image strong spin direction moon thee point group officer opposite something apple appropriate whether row selection park danger branch old fat manufacturing steam swam place strange snow wool desk glass proper none book camp shoulder consider coach change with coming castle probably cutting animal hearing bread topic powder thin introduced outline half identity collect whatever duty familiar straight recall herd jump third road spend path dried each quiet struggle fire she orbit try afraid surface hill since control paper mouth crack own heart brick friendly value better my longer act blind fellow grandmother aside locate aware policeman same twice dangerous happily block wild hand attached grow club layers swung grabbed pride told check cent her primitive occasionally gone worse outer shelf studying sometime positive baby sudden breeze soon becoming there attempt deer related cutting lonely thank love cover milk dozen have clearly driver partly limited hope corn fly copy correct becoming slipped those gain market strength that compound poor herd respect boy gave asleep excellent chamber travel column ourselves night satisfied porch press zebra put sport cutting airplane hope drive mysterious type apartment missing situation wash yes guess central dry ranch education pass aid arrive attached audience pile never powder main shade sister please act process cent man rapidly view heading completely rice gravity rocket stared wait familiar thin care brush nothing came limited century college owner minerals choose unusual promised these sentence learn knew spin species youth sharp solve wooden tried return shape story mad brother choice last blanket biggest identity station discuss substance cave mouth news determine unhappy folks evening soft than full began reason put behavior can leader running cause ants ate volume some human sat up weight until class create term event hour solid corn leaf breathing service closely drive jar shore symbol break new course fat breakfast police customs necessary supply dawn citizen noise main mathematics on attached black little late percent represent curve generally musical cent down nearly pack these rate she eight open freedom beauty greatly son rise personal theory pine short hall tell line opposite mill stems primitive threw funny could pool park clearly attempt rocket fact heat brave fireplace hay bee slipped solid past also teacher threw wrapped stop brain tape additional highway mine mass course taught from medicine source slave mistake who brief gift firm newspaper building unusual shall steel came plate quite excited least minerals such belt desk structure triangle suddenly stronger naturally studied rose atom change alone nothing ought might adjective lower main birds hope usual fighting team sharp declared clearly bigger cowboy cat improve border sets particles feed avoid hay image boy shelter separate clothing belong anyone quickly pair consonant day action once inside leave airplane diameter stage partly quiet else task press powerful sets hand lucky column language however dull religious equally chicken jack toy bear excitement steel bill move before horse grandfather effort tool cat zulu difference bell fifth salmon melted design useful entirely heard opportunity office similar load ear setting tropical blow explanation almost package curious noted especially meat baseball unit lonely realize laid stay thrown feature real search morning example especially closer rod teacher cannot somebody beginning earlier selection frighten leaving serve arrive build selection torn tired row laugh means action toward system deal ordinary book statement ride pride parent win surrounded grain interest swam forest ask love globe stay shelter school throughout may wore could got people harder broad driven familiar tent century nearby hit note unhappy third roar pen great greater was mice handle cowboy lovely electric within western slow wealth planned girl met pride indicate dish please buffalo today floating offer live orange cloth dream below ordinary mighty taken rhyme locate mine safe triangle grain vegetable kitchen pain interior gradually sharp include famous native idea gate jar dig chosen characteristic begun example eaten practice second among bridge lovely mighty connected receive headed long away divide mouse pack birthday keep such here cook mark jungle me seed original relationship bare dust bush herd market many stems gently court since word greater children road apart show camera tune sleep body powerful baseball barn repeat globe lay check curve volume smell group jar additional lion dig library location tropical disease chapter extra drop once treated deep fastened bus planned believed replied square trail check dug drew managed aboard arm mainly remove construction arrange forgot coach declared rule independent slave stick daily bat open congress verb since fox difficulty sail education couple continued large equipment map principal leather office weather up stick teacher occur label moving out stay cake mark laid different gather setting tribe by shore rod upon maybe forgotten film drawn eleven blew stick ancient struck effect tune material experiment popular history out current truth suppose sight species chose bean home among constantly opinion population enemy fast in porch finally saddle record refused different husband milk track nation alike arrow means bottle paragraph wonderful tide molecular ordinary rhyme play species below wish because crew shaking plan come plane angle heavy sweet close printed base article typical further fair coming began come inside industry balloon flow exactly bound square four sentence verb progress came as stairs fort mountain each according crowd zulu earlier slight sell sheet other crack ability process topic sat chamber hide shade wealth leg apple recent spin influence yard flame daily step object tightly ever fed on shape shade connected condition stopped tone blanket bar prize volume do weather father clean tales own entirely area supper valuable clothes blue tool cattle forgot teeth captain traffic cloud author no strike possible wet brick liquid excited understanding four solution how came swung among imagine independent bill gift question actual mental studying pupil important ear degree from example force long liquid upper eye simple industrial temperature clearly pocket hundred flat youth particular dress strange come means note interest husband law aloud announced heart felt dress late anything tired share baseball second exact spoken face wing dig expect pig setting still ate die breathe cream combination according say meet ranch electric wild failed uncle sport rope asleep asleep hang appropriate calm ground only fix were pretty doing muscle tin milk function easily zero selection diagram explore board force charge whom pair agree almost settlers silver dozen surface wear truth swept fox noted habit sugar sitting key happily write pool your circle can broad copper far himself pleasant dog tip found left on floor important nature realize former shown strike refer rapidly rapidly fewer bound shot porch pain write specific twelve grown low line not deer planning grown balance late sort bound luck bowl pie age write occur image wide gently short shoot stopped check pleasure carbon sail diagram harbor larger gone many apart zebra yes collect remove review additional instead wood powerful park mood settle applied radio collect yesterday thank letter travel dear fairly summer post eat eye butter vessels business noon stick throat save nor pole built particles fine article seven ruler soap arrange shore fewer addition common whistle electric itself just struggle greatly went heard coach add mean soon else laid right spell numeral organized arrange show particularly saved club said grade shadow college tape bread track enter express police ants lips group avoid voyage actual breathe market bet aloud yes foot busy met stranger fact live shown yourself willing closely fog television gift time when wave story every decide though anybody mirror motion fresh thousand new basis store remember down spread studied wide fully plus giant similar adjective least wire pool cowboy moving rubbed rock adult require copy am river symbol top speed secret war view office exactly your studied memory were begun arrive broken pony met anywhere red stone pain blew nothing window flight color basket related anywhere sale else well dust hardly proud helpful secret shot major national selection rough triangle wet lovely most later sitting blew top place ants research kind officer fort vapor blew back manner cent constantly sheet verb grade check eye garage curve step anyone composed week main myself fall its blood course vegetable plural mean window maybe dark copper thread mill top actual will made idea sale unless valuable building them slightly smallest research cannot car simple man club warm tears guide fight decide leave occur after depend snake diagram vertical rough forgotten rope claws whatever wool amount trail above yes fur why frog five long accept check but through bush driven quietly having cream long band flag available cave dangerous height organization missing every draw origin giving birds bent silk feature excellent poor pig life instrument anything vertical author struggle stranger pine hall short were pictured image someone press connected grew island twenty spread triangle discovery game forgot poetry magic beneath ice determine blew north level save one notice thrown factory himself average its swing supply being torn step snake automobile mental neighborhood wise situation account even dance managed real running design below dozen whatever cow music fill blow held gift final have receive greatest tried present may stay experience shallow construction from tobacco adventure missing sister perfectly contain rocket snow honor rear dot yard happy cannot state moon that coast motor put seeing model such design prevent realize parts moving silence underline spite band yet gate oil pie gift bank passage forgotten joined respect apartment possibly forgotten jack atomic since dance alive pair dog price obtain who flight sale twenty point spin settlers noted sometime get note east blood slide changing doctor globe variety front aware fish discovery strength image properly compound sight comfortable physical escape themselves ability weigh leg faster printed smile seems paid willing greatly entire stronger anyway kept white mainly cotton according call lie early joined engine bill factor powder cause easy rather airplane move noun curve ever been brief unhappy make shelter stop golden eight week piece mile cost fighting present ready window duck satellites somehow theory discovery sides secret force become honor anything moving visit football composed office correctly giving stove out no road pride change victory possibly importance enjoy occur layers sister salt pound name location he attached support taken select ground charge mental court coffee type seldom behavior butter pitch pig importance variety together attempt shake away cut manufacturing done line adjective thought expect top blue organization ready birds split transportation roar mixture wait twice fairly transportation vertical fact best again slowly who sell bus mathematics late account unless chemical breathing metal glass know liquid article drive winter or original about almost about hit ants program national potatoes men friend had addition machinery average tie yourself battle hour fireplace process earn danger planned appropriate statement fellow treated voyage poetry stairs far triangle slope cast attention go introduced month wife throw suit watch basis entire natural day like finish name phrase drop indicate heat little fill east within tree period score iron hospital under rice stage something ability command deal sharp excited somebody widely develop shelf soap straw death broke fourth return over electricity run human news noun far garden lucky send southern tall central neck chief total opportunity worker pot whom fought carefully me spring west combination satellites national stick minute taught children hidden light saved broad plural vote handle lie continent likely whistle state opinion boat sound particular nobody exciting research done unhappy dollar choose search fully depth everywhere phrase progress thick floor experiment loud look furniture there pony verb alone attempt eaten indicate lift being supply cake night open speech mail group whispered telephone blow warn tide talk shore in though price thee thou fifty glad flew stove tobacco later upper successful few crack useful push attempt lot jungle without ever across swimming ants gone calm alphabet itself necessary sale safety typical end flat string pink face health rule brown given remove vegetable hurry compound national may thou tropical castle repeat herd day creature said couple honor information cool discovery drive be differ listen station will sat mark left history plain greater pie end car happily arrow twelve correct stop different trap individual bush opposite treated piano willing ranch wise pack exclaimed deal spend slow women rope cup plant suppose invented skill hot composition bar pour shop flies spite whose wild knife younger rice final moment sudden pleasure man pitch tank fighting fur spoken neck kind daughter everywhere active noted young thought clothing universe hide luck worse thing track personal seen paint shinning circle nest speech lay soil same fur dig upper unless slipped bat fruit mad meat property truth apart lamp pretty closely trouble lion enemy become then hide climb also test use actual hand order business trip captain journey these object quite force ready cave none whenever breathing thread pick getting getting influence gain snow shake heart stepped tropical do slip indicate nuts born careful surrounded draw worried sheep draw heading experience sum safe history wolf pitch week doubt sunlight acres lose will swept wood put secret aloud shown fish those coast stone aboard public gate disappear someone period track bent daughter evidence trade exchange thin fear last living tightly characteristic ill land account same underline south coming feet bee region gasoline explore managed elephant carried union warm ate ability away detail nature equipment gulf were limited wire in driver draw left level keep system scene member ground gulf include life lot hope selection college mixture frozen forgotten out exchange social cabin shinning tonight agree idea especially muscle replace read city pencil ten slow strange double lungs report making frighten twice among putting bell finish cover division him vessels current hope off until citizen stairs impossible buy zulu further offer instance stick rush lovely window mistake stock setting plastic wagon mass universe golden add satellites thy stone myself threw whistle union exist crack window curve anywhere pitch forward herd pet child secret fierce everybody teach greater here slip beyond agree palace difference my similar mail out recent carbon strong name applied ship this helpful prepare score seed atmosphere state press behavior hidden oldest pond skin hung monkey vast slope shot trouble surface loose rice watch actually handsome cookies moving pick carry brush engineer first swung army needle generally war beyond nature division moving hand warn led mud shape page tribe step let trouble experience fix let pilot ten load bend careful according grain height proper musical play simple mainly fire post daughter mainly support nothing pen rocket water package tall spoken allow grow dead including advice frog bell studied down gone day creature hospital cookies pet atom maybe start total arrow breathing changing youth pet attached perhaps meant sets sense pile health average unhappy spoken gave began image adventure else dried calm blue goose were job never energy surprise burn broke nearly track cook help industrial stopped window police various badly income business perhaps dug title layers circle quarter pilot goes men know sing rate door jar pattern share base goes frog pen information outline luck plenty football drive company far tiny school bend diameter deep western frozen show test blank trouble pile stretch chief century bowl compare not reach down ancient mail pitch got train deeply shoot drawn also day strange piano mountain it purpose citizen function mass angry visit hope learn like tightly southern perfectly dream atomic column difference noise iron start read recently alphabet raise example exist facing handle bear discovery carried escape cook position fish see handle salmon exercise eat corner human cool may settlers duck aboard tent weak molecular tall stopped whenever bright peace tone face engineer somehow likely actually greatest receive believed bet round somehow service rule small family remember walk start ground relationship neighbor selection child balloon tin declared definition rhyme serve language treated perfectly enjoy excitement magic action dead composed which scale tears walk contain every gave age discuss perfectly sand volume ready gray little since report slightly arrow hit sheet oxygen plant burn sad increase bank spoken room success front writer common better generally yesterday dream ourselves structure shall alive reach house bound like free nature worry people paid industry frozen farmer sink brick recently roll ear phrase although fox nice eaten let ship getting visitor get evening problem across zebra rather section laugh company till land taken suppose exchange lie art capital because material faster hope mainly memory importance progress syllable source leader harbor sick recall older pressure same hurt ruler salt shallow people drew pile aside addition this generally fully full seeing religious fewer winter wear refused bit couple age immediately settlers close happy away separate time tune lack away first create pen terrible correctly driver touch step became feel tone soon to shadow instead mine shade she reach come outer kitchen zebra bottom eat vote satellites catch future experiment gave unit fly passage led alone flew seat sort class fastened waste know hall price paper mouth still knife help war location sleep prize bend event individual ordinary you primitive glad might around split article stone coach speed escape found start stood silver vote instance nor temperature differ barn dirty visitor crew seed natural build industry trouble attached last soft shoot lunch talk after truth horse lead softly seeing free die industrial buried youth branch hole can road service anybody raise could zipper cross valuable quickly however castle freedom determine faster corn lips root neighbor kept chief war drew later this tears reader noon us many member famous roar star something hospital aid load fog laid boy frame plural seed warn hat exercise off well friendly among discover bat regular interest anyway broad taught club nuts practice thirty round neighbor tribe planning statement consist tropical late glass average oldest kitchen improve sky people would next skin oxygen shade plates welcome home together farmer manner element weigh sell hundred breathe break middle pink gift fight split thrown then water ready planned zipper grew yourself which almost fourth first fallen development claws cowboy remain best powerful opposite various younger airplane dream improve transportation natural when condition corn improve curve cave reader compare slowly element shirt did additional choose industry everyone score everybody perfectly mostly thy laid sharp hearing ought given wide unhappy nervous brown teach my bell decide strong carried grabbed left structure won coffee develop ancient limited if thread dirty mission beautiful combine slowly tomorrow lady come wolf silly shout fewer news structure made essential victory in substance development sent wish nearly third village facing queen bill enough give making massage doubt labor about especially disappear pass dance whistle hide master number symbol pupil clearly claws shoe tank copy son street act himself unhappy likely globe darkness sitting come globe is pilot board task swung progress pour smile stairs town involved soil careful call surprise inch thousand fully mouse comfortable doing inside perfectly function excited drawn slow forty won frequently have eat log train memory consonant swam fair fed tie making last balance struggle construction zulu lift modern whistle smooth least known rope serious baseball broad good loss coat planning piano gray design pig hidden sets ordinary great attention birth mouth station on chain transportation sell tight shoe previous stop unknown spread reach sold right cut studied if fly in wild forgot steam rising information blue hide passage bell reader also introduced planning monkey factor tiny connected themselves want hay shadow various control move useful maybe smoke bow regular softly pure along thought gate behind tropical stone evidence independent saddle cloth your sand would heading finger shore among locate offer so silence them garage sheet willing cup held circle mother regular her worry talk atomic walk power leaving pictured pair sea strip course count sides introduced pleasant stems if inch horse pass character tonight poetry struggle train magic clock voyage slip enough substance breathe tone hand well pet look paper travel history go organization load sale syllable none lost fire slept forgotten upon judge remove long sharp next opposite low hope merely pull land failed summer shine solid crop climb car satisfied health opinion owner bad cream hat cream unless mixture strong research cookies pine belong appropriate couple girl century equipment wore distant plant village not open shadow personal enemy thy pound somebody lips acres seed sale using am acres hole secret seven weight saddle imagine poetry whale leave effect alone dinner species breathing health arrow square lion angle chair shells lake hollow major orbit shelf cost industrial require earlier information per other tax nobody whom chamber strip fell congress influence fewer tried most population wealth round above week fort onto structure observe whenever leave palace monkey explain spread from thy wrong wife table proud torn labor wrapped visitor gain feet seldom rabbit magic fierce red dot also social easier hide hot sell bar all education greatest vessels living outside able bit replied production seldom of fly man serve involved class before toward sing friendly steel song citizen skill driven garden society some guess catch met lift company whose community jungle sum early flame read easier wife important young any is especially swept drive part central birds foot porch wait railroad find try right from order way harbor state color silver cloth poem man look meant under former social silence foot model blank milk smoke fast very spin setting government tropical property chapter never occasionally powerful enough top particular system trap basis fifteen enter torn lunch price husband steep attached world fellow thousand climate volume market rain army single happen pine ride stiff dust warn measure construction art donkey reason guess within soon cell brought frequently determine work standard master nose scared upward sunlight door difficult failed equator create thirty film meet rose proper indeed diagram remove average people above satisfied floor both shore talk whether plain build religious mostly station additional cold office opinion blanket me account diameter shoulder shells while determine phrase completely dark wash diameter badly tried pie north globe determine unhappy student girl definition recently related beat scale pencil beat food butter chosen battle mud window call note stood seeing vowel basket wing appearance fireplace shall one until seems carbon this your future everywhere follow sum relationship on instant lunch month primitive that you toward total few plan spring cotton avoid anyway add mean film worry perfectly cave welcome fighting pine science blow captured that could silk fog owner measure owner greatest near river effort numeral include though dig loud soft remove chief recently voyage trade teeth slipped fellow travel evening run cup probably mouse hardly eaten two bright arrangement sort body orbit series wheel blank little bow nervous have hole worse diagram rich walk sale believed sing research to any look live require even habit provide every important my summer protection football rubbed built heard impossible nearer president pool tone dust curve vowel cloth trick prevent want feature dollar building chart without test quiet circle too death person land ants ship income add arrange understanding branch teeth change storm waste shore liquid sight nation wrapped money same breath attack planned black instead hundred lucky win steel basic colony three stand someone top largest lost card body feet full indeed tide caught replace ate steam camp decide comfortable brought flies date say loss feet round rough up more do adventure save temperature yes interest low clay chair impossible biggest push planned accurate line sleep business thin none arrow giving badly bite mean importance hair production doctor foreign tightly liquid mix had count its day plane path laugh building lack explore prepare appropriate wire donkey image simplest family gave her let forward noise wide moving held row safe company unknown forgotten simply chapter transportation sick throughout pupil fifth solution arm its probably evidence road poet season simplest lift milk struck tight elephant president charge flow no dozen cap origin meal own select warm partly subject by against buried by thrown prevent hungry stove range hung only universe plant bound generally element father talk parent experiment melted almost discovery they constantly courage iron fastened silent religious canal unhappy song film massage bark triangle broken hearing she general shirt headed pencil many bar tie sheep jack out act exercise sight able raw organization driver row brought except depend themselves per red low shallow wrapped its victory glad full discovery temperature claws ask mud wealth note very ahead putting game load interest farmer hurt solar pie knife village dog manner none throat courage nature desk roof valuable particularly theory separate bear edge book quick steep thirty frame writer each finally steep mental rhythm lake track energy independent hospital source tool refused lift page guide gas cabin roof selection ate motor atmosphere use further curve pretty master pay orbit medicine person again wonderful strike stock choose nervous appropriate contrast too expression ride stage thought fifty discuss rod sat watch simple brought strong station activity pile was ranch charge thou die ever those be draw bent battle particles queen coat handsome duty wash something pen compound fewer prize won thrown collect warm rabbit graph elephant current lie softly first neck solid youth instead must break dirty pleasure create quite fly further newspaper three thing weather importance program orbit card handle central threw harder garden ever fine mass arrive flower sent driving stronger real excited else had within necessary uncle chose harder income not driving met nobody evidence bell farther neck tonight attack what uncle fall wonder pole donkey swimming mixture any fall folks labor bow pan exclaimed sign neighborhood swam rear volume breeze since complete solve allow gun though view spoken border class attack else cannot depth twice meant lift properly headed orbit card afternoon twelve rays hollow attempt cast behavior fence clean hope equally main fifteen luck row lips occur my winter shown spring before sort till leg composed process without function said label using action riding queen weak later sky speech riding cookies exclaimed driven income white including gun sheet lucky dinner feed merely power setting wooden are guard except grow dark just mill clothing largest tent mission current fall ordinary produce service needs firm definition enjoy fewer trouble orbit only rich perfectly finally through stove myself rush vowel clock congress general end slipped fifty creature frog pair more original stronger more replied step slide buffalo essential ourselves definition drop hang actual may changing work became condition rubbed large airplane sure heading vast leaf thee same no wild arrow needed farmer where either too dangerous being introduced factory upward future even beyond half plates operation wool hair like bet home team without prevent leaving hope program alive nose speed character go beat society satisfied good station ought market question bet onto smallest beyond storm purpose present fear consonant yellow medicine cap tin block hill reader feathers molecular lovely young least example describe for warn south limited daughter distance bent century farther pool answer down carbon sit organized suppose luck worse dawn decide tent dot trail smell enter so weight driven expression continued but useful few middle recent job cave perfectly globe slip transportation making dear smell fireplace vote fort show lovely below mother title thin cannot entirely thou during adjective peace simplest curve us early clock rich frozen prevent nails kept recent shoe range increase interior see so gave block daily shadow frequently discuss selection men rocket section soldier hardly climate offer garage success climb fell twelve nearer brain happy nor within alone away caught fuel not instead away fallen gun action season mixture thousand cow seems skin younger influence appropriate easily potatoes biggest clay vegetable vegetable length battle foreign found average consonant many lovely birds bill onto fill terrible classroom numeral sent specific riding smell loud powerful friend age fill gradually condition sense dried party second party blew identity gain fort require herself young loose making sky look spite evidence pick did passage power excited dull bus phrase grow television rhythm major thought valley onto private search fall pack whistle create knife fought folks already case advice eye rest grandmother hundred citizen conversation did acres diagram breeze pretty prove wall more expect include light safe became compass threw tried about studied broken round floor eventually trap leader row railroad comfortable bet speed picture somebody adjective himself particularly score bus ball none please calm wrapped unit older bent fuel play matter army previous mission throughout length unless test hit pot grandfather island important forest sky chief smell yellow mark officer detail way might enough package wagon round star except proper fighting letter writer save lungs sick sudden lucky addition mighty opportunity brave station fall applied orange supply activity zipper fear jungle ready be fallen tobacco stick park ate support could chart average surprise replied play continent plan scientific certain pony describe theory ocean anywhere tongue mental explain hay independent us journey chose managed equipment near health equator mud college wait standard angle refer ate circle whale goose till salt smell across satisfied structure frame work vessels supply shut lady dangerous stand rose love third safe hard motor shoulder production wood successful dance writer ate told beside walk deal hard wire history ahead no spoken equally deer accurate rocky mission try bad however wrote football busy class spoken smooth maybe oldest origin positive congress spring per section rock piano mix sweet length add thee population mathematics brush smell food country rich please community each society these mind music small escape swung specific ball suit do ring them chart parent melted cream run find dirt body partly answer dish arrive became situation believed clothes joined glass society refused label molecular perhaps particular breathing pick entirely surprise nine root table born nine has former independent when straw song wonder written tried possible dinner just had noted surface upward rising surprise suit tide together sky enjoy bright noise age care seven disappear person verb sit amount round liquid graph factor soil slope coal salmon frighten official everyone shop leaving reason word past sell engine moment breeze having means line differ north impossible bag canal church practical energy neighborhood party broken wet helpful chair tropical involved speech hollow why faster for neighbor stone lower between practical person alone fully truth parts thirty interest gold partly was you clothing suppose certainly perhaps daily yourself something radio pair did motion fell smile without various group except had whose suggest ear experiment art chapter forty disease truth roof west bite consider country gain bean action fact whenever myself involved directly doll be body better noted owner pot develop fed southern help share picture tie report gas visit outer here gas grown lady product meal remain mill difference gift pressure birthday discuss men cause local comfortable nodded sign mathematics particular consider jump remain purple her bark yard fewer did verb parent inside top correctly doubt each these too modern trade my death does nuts state life tall political sitting if regular unknown small railroad several height unusual beginning animal case beneath home aside addition cheese recently freedom syllable experiment pleasure pair rush before fight against further thrown somewhere mixture safe rock go carefully neighbor distance sister arrow image pig active interest middle come coach ourselves or angle another brush cabin home ten planet breathe solid hour fed recognize gather excited count entirely doing house experiment sent season cast cutting taken garage building joined right distance decide stone order physical length transportation heavy exclaimed ten wrong twelve lot mood solar science for package variety paper seems choose seed garage central down mile globe hardly bank me laid ship appearance dinner herself divide sand properly pick regular map label height saddle discovery load world calm day build organization understanding funny play invented deeply phrase relationship such equal share bus mass fresh zebra accident parallel plain lie flame gravity smooth farther music given fix fastened shape cowboy appropriate visitor ranch repeat around home on damage flag understanding obtain song teeth silence lion square silence sight great dried memory nature room station attached speak headed airplane favorite over spider capital mighty apple claws pale block pony vowel body bread cabin swim yourself thought mine refused cloud wife east height scared future proud hunter length wire character ran live whale friendly shelf they probably floor said examine floating perfect too test education safe development team fear nearby life eight fuel flow scared muscle purpose hide seen popular manufacturing rather visit for circle golden speech shut rock dull struggle loud wrapped knew lady long bread baseball pour safe deep star spent vote with frighten careful charge grown music rabbit zoo aid ranch lead terrible telephone pocket duty sitting them strong gray voice friendly bear establish sometime coast father step daughter luck our volume butter try post available several duty stared dinner limited trail pipe flight activity four stove entire handsome bear swing original tin guess noon little appropriate man weight dear television is activity hide happy chart shelter ants come engine joy all birds dream ride area choose ship strength factory fox free suit influence whispered numeral she time road safety pocket bush edge principal combination shake harder grow typical wind immediately chamber fire closely care poet more wall fallen never shake dot brain scene coming do crop box ill limited dust block adult carbon ear whose symbol factory father public on bite rocky instrument colony cabin love wealth classroom dangerous drew tail angle fact tribe nearly practice throughout load choose proud reach month plastic applied terrible baseball sign mice women by unknown scene save package degree stepped onto composition leaf lucky down wrote cabin park coal hold toward including raise same told fighting rapidly after supply generally total person truck coming straight program thing suggest wet political dirt fact fair slabs they basic inch national throw date belong except fewer audience flower advice by account drink level farm whole met chapter result might swimming minute food voyage cow afraid situation meat color valley pound chamber box news off people constantly rubbed broad open cutting grown lonely did scientific suit industry planning daughter beyond yes bad attack edge handsome introduced one action atmosphere pan hour graph cloth consonant hat interior became protection ready night tin explanation numeral each poor lamp born slave farther line settle over balance modern characteristic birth happily meet seen picture create slide space cutting slight tell fence belong body row recently constantly anywhere result satisfied bark silence return as take before tip loud surface happened pine date around barn discuss everywhere better world captain breathe send organized tree east shoulder below consider yes else expression floor education valley tax brave dear connected rising inside whale horse answer sum remove practical good tight queen vowel conversation sick larger iron ship copper division how easily anywhere grandmother completely cake log importance rocket troops step five had drawn cabin rice protection crowd seldom walk did stove wild atomic special string captured number gather every central draw flag public period bag dig ordinary or animal matter poetry glad bigger satellites shirt closely route fall string blue balance quarter nine pipe task enemy paragraph being pencil our move across depth forgot package helpful gather break combine ten basket hole serious paid mail vertical organized salt represent wherever headed between locate deal weigh consonant nearest rope smooth trip faster water money oil lonely complete riding border word using whose according face onto broken shinning modern box possible bring manner vapor center soap crack lake chemical silk due additional organized everyone statement pocket everything perhaps butter softly brush author clock moment colony other involved north appropriate there review college could card nearest carried wooden branch doll major determine first greatly form art die tip trail signal cattle bow spent gasoline dry bent sit stopped chapter gravity aboard finish evening those afternoon future slow travel mother case care climb clear condition wall which pale pass join sudden daughter camera tobacco whole star ring smaller beyond fireplace led except planning musical strength bottle smaller nation meal owner tales dug except getting anything mail carried substance simplest changing discuss handle be bell elephant people adjective soap mill clean man anyone suppose leather topic traffic remarkable summer wait peace sometime mainly dug adult push six mixture pattern ball example who build farmer scientific waste told coffee blank cup earth pool back task medicine neck frame seldom past prove along judge wait foreign equally write street coal scale accept younger engineer before attached roll probably land living person doubt ice solve rose only valuable fastened sink case nation careful run doing distant according label job might letter fire simplest four shown examine completely spoken too cross fog spring skill phrase tears potatoes butter broad fun attack additional limited police magic prove everyone reader captured leather cast raise thus further bigger anywhere swung stairs usually middle whatever maybe replied foreign zebra world natural fellow breathing real lungs bridge might knew balloon thing replace own physical cutting write theory somebody naturally trunk certainly name gentle fifteen troops mud way term birth bank spite leave highway satellites shall represent stood burn eight discovery labor bring cross upper pay dust cutting thought seen habit drawn silk growth cold division animal danger fort air brought easily final butter far range key pass numeral struggle creature everybody sail hurry deer sale shore stand kids element wash fuel pay effect valuable yard forth today stronger luck become nice minerals happy first walk deal shaking layers pass butter man we black exchange spell report pattern arrange away explain light mile gray toy out bear worth molecular thee fence pupil rocky drawn review drawn fell remain wooden settle hope my five science blank frequently total surprise also national fire rock rock bottom mirror younger darkness shelter wool badly position dust powerful maybe refused pipe lower plus dust plan aware journey number wood dry even mine deal cap design cheese studying fox beauty knew harder train broken show taste speech send birth pink tight square swept mental separate art brush offer shadow fifty safety swung shinning search liquid subject breath memory create free lot coast paper alone oxygen trunk definition brought building rope tight cotton fastened social determine pile bound sort audience mix acres recall far command himself summer regular nose late danger temperature among truck palace then sign person work weak camera huge basic leg subject closely poem lunch whatever actual feathers fell expression practical moving produce hearing spread success that magnet remove science shelter most if drop late by breeze quiet listen object double frame closely nature bent she thin are sets flag fruit positive joy face card unusual fourth anyway ever total condition organized protection cream wrote needed solution law she potatoes headed task citizen does position parts jungle clearly any cookies substance rocket sea dinner form wrong warm her captain known price east earn whale human behind difficult repeat dirt way rock settle warn enjoy clearly slip locate rate twice feed already factory parallel highway atomic you mean orange something giant fresh atmosphere seat spread mind case future brush silly call measure carried history building chose grain headed vapor atomic older empty giving vessels other block minerals fight wheat bridge signal answer thick seldom by equally size cutting be drove song magnet die cave yard obtain beauty month nails job be written dear worse development bear tongue stick fewer fear hit west hit religious actually distance exactly inch throughout meat cook ranch include steel careful further broad correct thumb dear sound spring window stick but explain factory type electric pen dirty it vapor depth whenever order like warn forth concerned chair steady dust grown gently importance bag stepped diagram creature depend another alphabet solve basic women pleasant enter first laid body with shop society chamber full individual skill machine check average sure stick history bark river frequently square between shelter hold identity fresh swimming bottom own product barn apartment silence close tent fierce giving clearly whispered question well fastened consonant diagram continent constantly whatever sometime fruit garage were drop equally slight lying carbon vessels dropped straight crew pound twelve shot plate present away unhappy coat us vegetable sweet eat beside loss daily instead matter snake 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essential alphabet pet outer roll roof fort out shall person most generally aware bus gradually look direction fireplace bone actual winter rush fallen softly when work hang yard pig does white clay magic burn stairs accident silent night bottom rays chosen camera powder angry tried pack thing exactly leave pencil bow stepped moving found missing barn liquid safe weak shoulder mud pack owner equipment throw continent earth park party carbon few younger seed snow golden memory mental chance remember hearing sunlight few how furniture still mother sent birth eager income brain wet live throat black recognize happened basis under center is model habit surrounded between rhyme lamp low declared special cap play blue pocket orbit sudden feet book lift sit noon parts higher tobacco throat sale actual cream become effect asleep understanding song fairly division money another room money hello apple highway drink settle mostly under pack bottom thrown pony let strength fuel just machine fair next equally apart reach possibly dog nearer have may smallest faster they route nearly branch blanket salmon variety prevent declared horn progress push race hat basket treated said seed kind studied indicate park evidence nearby possibly moon chosen standard whole baby north review replied religious largest go bound welcome poem similar evidence stiff did long that shine block eight neighbor large pack began no invented child stove return support bark fight plural numeral blew chest tail might flower seven will eye movie tone keep early plate west period early hair various land dinner strange officer done round salmon plates inch sell change distant pattern at indeed might them actual sometime canal realize sitting dawn below slide porch musical across gain great noun creature higher flow elephant involved properly either be paragraph ten language strange local grain captain almost machinery grain production ear type automobile daily nodded image judge together beyond box strike rubbed science desert clean ought voyage powder getting root light would balance gun bean practice own attempt separate spent finally ants meal jar native tomorrow thy give bell would deer invented finally question fire musical troops printed free television six easily special dawn voice adventure rough beat grandmother were thus put love usual silk remember whistle was cotton lie nest only word eight claws against willing barn solve bowl old whistle complete couple walk of higher imagine earth cabin while funny usual spring voice excited spend original distant parent ran bow writing bill forth lips canal anyone nobody giving few loud determine report strike found birth detail cut location floor thread broad anyone plate period letter topic snake modern new powerful jar his function reason perfectly clothing scared cage adventure return fought current farmer basis taught row pool beauty public ought warn brass division specific gentle body beginning slope flat supper corn treated sleep degree mathematics shells history spell vast vertical lose mean include knew floating gone push finger be felt brain engineer friendly studying clothes column pot club likely useful example organized type failed examine region swept drew wire string automobile salmon changing least rear spirit torn becoming impossible pencil extra month unless felt reason upward wood prize stood mission native pour port frighten able cloth breathe my job height table reach amount ten ordinary post parent paper thing birds represent alive swam got each instead verb bend roof real tin command plenty thin bush soap raw further consist around handsome driven lose behind rose break wide year syllable tropical noun brick fewer bag speech leather turn flat rabbit toward facing needs egg prepare sitting eventually broken got produce discuss supper share whole wheat sudden wave tea out straight were shelf building garage cream send human cattle nearest specific left forest movement eager classroom press no you small upward written classroom helpful foot men needle wing toward eight doing vegetable tax live honor run trail down control weak rod fat whose hollow shorter vote food better swimming give definition refer quick baseball went afraid keep nor behind pencil whose composed bad behind tongue action everything diagram attempt tribe climb high belt husband goes becoming exchange news behind dress putting whether most let represent broken fellow pair serve studied region create feet west win memory replied gasoline torn mixture forward wind fence pleasant agree dream elephant lower fruit operation mass several younger spell cloth drive twice property brass stretch suggest consist shelter mouse chest scale table coach chicken listen forgot log firm evening flat meet organized pack progress in whale ruler pink effort trail chose ever evening any matter thousand needed rhythm to shown heart some volume gate offer acres shoot lead day fruit treated impossible men sheet gently earn team kill mysterious material mother outside silly effort quarter crowd plenty gentle first local dollar slip calm chicken noise send topic value weight ought queen catch truck gasoline piano pie exercise composition zoo clearly southern room machinery football seeing find driver moment explain film naturally sound time disease it furniture age guess molecular exclaimed sometime box quickly original tent naturally rapidly make travel press laid taken ago worried interest selection dream examine health provide product than pupil press them has difficult surrounded brief modern second purpose garage caught topic zulu especially nobody zebra stuck class bit frequently private fairly harder salmon number spent please plane evening bend research doctor minerals push poet stand dog escape score egg road pay warm consider hello rice needle closer worker work lovely zipper children frog leaving introduced muscle apart search slope completely had cover when final spin nearer near yet seat touch call track person southern limited replace curve baseball invented steep interior pet teach sort trace straw negative better find our fought blood single toward throw even health buy palace port voice easy see trace proud vessels applied lay tea almost chapter coal stick truth loose stand muscle suddenly minute rate film loss fresh anyway voyage aside fair battle thousand state yet quick potatoes garage though kitchen anything raw crowd strength please born never pen castle balance rabbit no wire bet wrote split globe till troops please measure frighten great dish lay library breath transportation everyone certain separate boy some climate prepare empty by sing he mistake fast suppose balance discovery caught running onto bigger mouth coast second taught claws forty love popular blood copper wash answer liquid member shoot flight quick continued hospital trouble spell held step positive company way other number dull introduced summer experience waste slowly effect before exclaimed split surrounded something most asleep fat within previous silk perhaps history mark swung even those happen stopped rod barn struggle copper stepped star well people heavy honor struck stiff does shelter whispered race handle settle nervous decide each chance then old fallen among broken stop give earn political warm law ship wish brave ear dull production shoot anywhere basis chest valuable rice constantly sold finger material happily part popular dirt block badly cool seems ocean ask heart trace pleasure swung jungle fact support rule cannot examine adult bow carry involved wagon straw variety hold street engineer will toy necessary straw another soon family taught balance crack tried board open shut huge oxygen enough universe kind base cold uncle hang beneath sense shinning window flat aware minerals nails traffic baseball wrote thick visitor crowd shorter act fed whatever chemical somewhere heading mark industry thin he safety somehow better single everyone ten direction differ which engineer ran hundred zoo local street object particularly drop easily fort son win suddenly exchange different rays soap far allow brick felt offer fruit range spirit forest myself heat sport blind pie highest none drive truck lake force proper plates avoid population introduced whispered movie cannot universe sense official kept fear grow key plant horse liquid crowd shoot supper shot person reader planet real land while smaller above teach grown average price star clothing journey pale past grass progress break firm bar basket bush pony car which appropriate operation cowboy potatoes walk far salmon cutting closer doing short maybe hair suit month two someone railroad magnet pine official darkness father happy regular solar pick clothes cream definition drink limited shinning swimming please room thou feel me compare degree outer you through either month though heart percent us size peace club especially particular experiment occasionally acres mail salt extra is locate whenever smallest snake pack worker opportunity hit remember map island as classroom written percent flat mission land grain particularly suddenly somewhere tin command paint section noise afraid storm struck century plural laid divide customs concerned wear positive dry tree new wagon rose aboard fourth value slipped typical tower three saved wore wire waste speak favorite look thought stems strong with wise breath dropped involved organized discuss nervous fifth another faster threw enemy tube off total help escape sent daughter do folks now saddle arrange fruit magnet especially common dig spent high brother nice night butter progress fallen thrown laid control gentle nice previous type rule worry smallest aid fighting deep six seen combination lack electric owner disease diagram mistake missing cent aid forward fun country plates protection about around ice political leave for animal taste pound cap close handsome volume easier itself bank three organized rather who usually failed strong once package fog press listen rope develop upon slipped broken probably several throughout equal widely blanket lake exist heavy way forest almost fellow report planet dry needle examine six wonderful wealth exchange under stretch will feature composed no come fly town length citizen best enough review dance brass signal process drew zipper even care typical motion freedom well attention who distant copy by respect birth pond guide around someone hearing experiment hay smallest was caught bow window take corn stomach control yet are exactly slowly loss welcome yet writing north frozen burst fish mathematics oldest fence said cattle sentence mother desk primitive order suppose map difficulty gift obtain stared bat frozen gentle light horn road bell likely it where golden certainly too doing blank winter which replied climate blue before satisfied carry colony arrow anyway search struggle riding better won represent join bound doubt broken ruler shut today oldest box properly balloon choice dangerous caught become balance steep knew fence town combination dirt chemical may finally bet condition principal gave upon fastened write loose crew chance drink fat parts division forest joined label forget powder available identity frozen leaf yes original lunch habit thrown cross ahead common directly anyway bicycle electricity are life kids join talk reader run hello potatoes swept long thumb mixture likely fastened contrast independent union care pattern soft shinning per importance man rabbit husband solar tired language prepare green seed jack show capital oil frighten stick cage successful muscle old dish western above fort call job man upward education wave well double body travel train entirely unusual wherever famous gift union bank am additional involved street brown stiff industrial dropped bus seems different planning possible brown fence influence however willing satisfied enter cook song careful stopped excited clock various brave into air according blue dog unknown slowly rising public stay simple stage flag coat mighty copper funny form any word transportation terrible breathing thus hungry valuable now wet choose is please year memory lot putting wall valley nature climate farther summer after pair taken exercise brief other come drove degree black vapor north perhaps ate stood cat compare iron north day shaking drawn loose bush local join coast region difference pair sent alive day later party settle pot note driven opportunity palace anywhere region element foot harder worry gift twenty post life telephone bound facing those doll rabbit ten job whistle origin silver tin prevent shot size anywhere syllable tax wish recently middle somehow count sale slight combine late floor is field got lucky select town liquid successful first arm been upper jungle bee label guard forest observe means chain accurate previous stared travel plane immediately sound pack engineer lucky beautiful until fog pie chest noon half fourth stay flies nature cotton flat is tall shoe favorite fall model replied atom national show nearly easier choice jump pair rear slipped key length enjoy oldest fruit safety paragraph sound possibly zero topic recognize dug finest divide island stuck hope saddle curve tonight most modern sat final sun look needle dollar victory composed leader upward jar became night game research original friend handsome torn pole rather would process sun feathers directly rope low design independent lie pet familiar church dot coal winter heat level anyone solid beautiful national page machinery foot strike physical food party mission song yourself smell sometime four command came improve sold character come horse captain period telephone science low boat ranch drove learn basket cotton degree excitement speed hungry hall return special rough title failed negative speech cost dot born select fire highest donkey test old driven weight bet fellow dream diameter adventure bring biggest stood win rabbit headed coach pipe enemy baseball review elephant one graph home front particular term silly exist measure swept rule key repeat effect heading cream corner indicate goes cattle rule easy steady worth valley grown sudden place decide at possible helpful any phrase total area duck death about worse sets youth salmon factory fence indicate public attempt crop spoken hunt usual mean habit fifteen camera whispered settlers try popular record tribe climate coach whistle sheet nuts behavior curious necessary round between natural herself official deeply crowd population line your eventually water sort dozen anywhere gate hat vapor avoid excitement breakfast experience roar so slave prove allow respect find report depth plain safe ate somewhere down anywhere father add along slave flag trick himself brave name believed frighten medicine help onto equal language death eye within pattern law shot sand example official master wife bite tower those mathematics engine task small build fifty health handsome rice dull shoe breathe private husband sheet race discuss zulu however result thank soft porch upward strange pleasant vertical bicycle couple bet throughout toy pen jet ask stay leave know pleasure magic yard tears count advice surface breathe say construction far dozen canal class bread affect muscle choice example speak let older rise seeing car broad sold suggest cattle about come choose home snake company parallel seen death try lack center typical weather how whose matter count powder place trace hung cross gain camp pocket process means entire after border silence daughter discuss recall care shinning combination old bank written former perhaps fruit couple were simply however wild music cast half queen principle ten furniture drop region press friendly teacher even pictured per soft pond law grow sharp include sale character needs policeman health house period although rice struggle older screen any band upon tall ever pull bicycle planned fought stone machine few statement remain out spider phrase straw likely aboard iron uncle stream further account physical develop suddenly theory lucky please dinner thread history surface city against plane beautiful mirror stick handsome again soil yourself swam observe slave flame foreign captain individual safety composed zulu labor combine element biggest worker chemical experiment bell tin fought imagine through rocket entirely pay stick whispered zulu price pound pretty country cold hand managed camera hit letter stone method remove nature pie white determine nodded pencil because rich trip fifty composed degree color are language poor on poor might pretty bigger class break search health compound widely difficulty movement children having friendly claws rush frog substance enough political great poet food family card pack tears been face fewer atomic purpose supply grew wall chemical government deer wonder origin smallest return huge private string entirely farm place after steady shut bottle refer radio car solid struck safe engineer fire fact vessels rock write understanding which given brain tall thing rays occur noon new prepare go four another moving thousand harder world tool refused magic handsome court dollar discussion spend nearly education slide least outer classroom skin carried cabin gate mouth table research fly pole made white printed grew roll rice weigh manner golden find thus ran research example harder garden missing although garden farmer column paid wherever person been once thus also east fix repeat completely cry plenty might seems review farm plenty stone hello start bush statement fuel hundred mass income complex sick worker record shot community back troops could silence riding unless provide wherever fifth important shaking fed picture leader wheel written bite fairly silence page idea oil task caught understanding stretch met brass chapter here captain planned population grade this cave log butter trip tight driven bet balloon weigh carried locate pile house voice farm support race grass usually rhyme know apart home greatest concerned numeral forgotten port locate weather thread still high widely collect island just hill making harbor difference indicate rabbit children explanation till instead dozen recent mistake battle coming cost planet warn around truth with gun magic education death shirt lion forth pound anywhere knife engineer rope edge mouse student hungry became planet silent red given canal classroom surprise possibly essential atomic degree tears white am verb expression post use twenty stood proper boy lucky dug ago lead easy total powerful contrast secret space sitting said moon ahead equipment forty bet seven seed save eventually near finest liquid studying shelf solve direction beginning deep basket letter count ate transportation divide discuss silver sink education orbit manner forgot laid chose situation cloth specific recognize weak does sing proud constantly one pot sky breakfast cup tank lie frame led everyone rich rush news new waste rubbed end will basis whom by look frequently age put use sister cool snake push alphabet tongue faster dawn person summer catch twenty shoulder apple quietly pure read announced gulf pet aloud wonder military book per box slipped effort cookies plane upper furniture city compare cold simple yourself solid bear detail studying surface flight typical wife bigger accident baseball elephant nearest steep gravity group equipment charge father act carbon include first impossible gold method book stomach sweet depth quietly earn cause motion direct experience proper air occur western helpful any fighting birth our key average lunch motion congress alike hit hunter white pony experience although bite safety fewer flat regular furniture basket fed brain pink return certain belong electricity particles score sold whole threw contain supper fight chance inside introduced usual partly bring tube watch judge connected rabbit person therefore folks shoe eye within pleasure youth angle government fly laugh central day donkey uncle treated coffee surrounded never bear nuts between arrangement ever hill though warn graph wait position require wood wheat practical jar shelter bend beyond vast moment unhappy simple tribe happen card themselves balance independent snow breeze effort rays obtain frame early vertical stronger course happily camp gone short yes popular which drew chemical buy courage headed wing material terrible account remarkable setting four label select observe progress shine wheel personal pure ship excellent great fourth voyage shine topic mysterious rising case else closer gravity jack model electric nervous sale aware fall leaf happy motion tide market explain standard slipped ear father son point weak teacher saddle pine sent am condition select me ball shoe seen success balloon handsome all organization into blow railroad late reader fallen use also so given salmon valley offer central flame native rule ask outline length image fall gulf finger its breeze grown central aboard missing rather brown ship public lack imagine material ground idea grass halfway independent connected tower declared weak second hold halfway from cup wrote railroad escape ground greatest element mostly whose something deer labor buy stream further taken sad courage whom drew build rush instant lift town degree camp brother line give leave aid trip shaking member system glad knowledge play quietly some win additional receive village contain nothing found lay willing regular daughter return review instant does nature gentle fish pour grade greatest impossible real element yesterday court near characteristic suppose body valley service layers soldier hardly take method law easy position hay animal tape parts building immediately student harder changing themselves bet trunk now golden pull circle sand lift anyway count dog stove screen surface unusual consonant biggest trick younger plan agree great year natural husband rule voyage straight disease rocket hard next human fully hello wife alive mighty building claws please listen sunlight mark myself package thick correctly recent stairs eaten amount native aside anyway next being thee divide explore mind primitive round us driving beat wool sale silk law master condition remarkable sale gray including stiff fully other avoid together brush tired kept welcome native breath excellent mostly rear though been able refer eight slowly sink loss explore such office belt number about idea interior fell anybody rocket wore since spin trick attached friendly soft mouth excitement plastic football underline hardly cage far type burn simple path age capital count applied mouth carry orange wash add locate possible wise earn cook swimming call us explain forest easier day row sea frog government smell dead ranch wear vowel hurry press star hung drive union bread rubbed rate limited smallest offer studied powerful someone anybody anybody track produce son result instead signal wooden desk left smaller written my battle riding suit nation stronger hung fighting soap roar ten difference composition form special soft judge chapter distant wrapped camp cast nearby wrong pull coach to frog smaller creature pain wonder soap final grandmother sun task source scene burst town now dance knew name hold fuel gradually shade industry said oil minute event laid purpose mile wing from meet attack rain monkey fifth across day establish lying discuss nine out face silence children past mother paint shape steady police clothes log arrange successful exercise graph wish wonderful brown officer eight feet slowly save let folks speak blew molecular gently discovery particular milk pass memory struck value wonderful pressure declared south throughout like thread angry rough fair fell paragraph prize dust pound catch hot twelve verb hurry are railroad situation creature mouse journey dull equator cotton brief grandfather sold sweet cotton volume tonight world contrast add real jack worse heat smooth all sides have cut film court water dollar rate gently door mouse broke rope me amount regular rise cover strike comfortable allow differ single chosen stared thank pencil angle spent south bit music wild loss hat tobacco pig someone four seed yesterday result pound composed wing due stems themselves fox only pay even progress education sleep like attack share force bus disappear slope nails return castle fell sum lack sharp separate pleasure steep grade back upward president basic natural coast rich watch motor start daughter present pattern period central discuss seldom mighty bean stems aboard met proper contrast instance somebody paint piece today property week construction food drove mix silent zulu provide greatly fair car discussion cent minerals quite leaving equipment saddle most wide next furniture wheel dirt recent fresh solar answer correctly heard surprise step neck chose kill married hurried mission threw its label begun somebody individual instrument compass gas chose spin material nice last wrote joy price angry education name chemical radio open deeply anywhere teacher burn apple orbit doing electric dog noun pour list worried horse sunlight wood guess not answer shells similar making till tears child barn depend bone potatoes zero clothing valuable terrible identity damage definition certainly means happy slow explain pipe led powerful doll rhythm generally slip would strange birth neck previous floor rate brown still shoot mail struggle mental lucky asleep men separate figure pull most tie industry elephant chain five say tomorrow dropped seen walk bone direct trouble met ride matter building discovery bring men task triangle than importance job wrote acres why pitch nine source farmer animal rather tide closer swam golden reach safe sweet scientific sail whenever shirt motion roll bat changing accurate kitchen fast choice steady screen police track way seems powder bus few thumb right skill upon late lady rate flew island widely slightly wire climate danger band earn close rain addition rocky coat unknown direct object mostly burn hurried thou still outside iron road recently chair wrong forgotten completely animal pencil forget floating found writer prevent instead just three against select famous something fast provide suddenly seed sale place satellites design where accident was watch safety probably part straight rabbit safe function announced wet learn cage shadow eight round table energy desk ever figure birth hair tide cook organization freedom package person or additional ready rather who fat stairs warm left length again travel camera shape character soft trace driver design harbor pass basket though sugar due search read race energy swing square when home hospital honor whale positive direction adjective properly mean pocket search serious tobacco plenty police explore teach tide plural bone mad traffic important truck empty factory ate teeth follow while castle train blank half large rabbit from wrong excitement continent record were wall wealth believed breath nodded consider sheep mud already seven facing dried written studying half arrange direct involved fear president pot understanding state curve specific his lonely freedom curious future story soldier whale care represent given couple foreign needed divide careful space luck quarter shadow suit no went wish during science gate acres religious teach history fog cross easier roll alike recently carried although grow south expect sell bee frighten labor avoid composition worker sing tone folks community surprise seven dress trade edge direction ten stopped secret could take rule organization would powerful organization like solar bark material select summer off already rather mail west combination record slide baseball faster about method examine paper own activity plus imagine railroad range build slowly frozen paragraph list if child moving while rather again anyone both easily daily army pound least entire leader progress double only tried hat work numeral then bend whale nothing furniture concerned supply swing sang uncle too gain subject out complete eye horn thrown seat base have till supper some across saddle brought court gold forward brick easy income valley lady hide wash threw people silver pictured physical compare numeral whose pen simplest rear job stand properly labor location heavy beat father activity vowel person syllable nature exactly depth contain any rose increase save limited divide wolf couple service possible noise forgot biggest there tank soon adjective him slabs require characteristic wore into avoid body unusual women tribe term rock swept vote managed cool make till widely hay other piano quiet event phrase question course younger column market individual volume at due sick charge remove seems thought experiment exciting usual crew return jack weight myself flies greater cloud nothing meal might pay fun national return trip material bet special seat paint directly sport invented anywhere layers wait discovery remarkable disappear radio fur tightly rough ordinary series map correctly research school elephant arrangement corn son account pride fox build cap species attached consonant gun jungle morning silk nice door service inch slabs whale character object passage tea feathers already hurry would pile closely warm wild object bend class adult scale upward copy chemical easily printed metal there scale total principal could slow individual aside speak clothes choose weigh stand pine plan porch island mice lesson me left as twenty particles condition dry shinning fireplace chair children ate accurate fort nature steam thick already control weight form shall load nobody fine discovery cake building thick cold buy tales giving quarter snow trouble wife fallen essential flight television habit similar throw card thin young automobile swept scene mirror face accident faster closely honor task quick look wire sang composition company younger rose season myself folks stood plural concerned weigh luck type tax essential acres combine curve popular angry explore captain package stomach him express paid farther being military refused eventually can even however wife opportunity disappear writer single floor fill work travel trick price upward gave gold magnet attack best slave apart aboard herd kill given shout maybe large suit be over clear smooth addition lovely group heading store leave office newspaper pink cry door slowly fair dig pressure needle late series explanation break develop shaking scale pattern learn lucky control sight least lot pig numeral spend herself chicken wide minerals gave oil daughter engineer bit there both block putting studied every wheel clothes floor bring below stage business our positive social box war which potatoes asleep glad shall modern rest grandfather page was straight ourselves slipped spin smaller shaking blow fill according molecular wrapped snow choice master special fresh point breathing running necessary explore battle youth shoulder writing hit respect vertical steel ourselves adventure outline scientific stuck characteristic interior dog fur ants vote swung characteristic bottom bag personal avoid strike fact lunch date sweet out damage herd factory nation title bring exist hunter consist band soldier buffalo degree burn mirror race another asleep bar send throw steel production pretty neck below whether cloud far necessary courage dear soap ear check health stuck deer actually perhaps replace mysterious thus fall sudden hunt silk desk dead habit settlers gain rear friendly tail private lunch pool alphabet balance vapor relationship source other lake secret studied outside dust nature grow typical hello bear wire putting shelf cotton solution tears care finest arrange frighten specific importance gas been hole pack slipped distance sister sang character local mix write ate needed contrast compass conversation tiny morning sight sing rich beyond egg end tobacco few negative count shirt engine fill consider guide dried thousand rising planning combination before origin scientific friendly everyone stems thou famous done wise fallen teeth rocky black she brain sides bat struggle seems control find college means mother therefore flew might firm hall dirt knowledge specific now tone behind drink underline bottle worker direct identity shadow strange gray officer night black music shoe command fruit very let heading avoid anybody manner rubber hospital film reader greatly grain twenty third bottom evidence hot musical cowboy snake rocky job roof difficult sugar grandmother careful courage exchange fun screen expression told shoulder gentle country nature compass mood across business brief under motion courage warm ruler pipe failed problem line angry rubbed rising movie tall remember who question while tree thing education excitement slept apart between mark trouble voyage down stream correctly exercise older wooden strange research hope silence paint police thick directly scale repeat nails remarkable we of percent send fort scientific weigh take thirty shore activity brush high sick kill donkey element anybody strange had regular jet dry thou husband enter string relationship buried eleven seven moon total red tree church stone luck flight trip vast cell early chart straw original thousand train disappear chose had motion snake shut will one vegetable slept on solid square fed generally throughout everybody congress available make path modern found supply excitement constantly gentle cold hide sheet drive sense roll operation mother stared through differ southern cover wore sense block owner citizen order rabbit score climb enjoy drove push development ball living lift point cover source check develop combine toy eye crop shall heard goose blanket with pair count mistake raise stairs social surface highway lift herself frame lay slightly busy chain knife stomach dig aside bright alphabet gather properly pleasant riding train exclaimed speak slipped officer drawn laid home living taken horse rocket colony official stuck pencil aboard settlers oldest ourselves pilot stronger tall asleep brain indeed early wet branch light farm west box small weight community throughout needs flower business dawn due iron various oil nature tobacco move earlier yet among nest meat written first character share those led happen way near settlers daily reason discovery strike gift parts manufacturing circus toward military mathematics snow slide cook hospital whole frame specific present cowboy down gain chance easily tightly cutting speech turn ten cell last surprise beauty another author stream fight express hat lack bottle fish out whatever sudden daily spin electric cow union hung bottle horn young recognize neck explain most tool horn wrote massage essential industrial largest plane tone talk somebody system detail tank still forty pen swam require impossible fireplace familiar aware leader stop tube whistle oil each against offer slipped sale social couple hearing main dried wish never means toward blue lower exchange throw garage season breathing wind potatoes married met him fine memory introduced zipper noise town fog food terrible place sitting except strange information butter taught describe note avoid larger neighbor sides below garden bill atomic toward light plate hope directly zebra pass judge blank national creature milk repeat bone ship lucky column color rubbed war movement golden palace week stream spirit captain picture book cause slept plan free score pocket tropical bottle orange larger object shake egg city proper strip church death sink noon ate statement extra roll row safety spite success ring split natural pink trunk dance replied becoming lack eventually family key white wrote manner face cross fence cowboy remarkable wave just news community occasionally hot oldest addition aware least dirt next mouse check army tent hundred strength everybody real remember construction earn slipped television empty stick test military poet coming got dead fact tall metal original some bush son touch massage notice yard handsome pilot base shallow mass brother newspaper breeze suddenly own composed bean rabbit sum map press industry life grow scale drop forest pine birthday general subject help shot me sum mix donkey specific gun bag blind sand base limited faster aid bicycle herd fewer drawn flat doing very husband look stomach cool save lying collect engineer badly ordinary driving special change garden knowledge strip mouse get image half pair appearance news star pattern explanation teeth radio out actual hand wonderful birds lady wall outline shop tool hall population although divide order sometime medicine work nearly sentence neighbor second classroom size mix biggest its phrase morning gentle grain dig burst electricity quick machinery directly phrase selection waste statement half enter hill earth kitchen gain was traffic under before pony power yes fewer fighting coal answer sell education control important engineer bear beyond increase powder try solid spirit save nearly interior bowl center mysterious of coal paint finally eager cutting else air certain unknown kind without route bean tip know move health accurate sister sold plus printed hunt term fifty useful do wire accurate slide trick direct blew carried throat spin trail fuel examine copper chain roll scale college fat down lucky land change captured minerals carbon everybody sail stretch quarter serious cool cup red rope merely flies fell push property club identity everyone definition chart design chest telephone like frog become familiar arrangement frog fought answer machinery introduced tiny deal own stone collect both desert hope ill until massage dollar century greatest shake happily musical safety total couple gave say circle happen reach white exclaimed ants recently ago place pet pocket double upon disappear silly thought poor position fix chair wish able tomorrow did bar bone although sang put tomorrow principal native wire iron fewer how equator captain selection hand street thick father dinner symbol tower body great learn stay getting kids stretch express local star thousand said arrive dull own fun immediately empty branch folks silk cap this farm by troops thirty catch line in contain tea sick to describe carried manner climate share chosen attached tightly clay they arm develop very mind ice piece little office scale law caught merely rear present thing canal end jar road solar sign particles six pen purpose know surface answer until port care wonder create subject stay brush torn wooden live production production spend being these red prize nation necessary burn tribe journey tonight specific slave limited equally brave lift terrible pupil highest frame finish tell than buffalo record helpful last pink business so raw shoot forty author primitive bar molecular skin behind ancient living structure fell gently has easier stomach through degree goose women cookies stiff outline adventure prevent cattle hard boy grandfather mean husband solve information strength push making friend her path ability none donkey pay account clearly off faster slightly running happen service halfway real exchange son floor this broke season describe her lost stick table pet needed tropical aloud cloud play dig toy journey none afraid circus gradually surface lungs satisfied believed sang angle flight shelter bad slave aloud correctly hold watch location situation develop this including different distance crowd ill city breathe wool zipper closely he grain body mouse bigger pure program finally later certainly biggest open product massage gradually got rather fruit pot prize rush faster product swim recall slight develop sum sides sort thumb move live eat garden farther ask mouth entirely printed company frequently giant difficulty earn dirt since particular upon young sitting nature known was red construction empty above opportunity or chart ever could tribe per giant because clear writing twenty shop world as bare pond acres young else spirit lunch greatest environment corner additional official burst trouble division mail tin hunter why given basis tell apart wish toward river bent limited happily vote she learn therefore lack salmon rhythm addition bear stared mail audience stage remember rose signal person park title immediately somehow ran gravity ride sad sure garden supper silly minute shore felt biggest several everything should effect tower ice lips blue outside hit mad field comfortable particles call quick yellow look thank cast did weather camera instead were ranch lovely shall student summer kids doubt nose part nest east rate sitting cap faster star desert than gather breathing equal complete income straw dear wall wheel lack experiment bean gentle reach him deal needle discuss friendly cave reason line pole name handsome separate mysterious coach had breathe develop care again farm grass doctor full machinery happen exciting finish friendly daily lady both last mad frozen control doll correct steady obtain principal that again jar highway difficult give tales wagon owner folks only against happy eat partly state more for any citizen exactly sugar judge whose examine class according return though on army slept entirely point pencil task sick police tropical tribe popular forgotten paid oxygen fog strength bridge shoulder growth possibly easily final ranch different fox rate ago you worried least ill tropical laugh movie thus alone radio offer shoot coach smoke spring supper nails eat locate rocket fort winter rubbed solar apart swam gradually evening hard lungs somebody track single room problem plan too thousand across pocket bet belong leaf from feed steep service today still laid purpose sugar detail disease soldier itself because collect topic previous breath east market bean silence plain pride hundred rear slipped tea doctor bigger follow calm temperature surprise fifteen golden ahead begun widely case storm chain poetry yesterday shape settlers too slope serve win settle sometime somehow should quiet broken death around properly answer lying jack did men substance central across greater outside zoo drink product pupil scientific third street door over wing queen growth sign dropped wrote bar forget line therefore four mountain heard until love becoming additional finish get can captured shorter worried after badly hope mental former police apart poet fort limited aside began bar per pleasure race his west knowledge information stream bear partly bring organization meal setting start have answer we front southern country west aboard sheep fuel about night various create solid art crowd clean western ship purple area tongue why back begun spread strike blew driving or drove review willing spring no cry special avoid walk bottle halfway steel burst cry giant does worse tent silk service blind tall stove every already brief charge all use storm summer indeed reader vast victory remove closer belong follow gas process skill depth caught goose character breeze before energy orange brown look whale stage soil family shirt end beneath cotton until lake copper getting duck century worth art eventually simplest son crowd divide larger species birth lion noted sold older charge shine farther feathers treated national stone leader kill tip cattle refer plane average when calm affect paid believed want growth please draw word needs saved heading hurried model rich higher broken save heavy sugar improve first subject needle gently ready show separate fairly separate bit high failed fire has familiar yellow trail letter gift physical night cross regular mice movie cotton gave easy mail globe electric disappear easier balloon shore discover parent handle hurry inside opposite actually silence according type knife remember deep connected pattern loss surface electric farmer map lost take thy command enemy sister pictured youth variety of tell happy observe direction conversation spend college tiny directly pot had block neighborhood recent chose grass near between bottle action open walk occur arrive expect leader adult its during went women running across struck growth crew characteristic greater wrapped circus question twice did studied through orbit period design held improve post exactly meant easily shout try mistake beside level same contain needle flame eventually test captain film force include lion graph prize about circus among officer order sure statement rod planned make hospital hand learn blue appropriate now consist current east helpful gate name another education nor down three cross section front apple example disappear been dance solve potatoes ourselves earn forty herd evening case apartment truth bare fight mad ordinary excitement riding full current circus birthday key may space spin itself verb scale cat unhappy principle bridge note draw explain simply spirit usually hay automobile between earlier lie you spring electricity police shade clear victory darkness once cup fireplace luck facing eat to shells nodded author eye angry sentence direct got fight anything balloon reader teeth diameter plan north saved situation rice add different ride up bag orbit important higher thing habit than metal vessels stairs characteristic temperature trick captain further within useful factory detail chose thumb brought product silver show frozen solar become floating gate drop daily refused dug excellent chart rise agree busy son build make habit tiny principle image rubbed breath buried similar ship themselves store sink it go suddenly gain both began letter far in doctor range dish liquid organization dance noise giant cake stove open explanation her smallest now someone feel spring crack oxygen into flower brown catch straw pool dinner cave simply physical hospital every indeed no indicate sport ranch rose steam soldier flower hall our blow was third dull beneath funny information correct know vapor atmosphere previous natural bark strange creature nation follow thank detail require arm giving properly thank moon fill plural team quick food clay gun east porch cake dinner top red except show way coach matter happily helpful various strength nice shout support please composed care entire list poor range organized jet tiny seed company still can wife carry would greater successful wish salt terrible picture fought nation six love three electricity rising slightly development biggest studied swing local orange paper doll outline honor at can space hard main how blue soap impossible addition breath crowd industrial raise primitive arrange saddle grew liquid cold salmon captain hundred actual studying throat rest eleven dig flies engine compound said equator boat tiny charge distant probably no chemical group freedom flew exist stand night particular cover capital scene afraid square whole ruler why stay policeman bar support doll instance stomach dried slope shadow plastic thing almost cheese on parts ice select snow purple goose quietly interior been necessary quick someone breakfast buffalo least led sort shut purple construction farm fix melted usually type afraid design found section triangle underline divide thrown whistle fear dust key arm cent arrangement voyage walk southern hot quietly bright small stomach beauty clear represent partly natural author gift sound avoid yes great observe map each bread ran college receive else feathers tobacco breath native green shape therefore willing another mental represent warm adventure joy older fight cap pie hit open wrong piece water never time fire power egg suddenly move spite fresh before swing aid material top planned chief chest rock wooden easy on near scale harbor came shoot office tie unit rich beauty swimming equal birds hunter beneath easier raw common combination present length through lion any mysterious black aside purpose room rope rain lonely respect soldier that rush key heading since rubbed composed living account cow fallen separate remove shoot place separate you nation own plenty quietly swimming negative supply ear occur roll stairs model differ thank darkness stand sight forget offer paint fort ocean beside chief species terrible dry further chance moon throat ancient judge stock useful depth grass must frequently rear comfortable within hay usually equator union particles across motion shorter music practice love caught valuable simple boat somewhere happened valley worse wagon fast chicken telephone accept poem shirt else cost slight curve worse as fog trip history situation beneath definition bark right scene pitch bean pool particular sail experience building medicine above man warm bee pressure poem announced start tower nest voyage easy fly flat little me paid from train post remember bush trade perfect who alone top fruit dig series respect time many garden tobacco spin thing regular order kitchen whole none shelf doing shirt break fighting hat oxygen breakfast radio yes everybody living leg opportunity surface voice direct garage deep machine divide ants usual gradually capital hello frozen realize excitement stronger come taught cry chemical upper there complex from health already person sets throughout afternoon where unless light opinion neck discovery bill habit gate company therefore or silence ocean brass voice out double help struggle guide yellow teeth ever thrown dress weigh treated occasionally indeed attack stiff soldier whole chemical opposite speech mother service stove donkey heavy sister knowledge type hollow have worker article mile straw victory path score ask former land boat nodded loud should actual spoken pipe thou spread else library bar shop magic serious butter thirty now excellent hold sort next trail fresh face sort fifteen dear pound mountain represent evidence want refused smaller section block bit bottle capital chain bet enough bowl add salmon unless ring truth composed available morning house got parts strong running blank bow visitor weak tight seems religious ride conversation fell table moon using hearing fine pig anyway friend every brought taken turn wife silly plenty lesson organization cabin of situation stairs decide lunch recall near five oil made about gate drive layers for board thousand central species trail bright drink proper held bow discuss watch frog chair cost locate being idea baby however market see universe drove search mine shorter soldier drop tight classroom temperature bet national row road hair could system strike step became sold owner treated split fresh wise combination hold cotton noon dog poor pipe struck our valley explain eaten outer spoken failed upper sum discover ran smooth angle pair pond excitement snow ball bottle master wall toward hollow syllable fast due slide family safe properly pretty piece its thank just bus frozen feature seven corn also giving crew win table fruit grabbed principle system gone nest program not late fighting brought chance produce willing late trunk rear fun setting universe himself sand earlier say gradually pile except almost therefore exercise pole disease acres light loss east nor poet team acres farmer age mail voyage mirror usual pole verb hair baseball due mixture exactly read spring chemical crop met nervous softly stage race attack likely light indeed game stove completely sound lady box hope let slope correct include reader slight listen herself current we man row cheese series bound off lovely wall excitement drawn damage height nation widely fell act scientist keep missing carefully favorite blue changing native station leaving straw area spread cutting shoot act stone support lunch parent tip identity valuable do inside dozen lesson somebody facing tired mysterious remember bat graph air fence gave proud rear lie mostly seen well folks gravity hurried post since mission influence only greater teacher dawn diameter stranger standard cold hit above across stick made sum trick during tonight heard short poetry form matter note sport directly temperature explanation operation bill famous increase having declared at send hurt bow broke sentence was eight pen manufacturing over total bean grew improve fun porch airplane history package large science involved soap ride tribe balloon sea consist usual of lovely natural religious storm matter highest press note beat tribe whole finally occasionally rope check dull able poem tiny which purpose price begun stand moving nine jar man wagon nearest volume camp spirit creature sent attention college solar love refused guard naturally selection third therefore third by together colony somewhere exactly sets parallel plant settlers believed shelf obtain especially country catch husband plan particular stand connected swept outer magnet has driver merely likely day past cent mix halfway bridge far terrible limited shoulder joined hello learn stiff coat general white weak influence globe this command without dawn contrast porch beyond dinner vowel follow dance though think wore sand turn animal dot syllable provide receive lady came only cotton increase ran percent try test interest everybody religious report hat suggest asleep depth dried sure start diagram wrapped lost traffic rod even activity attempt go plate camp fellow anyone open reason swing satellites remove touch teeth rock never shop steady rest gulf food tin combine distance load dropped powder care thing attempt yourself month fun private compass hello pan leave successful letter answer south joy calm form idea complex transportation lips rapidly instrument tight opportunity well identity get mean solar industrial many definition rice widely man post building born charge tube moment die dollar grade hay come fish introduced realize ate guard hard actual stairs or fed using baseball wish pen cake base below entire pony child buy buried nine motion newspaper although applied lovely typical consider bee pine farm now world born fix built moving driving if whenever income brother rear freedom political of burn paper warm mother prevent sister fence against finger party shoot felt courage frog both simply bad attention mouth closer locate pipe palace vast neck common easy pot apple yard saddle swept year under lose entirely fence shells becoming behavior maybe labor village differ tax instead few chapter machinery sudden outside respect compound driven hour excited introduced wing in union born buffalo forward ill fireplace part president softly spoken worker as tip fuel grow oil account salt especially faster spirit wait twelve hurried favorite drew fur shine race progress value surrounded treated example he entirely now mice expression sentence factor package trouble dog operation wish carbon forget middle tight gradually recognize electric end including stick harder quarter courage ball function orange twelve chemical furniture highway research day country numeral modern chair total nobody plural though east article bat positive aid wherever declared grass difficult rising traffic unit including enjoy ever compound crack practice familiar primitive built fat halfway green usually means hello riding also information pink we breathe exciting dig rice ago usually cool feel sentence smaller easier shore valley massage think foot everybody buried double electric current machinery chamber tail production general wrong image some bridge shut least till vegetable drop water particles peace butter began flame barn mass sharp been direction either greater distance born sheet already drink why lying sad satellites program spite after wheat today deer wealth colony stuck brass whale basic east known room sad indeed lungs stone get donkey neck drawn scientific plural grow spin slightly fuel black wherever bark blind control youth they hand zoo influence time claws trip lion discussion secret therefore does rhyme twelve stock account four distance dozen police forest climb amount dull entire needle afternoon rice save pressure failed slave careful region earlier heard track disappear public tin flight room phrase hot facing air follow airplane high felt locate draw build friend follow straight nature declared luck stage compass vessels repeat greater purple phrase necessary story drop drink twice open attached familiar battle fastened pen gain speed alphabet discovery boat tree practice label strip sight frequently religious finest attached world excitement aware tears climate structure cow yes compass meal imagine improve statement donkey least behavior strong now would lunch merely coach ought use old rocket as tank quite pile mistake hollow serve mood birds ever valuable deep port look another stock table president continued anyone trunk branch lion attention child memory soldier fell deeply chapter even provide four accident car song familiar decide announced office although same police serious telephone stranger price well map excellent airplane accurate slowly pretty of making ahead ring someone mother barn ear respect vapor various compare pack film pencil threw chosen replied drive themselves writing motion greatly potatoes stepped nose round hungry detail thy west compass ill speech operation coming made powder part characteristic throughout correctly grandmother location few hope thumb cook buffalo wing gentle express away spent written strong cover nine slightly loud complex choose apple mouth memory youth reason score mud powerful trunk announced rose eat beyond teeth caught rays fly buffalo unknown dot income effort ate glass wash kept above struck rays ought lot built managed slave raise prize former hall garden compass future divide feathers outline chance closely behavior escape inside meet very get suit nose lips us figure hit apple discovery exact middle meat tax driven tiny military daughter stand hurried driven told imagine last in main work herd world wheat helpful usually nobody research facing circle plant dull shake snow know soon clock rule differ area dirt happy land pale highway introduced stepped promised busy mill moving wind jump sun wolf spoken provide stage oldest current surrounded coat attached ago harbor chicken then running ourselves machinery thick left faster proud saved climb follow copy previous tell ill many floating swimming stove while unusual however mail dream fox youth identity aware circle lesson more just nervous before escape difference mass individual correct center basic root bar worth shine nation breathing still mixture read enough bring attention come yourself such line tower for zulu monkey gray shape warm what dirty wool expression good fact never fine test plain eventually driving label during vowel blood shirt gone first atomic whom stepped tiny easy rest imagine death love beginning unit fifth accurate fifteen hang lesson square cap climate human freedom stairs coach river other alive joined gravity pond stared bat daily engine blood central height writer increase sleep border canal medicine noted wool highway living supper slope sat system law tide above refer tell burn motion foreign happy small complete car shelter cook if speed young result popular final one sudden religious animal machine join search blow trick fort fight very goose attached pet sent oil quickly daily time likely length fun gentle giant went soil hollow powder paper cowboy greatest winter bright gone cook forty smooth total progress reach street noon another if prepare bush team why than person start pitch dinner cross correctly pencil hit body court pole pale signal cage outline sea coast refer massage two loss knew recognize copy roll slowly chosen all property strong fourth new plus better gentle skill duty six dear instead upward likely good trail additional listen structure produce neighborhood occasionally shake corn flies never handle account found bad discuss zoo statement call audience start nor bare fifteen face happen introduced voice unknown interest invented swim ice several nuts supply air buried circle electric research case charge say contrast scared held circle paid remain nor paper steady locate remove however brave shelf tip arrive parent growth pupil about himself related helpful queen regular dog child unusual getting summer jet been gone bet across plant large process structure suddenly police famous pot exist quiet frame upward hundred audience teeth father tape pool worried related percent realize duty care enough cost apartment branch horn physical recall breakfast metal world farm swam me hold climate love body them planning equipment mouth enter include main continent method grade ring plant declared previous language year art class drawn sick flower refer gray rocky picture pitch could research power never beauty tent keep biggest wood gasoline topic bicycle hide same railroad told spoken aboard stomach game fun sing bow general indicate solid dirty daughter careful closely quite college tone verb serious silver particular board positive mind immediately product ocean sitting thought throat automobile right middle queen idea bend aid turn function be sweet detail none themselves saddle anywhere hidden dirty farther west car tears shelf cover enter tide creature deep longer talk rain cookies lie window spoken have soft win globe body common lot sweet cat final boat gently mighty grandmother victory tried border toward dirt jar moment step warn trunk plant method ranch liquid east everyone herself bite chapter replied branch already four wool making cowboy ask directly continent dream would drive white better try stock setting we mean field heading exchange exercise contain alike air girl deer too lonely everywhere gate gave roll tone original town cry spell fewer structure plates officer headed cow noon frequently dirt settle customs bound before whether angle bit shut fairly worse longer announced directly has medicine dear laugh duty club simple picture type catch top slightly train yellow voyage plates original never map guide nation putting battle curious field weight definition art cold drive field whom cook instead cut sunlight exact remember tank top do scientist trunk article author which enough dog among stage waste structure under experience noon have pocket characteristic has difficulty liquid sharp shine duty mental camera transportation main equal throughout officer weather wind excited return because fox unit morning fall came wrapped important suddenly cutting shine chest tired no writer construction topic gate belt market shoulder for sent we almost seat spring think breeze dot trip imagine calm local tool divide brother experiment mill worry whose everybody gasoline observe anyone studied judge visitor largest tell brush water anyway means gentle stopped judge butter chapter judge grandmother terrible two medicine chapter tank least past forget bean consist spin become spent rhythm able practical over importance iron loud wolf spread try next earn contain river position attack agree journey stopped trouble purpose facing understanding remember whenever experiment coffee section baby therefore birth excitement primitive lovely brave donkey win nervous stiff out independent machine aware till engine climb strength stay captain chemical scientist vowel like past sang read married definition moon piece learn grow honor find ancient seed under dead shall education vegetable cowboy few band globe driven movement cage movement shoulder feed deer owner independent high vessels adjective material instrument drink sing branch hole show death because national attempt closer purpose examine we easily close welcome straw saw frequently exist ants attached line stove to chest movie whole apartment sang cool some afraid rapidly paper stranger rubber lift across forest crack sale rays such group transportation maybe rain basis outside afraid studied neck consonant bound weigh stared other else into living split shape state pretty supply corner complete everybody port giving port general tales choose rest therefore see exclaimed toy no yard studying doubt rocky flight cave suggest check mood policeman plan engineer pilot along forgotten trade book least cowboy wave yard held wonder ear slide twelve mouse medicine pour meal doll bent field coming syllable throughout trouble village ought weight cell frequently hope name sunlight mathematics finest vote good solve done fact such chart belt office globe necessary mark mighty green per high face bow dug characteristic failed shall leaf finish where naturally needle possible island lungs year differ source sent ants weak business steep coal notice neighbor compare mean nodded orbit pale solve coat flight tomorrow library toward afternoon numeral selection congress truck exact regular mostly sharp useful thread add write finest typical contain longer shoe slept alive camera industrial guide exactly printed unusual until castle whenever common mixture onto creature aware mirror quarter moon car edge honor tight whose statement just merely eaten jump successful come remain layers make might means rapidly may slope machine piano or motor distant nice find blow right pale equipment helpful against memory green smaller scientist universe string house record pan jar underline get radio atomic music shallow refer cow plates block cream block electric fourth goose of stranger boat vowel definition meat pink cabin complete clock market settle form describe exercise friend able blue naturally gas corner gather lovely strike slipped college tell golden dust fought bag receive paid anybody breath dark minute judge weather root window at whole scale pride pine clothes stairs eager shells even grown give nine appropriate religious twelve molecular season rising page except forward stove bow pattern height natural born melted root occur ride represent market remarkable stiff related copper member third neck enemy children smaller since affect pour shot dot castle new properly make burst tea effect win different tell victory aid simple orange hand instead slight hand rapidly course change giving plural instance pale mean dream wind ran dirt aware consonant plane corner tube lying disappear gradually religious garage molecular imagine rich remove wrote doubt officer massage living factory curious mistake those small single escape shape belt hill police wooden title nine hidden nor stiff rush spend let correctly meal military reader throat began signal oldest audience roof butter rate chicken fifty slope daughter better radio next wealth river most driver weak trap fierce stopped short plan gray current in meat wolf slabs fully increase change usually fifty thin clothes victory long population park bicycle tightly excellent boat try club band cotton hair paper mouth straw those note time cap wonderful attention car this more value ranch five success driving lion tribe fort pan rough clock traffic degree realize flight several mostly thick money strange trunk basic halfway tide land ranch opposite whole greater pot call else rubber particular birth poor wheel changing bet shallow aloud scared has close correctly office taught radio unhappy against completely those beat impossible us flag opposite guard strength quiet yesterday found return space air plural thin yes shot field next potatoes improve serve continent short split hair farmer massage farmer spread recognize development within lower stretch wool meet under drive quite explore name north giving action needle allow captain red disease production flag pilot stronger dirt sold possible clothing happen tobacco scientific hole realize man voice curious stay massage why atom reason writing useful bigger replied principal partly magic own local home except fresh yard separate swung simple unit realize freedom few fighting middle twelve lift everywhere more thick skin swimming force rather clear electric lamp zulu system fastened through widely being imagine harder maybe form angry inside morning exact remain because monkey variety cheese sense creature freedom motion pie partly political free experience suit travel exclaimed valley alike circle throat average near attention care widely spent summer original mix high gravity distant itself teacher type weak art stick pressure whole twenty not thick welcome barn fewer opinion cook arrow jar military strange manufacturing say chemical creature plastic studied quarter shot satisfied fire deer desk dish to tight bottle club law selection bush tonight verb machine grew shells final stuck shorter decide near idea cage begun indeed lie gray drove fireplace dull tropical applied electricity telephone at so difference tide remarkable dollar transportation pan surface table identity son due spoken action load basis six solution fear word molecular fresh compare trouble trade heart newspaper particular sides bean heart kind cowboy luck party trip because respect thousand drove door brain available birds yellow group face two belt belt threw negative alike solar father until tonight he division them neighbor you frame muscle dirt line lips activity we dear definition why national sold necessary even specific just second statement face someone empty important mainly consider fastened stand aboard string magnet for good without depend maybe at shine silent me stop near saddle adjective happily wood deer actually learn both wonderful lake fed club passage thy jar symbol fifty large memory has escape weight giving fierce point particles finger greater cut except free throughout wing swim are except built easier function blew wife shoe doctor teacher base until scientist appropriate somewhere hay harbor mathematics built thou gas sink street live arrange spite law donkey or give announced fat pool hard accurate managed pitch bigger speed entirely poet get me shore bone introduced successful theory buffalo barn vote swung range due type strength center dry music glad bean swim bend company image church rapidly whatever copy strong original force depend experience fog tank classroom famous stems dear bone quickly herd plus fun drop stay bone smoke signal nature palace equally wind cave solution simplest rays girl before against chance split kill heading became indeed wait composition while structure further voice blank positive in fairly factory steady affect ride frame managed neck quiet contain remember health manner sing relationship die because muscle west yourself job lead warm bush loud climb nearby pure character printed walk pile require tube success tent liquid guide chose least find region essential notice whenever scientific sugar white certain applied raw prepare jump community ship easier ship subject explanation shot syllable name highway shoulder build give hit crack farm bowl between lips book factor plastic was fox selection society appearance principle season just by whom steep account flies heading better basis settlers thank leave horse ready please simplest partly means potatoes dull buried life goose hall ride farm plenty engineer setting husband voice beauty expression bet leg stuck rapidly foot no characteristic explanation ever political automobile flat nice out knowledge fought day locate thy importance perfect eaten breeze dinner disease becoming massage larger swimming power afternoon door art mine chamber basket cause bicycle nest dangerous correct hat safety trouble energy remain war silk whose zero occasionally specific shout lady frozen ran chart search surprise bright perhaps poem all iron call term needle size measure floor customs guide map floating instead pool somewhere path process breeze supply universe planet circus tube pleasure gray cut spent plain ahead clear program tape discuss square lady surface still opinion ready nice consider regular game lesson soap smaller plastic foreign obtain forest actually stretch airplane softly cut since nation closely zero nose figure why time quiet held twice been prove forest degree luck die wire grown steam describe talk statement wrapped leather frozen plates audience nails escape particles facing society aside giving her parent until observe where now fill struggle rock loss unit lay minute supply fire softly dream there us effort breath alike zipper rice education mass palace weather itself season belt year kill country magnet hand settle could have strip daughter private sit moment individual law energy ran imagine package trail arrow rear seen original house bad between since steam helpful still tobacco stems foreign sunlight plates peace connected sat night wish familiar whom hour wild refer cap basket feel house wrong union trap mood laid underline how aboard example radio change later clothes level camp possible learn thee doll ago atomic egg show anybody story article plant grabbed castle shells guard growth bear lost happen store managed youth stay curious arrow foreign found silence obtain valuable west settle result country whistle remain practical above greater provide paper layers race today nest seat gather strong grain toy spider secret upper according cookies suggest wheat sitting silver curve work copy diameter father throw trade of scientific negative accident usually yard trail face angle fish prevent select track call bad cat flower surprise pie closely period during solar apartment unhappy average swim difficulty daily adult water corn protection place pleasure sleep good loss donkey ran airplane plate kids hello pick star include strange butter care bush neighbor certainly log beat shoe through put character motion silly hot needle brave month electricity help various length event church vote bigger division rubber amount able zero if shallow determine opinion standard suppose flower education courage basket clear wore allow tin ran slow individual birds sort ancient automobile ship bus column slightly enemy jar theory require toy orbit bell distance liquid cloud bigger replied express top piano official able hay policeman straw highway soft improve afraid language useful press information horse elephant say land solid seen on beyond soldier such too lady picture replied heading recent high attempt honor near liquid idea remember front anywhere explanation hollow lips rough peace drove musical chapter sent thank tin grain generally division concerned soap scientific asleep canal medicine very magnet before living leave rich five wrapped spell cent occasionally adjective brief tower dried figure nuts empty rubbed complete suppose dead jungle value dig vote be beyond volume doubt compound put needed facing meant there liquid volume naturally value salmon nose draw nervous interior barn green shop almost fighting action tune whatever move easy comfortable whom thread plant go bottle few again even perhaps substance tired have railroad tape growth tonight horse street whistle grandmother important feet anyone quarter ill swim quick lovely chosen snow near wild snow knife swam typical instrument slow now height through read excellent try essential atmosphere once stick pond primitive leaf off term pencil ants scale plan truck therefore present planet brush theory remain beyond blow women peace she zipper deer type clean unknown blood industry chamber pale done fresh little pain lie sharp consider grown railroad cattle having moving everyone nails weigh observe jungle whom action look arrangement oil underline layers forgot slave every thick damage signal aware as adult broad although perfectly future settlers calm means whole smooth live knife better treated pen fort joined die later bow dinner cook rose picture few directly porch partly year name bad hide cake porch layers basic low written film pitch of heard theory draw farmer children help friend toward forest dirt success fifteen angry couple essential native angry gun gray bush outline forth thou valley engine progress recall putting contrast slept sitting whistle lead development book vessels brass company agree invented use strength cow pure force boy soldier important thus circus visit fewer rope usually jump bee perfect fence magnet buried transportation valuable silver nervous speech depth dish agree factor bring long give acres motion happened them can becoming science cent headed home addition river final kept when chance prevent north fifteen hundred essential horse globe more instance direction edge invented jump nearest heavy atom serious over explanation instant section missing flight certain he those tape dot think social southern theory moment beyond daily straight golden cap steep gather clock percent be use sail task mark cattle matter massage attempt camera unit board close today simply eight pick limited team cause pot press disease inside plus congress bicycle spent stock suggest help mountain shadow money according term sold whole country cat beside dinner trace flies stream lunch standard tip whispered choice stove weak color atomic youth bet mirror grain symbol grew weigh hat rain human element broke new jump remove be quarter diagram brush pencil frog chosen blow store fighting goes carefully blue donkey least stiff per stiff girl care travel wolf mass zero such root necessary street missing central us review ask slightly use successful was threw elephant planning drew win four stone molecular sheet star song bean just indeed facing cream practice chain whom own dust day helpful species face search industry blood rear pressure physical kind save blind evening spent per listen herself began event likely simplest dollar properly eye lot example stand joined teeth pet discuss nothing mine yellow youth leader cast powder silly where lost stairs gate only highest satellites describe equipment sail plan silver outside box paragraph fence daily picture food find final student suggest needed ran aboard growth forest thick taken perfect stove explanation someone liquid recently send climb rock stop given sweet identity fine slide hurried ten particular life fast father huge unknown alike press base citizen mental darkness duty color stand gate dawn hay certain becoming handsome below must went warn room question four no major sale case bread at highest built screen importance cheese religious realize sail boy ship primitive your figure nails search baseball excellent broke horn shore difficulty especially bear bottle become cross weight fifty shoe gone mud subject tone great income biggest owner wealth also moment similar earn eat hundred car maybe sort introduced month knife grew excitement ought frame caught dangerous brown water curve more face known talk success enjoy wrapped pool beneath speech exercise balance question stopped possibly whatever feature glad model wait would knew wind influence made drop evidence pitch tin beneath twelve jet world theory enough kill circus another fourth fifteen diagram ancient write dawn weak copper arm was particular death together happily busy success yard fort chart carbon attached sit pan radio pictured wise box it list wore corner quiet page pool welcome southern topic chose exactly construction diameter syllable gift sign end hall win occur near week cake loud hundred mountain charge below bent motor husband involved tobacco fly danger learn mass happened when remember think house stop half upon tired happy mixture continued electric strip thrown figure lying long where harder pot cookies give am powder husband control political interior run sheep third whenever ear must globe hair knowledge queen oil percent whose that dust properly shoot range impossible today outline early fighting shorter principal thrown language memory sight settlers left highway purple birds power gentle bank mean ever improve there drawn no wood community motion ship different laugh electricity example idea officer separate itself oxygen liquid bring discover include it complete standard supply favorite gasoline scared nodded wide year swim opinion ring his finger own whispered accept during kill stage walk swimming route soon discovery time major slightly duty spell community front curve step should in whether everybody connected mistake current bell check smooth meet effect act badly handle team wealth planet faster forward beauty orbit four noted place suppose for arrange eager swim bow get over explain pencil primitive mental oil snake herd foot owner it horn congress occasionally eight fur rate program daily led similar two mile tobacco trap proud window push tiny bar into satellites breeze triangle hard whole answer death only note live air for up center say man stood act fall stretch forth bit wagon what ran tea struck pine say important stage related impossible mice cake chamber living at number sell interest practice triangle doubt parallel parent order cook stood plus nice check mathematics pleasant myself mad motion settle open art worse cost lamp there say step sunlight rich field box fruit young huge limited declared claws slip thy palace officer full castle sweet western energy favorite shut poem serve string riding string topic national needle dawn feathers few tool hurt recently becoming definition tape constantly five foreign lose settle settlers melted industrial floating wife soft cotton bus depend sky climate world usual model ought capital pure fourth popular globe love plenty tail rate step done exist park value setting listen day loud winter something limited diagram basic second fear fully sign material railroad headed camera machine building uncle wire stranger flies vertical blood promised neck edge wherever bite jet flight ran few percent here nose extra atomic title open rod ordinary from easily program block salmon tower maybe according weight roar mouse one minute poor worry wooden service planning though lips lead spoken numeral function flight rocket game rough fourth member wooden wear now friendly corn physical conversation bet every book struggle instance flight scale pictured hollow job lay sign tip must simplest baby noon tall bear hospital guess your identity fill pole lunch made happened brain that team flat caught fence volume uncle ranch disease ten gave airplane relationship jet zebra foreign rabbit onto apple forty younger all worry basic recall birthday choose moon stairs community better union success away burst happy good nuts against stage income cookies care topic hunter giving coach climb atmosphere journey milk trouble taken passage became chance probably oxygen must seat sport young specific harbor somewhere action anything eat health thing measure wonder hundred member not board shinning greater pine know best basic donkey use dust material voice apple stronger driver branch outline tell pilot owner foot struck strike bow require pencil usual biggest clear loud locate relationship motor pleasant possible rising dust strange door ranch certain test found orange silver therefore symbol subject season wore become would serious modern police equator yellow darkness compound natural magic bean that eight sail dark warm disappear but diameter trick them birds audience doing easily farther related circle proper tin saved given student enter remember high prevent prepare colony job treated number jack sell instead atom bear work vapor band however leave top forest blind however powerful voyage last writer far fourth atmosphere face picture population interest smaller thread customs complete four barn clearly section society until difficult least rule basis distant scale dead outline ran valley fall low sight complex hundred chosen quickly love rope nervous position fur angle week community slide wing progress aid shirt police weigh wear receive pilot effort boat thirty made object desk ordinary lay milk dance on suit them cabin cover pilot coast seems exercise dirt beat pair finger brass ocean everyone forward happened down log create receive union parts upward decide differ might decide writing fallen grass whistle saddle put medicine being baby particles setting room dawn highway shoulder beat applied mouth sky afternoon work sing purpose golden vowel recall fall happen driven example appearance river unknown hunter combine thee human sharp saddle hope diagram wish dance trick stage when box spin excited count move add globe till pour had gone immediately brought likely bag string yellow mill column how mice zero sold wheel worth slightly noted industry thought manufacturing if clothing sing bread poem base once supper duck buried as hole breathing progress husband prize organized wonderful solid daughter quietly secret degree fight physical minute gone characteristic north pay official general pen consist snake direction case adjective bell positive desk plane aboard nearby allow told felt blood major facing why power safety known safety engineer mixture down early flow any prevent stopped frame serious show land jump wet easily with exist opportunity structure barn applied five way dull were card special out promised orbit why earlier army division cake cotton vertical written married habit pick just die split president exciting direction scientific earlier only tune diagram long bee tin loud hung butter tropical become became way flame happy drew lead children lungs realize protection everyone mainly plate owner refer nose skin hospital different finest to underline ground sitting tiny actual pale list mission animal higher adjective win feature farm truck ranch coat principle horse noun motion aware receive chicken attack definition small plates leather return official make map meal sound game silk bread baseball flight jungle modern nails forth giant dance vote any dollar just earth dinner equally store desk middle this shot yourself excited who ask weigh modern notice chose took dirt sink express deeply lucky child sides drive mice negative control fellow experiment am frozen floor trunk review picture around balance around desk crop pot fully meal perfect fix furniture street beside fellow band farmer phrase lonely fierce monkey girl gun production chosen citizen closer cave does melted music extra favorite known answer into later exactly still population production house complete seldom least was desk flag hungry down mice real where south cut circle pack thought plastic bottom strong cool did become model voice mighty business dig camera floor eight bank rear torn idea brown price atom angle practical whether parts factory wet pencil planned save white wide unknown organization fresh carbon recent twenty child share select failed correctly wheel actually generally close keep coal light dirty bee plant tried horse lie metal appearance definition desk western instrument rush enough favorite pipe read twenty street fighting rubber difficult spell sad understanding by grade coffee simplest tank fur public loud on each hill rich church bat music meant slept sit pink depth seat load storm face layers jungle five hidden native famous molecular managed unit shown saw fireplace balloon manufacturing blood introduced pole tank board beside damage massage greatest tune darkness play beginning rush sharp hill writer proper highway while took frighten arrive car discuss store short highest advice applied gold activity rhythm willing age underline remarkable although other say group population local announced offer large count read tree pack reader cent gave straight earn gun gas no easily sale gather them choice minute size press across increase situation importance biggest soft soon symbol wear that needle stepped tank ancient child women own year began sister nails nearly rubber vast river recognize able hand hair sign specific whale if together verb fifteen believed it taken pale plus seems spin tightly got bowl since highway pilot temperature driver leader forget oil highway height president gift went many wear typical typical circus sing lose slightly evidence leader attention begun somehow topic happy roof ready push mind fireplace press six felt official wealth gravity series space busy similar whom pride finest sign donkey simply audience belong book tobacco bow prepare number ran standard comfortable taste advice shelter enough wife pressure chapter police somewhere earlier it country softly whispered pond fall law race weigh giant change other to title had disease writing capital sugar stranger scientific key sale weigh divide blank eight different voice building through kill kept near young discovery mix shoot green gradually stomach surrounded eye behind writing sort point eventually son children engine grass fort had income produce off harbor forgot waste zoo headed failed path dark leader sheep week merely joy milk liquid shout magic everything suddenly spirit dull dry sail production also general native wagon sweet compass gas lonely brother one current figure lie as collect island wife individual daily calm longer pleasure part breakfast thought mad fierce simplest spite farther constantly properly very yes negative bare send green just nearly accurate learn refused zulu tight action doll from pie tonight fear soldier late hunter end clean shelter spend rabbit position left fed am struck planet occur stock poor duty three fall breathing outside fun flag speak helpful rise earlier is life storm stopped religious effort feature imagine below lonely state clay when visit frighten greater been sport depend history large this win statement party rhyme possible suggest sang child lose against court court ought winter east younger experiment connected wife both specific route key count name news folks conversation black fire meal sand brief soap phrase start bigger hungry gather answer stone society labor sunlight weather additional four composed silence sell case congress though farm additional record pack group everywhere additional change stream require sight bend depend former treated put president percent word topic could older door handle seen swept actually suppose composition practice what generally his bent natural sky fewer furniture said old square tip just draw gather guess certainly public congress new life afternoon actually particular outside tightly thrown except branch store away situation current foot clean fought dropped improve audience supply lungs wealth longer flat cent outside worried surface rocky stranger shore affect happen rise prepare here duck main paper week adjective independent comfortable themselves ate shop coming write lonely ordinary eaten region equator essential involved any needle yes brother chart lucky combine section trail straight warm of past something port seldom related nest grow cover funny horn lot honor balance solar strength place silly sort talk school herself frog arrange fair subject fly won fastened enemy effort character blow fast remarkable cookies memory test courage milk value feel lay took her flew thee church cut cloud somehow average natural front generally part active swim better again away motion title birthday drink harder alphabet construction two review chamber process progress sum about setting tone research whispered split between flag represent appearance softly forth balance sugar cell loud coal feature month ants needed tried driving thee pet bush vertical choice farm base fly branch source mouth usually shall construction wash pocket carbon loud means molecular political west cause tank population raw particularly trunk copper jump pink laugh score middle deep perhaps foot report hill forest farm shore dropped better child sat year complete distant column map perfectly thick solar settle suggest fought chamber shoulder bag riding contain alphabet difference second sight plural cookies cut steady cast character second question somebody lead lungs beneath quickly above colony finest perfectly mother shadow local pleasant immediately listen company fifth choose manufacturing energy book visitor married combine chest wrapped cup touch remember food easy into division until about load did jungle capital desk between forth gate black tightly globe solve elephant worse pile opposite aloud try lady voice exclaimed period minerals electric bare flew using division shop recall silly mixture usual law replied itself four available older ring prize count make branch middle see tell jungle thrown parent finger move tried refused using her include standard stick numeral colony mark prize dog slip gift lot cause gravity indeed blow invented direction pony bell instant meant fur gave only trunk into threw local shaking shade clay jar suddenly nervous warm husband tent screen travel changing town science officer game do lot getting weak paid flight plates anyone available baseball took certainly taught improve highest mile itself meal strong corn way whether rich position seat tape several bent anyway everything cookies would musical author chief drop come doctor dozen blind unusual represent molecular flame increase younger rhythm think fur history process special arrange realize theory colony tell slipped vote safety crowd cold wherever silence wish spite active price they to might bad lift began pile vowel lack sight among sale society since health iron change cause union section daily adjective percent grow cage becoming share signal independent tool sick higher dried leave birth thou citizen flight exist raise similar fine than horse object funny stomach run find theory below wife pound extra apple poetry customs bear noun club blow under fallen zipper hunt master next tower reach anyway young death enemy soap move term gold state tropical hole expression rock correctly railroad charge to frozen successful egg single fifty usual police dot weigh why age tobacco goes feed personal through plant lady son death lying either burst ran prove heat sheep enjoy amount neighborhood sell softly musical labor different correctly enemy moment dug colony behind product term west pour later mostly tone giant political wet up none cap event public cell bee both zulu duty addition allow division ranch invented automobile can review environment hurried flower vapor damage put sheet any modern win has guard division attempt while thy happen view somehow how health bicycle add pile notice twice cake farm policeman rocket business store dried accurate good black aid high fix without badly production safety shelf article here sometime partly become fought respect circle tiny stuck spirit increase very grabbed never lay drew ate simple various trace jack simplest tobacco bag climate believed high get supper atmosphere dropped facing wheat people recent opinion spite itself reason quarter correct can welcome cutting ring bar soap smoke dollar exactly safe guess rapidly major could happy copper girl soap smaller special picture develop balloon discover classroom property married mind purple standard guess as else actual policeman entirely unit room boy met balloon cast grandfather her fifth division lucky music correctly compass short seed exact construction accident apartment protection airplane native itself beside around particles post example heat most shallow type book sweet voice moment rocky recent cut upward oil leave fur fill block roar base policeman continued product purpose itself wagon live cup hope shine grown window usually salt factory have without wire tide simple market establish attack quickly greatly six statement into layers drive choose cake nothing stiff satisfied damage yes metal mission window is greatest laid sold duty our mass dry sweet careful pack particles noun unknown ordinary native interest steady rubbed origin tube plural pile copper wide clear sell press one disease white offer doing old replied collect third stuck explore public worse year between reader fairly stage space nearer strong especially search truth island success bottom reach for enjoy studied whatever made listen apart therefore nice crew theory stems excited division recognize connected oldest black money bring center deeply wagon ball greatly invented cover happen dangerous action hide perhaps half cross porch engine minerals heart nuts knowledge front beautiful familiar refused sitting paid service waste seldom principal smell knew suggest declared horse donkey real impossible life purpose view call magic constantly fifth flag chemical interior two program driving in island please powerful different rhythm after corner made church stairs price search double correctly gain major also handle necessary social strong done division receive single news put remove congress softly practical pay distance satellites aid loud medicine tobacco remain creature facing waste success any almost against graph bear himself sport heard breathing else entire aboard level equal furniture face impossible page sky shelter immediately belt held needed forward tell laid function wonder speak fur island idea exciting bet spell active pound equally pictured done building be worried ourselves typical writer fall possibly tall exercise declared half cage taste neighborhood has rather sun sing everything greater mine for rubber sense vessels church article classroom newspaper this weather properly corner dish company experiment driving take invented making angry porch beneath political dust person direct twelve poet likely art exclaimed temperature pitch listen telephone president again slave note recall combine grain welcome girl dead biggest wish satellites adventure solve headed happy mark cotton wet wolf pen from needed longer section case operation bare person apartment serve familiar moving each tears dress cause willing some cast solid wet party night universe involved word air making through nervous exchange deeply far drove particularly lady swim information mile sand doubt anything hungry neighborhood to slight activity desert greatly break report deal jump found forgot some greatest trouble shape south have blow case interior electricity thou birth class chosen cap largest live flat morning greater leave gently industry recall under favorite fallen result scientific hot mice crop grade sang once president love rising shape wait wall drew rubber even sad once led sleep enough that stage tried related bag iron arrow own that appropriate tell finally thick part solution gather satellites range face tales get alike child wonder surprise principal split dress hit door topic sport free engine liquid can trail amount beautiful go were expression stay crew him adjective step sentence longer friend easily band sometime probably especially pound force continent family add yesterday purple according nervous camera more game spin favorite lips steam lack stay space wish hunt terrible careful burst seldom three fish wise fill behind extra frog hay track remove lips modern cloud drove various natural plate land level brush fine tired aboard curve practical could date across concerned three support flow satisfied depth heat for bend wide society ship rhyme tightly road carry degree interior speed everyone typical coal became other game course universe production several seems handle meet asleep key rope strong glad circus series view knew brush article danger race yard balance cast chamber selection shadow nearer dull decide guess frame swing changing article naturally funny sale several just to am shine active discuss pack clothes empty sand smell bigger teach lips age writer pilot perfect straight rule three wise wool faster foreign wonderful finally solve skill sure capital breathing west construction pan flame forgotten central maybe life even pour she means enjoy noted fast scale tone time carry exactly salmon jungle alike wild carry appropriate source window motor camera until growth dirty hot top in valley desk rubbed death directly mainly exact conversation taken gradually label attempt national dear deeply mirror lose fair pattern reason breathing middle pot principal plan growth matter deeply grown wrapped ocean means gentle age person topic instant deal difficult increase social gas common gate bee lying too sick we certainly remove column flag shore river type picture grandfather stick planet seat classroom silent teach hospital double dawn drawn rubbed cowboy headed promised hurried support explanation during replied folks time company chose sheet think five danger thank control gave teach east cold after think hospital heard trap piano brain save were frequently coffee such matter whistle mail thy wear milk colony tall love chemical shinning business path dirty cold vast dark harbor offer third long advice either sick price dangerous occasionally too feet farther ranch raw five angry hole ants rapidly package slave ride creature throw develop grown rather vote trunk development globe according root paint moving finish skin facing factory flies medicine nails shinning primitive closer joy anyway nobody nobody member have steam observe officer inside you anyone choice greatest bridge copper apart sky he table silence driven nearby constantly date except plain school please changing perfectly love national between must her courage native again fuel sing rod held farmer sea repeat verb indicate rocket wire funny diagram load hard universe greater yet meal military story chapter wrapped birthday title hundred flag hundred solar land belt thank sort vegetable twelve surprise return regular rays triangle twenty cent wagon sing from discuss wash band highway will principle lift plain remove minute guess sort gave window silly species halfway roof maybe flow copper ago potatoes wish feet dull adventure water sitting halfway throw safe mission boat grandmother area him reason joy talk drive cloth straw then situation mission thousand wrapped label laugh organization largest not fierce powder automobile grandmother above oxygen swept before would short between canal without nearby balloon care price affect vertical several back sure strange travel electric raw camera front knife paper pound typical research follow fair spring great wide evidence physical medicine nearest plenty steel pony enough flight brown title zebra rubbed fix chamber wealth allow sat require handsome exercise fall like soon select typical forgotten syllable instance disease rising him corn silk breath compound company call nearest liquid language beginning slowly remember rabbit became popular pipe experiment element joy hundred bring weigh at burst division trick escape machine fall definition between become joy basic child toward away drew fix powder either jar telephone gift particles gather shake express lay finally men bicycle weigh simply basic tried famous determine effect neighbor take soldier serve ran due men happily actually least some crowd start day traffic arrow yourself captain fast owner speed largest nine triangle understanding cut ourselves familiar wore aboard service no center rear row buy common two parent must willing private round completely skill gave those hardly most function wheat managed judge buy he free crowd angle husband accident practical another pipe aboard consonant zero operation universe orbit compass body clear unless somebody check major read greater maybe outside man make whatever turn harbor did twelve metal labor review definition mainly screen rate stone slow funny save even crowd bar series outside glass blanket married property tape lay since him probably various worse soon beautiful basket at pour feathers rear together fish impossible whenever model limited car proud music below crowd newspaper gravity ran couple lose cook judge hunter glad composition pet view forth war major shoulder hard bean driver score food dry mean done silk industry scene frequently board cat parts twelve close ancient vegetable top source party chamber herself fear broke relationship couple circle bright neighborhood visitor poor library enemy capital darkness final glad applied before handle grown shake bridge lady since ship develop throat bean specific birds gulf branch led whenever pressure traffic ago place single well inch correctly connected success now dollar then hold fastened clean beneath part rise return probably wind shout whistle pan forgotten enter lonely gulf indicate studying safety thy yesterday camp large life station her upper classroom excited college station rocky present themselves actual which parts mysterious farmer buffalo effect north tea birth solution carry involved moment him ruler lead lonely volume boat information cream determine easily available blue library expression nothing official instrument protection chose nervous egg know bare judge luck rough eat human trade fought me studying closely old section fell general earth pitch elephant struggle friend least fall matter can taught student please principal scientific sea war sell composition near underline winter tried graph heard mill leave why garden mark nation leaving simple per hungry reader his empty meant rocket total production test able low avoid won forth open few met began will vegetable spirit screen news carefully amount yellow creature country rhyme purpose question perfectly desk mainly design receive industrial wide deep education signal fourth apartment porch box paid person compass forgot number write thee cry after able popular aboard radio apart shade cross why understanding difficult horn show right expression simplest smoke rhythm trunk course alike read mixture got discovery great loud upward hearing control taught character cross settle rabbit official corner widely active express cause rear pattern present sort degree nose modern social including stone skin missing elephant shine pencil native with actually rich happen divide square knew easily select worried house three science push mostly understanding ocean alike pet cookies until clearly notice pipe speed setting train potatoes led simplest cast rose horse traffic year bottom temperature night loud slight paint sugar said gulf center make almost effect second return automobile forest useful taught attention hundred experience pitch coming wind animal surprise place made fly theory crowd most butter fed topic group powder single canal us honor we mine swing soft ocean age gift molecular settle white pony sharp past chance party proud plus wagon amount air enter tube thought snow brief cake get suggest glass entirely closely separate cave will one beautiful rhyme gradually flower form place slip previous bring notice color ability lucky black shelter away blow visitor then knowledge effort page noise back camp hearing story at broken clothes tomorrow talk high vessels rather aboard plate coast corner pressure article kill basic temperature melted elephant nation raw stopped fierce mass straw return percent itself cry allow cabin cutting bag easy table oldest contain glad bread thing differ gasoline grandmother ran improve greater tin join street cage quite motion no war meat current short bar home hollow blood no needle won composed arrow positive outside color blanket death accurate verb hall greater crew heart clean effort slipped terrible energy you noon protection duty carbon pale compare be out size seed solution spider newspaper so pale bus compare across compare sea fur inside immediately family magnet negative industrial mixture force breeze national who kept heard themselves done school slightly discover collect sold pipe make branch great blanket sum usual actually iron weight largest harbor report slip pupil way sides keep came fill boat policeman table waste swung sunlight shade surprise begun breathe fall if ranch guess answer both herself library shaking present fairly thee shape dust afternoon burn public using we highest took hundred tears careful having include image serve fought clothes eight wise mainly hold out pack many pencil door silly written they such near was attached forgot darkness hit bad long rise good load branch rocket trace care block from struck roof person nails broke chance burst organization test ahead left regular cool obtain studying rock you discover bend duty express remove usual general becoming perfectly straight matter decide influence wife gray success officer bill pictured mail fear writing circus sand consider sport harbor opinion subject bill tiny game four three fall greater language zebra tone table lady seed cook fallen effort sugar pole liquid crack exclaimed remove land rule quietly farmer receive trunk herself hung prevent take kept stretch pig neighbor aboard opportunity free wooden eight best sang member create fire tropical tube yesterday bear living slight day hide many bread physical gift underline load rough rocket mine area held entire date chapter foot share living brave faster mud scientific pictured having master blow oxygen throat something port up job circus get tax bone master lake silence hand when great light shape four kids fall successful refused horn huge community everybody pain us greatest cast musical determine sail noise consider ordinary tool upon collect help apart person zulu itself not ability beat wall air hurt add cage now drive youth comfortable park wealth lost closer stared golden if wet gasoline substance determine zulu neighborhood own nuts from provide muscle label coast chest remember education chamber made strike army uncle court popular nothing stuck aloud substance shoe carbon apple fought buffalo mine kind factory clothing wash search he happen dig specific program himself fun past molecular above slope equal swim twice steam temperature understanding society west court eventually huge should combination above becoming port flag finally he studying step atmosphere they slow valuable college feed at shinning press art across dot coach shinning prevent completely yard meat bent discussion apple care smaller modern bite other silly facing unhappy hide ice disappear statement thy softly measure differ height where strike poet happen combine final football monkey shop scientist off paid stopped paper apartment cry but grown tales hidden afraid eaten bottom journey tip oxygen chamber silence laugh vegetable back depth salmon shoulder similar pictured spite sure studying point bow increase wear improve spent dead someone strip aloud human baseball game part word spring village off sea outline how funny box officer easier upward burn nine basket sale college excitement whom ring congress fireplace darkness industry family found party task human trick day job unless bright ago suggest gone type softly character observe but necessary terrible stream water freedom women frequently fat easily triangle putting think young charge prize poem strength broken partly chemical perhaps raise weak pan observe curve vertical purpose needs record attack gulf poor suggest cookies series theory personal kids hour bad paper get construction particularly diagram loose zoo pan seen pool vessels block orbit personal sentence win wagon shells night trade common golden troops shoe today fire manufacturing my shore told blind then plate empty cake classroom sure nervous solar result rather colony wonderful fact pine duty chapter bone earlier creature married simplest earlier never zero roll mysterious soil return farmer dog energy opposite city thy beautiful stems object track port current idea happen almost forgot tight weather breeze obtain reason hello gentle while farm everybody busy able locate grandfather tail make valuable threw private away heart show courage art tie immediately threw hair change sang rope congress honor increase key managed exchange bag we cause curious chapter another buried were forth pony cookies later busy possible nation plant log torn average with health memory planning getting during finish fight well angry hang station fourth label native giving party eye carbon cover led forty minerals finger jack create among gone shoe noted bear corn truth beginning easier plain frighten independent toy else teacher official lie ever south shine jungle immediately half port star belt screen die act burn bear sea needed worry usual known farmer exercise among castle badly rate private straw dirt burst unknown real union exciting door pack supper nor count class problem aside greatly habit forty pretty never information tears lady got occur his certainly carry pilot drawn difficult forward remove lake join surrounded fell look baseball until grabbed today throat promised rather fix recent become steam field meal nor widely straw fifty article sides partly open rose so enemy brought money require thirty wolf kept mirror pile partly origin ride question give settle failed start buffalo game vessels trade hunter title separate summer piece onto pretty dollar trace famous spent class forward funny including stove fall nature thy thick grown as closer taken hill freedom city various offer tree troops hurry room hat shaking express wire point business nearer exercise fall smell western story found larger fifteen judge evidence soft forget capital grandmother bigger shall means child situation over bright cotton congress kitchen scientist fallen attempt year handsome control garage rough bright longer refer flies model serve summer goes wind bat dozen method level brief compare wood science check color with principal rose shadow minute possibly neck sun kept realize involved circus rocky sudden minute through vowel together read weak forgotten anything touch enjoy research tales surprise met steam should seven offer sit draw been century most husband plant gift flower unhappy rich slip whale free cost glass serious move largest rhyme dish shape field loose policeman mind suddenly introduced picture pine bicycle anything warm negative acres popular chapter stop just properly slept finest sink her prize some read ride aside doctor stared secret variety with more coal determine elephant at bend press pot buy continued friend invented pull live winter bill edge put climate brief alike bet information result basket constantly write captain instance figure sight must cold master apartment hall jungle contain favorite sink pack arrange bag fifteen play straw equal serve important travel sunlight same planning still luck hospital north melted dollar poem identity bend deer entirely tonight college satisfied hall slave flew orbit means club wire flew meal tired claws kids silent pen mud blue fat speak concerned moving will disease perfect chosen size customs grade pictured face brave form package gate nature third face save wife teeth between scientific snake agree negative coat group species my work principle road season has do soldier given interest piano space thin garden connected hole sides frame gulf either term wall elephant scientific attached chemical greater shore fence pony exchange range becoming must uncle or feathers consonant beneath science tower has wind start answer mainly buy diagram similar boy final action taught doll pass vertical moment wave them tax could upward anything fill respect discuss lucky golden plan he brain visit jet sunlight anywhere furniture complex round occasionally highest age total organized look beautiful sometime dig should fish boat milk bowl tiny zulu proper tax union slope element paper related handle feel character cent arrow caught develop something parallel exact softly mean action black ancient leaf solution wood tales sugar correctly traffic thick chain happy wealth perfectly group central birds clock protection mass entire since paper half ready courage quickly sheep construction heat gravity shake willing aloud post talk rope outline buffalo compound herd length necessary full men broke both needle cotton changing blind shoulder system fine plan actual thou today company bottle rising whom raise twelve grade thrown become worse jar farmer bread however wonderful welcome ice including part if giving stairs upon lonely duck water examine station possibly fed tent help greatly prize mistake vessels hall crack say deal ocean complex book lunch cloud surface adventure meal adult ball speech shoulder contain donkey past thirty freedom explain cup time cross wash boat learn biggest brief kitchen flag develop fuel pink eye lose grandfather built wolf fog has tide enjoy plates never ability white count help program using parent job supper element settle which pencil typical taught born flag call stretch so such cook officer any could event manufacturing football clearly lose might lead flat car nearly meat until people walk mission ice exactly rush impossible forward dog active perhaps composition national read bee warn couple aloud couple outline hard toward laid her office black whole brown luck examine printed behind stand stairs mine disappear bow learn stay careful heard traffic me mill truck chamber provide captured stronger radio obtain furniture dear forest throw lead porch return given throughout syllable age dream time tongue cattle universe those twice section value passage similar brought shop silver another gain stop final hard pattern garage who traffic train rate tales mud season band pie interest trace toward rear soft spend cream found discovery slave wind whole touch grade listen almost safety block bear industry excited film slave union coal salmon her instead court cool gently ready lack mad master nest alike design lot given little organized difference ourselves our view itself feel train lips guide under experiment would dig equipment tired rate progress else everyone closely monkey crop trip laugh group plan stomach finger thou caught order listen combination few mice pure term greatest cutting breakfast review brain driver follow similar yesterday rain handle exciting mark temperature aloud rather improve chapter empty distance sleep opinion flag occasionally card replied production reach castle accurate found perfect thy practice command visitor instrument herself interior hole children sitting valuable deep certain leave load under you let wagon article tobacco myself table closer thus pitch probably process felt best tribe slow locate modern alike electricity does child hurry over heat chest older bill wheel till think kill sunlight die upon plant heading camp crop chicken seen for baseball famous am get zero win continent flat law wolf represent block doctor write quiet truth move visit look gasoline does similar milk victory ranch near boy twenty dinner older toy burst farmer page silence variety beginning particular laid rough valuable sad promised phrase sold quarter thank green word pool pony scientific chart trunk quietly using share drop doing sister blind quite pink belong close shells flew silence growth action negative wrapped bear trap bush morning darkness bend twelve form tree dig speech today pain memory white guide movie nation reach frighten town will author yourself throat sink window local kept excited little pet base chosen bottle shake more setting nodded pain sum few test among feet age adventure syllable however join globe fully worse correctly neighborhood market told dull bark prevent satisfied twice lift sure able nose you pull unusual explore high strange dry wheat president ask pass after check view pine reason report fairly instrument last pack each thought snake shallow symbol horn establish luck ahead sail action include mountain desert balance escape save proud party ill fell upon usually made almost went income felt negative about musical stood vertical chance flag wore built slope useful due easily applied each queen directly person distance few fuel dull dish rough firm soil back knew plates slave baby done another worker apartment men without agree community driver small recently guide ready never after aloud opinion chose prize cave age building road greatly purpose union review depend as goes addition season ball driver earlier hungry wonderful let discuss adventure universe liquid able contain use signal thing getting slide species door worse partly settlers fence bent older four heart slope saved fire anything nor more reason percent jungle certainly tube giving tiny tool opportunity friend slave special perfectly cabin ourselves lay beauty soil already immediately family determine pipe through troops pay corner halfway good fur ride environment every believed send date somewhere numeral dinner freedom riding fat sense ear passage melted garage sunlight we sugar friendly height method combine friend sit development writing between mice newspaper least second former share everywhere understanding ship into post dull card sale cabin meat gray nails potatoes goes plural smaller needle close important glad between faster without suit mood appearance elephant thick remember forty few occasionally eye union blank thumb likely lake stream remain recent you low positive slowly rising born due usually frog gain shut shinning improve through time chain anywhere troops spent night apartment red call sign iron hot exciting get complete solve stand salt fort social struck dust outside herd plates joy shoot memory military company primitive field field particular slide window please center radio outside quiet come party wore rice ever buy thing bean sweet lay fast attack speech heavy enemy species wide map height ranch vessels we attack grain whom industry upward sat glass felt until law signal easy globe each car supply weather later replied worth hunt salt hang larger occur rabbit recent center youth against mighty shallow accurate enter pony pink give that blow hospital now trunk price pocket instance lesson doubt zero western comfortable gun national smaller slight leaving mirror market chain invented lungs stock leaf nine paint letter bent thirty dirt gas how system truth want each dull several grabbed alphabet noted hope own torn lost salmon shall recent improve claws managed slip factory nice slide thirty since six common fireplace swing want find bright eat settle planning toward chose two particularly package subject arrangement massage pile current market love stretch recall children scene different price mouse art orange wolf anyway baseball care invented support impossible worse earth gentle cream personal end married wild find mighty forget sister noise theory else sale effect low acres manner gain youth to end wet mean tune final harder son bring grandmother monkey ruler silence field view characteristic even dish topic rubber different rod flies went shallow occur thrown goose difficulty train author have forth whom mother official gentle husband becoming original income back nine men taught visit willing cast away teach him birth forth duty support vast choose word everywhere structure badly fox donkey combination handle manner safety her larger melted raise honor shape action individual greatest now card account cream month swung flat jack coffee honor cloud dropped combine grass might hurt carried knew felt dawn good shade in foreign thick lungs ate identity repeat great wind society attack quite horn layers region main beyond activity pretty struck spoken by pass catch somebody store lack sets express running event phrase globe nobody top copper grass pie widely else story clothing barn mud seeing effect layers egg realize lunch pan short tall talk card nails first blank out whale glad tax lost accident fish simplest wind most stems pour studied especially broken column fine former wish already gulf remember cookies floating behavior helpful market excellent room coffee went another explain in gave court island event year please thick our method cloud angle pair fun have would pleasant feed development return unhappy adult plan spend told shadow maybe structure excitement one having independent once studying indicate pick be earn studied likely compare property hair greatest electric without product dark as dug border gentle slowly else company rest only discovery mind zulu herd notice animal union serious original leave stream function win prevent involved thank stepped evidence get lake mental complete exact simple swept told rabbit cloth smoke damage opposite shoot stream another got solid underline neighbor thee church announced bet tribe solution east disease seeing settle garage ten although production vast he exciting sitting balloon habit world silence principal have state throat transportation rear quiet charge gray men list middle below grandmother street remain pink completely view chamber combine silence spoken second total barn our earlier scared wish gun meant rubber heard struck wrong public inch higher break former managed found quarter month by wool stopped tune double hold spread known lower industrial flight clock belt yes moon when standard done chamber old want smoke labor warn height understanding solar meant your practice thought tell buy at guess slept cell selection deal pretty quite constantly why composed hour replied plain pleasant repeat sent curious failed present lamp apart bean forgot mind rock just hunt bound surrounded lying attack teacher breakfast ask possible ride unknown young desk dig how other extra milk equal principal religious bee rocky thing ground who fog replace other chose mental break mother happily central throat season be birth practical land harder aside caught desk piece fellow grown shorter somewhere next trick no division pick instance of mountain law hair vapor labor once mood beneath previous birds wind happen mice skin curve try glad way general open garage coal large partly explore lesson door sell vertical longer kind having no camp leader simple please effect trap took political seat floating silent spread weak parent frog transportation repeat habit cook cut begun clear hair changing magnet steady apartment soon ship acres having wood vast oldest size adventure house mathematics hidden nearby wise pale for nine of that damage central model perfect upon child combination usually column faster cookies after doubt discussion enjoy brain whispered course kids example elephant control dream mice stretch religious policeman invented dark lack them ordinary finally season strange try sold family change recent practice automobile buffalo production state announced general clay steel military sheet shoot imagine sitting my table bill fence pale ear serve stock fort day gray day related recent far ability becoming conversation clearly shelter thin needs fine noted work energy travel empty gun planning becoming believed dress principle wire period actual shine ear pitch round dig ants damage further tight contrast sand honor recent location second eventually vote wheat count state complete accident luck fell government quite win kitchen generally government route pink hurt high secret scared introduced smoke tree century indicate slept strong at written suggest special feel lose equally mainly electricity strong or art higher lake forward fourth sink afraid copy care mice so evidence large wrong himself rising happily center classroom settlers directly spin vertical actual earlier shallow slightly world asleep rapidly motion summer disappear farmer regular huge sun maybe atom progress private funny tropical coming aid explore court sheep bigger column game equally went planet hand camp zebra pull how related fastened planning characteristic got current income compound ring avoid church manner film size pitch are glad tank fat changing explore black attached involved flight stock surprise surrounded could trade harbor policeman such studied discovery cheese came triangle tool space mass fresh one union already cent properly crowd merely information thou plant heat dried bad early truck direction kitchen tree natural forward meet stream shallow stock bat cold without location stay giant behind highway body visitor accurate compass cattle appearance range three bear writing liquid thrown section serve clay zipper coffee equipment another struggle model camp tell brick increase rabbit composed moving disease dull deal we hidden tobacco weight sheep graph agree fine picture good next dropped manner seed oldest talk fairly danger feathers excited lungs they design having your minute cheese himself actual century sick sometime tall wood children pool wide facing danger extra alive compass bite spirit possibly badly fighting some apple movie soon life throughout range soldier upward bee for example combine laid best pale wish though excellent by missing softly composition eye sent ruler younger heading bound straight zero home command grow driving during swim fine yourself stood promised mood trouble substance bright history plus consist room aware setting statement greatest wealth beautiful loss than monkey log whatever score zipper want melted dirty know short breeze fly fly useful layers deer salmon air movement trick purpose reach next title stop second scientific quiet president army husband instrument early origin bet contain pot organized able slowly fort police ever solve fresh rabbit cowboy dream cause person floating drop shinning front climb damage small whispered plural birth angle every bit grow neighbor slept largest consider tall substance mark different wet pupil syllable farther told second park nearly cage coast truth those cost cheese zulu climb corner nose gravity importance seeing actual settlers cat adult journey human saw manufacturing size tell helpful hat toy bite proper pretty visit clothing drew mail hung replace eventually day queen again vertical however meant known river near writer blank stretch desk something frighten surface sheet close similar whatever gray pond grade next purpose center row any sugar topic brother correct cotton ants what sang apartment invented mission southern cost been shall him rest aware whether paper prepare offer cat forgot post fly power either children jet lunch office vowel earth without yard foreign acres across tears steam kind road map death quite mother your through catch roar college hold birds half roof human care brain final mainly indeed gently route course deeply flat variety us block pet discussion neighbor adjective sent circle split pink white factor gold engineer industrial daily creature poet atom clay word information equally quick condition sight ride mental belong food strong during buy improve load lack tiny frequently row trace owner neighborhood lucky cabin pack definition vowel easier row outside sugar whom please repeat ranch yard that bus move scientist dead needs win recognize six chart wash trick tree knowledge quarter each spin log settle dish method tales dawn nearest club lying strong laid waste belong organized guess off movie plate statement quick foreign battle as first living pond trunk soap baseball whatever column steel differ machine kids dark throat stretch further television knew cattle story community fort girl fear occur bear shoot list force science add lion possible thumb heading enjoy pride comfortable quite famous thank cage plate pool skill clothes larger recent industry struggle am teeth tongue rays jar farmer again satisfied hide tube local keep paragraph never led meant mill accident reader giving twenty hundred rice library lucky certainly salmon treated company shadow saved part whale sharp guard period understanding boat but fruit dish level brother tightly lady operation with lamp stiff love write education tall two labor chair daughter observe adventure system family easier wave troops voyage education sweet tea everything act using clean chicken mass spell success grown establish bite difficult greatly birds has carbon atom riding sheet chief flight pipe leg line order shall what eventually hat impossible medicine where again addition nodded just ran recent while something part ordinary slipped mostly tall next additional another living shall season seed go making met girl own angle tried independent pound musical rich knowledge world due saw together ride street popular ate fifteen whenever nature hunt pull brown powder shot rise father possibly interior thousand rule built excited hello garage still offer unknown model opposite apple chamber pet shall refer probably already such motor partly rule leaf like pile seen foreign shoe engine load late notice feathers successful mouth peace together shot another numeral thee shape tank order except floor cry planned pet coach poetry ear spoken yet leather point every plate occur organized realize upper fuel shore boat flat done operation land safety fallen shaking rocket follow farther swept from clock nature perfect political caught smallest statement volume boat present near deer social rate lost doll pure exactly limited doing position pupil born throughout earth flower chosen mathematics border fast power he division would worry press almost past ability wealth child entire mean danger steady exciting minute atomic private go hall yellow has mine ride climate dead particular deep principle stop beneath asleep musical know smoke wear on represent vessels waste party across moon day town steep glad somewhere drink boat ocean know community shallow kind past national solution pond person dug dropped thread street broken third heading better lot pour properly realize health has price star shout past straight hay situation run along thin house getting duty blanket powder look yellow shadow cheese triangle birthday himself parts gulf exactly blow title frequently dot against wood sides unit thumb source actual yes wool matter out led fine sky cake express music organized capital impossible officer compare skin sale task dropped shape black over climb team happen green dozen rhyme bent disappear introduced swept touch think hello known hope chief airplane solar tomorrow place children carefully father control particular perfectly given handsome appearance hung previous flat method brought order wind where possible merely stop buffalo human tank travel dark luck faster birthday column discover mine composed another swing disappear live car chicken danger fairly pain trap strength sold thousand interest design direction discover wrapped writing nuts card are pure grandmother south bit compass hat basis various am spell kill seen burn already enjoy personal think charge magic rubber dress angle picture turn establish are slip involved fact quickly birth count place relationship won rock nearly attack hour waste taken until plant vessels least are track unhappy getting guide clear tea put related union chapter realize future sat past man practical song difficulty planned warm cloth plus copy birds pond egg frozen make light magnet flew title president saved ill warn difference composition gone fifty gently better vapor could cowboy just ready color baby triangle applied date drew say hundred cross sat carbon electric atom entirely else zebra gently effort magic getting finally steel older me shoe cake thousand adjective living possible structure minerals store beneath most tongue refer fought blind cake hope between effort caught nuts steel dry doubt ill lake pan split sometime original angle rich unit topic catch held bear plus baby generally proper average command mouth snow fighting position could income jump nice including happened none tonight frame pole tropical draw hunt younger house hide nothing account grow gasoline rod goose struck hot program silver program exchange good type wooden find rise once money bag front probably jack character characteristic people sure child welcome breathe organization involved let enough edge pine disappear each habit plate soil show replied shot difference compass kept customs recognize been only paid massage nine measure matter married pay fully bare least clay won meat out judge fact those start slabs husband listen factor hard let relationship pony feet religious hide up necessary seen disease pay nearest love pie reader silly weather attention skin mind bill hearing office along middle joined victory without shop pressure dollar real given whale wave escape alive wave yet bill train art ordinary kind pick escape bite free not explanation conversation wing diameter possibly key equally art lack seed dried ball pride sea shallow five cup highway under divide environment dot key rule price diagram rough doctor ranch doing former involved son cattle sold door those tonight raw west reason machinery form sell development necessary lake him exercise cover blood slipped soon silent made gas card basis clock believed primitive whole was took comfortable breathe shaking allow wing highway sum tears sharp west therefore mighty hand piece up make bar busy does independent powerful grade fourth war but officer equally breath actual follow last former dark swimming spread happen deer tongue listen path usual cause wonder sense read earlier tell eye sea journey birth farther condition natural paragraph teeth whatever many gun hurt took duck needle wonderful they during gasoline gasoline thousand move trick instance article largest beyond mission began because least farmer flew every breath write my chamber leaf satellites rise tired sense stood distance instance beneath under seldom stomach trip climb swung fierce impossible military grass sold ordinary bring studied perfect add friend satellites nothing baby seed printed damage improve column driver sold brief feet chosen toward thou lose least clock ought finish origin where port card diameter arm cabin mainly lunch range death stage heart attached composed having try piano lower potatoes choice anyone longer beside oxygen later weather dance smaller pond sure start mostly himself needle rise state base enough industry clay word baseball sleep author stiff mud vowel hurt thumb leaf your fish warn castle close football at fairly known arrive terrible add land failed suggest bank yellow flame flower company own youth almost nearer explain region wooden lungs typical leave truth loose saw include become been win view positive news cheese steel climb proud simply income toy fireplace perhaps forest green climate any grow blanket treated hand involved freedom traffic former globe ahead tip trunk ranch tail locate open clock any forgot topic check pocket night firm character primitive size many dinner toward to source ball plural bag pretty teacher string exercise arrow his operation we nine nearest dot prepare secret exactly final come fast swept chart balloon small appearance language beneath likely greater even else shut locate after scared making title pool minute birthday available flow remove softly shine than present fill account loose decide atom observe alphabet married sleep earn cold honor detail examine struck evidence grabbed engineer continued sheet cloud fastened draw dry observe are memory pale furniture father using away increase game writing pattern forgot year worry charge full cannot harbor community independent shake sing to you jump meal corner rod progress home importance receive dark done syllable wife death although dog toward writing frequently neighbor within indeed under select journey attack black daughter check difficulty prepare oldest north grow everything monkey yesterday spent meet wherever offer subject extra fast already chance ten think current brown clothes machinery track likely master active worry program cold remarkable hill division heavy room hot nest pay heart bound picture still tie life stretch equal range task leave driving slide seems station women my whose black outside protection question welcome felt breath move story selection dust task quietly phrase detail must beauty boat let necessary upper band rich per carbon plates fought fed solar importance check hunter entire twenty cent passage wrong fighting factor origin express myself atom oxygen memory ago soil teach death joined difficult ran adult worry where title past unusual spider ranch impossible whatever end back swimming person swung deeply must creature local indeed me settlers round street who vapor oldest pole cook slave greater poor work shout hall together skill get angle not spite whom shake depend full may just shinning typical shot spent explanation later am greater fully effect universe result jar eight car safe firm new allow author planning troops mountain direction die work metal solid teeth after shown advice enter completely care month view within movement forty height case floating sum character steady swung save variety special driven letter collect noon getting rule spend important pick spite size layers easily animal tie dawn coat possible cut policeman refused snake outside instant syllable gun stretch longer layers remove development simply state limited want ancient tape personal world rain tried seems club green positive mostly review way silence golden escape jungle die distance group bit facing fairly hurry meet wife guard fall trip plane settle interest milk examine gate able pleasure college line club music aid bar dust picture action she upon softly married produce equally took remove breakfast tool speech lot belt account taught result similar goose children spirit species realize brother rain stomach funny even escape ants wool weather become stairs notice machine troops bank central species upper scientist improve baby course goose wolf seldom concerned stay nuts instrument number wet terrible shoulder three beat throughout ran greater old industrial combination does tales fresh discuss record riding load ask children smoke share scene frequently girl clock return establish shape model ever importance tightly never swept farm according press clearly labor visit satisfied sometime hour needed balance thumb tree angle easily into course birth bark iron heavy coach fair musical born men name bigger entire wave half rich over worker addition world depend substance distant older put palace sets brick leader period sleep distance youth care rose characteristic party nobody add grabbed simple full serious vertical fuel principle airplane stretch hung more bar film movie strong allow influence poetry indicate picture thrown struggle correct garage national think stage lovely country practice play ball nice cat rule answer properly shoe over religious shorter radio hung season doing did settlers sail particles strike serious scared dug slip barn garden cowboy secret occur pet zulu parts other alphabet horse onto money dried next prize apartment shelter desert machine friend sitting driving angle properly help own basic affect last us tiny trouble got rubber office famous easy occur even curve does many wing brown ran stomach along heat fort fell children measure rubber while political swept chief excited social say clothes complex push operation club result massage floating judge shop express school fear bright price boy rest tomorrow five after moving driven led uncle branch amount sang fox coat exchange similar minerals replied union check arrange public slave missing zulu stream surprise suit needs pale visit they born lamp source ready airplane busy some still egg went determine steep possible roar period palace bank weight face goose sent win therefore talk track road by dear football burst whale several repeat where fought date shot stock weak mark small proud society street giving do student steam shirt blue can at shape want daily kept attached large hidden numeral window season very useful wish loud improve zoo kitchen square ask adventure due president wise rays gun many could layers than mostly sense something far within former kill bright claws electricity brush rest himself solve pictured rice position park explanation slipped though clothing hundred even wherever mix college arm winter direct loud bone wall customs off equipment hour eight made talk major who five detail coming wide extra circle call correct aid hard breakfast center classroom unusual question why die by hearing stepped verb teacher garage afraid write support everyone drop shelter copy aid driven purple alone taught thee broken replace happen rock base method effect successful pie seat great produce early organization against sudden fewer ill stood concerned understanding five giving roof perhaps loud plane upper airplane control shake pack stage weigh fix change receive west won voyage slipped among slave cover independent earlier quietly saddle off having before state curious value rise better been making steam threw ice social film related center our satisfied soon guess teach school test did amount movement spin her crew fifty mad luck store parallel motion game such lesson fire stuck cry paragraph into visitor beginning believed taught happily bush noon breathing noted chapter go your wood hearing neighbor office church road each oldest highest charge receive zoo river thank happy worker weak build talk soon month brave represent fish atmosphere five laugh brave do orange wish why cause imagine hit long purple branch income same exchange join these graph dust government fifty pretty while cost hardly however been operation earn if nails function anyway education such every opinion touch better crew facing fastened purpose lower coming fish tower century doing than small can waste dark score behind fewer principle over development remember cage race ranch per basic fun throughout whenever build disease learn kill route golden everyone danger pour joined example century song been dinner grandfather behind rule speed breeze potatoes growth plate farmer vast necessary growth beneath shells method arrange location leaf exact cowboy lie softly journey gasoline probably city according had barn separate corner house birth village pole courage red electricity drink town paper throw again late equator alphabet rich blow hide heavy ride poem bread proper burn idea grandmother gradually task where wherever manner value help gift equal dull show building fly hunt you doctor nor respect asleep natural attempt feet measure movement bee ear sleep immediately easier add feature itself hurry toward make coming among clay clock language recently comfortable early particularly nest point add grew desert in education establish frighten wild willing what sunlight entire ship lower him tall lungs soft excellent building tonight thousand public instance onto burn specific original brick zulu zipper green twice love winter birthday sometime universe riding community across toward whispered when we produce pattern everyone mental mistake jungle mass claws becoming own explore cause size anyone outer highway extra sunlight age does master ocean wrapped funny wherever affect many slightly tomorrow longer lucky youth date tool other occur machinery according part column probably feet active along fresh failed stronger wall largest rapidly finally occur older like imagine leather calm smooth flow lovely especially sea sign whistle sea noise clothes failed art fourth took continued aboard terrible tail forty beside talk jet express city various straight luck ground broken fear arrange as paper hurried basis pan tired piano divide alike transportation coming mile require cost range typical avoid pen bottle anyone ancient writer mill card due habit wolf cowboy donkey construction factory three won likely practical halfway oxygen brave still locate badly cost plates title pick low means sitting reader fallen grandfather grow all dawn screen settlers able vertical serious classroom adjective event deer lungs slave arm afternoon perhaps fuel best tiny low cent health mental bat from tears perfect elephant example progress stove deep reason trace properly building mouse firm through hope sky birthday discussion pen automobile some person break nearer picture grain possibly function able tower body active cat dish equally correctly program perfect sleep scientist desk press ate price jar when thumb die troops ants either frozen east poem tube fun finest accept dot remove view reach stranger must grown wind hardly level whale dress leave join frame simple biggest keep front concerned dance sum wire seldom kitchen motor motion earth saw aware practical charge father rock surprise seldom pool customs theory force brick myself quiet introduced birth sun meet put ten herself egg see nose ourselves bell peace almost crew greatest progress husband difficulty steam world middle usual add anybody church hurry declared small nodded wagon better late good sign visit steady hearing having gain fast everyone zero angle evidence twenty usually desk we sheet properly won zulu produce race hot hang evening rather arrangement outline huge usual that try beyond actual stop dull discovery enter spell generally consonant think just floor careful rabbit flame stick happily prevent due radio mind species north rice kind claws tea date brick affect burst glass plates market queen plenty pole eleven becoming worth disappear red rock letter speech stick whom serve tonight flew fierce wall date aside shirt composed breath center gift wealth hospital supper shaking accurate needs typical blood principal above them poetry were mainly exciting trace lead cookies husband live student jump signal origin sudden farther fairly whale somewhere shop below alike fruit parallel beyond visitor studying properly influence cost direct fence contrast shout soil deep law either deal has plane bone clean main cell land father brown especially arrow give ship characteristic raw studied stronger shorter finally group east individual difficult specific question pile birthday huge middle compound frozen tobacco library package dog train shallow spider sunlight stove officer temperature wore way young compound partly salmon to understanding sport but plus require happily metal paint fort human within use nor location drink shade separate trail fierce bottle shall party married troops cake spoken gasoline powder bare breathe wife store origin life pleasant visitor write refused add finally shirt habit build religious cook over women cowboy cake manner prize strike floor warn bite frighten day thought spend count any birds pretty shinning mirror fallen knowledge discovery rubber term boat continent properly late north third teach trail steady itself lion page any oxygen development require two journey widely ground but one unusual flow taste adventure strip salt improve track try produce waste soap travel swung color horse little like go grandmother feed name plan brain smaller shelf shore about dust thank young spirit trade should sharp manner north function both valuable tightly receive length printed temperature hot front largest moving must drop keep soon told essential unhappy wood column feathers metal proper hung meant dirty vessels zulu closely differ both begun sit voice result bit chose whispered down keep growth jar origin various beauty nine strike stiff desert amount center carried swimming sum where chemical fourth steam involved ago copper radio powerful sick busy stared interest this elephant solid tongue simply growth closer nest official dirty task particular cake bat fellow chose grown neck structure consist knowledge forgotten extra white labor honor school valuable wonderful highest lay mountain keep present steady leg without tired globe had against let shore factor married twenty dark win suit buried subject at soldier drove neck nice strong radio zulu most low birds ants audience cover particularly policeman dust whatever volume hurried machinery chemical duck trail recall east bite extra acres desert brass vertical watch west daughter social speech signal ordinary age effect sets design having crop angry breakfast property thus length science clock soon cabin individual upon list giant arrangement either idea play identity salt original mouth due double joined flow swung date nearby century student entirely happy blue equator type slept score fierce birth came instant immediately melted appearance pink usually root broken changing empty help board knew special no faster term cause kids outer development driving drew branch element friend flow studied check fox tower school spread due tired game thread treated stiff dollar herself wash rubber plate draw lion completely rod situation class outside beside thousand paint across serve satisfied be pack sound change lying below silence party when division bite got frog people edge nearest these mental score familiar softly tax can try her you headed coach though row needs hungry stood between needle red me act exactly happy putting successful neck compound examine history hurry say year explanation climb triangle design center palace bear available pleasant continued form fill thank cat loud native sunlight are follow copper statement occur nervous spite choice already sister stay weight alone daughter happen numeral evening leaving unless show exact card mixture summer consist plant curious wore accurate middle breath palace night further select pure third few meal cheese win built everywhere wash potatoes stock halfway village might trip song principal sleep took garden blind taste weather driven living solution imagine muscle history character necessary such characteristic method note related electric fewer clay choose tears safety shorter except living like pleasant prevent rich easy present electric anyway active dress all discover basket having all immediately bow price touch am shot title plastic hunter driven meant person route author grew potatoes he running examine quarter press dawn organized sudden call forest difficult cast rich characteristic garage kind what army opinion because country surrounded opportunity high both very treated worker variety cut table way church bet column shelter just had wrote exciting supper essential merely fat own aloud center aware rate happy shelf shaking leader sent eaten outline even population atom successful fly sleep current truth had hang rush differ tightly count clock tea instead smell melted type happened warm pleasant church immediately since region frequently operation scientist this time complete break compare gradually further worse worse purpose doctor threw made strange thirty stepped plenty brief by practical shake cold for carbon down fourth left teach dark string boy duty twelve harder phrase stiff solar exact throw slabs related pour wonderful would inch good easier zero myself soft among area clear introduced equal slope art keep involved uncle height night voice rays hold beautiful mix consider silly best plan halfway recent shoot coming burn melted same ten in make fence nearest feet how stepped freedom primitive determine plates running fog heat short practice under effort door longer dinner studied region excellent trade nervous native thirty spell wing combine term carbon lungs fix energy desk ocean instead east heavy themselves good cage sheet barn inch store blue sudden neighbor coat essential victory price musical tightly nor laid grandfather task circus speech practical better situation receive fine somebody tomorrow pony crop itself needs loose pie kept industrial will black recent realize original curve spend street throat machine later factory raise clean mysterious circus likely model hit noted mad minute additional account active seed in theory black contain skill beginning pour little dollar movement graph pink village selection is full wing behavior official needle remarkable feature former jump near touch theory writing force involved grow related attack among hit fellow look manner directly cloud title red studied mouse shop rule win blue weak ago occur gift iron music original rod suggest lion or circle acres common history joy thus cabin dish courage whale happen automobile wind cool smile they handsome atom list bowl bowl birth easier finest south silent sure worried own follow finger gift peace nobody sale constantly easier wet birthday shoot laid business love law prize iron income frozen happened frame off taught fish neighborhood shore pole recent anything death reach born fight board examine amount body friend vast east whose tears in me hung someone planet particular birds nuts therefore anyway composed agree combination naturally shall home voice shirt recall happened wind use move putting rocket fat living brought master live mill can write pig lay solution vapor wool stairs twenty tropical cutting involved partly west cheese upon guess slope alike taste aboard add living thick vote railroad face office research car ill goose regular curious about steady yes collect announced fix fastened object near call blood valuable audience wind city wheat imagine current command desert block sure probably beside dangerous reason bread pour feed father earth object mother worried nodded kill around massage lady speed send develop attached ship fall later friendly feet be fence desk land method compass follow invented original brought without difference familiar luck outer feel wait sudden musical guide alone atom laid wall come standard nervous composed graph bush refer love spin known would brick onto function get comfortable took remember improve lunch score behavior traffic men problem electricity dish fellow tobacco into mental involved baby wheat vast cabin dark snake valley aloud ourselves explore air air rubbed minerals happily product walk subject stronger theory local seems nature loss battle teacher treated passage tail love settle remain effort high neighbor wait dirty offer stage flag none entirely agree window forward are purple transportation white must careful bigger instant country system climb swept road weak bite desert kids it judge writing too younger inside paid know glad fill especially lucky center herself trap allow crack influence closely about run read subject community easier sound silent tightly jungle radio gain visitor made dollar sun powerful nine worth tribe never north social contain pain twelve grow dot whenever personal steep depend go material port escape everybody film promised biggest floor lost order bent blood drink clothing balance college massage solid fourth bet slabs accident left moon couple lady scared period harder language pet carried region production card spread think establish judge region donkey breath teacher suddenly slave rain highest hat log later ear wave raise myself occasionally add mass having condition brought planet truck high might week seen bat half please image thin victory journey thick black secret noun point strike couple under chance nothing general parts strong bend disease series refer without fourth cause tank low eight fairly music fewer meant location positive near someone together special under instant available energy believed because bottle package two gradually window specific definition jack ordinary somewhere national within road select repeat list way do huge thousand partly place balloon were left full chest began deal combine church class scientific original change hay region shape sense balance circus curve castle standard pole property meet throw lay moon therefore appearance basis respect rise according measure from wooden split manner desert thus married layers fish scene arrangement upper stock clothing union including wherever turn longer importance shelter strange mark forgot follow fruit in know outline letter seat raw shinning driven atom loose smell word also throat cattle keep matter sets nervous voice couple welcome aloud go do correctly difficulty several naturally high wild between measure wave loose ground fur about wall eight shaking express discussion bridge girl pale him importance author leaf do observe badly me fresh please modern ball within everyone forgot special ordinary pile foreign tea cage fewer heard harbor wood lot coach search should tie beauty seat while giant game religious coach brief your limited stronger probably explore problem hungry anything who double aid buried current take brother language trouble represent station pile human dry post including seems drop train log clean sugar victory congress feed pine check black frame road zebra sudden buy fastened alive labor describe lion gulf may matter flag teacher cover folks snake figure broke victory discovery tax trunk education cut met pressure danger thirty lift becoming basis happen affect fifth recall older recognize would chosen affect future eleven wife branch somehow college cake goose wave ear her recognize nails men lie sand money sound bigger fly tower needs excitement process fence getting massage party not just wonder fifteen sky shelf five special basic none air settlers stage noun close bee avoid idea canal walk kitchen why walk throughout screen chief because only bark learn know mostly baseball calm successful shinning alphabet rubbed lying settlers listen ice serve sold cook complex basic soft tip ought halfway already minute around listen specific habit did evening population truth noon soil may special individual south needs week courage living cool crowd determine that please trap rabbit today energy composed paragraph industrial suggest jungle rich remove empty slabs layers someone telephone breakfast kept merely tired simplest pan ought instance dish earlier colony proper jump ready valuable still gone refer twenty be light lay whenever energy name limited himself half lie cat stems minute grow wing enemy opinion stared write helpful salt standard rise physical average too protection press difficult dead unusual under realize highest is block clothes stretch donkey wind wife wherever explore case whatever heard bill arm drawn fresh his move joy women forget spring becoming equally tiny border printed favorite establish clay social exchange enter not ring bread upper stood safe chose belt indicate understanding operation protection design elephant helpful area labor bee dear door suggest huge sides over positive flower wool everyone married stop cotton anyway selection stems hospital window direction idea diameter complete pound such rough neighborhood glass difficult becoming its ran tiny lying colony blood avoid future breathing fire printed evidence salmon thousand shape full sure dress melted center parts belt center canal wealth graph coffee against harbor detail climate mathematics feel consist hundred group model relationship soil frog column struck have rush swung sink straw every play coast coffee activity huge box inch what western rock pleasant wide upon plus spin previous swimming structure ground when amount pick body strike vast appropriate right service dawn quietly mainly addition when cause say living method clothes greatest grass cake almost trip love least hung nervous open steam would think rhyme continent twelve captain attached possible location stepped entire closely country adjective enter rope straight captured evening excited school explanation picture also police wonderful crop something circle day everything moment nuts slipped planet disappear describe hope gulf nuts apple automobile breakfast dark tune adult principle magnet lose question handle lost bowl thing minerals won trap black someone familiar object town slow pleasant grade may triangle stove explain tired badly window class palace safety numeral ourselves diameter meal example pupil stock fix hidden slight birth compare safety level opinion any worth fix east came whom importance let complete who design race write thee original these fighting congress military farm won butter library ants vessels replace save surrounded thank identity birthday park themselves in oxygen tree because paid else cowboy oldest come clothes giant tales row yard thou engineer shot pull political mail title method numeral duck arrow weak egg smell grabbed leader folks author buy led faster facing ocean pony sight correctly scientific south equally hurt naturally road though split clothing frighten shop toy pilot hide call increase stepped effort southern your luck they had half \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/86ca62df-b518-48e7-9115-1b0b800e5453.csv b/data/86ca62df-b518-48e7-9115-1b0b800e5453.csv new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..348d06530bf51ecf307eba04672ac4212657dfb6 --- /dev/null +++ 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b/data/91f2bf12-5280-4efc-b9a7-26e67ca850b4.jpg differ diff --git a/data/943255a6-8c56-4cf8-9faf-c74743960097.csv b/data/943255a6-8c56-4cf8-9faf-c74743960097.csv new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f92ea1bba7b98733138ecb20acedb39b6abb63cd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/943255a6-8c56-4cf8-9faf-c74743960097.csv @@ -0,0 +1,120 @@ +AtomicNumber,Element,Symbol,AtomicMass,NumberofNeutrons,NumberofProtons,NumberofElectrons,Period,Group,Phase,Radioactive,Natural,Nonmetal,Metalloid,Type,AtomicRadius,Electronegativity,FirstIonization,Density,MeltingPoint,BoilingPoint,NumberOfIsotopes,Discoverer,Year,SpecificHeat,NumberofShells,NumberofValence, +40,Zirconium,Zr,91.224,51,40,40,5,4,solid,,yes,yes,,,Transition Metal,2.2,1.33,6.6339,6.51E+00,2125.15,4682,20,Klaproth,1789,0.278,5, +30,Zinc,Zn,65.38,35,30,30,4,12,solid,,yes,yes,,,Transition Metal,1.5,1.65,9.3942,7.13E+00,692.88,1180,15,Prehistoric,,0.388,4, +39,Yttrium,Y,88.906,50,39,39,5,3,solid,,yes,yes,,,Transition Metal,2.3,1.22,6.2173,4.47E+00,1799.15,3609,21,Gadolin,1794,0.298,5, +70,Ytterbium,Yb,173.054,103,70,70,6,,solid,,yes,yes,,,Lanthanide,2.4,1.1,6.2542,6.97E+00,1097.15,1469,16,Marignac,1878,0.155,6, +54,Xenon,Xe,131.293,77,54,54,5,18,gas,,yes,,yes,,Noble Gas,1.2,,12.1298,5.89E-03,161.45,165.03,31,Ramsay and Travers,1898,0.158,5,8 +74,Wolfram,W,183.84,110,74,74,6,6,solid,,yes,yes,,,Transition Metal,2,2.36,7.864,1.93E+01,3680.15,5828,22,J. and F. d'Elhuyar,1783,0.132,6, +23,Vanadium,V,50.942,28,23,23,4,5,solid,,yes,yes,,,Transition Metal,1.9,1.63,6.7462,6.11E+00,2175.15,3680,9,del Rio,1801,0.489,4, +92,Uranium,U,238.029,146,92,92,7,,solid,yes,yes,yes,,,Actinide,,1.38,6.1941,1.90E+01,1405.15,4404,15,Peligot,1841,0.116,7, +22,Titanium,Ti,47.867,26,22,22,4,4,solid,,yes,yes,,,Transition Metal,2,1.54,6.8281,4.54E+00,1933.15,3560,9,Gregor,1791,0.523,4, +50,Tin,Sn,118.71,69,50,50,5,14,solid,,yes,yes,,,Metal,1.7,1.96,7.3439,7.29E+00,505.21,2875,28,Prehistoric,,0.228,5,4 +69,Thulium,Tm,168.934,100,69,69,6,,solid,,yes,yes,,,Lanthanide,2.4,1.25,6.1843,9.32E+00,1818.15,2223,18,Cleve,1879,0.16,6, +90,Thorium,Th,232.038,142,90,90,7,,solid,yes,yes,yes,,,Actinide,,1.3,6.3067,1.17E+01,2028.15,5061,12,Berzelius,1828,0.113,7, +81,Thallium,Tl,204.383,123,81,81,6,13,solid,,yes,yes,,,Metal,2.1,2.04,6.1082,1.19E+01,577.15,1746,28,Crookes,1861,0.129,6,3 +65,Terbium,Tb,158.925,94,65,65,6,,solid,,yes,yes,,,Lanthanide,2.5,1.2,5.8638,8.23E+00,1630.15,3503,24,Mosander,1843,0.182,6, +117,Tennessine,Ts,295,178,117,117,7,17,artificial,yes,,,yes,,,,,,,,,,,2010,,7,7 +52,Tellurium,Te,127.6,76,52,52,5,16,solid,,yes,,,yes,Metalloid,1.4,2.1,9.0096,6.23E+00,722.8,1261,29,von Reichenstein,1782,0.202,5,6 +43,Technetium,Tc,98,55,43,43,5,7,artificial,yes,,yes,,,Transition Metal,2,1.9,7.28,1.15E+01,2473.15,5150,23,Perrier and Segr�,1937,,5, +73,Tantalum,Ta,180.948,108,73,73,6,5,solid,,yes,yes,,,Transition Metal,2.1,1.5,7.5496,1.67E+01,3269.15,5731,19,Ekeberg,1801,0.14,6, +16,Sulfur,S,32.065,16,16,16,3,16,solid,,yes,,yes,,Nonmetal,1.1,2.58,10.36,2.07E+00,388.51,717.8,10,Prehistoric,,0.71,3,6 +38,Strontium,Sr,87.62,50,38,38,5,2,solid,,yes,yes,,,Alkaline Earth Metal,2.5,0.95,5.6949,2.64E+00,1042.15,1655,18,Davy,1808,0.301,5,2 +11,Sodium,Na,22.99,12,11,11,3,1,solid,,yes,yes,,,Alkali Metal,2.2,0.93,5.1391,9.71E-01,371.15,1156,7,Davy,1807,1.228,3,1 +47,Silver,Ag,107.868,61,47,47,5,11,solid,,yes,yes,,,Transition Metal,1.8,1.93,7.5762,1.05E+01,1234.15,2435,27,Prehistoric,,0.235,5, +14,Silicon,Si,28.086,14,14,14,3,14,solid,,yes,,,yes,Metalloid,1.5,1.9,8.1517,2.33E+00,1683.15,3538,8,Berzelius,1824,0.705,3,4 +34,Selenium,Se,78.96,45,34,34,4,16,solid,,yes,,yes,,Nonmetal,1.2,2.55,9.7524,4.81E+00,494.15,958,20,Berzelius,1817,0.321,4,6 +106,Seaborgium,Sg,266,160,106,106,7,6,artificial,yes,,yes,,,Transactinide,,,,3.50E+01,,,,Ghiorso et al.,1974,,7, +21,Scandium,Sc,44.956,24,21,21,4,3,solid,,yes,yes,,,Transition Metal,2.1,1.36,6.5615,2.99E+00,1812.15,3109,15,Nilson,1878,0.568,4, +62,Samarium,Sm,150.36,88,62,62,6,,solid,,yes,yes,,,Lanthanide,2.6,1.17,5.6437,7.52E+00,1345.15,2067,17,Boisbaudran,1879,0.197,6, +104,Rutherfordium,Rf,261,157,104,104,7,4,artificial,yes,,yes,,,Transactinide,,,,1.81E+01,,,,Ghiorso et al.,1969,,7, +44,Ruthenium,Ru,101.07,57,44,44,5,8,solid,,yes,yes,,,Transition Metal,1.9,2.2,7.3605,1.24E+01,2523.15,4423,16,Klaus,1844,0.238,5, +37,Rubidium,Rb,85.468,48,37,37,5,1,solid,,yes,yes,,,Alkali Metal,3,0.82,4.1771,1.53E+00,312.79,961,20,Bunsen and Kirchoff,1861,0.363,5,1 +111,Roentgenium,Rg,272,161,111,111,7,11,artificial,yes,,yes,,,Transactinide,,,,,,,,,1994,,7, +45,Rhodium,Rh,102.906,58,45,45,5,9,solid,,yes,yes,,,Transition Metal,1.8,2.28,7.4589,1.24E+01,2239.15,3968,20,Wollaston,1803,0.243,5, +75,Rhenium,Re,186.207,111,75,75,6,7,solid,,yes,yes,,,Transition Metal,2,1.9,7.8335,2.10E+01,3453.15,5869,21,"Noddack, Berg, and Tacke",1925,0.137,6, +86,Radon,Rn,222,136,86,86,6,18,gas,yes,yes,yes,,,Alkali Metal,1.3,,10.7485,9.73E-03,202.15,211.3,20,Dorn,1900,0.094,6,8 +88,Radium,Ra,226,138,88,88,7,2,solid,yes,yes,yes,,,Actinide,,0.9,5.2784,5.50E+00,973.15,2010,15,Pierre and Marie Curie,1898,,7,2 +91,Protactinium,Pa,231.036,140,91,91,7,,solid,yes,yes,yes,,,Actinide,,1.5,5.89,1.54E+01,1873.15,4300,14,Hahn and Meitner,1917,,7, +61,Promethium,Pm,145,84,61,61,6,,artificial,yes,,yes,,,Lanthanide,2.6,1.13,5.582,7.26E+00,1204.15,3273,14,Marinsky et al.,1945,,6, +59,Praseodymium,Pr,140.908,82,59,59,6,,solid,,yes,yes,,,Lanthanide,2.7,1.13,5.473,6.77E+00,1204.15,3793,15,von Welsbach,1885,0.193,6, +19,Potassium,K,39.098,20,19,19,4,1,solid,,yes,yes,,,Alkali Metal,2.8,0.82,4.3407,8.62E-01,336.5,1032,10,Davy,1807,0.757,4,1 +84,Polonium,Po,210,126,84,84,6,16,solid,yes,yes,,,yes,Metalloid,1.5,2,8.417,9.32E+00,527.15,1235,34,Curie,1898,,6,6 +94,Plutonium,Pu,244,150,94,94,7,,artificial,yes,,yes,,,Actinide,,1.28,6.0262,1.98E+01,913.15,3501,163,Seaborg et al.,1940,,7, +78,Platinum,Pt,195.084,117,78,78,6,10,solid,,yes,yes,,,Transition Metal,1.8,2.28,8.9587,2.15E+01,2045.15,4098,32,Ulloa/Wood,1735,0.133,6, +15,Phosphorus,P,30.974,16,15,15,3,15,solid,,yes,,yes,,Nonmetal,1.2,2.19,10.4867,1.82E+00,317.25,553,7,BranBrand,1669,0.769,3,5 +46,Palladium,Pd,106.42,60,46,46,5,10,solid,,yes,yes,,,Transition Metal,1.8,2.2,8.3369,1.20E+01,1825.15,3236,21,Wollaston,1803,0.244,5, +8,Oxygen,O,15.999,8,8,8,2,16,gas,,yes,,yes,,Nonmetal,0.65,3.44,13.6181,1.43E-03,50.5,90.2,8,Priestley/Scheele,1774,0.918,2,6 +76,Osmium,Os,190.23,114,76,76,6,8,solid,,yes,yes,,,Transition Metal,1.9,2.2,8.4382,2.26E+01,3300.15,5285,19,Tennant,1803,0.13,6, +118,Oganesson,Og,294,176,118,118,7,18,artificial,yes,,,yes,,Noble Gas,,,,,,,,,2006,,, +102,Nobelium,No,259,157,102,102,7,,artificial,yes,,yes,,,Actinide,,1.3,6.65,,,,73,Ghiorso et al.,1958,,7, +7,Nitrogen,N,14.007,7,7,7,2,15,gas,,yes,,yes,,Nonmetal,0.75,3.04,14.5341,1.25E-03,63.29,77.36,8,Rutherford,1772,1.04,2,5 +41,Niobium,Nb,92.906,52,41,41,5,5,solid,,yes,yes,,,Transition Metal,2.1,1.6,6.7589,8.57E+00,2741.15,5017,24,Hatchett,1801,0.265,5, +113,Nihonium,Nh,284,171,113,113,7,13,artificial,yes,,yes,,,,,,,,,,,,2004,,7,3 +28,Nickel,Ni,58.693,31,28,28,4,10,solid,,yes,yes,,,Transition Metal,1.6,1.91,7.6398,8.91E+00,1726.15,3186,11,Cronstedt,1751,0.444,4, +93,Neptunium,Np,237,144,93,93,7,,artificial,yes,,yes,,,Actinide,,1.36,6.2657,2.05E+01,913.15,4273,153,McMillan and Abelson,1940,,7, +10,Neon,Ne,20.18,10,10,10,2,18,gas,,yes,,yes,,Noble Gas,0.51,,21.5645,9.00E-04,24.703,27.07,8,Ramsay and Travers,1898,1.03,2,8 +60,Neodymium,Nd,144.242,84,60,60,6,,solid,,yes,yes,,,Lanthanide,2.6,1.14,5.525,7.01E+00,1289.15,3347,16,von Welsbach,1885,0.19,6, +115,Moscovium,Mc,288,173,115,115,7,15,artificial,yes,,yes,,,,,,,,,,,,2010,,7,5 +42,Molybdenum,Mo,95.96,54,42,42,5,6,solid,,yes,yes,,,Transition Metal,2,2.16,7.0924,1.02E+01,2890.15,4912,20,Scheele,1778,0.251,5, +80,Mercury,Hg,200.59,121,80,80,6,12,liq,,yes,yes,,,Transition Metal,1.8,2,10.4375,1.35E+01,234.43,630,26,Prehistoric,,0.14,6, +101,Mendelevium,Md,258,157,101,101,7,,artificial,yes,,yes,,,Actinide,,1.3,6.58,,,,33,Ghiorso et al.,1955,,7, +109,Meitnerium,Mt,268,159,109,109,7,9,artificial,yes,,yes,,,Transactinide,,,,3.50E+01,,,,"GSI, Darmstadt, West Germany",1982,,7, +25,Manganese,Mn,54.938,30,25,25,4,7,solid,,yes,yes,,,Transition Metal,1.8,1.55,7.434,7.44E+00,1519.15,2334,11,"Gahn, Scheele",1774,0.479,4, +12,Magnesium,Mg,24.305,12,12,12,3,2,solid,,yes,yes,,,Alkaline Earth Metal,1.7,1.31,7.6462,1.74E+00,923.15,1363,8,Black,1755,1.023,3,2 +71,Lutetium,Lu,174.967,104,71,71,6,,solid,,yes,yes,,,Lanthanide,2.3,1.27,5.4259,9.84E+00,1936.15,3675,22,Urbain/ von Welsbach,1907,0.154,6, +116,Livermorium,Lv,292,176,116,116,7,16,artificial,yes,,yes,,,Transactinide,,,,,,,,,2000,,7,6 +3,Lithium,Li,6.941,4,3,3,2,1,solid,,yes,yes,,,Alkali Metal,2.1,0.98,5.3917,5.34E-01,453.85,1615,5,Arfvedson,1817,3.582,2,1 +82,Lead,Pb,207.2,125,82,82,6,14,solid,,yes,yes,,,Metal,1.8,2.33,7.4167,1.13E+01,600.75,2022,29,Prehistoric,,0.129,6,4 +103,Lawrencium,Lr,262,159,103,103,7,,artificial,yes,,yes,,,Actinide,,,,,,,203,Ghiorso et al.,1961,,7, +57,Lanthanum,La,138.905,82,57,57,6,3,solid,,yes,yes,,,Lanthanide,2.7,1.1,5.5769,6.15E+00,1193.15,3737,19,Mosander,1839,0.195,6, +36,Krypton,Kr,83.798,48,36,36,4,18,gas,,yes,,yes,,Noble Gas,1,,13.9996,3.73E-03,115.93,119.93,23,Ramsay and Travers,1898,0.248,4,8 +26,Iron,Fe,55.845,30,26,26,4,8,solid,,yes,yes,,,Transition Metal,1.7,1.83,7.9024,7.87E+00,1808.15,3134,10,Prehistoric,,0.449,4, +77,Iridium,Ir,192.217,115,77,77,6,9,solid,,yes,yes,,,Transition Metal,1.9,2.2,8.967,2.26E+01,2716.15,4701,25,Tennant,1804,0.131,6, +53,Iodine,I,126.904,74,53,53,5,17,solid,,yes,,yes,,Halogen,1.3,2.66,10.4513,4.93E+00,386.65,457.4,24,Courtois,1811,0.214,5,7 +49,Indium,In,114.818,66,49,49,5,13,solid,,yes,yes,,,Metal,2,1.78,5.7864,7.31E+00,429.91,2345,34,Reich and Richter,1863,0.233,5,3 +1,Hydrogen,H,1.007,0,1,1,1,1,gas,,yes,,yes,,Nonmetal,0.79,2.2,13.5984,8.99E-05,14.175,20.28,3,Cavendish,1766,14.304,1,1 +67,Holmium,Ho,164.93,98,67,67,6,,solid,,yes,yes,,,Lanthanide,2.5,1.23,6.0215,8.80E+00,1743.15,2993,29,Delafontaine and Soret,1878,0.165,6, +2,Helium,He,4.002,2,2,2,1,18,gas,,yes,,yes,,Noble Gas,0.49,,24.5874,1.79E-04,,4.22,5,Janssen,1868,5.193,1, +108,Hassium,Hs,267,159,108,108,7,8,artificial,yes,,yes,,,Transactinide,,,,4.10E+01,,,,Armbruster and M�nzenberg,1983,,7, +72,Hafnium,Hf,178.49,106,72,72,6,4,solid,,yes,yes,,,Transition Metal,2.2,1.3,6.8251,1.33E+01,2500.15,4876,17,Coster and von Hevesy,1923,0.144,6, +79,Gold,Au,196.967,118,79,79,6,11,solid,,yes,yes,,,Transition Metal,1.8,2.54,9.2255,1.93E+01,1337.73,3129,21,Prehistoric,,0.129,6, +32,Germanium,Ge,72.64,41,32,32,4,14,solid,,yes,,,yes,Metalloid,1.5,2.01,7.8994,5.32E+00,1211.45,3106,17,Winkler,1886,0.32,4,4 +31,Gallium,Ga,69.723,39,31,31,4,13,solid,,yes,yes,,,Metal,1.8,1.81,5.9993,5.91E+00,302.91,2477,14,de Boisbaudran,1875,0.371,4,3 +64,Gadolinium,Gd,157.25,93,64,64,6,,solid,,yes,yes,,,Lanthanide,2.5,1.2,6.1501,7.90E+00,1585.15,3546,17,de Marignac,1880,0.236,6, +87,Francium,Fr,223,136,87,87,7,1,solid,yes,yes,yes,,,Alkaline Earth Metal,,0.7,4.0727,1.87E+00,300.15,950,21,Perey,1939,,7,1 +9,Fluorine,F,18.998,10,9,9,2,17,gas,,yes,,yes,,Halogen,0.57,3.98,17.4228,1.70E-03,53.63,85.03,6,Moissan,1886,0.824,2,7 +114,Flerovium,Fl,289,175,114,114,7,14,artificial,yes,,yes,,,Transactinide,,,,,,,,,1999,,7,4 +100,Fermium,Fm,257,157,100,100,7,,artificial,yes,,yes,,,Actinide,,1.3,6.5,,,,103,Ghiorso et al.,1953,,7, +63,Europium,Eu,151.964,89,63,63,6,,solid,,yes,yes,,,Lanthanide,2.6,1.2,5.6704,5.24E+00,1095.15,1802,21,Demarcay,1901,0.182,6, +68,Erbium,Er,167.259,99,68,68,6,,solid,,yes,yes,,,Lanthanide,2.5,1.24,6.1077,9.07E+00,1795.15,3503,16,Mosander,1843,0.168,6, +99,Einsteinium,Es,252,153,99,99,7,,artificial,yes,,yes,,,Actinide,,1.3,6.42,1.35E+01,1133.15,,123,Ghiorso et al.,1952,,7, +66,Dysprosium,Dy,162.5,97,66,66,6,,solid,,yes,yes,,,Lanthanide,2.5,1.22,5.9389,8.55E+00,1680.15,2840,21,de Boisbaudran,1886,0.17,6, +105,Dubnium,Db,262,157,105,105,7,5,artificial,yes,,yes,,,Transactinide,,,,3.90E+01,,,,Ghiorso et al.,1970,,7, +110,Darmstadtium,Ds,271,161,110,110,7,10,artificial,yes,,yes,,,Transactinide,,,,,,,,,1994,,7, +96,Curium,Cm,247,151,96,96,7,,artificial,yes,,yes,,,Actinide,,1.3,5.9915,1.35E+01,1340.15,3383,133,Seaborg et al.,1944,,7, +29,Copper,Cu,63.546,35,29,29,4,11,solid,,yes,yes,,,Transition Metal,1.6,1.9,7.7264,8.96E+00,1357.75,2835,11,Prehistoric,,0.385,4, +112,Copernicium,Cn,285,173,112,112,7,12,artificial,yes,,yes,,,Transactinide,,,,,,,,,1996,,7, +27,Cobalt,Co,58.933,32,27,27,4,9,solid,,yes,yes,,,Transition Metal,1.7,1.88,7.881,8.86E+00,1768.15,3200,14,Brandt,1735,0.421,4, +24,Chromium,Cr,51.996,28,24,24,4,6,solid,,yes,yes,,,Transition Metal,1.9,1.66,6.7665,7.15E+00,2130.15,2944,9,Vauquelin,1797,0.449,4, +17,Chlorine,Cl,35.453,18,17,17,3,17,gas,,yes,,yes,,Halogen,0.97,3.16,12.9676,3.21E-03,172.31,239.11,11,Scheele,1774,0.479,3,7 +55,Cesium,Cs,132.905,78,55,55,6,1,solid,,yes,yes,,,Alkali Metal,3.3,0.79,3.8939,1.87E+00,301.7,944,22,Bunsen and Kirchoff,1860,0.242,6,1 +58,Cerium,Ce,140.116,82,58,58,6,,solid,,yes,yes,,,Lanthanide,2.7,1.12,5.5387,6.77E+00,1071.15,3716,19,Berzelius,1803,0.192,6, +6,Carbon,C,12.011,6,6,6,2,14,solid,,yes,,yes,,Nonmetal,0.91,2.55,11.2603,2.27E+00,3948.15,4300,7,Prehistoric,,0.709,2,4 +98,Californium,Cf,251,153,98,98,7,,artificial,yes,,yes,,,Actinide,,1.3,6.2817,1.51E+01,1925.15,1173,123,Seaborg et al.,1950,,7, +20,Calcium,Ca,40.078,20,20,20,4,2,solid,,yes,yes,,,Alkaline Earth Metal,2.2,1,6.1132,1.54E+00,1112.15,1757,14,Davy,1808,0.647,4,2 +48,Cadmium,Cd,112.411,64,48,48,5,12,solid,,yes,yes,,,Transition Metal,1.7,1.69,8.9938,8.69E+00,594.33,1040,22,Stromeyer,1817,0.232,5, +35,Bromine,Br,79.904,45,35,35,4,17,liq,,yes,,yes,,Halogen,1.1,2.96,11.8138,3.12E+00,266.05,332,19,Balard,1826,0.474,4,7 +5,Boron,B,10.811,6,5,5,2,13,solid,,yes,,,yes,Metalloid,1.2,2.04,8.298,2.34E+00,2573.15,4200,6,Gay-Lussac,1808,1.026,2,3 +107,Bohrium,Bh,264,157,107,107,7,7,artificial,yes,,yes,,,Transactinide,,,,3.70E+01,,,,Armbruster and M�nzenberg,1981,,7, +83,Bismuth,Bi,208.98,126,83,83,6,15,solid,,yes,yes,,,Metal,1.6,2.02,7.2856,9.81E+00,544.67,1837,19,Geoffroy the Younger,1753,0.122,6,5 +4,Beryllium,Be,9.012,5,4,4,2,2,solid,,yes,yes,,,Alkaline Earth Metal,1.4,1.57,9.3227,1.85E+00,1560.15,2742,6,Vaulquelin,1798,1.825,2,2 +97,Berkelium,Bk,247,150,97,97,7,,artificial,yes,,yes,,,Actinide,,1.3,6.1979,1.48E+01,1259.15,983,83,Seaborg et al.,1949,,7, +56,Barium,Ba,137.327,81,56,56,6,2,solid,,yes,yes,,,Alkaline Earth Metal,2.8,0.89,5.2117,3.59E+00,1002.15,2170,25,Davy,1808,0.204,6,2 +85,Astatine,At,210,125,85,85,6,17,solid,yes,yes,,yes,,Noble Gas,1.4,2.2,9.3,7.00E+00,575.15,610,21,Corson et al.,1940,,6,7 +33,Arsenic,As,74.922,42,33,33,4,15,solid,,yes,,,yes,Metalloid,1.3,2.18,9.7886,5.78E+00,1090.15,887,14,Albertus Magnus,1250,0.329,4,5 +18,Argon,Ar,39.948,22,18,18,3,18,gas,,yes,,yes,,Noble Gas,0.88,,15.7596,1.78E-03,83.96,87.3,8,Rayleigh and Ramsay,1894,0.52,3,8 +51,Antimony,Sb,121.76,71,51,51,5,15,solid,,yes,,,yes,Metalloid,1.5,2.05,8.6084,6.69E+00,904.05,1860,29,Early historic times,,0.207,5,5 +95,Americium,Am,243,148,95,95,7,,artificial,yes,,yes,,,Actinide,,1.3,5.9738,1.37E+01,1267.15,2880,133,Seaborg et al.,1944,,7, +13,Aluminum,Al,26.982,14,13,13,3,13,solid,,yes,yes,,,Metal,1.8,1.61,5.9858,2.70E+00,933.4,2792,8,Wshler,1827,0.897,3,3 +89,Actinium,Ac,227,138,89,89,7,3,solid,yes,yes,yes,,,Actinide,,1.1,5.17,1.01E+01,1323.15,3471,11,Debierne/Giesel,1899,0.12,7, +,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, diff --git a/data/985ec22e-546b-49fc-ab3c-af490fbefdf3.txt b/data/985ec22e-546b-49fc-ab3c-af490fbefdf3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..18ec9882907145533265c508b3bd051393b8cdba --- /dev/null +++ b/data/985ec22e-546b-49fc-ab3c-af490fbefdf3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7515 @@ + +Main menu + +Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia + + Create account + Log in + +Personal tools + +Contents +(Top) +Thermodynamics near absolute zero + +Relation with Bose–Einstein condensate + +Absolute temperature scales + +Negative temperatures + +History + + Limit to the "degree of cold" + Charles's law + Lord Kelvin's work + The race to absolute zero + Very low temperatures + See also + References + Further reading + External links + +Absolute zero + + Article + Talk + + Read + Edit + View history + +Tools + +From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia +This article is about the minimum temperature limit. For other uses, see Absolute Zero (disambiguation). + +This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. +Find sources: "Absolute zero" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) +Zero kelvin (−273.15 °C) is defined as absolute zero. + +Absolute zero is the lowest limit of the thermodynamic temperature scale; a state at which the enthalpy and entropy of a cooled ideal gas reach their minimum value, taken as zero kelvin. The fundamental particles of nature have minimum vibrational motion, retaining only quantum mechanical, zero-point energy-induced particle motion. The theoretical temperature is determined by extrapolating the ideal gas law; by international agreement, absolute zero is taken as −273.15 degrees on the Celsius scale (International System of Units),[1][2][3] which equals −459.67 degrees on the Fahrenheit scale (United States customary units or imperial units).[4] The corresponding Kelvin and Rankine temperature scales set their zero points at absolute zero by definition. + +It is commonly thought of as the lowest temperature possible, but it is not the lowest enthalpy state possible, because all real substances begin to depart from the ideal gas when cooled as they approach the change of state to liquid, and then to solid; and the sum of the enthalpy of vaporization (gas to liquid) and enthalpy of fusion (liquid to solid) exceeds the ideal gas's change in enthalpy to absolute zero. In the quantum-mechanical description, matter (solid) at absolute zero is in its ground state, the point of lowest internal energy. + +The laws of thermodynamics indicate that absolute zero cannot be reached using only thermodynamic means, because the temperature of the substance being cooled approaches the temperature of the cooling agent asymptotically.[5] Even a system at absolute zero, if it could somehow be achieved, would still possess quantum mechanical zero-point energy, the energy of its ground state at absolute zero; the kinetic energy of the ground state cannot be removed. + +Scientists and technologists routinely achieve temperatures close to absolute zero, where matter exhibits quantum effects such as Bose–Einstein condensate, superconductivity and superfluidity. +Thermodynamics near absolute zero + +At temperatures near 0 K (−273.15 °C; −459.67 °F), nearly all molecular motion ceases and ΔS = 0 for any adiabatic process, where S is the entropy. In such a circumstance, pure substances can (ideally) form perfect crystals with no structural imperfections as T → 0. Max Planck's strong form of the third law of thermodynamics states the entropy of a perfect crystal vanishes at absolute zero. The original Nernst heat theorem makes the weaker and less controversial claim that the entropy change for any isothermal process approaches zero as T → 0: + + lim T → 0 Δ S = 0 \lim _{T\to 0}\Delta S=0 + +The implication is that the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches a constant value. An adiabat is a state with constant entropy, typically represented on a graph as a curve in a manner similar to isotherms and isobars. + + The Nernst postulate identifies the isotherm T = 0 as coincident with the adiabat S = 0, although other isotherms and adiabats are distinct. As no two adiabats intersect, no other adiabat can intersect the T = 0 isotherm. Consequently no adiabatic process initiated at nonzero temperature can lead to zero temperature. (≈ Callen, pp. 189–190) + +A perfect crystal is one in which the internal lattice structure extends uninterrupted in all directions. The perfect order can be represented by translational symmetry along three (not usually orthogonal) axes. Every lattice element of the structure is in its proper place, whether it is a single atom or a molecular grouping. For substances that exist in two (or more) stable crystalline forms, such as diamond and graphite for carbon, there is a kind of chemical degeneracy. The question remains whether both can have zero entropy at T = 0 even though each is perfectly ordered. + +Perfect crystals never occur in practice; imperfections, and even entire amorphous material inclusions, can and do get "frozen in" at low temperatures, so transitions to more stable states do not occur. + +Using the Debye model, the specific heat and entropy of a pure crystal are proportional to T 3, while the enthalpy and chemical potential are proportional to T 4. (Guggenheim, p. 111) These quantities drop toward their T = 0 limiting values and approach with zero slopes. For the specific heats at least, the limiting value itself is definitely zero, as borne out by experiments to below 10 K. Even the less detailed Einstein model shows this curious drop in specific heats. In fact, all specific heats vanish at absolute zero, not just those of crystals. Likewise for the coefficient of thermal expansion. Maxwell's relations show that various other quantities also vanish. These phenomena were unanticipated. + +Since the relation between changes in Gibbs free energy (G), the enthalpy (H) and the entropy is + + Δ G = Δ H − T Δ S \Delta G=\Delta H-T\Delta S\, + +thus, as T decreases, ΔG and ΔH approach each other (so long as ΔS is bounded). Experimentally, it is found that all spontaneous processes (including chemical reactions) result in a decrease in G as they proceed toward equilibrium. If ΔS and/or T are small, the condition ΔG < 0 may imply that ΔH < 0, which would indicate an exothermic reaction. However, this is not required; endothermic reactions can proceed spontaneously if the TΔS term is large enough. + +Moreover, the slopes of the derivatives of ΔG and ΔH converge and are equal to zero at T = 0. This ensures that ΔG and ΔH are nearly the same over a considerable range of temperatures and justifies the approximate empirical Principle of Thomsen and Berthelot, which states that the equilibrium state to which a system proceeds is the one that evolves the greatest amount of heat, i.e., an actual process is the most exothermic one. (Callen, pp. 186–187) + +One model that estimates the properties of an electron gas at absolute zero in metals is the Fermi gas. The electrons, being fermions, must be in different quantum states, which leads the electrons to get very high typical velocities, even at absolute zero. The maximum energy that electrons can have at absolute zero is called the Fermi energy. The Fermi temperature is defined as this maximum energy divided by the Boltzmann constant, and is on the order of 80,000 K for typical electron densities found in metals. For temperatures significantly below the Fermi temperature, the electrons behave in almost the same way as at absolute zero. This explains the failure of the classical equipartition theorem for metals that eluded classical physicists in the late 19th century. +Relation with Bose–Einstein condensate +Main article: Bose–Einstein condensate +Velocity-distribution data of a gas of rubidium atoms at a temperature within a few billionths of a degree above absolute zero. Left: just before the appearance of a Bose–Einstein condensate. Center: just after the appearance of the condensate. Right: after further evaporation, leaving a sample of nearly pure condensate. + +A Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter of a dilute gas of weakly interacting bosons confined in an external potential and cooled to temperatures very near absolute zero. Under such conditions, a large fraction of the bosons occupy the lowest quantum state of the external potential, at which point quantum effects become apparent on a macroscopic scale.[6] + +This state of matter was first predicted by Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein in 1924–25. Bose first sent a paper to Einstein on the quantum statistics of light quanta (now called photons). Einstein was impressed, translated the paper from English to German and submitted it for Bose to the Zeitschrift für Physik, which published it. Einstein then extended Bose's ideas to material particles (or matter) in two other papers.[7] + +Seventy years later, in 1995, the first gaseous condensate was produced by Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman at the University of Colorado at Boulder NIST-JILA lab, using a gas of rubidium atoms cooled to 170 nanokelvin (nK)[8] (1.7×10−7 K).[9] + +A record cold temperature of 450 ± 80 picokelvin (pK) (4.5×10−10 K) in a BEC of sodium atoms was achieved in 2003 by researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).[10] The associated black-body (peak emittance) wavelength of 6,400 kilometers is roughly the radius of Earth. +Absolute temperature scales + +Absolute, or thermodynamic, temperature is conventionally measured in kelvin (Celsius-scaled increments) and in the Rankine scale (Fahrenheit-scaled increments) with increasing rarity. Absolute temperature measurement is uniquely determined by a multiplicative constant which specifies the size of the degree, so the ratios of two absolute temperatures, T2/T1, are the same in all scales. The most transparent definition of this standard comes from the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. It can also be found in Fermi–Dirac statistics (for particles of half-integer spin) and Bose–Einstein statistics (for particles of integer spin). All of these define the relative numbers of particles in a system as decreasing exponential functions of energy (at the particle level) over kT, with k representing the Boltzmann constant and T representing the temperature observed at the macroscopic level.[1] +Negative temperatures +Main article: Negative temperature + +Temperatures that are expressed as negative numbers on the familiar Celsius or Fahrenheit scales are simply colder than the zero points of those scales. Certain systems can achieve truly negative temperatures; that is, their thermodynamic temperature (expressed in kelvins) can be of a negative quantity. A system with a truly negative temperature is not colder than absolute zero. Rather, a system with a negative temperature is hotter than any system with a positive temperature, in the sense that if a negative-temperature system and a positive-temperature system come in contact, heat flows from the negative to the positive-temperature system.[11] + +Most familiar systems cannot achieve negative temperatures because adding energy always increases their entropy. However, some systems have a maximum amount of energy that they can hold, and as they approach that maximum energy their entropy actually begins to decrease. Because temperature is defined by the relationship between energy and entropy, such a system's temperature becomes negative, even though energy is being added.[11] As a result, the Boltzmann factor for states of systems at negative temperature increases rather than decreases with increasing state energy. Therefore, no complete system, i.e. including the electromagnetic modes, can have negative temperatures, since there is no highest energy state,[citation needed] so that the sum of the probabilities of the states would diverge for negative temperatures. However, for quasi-equilibrium systems (e.g. spins out of equilibrium with the electromagnetic field) this argument does not apply, and negative effective temperatures are attainable. + +On 3 January 2013, physicists announced that for the first time they had created a quantum gas made up of potassium atoms with a negative temperature in motional degrees of freedom.[12] +History +Robert Boyle pioneered the idea of an absolute zero + +One of the first to discuss the possibility of an absolute minimal temperature was Robert Boyle. His 1665 New Experiments and Observations touching Cold, articulated the dispute known as the primum frigidum.[13] The concept was well known among naturalists of the time. Some contended an absolute minimum temperature occurred within earth (as one of the four classical elements), others within water, others air, and some more recently within nitre. But all of them seemed to agree that, "There is some body or other that is of its own nature supremely cold and by participation of which all other bodies obtain that quality."[14] +Limit to the "degree of cold" + +The question whether there is a limit to the degree of coldness possible, and, if so, where the zero must be placed, was first addressed by the French physicist Guillaume Amontons in 1702, in connection with his improvements in the air thermometer. His instrument indicated temperatures by the height at which a certain mass of air sustained a column of mercury—the volume, or "spring" of the air varying with temperature. Amontons therefore argued that the zero of his thermometer would be that temperature at which the spring of the air was reduced to nothing. He used a scale that marked the boiling point of water at +73 and the melting point of ice at +51+1⁄2, so that the zero was equivalent to about −240 on the Celsius scale.[15] Amontons held that the absolute zero cannot be reached, so never attempted to compute it explicitly.[16] The value of −240 °C, or "431 divisions [in Fahrenheit's thermometer] below the cold of freezing water"[17] was published by George Martine in 1740. + +This close approximation to the modern value of −273.15 °C[1] for the zero of the air thermometer was further improved upon in 1779 by Johann Heinrich Lambert, who observed that −270 °C (−454.00 °F; 3.15 K) might be regarded as absolute cold.[18] + +Values of this order for the absolute zero were not, however, universally accepted about this period. Pierre-Simon Laplace and Antoine Lavoisier, in their 1780 treatise on heat, arrived at values ranging from 1,500 to 3,000 below the freezing point of water, and thought that in any case it must be at least 600 below. John Dalton in his Chemical Philosophy gave ten calculations of this value, and finally adopted −3,000 °C as the natural zero of temperature. +Charles's law + +From 1787 to 1802, it was determined by Jacques Charles (unpublished), John Dalton,[19] and Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac[20] that, at constant pressure, ideal gases expanded or contracted their volume linearly (Charles's law) by about 1/273 parts per degree Celsius of temperature's change up or down, between 0° and 100° C. This suggested that the volume of a gas cooled at about −273 °C would reach zero. +Lord Kelvin's work + +After James Prescott Joule had determined the mechanical equivalent of heat, Lord Kelvin approached the question from an entirely different point of view, and in 1848 devised a scale of absolute temperature that was independent of the properties of any particular substance and was based on Carnot's theory of the Motive Power of Heat and data published by Henri Victor Regnault.[21] It followed from the principles on which this scale was constructed that its zero was placed at −273 °C, at almost precisely the same point as the zero of the air thermometer,[15] where the air volume would reach "nothing". This value was not immediately accepted; values ranging from −271.1 °C (−455.98 °F) to −274.5 °C (−462.10 °F), derived from laboratory measurements and observations of astronomical refraction, remained in use in the early 20th century.[22] +The race to absolute zero +See also: Timeline of low-temperature technology +Commemorative plaque in Leiden + +With a better theoretical understanding of absolute zero, scientists were eager to reach this temperature in the lab.[23] By 1845, Michael Faraday had managed to liquefy most gases then known to exist, and reached a new record for lowest temperatures by reaching −130 °C (−202 °F; 143 K). Faraday believed that certain gases, such as oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen, were permanent gases and could not be liquefied.[24] Decades later, in 1873 Dutch theoretical scientist Johannes Diderik van der Waals demonstrated that these gases could be liquefied, but only under conditions of very high pressure and very low temperatures. In 1877, Louis Paul Cailletet in France and Raoul Pictet in Switzerland succeeded in producing the first droplets of liquid air −195 °C (−319.0 °F; 78.1 K). This was followed in 1883 by the production of liquid oxygen −218 °C (−360.4 °F; 55.1 K) by the Polish professors Zygmunt Wróblewski and Karol Olszewski. + +Scottish chemist and physicist James Dewar and Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes took on the challenge to liquefy the remaining gases, hydrogen and helium. In 1898, after 20 years of effort, Dewar was the first to liquefy hydrogen, reaching a new low-temperature record of −252 °C (−421.6 °F; 21.1 K). However, Kamerlingh Onnes, his rival, was the first to liquefy helium, in 1908, using several precooling stages and the Hampson–Linde cycle. He lowered the temperature to the boiling point of helium −269 °C (−452.20 °F; 4.15 K). By reducing the pressure of the liquid helium, he achieved an even lower temperature, near 1.5 K. These were the coldest temperatures achieved on Earth at the time and his achievement earned him the Nobel Prize in 1913.[25] Kamerlingh Onnes would continue to study the properties of materials at temperatures near absolute zero, describing superconductivity and superfluids for the first time. +Very low temperatures +The rapid expansion of gases leaving the Boomerang Nebula, a bi-polar, filamentary, likely proto-planetary nebula in Centaurus, has a temperature of 1 K, the lowest observed outside of a laboratory. + +The average temperature of the universe today is approximately 2.73 kelvins (−454.76 °F), or about −270.42 °C, based on measurements of cosmic microwave background radiation.[26][27] Standard models of the future expansion of the universe predict that the average temperature of the universe is decreasing over time.[28] This temperature is calculated as the mean density of energy in space; it should not be confused with the mean electron temperature (total energy divided by particle count) which has increased over time.[29] + +Absolute zero cannot be achieved, although it is possible to reach temperatures close to it through the use of evaporative cooling, cryocoolers, dilution refrigerators,[30] and nuclear adiabatic demagnetization. The use of laser cooling has produced temperatures of less than a billionth of a kelvin.[31] At very low temperatures in the vicinity of absolute zero, matter exhibits many unusual properties, including superconductivity, superfluidity, and Bose–Einstein condensation. To study such phenomena, scientists have worked to obtain even lower temperatures. + + In November 2000, nuclear spin temperatures below 100 pK were reported for an experiment at the Helsinki University of Technology's Low Temperature Lab in Espoo, Finland. However, this was the temperature of one particular degree of freedom—a quantum property called nuclear spin—not the overall average thermodynamic temperature for all possible degrees in freedom.[32][33] + In February 2003, the Boomerang Nebula was observed to have been releasing gases at a speed of 500,000 km/h (310,000 mph) for the last 1,500 years. This has cooled it down to approximately 1 K, as deduced by astronomical observation, which is the lowest natural temperature ever recorded.[34] + In November 2003, 90377 Sedna was discovered and is one of the coldest known objects in the Solar System. With an average surface temperature of -400°F (-240°C),[35] due to its extremely far orbit of 903 astronomical units. + In May 2005, the European Space Agency proposed research in space to achieve femtokelvin temperatures.[36] + In May 2006, the Institute of Quantum Optics at the University of Hannover gave details of technologies and benefits of femtokelvin research in space.[37] + In January 2013, physicist Ulrich Schneider of the University of Munich in Germany reported to have achieved temperatures formally below absolute zero ("negative temperature") in gases. The gas is artificially forced out of equilibrium into a high potential energy state, which is, however, cold. When it then emits radiation it approaches the equilibrium, and can continue emitting despite reaching formal absolute zero; thus, the temperature is formally negative.[38] + In September 2014, scientists in the CUORE collaboration at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in Italy cooled a copper vessel with a volume of one cubic meter to 0.006 kelvins (−273.144 °C; −459.659 °F) for 15 days, setting a record for the lowest temperature in the known universe over such a large contiguous volume.[39] + In June 2015, experimental physicists at MIT cooled molecules in a gas of sodium potassium to a temperature of 500 nanokelvin, and it is expected to exhibit an exotic state of matter by cooling these molecules somewhat further.[40] + In 2017, Cold Atom Laboratory (CAL), an experimental instrument was developed for launch to the International Space Station (ISS) in 2018.[41] The instrument has created extremely cold conditions in the microgravity environment of the ISS leading to the formation of Bose–Einstein condensates. In this space-based laboratory, temperatures as low as 1 picokelvin (10−12 K) temperatures are projected to be achievable, and it could further the exploration of unknown quantum mechanical phenomena and test some of the most fundamental laws of physics.[42][43] + The current world record for effective temperatures was set in 2021 at 38 picokelvin (pK), or 0.000000000038 of a kelvin, through matter-wave lensing of rubidium Bose–Einstein condensates.[44] + +See also + + iconPhysics portal + + Kelvin (unit of temperature) + Charles's law + Heat + International Temperature Scale of 1990 + Orders of magnitude (temperature) + Thermodynamic temperature + Triple point + Ultracold atom + Kinetic energy + Entropy + Planck temperature and Hagedorn temperature, hypothetical upper limits to the thermodynamic temperature scale + +References + +"Unit of thermodynamic temperature (kelvin)". SI Brochure, 8th edition. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. 13 March 2010 [1967]. Section 2.1.1.5. Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2017. Note: The triple point of water is 0.01 °C, not 0 °C; thus 0 K is −273.15 °C, not −273.16 °C. +Arora, C. P. (2001). Thermodynamics. Tata McGraw-Hill. Table 2.4 page 43. ISBN 978-0-07-462014-4. +"SI Brochure: The International System of Units (SI)". Bureau international des poids et mesures. Retrieved 8 February 2022. +Zielinski, Sarah (1 January 2008). "Absolute Zero". Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 1 April 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2012. +Masanes, Lluís; Oppenheim, Jonathan (14 March 2017), "A general derivation and quantification of the third law of thermodynamics", Nature Communications, 8 (14538): 14538, arXiv:1412.3828, Bibcode:2017NatCo...814538M, doi:10.1038/ncomms14538, PMC 5355879, PMID 28290452 +Donley, Elizabeth A.; Claussen, Neil R.; Cornish, Simon L.; Roberts, Jacob L.; Cornell, Eric A.; Wieman, Carl E. (2001). "Dynamics of collapsing and exploding Bose–Einstein condensates". Nature. 412 (6844): 295–299. arXiv:cond-mat/0105019. Bibcode:2001Natur.412..295D. doi:10.1038/35085500. PMID 11460153. S2CID 969048. +Clark, Ronald W. "Einstein: The Life and Times" (Avon Books, 1971) pp. 408–9 ISBN 0-380-01159-X +"New State of Matter Seen Near Absolute Zero". NIST. Archived from the original on 1 June 2010. +Levi, Barbara Goss (2001). "Cornell, Ketterle, and Wieman Share Nobel Prize for Bose–Einstein Condensates". Search & Discovery. Physics Today online. Archived from the original on 24 October 2007. Retrieved 26 January 2008. +Leanhardt, A. E.; Pasquini, TA; Saba, M; Schirotzek, A; Shin, Y; Kielpinski, D; Pritchard, DE; Ketterle, W (2003). "Cooling Bose–Einstein Condensates Below 500 Picokelvin" (PDF). Science. 301 (5639): 1513–1515. Bibcode:2003Sci...301.1513L. doi:10.1126/science.1088827. PMID 12970559. S2CID 30259606. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. +Chase, Scott. "Below Absolute Zero -What Does Negative Temperature Mean?". The Physics and Relativity FAQ. Archived from the original on 15 August 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2010. +Merali, Zeeya (2013). "Quantum gas goes below absolute zero". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2013.12146. S2CID 124101032. +Stanford, John Frederick (1892). The Stanford Dictionary of Anglicised Words and Phrases. +Boyle, Robert (1665). New Experiments and Observations touching Cold. +Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cold" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. +Talbot, G.R.; Pacey, A.C. (1972). "Antecedents of thermodynamics in the work of Guillaume Amontons". Centaurus. 16 (1): 20–40. Bibcode:1972Cent...16...20T. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1972.tb00163.x. +Essays Medical and Philosophical, p. PA291, at Google Books +Lambert, Johann Heinrich (1779). Pyrometrie. Berlin. OCLC 165756016. +J. Dalton (1802), "Essay II. On the force of steam or vapour from water and various other liquids, both in vacuum and in air" and Essay IV. "On the expansion of elastic fluids by heat," Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, vol. 8, pt. 2, pp. 550–74, 595–602. +Gay-Lussac, J. L. (1802), "Recherches sur la dilatation des gaz et des vapeurs", Annales de Chimie, XLIII: 137. English translation (extract). +Thomson, William (1848). "On an Absolute Thermometric Scale founded on Carnot's Theory of the Motive Power of Heat, and calculated from Regnault's observations". Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 1: 66–71. +Newcomb, Simon (1906), A Compendium of Spherical Astronomy, New York: The Macmillan Company, p. 175, OCLC 64423127 +"ABSOLUTE ZERO – PBS NOVA DOCUMENTARY (full length)". YouTube. Archived from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2016. +Cryogenics. Scienceclarified.com. Retrieved on 22 July 2012. +"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1913: Heike Kamerlingh Onnes". Nobel Media AB. Retrieved 24 April 2012. +Kruszelnicki, Karl S. (25 September 2003). "Coldest Place in the Universe 1". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 24 September 2012. +"What's the temperature of space?". The Straight Dope. 3 August 2004. Retrieved 24 September 2012. +John, Anslyn J. (25 August 2021). "The building blocks of the universe". HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies. 77 (3). doi:10.4102/hts.v77i3.6831. S2CID 238730757. +"History of temperature changes in the Universe revealed—First measurement using the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect". Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe. 10 November 2020. +Zu, H.; Dai, W.; de Waele, A.T.A.M. (2022). "Development of Dilution refrigerators – A review". Cryogenics. 121. Bibcode:2022Cryo..121....1Z. doi:10.1016/j.cryogenics.2021.103390. ISSN 0011-2275. S2CID 244005391. +Catchpole, Heather (4 September 2008). "Cosmos Online – Verging on absolute zero". Archived from the original on 22 November 2008. +Knuuttila, Tauno (2000). Nuclear Magnetism and Superconductivity in Rhodium. Espoo, Finland: Helsinki University of Technology. ISBN 978-951-22-5208-4. Archived from the original on 28 April 2001. Retrieved 11 February 2008. +"Low Temperature World Record" (Press release). Low Temperature Laboratory, Teknillinen Korkeakoulu. 8 December 2000. Archived from the original on 18 February 2008. Retrieved 11 February 2008. +Sahai, Raghvendra; Nyman, Lars-Åke (1997). "The Boomerang Nebula: The Coldest Region of the Universe?". The Astrophysical Journal. 487 (2): L155–L159. Bibcode:1997ApJ...487L.155S. doi:10.1086/310897. hdl:2014/22450. S2CID 121465475. +"Mysterious Sedna | Science Mission Directorate". science.nasa.gov. Retrieved 25 November 2022. +"Scientific Perspectives for ESA's Future Programme in Life and Physical sciences in Space" (PDF). esf.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2014. +"Atomic Quantum Sensors in Space" (PDF). University of California, Los Angeles. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. +"Atoms Reach Record Temperature, Colder than Absolute Zero". livescience.com. 3 January 2013. +"CUORE: The Coldest Heart in the Known Universe". INFN Press Release. Retrieved 21 October 2014. +"MIT team creates ultracold molecules". Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts, Cambridge. Archived from the original on 18 August 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015. +"Coolest science ever headed to the space station". Science | AAAS. 5 September 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2017. +"Cold Atom Laboratory Mission". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. NASA. 2017. Archived from the original on 29 March 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2016. +"Cold Atom Laboratory Creates Atomic Dance". NASA News. 26 September 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2015. + + Deppner, Christian; Herr, Waldemar; Cornelius, Merle; Stromberger, Peter; Sternke, Tammo; Grzeschik, Christoph; Grote, Alexander; Rudolph, Jan; Herrmann, Sven; Krutzik, Markus; Wenzlawski, André (30 August 2021). "Collective-Mode Enhanced Matter-Wave Optics". Physical Review Letters. 127 (10): 100401. Bibcode:2021PhRvL.127j0401D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.100401. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 34533345. S2CID 237396804. + +Further reading + + Herbert B. Callen (1960). "Chapter 10". Thermodynamics. New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-13035-2. OCLC 535083. + Herbert B. Callen (1985). Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics (Second ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-86256-7. + E.A. Guggenheim (1967). Thermodynamics: An Advanced Treatment for Chemists and Physicists (Fifth ed.). Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing. ISBN 978-0-444-86951-7. OCLC 324553. + George Stanley Rushbrooke (1949). Introduction to Statistical Mechanics. Oxford: Clarendon Press. OCLC 531928. + BIPM Mise en pratique - Kelvin - Appendix 2 - SI Brochure + +External links + + "Absolute zero": a two part NOVA episode originally aired January 2008 + "What is absolute zero?" Lansing State Journal + +Portals: + + icon Physics + Chemistry + +Authority control: National Edit this at Wikidata + + Germany + +Categories: + + ColdCryogenicsTemperature + + This page was last edited on 19 July 2023, at 00:37 (UTC). + site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. + + Privacy policy + About Wikipedia + Disclaimers + Contact Wikipedia + Code of Conduct + Mobile view + Developers + Statistics + Cookie statement + + Wikimedia Foundation + Powered by MediaWiki + + +Main menu + +Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia + + Create account + Log in + +Personal tools + +Contents +(Top) +History + + Precursors + Charles's law + Lord Kelvin + Triple point standard + 2019 redefinition + +Practical uses + + Colour temperature + Kelvin as a unit of noise temperature + Derived units and SI multiples + Orthography + See also + Notes + References + Bibliography + External links + +Kelvin + + Article + Talk + + Read + Edit + View history + +Tools + +From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia +This article is about the unit of temperature. For other uses, see Kelvin (disambiguation). +kelvin +Thermometer with markings in degrees Celsius and in kelvins +General information +Unit system SI +Unit of temperature +Symbol K +Named after William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin +Conversions +x K in ... ... corresponds to ... + Celsius (x − 273.15) °C + Fahrenheit (1.8 x − 459.67) °F + Rankine 1.8 x °Ra + +The kelvin, symbol K, is a unit of measurement for temperature.[1] The Kelvin scale is an absolute scale, which is defined such that 0 K is absolute zero and a change of thermodynamic temperature T by 1 kelvin corresponds to a change of thermal energy kT by 1.380649×10−23 J. The Boltzmann constant k = 1.380649×10−23 J⋅K−1 was exactly defined in the 2019 redefinition of the SI base units such that the triple point of water is 273.16±0.0001 K.[2] The kelvin is the base unit of temperature in the International System of Units (SI), used alongside its prefixed forms.[2][3][4] It is named after the Belfast-born and University of Glasgow-based engineer and physicist William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin (1824–1907).[5] + +Historically, the Kelvin scale was developed from the Celsius scale, such that 273.15 K was 0 °C (the approximate melting point of ice) and a change of one kelvin was exactly equal to a change of one degree Celsius.[1][5] This relationship remains accurate, but the Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Rankine scales are now defined in terms of the Kelvin scale.[2][6][7] The kelvin is the primary unit of temperature for engineering and the physical sciences, while in most countries the Celsius scale remains the dominant scale outside of these fields.[5] In the United States, outside of the physical sciences, the Fahrenheit scale predominates, with the kelvin or Rankine scale employed for absolute temperature.[6] +History +See also: Thermodynamic temperature § History +Precursors +An ice water bath offered a practical calibration point for thermometers in a time before the physical nature of heat was well understood. + +During the 18th century, multiple temperature scales were developed,[8] notably Fahrenheit and centigrade (later Celsius). These scales predated much of the modern science of thermodynamics, including atomic theory and the kinetic theory of gases which underpin the concept of absolute zero. Instead, they chose defining points within the range of human experience that could be reproduced easily and with reasonable accuracy, but lacked any deep significance in thermal physics. In the case of the Celsius scale (and the long since defunct Newton scale and Réaumur scale) the melting point of water served as such a starting point, with Celsius being defined, from the 1740s up until the 1940s, by calibrating a thermometer such that + + The freezing point of water is 0 degrees. + The boiling point of water is 100 degrees. + +This definition assumes pure water at a specific pressure chosen to approximate the natural air pressure at sea level. Thus an increment of 1 °C equals 1/100 of the temperature difference between the melting and boiling points. This temperature interval would go on to become the template for the kelvin.[citation needed] +Charles's law + +From 1787 to 1802, it was determined by Jacques Charles (unpublished), John Dalton,[9][10] and Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac[11] that, at constant pressure, ideal gases expanded or contracted their volume linearly (Charles's law) by about 1/273 parts per degree Celsius of temperature's change up or down, between 0° and 100° C. This suggested that the volume of a gas cooled at about −273 °C would reach zero. +Lord Kelvin +Lord Kelvin, the namesake of the unit of measure. + +In 1848, William Thomson, who was later ennobled as Lord Kelvin, published a paper On an Absolute Thermometric Scale.[12][13][14] Using the soon-to-be-defunct caloric theory, he proposed an "absolute" scale based on the following parameters: + + The melting point of water is 0 degrees. + The boiling point of water is 100 degrees. + +"The arbitrary points which coincide on the two scales are 0° and 100°" + + Any two heat engines whose heat source and heat sink are both separated by the same number of degrees will, per Carnot's theorem, be capable of producing the same amount of mechanical work per unit of "caloric" passing through. + +"The characteristic property of the scale which I now propose is, that all degrees have the same value; that is, that a unit of heat descending from a body A at the temperature T° of this scale, to a body B at the temperature (T − 1)°, would give out the same mechanical effect, whatever be the number T. This may justly be termed an absolute scale, since its characteristic is quite independent of the physical properties of any specific substance." + +As Carnot's theorem is understood in modern thermodynamics to simply describe the maximum efficiency with which thermal energy can be converted to mechanical energy and the predicted maximum efficiency is a function of the ratio between the absolute temperatures of the heat source and heat sink: + + Efficiency ≤ 1 − absolute temperate of heat sink/absolute temperature of heat source + +It follows that increments of equal numbers of degrees on this scale must always represent equal proportional increases in absolute temperature. The numerical value of an absolute temperature, T, on the 1848 scale is related to the absolute temperature of the melting point of water, Tmpw, and the absolute temperature of the boiling point of water, Tbpw, by + + T (1848 scale) = 100 (ln T/Tmpw) / (ln Tbpw/Tmpw) + +On this scale, an increase of 222 degrees always means an approximate doubling of absolute temperature regardless of the starting temperature. + +In a footnote Thomson calculated that "infinite cold" (absolute zero, which would have a numerical value of negative infinity on this scale) was equivalent to −273 °C using the air thermometers of the time. This value of "−273" was the negative reciprocal of 0.00366—the accepted coefficient of thermal expansion of an ideal gas per degree Celsius relative to the ice point, giving a remarkable consistency to the currently accepted value.[citation needed] + +Within a decade, Thomson had abandoned caloric theory and superseded the 1848 scale with a new one[13][15] based on the 2 features that would characterise all future versions of the Kelvin scale: + + Absolute zero is the null point. + Increments have the same magnitude as they do in the Celsius scale. + +In 1892, Thomson was awarded the noble title 1st Baron Kelvin of Largs, or more succinctly Lord Kelvin. This name was a reference to the River Kelvin which flows through the grounds of Glasgow University. + +In the early decades of the 20th century, the Kelvin scale was often called the "absolute Celsius" scale, indicating Celsius degrees counted from absolute zero rather than the freezing point of water, and using the same symbol for regular Celsius degrees, °C.[16] +Triple point standard +A typical phase diagram. The solid green line applies to most substances; the dashed green line gives the anomalous behavior of water. The boiling line (solid blue) runs from the triple point to the critical point, beyond which further increases in temperature and pressure produce a supercritical fluid. + +In 1873, William Thomson's older brother James coined the term triple point[17] to describe the combination of temperature and pressure at which the solid, liquid, and gas phases of a substance were capable of coexisting in thermodynamic equilibrium. While any two phases could coexist along a range of temperature-pressure combinations (e.g. the boiling point of water can be affected quite dramatically by raising or lowering the pressure), the triple point condition for a given substance can occur only at a single pressure and only at a single temperature. By the 1940s, the triple point of water had been experimentally measured to be about 0.6% of standard atmospheric pressure and very close to 0.01 °C per the historical definition of Celsius then in use. + +In 1948, the Celsius scale was recalibrated by assigning the triple point temperature of water the value of 0.01 °C exactly[18] and allowing the melting point at standard atmospheric pressure to have an empirically determined value (and the actual melting point at ambient pressure to have a fluctuating value) close to 0 °C. This was justified on the grounds that the triple point was judged to give a more accurately reproducible reference temperature than the melting point.[19] The triple point could be measured with ±0.0001 °C accuracy, while the melting point just to ±0.001 °C.[18] + +In 1954, with absolute zero having been experimentally determined to be about −273.15 °C per the definition of °C then in use, Resolution 3 of the 10th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) introduced a new internationally standardised Kelvin scale which defined the triple point as exactly 273.15 + 0.01 = 273.16 degrees Kelvin.[20][21] + +In 1967/1968, Resolution 3 of the 13th CGPM renamed the unit increment of thermodynamic temperature "kelvin", symbol K, replacing "degree Kelvin", symbol °K.[22][23][24] The 13th CGPM also held in Resolution 4 that "The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is equal to the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water."[4][25][26] + +After the 1983 redefinition of the metre, this left the kelvin, the second, and the kilogram as the only SI units not defined with reference to any other unit. + +In 2005, noting that the triple point could be influenced by the isotopic ratio of the hydrogen and oxygen making up a water sample and that this was "now one of the major sources of the observed variability between different realizations of the water triple point", the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM), a committee of the CGPM, affirmed that for the purposes of delineating the temperature of the triple point of water, the definition of the kelvin would refer to water having the isotopic composition specified for Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water.[4][27][28] +2019 redefinition +Main article: 2019 redefinition of the SI base units +The kelvin is now fixed in terms of the Boltzmann constant and the joule, itself defined by the caesium-133 hyperfine transition frequency and the Planck constant. Both k and kB are accepted shorthand for the Boltzmann constant. + +In 2005, the CIPM began a programme to redefine the kelvin (along with the other SI units) using a more experimentally rigorous method. In particular, the committee proposed redefining the kelvin such that the Boltzmann constant takes the exact value 1.3806505×10−23 J/K.[29] The committee had hoped that the program would be completed in time for its adoption by the CGPM at its 2011 meeting, but at the 2011 meeting the decision was postponed to the 2014 meeting when it would be considered as part of a larger program.[30] + +The redefinition was further postponed in 2014, pending more accurate measurements of the Boltzmann constant in terms of the current definition,[31] but was finally adopted at the 26th CGPM in late 2018, with a value of k = 1.380649×10−23 J⋅K−1.[32][29][1][2][4][33] + +For scientific purposes, the main advantage is that this allows measurements at very low and very high temperatures to be made more accurately, as the techniques used depend on the Boltzmann constant. It also has the philosophical advantage of being independent of any particular substance. The unit J/K is equal to kg⋅m2⋅s−2⋅K−1, where the kilogram, metre and second are defined in terms of the Planck constant, the speed of light, and the duration of the caesium-133 ground-state hyperfine transition respectively.[2] Thus, this definition depends only on universal constants, and not on any physical artifacts as practiced previously. The challenge was to avoid degrading the accuracy of measurements close to the triple point. For practical purposes, the redefinition was unnoticed; water still freezes at 273.15 K (0 °C),[2][34] and the triple point of water continues to be a commonly used laboratory reference temperature. + +The difference is that, before the redefinition, the triple point of water was exact and the Boltzmann constant had a measured value of 1.38064903(51)×10−23 J/K, with a relative standard uncertainty of 3.7×10−7.[35] Afterward, the Boltzmann constant is exact and the uncertainty is transferred to the triple point of water, which is now 273.1600(1) K. + +The new definition officially came into force on 20 May 2019, the 144th anniversary of the Metre Convention.[33][1][2][4] +Practical uses +Colour temperature +See also: Stefan–Boltzmann constant + +The kelvin is often used as a measure of the colour temperature of light sources. Colour temperature is based upon the principle that a black body radiator emits light with a frequency distribution characteristic of its temperature. Black bodies at temperatures below about 4000 K appear reddish, whereas those above about 7500 K appear bluish. Colour temperature is important in the fields of image projection and photography, where a colour temperature of approximately 5600 K is required to match "daylight" film emulsions. In astronomy, the stellar classification of stars and their place on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram are based, in part, upon their surface temperature, known as effective temperature. The photosphere of the Sun, for instance, has an effective temperature of 5772 K [1][2][3][4] as adopted by IAU 2015 Resolution B3. + +Digital cameras and photographic software often use colour temperature in K in edit and setup menus. The simple guide is that higher colour temperature produces an image with enhanced white and blue hues. The reduction in colour temperature produces an image more dominated by reddish, "warmer" colours. +Kelvin as a unit of noise temperature +Main article: Noise figure + +For electronics, the kelvin is used as an indicator of how noisy a circuit is in relation to an ultimate noise floor, i.e. the noise temperature. The so-called Johnson–Nyquist noise of discrete resistors and capacitors is a type of thermal noise derived from the Boltzmann constant and can be used to determine the noise temperature of a circuit using the Friis formulas for noise. +Derived units and SI multiples +Main article: Orders of magnitude (temperature) + +The only SI derived unit with a special name derived from the kelvin is the degree Celsius. Like other SI units, the kelvin can also be modified by adding a metric prefix that multiplies it by a power of 10: +SI multiples of kelvin (K) Submultiples Multiples +Value SI symbol Name Value SI symbol Name +10−1 K dK decikelvin 101 K daK decakelvin +10−2 K cK centikelvin 102 K hK hectokelvin +10−3 K mK millikelvin 103 K kK kilokelvin +10−6 K µK microkelvin 106 K MK megakelvin +10−9 K nK nanokelvin 109 K GK gigakelvin +10−12 K pK picokelvin 1012 K TK terakelvin +10−15 K fK femtokelvin 1015 K PK petakelvin +10−18 K aK attokelvin 1018 K EK exakelvin +10−21 K zK zeptokelvin 1021 K ZK zettakelvin +10−24 K yK yoctokelvin 1024 K YK yottakelvin +10−27 K rK rontokelvin 1027 K RK ronnakelvin +10−30 K qK quectokelvin 1030 K QK quettakelvin +Orthography + +According to SI convention, the kelvin is never referred to nor written as a degree. The word "kelvin" is not capitalised when used as a unit. It may be pluralised as appropriate (for example, "it is 283 kelvins outside", in contrast with "it is 50 degrees Fahrenheit" or "10 degrees Celsius").[36][37][38][a] The unit symbol K is a capital letter.[22] It is common convention to capitalize Kelvin when referring to Lord Kelvin[5] or the Kelvin scale.[39] + +The unit symbol K is encoded in Unicode at code point U+212A K KELVIN SIGN. However, this is a compatibility character provided for compatibility with legacy encodings. The Unicode standard recommends using U+004B K LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K instead; that is, a normal capital K. "Three letterlike symbols have been given canonical equivalence to regular letters: U+2126 Ω OHM SIGN, U+212A K KELVIN SIGN, and U+212B Å ANGSTROM SIGN. In all three instances, the regular letter should be used."[40] +See also + + iconEnergy portal + + Comparison of temperature scales + International Temperature Scale of 1990 + Negative temperature + +Notes + + SI Brochure 9 does not specify usage or include a current example.[2] + +References + +BIPM (2019-05-20). "Mise en pratique for the definition of the kelvin in the SI". BIPM.org. Retrieved 2022-02-18. +"SI Brochure: The International System of Units (SI) – 9th edition". BIPM. Retrieved 2022-02-21. +"SI base unit: kelvin (K)". bipm.org. BIPM. Retrieved 2022-03-05. +"A Turning Point for Humanity: Redefining the World's Measurement System". Nist. 2018-05-12. Retrieved 2022-02-21. +"Kelvin: Introduction". NIST. 2018-05-14. Retrieved 2022-09-02. +Benham, Elizabeth (2020-10-06). "Busting Myths about the Metric System". Nist. Taking Measure (official blog of the NIST). Retrieved 2022-02-21. +"Handbook 44 – 2022 – Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement" (PDF). nist.gov. NIST. Retrieved 2022-02-21. +"Kelvin: History". Nist. 2018-05-14. Retrieved 2022-02-21. +Dalton, John (1801). "Essay II. On the force of steam or vapour from water and various other liquids, both in vacuum and in air". Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester. 5 part 2: 550–574. +Dalton, John (1801). "Essay IV. On the expansion of elastic fluids by heat". Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester. 5 part 2: 595–602. +Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis (1802), "Recherches sur la dilatation des gaz et des vapeurs", Annales de Chimie, XLIII: 137. English translation (extract). +Thomson, William. "On an Absolute Thermometric Scale founded on Carnot's Theory of the Motive Power of Heat, and calculated from Regnault's Observations". zapatopi.net. Philosophical Magazine. Retrieved 2022-02-21. +Thomson, William. "On an Absolute Thermometric Scale founded on Carnot's Theory of the Motive Power of Heat, and calculated from Regnault's Observations (1881 reprint)" (PDF). Philosophical Magazine. Retrieved 2022-02-21. +Kelvin, William (October 1848). "On an Absolute Thermometric Scale". Philosophical Magazine. Archived from the original on 2008-02-01. Retrieved 2008-02-06. +Thomson, William. "On the Dynamical Theory of Heat, with numerical results deduced from Mr Joule's equivalent of a Thermal Unit, and M. Regnault's Observations on Steam (Excerpts)". Zapatopi.net. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and Philosophical Magazine. Retrieved 2022-02-21. +For example, Encyclopaedia Britannica editions from the 1920s and 1950s, one example being the article "Planets". +Thomson, James (1873). "A quantitative investigation of certain relations between the gaseous, the liquid, and the solid states of water-substance". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 22: 28. Bibcode:1873RSPS...22...27T. ISSN 0370-1662. "and consequently that the three curves would meet or cross each other in one point, which I have called the triple point." +Swinton, F. L. (September 1967). "The triplet point of water". Journal of Chemical Education. 44 (9): 541. doi:10.1021/ed044p541. ISSN 0021-9584. +"Resolution 3 of the 9th CGPM (1948)". bipm.org. BIPM. Retrieved 2022-02-21. +"Resolution 3 of the 10th CGPM (1954)". bipm.org. BIPM. Retrieved 2022-02-21. +"Resolution 3: Definition of the thermodynamic temperature scale". Resolutions of the 10th CGPM. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. 1954. Archived from the original on 2007-06-23. Retrieved 2008-02-06. +"Resolution 3 of the 13th CGPM (1967)". bipm.org. BIPM. Retrieved 2022-02-21. +"Resolution 3: SI unit of thermodynamic temperature (kelvin)". Resolutions of the 13th CGPM. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. 1967. Archived from the original on 2007-04-21. Retrieved 2008-02-06. +Westphal, Wilhelm Heinrich (1952). "Nox, Dunkelleuchtdichte, Skot". Physikalisches Wörterbuch (in German) (1 ed.). Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag OHG. pp. 125, 271, 389. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-12706-3. ISBN 978-3-662-12707-0. Retrieved 2023-03-16. pp. 271, 389: "Dunkelleuchtdichte. […] Unter Zugrundelegung dieser Empfindlichkeitskurve hat man 1940 in Deutschland die Dunkelleuchtdichte mit der Einheit Skot (sk) so festgesetzt, daß bei einem Licht der Farbtemperatur 2360 °K 1 sk = 10−3 asb gilt. 1948 ist von der Internationalen Beleuchtungskommission (IBK) die Bezugstemperatur auf 2046 °K, die Erstarrungstemperatur des Platins, festgesetzt worden. Die Bezeichnung Skot wurde von der IBK nicht übernommen, dafür soll "skotopisches Stilb" gesagt werden. Als höchstzulässiger Grenzwert für die Dunkelleuchtdichte ist in Deutschland 10 Skot festgesetzt worden, um eine Verwendung der Dunkelleuchtdichte im Gebiet des gemischten Zapfen- und Stäbchensehens zu vermeiden, da in diesem Bereich die photometrischen Maßgrößen wegen der allmählich gleitenden Augenempfindlichkeitskurve ihren Sinn verlieren. […] Skot, abgek[ürzt] sk, Einheit für die Dunkelleuchtdichte, welche für zahlenmäßige Angaben und zum Anschluß der Dunkelleuchtdichte an die normale Leuchtdichte 1940 von der Deutschen Lichttechnischen Gesellschaft [de] geschaffen wurde. Für diesen Anschluß wurde die Strahlung des schwarzen Körpers bei T = 2360 °K, d.h. eine Strahlung der Farbtemperatur T1 = 2360 °K vereinbart. Eine Lichtquelle strahlt mit der Dunkelleuchtdichte 1 sk, wenn sie photometrisch gleich einer Strahlung der Farbtemperatur T2 = 2360 °K und der Leuchtdichte von 10−3 asb (Apostilb) ist. Bei der Farbtemperatur T1 = 2360 °K gilt also die Relation: 1 sk = 10−3 asb = 10−7/π sb." +"Resolution 4 of the 13th CGPM (1967)". bipm.org. BIPM. Retrieved 2022-02-21. +"Resolution 4: Definition of the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature (kelvin)". Resolutions of the 13th CGPM. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. 1967. Archived from the original on 2007-06-15. Retrieved 2008-02-06. +"Resolution 10 of the 23rd CGPM (2007)". bipm.org. BIPM. Retrieved 2022-02-21. +"Unit of thermodynamic temperature (kelvin)". SI Brochure, 8th edition. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. 1967. pp. Section 2.1.1.5. Archived from the original on 2007-09-26. Retrieved 2008-02-06. +Ian Mills (2010-09-29). "Draft Chapter 2 for SI Brochure, following redefinitions of the base units" (PDF). CCU. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-01-10. Retrieved 2011-01-01. +"General Conference on Weights and Measures approves possible changes to the International System of Units, including redefinition of the kilogram" (PDF) (Press release). Sèvres, France: General Conference on Weights and Measures. 2011-10-23. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-02-09. Retrieved 2011-10-25. +Wood, B. (3–4 November 2014). "Report on the Meeting of the CODATA Task Group on Fundamental Constants" (PDF). BIPM. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-10-13. "[BIPM director Martin] Milton responded to a question about what would happen if ... the CIPM or the CGPM voted not to move forward with the redefinition of the SI. He responded that he felt that by that time the decision to move forward should be seen as a foregone conclusion." +"2018 CODATA Value: Boltzmann constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. 2019-05-20. Retrieved 2019-05-20. +"Resolution 1 of the 26th CGPM (2018)". bipm.org. BIPM. Retrieved 2022-02-21. +"Updating the definition of the kelvin" (PDF). International Bureau for Weights and Measures (BIPM). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2008-11-23. Retrieved 2010-02-23. +Newell, D B; Cabiati, F; Fischer, J; Fujii, K; Karshenboim, S G; Margolis, H S; de Mirandés, E; Mohr, P J; Nez, F; Pachucki, K; Quinn, T J; Taylor, B N; Wang, M; Wood, B M; Zhang, Z; et al. (Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) Task Group on Fundamental Constants) (2018-01-29). "The CODATA 2017 values of h, e, k, and NA for the revision of the SI". Metrologia. 55 (1): L13–L16. Bibcode:2018Metro..55L..13N. doi:10.1088/1681-7575/aa950a. +"Kelvin: Introduction". www.nist.gov. Retrieved 2023-08-21. +"Definition of KELVIN". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2023-08-21. +CERN English Language Style Guide (PDF). CERN. 2022. p. 64. +Brady, James E.; Senese, Fred (2008-01-28). Chemistry, Student Study Guide: The Study of Matter and Its Changes. John Wiley & Sons. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-470-18464-6. + + "22.2". The Unicode Standard, Version 8.0 (PDF). Mountain View, CA, USA: The Unicode Consortium. August 2015. ISBN 978-1-936213-10-8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-12-06. Retrieved 2015-09-06. + +Bibliography + + Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (2019). "The International System of Units (SI) Brochure" (PDF). 9th Edition. International Committee for Weights and Measures. Retrieved 2022-04-28. + +External links +Look up kelvin in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. + + vte + +Scales of temperature + + vte + +SI units + + vte + +CGS units +Categories: + + 1848 introductionsScottish inventionsSI base unitsWilliam Thomson, 1st Baron KelvinScales of temperatureScales in meteorology + + This page was last edited on 26 August 2023, at 18:37 (UTC). + site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. + + Privacy policy + About Wikipedia + Disclaimers + Contact Wikipedia + Code of Conduct + Mobile view + Developers + Statistics + Cookie statement + + Wikimedia Foundation + Powered by MediaWiki + + +Main menu + +Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia + + Create account + Log in + +Personal tools + +Contents +(Top) +Overview + +Absolute zero of temperature + +Boltzmann constant + +Rankine scale + +Modern redefinition of the kelvin + +Relationship of temperature, motions, conduction, and thermal energy + + Nature of kinetic energy, translational motion, and temperature + High speeds of translational motion + Internal motions of molecules and internal energy + Diffusion of thermal energy: entropy, phonons, and mobile conduction electrons + Diffusion of thermal energy: black-body radiation + Table of thermodynamic temperatures + Heat of phase changes + Internal energy + Internal energy at absolute zero + Practical applications for thermodynamic temperature + Relationship to ideal gas law + History + See also + Notes + External links + +Thermodynamic temperature + + Article + Talk + + Read + Edit + View history + +Tools + +From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia +Thermodynamics +The classical Carnot heat engine +Branches +Laws +Systems +System properties +Material properties +Equations +Potentials + + HistoryCulture + +Scientists +Other + + Category + + vte + +Thermodynamic temperature is a quantity defined in thermodynamics as distinct from kinetic theory or statistical mechanics. + +Historically, thermodynamic temperature was defined by Lord Kelvin in terms of a macroscopic relation between thermodynamic work and heat transfer as defined in thermodynamics, but the kelvin was redefined by international agreement in 2019 in terms of phenomena that are now understood as manifestations of the kinetic energy of free motion of microscopic particles such as atoms, molecules, and electrons. From the thermodynamic viewpoint, for historical reasons, because of how it is defined and measured, this microscopic kinetic definition is regarded as an "empirical" temperature. It was adopted because in practice it can generally be measured more precisely than can Kelvin's thermodynamic temperature. + +A thermodynamic temperature reading of zero is of particular importance for the third law of thermodynamics. By convention, it is reported on the Kelvin scale of temperature in which the unit of measurement is the kelvin (unit symbol: K). For comparison, a temperature of 295 K is equal to 21.85 °C and 71.33 °F. +Overview + +Thermodynamic temperature, as distinct from SI temperature, is defined in terms of a macroscopic Carnot cycle. Thermodynamic temperature is of importance in thermodynamics because it is defined in purely thermodynamic terms. SI temperature is conceptually far different from thermodynamic temperature. Thermodynamic temperature was rigorously defined historically long before there was a fair knowledge of microscopic particles such as atoms, molecules, and electrons. + +The International System of Units (SI) specifies the international absolute scale for measuring temperature, and the unit of measure kelvin (unit symbol: K) for specific values along the scale. The kelvin is also used for denoting temperature intervals (a span or difference between two temperatures) as per the following example usage: "A 60/40 tin/lead solder is non-eutectic and is plastic through a range of 5 kelvins as it solidifies." A temperature interval of one degree Celsius is the same magnitude as one kelvin. + +The magnitude of the kelvin was redefined in 2019 in relation to the physical property underlying thermodynamic temperature: the kinetic energy of atomic free particle motion. The redefinition fixed the Boltzmann constant at precisely 1.380649×10−23 joules per kelvin (J/K).[1] + +The microscopic property that imbues material substances with a temperature can be readily understood by examining the ideal gas law, which relates, per the Boltzmann constant, how heat energy causes precisely defined changes in the pressure and temperature of certain gases. This is because monatomic gases like helium and argon behave kinetically like freely moving perfectly elastic and spherical billiard balls that move only in a specific subset of the possible motions that can occur in matter: that comprising the three translational degrees of freedom. The translational degrees of freedom are the familiar billiard ball-like movements along the X, Y, and Z axes of 3D space (see Fig. 1, below). This is why the noble gases all have the same specific heat capacity per atom and why that value is lowest of all the gases. + +Molecules (two or more chemically bound atoms), however, have internal structure and therefore have additional internal degrees of freedom (see Fig. 3, below), which makes molecules absorb more heat energy for any given amount of temperature rise than do the monatomic gases. Heat energy is born in all available degrees of freedom; this is in accordance with the equipartition theorem, so all available internal degrees of freedom have the same temperature as their three external degrees of freedom. However, the property that gives all gases their pressure, which is the net force per unit area on a container arising from gas particles recoiling off it, is a function of the kinetic energy borne in the freely moving atoms' and molecules' three translational degrees of freedom.[2] + +Fixing the Boltzmann constant at a specific value, along with other rule making, had the effect of precisely establishing the magnitude of the unit interval of SI temperature, the kelvin, in terms of the average kinetic behavior of the noble gases. Moreover, the starting point of the thermodynamic temperature scale, absolute zero, was reaffirmed as the point at which zero average kinetic energy remains in a sample; the only remaining particle motion being that comprising random vibrations due to zero-point energy. +Absolute zero of temperature +Main article: Absolute zero + +Temperature scales are numerical. The numerical zero of a temperature scale is not bound to the absolute zero of temperature. Nevertheless, some temperature scales have their numerical zero coincident with the absolute zero of temperature. Examples are the International SI temperature scale, the Rankine temperature scale, and the thermodynamic temperature scale. Other temperature scales have their numerical zero far from the absolute zero of temperature. Examples are the Fahrenheit scale and the Celsius scale. + +At the zero point of thermodynamic temperature, absolute zero, the particle constituents of matter have minimal motion and can become no colder.[3][4] Absolute zero, which is a temperature of zero kelvins (0 K), is precisely equal to −273.15 °C and −459.67 °F. Matter at absolute zero has no remaining transferable average kinetic energy and the only remaining particle motion is due to an ever-pervasive quantum mechanical phenomenon called ZPE (Zero-Point Energy).[5] Though the atoms in, for instance, a container of liquid helium that was precisely at absolute zero would still jostle slightly due to zero-point energy, a theoretically perfect heat engine with such helium as one of its working fluids could never transfer any net kinetic energy (heat energy) to the other working fluid and no thermodynamic work could occur. + +Temperature is generally expressed in absolute terms when scientifically examining temperature's interrelationships with certain other physical properties of matter such as its volume or pressure (see Gay-Lussac's law), or the wavelength of its emitted black-body radiation. Absolute temperature is also useful when calculating chemical reaction rates (see Arrhenius equation). Furthermore, absolute temperature is typically used in cryogenics and related phenomena like superconductivity, as per the following example usage: "Conveniently, tantalum's transition temperature (Tc) of 4.4924 kelvin is slightly above the 4.2221 K boiling point of helium." +Boltzmann constant + +The Boltzmann constant and its related formulas describe the realm of particle kinetics and velocity vectors whereas ZPE (zero-point energy) is an energy field that jostles particles in ways described by the mathematics of quantum mechanics. In atomic and molecular collisions in gases, ZPE introduces a degree of chaos, i.e., unpredictability, to rebound kinetics; it is as likely that there will be less ZPE-induced particle motion after a given collision as more. This random nature of ZPE is why it has no net effect upon either the pressure or volume of any bulk quantity (a statistically significant quantity of particles) of gases. However, in temperature T = 0 condensed matter; e.g., solids and liquids, ZPE causes inter-atomic jostling where atoms would otherwise be perfectly stationary. Inasmuch as the real-world effects that ZPE has on substances can vary as one alters a thermodynamic system (for example, due to ZPE, helium won't freeze unless under a pressure of at least 2.5 MPa (25 bar)), ZPE is very much a form of thermal energy and may properly be included when tallying a substance's internal energy. +Rankine scale + +Though there have been many other temperature scales throughout history, there have been only two scales for measuring thermodynamic temperature where absolute zero is their null point (0): The Kelvin scale and the Rankine scale. + +Throughout the scientific world where modern measurements are nearly always made using the International System of Units, thermodynamic temperature is measured using the Kelvin scale. The Rankine scale is part of English engineering units in the United States and finds use in certain engineering fields, particularly in legacy reference works. The Rankine scale uses the degree Rankine (symbol: °R) as its unit, which is the same magnitude as the degree Fahrenheit (symbol: °F). + +A unit increment of one degree Rankine is precisely 1.8 times smaller in magnitude than one kelvin; thus, to convert a specific temperature on the Kelvin scale to the Rankine scale, K × 1.8 = °R, and to convert from a temperature on the Rankine scale to the Kelvin scale, °R / 1.8 = K. Consequently, absolute zero is "0" for both scales, but the melting point of water ice (0 °C and 273.15 K) is 491.67 °R. + +To convert temperature intervals (a span or difference between two temperatures), one uses the same formulas from the preceding paragraph; for instance, a range of 5 kelvins is precisely equal to a range of 9 degrees Rankine. +Modern redefinition of the kelvin + +For 65 years, between 1954 and the 2019 redefinition of the SI base units, a temperature interval of one kelvin was defined as 1/273.16 the difference between the triple point of water and absolute zero. The 1954 resolution by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (known by the French-language acronym BIPM), plus later resolutions and publications, defined the triple point of water as precisely 273.16 K and acknowledged that it was "common practice" to accept that due to previous conventions (namely, that 0 °C had long been defined as the melting point of water and that the triple point of water had long been experimentally determined to be indistinguishably close to 0.01 °C), the difference between the Celsius scale and Kelvin scale is accepted as 273.15 kelvins; which is to say, 0 °C equals 273.15 kelvins.[6] The net effect of this as well as later resolutions was twofold: 1) they defined absolute zero as precisely 0 K, and 2) they defined that the triple point of special isotopically controlled water called Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water was precisely 273.16 K and 0.01 °C. One effect of the aforementioned resolutions was that the melting point of water, while very close to 273.15 K and 0 °C, was not a defining value and was subject to refinement with more precise measurements. + +The 1954 BIPM standard did a good job of establishing—within the uncertainties due to isotopic variations between water samples—temperatures around the freezing and triple points of water, but required that intermediate values between the triple point and absolute zero, as well as extrapolated values from room temperature and beyond, to be experimentally determined via apparatus and procedures in individual labs. This shortcoming was addressed by the International Temperature Scale of 1990, or ITS‑90, which defined 13 additional points, from 13.8033 K, to 1,357.77 K. While definitional, ITS‑90 had—and still has—some challenges, partly because eight of its extrapolated values depend upon the melting or freezing points of metal samples, which must remain exceedingly pure lest their melting or freezing points be affected—usually depressed. + +The 2019 redefinition of the SI base units was primarily for the purpose of decoupling much of the SI system's definitional underpinnings from the kilogram, which was the last physical artifact defining an SI base unit (a platinum/iridium cylinder stored under three nested bell jars in a safe located in France) and which had highly questionable stability. The solution required that four physical constants, including the Boltzmann constant, be definitionally fixed. + +Assigning the Boltzmann constant a precisely defined value had no practical effect on modern thermometry except for the most exquisitely precise measurements. Before the redefinition, the triple point of water was exactly 273.16 K and 0.01 °C and the Boltzmann constant was experimentally determined to be 1.38064903(51)×10−23 J/K, where the "(51)" denotes the uncertainty in the two least significant digits (the 03) and equals a relative standard uncertainty of 0.37 ppm.[7] Afterwards, by defining the Boltzmann constant as exactly 1.380649×10−23 J/K, the 0.37 ppm uncertainty was transferred to the triple point of water, which became an experimentally determined value of 273.1600±0.0001 K (0.0100±0.0001 °C). That the triple point of water ended up being exceedingly close to 273.16 K after the SI redefinition was no accident; the final value of the Boltzmann constant was determined, in part, through clever experiments with argon and helium that used the triple point of water for their key reference temperature.[8][9] + +Notwithstanding the 2019 redefinition, water triple-point cells continue to serve in modern thermometry as exceedingly precise calibration references at 273.16 K and 0.01 °C. Moreover, the triple point of water remains one of the 14 calibration points comprising ITS‑90, which spans from the triple point of hydrogen (13.8033 K) to the freezing point of copper (1,357.77 K), which is a nearly hundredfold range of thermodynamic temperature. +Relationship of temperature, motions, conduction, and thermal energy +Figure 1 The translational motion of fundamental particles of nature such as atoms and molecules are directly related to temperature. Here, the size of helium atoms relative to their spacing is shown to scale under 1950 atmospheres of pressure. These room-temperature atoms have a certain average speed (slowed down here two trillion-fold). At any given instant however, a particular helium atom may be moving much faster than average while another may be nearly motionless. Five atoms are colored red to facilitate following their motions. This animation illustrates statistical mechanics, which is the science of how the group behavior of a large collection of microscopic objects emerges from the kinetic properties of each individual object. +Nature of kinetic energy, translational motion, and temperature + +The thermodynamic temperature of any bulk quantity of a substance (a statistically significant quantity of particles) is directly proportional to the mean average kinetic energy of a specific kind of particle motion known as translational motion. These simple movements in the three X, Y, and Z–axis dimensions of space means the particles move in the three spatial degrees of freedom. This particular form of kinetic energy is sometimes referred to as kinetic temperature. Translational motion is but one form of heat energy and is what gives gases not only their temperature, but also their pressure and the vast majority of their volume. This relationship between the temperature, pressure, and volume of gases is established by the ideal gas law's formula pV = nRT and is embodied in the gas laws. + +Though the kinetic energy borne exclusively in the three translational degrees of freedom comprise the thermodynamic temperature of a substance, molecules, as can be seen in Fig. 3, can have other degrees of freedom, all of which fall under three categories: bond length, bond angle, and rotational. All three additional categories are not necessarily available to all molecules, and even for molecules that can experience all three, some can be "frozen out" below a certain temperature. Nonetheless, all those degrees of freedom that are available to the molecules under a particular set of conditions contribute to the specific heat capacity of a substance; which is to say, they increase the amount of heat (kinetic energy) required to raise a given amount of the substance by one kelvin or one degree Celsius. + +The relationship of kinetic energy, mass, and velocity is given by the formula Ek = 1/2mv2.[10] Accordingly, particles with one unit of mass moving at one unit of velocity have precisely the same kinetic energy, and precisely the same temperature, as those with four times the mass but half the velocity. + +The extent to which the kinetic energy of translational motion in a statistically significant collection of atoms or molecules in a gas contributes to the pressure and volume of that gas is a proportional function of thermodynamic temperature as established by the Boltzmann constant (symbol: kB). The Boltzmann constant also relates the thermodynamic temperature of a gas to the mean kinetic energy of an individual particles' translational motion as follows: +E ~ = 3 2 k B T +{\displaystyle {\tilde {E}}={\frac {3}{2}}k_{\text{B}}T} +where: + + E ~ {\displaystyle {\tilde {E}}} is the mean kinetic energy for an individual particle + kB = 1.380649×10−23 J/K + T is the thermodynamic temperature of the bulk quantity of the substance + +Figure 2 The translational motions of helium atoms occur across a range of speeds. Compare the shape of this curve to that of a Planck curve in Fig. 5 below. + +While the Boltzmann constant is useful for finding the mean kinetic energy in a sample of particles, it is important to note that even when a substance is isolated and in thermodynamic equilibrium (all parts are at a uniform temperature and no heat is going into or out of it), the translational motions of individual atoms and molecules occurs across a wide range of speeds (see animation in Fig. 1 above). At any one instant, the proportion of particles moving at a given speed within this range is determined by probability as described by the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. The graph shown here in Fig. 2 shows the speed distribution of 5500 K helium atoms. They have a most probable speed of 4.780 km/s (0.2092 s/km). However, a certain proportion of atoms at any given instant are moving faster while others are moving relatively slowly; some are momentarily at a virtual standstill (off the x–axis to the right). This graph uses inverse speed for its x–axis so the shape of the curve can easily be compared to the curves in Fig. 5 below. In both graphs, zero on the x–axis represents infinite temperature. Additionally, the x and y–axis on both graphs are scaled proportionally. +High speeds of translational motion + +Although very specialized laboratory equipment is required to directly detect translational motions, the resultant collisions by atoms or molecules with small particles suspended in a fluid produces Brownian motion that can be seen with an ordinary microscope. The translational motions of elementary particles are very fast[11] and temperatures close to absolute zero are required to directly observe them. For instance, when scientists at the NIST achieved a record-setting cold temperature of 700 nK (billionths of a kelvin) in 1994, they used optical lattice laser equipment to adiabatically cool cesium atoms. They then turned off the entrapment lasers and directly measured atom velocities of 7 mm per second to in order to calculate their temperature.[12] Formulas for calculating the velocity and speed of translational motion are given in the following footnote.[13] +Figure 2.5 This simulation illustrates an argon atom as it would appear through a 400-power optical microscope featuring a reticle graduated with 50-micron (0.05 mm) tick marks. This atom is moving with a velocity of 14.43 microns per second, which gives the atom a kinetic temperature of one-trillionth of a kelvin. The atom requires 13.9 seconds to travel 200 microns (0.2 mm). Though the atom is being invisibly jostled due to zero-point energy, its translational motion seen here comprises all its kinetic energy. + +It is neither difficult to imagine atomic motions due to kinetic temperature, nor distinguish between such motions and those due to zero-point energy. Consider the following hypothetical thought experiment, as illustrated in Fig. 2.5 at left, with an atom that is exceedingly close to absolute zero. Imagine peering through a common optical microscope set to 400 power, which is about the maximum practical magnification for optical microscopes. Such microscopes generally provide fields of view a bit over 0.4 mm in diameter. At the center of the field of view is a single levitated argon atom (argon comprises about 0.93% of air) that is illuminated and glowing against a dark backdrop. If this argon atom was at a beyond-record-setting one-trillionth of a kelvin above absolute zero,[14] and was moving perpendicular to the field of view towards the right, it would require 13.9 seconds to move from the center of the image to the 200-micron tick mark; this travel distance is about the same as the width of the period at the end of this sentence on modern computer monitors. As the argon atom slowly moved, the positional jitter due to zero-point energy would be much less than the 200-nanometer (0.0002 mm) resolution of an optical microscope. Importantly, the atom's translational velocity of 14.43 microns per second constitutes all its retained kinetic energy due to not being precisely at absolute zero. Were the atom precisely at absolute zero, imperceptible jostling due to zero-point energy would cause it to very slightly wander, but the atom would perpetually be located, on average, at the same spot within the field of view. This is analogous to a boat that has had its motor turned off and is now bobbing slightly in relatively calm and windless ocean waters; even though the boat randomly drifts to and fro, it stays in the same spot in the long term and makes no headway through the water. Accordingly, an atom that was precisely at absolute zero would not be "motionless", and yet, a statistically significant collection of such atoms would have zero net kinetic energy available to transfer to any other collection of atoms. This is because regardless of the kinetic temperature of the second collection of atoms, they too experience the effects of zero-point energy. Such are the consequences of statistical mechanics and the nature of thermodynamics. +Internal motions of molecules and internal energy +Figure 3 Molecules have internal structures because they are composed of atoms that have different ways of moving within molecules. Being able to store kinetic energy in these internal degrees of freedom contributes to a substance's specific heat capacity, or internal energy, allowing it to contain more internal energy at the same temperature. + +As mentioned above, there are other ways molecules can jiggle besides the three translational degrees of freedom that imbue substances with their kinetic temperature. As can be seen in the animation at right, molecules are complex objects; they are a population of atoms and thermal agitation can strain their internal chemical bonds in three different ways: via rotation, bond length, and bond angle movements; these are all types of internal degrees of freedom. This makes molecules distinct from monatomic substances (consisting of individual atoms) like the noble gases helium and argon, which have only the three translational degrees of freedom (the X, Y, and Z axis). Kinetic energy is stored in molecules' internal degrees of freedom, which gives them an internal temperature. Even though these motions are called "internal", the external portions of molecules still move—rather like the jiggling of a stationary water balloon. This permits the two-way exchange of kinetic energy between internal motions and translational motions with each molecular collision. Accordingly, as internal energy is removed from molecules, both their kinetic temperature (the kinetic energy of translational motion) and their internal temperature simultaneously diminish in equal proportions. This phenomenon is described by the equipartition theorem, which states that for any bulk quantity of a substance in equilibrium, the kinetic energy of particle motion is evenly distributed among all the active degrees of freedom available to the particles. Since the internal temperature of molecules are usually equal to their kinetic temperature, the distinction is usually of interest only in the detailed study of non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) phenomena such as combustion, the sublimation of solids, and the diffusion of hot gases in a partial vacuum. + +The kinetic energy stored internally in molecules causes substances to contain more heat energy at any given temperature and to absorb additional internal energy for a given temperature increase. This is because any kinetic energy that is, at a given instant, bound in internal motions, is not contributing to the molecules' translational motions at that same instant .[15] This extra kinetic energy simply increases the amount of internal energy that substance absorbs for a given temperature rise. This property is known as a substance's specific heat capacity. + +Different molecules absorb different amounts of internal energy for each incremental increase in temperature; that is, they have different specific heat capacities. High specific heat capacity arises, in part, because certain substances' molecules possess more internal degrees of freedom than others do. For instance, room-temperature nitrogen, which is a diatomic molecule, has five active degrees of freedom: the three comprising translational motion plus two rotational degrees of freedom internally. Not surprisingly, in accordance with the equipartition theorem, nitrogen has five-thirds the specific heat capacity per mole (a specific number of molecules) as do the monatomic gases.[16] Another example is gasoline (see table showing its specific heat capacity). Gasoline can absorb a large amount of heat energy per mole with only a modest temperature change because each molecule comprises an average of 21 atoms and therefore has many internal degrees of freedom. Even larger, more complex molecules can have dozens of internal degrees of freedom. +Diffusion of thermal energy: entropy, phonons, and mobile conduction electrons +Figure 4 The temperature-induced translational motion of particles in solids takes the form of phonons. Shown here are phonons with identical amplitudes but with wavelengths ranging from 2 to 12 average inter-molecule separations (a). + +Heat conduction is the diffusion of thermal energy from hot parts of a system to cold parts. A system can be either a single bulk entity or a plurality of discrete bulk entities. The term bulk in this context means a statistically significant quantity of particles (which can be a microscopic amount). Whenever thermal energy diffuses within an isolated system, temperature differences within the system decrease (and entropy increases). + +One particular heat conduction mechanism occurs when translational motion, the particle motion underlying temperature, transfers momentum from particle to particle in collisions. In gases, these translational motions are of the nature shown above in Fig. 1. As can be seen in that animation, not only does momentum (heat) diffuse throughout the volume of the gas through serial collisions, but entire molecules or atoms can move forward into new territory, bringing their kinetic energy with them. Consequently, temperature differences equalize throughout gases very quickly—especially for light atoms or molecules; convection speeds this process even more.[17] + +Translational motion in solids, however, takes the form of phonons (see Fig. 4 at right). Phonons are constrained, quantized wave packets that travel at the speed of sound of a given substance. The manner in which phonons interact within a solid determines a variety of its properties, including its thermal conductivity. In electrically insulating solids, phonon-based heat conduction is usually inefficient[18] and such solids are considered thermal insulators (such as glass, plastic, rubber, ceramic, and rock). This is because in solids, atoms and molecules are locked into place relative to their neighbors and are not free to roam. + +Metals however, are not restricted to only phonon-based heat conduction. Thermal energy conducts through metals extraordinarily quickly because instead of direct molecule-to-molecule collisions, the vast majority of thermal energy is mediated via very light, mobile conduction electrons. This is why there is a near-perfect correlation between metals' thermal conductivity and their electrical conductivity.[19] Conduction electrons imbue metals with their extraordinary conductivity because they are delocalized (i.e., not tied to a specific atom) and behave rather like a sort of quantum gas due to the effects of zero-point energy (for more on ZPE, see Note 1 below). Furthermore, electrons are relatively light with a rest mass only 1⁄1836 that of a proton. This is about the same ratio as a .22 Short bullet (29 grains or 1.88 g) compared to the rifle that shoots it. As Isaac Newton wrote with his third law of motion, + + Law #3: All forces occur in pairs, and these two forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. + +However, a bullet accelerates faster than a rifle given an equal force. Since kinetic energy increases as the square of velocity, nearly all the kinetic energy goes into the bullet, not the rifle, even though both experience the same force from the expanding propellant gases. In the same manner, because they are much less massive, thermal energy is readily borne by mobile conduction electrons. Additionally, because they're delocalized and very fast, kinetic thermal energy conducts extremely quickly through metals with abundant conduction electrons. +Diffusion of thermal energy: black-body radiation +Figure 5 The spectrum of black-body radiation has the form of a Planck curve. A 5500 K black-body has a peak emittance wavelength of 527 nm. Compare the shape of this curve to that of a Maxwell distribution in Fig. 2 above. + +Thermal radiation is a byproduct of the collisions arising from various vibrational motions of atoms. These collisions cause the electrons of the atoms to emit thermal photons (known as black-body radiation). Photons are emitted anytime an electric charge is accelerated (as happens when electron clouds of two atoms collide). Even individual molecules with internal temperatures greater than absolute zero also emit black-body radiation from their atoms. In any bulk quantity of a substance at equilibrium, black-body photons are emitted across a range of wavelengths in a spectrum that has a bell curve-like shape called a Planck curve (see graph in Fig. 5 at right). The top of a Planck curve (the peak emittance wavelength) is located in a particular part of the electromagnetic spectrum depending on the temperature of the black-body. Substances at extreme cryogenic temperatures emit at long radio wavelengths whereas extremely hot temperatures produce short gamma rays (see Table of common temperatures). + +Black-body radiation diffuses thermal energy throughout a substance as the photons are absorbed by neighboring atoms, transferring momentum in the process. Black-body photons also easily escape from a substance and can be absorbed by the ambient environment; kinetic energy is lost in the process. + +As established by the Stefan–Boltzmann law, the intensity of black-body radiation increases as the fourth power of absolute temperature. Thus, a black-body at 824 K (just short of glowing dull red) emits 60 times the radiant power as it does at 296 K (room temperature). This is why one can so easily feel the radiant heat from hot objects at a distance. At higher temperatures, such as those found in an incandescent lamp, black-body radiation can be the principal mechanism by which thermal energy escapes a system. +Table of thermodynamic temperatures + +The table below shows various points on the thermodynamic scale, in order of increasing temperature. + kelvin Peak emittance +wavelength[20] of +black-body photons +Absolute zero +(precisely by definition) 0 K ∞ [5] +Coldest measured +temperature [21] 450 pK 6,400 km +One millikelvin +(precisely by definition) 0.001 K 2.897 77 m +(radio, FM band)[22] +cosmic microwave +background radiation 2.725 K 1.063 mm (peak wavelength) +Water's triple point 273.16 K 10.6083 μm +(long wavelength I.R.) +ISO 1 standard temperature +for precision metrology +(precisely 20 °C by definition) 293.15 K 9.88495 μm +(long wavelength I.R.) +Incandescent lamp[A] 2500 K[B] 1.16 μm +(near infrared)[C] +Sun's visible surface[23][24][25][26] 5772 K 502 nm +(green light) +Lightning bolt's +channel 28,000 K 100 nm +(far ultraviolet light) +Sun's core 16 MK 0.18 nm (X-rays) +Thermonuclear explosion +(peak temperature)[27] 350 MK 8.3 × 10−3 nm +(gamma rays) +Sandia National Labs' +Z machine[D][28] 2 GK 1.4 × 10−3 nm +(gamma rays) +Core of a high-mass +star on its last day[29] 3 GK 1 × 10−3 nm +(gamma rays) +Merging binary neutron +star system[30] 350 GK 8 × 10−6 nm +(gamma rays) +Gamma-ray burst progenitors[31] 1 TK 3 × 10−6 nm +(gamma rays) +CERN's proton vs. +nucleus collisions[32] 10 TK 3 × 10−7 nm +(gamma rays) + +For a true blackbody (which tungsten filaments are not). Tungsten filaments' emissivity is greater at shorter wavelengths, which makes them appear whiter. +The 2500 K value is approximate. +Effective photosphere temperature. + + For a true blackbody (which the plasma was not). The Z machine's dominant emission originated from 40 MK electrons (soft x–ray emissions) within the plasma. + +Heat of phase changes +Figure 6 Ice and water: two phases of the same substance + +The kinetic energy of particle motion is just one contributor to the total thermal energy in a substance; another is phase transitions, which are the potential energy of molecular bonds that can form in a substance as it cools (such as during condensing and freezing). The thermal energy required for a phase transition is called latent heat. This phenomenon may more easily be grasped by considering it in the reverse direction: latent heat is the energy required to break chemical bonds (such as during evaporation and melting). Almost everyone is familiar with the effects of phase transitions; for instance, steam at 100 °C can cause severe burns much faster than the 100 °C air from a hair dryer. This occurs because a large amount of latent heat is liberated as steam condenses into liquid water on the skin. + +Even though thermal energy is liberated or absorbed during phase transitions, pure chemical elements, compounds, and eutectic alloys exhibit no temperature change whatsoever while they undergo them (see Fig. 7, below right). Consider one particular type of phase transition: melting. When a solid is melting, crystal lattice chemical bonds are being broken apart; the substance is transitioning from what is known as a more ordered state to a less ordered state. In Fig. 7, the melting of ice is shown within the lower left box heading from blue to green. +Figure 7 Water's temperature does not change during phase transitions as heat flows into or out of it. The total heat capacity of a mole of water in its liquid phase (the green line) is 7.5507 kJ. + +At one specific thermodynamic point, the melting point (which is 0 °C across a wide pressure range in the case of water), all the atoms or molecules are, on average, at the maximum energy threshold their chemical bonds can withstand without breaking away from the lattice. Chemical bonds are all-or-nothing forces: they either hold fast, or break; there is no in-between state. Consequently, when a substance is at its melting point, every joule of added thermal energy only breaks the bonds of a specific quantity of its atoms or molecules,[33] converting them into a liquid of precisely the same temperature; no kinetic energy is added to translational motion (which is what gives substances their temperature). The effect is rather like popcorn: at a certain temperature, additional thermal energy can't make the kernels any hotter until the transition (popping) is complete. If the process is reversed (as in the freezing of a liquid), thermal energy must be removed from a substance. + +As stated above, the thermal energy required for a phase transition is called latent heat. In the specific cases of melting and freezing, it's called enthalpy of fusion or heat of fusion. If the molecular bonds in a crystal lattice are strong, the heat of fusion can be relatively great, typically in the range of 6 to 30 kJ per mole for water and most of the metallic elements.[34] If the substance is one of the monatomic gases, (which have little tendency to form molecular bonds) the heat of fusion is more modest, ranging from 0.021 to 2.3 kJ per mole.[35] Relatively speaking, phase transitions can be truly energetic events. To completely melt ice at 0 °C into water at 0 °C, one must add roughly 80 times the thermal energy as is required to increase the temperature of the same mass of liquid water by one degree Celsius. The metals' ratios are even greater, typically in the range of 400 to 1200 times.[36] And the phase transition of boiling is much more energetic than freezing. For instance, the energy required to completely boil or vaporize water (what is known as enthalpy of vaporization) is roughly 540 times that required for a one-degree increase.[37] + +Water's sizable enthalpy of vaporization is why one's skin can be burned so quickly as steam condenses on it (heading from red to green in Fig. 7 above); water vapors (gas phase) are liquefied on the skin with releasing a large amount of energy (enthalpy) to the environment including the skin, resulting in skin damage. In the opposite direction, this is why one's skin feels cool as liquid water on it evaporates (a process that occurs at a sub-ambient wet-bulb temperature that is dependent on relative humidity); the water evaporation on the skin takes a large amount of energy from the environment including the skin, reducing the skin temperature. Water's highly energetic enthalpy of vaporization is also an important factor underlying why solar pool covers (floating, insulated blankets that cover swimming pools when the pools are not in use) are so effective at reducing heating costs: they prevent evaporation. (In other words, taking energy from water when it is evaporated is limited.) For instance, the evaporation of just 20 mm of water from a 1.29-meter-deep pool chills its water 8.4 degrees Celsius (15.1 °F). +Internal energy + +The total energy of all translational and internal particle motions, including that of conduction electrons, plus the potential energy of phase changes, plus zero-point energy[5] of a substance comprise the internal energy of it. +Figure 8 When many of the chemical elements, such as the noble gases and platinum-group metals, freeze to a solid — the most ordered state of matter — their crystal structures have a close-packed arrangement. This yields the greatest possible packing density and the lowest energy state. +Internal energy at absolute zero + +As a substance cools, different forms of internal energy and their related effects simultaneously decrease in magnitude: the latent heat of available phase transitions is liberated as a substance changes from a less ordered state to a more ordered state; the translational motions of atoms and molecules diminish (their kinetic energy or temperature decreases); the internal motions of molecules diminish (their internal energy or temperature decreases); conduction electrons (if the substance is an electrical conductor) travel somewhat slower;[38] and black-body radiation's peak emittance wavelength increases (the photons' energy decreases). When particles of a substance are as close as possible to complete rest and retain only ZPE (Zero Point Energy)-induced quantum mechanical motion, the substance is at the temperature of absolute zero (T = 0). +Figure 9 Due to the effects of zero-point energy, helium at ambient pressure remains a superfluid even when exceedingly close to absolute zero; it won't freeze unless under 25 bar of pressure (~25 atmospheres). + +Note that whereas absolute zero is the point of zero thermodynamic temperature and is also the point at which the particle constituents of matter have minimal motion, absolute zero is not necessarily the point at which a substance contains zero internal energy; one must be very precise with what one means by internal energy. Often, all the phase changes that can occur in a substance, will have occurred by the time it reaches absolute zero. However, this is not always the case. Notably, T = 0 helium remains liquid at room pressure (Fig. 9 at right) and must be under a pressure of at least 25 bar (2.5 MPa) to crystallize. This is because helium's heat of fusion (the energy required to melt helium ice) is so low (only 21 joules per mole) that the motion-inducing effect of zero-point energy is sufficient to prevent it from freezing at lower pressures. + +A further complication is that many solids change their crystal structure to more compact arrangements at extremely high pressures (up to millions of bars, or hundreds of gigapascals). These are known as solid–solid phase transitions wherein latent heat is liberated as a crystal lattice changes to a more thermodynamically favorable, compact one. + +The above complexities make for rather cumbersome blanket statements regarding the internal energy in T = 0 substances. Regardless of pressure though, what can be said is that at absolute zero, all solids with a lowest-energy crystal lattice such those with a closest-packed arrangement (see Fig. 8, above left) contain minimal internal energy, retaining only that due to the ever-present background of zero-point energy.[5] [39] One can also say that for a given substance at constant pressure, absolute zero is the point of lowest enthalpy (a measure of work potential that takes internal energy, pressure, and volume into consideration).[40] Lastly, it is always true to say that all T = 0 substances contain zero kinetic thermal energy.[5] [13] +Practical applications for thermodynamic temperature + +Thermodynamic temperature is useful not only for scientists, it can also be useful for lay-people in many disciplines involving gases. By expressing variables in absolute terms and applying Gay-Lussac's law of temperature/pressure proportionality, solutions to everyday problems are straightforward; for instance, calculating how a temperature change affects the pressure inside an automobile tire. If the tire has a cold gage[41] pressure of 200 kPa, then its absolute pressure is 300 kPa.[42][43] Room temperature ("cold" in tire terms) is 296 K. If the tire temperature is 20 °C hotter (20 kelvins), the solution is calculated as 316 K/296 K = 6.8% greater thermodynamic temperature and absolute pressure; that is, an absolute pressure of 320 kPa, which is a gage pressure of 220 kPa. +Relationship to ideal gas law + +The thermodynamic temperature is closely linked to the ideal gas law and its consequences. It can be linked also to the second law of thermodynamics. The thermodynamic temperature can be shown to have special properties, and in particular can be seen to be uniquely defined (up to some constant multiplicative factor) by considering the efficiency of idealized heat engines. Thus the ratio T2/T1 of two temperatures T1 and T2 is the same in all absolute scales. + +Strictly speaking, the temperature of a system is well-defined only if it is at thermal equilibrium. From a microscopic viewpoint, a material is at thermal equilibrium if the quantity of heat between its individual particles cancel out. There are many possible scales of temperature, derived from a variety of observations of physical phenomena. + +Loosely stated, temperature differences dictate the direction of heat between two systems such that their combined energy is maximally distributed among their lowest possible states. We call this distribution "entropy". To better understand the relationship between temperature and entropy, consider the relationship between heat, work and temperature illustrated in the Carnot heat engine. The engine converts heat into work by directing a temperature gradient between a higher temperature heat source, TH, and a lower temperature heat sink, TC, through a gas filled piston. The work done per cycle is equal in magnitude to net heat taken up, which is sum of the heat qH taken up by the engine from the high-temperature source, plus the waste heat given off by the engine, qC < 0.[44] The efficiency of the engine is the work divided by the heat put into the system or +Efficiency = | w cy | q H = q H + q C q H = 1 + q C q H = 1 − | q C | | q H | ( 1 ) +{\displaystyle {\textrm {Efficiency}}={\frac {|w_{\text{cy}}|}{q_{\text{H}}}}={\frac {q_{\text{H}}+q_{\text{C}}}{q_{\text{H}}}}=1+{\frac {q_{\text{C}}}{q_{\text{H}}}}=1-{\frac {|q_{\text{C}}|}{|q_{\text{H}}|}}\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ (1)} +where w cy {\displaystyle w_{\text{cy}}} is the work done per cycle. Thus the efficiency depends only on |qC| / |qH|. + +Carnot's theorem states that all reversible engines operating between the same heat reservoirs are equally efficient. Thus, any reversible heat engine operating between temperatures T1 and T2 must have the same efficiency, that is to say, the efficiency is the function of only temperatures + +| q C | | q H | = f ( T H , T C ) . ( 2 ) +{\displaystyle {\frac {|q_{\text{C}}|}{|q_{\text{H}}|}}=f(T_{\text{H}},T_{\text{C}}).\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ (2)} + +In addition, a reversible heat engine operating between a pair of thermal reservoirs at temperatures T1 and T3 must have the same efficiency as one consisting of two cycles, one between T1 and another (intermediate) temperature T2, and the second between T2 andT3. If this were not the case, then energy (in the form of q) will be wasted or gained, resulting in different overall efficiencies every time a cycle is split into component cycles; clearly a cycle can be composed of any number of smaller cycles as an engine design choice, and any reversible engine between the same reservoir at T1 and T3 must be equally efficient regardless of the engine design. + +If we choose engines such that work done by the one cycle engine and the two cycle engine are same, then the efficiency of each heat engine is written as the below. + + η 1 = 1 − | q 3 | | q 1 | = 1 − f ( T 1 , T 3 ) {\displaystyle \eta _{1}=1-{\frac {|q_{3}|}{|q_{1}|}}=1-f(T_{1},T_{3})}, + η 2 = 1 − | q 2 | | q 1 | = 1 − f ( T 1 , T 2 ) {\displaystyle \eta _{2}=1-{\frac {|q_{2}|}{|q_{1}|}}=1-f(T_{1},T_{2})}, + η 3 = 1 − | q 3 | | q 2 | = 1 − f ( T 2 , T 3 ) {\displaystyle \eta _{3}=1-{\frac {|q_{3}|}{|q_{2}|}}=1-f(T_{2},T_{3})}. + + +Here, the engine 1 is the one cycle engine, and the engines 2 and 3 make the two cycle engine where there is the intermediate reservoir at T2. We also have used the fact that the heat q 2 q_{2} passes through the intermediate thermal reservoir at T 2 T_{2} without losing its energy. (I.e., q 2 q_{2} is not lost during its passage through the reservoir at T 2 T_{2}.) This fact can be proved by the following. + + η 2 = 1 − | q 2 | | q 1 | → | w 2 | = | q 1 | − | q 2 | , η 3 = 1 − | q 3 | | q 2 ∗ | → | w 3 | = | q 2 ∗ | − | q 3 | , | w 2 | + | w 3 | = ( | q 1 | − | q 2 | ) + ( | q 2 ∗ | − | q 3 | ) , η 1 = 1 − | q 3 | | q 1 | = ( | w 2 | + | w 3 | ) | q 1 | = ( | q 1 | − | q 2 | ) + ( | q 2 ∗ | − | q 3 | ) | q 1 | . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{{\eta }_{2}}=1-{\frac {|{{q}_{2}}|}{|{{q}_{1}}|}}\to |{{w}_{2}}|=|{{q}_{1}}|-|{{q}_{2}}|,\\&{{\eta }_{3}}=1-{\frac {|{{q}_{3}}|}{|{{q}_{2}}^{*}|}}\to |{{w}_{3}}|=|{{q}_{2}}^{*}|-|{{q}_{3}}|,\\&|{{w}_{2}}|+|{{w}_{3}}|=(|{{q}_{1}}|-|{{q}_{2}}|)+(|{{q}_{2}}^{*}|-|{{q}_{3}}|),\\&{{\eta }_{1}}=1-{\frac {|{{q}_{3}}|}{|{{q}_{1}}|}}={\frac {(|{{w}_{2}}|+|{{w}_{3}}|)}{|{{q}_{1}}|}}={\frac {(|{{q}_{1}}|-|{{q}_{2}}|)+(|{{q}_{2}}^{*}|-|{{q}_{3}}|)}{|{{q}_{1}}|}}.\\\end{aligned}}} + +In order to have the consistency in the last equation, the heat q 2 q_{2} flown from the engine 2 to the intermediate reservoir must be equal to the heat q 2 ∗ {\displaystyle q_{2}^{*}} flown out from the reservoir to the engine 3. + +With this understanding of q1, q2 and q3, mathematically, +f ( T 1 , T 3 ) = | q 3 | | q 1 | = | q 2 | | q 3 | | q 1 | | q 2 | = f ( T 1 , T 2 ) f ( T 2 , T 3 ) . +{\displaystyle f(T_{1},T_{3})={\frac {|q_{3}|}{|q_{1}|}}={\frac {|q_{2}||q_{3}|}{|q_{1}||q_{2}|}}=f(T_{1},T_{2})f(T_{2},T_{3}).} + +But since the first function is NOT a function of T2, the product of the final two functions MUST result in the removal of T2 as a variable. The only way is therefore to define the function f as follows: +f ( T 1 , T 2 ) = g ( T 2 ) g ( T 1 ) +{\displaystyle f(T_{1},T_{2})={\frac {g(T_{2})}{g(T_{1})}}} +and +f ( T 2 , T 3 ) = g ( T 3 ) g ( T 2 ) +{\displaystyle f(T_{2},T_{3})={\frac {g(T_{3})}{g(T_{2})}}} +so that +f ( T 1 , T 3 ) = g ( T 3 ) g ( T 1 ) = | q 3 | | q 1 | . +{\displaystyle f(T_{1},T_{3})={\frac {g(T_{3})}{g(T_{1})}}={\frac {|q_{3}|}{|q_{1}|}}.} + +I.e. the ratio of heat exchanged is a function of the respective temperatures at which they occur. We can choose any monotonic function for our g ( T ) g(T);[45] it is a matter of convenience and convention that we choose g ( T ) = T g(T)=T. Choosing then one fixed reference temperature (i.e. triple point of water), we establish the thermodynamic temperature scale. + +Such a definition coincides with that of the ideal gas derivation; also it is this definition of the thermodynamic temperature that enables us to represent the Carnot efficiency in terms of TH and TC, and hence derive that the (complete) Carnot cycle is isentropic: + +| q C | | q H | = f ( T H , T C ) = T C T H . ( 3 ) +{\displaystyle {\frac {|q_{\text{C}}|}{|q_{\text{H}}|}}=f(T_{\text{H}},T_{\text{C}})={\frac {T_{\text{C}}}{T_{\text{H}}}}.\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ (3)} + +Substituting this back into our first formula for efficiency yields a relationship in terms of temperature: + +Efficiency = 1 + q C q H = 1 − | q C | | q H | = 1 − T C T H . ( 4 ) +{\displaystyle {\textrm {Efficiency}}=1+{\frac {q_{\text{C}}}{q_{\text{H}}}}=1-{\frac {|q_{\text{C}}|}{|q_{\text{H}}|}}=1-{\frac {T_{\text{C}}}{T_{\text{H}}}}.\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ (4)} + +Note that for TC = 0 the efficiency is 100% and that efficiency becomes greater than 100% for TC < 0, which is unrealistic. Subtracting 1 from the right hand side of the Equation (4) and the middle portion gives q C q H = − T C T H {\displaystyle {\frac {q_{\text{C}}}{q_{\text{H}}}}=-{\frac {T_{\text{C}}}{T_{\text{H}}}}} and thus [46][44] +q H T H + q C T C = 0. +{\displaystyle {\frac {q_{\text{H}}}{T_{\text{H}}}}+{\frac {q_{\text{C}}}{T_{\text{C}}}}=0.} + +The generalization of this equation is the Clausius theorem, which proposes the existence of a state function S S (i.e., a function which depends only on the state of the system, not on how it reached that state) defined (up to an additive constant) by +d S = d q r e v T , +{\displaystyle dS={\frac {dq_{\mathrm {rev} }}{T}},} + + + + + + + + + + + + + +(5) + +where the subscript rev indicates heat transfer in a reversible process. The function S S is the entropy of the system, mentioned previously, and the change of S S around any cycle is zero (as is necessary for any state function). The Equation 5 can be rearranged to get an alternative definition for temperature in terms of entropy and heat (to avoid a logic loop, we should first define entropy through statistical mechanics): +T = d q r e v d S . +{\displaystyle T={\frac {dq_{\mathrm {rev} }}{dS}}.} + +For a constant-volume system (so no mechanical work W W) in which the entropy S S is a function S ( E ) S(E) of its internal energy E E, d E = d q r e v {\displaystyle dE=dq_{rev}} and the thermodynamic temperature T T is therefore given by +1 T = d S d E , +{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{T}}={\frac {dS}{dE}},} +so that the reciprocal of the thermodynamic temperature is the rate of change of entropy with respect to the internal energy at the constant volume. + +History +Guillaume Amontons + +1702–1703: Guillaume Amontons (1663–1705) published two papers that may be used to credit him as being the first researcher to deduce the existence of a fundamental (thermodynamic) temperature scale featuring an absolute zero. He made the discovery while endeavoring to improve upon the air thermometers in use at the time. His J-tube thermometers comprised a mercury column that was supported by a fixed mass of air entrapped within the sensing portion of the thermometer. In thermodynamic terms, his thermometers relied upon the volume / temperature relationship of gas under constant pressure. His measurements of the boiling point of water and the melting point of ice showed that regardless of the mass of air trapped inside his thermometers or the weight of mercury the air was supporting, the reduction in air volume at the ice point was always the same ratio. This observation led him to posit that a sufficient reduction in temperature would reduce the air volume to zero. In fact, his calculations projected that absolute zero was equivalent to −240 °C—only 33.15 degrees short of the true value of −273.15 °C. Amonton's discovery of a one-to-one relationship between absolute temperature and absolute pressure was rediscovered a century later and popularized within the scientific community by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac. Today, this principle of thermodynamics is commonly known as Gay-Lussac's law but is also known as Amonton's law. +Anders Celsius + +1742: Anders Celsius (1701–1744) created a "backwards" version of the modern Celsius temperature scale. In Celsius's original scale, zero represented the boiling point of water and 100 represented the melting point of ice. In his paper Observations of two persistent degrees on a thermometer, he recounted his experiments showing that ice's melting point was effectively unaffected by pressure. He also determined with remarkable precision how water's boiling point varied as a function of atmospheric pressure. He proposed that zero on his temperature scale (water's boiling point) would be calibrated at the mean barometric pressure at mean sea level. +Carl Linnaeus + +1744: Coincident with the death of Anders Celsius, the famous botanist Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) effectively reversed[47] Celsius's scale upon receipt of his first thermometer featuring a scale where zero represented the melting point of ice and 100 represented water's boiling point. The custom-made linnaeus-thermometer, for use in his greenhouses, was made by Daniel Ekström, Sweden's leading maker of scientific instruments at the time. For the next 204 years, the scientific and thermometry communities worldwide referred to this scale as the centigrade scale. Temperatures on the centigrade scale were often reported simply as degrees or, when greater specificity was desired, degrees centigrade. The symbol for temperature values on this scale was °C (in several formats over the years). Because the term centigrade was also the French-language name for a unit of angular measurement (one-hundredth of a right angle) and had a similar connotation in other languages, the term "centesimal degree" was used when very precise, unambiguous language was required by international standards bodies such as the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (Bureau international des poids et mesures) (BIPM). The 9th CGPM (General Conference on Weights and Measures (Conférence générale des poids et mesures) and the CIPM (International Committee for Weights and Measures (Comité international des poids et mesures) formally adopted[48] degree Celsius (symbol: °C) in 1948. +Johann Heinrich Lambert + +1777: In his book Pyrometrie (Berlin: Haude & Spener, 1779) completed four months before his death, Johann Heinrich Lambert (1728–1777), sometimes incorrectly referred to as Joseph Lambert, proposed an absolute temperature scale based on the pressure/temperature relationship of a fixed volume of gas. This is distinct from the volume/temperature relationship of gas under constant pressure that Guillaume Amontons discovered 75 years earlier. Lambert stated that absolute zero was the point where a simple straight-line extrapolation reached zero gas pressure and was equal to −270 °C. +Jacques Alexandre César Charles + +Circa 1787: Notwithstanding the work of Guillaume Amontons 85 years earlier, Jacques Alexandre César Charles (1746–1823) is often credited with discovering, but not publishing, that the volume of a gas under constant pressure is proportional to its absolute temperature. The formula he created was V1/T1 = V2/T2. +Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac + +1802: Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778–1850) published work (acknowledging the unpublished lab notes of Jacques Charles fifteen years earlier) describing how the volume of gas under constant pressure changes linearly with its absolute (thermodynamic) temperature. This behavior is called Charles's Law and is one of the gas laws. His are the first known formulas to use the number 273 for the expansion coefficient of gas relative to the melting point of ice (indicating that absolute zero was equivalent to −273 °C). +Lord Kelvin + +1848: William Thomson, (1824–1907) also known as Lord Kelvin, wrote in his paper, On an Absolute Thermometric Scale, of the need for a scale whereby infinite cold (absolute zero) was the scale's zero point, and which used the degree Celsius for its unit increment. + +Like Gay-Lussac, Thomson calculated that absolute zero was equivalent to −273 °C on the air thermometers of the time. This absolute scale is known today as the kelvin thermodynamic temperature scale. It's noteworthy that Thomson's value of −273 was actually derived from 0.00366, which was the accepted expansion coefficient of gas per degree Celsius relative to the ice point. The inverse of −0.00366 expressed to five significant digits is −273.22 °C which is remarkably close to the true value of −273.15 °C. + +In the paper he proposed to define temperature using idealized heat engines. In detail, he proposed that, given three heat reservoirs at temperatures T A , T B , T C {\displaystyle T_{A},T_{B},T_{C}}, if two reversible heat engines (Carnot engine), one working between T A , T B {\displaystyle T_{A},T_{B}} and another between T B , T C {\displaystyle T_{B},T_{C}}, can produce the same amount of mechanical work W W by letting the same amount of heat Q Q pass through, then define T A − T B = T B − T C {\displaystyle T_{A}-T_{B}=T_{B}-T_{C}}. + +Note that like Carnot, Kelvin worked under the assumption that heat is conserved ("the conversion of heat (or caloric) into mechanical effect is probably impossible"), and if heat Q Q goes into the heat engine, then heat Q Q must come out.[49] + +1851: William Thomson, realizing after Joule's experiments that heat is not a conserved quantity, but is convertible with mechanical work, modified his scale in An Account of Carnot's Theory of the Motive Power of Heat. In this work, he defined as follows:[50] + + Given two heat reservoirs T A , T B {\displaystyle T_{A},T_{B}}, and a reversible heat engine working between them, such that if during an engine cycle, heat Q A Q_{A} moves into the engine, and heat Q B Q_{B} comes out of the engine, then T A T B = Q A Q B {\displaystyle {\frac {T_{A}}{T_{B}}}={\frac {Q_{A}}{Q_{B}}}}. + +The above definition fixes the ratios between absolute temperatures, but it does not fix a scale for absolute temperature. For the scale, Thomson proposed to use the Celsius degree, that is, 1 100 {\frac {1}{100}} the interval between the freezing and the boiling point of water. +Macquorn Rankine + +1859: Macquorn Rankine (1820–1872) proposed a thermodynamic temperature scale similar to William Thomson's but which used the degree Fahrenheit for its unit increment, that is, 1 180 {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{180}}} the interval between the freezing and the boiling point of water. This absolute scale is known today as the Rankine thermodynamic temperature scale. +Ludwig Boltzmann + +1877–1884: Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906) made major contributions to thermodynamics through an understanding of the role that particle kinetics and black body radiation played. His name is now attached to several of the formulas used today in thermodynamics. + +Circa 1930s: Gas thermometry experiments carefully calibrated to the melting point of ice and boiling point of water showed that absolute zero was equivalent to −273.15 °C. + +1948: Resolution 3 of the 9th CGPM (Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures, also known as the General Conference on Weights and Measures) fixed the triple point of water at precisely 0.01 °C. At this time, the triple point still had no formal definition for its equivalent kelvin value, which the resolution declared "will be fixed at a later date". The implication is that if the value of absolute zero measured in the 1930s was truly −273.15 °C, then the triple point of water (0.01 °C) was equivalent to 273.16 K. Additionally, both the CIPM (Comité international des poids et mesures, also known as the International Committee for Weights and Measures) and the CGPM formally adopted the name Celsius for the degree Celsius and the Celsius temperature scale. [51] + +1954: Resolution 3 of the 10th CGPM gave the kelvin scale its modern definition by choosing the triple point of water as its upper defining point (with no change to absolute zero being the null point) and assigning it a temperature of precisely 273.16 kelvins (what was actually written 273.16 degrees Kelvin at the time). This, in combination with Resolution 3 of the 9th CGPM, had the effect of defining absolute zero as being precisely zero kelvins and −273.15 °C. + +1967/1968: Resolution 3 of the 13th CGPM renamed the unit increment of thermodynamic temperature kelvin, symbol K, replacing degree absolute, symbol °K. Further, feeling it useful to more explicitly define the magnitude of the unit increment, the 13th CGPM also decided in Resolution 4 that "The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water". + +2005: The CIPM (Comité International des Poids et Mesures, also known as the International Committee for Weights and Measures) affirmed that for the purposes of delineating the temperature of the triple point of water, the definition of the kelvin thermodynamic temperature scale would refer to water having an isotopic composition defined as being precisely equal to the nominal specification of Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water. + +2019: In November 2018, the 26th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) changed the definition of the Kelvin by fixing the Boltzmann constant to 1.380649×10−23 when expressed in the unit J/K. This change (and other changes in the definition of SI units) was made effective on the 144th anniversary of the Metre Convention, 20 May 2019. +See also + + Absolute zero + Hagedorn temperature + Adiabatic process + Boltzmann constant + Carnot heat engine + Energy conversion efficiency + Enthalpy + Entropy + Equipartition theorem + Fahrenheit + First law of thermodynamics + Freezing + Gas laws + International System of Quantities + ITS-90 + Ideal gas law + Kelvin + Laws of thermodynamics + Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution + Orders of magnitude (temperature) + Phase transition + Planck's law of black-body radiation + Rankine scale + Specific heat capacity + Standard enthalpy change of fusion + Standard enthalpy change of vaporization + Temperature + Temperature conversion formulas + Thermal radiation + Thermodynamic beta + Thermodynamic equations + Thermodynamic equilibrium + Thermodynamics + Thermodynamics Category (list of articles) + Timeline of heat engine technology + Timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology + Triple point + +Notes + + In the following notes, wherever numeric equalities are shown in concise form, such as 1.85487(14)×1043, the two digits between the parentheses denotes the uncertainty at 1-σ (1 standard deviation, 68% confidence level) in the two least significant digits of the significand. + +CODATA Value: Boltzmann constant. The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. National Institute of Standards and Technology. +Georgia State University, HyperPhysics Project, "Equipartition of Energy" +Rankine, W. J. M., "A manual of the steam engine and other prime movers", Richard Griffin and Co., London (1859), p. 306–307. +William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, "Heat", Adam and Charles Black, Edinburgh (1880), p. 39. +Absolute zero's relationship to zero-point energy +While scientists are achieving temperatures ever closer to absolute zero, they can not fully achieve a state of zero temperature. However, even if scientists could remove all kinetic thermal energy from matter, quantum mechanical zero-point energy (ZPE) causes particle motion that can never be eliminated. Encyclopædia Britannica Online defines zero-point energy as the "vibrational energy that molecules retain even at the absolute zero of temperature". ZPE is the result of all-pervasive energy fields in the vacuum between the fundamental particles of nature; it is responsible for the Casimir effect and other phenomena. See Zero Point Energy and Zero Point Field. See also Solid Helium Archived 2008-02-12 at the Wayback Machine by the University of Alberta's Department of Physics to learn more about ZPE's effect on Bose–Einstein condensates of helium. + +Although absolute zero (T = 0) is not a state of zero molecular motion, it is the point of zero temperature and, in accordance with the Boltzmann constant, is also the point of zero particle kinetic energy and zero kinetic velocity. To understand how atoms can have zero kinetic velocity and simultaneously be vibrating due to ZPE, consider the following thought experiment: two T = 0 helium atoms in zero gravity are carefully positioned and observed to have an average separation of 620 pm between them (a gap of ten atomic diameters). It is an "average" separation because ZPE causes them to jostle about their fixed positions. Then one atom is given a kinetic kick of precisely 83 yoctokelvins (1 yK = 1×10−24 K). This is done in a way that directs this atom's velocity vector at the other atom. With 83 yK of kinetic energy between them, the 620 pm gap through their common barycenter would close at a rate of 719 pm/s and they would collide after 0.862 second. This is the same speed as shown in the Fig. 1 animation above. Before being given the kinetic kick, both T = 0 atoms had zero kinetic energy and zero kinetic velocity because they could persist indefinitely in that state and relative orientation even though both were being jostled by ZPE. At T = 0, no kinetic energy is available for transfer to other systems. + +Note too that absolute zero serves as the baseline atop which thermodynamics and its equations are founded because they deal with the exchange of thermal energy between "systems" (a plurality of particles and fields modeled as an average). Accordingly, one may examine ZPE-induced particle motion within a system that is at absolute zero but there can never be a net outflow of thermal energy from such a system. Also, the peak emittance wavelength of black-body radiation shifts to infinity at absolute zero; indeed, a peak no longer exists and black-body photons can no longer escape. Because of ZPE, however, virtual photons are still emitted at T = 0. Such photons are called "virtual" because they can't be intercepted and observed. Furthermore, this zero-point radiation has a unique zero-point spectrum. However, even though a T = 0 system emits zero-point radiation, no net heat flow Q out of such a system can occur because if the surrounding environment is at a temperature greater than T = 0, heat will flow inward, and if the surrounding environment is at 'T = 0, there will be an equal flux of ZP radiation both inward and outward. A similar Q equilibrium exists at T = 0 with the ZPE-induced spontaneous emission of photons (which is more properly called a stimulated emission in this context). The graph at upper right illustrates the relationship of absolute zero to zero-point energy. The graph also helps in the understanding of how zero-point energy got its name: it is the vibrational energy matter retains at the zero-kelvin point. Derivation of the classical electromagnetic zero-point radiation spectrum via a classical thermodynamic operation involving van der Waals forces, Daniel C. Cole, Physical Review A, 42 (1990) 1847. +"SI brochure, section 2.1.1.5". International Bureau of Weights and Measures. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 9 May 2008. +Newell, D B; Cabiati, F; Fischer, J; Fujii, K; Karshenboim, S G; Margolis, H S; de Mirandés, E; Mohr, P J; Nez, F; Pachucki, K; Quinn, T J; Taylor, B N; Wang, M; Wood, B M; Zhang, Z; et al. (Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) Task Group on Fundamental Constants) (29 January 2018). "The CODATA 2017 values of h, e, k, and NA for the revision of the SI". Metrologia. 55 (1): L13–L16. Bibcode:2018Metro..55L..13N. doi:10.1088/1681-7575/aa950a. +"SI Redefinition – Kelvin: Boltzmann Constant". National Institute of Standards and Technology. Archived from the original on 1 July 2020. Retrieved 13 Dec 2020. +"Acoustic Thermometry". National Institute of Standards and Technology. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 13 Dec 2020. +At non-relativistic temperatures of less than about 30 GK, classical mechanics are sufficient to calculate the velocity of particles. At 30 GK, individual neutrons (the constituent of neutron stars and one of the few materials in the universe with temperatures in this range) have a 1.0042 γ (gamma or Lorentz factor). Thus, the classic Newtonian formula for kinetic energy is in error less than half a percent for temperatures less than 30 GK. +Even room–temperature air has an average molecular translational speed (not vector-isolated velocity) of 1822 km/hour. This is relatively fast for something the size of a molecule considering there are roughly 2.42×1016 of them crowded into a single cubic millimeter. Assumptions: Average molecular weight of wet air = 28.838 g/mol and T = 296.15 K. Assumption's primary variables: An altitude of 194 meters above mean sea level (the world–wide median altitude of human habitation), an indoor temperature of 23 °C, a dewpoint of 9 °C (40.85% relative humidity), and 760 mmHg (101.325 kPa) sea level–corrected barometric pressure. +Citation: Adiabatic Cooling of Cesium to 700 nK in an Optical Lattice, A. Kastberg et al., Physical Review Letters 74, No. 9, 27 Feb. 1995, Pg. 1542. It's noteworthy that a record cold temperature of 450 pK in a Bose–Einstein condensate of sodium atoms (achieved by A. E. Leanhardt et al.. of MIT) equates to an average vector-isolated atom velocity of 0.4 mm/s and an average atom speed of 0.7 mm/s. +The rate of translational motion of atoms and molecules is calculated based on thermodynamic temperature as follows: +v ~ = k B 2 ⋅ T m 2 +{\displaystyle {\tilde {v}}={\sqrt {\frac {{\frac {k_{\text{B}}}{2}}\cdot T}{\frac {m}{2}}}}} +where + + v ~ {\displaystyle {\tilde {v}}} is the vector-isolated mean velocity of translational particle motion in m/s + kB (Boltzmann constant) = 1.380649×10−23 J/K + T is the thermodynamic temperature in kelvins + m is the molecular mass of substance in kg/particle + +In the above formula, molecular mass, m, in kg/particle is the quotient of a substance's molar mass (also known as atomic weight, atomic mass, relative atomic mass, and unified atomic mass units) in g/mol or daltons divided by 6.02214076×1026 (which is the Avogadro constant times one thousand). For diatomic molecules such as H2, N2, and O2, multiply atomic weight by two before plugging it into the above formula. The mean speed (not vector-isolated velocity) of an atom or molecule along any arbitrary path is calculated as follows: +s ~ = v ~ ⋅ 3 +{\displaystyle {\tilde {s}}={\tilde {v}}\cdot {\sqrt {3}}} +where s ~ {\tilde {s}} is the mean speed of translational particle motion in m/s. Note that the mean energy of the translational motions of a substance's constituent particles correlates to their mean speed, not velocity. Thus, substituting s ~ {\tilde {s}} for v in the classic formula for kinetic energy, Ek = 1⁄2m ⋅ v2 produces precisely the same value as does Emean = 3/2kBT (as shown in the section titled The nature of kinetic energy, translational motion, and temperature). Note too that the Boltzmann constant and its related formulas establish that absolute zero is the point of both zero kinetic energy of particle motion and zero kinetic velocity (see also Note 1 above). +One-trillionth of a kelvin is to one kelvin as two sheets of kitchen aluminum foil (0.04 mm) are to the distance around Earth at the equator. +The internal degrees of freedom of molecules cause their external surfaces to vibrate and can also produce overall spinning motions (what can be likened to the jiggling and spinning of an otherwise stationary water balloon). If one examines a single molecule as it impacts a containers' wall, some of the kinetic energy borne in the molecule's internal degrees of freedom can constructively add to its translational motion during the instant of the collision and extra kinetic energy will be transferred into the container's wall. This would induce an extra, localized, impulse-like contribution to the average pressure on the container. However, since the internal motions of molecules are random, they have an equal probability of destructively interfering with translational motion during a collision with a container's walls or another molecule. Averaged across any bulk quantity of a gas, the internal thermal motions of molecules have zero net effect upon the temperature, pressure, or volume of a gas. Molecules' internal degrees of freedom simply provide additional locations where kinetic energy is stored. This is precisely why molecular-based gases have greater specific internal capacity than monatomic gases (where additional internal energy must be added to achieve a given temperature rise). +When measured at constant-volume since different amounts of work must be performed if measured at constant-pressure. Nitrogen's CvH (100 kPa, 20 °C) equals 20.8 J⋅mol–1⋅K–1 vs. the monatomic gases, which equal 12.4717 J mol–1 K–1. Citations: W.H. Freeman's Physical Chemistry, Part 3: Change (422 kB PDF, here), Exercise 21.20b, Pg. 787. Also Georgia State University's Molar Specific Heats of Gases. +The speed at which thermal energy equalizes throughout the volume of a gas is very rapid. However, since gases have extremely low density relative to solids, the heat flux (the thermal power passing per area) through gases is comparatively low. This is why the dead-air spaces in multi-pane windows have insulating qualities. +Diamond is a notable exception. Highly quantized modes of phonon vibration occur in its rigid crystal lattice. Therefore, not only does diamond have exceptionally poor specific heat capacity, it also has exceptionally high thermal conductivity. +Correlation is 752 (W⋅m−1⋅K−1)/(MS⋅cm), σ = 81, through a 7:1 range in conductivity. Value and standard deviation based on data for Ag, Cu, Au, Al, Ca, Be, Mg, Rh, Ir, Zn, Co, Ni, Os, Fe, Pa, Pt, and Sn. Citation: Data from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 1st Student Edition and this link to Web Elements' home page. +The cited emission wavelengths are for true black bodies in equilibrium. In this table, only the sun so qualifies. CODATA recommended value of 2.897771955...×10−3 m⋅K used for Wien displacement law constant b. +A record cold temperature of 450 ±80 pK in a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) of sodium (23Na) atoms was achieved in 2003 by researchers at MIT. Citation: Cooling Bose–Einstein Condensates Below 500 Picokelvin, A. E. Leanhardt et al., Science 301, 12 Sept. 2003, Pg. 1515. The thermal velocity of the atoms averaged about 0.4 mm/s. It is noteworthy that this record's peak emittance black-body wavelength of 6,400 kilometers is roughly the radius of Earth. +The peak emittance wavelength of 2.897 77 m is a frequency of 103.456 MHz +"Resolution B3 on recommended nominal conversion constants for selected solar and planetary properties" (PDF). 2015. +Hertel, Ingolf V.; Schulz, Claus-Peter (2014-10-24). Atoms, Molecules and Optical Physics 1: Atoms and Spectroscopy. Springer. p. 35. ISBN 978-3-642-54322-7. +Vignola, Frank; Michalsky, Joseph; Stoffel, Thomas (2019-07-30). Solar and Infrared Radiation Measurements, Second Edition. CRC Press. pp. chapter 2.1 2.2. ISBN 978-1-351-60020-0. +"Sun Fact Sheet". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2023-08-27. +The 350 MK value is the maximum peak fusion fuel temperature in a thermonuclear weapon of the Teller–Ulam configuration (commonly known as a "hydrogen bomb"). Peak temperatures in Gadget-style fission bomb cores (commonly known as an "atomic bomb") are in the range of 50 to 100 MK. Citation: Nuclear Weapons Frequently Asked Questions, 3.2.5 Matter At High Temperatures. Link to relevant Web page. All referenced data was compiled from publicly available sources. +Peak temperature for a bulk quantity of matter was achieved by a pulsed-power machine used in fusion physics experiments. The term "bulk quantity" draws a distinction from collisions in particle accelerators wherein high "temperature" applies only to the debris from two subatomic particles or nuclei at any given instant. The >2 GK temperature was achieved over a period of about ten nanoseconds during "shot Z1137". In fact, the iron and manganese ions in the plasma averaged 3.58 ±0.41 GK (309 ±35 keV) for 3 ns (ns 112 through 115). Citation: Ion Viscous Heating in a Magnetohydrodynamically Unstable Z Pinch at Over 2 × 109 Kelvin, M. G. Haines et al., Physical Review Letters 96, Issue 7, id. 075003. Link to Sandia's news release. Archived 2006-07-02 at the Wayback Machine +Core temperature of a high–mass (>8–11 solar masses) star after it leaves the main sequence on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram and begins the alpha process (which lasts one day) of fusing silicon–28 into heavier elements in the following steps: sulfur–32 → argon–36 → calcium–40 → titanium–44 → chromium–48 → iron–52 → nickel–56. Within minutes of finishing the sequence, the star explodes as a Type II supernova. Citation: Stellar Evolution: The Life and Death of Our Luminous Neighbors (by Arthur Holland and Mark Williams of the University of Michigan). Link to Web site. More informative links can be found here, and here Archived 2011-08-14 at the Wayback Machine, and a concise treatise on stars by NASA is here. Archived July 20, 2015, at the Wayback Machine +Based on a computer model that predicted a peak internal temperature of 30 MeV (350 GK) during the merger of a binary neutron star system (which produces a gamma–ray burst). The neutron stars in the model were 1.2 and 1.6 solar masses respectively, were roughly 20 km in diameter, and were orbiting around their barycenter (common center of mass) at about 390 Hz during the last several milliseconds before they completely merged. The 350 GK portion was a small volume located at the pair's developing common core and varied from roughly 1 to 7 km across over a time span of around 5 ms. Imagine two city-sized objects of unimaginable density orbiting each other at the same frequency as the G4 musical note (the 28th white key on a piano). It is also noteworthy that at 350 GK, the average neutron has a vibrational speed of 30% the speed of light and a relativistic mass (m) 5% greater than its rest mass (m0). Citation: Oechslin, R.; Janka, H.- T. (2006). "Torus formation in neutron star mergers and well-localized short gamma-ray bursts". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 368 (4): 1489–1499. arXiv:astro-ph/0507099v2. Bibcode:2006MNRAS.368.1489O. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10238.x. S2CID 15036056. To view a browser-based summary of the research, click here. +NewScientist: Eight extremes: The hottest thing in the universe, 07 March 2011, which stated "While the details of this process are currently unknown, it must involve a fireball of relativistic particles heated to something in the region of a trillion kelvin." +Citation: How do physicists study particles? Archived 2007-10-11 at the Wayback Machine by CERN. +Water's enthalpy of fusion (0 °C, 101.325 kPa) equates to 0.062284 eV per molecule so adding one joule of thermal energy to 0 °C water ice causes 1.0021×1020 water molecules to break away from the crystal lattice and become liquid. +Water's enthalpy of fusion is 6.0095 kJ⋅mol−1 K−1 (0 °C, 101.325 kPa). Citation: Water Structure and Science, Water Properties, Enthalpy of fusion, (0 °C, 101.325 kPa) (by London South Bank University). Link to Web site. The only metals with enthalpies of fusion not in the range of 6–30 J mol−1 K−1 are (on the high side): Ta, W, and Re; and (on the low side) most of the group 1 (alkaline) metals plus Ga, In, Hg, Tl, Pb, and Np. Citation: This link to Web Elements' home page. +Xenon value citation: This link to WebElements' xenon data (available values range from 2.3 to 3.1 kJ/mol). It is also noteworthy that helium's heat of fusion of only 0.021 kJ/mol is so weak of a bonding force that zero-point energy prevents helium from freezing unless it is under a pressure of at least 25 atmospheres. +CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 1st Student Edition and Web Elements. +H2Ospecific heat capacity, Cp = 0.075327 kJ⋅mol−1⋅K−1 (25 °C); Enthalpy of fusion = 6.0095 kJ/mol (0 °C, 101.325 kPa); Enthalpy of vaporization (liquid) = 40.657 kJ/mol (100 °C). Citation: Water Structure and Science, Water Properties (by London South Bank University). Link to Web site. +Mobile conduction electrons are delocalized, i.e. not tied to a specific atom, and behave rather like a sort of quantum gas due to the effects of zero-point energy. Consequently, even at absolute zero, conduction electrons still move between atoms at the Fermi velocity of about 1.6×106 m/s. Kinetic thermal energy adds to this speed and also causes delocalized electrons to travel farther away from the nuclei. +No other crystal structure can exceed the 74.048% packing density of a closest-packed arrangement. The two regular crystal lattices found in nature that have this density are hexagonal close packed (HCP) and face-centered cubic (FCC). These regular lattices are at the lowest possible energy state. Diamond is a closest-packed structure with an FCC crystal lattice. Note too that suitable crystalline chemical compounds, although usually composed of atoms of different sizes, can be considered as closest-packed structures when considered at the molecular level. One such compound is the common mineral known as magnesium aluminum spinel (MgAl2O4). It has a face-centered cubic crystal lattice and no change in pressure can produce a lattice with a lower energy state. +Nearly half of the 92 naturally occurring chemical elements that can freeze under a vacuum also have a closest-packed crystal lattice. This set includes beryllium, osmium, neon, and iridium (but excludes helium), and therefore have zero latent heat of phase transitions to contribute to internal energy (symbol: U). In the calculation of enthalpy (formula: H = U + pV), internal energy may exclude different sources of thermal energy (particularly ZPE) depending on the nature of the analysis. Accordingly, all T = 0 closest-packed matter under a perfect vacuum has either minimal or zero enthalpy, depending on the nature of the analysis. Use Of Legendre Transforms In Chemical Thermodynamics, Robert A. Alberty, Pure Appl.Chem., 73 (2001) 1349. +Regarding the spelling "gage" vs. "gauge" in the context of pressures measured relative to atmospheric pressure, the preferred spelling varies by country and even by industry. Further, both spellings are often used within a particular industry or country. Industries in British English-speaking countries typically use the spelling "gauge pressure" to distinguish it from the pressure-measuring instrument, which in the U.K., is spelled pressure gage. For the same reason, many of the largest American manufacturers of pressure transducers and instrumentation use the spelling gage pressure (the convention used here) in their formal documentation to distinguish it from the instrument, which is spelled pressure gauge. (see Honeywell-Sensotec's FAQ page and Fluke Corporation's product search page). +Pressure also must be in absolute terms. The air still in a tire at a gage pressure of 0 kPa expands too as it gets hotter. It's not uncommon for engineers to overlook that one must work in terms of absolute pressure when compensating for temperature. For instance, a dominant manufacturer of aircraft tires published a document on temperature-compensating tire pressure, which used gage pressure in the formula. However, the high gage pressures involved (180 psi; 12.4 bar; 1.24 MPa) means the error would be quite small. With low-pressure automobile tires, where gage pressures are typically around 2 bar (200 kPa), failing to adjust to absolute pressure results in a significant error. Referenced document: Aircraft Tire Ratings (155 kB PDF, here). +A difference of 100 kPa is used here instead of the 101.325 kPa value of one standard atmosphere. In 1982, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) recommended that for the purposes of specifying the physical properties of substances, the standard pressure (atmospheric pressure) should be defined as precisely 100 kPa (≈ 750.062 Torr). Besides being a round number, this had a very practical effect: relatively few people live and work at precisely sea level; 100 kPa equates to the mean pressure at an altitude of about 112 meters, which is closer to the 194–meter, worldwide median altitude of human habitation. For especially low-pressure or high-accuracy work, true atmospheric pressure must be measured. Citation: IUPAC.org, Gold Book, Standard Pressure +Planck, M. (1945). Treatise on Thermodynamics. Dover Publications. p. §90 & §137. "eqs.(39), (40), & (65)". +Here, need to add a reason of requiring the function g(T) to be a monotonic function. The Carnot efficiency (efficiency of all reversible engines) may be a reason. +Fermi, E. (1956). Thermodynamics. Dover Publications (still in print). p. 48. "eq.(64)". +A Brief History of Temperature Measurement and; Uppsala University (Sweden), Linnaeus' thermometer +bipm.org +Lemons, Don S. (2020). "Chapter 4: Absolute Temperature". Thermodynamic weirdness : from Fahrenheit to Clausius (First MIT Press Paperback ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts. ISBN 978-0-262-53894-7. OCLC 1143850952. +Lemons, Don S. (2020). "Chapter 8: Absolute Temperature—Again". Thermodynamic weirdness : from Fahrenheit to Clausius (First MIT Press Paperback ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts. ISBN 978-0-262-53894-7. OCLC 1143850952. + + According to The Oxford English Dictionary (OED), the term "Celsius's thermometer" had been used at least as early as 1797. Further, the term "The Celsius or Centigrade thermometer" was again used in reference to a particular type of thermometer at least as early as 1850. The OED also cites this 1928 reporting of a temperature: "My altitude was about 5,800 metres, the temperature was 28° Celsius". However, dictionaries seek to find the earliest use of a word or term and are not a useful resource as regards the terminology used throughout the history of science. According to several writings of Dr. Terry Quinn CBE FRS, Director of the BIPM (1988–2004), including Temperature Scales from the early days of thermometry to the 21st century (150 kB PDF, here) as well as Temperature (2nd Edition / 1990 / Academic Press / 0125696817), the term Celsius in connection with the centigrade scale was not used whatsoever by the scientific or thermometry communities until after the CIPM and CGPM adopted the term in 1948. The BIPM wasn't even aware that degree Celsius was in sporadic, non-scientific use before that time. It's also noteworthy that the twelve-volume, 1933 edition of OED did not even have a listing for the word Celsius (but did have listings for both centigrade and centesimal in the context of temperature measurement). The 1948 adoption of Celsius accomplished three objectives: + All common temperature scales would have their units named after someone closely associated with them; namely, Kelvin, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Réaumur and Rankine. + Notwithstanding the important contribution of Linnaeus who gave the Celsius scale its modern form, Celsius's name was the obvious choice because it began with the letter C. Thus, the symbol °C that for centuries had been used in association with the name centigrade could continue to be used and would simultaneously inherit an intuitive association with the new name. + The new name eliminated the ambiguity of the term centigrade, freeing it to refer exclusively to the French-language name for the unit of angular measurement. + +External links + + Zero Point Energy and Zero Point Field. A Web site with in-depth explanations of a variety of quantum effects. By Bernard Haisch, of Calphysics Institute. + + vte + +SI base quantities +Authority control: National Edit this at Wikidata + + Germany + +Categories: + + TemperatureSI base quantitiesState functions + + This page was last edited on 27 August 2023, at 12:03 (UTC). + site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. + + Privacy policy + About Wikipedia + Disclaimers + Contact Wikipedia + Code of Conduct + Mobile view + Developers + Statistics + Cookie statement + + Wikimedia Foundation + Powered by MediaWiki + + +Main menu + +Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia + + Create account + Log in + +Personal tools + +Contents +(Top) +Notation and units + +Classical thermodynamics + + Heat and entropy + Heat and enthalpy + +History + + Classical thermodynamics + Clausius (1850) + Bryan (1907) + Carathéodory (1909) + Planck (1926) + +Heat transfer + + Heat transfer between two bodies + Heat engine + Heat pump or refrigerator + Macroscopic view + Microscopic view + Calorimetry + Engineering + +Latent and sensible heat + +Heat capacity + +"Hotness" + +See also + +References + + Quotations + Bibliography of cited references + Further bibliography + External links + +Heat + + Article + Talk + + Read + View source + View history + +Tools + +From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia +This article is about a mode of transfer of energy. For the system in a home, see Central heating. For other uses, see Heat (disambiguation). +see caption +A glowing-hot metal bar showing incandescence, the emission of light due to its temperature, is often recognized as a source of heat. +Thermodynamics +The classical Carnot heat engine +Branches +Laws +Systems +System properties +Material properties +Equations +Potentials + + HistoryCulture + +Scientists +Other + + Category + + vte + +In thermodynamics, heat is the thermal energy transferred between systems due to a temperature difference.[1] In colloquial use, heat sometimes refers to thermal energy itself. + +An example of formal vs. informal usage may be obtained from the right-hand photo, in which the metal bar is "conducting heat" from its hot end to its cold end, but if the metal bar is considered a thermodynamic system, then the energy flowing within the metal bar is called internal energy, not heat. The hot metal bar is also transferring heat to its surroundings, a correct statement for both the strict and loose meanings of heat. Another example of informal usage is the term heat content, used despite the fact that physics defines heat as energy transfer. More accurately, it is thermal energy that is contained in the system or body, as it is stored in the microscopic degrees of freedom of the modes of vibration.[2] + +Heat is energy in transfer to or from a thermodynamic system, by a mechanism that involves the microscopic atomic modes of motion or the corresponding macroscopic properties.[3] This descriptive characterization excludes the transfers of energy by thermodynamic work or mass transfer. Defined quantitatively, the heat involved in a process is the difference in internal energy between the final and initial states of a system, and subtracting the work done in the process.[4] This is the formulation of the first law of thermodynamics. + +The measurement of energy transferred as heat is called calorimetry, performed by measuring its effect on the states of interacting bodies. For example, heat can be measured by the amount of ice melted, or by change in temperature of a body in the surroundings of the system.[5] + +In the International System of Units (SI) the unit of measurement for heat, as a form of energy, is the joule (J). +Notation and units + +As a form of energy, heat has the unit joule (J) in the International System of Units (SI). In addition, many applied branches of engineering use other, traditional units, such as the British thermal unit (BTU) and the calorie. The standard unit for the rate of heating is the watt (W), defined as one joule per second. + +The symbol Q for heat was introduced by Rudolf Clausius and Macquorn Rankine in c. 1859.[6] + +Heat released by a system into its surroundings is by convention a negative quantity (Q < 0); when a system absorbs heat from its surroundings, it is positive (Q > 0). Heat transfer rate, or heat flow per unit time, is denoted by Q ˙ {\dot {Q}}, but it is not a time derivative of a function of state (which can also be written with the dot notation) since heat is not a function of state.[7] Heat flux is defined as rate of heat transfer per unit cross-sectional area (watts per square metre). +Classical thermodynamics +Heat and entropy +Main article: Entropy +Rudolf Clausius + +In 1856, Rudolf Clausius, referring to closed systems, in which transfers of matter do not occur, defined the second fundamental theorem (the second law of thermodynamics) in the mechanical theory of heat (thermodynamics): "if two transformations which, without necessitating any other permanent change, can mutually replace one another, be called equivalent, then the generations of the quantity of heat Q from work at the temperature T, has the equivalence-value:"[8][9] + + Q T . {\displaystyle {\frac {Q}{T}}.} + +In 1865, he came to define the entropy symbolized by S, such that, due to the supply of the amount of heat Q at temperature T the entropy of the system is increased by + + Δ S = Q T {\displaystyle \Delta S={\frac {Q}{T}}} + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (1) + +In a transfer of energy as heat without work being done, there are changes of entropy in both the surroundings which lose heat and the system which gains it. The increase, ΔS, of entropy in the system may be considered to consist of two parts, an increment, ΔS′ that matches, or 'compensates', the change, −ΔS′, of entropy in the surroundings, and a further increment, ΔS′′ that may be considered to be 'generated' or 'produced' in the system, and is said therefore to be 'uncompensated'. Thus + + Δ S = Δ S ′ + Δ S ″ . {\displaystyle \Delta S=\Delta S'+\Delta S''.} + +This may also be written + + Δ S s y s t e m = Δ S c o m p e n s a t e d + Δ S u n c o m p e n s a t e d with Δ S c o m p e n s a t e d = − Δ S s u r r o u n d i n g s . \Delta S_{\mathrm {system} }=\Delta S_{\mathrm {compensated} }+\Delta S_{\mathrm {uncompensated} }\,\,\,\,{\text{with}}\,\,\,\,\Delta S_{\mathrm {compensated} }=-\Delta S_{\mathrm {surroundings} }. + +The total change of entropy in the system and surroundings is thus + + Δ S o v e r a l l = Δ S ′ + Δ S ′ ′ − Δ S ′ = Δ S ′ ′ . \Delta S_{\mathrm {overall} }=\Delta S^{\prime }+\Delta S^{\prime \prime }-\Delta S^{\prime }=\Delta S^{\prime \prime }. + +This may also be written + + Δ S o v e r a l l = Δ S c o m p e n s a t e d + Δ S u n c o m p e n s a t e d + Δ S s u r r o u n d i n g s = Δ S u n c o m p e n s a t e d . \Delta S_{\mathrm {overall} }=\Delta S_{\mathrm {compensated} }+\Delta S_{\mathrm {uncompensated} }+\Delta S_{\mathrm {surroundings} }=\Delta S_{\mathrm {uncompensated} }. + +It is then said that an amount of entropy ΔS′ has been transferred from the surroundings to the system. Because entropy is not a conserved quantity, this is an exception to the general way of speaking, in which an amount transferred is of a conserved quantity. + +From the second law of thermodynamics it follows that in a spontaneous transfer of heat, in which the temperature of the system is different from that of the surroundings: + + Δ S o v e r a l l > 0. {\displaystyle \Delta S_{\mathrm {overall} }>0.} + +For purposes of mathematical analysis of transfers, one thinks of fictive processes that are called reversible, with the temperature T of the system being hardly less than that of the surroundings, and the transfer taking place at an imperceptibly slow rate. + +Following the definition above in formula (1), for such a fictive reversible process, a quantity of transferred heat δQ (an inexact differential) is analyzed as a quantity T dS, with dS (an exact differential): + + T d S = δ Q . T\,\mathrm {d} S=\delta Q. + +This equality is only valid for a fictive transfer in which there is no production of entropy, that is to say, in which there is no uncompensated entropy. + +If, in contrast, the process is natural, and can really occur, with irreversibility, then there is entropy production, with dSuncompensated > 0. The quantity T dSuncompensated was termed by Clausius the "uncompensated heat", though that does not accord with present-day terminology. Then one has + + T s u r r d S = δ Q + T d S u n c o m p e n s a t e d > δ Q . {\displaystyle T_{surr}\,\mathrm {d} S=\delta Q+T\,\mathrm {d} S_{\mathrm {uncompensated} }>\delta Q.} + +This leads to the statement + + T s u r r d S ≥ δ Q (second law) . {\displaystyle T_{surr}\,\mathrm {d} S\geq \delta Q\quad {\text{(second law)}}\,.} + +which is the second law of thermodynamics for closed systems. + +In non-equilibrium thermodynamics that makes the approximation of assuming the hypothesis of local thermodynamic equilibrium, there is a special notation for this. The transfer of energy as heat is assumed to take place across an infinitesimal temperature difference, so that the system element and its surroundings have near enough the same temperature T. Then one writes + + d S = d S e + d S i , {\displaystyle \mathrm {d} S=\mathrm {d} S_{\mathrm {e} }+\mathrm {d} S_{\mathrm {i} }\,,} + +where by definition + + δ Q = T d S e and d S i ≡ d S u n c o m p e n s a t e d . \delta Q=T\,\mathrm {d} S_{\mathrm {e} }\,\,\,\,\,{\text{and}}\,\,\,\,\,\mathrm {d} S_{\mathrm {i} }\equiv \mathrm {d} S_{\mathrm {uncompensated} }. + +The second law for a natural process asserts that[10][11][12][13] + + d S i > 0. {\displaystyle \mathrm {d} S_{\mathrm {i} }>0.} + +Heat and enthalpy +Further information: Internal energy and Enthalpy + +For a closed system (a system from which no matter can enter or exit), one version of the first law of thermodynamics states that the change in internal energy ΔU of the system is equal to the amount of heat Q supplied to the system minus the amount of thermodynamic work W done by system on its surroundings. The foregoing sign convention for work is used in the present article, but an alternate sign convention, followed by IUPAC, for work, is to consider the work performed on the system by its surroundings as positive. This is the convention adopted by many modern textbooks of physical chemistry, such as those by Peter Atkins and Ira Levine, but many textbooks on physics define work as work done by the system. + + Δ U = Q − W . \Delta U=Q-W\,. + +This formula can be re-written so as to express a definition of quantity of energy transferred as heat, based purely on the concept of adiabatic work, if it is supposed that ΔU is defined and measured solely by processes of adiabatic work: + + Q = Δ U + W . Q=\Delta U+W. + +The thermodynamic work done by the system is through mechanisms defined by its thermodynamic state variables, for example, its volume V, not through variables that necessarily involve mechanisms in the surroundings. The latter are such as shaft work, and include isochoric work. + +The internal energy, U, is a state function. In cyclical processes, such as the operation of a heat engine, state functions of the working substance return to their initial values upon completion of a cycle. + +The differential, or infinitesimal increment, for the internal energy in an infinitesimal process is an exact differential dU. The symbol for exact differentials is the lowercase letter d. + +In contrast, neither of the infinitesimal increments δQ nor δW in an infinitesimal process represents the change in a state function of the system. Thus, infinitesimal increments of heat and work are inexact differentials. The lowercase Greek letter delta, δ, is the symbol for inexact differentials. The integral of any inexact differential in a process where the system leaves and then returns to the same thermodynamic state does not necessarily equal zero. + +As recounted above, in the section headed heat and entropy, the second law of thermodynamics observes that if heat is supplied to a system in a reversible process, the increment of heat δQ and the temperature T form the exact differential + + d S = δ Q T , \mathrm {d} S={\frac {\delta Q}{T}}, + +and that S, the entropy of the working body, is a state function. Likewise, with a well-defined pressure, P, behind a slowly moving (quasistatic) boundary, the work differential, δW, and the pressure, P, combine to form the exact differential + + d V = δ W P , \mathrm {d} V={\frac {\delta W}{P}}, + +with V the volume of the system, which is a state variable. In general, for systems of uniform pressure and temperature without composition change, + + d U = T d S − P d V . \mathrm {d} U=T\mathrm {d} S-P\mathrm {d} V. + +Associated with this differential equation is the concept that the internal energy may be considered to be a function U (S,V) of its natural variables S and V. The internal energy representation of the fundamental thermodynamic relation is written as[14][15] + + U = U ( S , V ) . U=U(S,V). + +If V is constant + + T d S = d U ( V constant) T\mathrm {d} S=\mathrm {d} U\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,(V\,\,{\text{constant)}} + +and if P is constant + + T d S = d H ( P constant) T\mathrm {d} S=\mathrm {d} H\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,(P\,\,{\text{constant)}} + +with the enthalpy H defined by + + H = U + P V . H=U+PV. + +The enthalpy may be considered to be a function H(S, P) of its natural variables S and P. The enthalpy representation of the fundamental thermodynamic relation is written[15][16] + + H = H ( S , P ) . H=H(S,P). + +The internal energy representation and the enthalpy representation are partial Legendre transforms of one another. They contain the same physical information, written in different ways. Like the internal energy, the enthalpy stated as a function of its natural variables is a thermodynamic potential and contains all thermodynamic information about a body.[16][17] + +If a quantity Q of heat is added to a body while it does only expansion work W on its surroundings, one has + + Δ H = Δ U + Δ ( P V ) . \Delta H=\Delta U+\Delta (PV)\,. + +If this is constrained to happen at constant pressure, i.e. with ΔP = 0, the expansion work W done by the body is given by W = P ΔV; recalling the first law of thermodynamics, one has + + Δ U = Q − W = Q − P Δ V and Δ ( P V ) = P Δ V . \Delta U=Q-W=Q-P\,\Delta V{\text{ and }}\Delta (PV)=P\,\Delta V\,. + +Consequently, by substitution one has + + Δ H = Q − P Δ V + P Δ V = Q at constant pressure without electrical work. {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\Delta H&=Q-P\,\Delta V+P\,\Delta V\\&=Q\qquad \qquad \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,{\text{at constant pressure without electrical work.}}\end{aligned}}} + +In this scenario, the increase in enthalpy is equal to the quantity of heat added to the system. This is the basis of the determination of enthalpy changes in chemical reactions by calorimetry. Since many processes do take place at constant atmospheric pressure, the enthalpy is sometimes given the misleading name of 'heat content'[18] or heat function,[19] while it actually depends strongly on the energies of covalent bonds and intermolecular forces. + +In terms of the natural variables S and P of the state function H, this process of change of state from state 1 to state 2 can be expressed as + + Δ H = ∫ S 1 S 2 ( ∂ H ∂ S ) P d S + ∫ P 1 P 2 ( ∂ H ∂ P ) S d P = ∫ S 1 S 2 ( ∂ H ∂ S ) P d S at constant pressure without electrical work. {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\Delta H&=\int _{S_{1}}^{S_{2}}\left({\frac {\partial H}{\partial S}}\right)_{P}\mathrm {d} S+\int _{P_{1}}^{P_{2}}\left({\frac {\partial H}{\partial P}}\right)_{S}\mathrm {d} P\\&=\int _{S_{1}}^{S_{2}}\left({\frac {\partial H}{\partial S}}\right)_{P}\mathrm {d} S\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,{\text{at constant pressure without electrical work.}}\end{aligned}}} + +It is known that the temperature T(S, P) is identically stated by + + ( ∂ H ∂ S ) P ≡ T ( S , P ) . \left({\frac {\partial H}{\partial S}}\right)_{P}\equiv T(S,P)\,. + +Consequently, + + Δ H = ∫ S 1 S 2 T ( S , P ) d S at constant pressure without electrical work. {\displaystyle \Delta H=\int _{S_{1}}^{S_{2}}T(S,P)\mathrm {d} S\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,{\text{at constant pressure without electrical work.}}} + +In this case, the integral specifies a quantity of heat transferred at constant pressure. +History +Main article: History of thermodynamics + +As a common noun, English heat or warmth (just as French chaleur, German Wärme, Latin calor, Greek θάλπος, etc.) refers to (the human perception of) either thermal energy or temperature. Speculation on thermal energy or "heat" as a separate form of matter has a long history, identified as caloric theory, phlogiston theory, and fire. + +Heat has been discussed in ordinary language by philosophers. An example is this 1720 quote from John Locke: + + Heat, is a very brisk agitation of the insensible parts of the object, which produces in us that sensation from whence we denominate the object hot; so what in our sensation is heat, in the object is nothing but motion. This appears by the way, whereby heat is produc’d: for we see that the rubbing of a brass nail upon a board, will make it very hot; and the axle-trees of carts and coaches are often hot, and sometimes to a degree, that it sets them on fire, by the rubbing of the nave of the wheel upon it.[20] + +This source was repeatedly quoted by Joule. John Tyndall's Heat Considered as Mode of Motion (1863) was instrumental in popularizing the idea of heat as motion to the English-speaking public. The theory was developed in academic publications in French, English and German. From an early time, the French technical term chaleur used by Carnot was taken as equivalent to the English heat and German Wärme (lit. "warmth", while the equivalent of heat would be German Hitze). +Classical thermodynamics + +The modern understanding of heat is often partly attributed to Thompson's 1798 mechanical theory of heat (An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat which is Excited by Friction), postulating a mechanical equivalent of heat. A collaboration between Nicolas Clément and Sadi Carnot (Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire) in the 1820s had some related thinking along similar lines.[21] In 1842, Julius Robert Mayer frictionally generated heat in paper pulp and measured the temperature rise.[22] In 1845, Joule published a paper entitled The Mechanical Equivalent of Heat, in which he specified a numerical value for the amount of mechanical work required to "produce a unit of heat", based on heat production by friction in the passage of electricity through a resistor and in the rotation of a paddle in a vat of water.[23] The theory of classical thermodynamics matured in the 1850s to 1860s. +Clausius (1850) + +In 1850, Clausius, responding to Joule's experimental demonstrations of heat production by friction, rejected the caloric doctrine of conservation of heat, writing: + + If we assume that heat, like matter, cannot be lessened in quantity, we must also assume that it cannot be increased; but it is almost impossible to explain the ascension of temperature brought about by friction otherwise than by assuming an actual increase of heat. The careful experiments of Joule, who developed heat in various ways by the application of mechanical force, establish almost to a certainty, not only the possibility of increasing the quantity of heat, but also the fact that the newly-produced heat is proportional to the work expended in its production. It may be remarked further, that many facts have lately transpired which tend to overthrow the hypothesis that heat is itself a body, and to prove that it consists in a motion of the ultimate particles of bodies.[24] + +The process function Q was introduced by Rudolf Clausius in 1850. Clausius described it with the German compound Wärmemenge, translated as "amount of heat".[24] + +James Clerk Maxwell in his 1871 Theory of Heat outlines four stipulations for the definition of heat: + + It is something which may be transferred from one body to another, according to the second law of thermodynamics. + It is a measurable quantity, and so can be treated mathematically. + It cannot be treated as a material substance, because it may be transformed into something that is not a material substance, e.g., mechanical work. + Heat is one of the forms of energy.[25] + +The process function Q is referred to as Wärmemenge by Clausius, or as "amount of heat" in translation. Use of "heat" as an abbreviated form of the specific concept of "quantity of energy transferred as heat" led to some terminological confusion by the early 20th century. The generic meaning of "heat", even in classical thermodynamics, is just "thermal energy".[26] Since the 1920s, it has been recommended practice to use enthalpy to refer to the "heat content at constant volume", and to thermal energy when "heat" in the general sense is intended, while "heat" is reserved for the very specific context of the transfer of thermal energy between two systems. Leonard Benedict Loeb in his Kinetic Theory of Gases (1927) makes a point of using "quantity of heat" or "heat–quantity" when referring to Q:[27] + + After the perfection of thermometry [...] the next great advance made in the field of heat was the definition of a term which is called the quantity of heat. [... after the abandonment of caloric theory,] It still remains to interpret this very definite concept, the quantity of heat, in terms of a theory ascribing all heat to the kinetics of gas molecules.[28] + +Richard Feynman introduced heat with a physical depiction, as associated with the jiggling motion of atoms and molecules, with faster motion corresponding to increased temperature.[29] To explain physics further, he used the term "heat energy,"[30] along with "heat".[31] +Bryan (1907) + +In 1907, G.H. Bryan published an investigation of the foundations of thermodynamics, Thermodynamics: an Introductory Treatise dealing mainly with First Principles and their Direct Applications, B.G. Teubner, Leipzig. + +Bryan was writing when thermodynamics had been established empirically, but people were still interested to specify its logical structure. The 1909 work of Carathéodory also belongs to this historical era. Bryan was a physicist while Carathéodory was a mathematician. + +Bryan started his treatise with an introductory chapter on the notions of heat and of temperature. He gives an example of where the notion of heating as raising a body's temperature contradicts the notion of heating as imparting a quantity of heat to that body. + +He defined an adiabatic transformation as one in which the body neither gains nor loses heat. This is not quite the same as defining an adiabatic transformation as one that occurs to a body enclosed by walls impermeable to radiation and conduction. + +He recognized calorimetry as a way of measuring quantity of heat. He recognized water as having a temperature of maximum density. This makes water unsuitable as a thermometric substance around that temperature. He intended to remind readers of why thermodynamicists preferred an absolute scale of temperature, independent of the properties of a particular thermometric substance. + +His second chapter started with the recognition of friction as a source of heat, by Benjamin Thompson, by Humphry Davy, by Robert Mayer, and by James Prescott Joule. + +He stated the First Law of Thermodynamics, or Mayer–Joule Principle as follows: + + When heat is transformed into work or conversely work is transformed into heat, the quantity of heat gained or lost is proportional to the quantity of work lost or gained.[32] + +He wrote: + + If heat be measured in dynamical units the mechanical equivalent becomes equal to unity, and the equations of thermodynamics assume a simpler and more symmetrical form.[32] + +He explained how the caloric theory of Lavoisier and Laplace made sense in terms of pure calorimetry, though it failed to account for conversion of work into heat by such mechanisms as friction and conduction of electricity. + +Having rationally defined quantity of heat, he went on to consider the second law, including the Kelvin definition of absolute thermodynamic temperature. + +In section 41, he wrote: + + §41. Physical unreality of reversible processes. In Nature all phenomena are irreversible in a greater or less degree. The motions of celestial bodies afford the closest approximations to reversible motions, but motions which occur on this earth are largely retarded by friction, viscosity, electric and other resistances, and if the relative velocities of moving bodies were reversed, these resistances would still retard the relative motions and would not accelerate them as they should if the motions were perfectly reversible.[32] + +He then stated the principle of conservation of energy. + +He then wrote: + + In connection with irreversible phenomena the following axioms have to be assumed. + (1) If a system can undergo an irreversible change it will do so. + (2) A perfectly reversible change cannot take place of itself; such a change can only be regarded as the limiting form of an irreversible change.[32] + +On page 46, thinking of closed systems in thermal connection, he wrote: + + We are thus led to postulate a system in which energy can pass from one element to another otherwise than by the performance of mechanical work.[32] + +On page 47, still thinking of closed systems in thermal connection, he wrote: + + §58. Quantity of Heat. Definition. When energy flows from one system or part of a system to another otherwise than by the performance of work, the energy so transferred i[s] called heat.[32] + +On page 48, he wrote: + + § 59. When two bodies act thermically on one another the quantities of heat gained by one and lost by the other are not necessarily equal. + In the case of bodies at a distance, heat may be taken from or given to the intervening medium. + The quantity of heat received by any portion of the ether may be defined in the same way as that received by a material body. [He was thinking of thermal radiation.] + Another important exception occurs when sliding takes place between two rough bodies in contact. The algebraic sum of the works done is different from zero, because, although the action and reaction are equal and opposite the velocities of the parts of the bodies in contact are different. Moreover, the work lost in the process does not increase the mutual potential energy of the system and there is no intervening medium between the bodies. Unless the lost energy can be accounted for in other ways, (as when friction produces electrification), it follows from the Principle of Conservation of Energy that the algebraic sum of the quantities of heat gained by the two systems is equal to the quantity of work lost by friction. [This thought was echoed by Bridgman, as above.][32] + +Carathéodory (1909) + +A celebrated and frequent definition of heat in thermodynamics is based on the work of Carathéodory (1909), referring to processes in a closed system.[33][34][35][36][37][38] Carathéodory was responding to a suggestion by Max Born that he examine the logical structure of thermodynamics. + +The internal energy UX of a body in an arbitrary state X can be determined by amounts of work adiabatically performed by the body on its surroundings when it starts from a reference state O. Such work is assessed through quantities defined in the surroundings of the body. It is supposed that such work can be assessed accurately, without error due to friction in the surroundings; friction in the body is not excluded by this definition. The adiabatic performance of work is defined in terms of adiabatic walls, which allow transfer of energy as work, but no other transfer, of energy or matter. In particular they do not allow the passage of energy as heat. According to this definition, work performed adiabatically is in general accompanied by friction within the thermodynamic system or body. On the other hand, according to Carathéodory (1909), there also exist non-adiabatic, diathermal walls, which are postulated to be permeable only to heat. + +For the definition of quantity of energy transferred as heat, it is customarily envisaged that an arbitrary state of interest Y is reached from state O by a process with two components, one adiabatic and the other not adiabatic. For convenience one may say that the adiabatic component was the sum of work done by the body through volume change through movement of the walls while the non-adiabatic wall was temporarily rendered adiabatic, and of isochoric adiabatic work. Then the non-adiabatic component is a process of energy transfer through the wall that passes only heat, newly made accessible for the purpose of this transfer, from the surroundings to the body. The change in internal energy to reach the state Y from the state O is the difference of the two amounts of energy transferred. + +Although Carathéodory himself did not state such a definition, following his work it is customary in theoretical studies to define heat, Q, to the body from its surroundings, in the combined process of change to state Y from the state O, as the change in internal energy, ΔUY, minus the amount of work, W, done by the body on its surrounds by the adiabatic process, so that Q = ΔUY − W. + +In this definition, for the sake of conceptual rigour, the quantity of energy transferred as heat is not specified directly in terms of the non-adiabatic process. It is defined through knowledge of precisely two variables, the change of internal energy and the amount of adiabatic work done, for the combined process of change from the reference state O to the arbitrary state Y. It is important that this does not explicitly involve the amount of energy transferred in the non-adiabatic component of the combined process. It is assumed here that the amount of energy required to pass from state O to state Y, the change of internal energy, is known, independently of the combined process, by a determination through a purely adiabatic process, like that for the determination of the internal energy of state X above. The rigour that is prized in this definition is that there is one and only one kind of energy transfer admitted as fundamental: energy transferred as work. Energy transfer as heat is considered as a derived quantity. The uniqueness of work in this scheme is considered to guarantee rigor and purity of conception. The conceptual purity of this definition, based on the concept of energy transferred as work as an ideal notion, relies on the idea that some frictionless and otherwise non-dissipative processes of energy transfer can be realized in physical actuality. The second law of thermodynamics, on the other hand, assures us that such processes are not found in nature. + +Before the rigorous mathematical definition of heat based on Carathéodory's 1909 paper, historically, heat, temperature, and thermal equilibrium were presented in thermodynamics textbooks as jointly primitive notions.[39] Carathéodory introduced his 1909 paper thus: "The proposition that the discipline of thermodynamics can be justified without recourse to any hypothesis that cannot be verified experimentally must be regarded as one of the most noteworthy results of the research in thermodynamics that was accomplished during the last century." Referring to the "point of view adopted by most authors who were active in the last fifty years", Carathéodory wrote: "There exists a physical quantity called heat that is not identical with the mechanical quantities (mass, force, pressure, etc.) and whose variations can be determined by calorimetric measurements." James Serrin introduces an account of the theory of thermodynamics thus: "In the following section, we shall use the classical notions of heat, work, and hotness as primitive elements, ... That heat is an appropriate and natural primitive for thermodynamics was already accepted by Carnot. Its continued validity as a primitive element of thermodynamical structure is due to the fact that it synthesizes an essential physical concept, as well as to its successful use in recent work to unify different constitutive theories."[40][41] This traditional kind of presentation of the basis of thermodynamics includes ideas that may be summarized by the statement that heat transfer is purely due to spatial non-uniformity of temperature, and is by conduction and radiation, from hotter to colder bodies. It is sometimes proposed that this traditional kind of presentation necessarily rests on "circular reasoning". + +This alternative approach to the definition of quantity of energy transferred as heat differs in logical structure from that of Carathéodory, recounted just above. + +This alternative approach admits calorimetry as a primary or direct way to measure quantity of energy transferred as heat. It relies on temperature as one of its primitive concepts, and used in calorimetry.[42] It is presupposed that enough processes exist physically to allow measurement of differences in internal energies. Such processes are not restricted to adiabatic transfers of energy as work. They include calorimetry, which is the commonest practical way of finding internal energy differences.[43] The needed temperature can be either empirical or absolute thermodynamic. + +In contrast, the Carathéodory way recounted just above does not use calorimetry or temperature in its primary definition of quantity of energy transferred as heat. The Carathéodory way regards calorimetry only as a secondary or indirect way of measuring quantity of energy transferred as heat. As recounted in more detail just above, the Carathéodory way regards quantity of energy transferred as heat in a process as primarily or directly defined as a residual quantity. It is calculated from the difference of the internal energies of the initial and final states of the system, and from the actual work done by the system during the process. That internal energy difference is supposed to have been measured in advance through processes of purely adiabatic transfer of energy as work, processes that take the system between the initial and final states. By the Carathéodory way it is presupposed as known from experiment that there actually physically exist enough such adiabatic processes, so that there need be no recourse to calorimetry for measurement of quantity of energy transferred as heat. This presupposition is essential but is explicitly labeled neither as a law of thermodynamics nor as an axiom of the Carathéodory way. In fact, the actual physical existence of such adiabatic processes is indeed mostly supposition, and those supposed processes have in most cases not been actually verified empirically to exist.[44] +Planck (1926) + +Over the years, for example in his 1879 thesis, but particularly in 1926, Planck advocated regarding the generation of heat by rubbing as the most specific way to define heat.[45] Planck criticised Carathéodory for not attending to this.[46] Carathéodory was a mathematician who liked to think in terms of adiabatic processes, and perhaps found friction to tricky to think about, while Planck was a physicist. +Heat transfer +Main article: Heat transfer +Heat transfer between two bodies + +Referring to conduction, Partington writes: "If a hot body is brought in conducting contact with a cold body, the temperature of the hot body falls and that of the cold body rises, and it is said that a quantity of heat has passed from the hot body to the cold body."[47] + +Referring to radiation, Maxwell writes: "In Radiation, the hotter body loses heat, and the colder body receives heat by means of a process occurring in some intervening medium which does not itself thereby become hot."[48] + +Maxwell writes that convection as such "is not a purely thermal phenomenon".[49] In thermodynamics, convection in general is regarded as transport of internal energy. If, however, the convection is enclosed and circulatory, then it may be regarded as an intermediary that transfers energy as heat between source and destination bodies, because it transfers only energy and not matter from the source to the destination body.[50] + +In accordance with the first law for closed systems, energy transferred solely as heat leaves one body and enters another, changing the internal energies of each. Transfer, between bodies, of energy as work is a complementary way of changing internal energies. Though it is not logically rigorous from the viewpoint of strict physical concepts, a common form of words that expresses this is to say that heat and work are interconvertible. + +Cyclically operating engines that use only heat and work transfers have two thermal reservoirs, a hot and a cold one. They may be classified by the range of operating temperatures of the working body, relative to those reservoirs. In a heat engine, the working body is at all times colder than the hot reservoir and hotter than the cold reservoir. In a sense, it uses heat transfer to produce work. In a heat pump, the working body, at stages of the cycle, goes both hotter than the hot reservoir, and colder than the cold reservoir. In a sense, it uses work to produce heat transfer. +Heat engine + +In classical thermodynamics, a commonly considered model is the heat engine. It consists of four bodies: the working body, the hot reservoir, the cold reservoir, and the work reservoir. A cyclic process leaves the working body in an unchanged state, and is envisaged as being repeated indefinitely often. Work transfers between the working body and the work reservoir are envisaged as reversible, and thus only one work reservoir is needed. But two thermal reservoirs are needed, because transfer of energy as heat is irreversible. A single cycle sees energy taken by the working body from the hot reservoir and sent to the two other reservoirs, the work reservoir and the cold reservoir. The hot reservoir always and only supplies energy and the cold reservoir always and only receives energy. The second law of thermodynamics requires that no cycle can occur in which no energy is received by the cold reservoir. Heat engines achieve higher efficiency when the ratio of the initial and final temperature is greater. +Heat pump or refrigerator + +Another commonly considered model is the heat pump or refrigerator. Again there are four bodies: the working body, the hot reservoir, the cold reservoir, and the work reservoir. A single cycle starts with the working body colder than the cold reservoir, and then energy is taken in as heat by the working body from the cold reservoir. Then the work reservoir does work on the working body, adding more to its internal energy, making it hotter than the hot reservoir. The hot working body passes heat to the hot reservoir, but still remains hotter than the cold reservoir. Then, by allowing it to expand without passing heat to another body, the working body is made colder than the cold reservoir. It can now accept heat transfer from the cold reservoir to start another cycle. + +The device has transported energy from a colder to a hotter reservoir, but this is not regarded as by an inanimate agency; rather, it is regarded as by the harnessing of work . This is because work is supplied from the work reservoir, not just by a simple thermodynamic process, but by a cycle of thermodynamic operations and processes, which may be regarded as directed by an animate or harnessing agency. Accordingly, the cycle is still in accord with the second law of thermodynamics. The 'efficiency' of a heat pump (which exceeds unity) is best when the temperature difference between the hot and cold reservoirs is least. + +Functionally, such engines are used in two ways, distinguishing a target reservoir and a resource or surrounding reservoir. A heat pump transfers heat to the hot reservoir as the target from the resource or surrounding reservoir. A refrigerator transfers heat, from the cold reservoir as the target, to the resource or surrounding reservoir. The target reservoir may be regarded as leaking: when the target leaks heat to the surroundings, heat pumping is used; when the target leaks coldness to the surroundings, refrigeration is used. The engines harness work to overcome the leaks. +Macroscopic view + +This section may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions. (May 2016) + +According to Planck, there are three main conceptual approaches to heat.[51] One is the microscopic or kinetic theory approach. The other two are macroscopic approaches. One of the macroscopic approaches is through the law of conservation of energy taken as prior to thermodynamics, with a mechanical analysis of processes, for example in the work of Helmholtz. This mechanical view is taken in this article as currently customary for thermodynamic theory. The other macroscopic approach is the thermodynamic one, which admits heat as a primitive concept, which contributes, by scientific induction[52] to knowledge of the law of conservation of energy. This view is widely taken as the practical one, quantity of heat being measured by calorimetry. + +Bailyn also distinguishes the two macroscopic approaches as the mechanical and the thermodynamic.[53] The thermodynamic view was taken by the founders of thermodynamics in the nineteenth century. It regards quantity of energy transferred as heat as a primitive concept coherent with a primitive concept of temperature, measured primarily by calorimetry. A calorimeter is a body in the surroundings of the system, with its own temperature and internal energy; when it is connected to the system by a path for heat transfer, changes in it measure heat transfer. The mechanical view was pioneered by Helmholtz and developed and used in the twentieth century, largely through the influence of Max Born.[54] It regards quantity of heat transferred as heat as a derived concept, defined for closed systems as quantity of heat transferred by mechanisms other than work transfer, the latter being regarded as primitive for thermodynamics, defined by macroscopic mechanics. According to Born, the transfer of internal energy between open systems that accompanies transfer of matter "cannot be reduced to mechanics".[55] It follows that there is no well-founded definition of quantities of energy transferred as heat or as work associated with transfer of matter. + +Nevertheless, for the thermodynamical description of non-equilibrium processes, it is desired to consider the effect of a temperature gradient established by the surroundings across the system of interest when there is no physical barrier or wall between system and surroundings, that is to say, when they are open with respect to one another. The impossibility of a mechanical definition in terms of work for this circumstance does not alter the physical fact that a temperature gradient causes a diffusive flux of internal energy, a process that, in the thermodynamic view, might be proposed as a candidate concept for transfer of energy as heat. + +In this circumstance, it may be expected that there may also be active other drivers of diffusive flux of internal energy, such as gradient of chemical potential which drives transfer of matter, and gradient of electric potential which drives electric current and iontophoresis; such effects usually interact with diffusive flux of internal energy driven by temperature gradient, and such interactions are known as cross-effects.[56] + +If cross-effects that result in diffusive transfer of internal energy were also labeled as heat transfers, they would sometimes violate the rule that pure heat transfer occurs only down a temperature gradient, never up one. They would also contradict the principle that all heat transfer is of one and the same kind, a principle founded on the idea of heat conduction between closed systems. One might to try to think narrowly of heat flux driven purely by temperature gradient as a conceptual component of diffusive internal energy flux, in the thermodynamic view, the concept resting specifically on careful calculations based on detailed knowledge of the processes and being indirectly assessed. In these circumstances, if perchance it happens that no transfer of matter is actualized, and there are no cross-effects, then the thermodynamic concept and the mechanical concept coincide, as if one were dealing with closed systems. But when there is transfer of matter, the exact laws by which temperature gradient drives diffusive flux of internal energy, rather than being exactly knowable, mostly need to be assumed, and in many cases are practically unverifiable. Consequently, when there is transfer of matter, the calculation of the pure 'heat flux' component of the diffusive flux of internal energy rests on practically unverifiable assumptions.[57][quotations 1][58] This is a reason to think of heat as a specialized concept that relates primarily and precisely to closed systems, and applicable only in a very restricted way to open systems. + +In many writings in this context, the term "heat flux" is used when what is meant is therefore more accurately called diffusive flux of internal energy; such usage of the term "heat flux" is a residue of older and now obsolete language usage that allowed that a body may have a "heat content".[59] +Microscopic view + +In the kinetic theory, heat is explained in terms of the microscopic motions and interactions of constituent particles, such as electrons, atoms, and molecules.[60] The immediate meaning of the kinetic energy of the constituent particles is not as heat. It is as a component of internal energy. In microscopic terms, heat is a transfer quantity, and is described by a transport theory, not as steadily localized kinetic energy of particles. Heat transfer arises from temperature gradients or differences, through the diffuse exchange of microscopic kinetic and potential particle energy, by particle collisions and other interactions. An early and vague expression of this was made by Francis Bacon.[61][62] Precise and detailed versions of it were developed in the nineteenth century.[63] + +In statistical mechanics, for a closed system (no transfer of matter), heat is the energy transfer associated with a disordered, microscopic action on the system, associated with jumps in occupation numbers of the energy levels of the system, without change in the values of the energy levels themselves.[64] It is possible for macroscopic thermodynamic work to alter the occupation numbers without change in the values of the system energy levels themselves, but what distinguishes transfer as heat is that the transfer is entirely due to disordered, microscopic action, including radiative transfer. A mathematical definition can be formulated for small increments of quasi-static adiabatic work in terms of the statistical distribution of an ensemble of microstates. +Calorimetry +Main article: Calorimetry + +Quantity of heat transferred can be measured by calorimetry, or determined through calculations based on other quantities. + +Calorimetry is the empirical basis of the idea of quantity of heat transferred in a process. The transferred heat is measured by changes in a body of known properties, for example, temperature rise, change in volume or length, or phase change, such as melting of ice.[65][66] + +A calculation of quantity of heat transferred can rely on a hypothetical quantity of energy transferred as adiabatic work and on the first law of thermodynamics. Such calculation is the primary approach of many theoretical studies of quantity of heat transferred.[33][67][68] +Engineering + +This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) +A red-hot iron rod from which heat transfer to the surrounding environment will be primarily through radiation. + +The discipline of heat transfer, typically considered an aspect of mechanical engineering and chemical engineering, deals with specific applied methods by which thermal energy in a system is generated, or converted, or transferred to another system. Although the definition of heat implicitly means the transfer of energy, the term heat transfer encompasses this traditional usage in many engineering disciplines and laymen language. + +Heat transfer is generally described as including the mechanisms of heat conduction, heat convection, thermal radiation, but may include mass transfer and heat in processes of phase changes. + +Convection may be described as the combined effects of conduction and fluid flow. From the thermodynamic point of view, heat flows into a fluid by diffusion to increase its energy, the fluid then transfers (advects) this increased internal energy (not heat) from one location to another, and this is then followed by a second thermal interaction which transfers heat to a second body or system, again by diffusion. This entire process is often regarded as an additional mechanism of heat transfer, although technically, "heat transfer" and thus heating and cooling occurs only on either end of such a conductive flow, but not as a result of flow. Thus, conduction can be said to "transfer" heat only as a net result of the process, but may not do so at every time within the complicated convective process. +Latent and sensible heat +Joseph Black + +In an 1847 lecture entitled On Matter, Living Force, and Heat, James Prescott Joule characterized the terms latent heat and sensible heat as components of heat each affecting distinct physical phenomena, namely the potential and kinetic energy of particles, respectively.[69][quotations 2] He described latent energy as the energy possessed via a distancing of particles where attraction was over a greater distance, i.e. a form of potential energy, and the sensible heat as an energy involving the motion of particles, i.e. kinetic energy. + +Latent heat is the heat released or absorbed by a chemical substance or a thermodynamic system during a change of state that occurs without a change in temperature. Such a process may be a phase transition, such as the melting of ice or the boiling of water.[70][71] +Heat capacity + +Heat capacity is a measurable physical quantity equal to the ratio of the heat added to an object to the resulting temperature change.[72] The molar heat capacity is the heat capacity per unit amount (SI unit: mole) of a pure substance, and the specific heat capacity, often called simply specific heat, is the heat capacity per unit mass of a material. Heat capacity is a physical property of a substance, which means that it depends on the state and properties of the substance under consideration. + +The specific heats of monatomic gases, such as helium, are nearly constant with temperature. Diatomic gases such as hydrogen display some temperature dependence, and triatomic gases (e.g., carbon dioxide) still more. + +Before the development of the laws of thermodynamics, heat was measured by changes in the states of the participating bodies. + +Some general rules, with important exceptions, can be stated as follows. + +In general, most bodies expand on heating. In this circumstance, heating a body at a constant volume increases the pressure it exerts on its constraining walls, while heating at a constant pressure increases its volume. + +Beyond this, most substances have three ordinarily recognized states of matter, solid, liquid, and gas. Some can also exist in a plasma. Many have further, more finely differentiated, states of matter, such as glass and liquid crystal. In many cases, at fixed temperature and pressure, a substance can exist in several distinct states of matter in what might be viewed as the same 'body'. For example, ice may float in a glass of water. Then the ice and the water are said to constitute two phases within the 'body'. Definite rules are known, telling how distinct phases may coexist in a 'body'. Mostly, at a fixed pressure, there is a definite temperature at which heating causes a solid to melt or evaporate, and a definite temperature at which heating causes a liquid to evaporate. In such cases, cooling has the reverse effects. + +All of these, the commonest cases, fit with a rule that heating can be measured by changes of state of a body. Such cases supply what are called thermometric bodies, that allow the definition of empirical temperatures. Before 1848, all temperatures were defined in this way. There was thus a tight link, apparently logically determined, between heat and temperature, though they were recognized as conceptually thoroughly distinct, especially by Joseph Black in the later eighteenth century. + +There are important exceptions. They break the obviously apparent link between heat and temperature. They make it clear that empirical definitions of temperature are contingent on the peculiar properties of particular thermometric substances, and are thus precluded from the title 'absolute'. For example, water contracts on being heated near 277 K. It cannot be used as a thermometric substance near that temperature. Also, over a certain temperature range, ice contracts on heating. Moreover, many substances can exist in metastable states, such as with negative pressure, that survive only transiently and in very special conditions. Such facts, sometimes called 'anomalous', are some of the reasons for the thermodynamic definition of absolute temperature. + +In the early days of measurement of high temperatures, another factor was important, and used by Josiah Wedgwood in his pyrometer. The temperature reached in a process was estimated by the shrinkage of a sample of clay. The higher the temperature, the more the shrinkage. This was the only available more or less reliable method of measurement of temperatures above 1000 °C (1,832 °F). But such shrinkage is irreversible. The clay does not expand again on cooling. That is why it could be used for the measurement. But only once. It is not a thermometric material in the usual sense of the word. + +Nevertheless, the thermodynamic definition of absolute temperature does make essential use of the concept of heat, with proper circumspection. +"Hotness" + +The property of hotness is a concern of thermodynamics that should be defined without reference to the concept of heat. Consideration of hotness leads to the concept of empirical temperature.[73][74] All physical systems are capable of heating or cooling others.[75] With reference to hotness, the comparative terms hotter and colder are defined by the rule that heat flows from the hotter body to the colder.[76][77][78] + +If a physical system is inhomogeneous or very rapidly or irregularly changing, for example by turbulence, it may be impossible to characterize it by a temperature, but still there can be transfer of energy as heat between it and another system. If a system has a physical state that is regular enough, and persists long enough to allow it to reach thermal equilibrium with a specified thermometer, then it has a temperature according to that thermometer. An empirical thermometer registers degree of hotness for such a system. Such a temperature is called empirical.[79][80][81] For example, Truesdell writes about classical thermodynamics: "At each time, the body is assigned a real number called the temperature. This number is a measure of how hot the body is."[82] + +Physical systems that are too turbulent to have temperatures may still differ in hotness. A physical system that passes heat to another physical system is said to be the hotter of the two. More is required for the system to have a thermodynamic temperature. Its behavior must be so regular that its empirical temperature is the same for all suitably calibrated and scaled thermometers, and then its hotness is said to lie on the one-dimensional hotness manifold. This is part of the reason why heat is defined following Carathéodory and Born, solely as occurring other than by work or transfer of matter; temperature is advisedly and deliberately not mentioned in this now widely accepted definition. + +This is also the reason that the zeroth law of thermodynamics is stated explicitly. If three physical systems, A, B, and C are each not in their own states of internal thermodynamic equilibrium, it is possible that, with suitable physical connections being made between them, A can heat B and B can heat C and C can heat A. In non-equilibrium situations, cycles of flow are possible. It is the special and uniquely distinguishing characteristic of internal thermodynamic equilibrium that this possibility is not open to thermodynamic systems (as distinguished amongst physical systems) which are in their own states of internal thermodynamic equilibrium; this is the reason why the zeroth law of thermodynamics needs explicit statement. That is to say, the relation 'is not colder than' between general non-equilibrium physical systems is not transitive, whereas, in contrast, the relation 'has no lower a temperature than' between thermodynamic systems in their own states of internal thermodynamic equilibrium is transitive. It follows from this that the relation 'is in thermal equilibrium with' is transitive, which is one way of stating the zeroth law. + +Just as temperature may be undefined for a sufficiently inhomogeneous system, so also may entropy be undefined for a system not in its own state of internal thermodynamic equilibrium. For example, 'the temperature of the solar system' is not a defined quantity. Likewise, 'the entropy of the solar system' is not defined in classical thermodynamics. It has not been possible to define non-equilibrium entropy, as a simple number for a whole system, in a clearly satisfactory way.[83] +See also + + iconEnergy portal + + Effect of sun angle on climate + Heat death of the Universe + Heat diffusion + Heat equation + Heat exchanger + Heat wave + Heat flux sensor + Heat transfer coefficient + History of heat + Orders of magnitude (temperature) + Sigma heat + Shock heating + Thermal battery + Thermal management of electronic devices and systems + Thermometer + Relativistic heat conduction + Uniform Mechanical Code + Uniform Solar Energy and Hydronics Code + Waste heat + +References + +Van Wylen, Gordon; Sonntag, Richard (1978). Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics (Second edition, SI Version, Revised Printing ed.). Chapter 4.7, Definition of Heat: John Wiley & Sons. p. 76. ISBN 0-471-04188-2. +D.V. Schroeder (1999). An Introduction to Thermal Physics. Addison-Wesley. p. 15. ISBN 0-201-38027-7. +Herbert B. Callen (1985). Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatics (2 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. http://cvika.grimoar.cz/callen/ Archived 17 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine or http://keszei.chem.elte.hu/1alapFizkem/H.B.Callen-Thermodynamics.pdf Archived 30 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine, p. 8: Energy may be transferred via ... work. "But it is equally possible to transfer energy via the hidden atomic modes of motion as well as via those that happen to be macroscopically observable. An energy transfer via the hidden atomic modes is called heat." +Callen, p.19 +Maxwell, J.C. (1871), Chapter III. +Macquorn Rankine in the same year used the same symbol. The two physicists were in correspondence at the time, so that it is difficult to say which of the two first introduced the symbol. (Kenneth L. Caneva, Helmholtz and the Conservation of Energy: Contexts of Creation and Reception (2021), p. 562. +Baierlein, R. (1999), p. 21. +Clausius, R. (1854). +Clausius, R. (1865), pp. 125–126. +De Groot, S.R., Mazur, P. (1962), p. 20. +Kondepudi, D, Prigogine, I. (1998), p. 82. +Kondepudi, D. (2008), p. 114. +Lebon, g., Jou, D., Casas-Vásquez, J. (2008), p. 41. +Callen, H.B., (1985), Section 2-3, pp. 40–42. +Adkins, C.J. (1983), p. 101. +Callen, H.B. (1985), p. 147. +Adkins, C.J. (1983), pp. 100–104. +Adkins, C.J. (1968/1983), p. 46. +Bailyn, M. (1994), p. 208. +Locke, J. (1720). From page 224 of A Collection of several Pieces of Mr. John Locke, Never before printed, or not extant in his Works, edited by an author not named in the copy that I found, (https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=QqxsP-VKrpkC&pg=GBS.PA215&hl=en_GB), published in London, printed by J. Bettenham for R. Francklin, in 1720, price 5 shillings, in the section 'Elements of Natural Philosophy', Chapter XI, ‘Of the five senses’. Sourced from a reference in the Wikipedia article on Benjamin Thompson’s https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Experimental_Enquiry_Concerning_the_Source_of_the_Heat_which_is_Excited_by_Friction. +Lervig, P. Sadi Carnot and the steam engine:Nicolas Clément's lectures on industrial chemistry, 1823–28. Br. J Hist. Sci. 18:147, 1985. +Blundell, S.J., Blundell, K.M. (2006). Concepts in Thermal Physics, Oxford University Press, Oxford UK, ISBN 9780198567691, p. 106. +Joule, J.P. (1845)."On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 140: 61–82. 1850. doi:10.1098/rstl.1850.0004. +Die Wärmemenge, welche dem Gase mitgetheilt werden muss, während es aus irgend einem früheren Zustande auf einem bestimmten Wege in den Zustand übergeführt wird, in welchem sein Volumen = v und seine Temperatur = t ist, möge Q heissen (R. Clausius, Ueber die bewegende Kraft der Wärme und die Gesetze, welche sich daraus für die Wärmelehre selbst ableiten lassen Archived 17 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine, communication to the Academy of Berlin, February 1850, published in Pogendorff's Annalen vol. 79, March/April 1850, first translated in Philosophical Magazine vol. 2, July 1851, as "First Memoir" in: The Mechanical Theory of Heat, with its Applications to the Steam-Engine and to the Physical Properties of Bodies, trans. John Tyndall, London, 1867, p. 25). +Maxwell, J.C. (1871), p. 7. +"in a gas, heat is nothing else than the kinetic or mechanical energy of motion of the gas molecules". B.L. Loeb, The Kinetic Theory of Gases (1927), p. 14. +From this terminological choice may derive a tradition to the effect that the letter Q represents "quantity", but there is no indication that Clausius had this in mind when he selected the letter in what seemed to be an ad hoc calculation in 1850. +B.L. Loeb, The Kinetic Theory of Gases (1927), p. 426 Archived 24 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine. +Feynman, Richard; Leighton, Robert; Sands, Matthew (1963). The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Volume 1 (Library of Congress number 63-20717, fourth printing, 1966 ed.). Chapter 1-2, Matter is made of atoms: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. p. 1-3. +Feynman, Richard; Leighton, Robert; Sands, Matthew (1963). The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Volume 1 (Library of Congress number 63-20717, fourth printing, 1966 ed.). Chapter 4-1, What is energy: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. p. 4-2. +Feynman, Richard; Leighton, Robert; Sands, Matthew (1963). The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Volume 1 (Library of Congress number 63-20717, fourth printing, 1966 ed.). Chapter 13: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. p. 13-3. +Bryan, George Hartley (1907). "Thermodynamics, an introductory treatise dealing mainly with first principles and their direct applications". Leipzig, Teubner. Retrieved 23 June 2023.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. +Carathéodory, C. (1909). +Adkins, C.J. (1968/1983). +Münster, A. (1970). +Pippard, A.B. (1957). +Fowler, R., Guggenheim, E.A. (1939). +Buchdahl, H.A. (1966). +Lieb, E.H., Yngvason, J. (1999), p. 10. +Serrin, J. (1986), p. 5. +Owen, D.R. (1984), pp. 43–45. +Maxwell, J.C. (1871), p.v. +Atkins, P., de Paula, J. (1978/2010), p. 54. +Pippard, A.B. (1957/1966), p. 15. +Planck, M. (1926). 'Über die Begründung des zweiten Hauptsatzes der Thermodynamik', Sitzungsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., Phys. Math. Kl., 453—463. +Lieb & Yngvason (1999). +Partington, J.R. (1949), p. 118. +Maxwell, J.C. (1871), p. 10. +Maxwell, J.C. (1871), p. 11. +Chandrasekhar, S. (1961). +Planck, M. (1897/1903), p. viii. +Hintikka, J. (1988), p. 180. +Bailyn, M. (1994), pp. 65, 79. +Born, M.(1949), Lecture V. +Born, M. (1949), p. 44. +De Groot, S.R., Mazur, P. (1962), p. 30. +Denbigh, K.G. (1951), p. 56. +Fitts, D.D. (1962), p. 28. +Gyarmati, I. (1970), p. 68. +Kittel, C. Kroemer, H. (1980). +Bacon, F. (1620). +Partington, J.R. (1949), p. 131. +Partington, J.R. (1949), pp. 132–136. +Reif (1965), pp. 67–68 +Maxwell J.C. (1872), p. 54. +Planck (1927), Chapter 3. +Bryan, G.H. (1907), p. 47. +Callen, H.B. (1985), Section 1-8. +Joule J.P. (1884). +Perrot, P. (1998). +Clark, J.O.E. (2004). +Halliday, David; Resnick, Robert (2013). Fundamentals of Physics. Wiley. p. 524. +Denbigh, K. (1981), p. 9. +Adkins, C.J. (1968/1983), p. 55. +Baierlein, R. (1999), p. 349. +Adkins, C.J. (1968/1983), p. 34. +Pippard, A.B. (1957/1966), p. 18. +Haase, R. (1971), p. 7. +Mach, E. (1900), section 5, pp. 48–49, section 22, pp. 60–61. +Truesdell, C. (1980). +Serrin, J. (1986), especially p. 6. +Truesdell, C. (1969), p. 6. + + Lieb, E.H., Yngvason, J. (2003), p. 190. + +Quotations + +Denbigh states in a footnote that he is indebted to correspondence with Professor E.A. Guggenheim and with Professor N.K. Adam. From this, Denbigh concludes "It seems, however, that when a system is able to exchange both heat and matter with its environment, it is impossible to make an unambiguous distinction between energy transported as heat and by the migration of matter, without already assuming the existence of the 'heat of transport'." Denbigh K.G. (1951), p. 56. + + "Heat must therefore consist of either living force or of attraction through space. In the former case we can conceive the constituent particles of heated bodies to be, either in whole or in part, in a state of motion. In the latter we may suppose the particles to be removed by the process of heating, so as to exert attraction through greater space. I am inclined to believe that both of these hypotheses will be found to hold good,—that in some instances, particularly in the case of sensible heat, or such as is indicated by the thermometer, heat will be found to consist in the living force of the particles of the bodies in which it is induced; whilst in others, particularly in the case of latent heat, the phenomena are produced by the separation of particle from particle, so as to cause them to attract one another through a greater space." Joule, J.P. (1884). + +Bibliography of cited references + + Adkins, C.J. (1968/1983). Equilibrium Thermodynamics, (1st edition 1968), third edition 1983, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, ISBN 0-521-25445-0. + Atkins, P., de Paula, J. (1978/2010). Physical Chemistry, (first edition 1978), ninth edition 2010, Oxford University Press, Oxford UK, ISBN 978-0-19-954337-3. + Bacon, F. (1620). Novum Organum Scientiarum, translated by Devey, J., P.F. Collier & Son, New York, 1902. + Baierlein, R. (1999). Thermal Physics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-65838-6. + Bailyn, M. (1994). A Survey of Thermodynamics, American Institute of Physics Press, New York, ISBN 0-88318-797-3. + Born, M. (1949). Natural Philosophy of Cause and Chance, Oxford University Press, London. + Bryan, G.H. (1907). Thermodynamics. An Introductory Treatise dealing mainly with First Principles and their Direct Applications, B.G. Teubner, Leipzig. + Buchdahl, H.A. (1966). The Concepts of Classical Thermodynamics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK. + Callen, H.B. (1960/1985). Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics, (1st edition 1960) 2nd edition 1985, Wiley, New York, ISBN 0-471-86256-8. + Carathéodory, C. (1909). "Untersuchungen über die Grundlagen der Thermodynamik". Mathematische Annalen. 67 (3): 355–386. doi:10.1007/BF01450409. S2CID 118230148. A translation may be found here. A mostly reliable translation is to be found at Kestin, J. (1976). The Second Law of Thermodynamics, Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Stroudsburg PA. + Chandrasekhar, S. (1961). Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability, Oxford University Press, Oxford UK. + Clark, J.O.E. (2004). The Essential Dictionary of Science. Barnes & Noble Books. ISBN 978-0-7607-4616-5. + Clausius, R. (1854). Annalen der Physik (Poggendoff's Annalen), Dec. 1854, vol. xciii. p. 481; translated in the Journal de Mathematiques, vol. xx. Paris, 1855, and in the Philosophical Magazine, August 1856, s. 4. vol. xii, p. 81. + Clausius, R. (1865/1867). The Mechanical Theory of Heat – with its Applications to the Steam Engine and to Physical Properties of Bodies, London: John van Voorst. 1867. Also the second edition translated into English by W.R. Browne (1879) here and here. + De Groot, S.R., Mazur, P. (1962). Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics, North-Holland, Amsterdam. Reprinted (1984), Dover Publications Inc., New York, ISBN 0486647412. + Denbigh, K. (1955/1981). The Principles of Chemical Equilibrium, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge ISBN 0-521-23682-7. + Greven, A., Keller, G., Warnecke (editors) (2003). Entropy, Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ, ISBN 0-691-11338-6. + Guggenheim, E.A. (1967) [1949], Thermodynamics. An Advanced Treatment for Chemists and Physicists (fifth ed.), Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company. + Jensen, W.B. (2010). "Why Are q and Q Used to Symbolize Heat?" (PDF). J. Chem. Educ. 87 (11): 1142. Bibcode:2010JChEd..87.1142J. doi:10.1021/ed100769d. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2015. + J.P. Joule (1884), The Scientific Papers of James Prescott Joule, The Physical Society of London, p. 274, Lecture on Matter, Living Force, and Heat. 5 and 12 May 1847. + Kittel, C. Kroemer, H. (1980). Thermal Physics, second edition, W.H. Freeman, San Francisco, ISBN 0-7167-1088-9. + Kondepudi, D. (2008), Introduction to Modern Thermodynamics, Chichester UK: Wiley, ISBN 978-0-470-01598-8 + Kondepudi, D., Prigogine, I. (1998). Modern Thermodynamics: From Heat Engines to Dissipative Structures, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, ISBN 0-471-97393-9. + Landau, L., Lifshitz, E.M. (1958/1969). Statistical Physics, volume 5 of Course of Theoretical Physics, translated from the Russian by J.B. Sykes, M.J. Kearsley, Pergamon, Oxford. + Lebon, G., Jou, D., Casas-Vázquez, J. (2008). Understanding Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics: Foundations, Applications, Frontiers, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, e-ISBN 978-3-540-74252-4. + Lieb, E.H., Yngvason, J. (2003). The Entropy of Classical Thermodynamics, Chapter 8 of Entropy, Greven, A., Keller, G., Warnecke (editors) (2003). + Maxwell, J.C. (1871), Theory of Heat (first ed.), London: Longmans, Green and Co. + Partington, J.R. (1949), An Advanced Treatise on Physical Chemistry., vol. 1, Fundamental Principles. The Properties of Gases, London: Longmans, Green and Co. + Perrot, Pierre (1998). A to Z of Thermodynamics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-856552-9. + Pippard, A.B. (1957/1966). Elements of Classical Thermodynamics for Advanced Students of Physics, original publication 1957, reprint 1966, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. + Planck, M., (1897/1903). Treatise on Thermodynamics, translated by A. Ogg, first English edition, Longmans, Green and Co., London. + Planck. M. (1914). The Theory of Heat Radiation, a translation by Masius, M. of the second German edition, P. Blakiston's Son & Co., Philadelphia. + Planck, M., (1923/1927). Treatise on Thermodynamics, translated by A. Ogg, third English edition, Longmans, Green and Co., London. + Reif, F. (1965). Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics. New York: McGraw-Hlll, Inc. + Shavit, A., Gutfinger, C. (1995). Thermodynamics. From Concepts to Applications, Prentice Hall, London, ISBN 0-13-288267-1. + Truesdell, C. (1969). Rational Thermodynamics: a Course of Lectures on Selected Topics, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. + Truesdell, C. (1980). The Tragicomical History of Thermodynamics 1822–1854, Springer, New York, ISBN 0-387-90403-4. + +Further bibliography + + Beretta, G.P.; E.P. Gyftopoulos (1990). "What is heat?" (PDF). Education in Thermodynamics and Energy Systems. AES. 20. + Gyftopoulos, E.P., & Beretta, G.P. (1991). Thermodynamics: foundations and applications. (Dover Publications) + Hatsopoulos, G.N., & Keenan, J.H. (1981). Principles of general thermodynamics. RE Krieger Publishing Company. + +External links + + Heat on In Our Time at the BBC + Plasma heat at 2 gigakelvins – Article about extremely high temperature generated by scientists (Foxnews.com) + Correlations for Convective Heat Transfer – ChE Online Resources + +Authority control: National Edit this at Wikidata + + France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic + +Categories: + + Heat transferThermodynamicsPhysical quantities + + This page was last edited on 8 July 2023, at 22:57 (UTC). + site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. + + Privacy policy + About Wikipedia + Disclaimers + Contact Wikipedia + Code of Conduct + Mobile view + Developers + Statistics + Cookie statement + + Wikimedia Foundation + Powered by MediaWiki + + +Main menu + +Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia + + Create account + Log in + +Personal tools + +Contents +(Top) +Overview + + Steady-state conduction + Transient conduction + Relativistic conduction + Quantum conduction + +Fourier's law + + Differential form + Integral form + +Conductance + + Intensive-property representation + Cylindrical shells + Spherical + +Transient thermal conduction + + Interface heat transfer + +Thermal conduction applications + + Splat cooling + Metal quenching + +Zeroth law of thermodynamics + +Thermal conduction instruments + + Thermal conductivity analyzer + Gas sensor + See also + References + External links + +Thermal conduction + + Article + Talk + + Read + Edit + View history + +Tools + +From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia +For other uses, see Conduction (disambiguation). + +Conduction is the process by which heat is transferred from the hotter end to the colder end of an object. The ability of the object to conduct heat is known as its thermal conductivity, and is denoted k. + +Heat spontaneously flows along a temperature gradient (i.e. from a hotter body to a colder body). For example, heat is conducted from the hotplate of an electric stove to the bottom of a saucepan in contact with it. In the absence of an opposing external driving energy source, within a body or between bodies, temperature differences decay over time, and thermal equilibrium is approached, temperature becoming more uniform. + +In conduction, the heat flow is within and through the body itself. In contrast, in heat transfer by thermal radiation, the transfer is often between bodies, which may be separated spatially. Heat can also be transferred by a combination of conduction and radiation. In solids, conduction is mediated by the combination of vibrations and collisions of molecules, propagation and collisions of phonons, and diffusion and collisions of free electrons. In gases and liquids, conduction is due to the collisions and diffusion of molecules during their random motion. Photons in this context do not collide with one another, and so heat transport by electromagnetic radiation is conceptually distinct from heat conduction by microscopic diffusion and collisions of material particles and phonons. But the distinction is often not easily observed unless the material is semi-transparent. + +In the engineering sciences, heat transfer includes the processes of thermal radiation, convection, and sometimes mass transfer.[further explanation needed] Usually, more than one of these processes occurs in a given situation. +Overview +See also: Heat equation + +On a microscopic scale, conduction occurs within a body considered as being stationary; this means that the kinetic and potential energies of the bulk motion of the body are separately accounted for. Internal energy diffuses as rapidly moving or vibrating atoms and molecules interact with neighbouring particles, transferring some of their microscopic kinetic and potential energies, these quantities being defined relative to the bulk of the body considered as being stationary. Heat is transferred by conduction when adjacent atoms or molecules collide, or as several electrons move backwards and forwards from atom to atom in a disorganized way so as not to form a macroscopic electric current, or as photons collide and scatter. Conduction is the most significant means of heat transfer within a solid or between solid objects in thermal contact, occurring more readily than in liquids or gases[clarification needed] since the network of relatively close fixed spatial relationships between atoms helps to transfer energy between them by vibration. + +Thermal contact conductance is the study of heat conduction between solid bodies in contact. A temperature drop is often observed at the interface between the two surfaces in contact. This phenomenon is said to be a result of a thermal contact resistance existing between the contacting surfaces. Interfacial thermal resistance is a measure of an interface's resistance to thermal flow. This thermal resistance differs from contact resistance, as it exists even at atomically perfect interfaces. Understanding the thermal resistance at the interface between two materials is of primary significance in the study of its thermal properties. Interfaces often contribute significantly to the observed properties of the materials. + +The inter-molecular transfer of energy could be primarily by elastic impact, as in fluids, or by free-electron diffusion, as in metals, or phonon vibration, as in insulators. In insulators, the heat flux is carried almost entirely by phonon vibrations. + +Metals (e.g., copper, platinum, gold, etc.) are usually good conductors of thermal energy. This is due to the way that metals bond chemically: metallic bonds (as opposed to covalent or ionic bonds) have free-moving electrons that transfer thermal energy rapidly through the metal. The electron fluid of a conductive metallic solid conducts most of the heat flux through the solid. Phonon flux is still present but carries less of the energy. Electrons also conduct electric current through conductive solids, and the thermal and electrical conductivities of most metals have about the same ratio.[clarification needed] A good electrical conductor, such as copper, also conducts heat well. Thermoelectricity is caused by the interaction of heat flux and electric current. Heat conduction within a solid is directly analogous to diffusion of particles within a fluid, in the situation where there are no fluid currents. + +In gases, heat transfer occurs through collisions of gas molecules with one another. In the absence of convection, which relates to a moving fluid or gas phase, thermal conduction through a gas phase is highly dependent on the composition and pressure of this phase, and in particular, the mean free path of gas molecules relative to the size of the gas gap, as given by the Knudsen number K n K_{n}.[1] + +To quantify the ease with which a particular medium conducts, engineers employ the thermal conductivity, also known as the conductivity constant or conduction coefficient, k. In thermal conductivity, k is defined as "the quantity of heat, Q, transmitted in time (t) through a thickness (L), in a direction normal to a surface of area (A), due to a temperature difference (ΔT) [...]". Thermal conductivity is a material property that is primarily dependent on the medium's phase, temperature, density, and molecular bonding. Thermal effusivity is a quantity derived from conductivity, which is a measure of its ability to exchange thermal energy with its surroundings. +Steady-state conduction + +Steady-state conduction is the form of conduction that happens when the temperature difference(s) driving the conduction are constant, so that (after an equilibration time), the spatial distribution of temperatures (temperature field) in the conducting object does not change any further. Thus, all partial derivatives of temperature concerning space may either be zero or have nonzero values, but all derivatives of temperature at any point concerning time are uniformly zero. In steady-state conduction, the amount of heat entering any region of an object is equal to the amount of heat coming out (if this were not so, the temperature would be rising or falling, as thermal energy was tapped or trapped in a region). + +For example, a bar may be cold at one end and hot at the other, but after a state of steady-state conduction is reached, the spatial gradient of temperatures along the bar does not change any further, as time proceeds. Instead, the temperature remains constant at any given cross-section of the rod normal to the direction of heat transfer, and this temperature varies linearly in space in the case where there is no heat generation in the rod.[2] + +In steady-state conduction, all the laws of direct current electrical conduction can be applied to "heat currents". In such cases, it is possible to take "thermal resistances" as the analog to electrical resistances. In such cases, temperature plays the role of voltage, and heat transferred per unit time (heat power) is the analog of electric current. Steady-state systems can be modeled by networks of such thermal resistances in series and parallel, in exact analogy to electrical networks of resistors. See purely resistive thermal circuits for an example of such a network. +Transient conduction +Main article: Heat equation + +During any period in which temperatures changes in time at any place within an object, the mode of thermal energy flow is termed transient conduction. Another term is "non-steady-state" conduction, referring to the time-dependence of temperature fields in an object. Non-steady-state situations appear after an imposed change in temperature at a boundary of an object. They may also occur with temperature changes inside an object, as a result of a new source or sink of heat suddenly introduced within an object, causing temperatures near the source or sink to change in time. + +When a new perturbation of temperature of this type happens, temperatures within the system change in time toward a new equilibrium with the new conditions, provided that these do not change. After equilibrium, heat flow into the system once again equals the heat flow out, and temperatures at each point inside the system no longer change. Once this happens, transient conduction is ended, although steady-state conduction may continue if heat flow continues. + +If changes in external temperatures or internal heat generation changes are too rapid for the equilibrium of temperatures in space to take place, then the system never reaches a state of unchanging temperature distribution in time, and the system remains in a transient state. + +An example of a new source of heat "turning on" within an object, causing transient conduction, is an engine starting in an automobile. In this case, the transient thermal conduction phase for the entire machine is over, and the steady-state phase appears, as soon as the engine reaches steady-state operating temperature. In this state of steady-state equilibrium, temperatures vary greatly from the engine cylinders to other parts of the automobile, but at no point in space within the automobile does temperature increase or decrease. After establishing this state, the transient conduction phase of heat transfer is over. + +New external conditions also cause this process: for example, the copper bar in the example steady-state conduction experiences transient conduction as soon as one end is subjected to a different temperature from the other. Over time, the field of temperatures inside the bar reaches a new steady-state, in which a constant temperature gradient along the bar is finally set up, and this gradient then stays constant in time. Typically, such a new steady-state gradient is approached exponentially with time after a new temperature-or-heat source or sink, has been introduced. When a "transient conduction" phase is over, heat flow may continue at high power, so long as temperatures do not change. + +An example of transient conduction that does not end with steady-state conduction, but rather no conduction, occurs when a hot copper ball is dropped into oil at a low temperature. Here, the temperature field within the object begins to change as a function of time, as the heat is removed from the metal, and the interest lies in analyzing this spatial change of temperature within the object over time until all gradients disappear entirely (the ball has reached the same temperature as the oil). Mathematically, this condition is also approached exponentially; in theory, it takes infinite time, but in practice, it is over, for all intents and purposes, in a much shorter period. At the end of this process with no heat sink but the internal parts of the ball (which are finite), there is no steady-state heat conduction to reach. Such a state never occurs in this situation, but rather the end of the process is when there is no heat conduction at all. + +The analysis of non-steady-state conduction systems is more complex than that of steady-state systems. If the conducting body has a simple shape, then exact analytical mathematical expressions and solutions may be possible (see heat equation for the analytical approach).[3] However, most often, because of complicated shapes with varying thermal conductivities within the shape (i.e., most complex objects, mechanisms or machines in engineering) often the application of approximate theories is required, and/or numerical analysis by computer. One popular graphical method involves the use of Heisler Charts. + +Occasionally, transient conduction problems may be considerably simplified if regions of the object being heated or cooled can be identified, for which thermal conductivity is very much greater than that for heat paths leading into the region. In this case, the region with high conductivity can often be treated in the lumped capacitance model, as a "lump" of material with a simple thermal capacitance consisting of its aggregate heat capacity. Such regions warm or cool, but show no significant temperature variation across their extent, during the process (as compared to the rest of the system). This is due to their far higher conductance. During transient conduction, therefore, the temperature across their conductive regions changes uniformly in space, and as a simple exponential in time. An example of such systems is those that follow Newton's law of cooling during transient cooling (or the reverse during heating). The equivalent thermal circuit consists of a simple capacitor in series with a resistor. In such cases, the remainder of the system with a high thermal resistance (comparatively low conductivity) plays the role of the resistor in the circuit. +Relativistic conduction + +The theory of relativistic heat conduction is a model that is compatible with the theory of special relativity. For most of the last century, it was recognized that the Fourier equation is in contradiction with the theory of relativity because it admits an infinite speed of propagation of heat signals. For example, according to the Fourier equation, a pulse of heat at the origin would be felt at infinity instantaneously. The speed of information propagation is faster than the speed of light in vacuum, which is physically inadmissible within the framework of relativity. +Quantum conduction + +Second sound is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which heat transfer occurs by wave-like motion, rather than by the more usual mechanism of diffusion. Heat takes the place of pressure in normal sound waves. This leads to a very high thermal conductivity. It is known as "second sound" because the wave motion of heat is similar to the propagation of sound in air. +Fourier's law + +The law of heat conduction, also known as Fourier's law, states that the rate of heat transfer through a material is proportional to the negative gradient in the temperature and to the area, at right angles to that gradient, through which the heat flows. We can state this law in two equivalent forms: the integral form, in which we look at the amount of energy flowing into or out of a body as a whole, and the differential form, in which we look at the flow rates or fluxes of energy locally. + +Newton's law of cooling is a discrete analogue of Fourier's law, while Ohm's law is the electrical analogue of Fourier's law and Fick's laws of diffusion is its chemical analogue. +Differential form + +The differential form of Fourier's law of thermal conduction shows that the local heat flux density q \mathbf {q} is equal to the product of thermal conductivity k k and the negative local temperature gradient − ∇ T -\nabla T. The heat flux density is the amount of energy that flows through a unit area per unit time. +q = − k ∇ T , +{\displaystyle \mathbf {q} =-k\nabla T,} +where (including the SI units) + + q \mathbf {q} is the local heat flux density, W/m2, + k k is the material's conductivity, W/(m·K), + ∇ T {\displaystyle \nabla T} is the temperature gradient, K/m. + +The thermal conductivity k k is often treated as a constant, though this is not always true. While the thermal conductivity of a material generally varies with temperature, the variation can be small over a significant range of temperatures for some common materials. In anisotropic materials, the thermal conductivity typically varies with orientation; in this case k k is represented by a second-order tensor. In non-uniform materials, k k varies with spatial location. + +For many simple applications, Fourier's law is used in its one-dimensional form, for example, in the x direction: +q x = − k d T d x . +{\displaystyle q_{x}=-k{\frac {dT}{dx}}.} + +In an isotropic medium, Fourier's law leads to heat equation +∂ T ∂ t = α ( ∂ 2 T ∂ x 2 + ∂ 2 T ∂ y 2 + ∂ 2 T ∂ z 2 ) +{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial T}{\partial t}}=\alpha \left({\frac {\partial ^{2}T}{\partial x^{2}}}+{\frac {\partial ^{2}T}{\partial y^{2}}}+{\frac {\partial ^{2}T}{\partial z^{2}}}\right)} +with a fundamental solution famously known as heat kernel. + +Integral form + +By integrating the differential form over the material's total surface S S, we arrive at the integral form of Fourier's law: + + ∂ Q ∂ t = − k {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial Q}{\partial t}}=-k} \oiint S \scriptstyle S ∇ T ⋅ d S , {\displaystyle \nabla T\cdot d\mathbf {S} ,} + +where (including the SI units): + + ∂ Q ∂ t {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial Q}{\partial t}}} is the amount of heat transferred per unit time (in W), + d S d\mathbf {S} is an oriented surface area element (in m2). + +The above differential equation, when integrated for a homogeneous material of 1-D geometry between two endpoints at constant temperature, gives the heat flow rate as +Q Δ t = − k A Δ T Δ x , +{\displaystyle {\frac {Q}{\Delta t}}=-kA{\frac {\Delta T}{\Delta x}},} +where + + Δ t \Delta t is the time interval during which the amount of heat Q Q flows through a cross-section of the material, + A A is the cross-sectional surface area, + Δ T \Delta T is the temperature difference between the ends, + Δ x \Delta x is the distance between the ends. + +This law forms the basis for the derivation of the heat equation. +Conductance + +Writing +U = k Δ x , +{\displaystyle U={\frac {k}{\Delta x}},} +where U is the conductance, in W/(m2 K). + +Fourier's law can also be stated as: +Δ Q Δ t = U A ( − Δ T ) . +{\displaystyle {\frac {\Delta Q}{\Delta t}}=UA\,(-\Delta T).} + +The reciprocal of conductance is resistance, R {\displaystyle {\big .}R} is given by: +R = 1 U = Δ x k = A ( − Δ T ) Δ Q Δ t . +{\displaystyle R={\frac {1}{U}}={\frac {\Delta x}{k}}={\frac {A\,(-\Delta T)}{\frac {\Delta Q}{\Delta t}}}.} + +Resistance is additive when several conducting layers lie between the hot and cool regions, because A and Q are the same for all layers. In a multilayer partition, the total conductance is related to the conductance of its layers by: +R = R 1 + R 2 + R 3 + ⋯ +{\displaystyle R=R_{1}+R_{2}+R_{3}+\cdots } +or equivalently +1 U = 1 U 1 + 1 U 2 + 1 U 3 + ⋯ +{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{U}}={\frac {1}{U_{1}}}+{\frac {1}{U_{2}}}+{\frac {1}{U_{3}}}+\cdots } + +So, when dealing with a multilayer partition, the following formula is usually used: +Δ Q Δ t = A ( − Δ T ) Δ x 1 k 1 + Δ x 2 k 2 + Δ x 3 k 3 + ⋯ . +{\displaystyle {\frac {\Delta Q}{\Delta t}}={\frac {A\,(-\Delta T)}{{\frac {\Delta x_{1}}{k_{1}}}+{\frac {\Delta x_{2}}{k_{2}}}+{\frac {\Delta x_{3}}{k_{3}}}+\cdots }}.} + +For heat conduction from one fluid to another through a barrier, it is sometimes important to consider the conductance of the thin film of fluid that remains stationary next to the barrier. This thin film of fluid is difficult to quantify because its characteristics depend upon complex conditions of turbulence and viscosity—but when dealing with thin high-conductance barriers it can sometimes be quite significant. +Intensive-property representation + +The previous conductance equations, written in terms of extensive properties, can be reformulated in terms of intensive properties. Ideally, the formulae for conductance should produce a quantity with dimensions independent of distance, like Ohm's law for electrical resistance, R = V / I R = V/I\,\!, and conductance, G = I / V G = I/V \,\!. + +From the electrical formula: R = ρ x / A {\displaystyle R=\rho x/A}, where ρ is resistivity, x is length, and A is cross-sectional area, we have G = k A / x G = k A / x \,\!, where G is conductance, k is conductivity, x is length, and A is cross-sectional area. + +For heat, +U = k A Δ x , +{\displaystyle U={\frac {kA}{\Delta x}},} +where U is the conductance. + +Fourier's law can also be stated as: +Q ˙ = U Δ T , +{\displaystyle {\dot {Q}}=U\,\Delta T,} +analogous to Ohm's law, I = V / R {\displaystyle I=V/R} or I = V G . {\displaystyle I=VG.} + +The reciprocal of conductance is resistance, R, given by: +R = Δ T Q ˙ , +{\displaystyle R={\frac {\Delta T}{\dot {Q}}},} +analogous to Ohm's law, R = V / I . {\displaystyle R=V/I.} + +The rules for combining resistances and conductances (in series and parallel) are the same for both heat flow and electric current. +Cylindrical shells + +Conduction through cylindrical shells (e.g. pipes) can be calculated from the internal radius, r 1 r_{1}, the external radius, r 2 r_{2}, the length, ℓ \ell , and the temperature difference between the inner and outer wall, T 2 − T 1 T_2 - T_1. + +The surface area of the cylinder is A r = 2 π r ℓ {\displaystyle A_{r}=2\pi r\ell } + +When Fourier's equation is applied: +Q ˙ = − k A r d T d r = − 2 k π r ℓ d T d r +{\displaystyle {\dot {Q}}=-kA_{r}{\frac {dT}{dr}}=-2k\pi r\ell {\frac {dT}{dr}}} +and rearranged: +Q ˙ ∫ r 1 r 2 1 r d r = − 2 k π ℓ ∫ T 1 T 2 d T +{\displaystyle {\dot {Q}}\int _{r_{1}}^{r_{2}}{\frac {1}{r}}\,dr=-2k\pi \ell \int _{T_{1}}^{T_{2}}dT} +then the rate of heat transfer is: +Q ˙ = 2 k π ℓ T 1 − T 2 ln ⁡ ( r 2 / r 1 ) +{\displaystyle {\dot {Q}}=2k\pi \ell {\frac {T_{1}-T_{2}}{\ln(r_{2}/r_{1})}}} +the thermal resistance is: +R c = Δ T Q ˙ = ln ⁡ ( r 2 / r 1 ) 2 π k ℓ +{\displaystyle R_{c}={\frac {\Delta T}{\dot {Q}}}={\frac {\ln(r_{2}/r_{1})}{2\pi k\ell }}} +and Q ˙ = 2 π k ℓ r m T 1 − T 2 r 2 − r 1 {\textstyle {\dot {Q}}=2\pi k\ell r_{m}{\frac {T_{1}-T_{2}}{r_{2}-r_{1}}}}, where r m = r 2 − r 1 ln ⁡ ( r 2 / r 1 ) {\textstyle r_{m}={\frac {r_{2}-r_{1}}{\ln(r_{2}/r_{1})}}}. It is important to note that this is the log-mean radius. + +Spherical + +The conduction through a spherical shell with internal radius, r 1 r_{1}, and external radius, r 2 r_{2}, can be calculated in a similar manner as for a cylindrical shell. + +The surface area of the sphere is: A = 4 π r 2 . A=4\pi r^{2}. + +Solving in a similar manner as for a cylindrical shell (see above) produces: +Q ˙ = 4 k π T 1 − T 2 1 / r 1 − 1 / r 2 = 4 k π ( T 1 − T 2 ) r 1 r 2 r 2 − r 1 +{\displaystyle {\dot {Q}}=4k\pi {\frac {T_{1}-T_{2}}{1/{r_{1}}-1/{r_{2}}}}=4k\pi {\frac {(T_{1}-T_{2})r_{1}r_{2}}{r_{2}-r_{1}}}} + +Transient thermal conduction +Main article: Heat equation +Interface heat transfer + +This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) + +The heat transfer at an interface is considered a transient heat flow. To analyze this problem, the Biot number is important to understand how the system behaves. The Biot number is determined by: +Bi = h L k +{\displaystyle {\textit {Bi}}={\frac {hL}{k}}} +The heat transfer coefficient h h, is introduced in this formula, and is measured in +J m 2 s K +{\displaystyle \mathrm {\frac {J}{m^{2}sK}} } +. If the system has a Biot number of less than 0.1, the material behaves according to Newtonian cooling, i.e. with negligible temperature gradient within the body.[4] If the Biot number is greater than 0.1, the system behaves as a series solution. The temperature profile in terms of time can be derived from the equation +q = − h Δ T , +{\displaystyle q=-h\,\Delta T,} +which becomes +T − T f T i − T f = exp ⁡ ( − h A t ρ C p V ) . +{\displaystyle {\frac {T-T_{f}}{T_{i}-T_{f}}}=\exp \left({\frac {-hAt}{\rho C_{p}V}}\right).} + +The heat transfer coefficient, h, is measured in W m 2 K \mathrm{\frac{W}{m^2 K}} , and represents the transfer of heat at an interface between two materials. This value is different at every interface and is an important concept in understanding heat flow at an interface. + +The series solution can be analyzed with a nomogram. A nomogram has a relative temperature as the y coordinate and the Fourier number, which is calculated by +Fo = α t L 2 . +{\displaystyle {\textit {Fo}}={\frac {\alpha t}{L^{2}}}.} + +The Biot number increases as the Fourier number decreases. There are five steps to determine a temperature profile in terms of time. + + Calculate the Biot number + Determine which relative depth matters, either x or L. + Convert time to the Fourier number. + Convert T i T_{i} to relative temperature with the boundary conditions. + Compared required to point to trace specified Biot number on the nomogram. + +Thermal conduction applications +Splat cooling + +Splat cooling is a method for quenching small droplets of molten materials by rapid contact with a cold surface. The particles undergo a characteristic cooling process, with the heat profile at t = 0 t=0 for initial temperature as the maximum at x = 0 x=0 and T = 0 T=0 at x = − ∞ x = -\infin and x = ∞ x = \infin , and the heat profile at t = ∞ t=\infin for − ∞ ≤ x ≤ ∞ {\displaystyle -\infty \leq x\leq \infty } as the boundary conditions. Splat cooling rapidly ends in a steady state temperature, and is similar in form to the Gaussian diffusion equation. The temperature profile, with respect to the position and time of this type of cooling, varies with: +T ( x , t ) − T i = T i Δ X 2 π α t exp ⁡ ( − x 2 4 α t ) +{\displaystyle T(x,t)-T_{i}={\frac {T_{i}\Delta X}{2{\sqrt {\pi \alpha t}}}}\exp \left(-{\frac {x^{2}}{4\alpha t}}\right)} + +Splat cooling is a fundamental concept that has been adapted for practical use in the form of thermal spraying. The thermal diffusivity coefficient, represented as α \alpha , can be written as α = k ρ C p \alpha =\frac{k}{\rho C_p} . This varies according to the material.[5][6] +Metal quenching + +Metal quenching is a transient heat transfer process in terms of the time temperature transformation (TTT). It is possible to manipulate the cooling process to adjust the phase of a suitable material. For example, appropriate quenching of steel can convert a desirable proportion of its content of austenite to martensite, creating a very hard and strong product. To achieve this, it is necessary to quench at the "nose" (or eutectic) of the TTT diagram. Since materials differ in their Biot numbers, the time it takes for the material to quench, or the Fourier number, varies in practice.[7] In steel, the quenching temperature range is generally from 600 °C to 200 °C. To control the quenching time and to select suitable quenching media, it is necessary to determine the Fourier number from the desired quenching time, the relative temperature drop, and the relevant Biot number. Usually, the correct figures are read from a standard nomogram.[citation needed] By calculating the heat transfer coefficient from this Biot number, one can find a liquid medium suitable for the application.[8] +Zeroth law of thermodynamics + +One statement of the so-called zeroth law of thermodynamics is directly focused on the idea of conduction of heat. Bailyn (1994) writes that "the zeroth law may be stated: All diathermal walls are equivalent".[9] + +A diathermal wall is a physical connection between two bodies that allows the passage of heat between them. Bailyn is referring to diathermal walls that exclusively connect two bodies, especially conductive walls. + +This statement of the "zeroth law" belongs to an idealized theoretical discourse, and actual physical walls may have peculiarities that do not conform to its generality. + +For example, the material of the wall must not undergo a phase transition, such as evaporation or fusion, at the temperature at which it must conduct heat. But when only thermal equilibrium is considered and time is not urgent, so that the conductivity of the material does not matter too much, one suitable heat conductor is as good as another. Conversely, another aspect of the zeroth law is that, subject again to suitable restrictions, a given diathermal wall is indifferent to the nature of the heat bath to which it is connected. For example, the glass bulb of a thermometer acts as a diathermal wall whether exposed to a gas or a liquid, provided that they do not corrode or melt it. + +These differences are among the defining characteristics of heat transfer. In a sense, they are symmetries of heat transfer. +Thermal conduction instruments +Thermal conductivity analyzer + +Thermal conduction property of any gas under standard conditions of pressure and temperature is a fixed quantity. This property of a known reference gas or known reference gas mixtures can, therefore, be used for certain sensory applications, such as the thermal conductivity analyzer. + +The working of this instrument is by principle based on the Wheatstone bridge containing four filaments whose resistances are matched. Whenever a certain gas is passed over such network of filaments, their resistance changes due to the altered thermal conductivity of the filaments and thereby changing the net voltage output from the Wheatstone Bridge. This voltage output will be correlated with the database to identify the gas sample. +Gas sensor + +The principle of thermal conductivity of gases can also be used to measure the concentration of a gas in a binary mixture of gases. + +Working: if the same gas is present around all the Wheatstone bridge filaments, then the same temperature is maintained in all the filaments and hence same resistances are also maintained; resulting in a balanced Wheatstone bridge. However, If the dissimilar gas sample (or gas mixture) is passed over one set of two filaments and the reference gas on the other set of two filaments, then the Wheatstone bridge becomes unbalanced. And the resulting net voltage output of the circuit will be correlated with the database to identify the constituents of the sample gas. + +Using this technique many unknown gas samples can be identified by comparing their thermal conductivity with other reference gas of known thermal conductivity. The most commonly used reference gas is nitrogen; as the thermal conductivity of most common gases (except hydrogen and helium) are similar to that of nitrogen. +See also + + List of thermal conductivities + Electrical conduction + Convection diffusion equation + R-value (insulation) + Heat pipe + Fick's law of diffusion + Relativistic heat conduction + Churchill–Bernstein equation + Fourier number + Biot number + False diffusion + Heat Conduction + General equation of heat transfer + +References + +Dai; et al. (2015). "Effective Thermal Conductivity of Submicron Powders: A Numerical Study". Applied Mechanics and Materials. 846: 500–505. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.846.500. S2CID 114611104. +Bergman, Theodore L.; Lavine, Adrienne S.; Incropera, Frank P.; Dewitt, David P. (2011). Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer (7th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN 9780470501979. OCLC 713621645. +The Exact Analytical Conduction Toolbox contains a variety of transient expressions for heat conduction, along with algorithms and computer code for obtaining precise numerical values. +III, H. Palmour; Spriggs, R. M.; Uskokovic, D. P. (11 November 2013). Science of Sintering: New Directions for Materials Processing and Microstructural Control. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-4899-0933-6. +Sam Zhang; Dongliang Zhao (19 November 2012). Aeronautical and Aerospace Materials Handbook. CRC Press. pp. 304–. ISBN 978-1-4398-7329-8. Retrieved 7 May 2013. +Martin Eein (2002). Drop-Surface Interactions. Springer. pp. 174–. ISBN 978-3-211-83692-7. Retrieved 7 May 2013. +Rajiv Asthana; Ashok Kumar; Narendra B. Dahotre (9 January 2006). Materials Processing and Manufacturing Science. Butterworth–Heinemann. pp. 158–. ISBN 978-0-08-046488-6. Retrieved 7 May 2013. +George E. Totten (2002). Handbook of Residual Stress and Deformation of Steel. ASM International. pp. 322–. ISBN 978-1-61503-227-3. Retrieved 7 May 2013. + + Bailyn, M. (1994). A Survey of Thermodynamics, American Institute of Physics, New York, ISBN 0-88318-797-3, page 23. + + Dehghani, F 2007, CHNG2801 – Conservation and Transport Processes: Course Notes, University of Sydney, Sydney + John H Lienhard IV and John H Lienhard V, 'A Heat Transfer Textbook', Fifth Edition, Dover Pub., Mineola, NY, 2019 [1] + +External links + + Media related to Heat conduction at Wikimedia Commons + Heat conduction – Thermal-FluidsPedia + Newton's Law of Cooling by Jeff Bryant based on a program by Stephen Wolfram, Wolfram Demonstrations Project. + +Authority control: National Edit this at Wikidata + + Germany Israel United States Japan + +Categories: + + Heat conductionHeat transferPhysical quantitiesTransport phenomena + + This page was last edited on 22 August 2023, at 11:31 (UTC). + site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. + + Privacy policy + About Wikipedia + Disclaimers + Contact Wikipedia + Code of Conduct + Mobile view + Developers + Statistics + Cookie statement + + Wikimedia Foundation + Powered by MediaWiki + + + +Main menu + +Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia + + Create account + Log in + +Personal tools + +Contents + + (Top) + Early history + Recent research + European Internet + Spin-off companies + Software and languages + Notable people + References + External links + +Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica + + Article + Talk + + Read + Edit + View history + +Tools + +Coordinates: 52°21′23″N 4°57′07″E +From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia +Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica +CWI logo +Type National research institute +Established 1946; 77 years ago +President Prof.dr. A.G. de Kok +Administrative staff + ~200 +Location Amsterdam +, Netherlands +Website www.cwi.nl + +The Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (abbr. CWI; English: "National Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science") is a research centre in the field of mathematics and theoretical computer science. It is part of the institutes organization of the Dutch Research Council (NWO) and is located at the Amsterdam Science Park. This institute is famous as the creation site of the programming language Python. It was a founding member of the European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics (ERCIM). +Early history + +The institute was founded in 1946 by Johannes van der Corput, David van Dantzig, Jurjen Koksma, Hendrik Anthony Kramers, Marcel Minnaert and Jan Arnoldus Schouten. It was originally called Mathematical Centre (in Dutch: Mathematisch Centrum). One early mission was to develop mathematical prediction models to assist large Dutch engineering projects, such as the Delta Works. During this early period, the Mathematics Institute also helped with designing the wings of the Fokker F27 Friendship airplane, voted in 2006 as the most beautiful Dutch design of the 20th century.[1][2] + +The computer science component developed soon after. Adriaan van Wijngaarden, considered the founder of computer science (or informatica) in the Netherlands, was the director of the institute for almost 20 years. Edsger Dijkstra did most of his early influential work on algorithms and formal methods at CWI. The first Dutch computers, the Electrologica X1 and Electrologica X8, were both designed at the centre, and Electrologica was created as a spinoff to manufacture the machines. + +In 1983, the name of the institute was changed to Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI) to reflect a governmental push for emphasizing computer science research in the Netherlands.[3] +Recent research + +The institute is known for its work in fields such as operations research, software engineering, information processing, and mathematical applications in life sciences and logistics. More recent examples of research results from CWI include the development of scheduling algorithms for the Dutch railway system (the Nederlandse Spoorwegen, one of the busiest rail networks in the world) and the development of the Python programming language by Guido van Rossum. Python has played an important role in the development of the Google search platform from the beginning, and it continues to do so as the system grows and evolves.[4] Many information retrieval techniques used by packages such as SPSS were initially developed by Data Distilleries, a CWI spinoff.[5][6] + +Work at the institute was recognized by national or international research awards, such as the Lanchester Prize (awarded yearly by INFORMS), the Gödel Prize (awarded by ACM SIGACT) and the Spinoza Prize. Most of its senior researchers hold part-time professorships at other Dutch universities, with the institute producing over 170 full professors during the course of its history. Several CWI researchers have been recognized as members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Academia Europaea, or as knights in the Order of the Netherlands Lion.[7] + +In February 2017, CWI in association with Google announced a successful collision attack on SHA 1 encryption algorithm.[8] +European Internet + +CWI was an early user of the Internet in Europe, in the form of a TCP/IP connection to NSFNET. Piet Beertema at CWI established one of the first two connections outside the United States to the NSFNET (shortly after France's INRIA)[9][10][11] for EUnet on 17 November 1988. The first Dutch country code top-level domain issued was cwi.nl.[12][13][14] When this domain cwi.nl was registered, on 1 May 1986, .nl effectively became the first active ccTLD outside the United States.[15] For the first ten years CWI, or rather Beertema, managed the .nl administration, until in 1996 this task was transferred to its spin-off SIDN.[12] + +The Amsterdam Internet Exchange (one of the largest Internet Exchanges in the world, in terms of both members and throughput traffic) is located at the neighbouring SARA (an early CWI spin-off) and Nikhef institutes. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) office for the Benelux countries is located at CWI.[16] +Spin-off companies + +CWI has demonstrated a continuing effort to put the work of its researchers at the disposal of society, mainly by collaborating with commercial companies and creating spin-off businesses. In 2000 CWI established "CWI Incubator BV", a dedicated company with the aim to generate high tech spin-off companies.[17] Some of the CWI spinoffs include:[18] + + 1956: Electrologica, a pioneering Dutch computer manufacturer. + 1971: SARA (now called SURF), founded as a center for data processing activities for Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Universiteit van Amsterdam, and the CWI. + 1990: DigiCash, an electronic money corporation founded by David Chaum. + 1994: NLnet, an Internet Service Provider. + 1994: General Design / Satama Amsterdam, a design company, acquired by LBi (then Lost Boys international). + 1995: Data Distilleries, developer of analytical database software aimed at information retrieval, eventually becoming part of SPSS and acquired by IBM. + 1996: Stichting Internet Domeinregistratie Nederland (SIDN), the .nl top-level domain registrar. + 2000: Software Improvement Group (SIG), a software improvement and legacy code analysis company. + 2008: MonetDB, a high-tech database technology company, developer of the MonetDB column-store. + 2008: Vectorwise, an analytical database technology company, founded in cooperation with the Ingres Corporation (now Actian) and eventually acquired by it. + 2010: Spinque, a company providing search technology for information retrieval specialists. + 2013: MonetDB Solutions, a database services company. + 2016: Seita, a technology company providing demand response services for the energy sector. + +Software and languages + + ABC programming language + Algol 60 + Algol 68 + Alma-0, a multi-paradigm computer programming language + ASF+SDF Meta Environment, programming language specification and prototyping system, IDE generator + Cascading Style Sheets + MonetDB + NetHack + Python programming language + RascalMPL, general purpose meta programming language + RDFa + SMIL + van Wijngaarden grammar + XForms + XHTML + XML Events + +Notable people + + Richard Askey + Adrian Baddeley + Theo Bemelmans + Piet Beertema + Jan Bergstra + Gerrit Blaauw + Peter Boncz + Hugo Brandt Corstius + Stefan Brands + Andries Brouwer + Harry Buhrman + Dick Bulterman + David Chaum + Ronald Cramer + Theodorus Dekker + Edsger Dijkstra + Constance van Eeden + Peter van Emde Boas + Richard D. Gill + Jan Friso Groote + Dick Grune + Michiel Hazewinkel + Jan Hemelrijk + Martin L. Kersten + Willem Klein + Jurjen Ferdinand Koksma + Tom Koornwinder + Kees Koster + Monique Laurent + Gerrit Lekkerkerker + Arjen Lenstra + Jan Karel Lenstra + Gijsbert de Leve + Barry Mailloux + Massimo Marchiori + Lambert Meertens + Rob Mokken + Albert Nijenhuis + Steven Pemberton + Herman te Riele + Guido van Rossum + Alexander Schrijver + Jan H. van Schuppen + Marc Stevens + John Tromp + John V. Tucker + Paul Vitányi + Hans van Vliet + Marc Voorhoeve + Adriaan van Wijngaarden + Ronald de Wolf + Peter Wynn + +References + +"Fokker F27 Friendship wins 2006 Best Dutch Design Election". +"Fokker Friendship beste Nederlandse design". 5 May 2006. +Bennie Mols: ERCOM: The Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica turns 60. In: Newsletter of the European Mathematical Society, No. 56 (September 2007), p. 43 (online) +"Quotes about Python". Python.org. Retrieved 13 July 2012. +"SPSS and Data Distilleries". Python.org. Archived from the original on 24 February 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015. +Sumath, S; Sivanandam, S.N. (2006). Introduction to Data Mining and its Applications. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 743. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-34351-6. ISBN 978-3-540-34350-9. +"Lex Schrijver receives EURO Gold Medal 2015". cwi. 25 April 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2018. +Announcing the first SHA1 collision +"The path to digital literacy and network culture in France (1980s to 1990s)". The Routledge Companion to Global Internet Histories. Taylor & Francis. 2017. pp. 84–89. ISBN 978-1317607656. +[Et Dieu crea l'Internet, Christian Huitema, ISBN 2-212-08855-8, 1995, page 10] +Andrianarisoa, Menjanirina (2 March 2012). "A brief history of the internet". +"CWI History: details". CWI. Retrieved 9 February 2020. +(in Dutch) De geschiedenis van SIDN Archived 2013-07-27 at the Wayback Machine (History of SIDN), Official website of SIDN +"Kees Neggers: Global Networking Requires Global Collaboration | Internet Hall of Fame". www.internethalloffame.org. Retrieved 3 April 2020. +"Our milestones". SIDN. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2022. +"The World Wide Web Consortium - Benelux Office". W3C. Retrieved 17 August 2022. +"Spin-off companies' details". CWI Amsterdam. Retrieved 8 July 2014. + + "Spin-off companies". CWI Amsterdam. Retrieved 8 July 2014. + +External links + + Official website + + vte + +The European Mathematical Society +Authority control Edit this at Wikidata + +Categories: + + Amsterdam-OostComputer science institutes in the NetherlandsEdsger W. DijkstraMathematical institutesMembers of the European Research Consortium for Informatics and MathematicsOrganisations based in Amsterdam1946 establishments in the NetherlandsResearch institutes in the NetherlandsScience and technology in the Netherlands + + This page was last edited on 13 June 2023, at 22:15 (UTC). + Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. + + Privacy policy + About Wikipedia + Disclaimers + Contact Wikipedia + Code of Conduct + Mobile view + Developers + Statistics + Cookie statement + + Wikimedia Foundation + Powered by MediaWiki + + +Main menu + +Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia + + Create account + Log in + +Personal tools + +Contents +(Top) +History + + Early years + Reforms and reversal + Recent years + +Controversies + +Coverage + + Rail network + +Types of train service + +Fares and tickets + + Off-peak discount passes + Logo + Divisions of NS + Policy + Technological assistance for train staff + Statistics + See also + References + Further reading + External links + +Nederlandse Spoorwegen + + Article + Talk + + Read + Edit + View history + +Tools + +From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia +NS Nederlandse Spoorwegen +Type State-owned naamloze vennootschap +Industry Rail transport +Founded 1938 +Headquarters Utrecht +, Netherlands +Key people + Wouter Koolmees (CEO)[1] +Products Rail transport, rail construction, services +Revenue + + Decrease €5,980 million (2021)[2] + €6,661 million (2019) + +Net income + + + Increase €116 million (2018)[3] + €47 million (2017) + +Total assets + + Increase €7,030 million (2018)[3] + €6,214 million (2017) + +Total equity + + Decrease €11,786 million (2021)[3] + €3,477 million (2017) + +Number of employees + + + Increase 38,600 (2020) + 40,978 (2020) + +Parent State of the Netherlands +Subsidiaries Abellio +Nedkoleje +NSRegio (99%) +WestfalenBahn +Website www.ns.nl +Nederlandse Spoorwegen +Railway tracks in the Netherlands +Double decker (DDZ) train near Gouda, South Holland +Overview +Locale Netherlands +Dates of operation 1938–present +Predecessor Hollandsche IJzeren Spoorweg-Maatschappij (HSM) +Maatschappij tot Exploitatie van Staatsspoorwegen (SS) +Technical +Track gauge 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge + +Nederlandse Spoorwegen (NS; Dutch: [ˈneːdərlɑntsə ˈspoːrˌʋeːɣə(n)] (listen); English: "Dutch Railways") is the principal passenger railway operator in the Netherlands. It is a Dutch state-owned company founded in 1938. The Dutch rail network is the busiest in the European Union, and the third busiest in the world after Switzerland and Japan.[4] + +The rail infrastructure is maintained by network manager ProRail, which was split off from NS in 2003. Freight operator NS Cargo merged with DB Cargo in 2000. NS runs 4,800 scheduled domestic trains a day, serving 1.1 million passengers.[5] The NS also provides international rail services from the Netherlands to other European destinations and carries out concessions on some foreign rail markets through its subsidiary Abellio. +History +See also: History of rail transport in the Netherlands +Early years +The Hoofdgebouw I (Main Building I) complex in Utrecht, former Nederlandse Spoorwegen headquarters and nowadays the office of DB Cargo in the Netherlands + +World War I caused an economic downturn in the Netherlands that caused the two largest Dutch railway companies, Hollandsche IJzeren Spoorweg-Maatschappij (HSM) and Maatschappij tot Exploitatie van Staatsspoorwegen (SS), to become unprofitable. The companies avoided bankruptcy by integrating their operations, which occurred by 1917. The cooperation was by economic and ideological reasons. The state provided support by buying shares in both companies. In 1938, the state bought the remaining shares and merged the companies to create NS; NS was not nationalised. +See also: Holocaust trains § Netherlands + +During World War II, NS was forced by the Germans to construct railways to Westerbork transit camp and transport almost a hundred thousand Jews to extermination camps. The company's only wartime strike was during the Dutch famine of 1944–45; NS opted not to strike a year earlier. + +NS played a pivotal role in the post-war reconstruction of the Netherlands; only it could provide the required logistical services in a time when there was little alternative to rail transport. The company declined in the 1960s – like many other railways – and operated at a loss. There was increased competition from other modes of transport. In addition, national coal distribution from Limburg became less profitable; the discovery of a gas field near Slochteren led to coal losing market share to natural gas in power plants and homes. NS' response, the Spoorslag '70 plan which increased service and introduced intercity service, failed to restore profitability. The company was deemed nationally important and received state subsidies. +Reforms and reversal +Protests against neoliberal policies in 1983 + +NS was reorganized following the neoliberal reforms of the 1980s and the 1991 EU Directive 91/440; the latter required railway infrastructure and transport activities to be managed independently. Although the state called the process "corporatization" (verzelfstandiging), it really only meant the withdrawal of subsidies. The changes were carried out by Rob den Besten, who became chief executive officer of NS after the retirement of Leo Ploeger. + +NS' infrastructure division was split off into NS Railinfratrust. Plans to split the remainder of NS met with limited success due to trade union opposition; the new companies created were NS Reizigers and locomotive maintenance company NedTrain. Passenger transport was to be conducted on a commercial basis, but the state continued to subsidize non-viable routes. Internally, route managers assumed de facto control, but they were dependent on a different organ in the company[clarify] The freight business, NS Cargo, merged with Deutsche Bahn; the resulting company operated as Railion in 2000 and then as DB Cargo.[6] Performance deteriorated after the reforms, and the company suffered multiple unorganized strikes. The entire board of directors resigned in late-2001. + +Another change in strategy followed. Karel Noordzij became CEO in 2002 and reversed many of the reforms to restore confidence in the company. The state no longer considered competitive passenger service to be viable, and began granting concessions with the goal of one concession per line. NS received a concession to run main line routes until 2025. +Recent years +Current headquarters in Utrecht + +The timetable change on 10 December 2006 saw the most routes to approximate the symmetry minute in clock-face schedules to the one used in most other European countries. The previous symmetry minute 46 led to problems with cross-border trains. As of December 2022 the company's CEO is former minister Wouter Koolmees, after Marjan Rintel left to become CEO of KLM. + +NS was heavily impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, which caused massive drops in passenger numbers. The company received significant financial support from the national government in order to keep the company solvent.[7] In 2022, the company made significant cuts in its timetable, running fewer and shorter trains, as a consequence of personnel shortages.[8] +Controversies + +NS has been involved in various controversies. + + Technical problems with the high-speed V250 trains, which started their services on 29 July 2013, and ended on 17 January 2014, led to the resignation of CEO Bert Meerstadt in June 2016[9] and a parliamentary investigation in 2016. The High Speed Alliance (HSA), an NS (80%) / KLM (20%) joint venture almost went bankrupt due to the late introduction of the trains in combination with a too high price for the concession which the company paid to the Dutch government. HSA was liquidated in 2017. + In 2013, it was revealed that NS had been using a subsidiary in Ireland, NS Financial Services Company (NSFSC), to reduce its tax liability in the Netherlands. The procedure was determined to be lawful, but it was unfavorable for the Dutch taxpayers for a state-owned company to avoid national taxes. From 1998 the NS used the favourable tax climate in Ireland, which resulted in a profit for NS of more than €270 million but a loss to the Dutch state of €21 million in 2012 alone.[10] The corporate tax rate in Ireland was 12.5%, in the Netherlands 25% at that time.[11] NS used its Irish subsidiary to buy new trains, among others the high-speed V250 trains from the Italian firm AnsaldoBreda.[citation needed] The Dutch Minister of Finance, Jeroen Dijsselbloem, wrote to the parliament that NS would stop this tax evasion.[citation needed] Most rolling stock was transferred to the Netherlands-based NS Lease in December 2017.[12] NSFSC was wound up in April 2019.[13] + In 2015 it became clear that a subsidiary of NS, Abellio, had shown unfair behaviour about a tendering for public transport in the province of Limburg. The company had obtained confidential information from a competitor, Veolia, through a former employee of Veolia who had been hired by Abellio subsidiary Qbuzz.[14] On 5 June 2015, it became clear that CEO Timo Huges of the NS had given incomplete and incorrect information about the tendering procedure. According to Minister Dijsselbloem, Huges had acted "sloppy, inaccurate and in violation of the law."[15] Consequently, Huges resigned from his position.[16] + +Coverage +See also: Train routes in the Netherlands and Railway stations in the Netherlands +Top three busiest railway stations in the Netherlands +Utrecht Centraal +Amsterdam Centraal +Rotterdam Centraal + +The NS covers most of the country, with almost all cities connected, mostly with a service frequency of two trains an hour or more and at least four trains per hour between all of the largest five cities (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, Utrecht and Eindhoven) as well as some smaller cities (Nijmegen, Amersfoort, Arnhem, 's-Hertogenbosch, Dordrecht and Leiden). From December 2008 train frequencies were increased on the following services: Arnhem–Nijmegen (8 trains per hour) and The Hague–Rotterdam (12 trains per hour), Amsterdam Centraal–Hoofddorp (16 trains per hour). A night train service was added between Utrecht, Gouda and Rotterdam.[17] Trains usually run between 5:00 a.m. and 1:00 a.m. although there is also a nightline which connects major cities in the Randstad throughout the night, as well as in weekends also some major cities in North Brabant. + +In addition to its domestic services, NS is also a partner (along with Stena Line and its British railway company Abellio Greater Anglia) in the Dutchflyer service. NS has also entered into a partnership with KLM to operate services on the new HSL-Zuid under the name Intercity Direct towards Breda and Brussels. Intercity Direct is part of NS International; other services such as Thalys to France and Intercity-Express to Germany and Switzerland are also part of NS International. +Rail network +NS trains at Arnhem Centraal + +The hoofdrailnet is the official core internal passenger rail network of the Netherlands. Currently, NS has a concession until 1 January 2025 to provide all passenger services on this network, except that on some stretches there is an overlap with lines for which other operators have a concession. Some of the most notable of these stretches are those from Elst railway station to Arnhem Centraal railway station, where NS shares tracks with Arriva, and further on to Arnhem Velperpoort. Here the tracks are shared by three operators, as Breng, ultimately part of Transdev, operates there in addition to the two previously mentioned operators. Officially the overlaps do not constitute competition on the same lines. + +The concession was free of charge until 2009, and costs an increasing amount since then, up to €30 million for the year 2014. The concession distinguishes the main stations and other stations. Except on New Year's Eve, the main stations have to be served at least twice an hour per direction from 6 a.m. to midnight and the other stations at least once an hour. Exceptions are possible until the start of the next concession.[18] + +The next concession period is 2025–2035. For the 2015–2025 concession, requirements include: for every train service where on average more than one-third of the passengers travel longer than 30 minutes, a train with a toilet is used, every newly ordered train has a toilet and in 2025 every train has to have a toilet. The last trains on the hoofdrailnet without a toilet were the NS SGMm (the so-called classical "Sprinter", retired 2018–21) and the Sprinter Lighttrain (SLT, these trains have since had on-board toilets retrofitted). +Types of train service + +NS provides three kinds of train service: + + A Sprinter stops at all stations, and is mainly used for local traffic. On some smaller lines, though, it is the only kind of service. The name is derived from the 'Sprinter' (2900 class) rolling stock; however, the service was sometimes operated using older style rolling stock (such as 'Plan V/T': 400, 500, 800, and 900 class). + Intercity services only stop at larger stations and were introduced in the 1970s to provide fast train connections throughout the country. Intercity services are operated by DDZ, VIRM and ICM class trains. An exception is the service between Den Haag Centraal and Eindhoven, which makes use of the high-speed line between Rotterdam and Breda, and requires Bombardier Traxx-hauled carriages. When a line is not served by Sprinters, Intercity trains stop at all stations. This takes place on the lines between Alkmaar – Den Helder, Bergen op Zoom – Vlissingen, Hoorn – Enkhuizen, Leiden – Woerden, and Deurne – Venlo. See also Intercity services in the Netherlands and List of Dutch Intercity stations (in Dutch). + The Intercity Direct service, which offers faster service between Amsterdam Centraal and Breda as it makes use of the high-speed line HSL-Zuid and calls at only two intermediate stations (Schiphol Airport and Rotterdam Centraal). Unlike other Intercity trains, the Intercity Direct requires payment of a supplement on top of the regular fare (€2.60 if bought online and swiping on the platform during peak hours and €1,56 when swiping during off-peak hours) if a passenger's journey involves the high-speed line between Schiphol Airport and Rotterdam Centraal. A regular Intercity service that is free of supplements is still offered. + +There are also two former train categories, which are now used only by private operators: + + Stoptrein: This is the original name for Sprinter trains. Between 2003 and 2013 NS discharged the Stoptrein formula in favour of Sprinter. Private operators do not use Sprinter so all private services in the Netherlands (except the four Sneltreins of Arriva, see below) are Stoptrein. + Sneltrein: Sneltrein (in the English section of the old paper time tables, they were translated as "semi fast train" and were a class between Stoptrain and Intercity) was abandoned by NS in 2008. The NS Sneltrein services are now called Intercity, but they stop more often than "real" Intercities. The result is that some stations (like Woerden) are served by some Intercities while others pass it. As of 2015, there are four Sneltrein services by Arriva. + +Fares and tickets +A NS Dagretour (one-time chip card), from Rijssen to Almelo and back. + +The OV-chipkaart is the common form of fare payment. Single or return tickets, used by incidental travellers and tourists, are available at ticket machines and service counters at a surcharge of €1. They are a disposable use-once only. It is possible to buy e-tickets online on the Dutch Railways website. E-tickets can also be purchased on the Belgian NMBS/SNCB B-Europe website. For long-term use, season tickets are available.[19] + +Travelling with these cards and tickets, one has to register starting a journey (check-in) and ending it (check out) at the destination. One always has to travel away from the point of one's latest check-in. Thus, in the case of a voluntary detour, one has to check out and check in to register starting a new journey. + +Travellers need to be aware of the various companies other than the Nederlandse Spoorwegen. One needs to check out with one company and check in with another on some stations. There is common tariff system with four smaller passenger train operating companies: Keolis Nederland and Connexxion in the centre and the east, Veolia on the 'Maaslijn' and 'Heuvellandlijn' in the southeast, Arriva in the north and most of the east of the country and on the 'Merwede-Lingelijn' (from Dordrecht to Geldermalsen). + +The OV-chipkaart is also used on buses and trams, where hourly tickets are for sale for those who have too little credit to travel but enough cash.[20] +Off-peak discount passes + +NS defines off-peak hours as weekdays from 09:00–16:00 and 18:30–06:30, and on Saturdays and Sundays the whole day. Therefore, the full fare is required on weekdays 06:30–09:00 and 16:00–18:30. With an OV-chipkaart that allows for a discount or free travel, one is automatically granted the discount or free travel at the time of checking in. There are several season tickets available that suit individual preferences.[21] +NS ticket and supplement (Amsterdam to Rotterdam, with Intercity supplement) +Logo +Logo at Maastricht station in 2010 + +The NS corporate logo was designed in 1968 by Gert Dumbar and Gert-Jan Leuvelink, both of the graphic design company Tel Design. Introduced in that same year, it replaced an earlier design which had been used since 1946. The logo, pervasive within trains and railway stations in the Netherlands, plays a significant part in Nederlandse Spoorwegen's signage, promotions, advertising, and graphic design. + +The logo usually appears in blue or black on a dark yellow or white background. Since its introduction, NS livery has also had this same distinct dark yellow or white colour. The logo is a widened letter 'N' and a sideways (reversed) 'S'-shape. The two arrows in the logo represent the train's movement, and the two lines in the middle represent the track. +Divisions of NS +Merseyrail Class 508 at Ellesmere Port in June 2012 +Abellio Greater Anglia Class 90 at Stratford in October 2014 +NS International ICE 3 in June 2014 + + Abellio is the subsidiary for operations outside the Netherlands. Abellio has won several franchises in the United Kingdom and Germany. + + In 2003, Abellio commenced operating its first rail franchise in the United Kingdom, through its 50% shareholding in Serco-Abellio.[22] From 2004 until 2016, Serco-Abellio also operated the Northern Rail franchise.[23] In May 2009, the Travel London and Travel Surrey bus businesses were purchased from National Express and rebranded as Abellio London and Abellio Surrey.[24][25] + + In February 2012, Abellio Greater Anglia commenced operating the Greater Anglia franchise,[26] and in April 2015, Abellio ScotRail commenced operating the ScotRail franchise.[27][28][29] In 2016, Abellio successfully bid to retain the renamed East Anglia franchise until 2025.[30] Abellio has partnered with Mitsui for both the East Anglia and the West Midlands franchises, the latter also with JR East. In June 2019 Abellio began operating the East Midlands Railway eight-year franchise.[31] + + NS Reizigers (NSR) – NS Travellers, responsible for passenger train services and for employing train drivers and conductors. + NS Stations – the result of merging the former : + NS Stations – in charge of the operation of all 404 railway stations in the Netherlands, i.e., also those served by other railway companies than NS Reizigers; see also station facilities. + NS Vastgoed – owns 48 km2 of land, often near stations, and develops and operates these areas as public traffic nodes, offices and apartments. + NedTrain – train maintenance. + NS Commercie – product- and customer management (business and product development, marketing, sales and customer service). + NS International – operator, in conjunction with NS Reizigers and foreign partners, of Thalys (from Amsterdam to Paris), ICE (to Cologne and Frankfurt), Intercities (to Berlin) and Intercity Direct services (to Brussels via the HSL-Zuid) and the ÖBB Nightjet (to Vienna and Innsbruck). + +In dealing with the general public, these distinctions are not made and the terms Nederlandse Spoorwegen and NS are used. + +NS has contracts with Connexxion and BBA, now Veolia Transport for the provision of bus services to replace train services in the case of planned and unplanned cancellations. + +On 23 July 2010 NS sold Strukton to the construction company Oranjewoud N.V.. This concluded a long history of planning, designing and executing track development done by the NS.[32][33] +Policy + +There is a delay refund scheme entitling passengers to a partial or full refund of the ticket price if a journey is delayed by half an hour or more. The scheme does not apply on short-distance journeys (tickets less than €2.30) and cases in which the delay is the result of planned cancellations that were announced some days in advance. Refunds are, in general, half the ticket price of a one-way trip after a delay of over 30 minutes, and the full ticket price after a delay of one hour or more. That applies to nearly all kinds of tickets. The refund is not considered monetary compensation for lost time but rather as a reduction in charges where poor service has been provided. The system has been improved for holders of some rail passes. Part of the cost of the scheme is paid by ProRail, since they are responsible for part of the delays. + +Tobacco smoking is prohibited both on trains and in stations. Smoking on trains has been prohibited since 2004, with smoking in stations permitted in designated smoking zones, until this too was disallowed in October 2020. [34] + +Since June 2003, the sale of coffee, soft drinks, beer, sandwiches, candy, etc., has ceased aboard domestic trains. The increasing number of Servex convenience stores at railway stations and the relatively short duration of most train journeys in the Netherlands have lowered the demand for on-train services. In 2005, a much reduced in-train service of drinks and small snacks has been reintroduced on longer journeys. Now, the RailTender service primarily operates in the intercity trains on the trajectory between Utrecht and Zwolle/Eindhoven, Zwolle and Almere, 's-Hertogenbosch and Nijmegen, Apeldoorn and Amersfoort, Rotterdam and Breda/Roosendaal/Antwerp. +Technological assistance for train staff + +Conductors have a smartphone with a timetable, fares information, and a separate card reader to read the OV-chipkaart. Train drivers use a tablet with an app called "TimTim" to save energy and keep up with the timetable. The train driver can also see other trains that are in front or behind his train. +Statistics + + 14.73 billion passenger km per year (2005), which is 30% of the seat km. + +In 2018, NS saw its number of passengers increase by nearly 3 percent. On average, 1.3 million people took the train on a weekday, 100.000 more than in 2016 and the over 250 NS train stations are becoming increasingly crowded. + +The top 15 busiest train stations in the Netherlands by travelers (NS only) per working day in 2019: +Station Province Daily travelers 2019 +Utrecht Centraal Utrecht 207,400 +Amsterdam Centraal North Holland 199,500 +Rotterdam Centraal South Holland 101,700 +Den Haag Centraal South Holland 98,800 +Schiphol Airport North Holland 98,000 +Leiden Centraal South Holland 82,700 +Amsterdam Zuid North Holland 68,700 +Eindhoven Centraal North Brabant 68,200 +Amsterdam Sloterdijk North Holland 50,500 +'s Hertogenbosch North Brabant 49,800 +Nijmegen Gelderland 47,500 +Arnhem Centraal Gelderland 45,700 +Amersfoort Centraal Utrecht 44,800 +Haarlem North Holland 43,800 +Zwolle Overijssel 42,100 + +Also see List of busiest railway stations in The Netherlands[35] +See also + + flagNetherlands portaliconTrains portal + + Dutch railway services + NS Timetable 2010 + Rail transport by country + Rail transport in the Netherlands + Railway stations in the Netherlands + Train categories in Europe + Train routes in the Netherlands + Trains in the Netherlands + Transport in the Netherlands + +References + +"Oud-minister Wouter Koolmees nieuwe topman NS". NOS. 10 October 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022. +"Ns 2020". +"NS Annual Report 2018" (PDF). +International Union of Railways Annual Report, 2015. +"Annual report 2010". Nederlandse Spoorwegen. 1 January 2011. Archived from the original on 30 June 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2011. +DB and NS sign freight merger Railway Gazette International 1 August 1999 +"NS maakt flink verlies door coronacrisis, nog steeds minder reizigers". nos.nl (in Dutch). 25 February 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022. +"NS snijdt vanwege personeelstekort weer fors in dienstregeling". nos.nl (in Dutch). 31 October 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022. +"NS-topman Bert Meerstadt stapt op". Archived from the original on 25 June 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2015. +"NS stopt met fiscale truc: treinen niet langer gekocht door Ierse dochter". 25 March 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2015. +"NS doet nog steeds zaken via de Ierse route". NRC Q. Retrieved 5 June 2015. +NS repatriates train leasing Railway Gazette International 26 February 2018 +NS ends Irish-registered leasing activities Railway Gazette International 29 April 2019 +"Limburg gunt concessie openbaar vervoer aan Arriva". Retrieved 5 June 2015. +"Nog meer problemen voor ex-NS-topman Timo Huges". 19 June 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2015. +"'NS-topman Timo Huges stapt op wegens mogelijk machtsmisbruik'". Retrieved 5 June 2015. +www.treinreiziger.nl Archived 11 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine +"Nieuws". ns.nl. Retrieved 23 September 2016. +Find the season ticket that suits you +"OV-chipkaart (for tourists)". Trans Link Systems B.V. Retrieved 21 April 2018. +All 7 season tickets (that allow for discounts) +Dutch and Serco win Merseyrail franchise The Railway Magazine issue 1226 June 2003 page 6 +Serco and NedRailways joint bid secures new Northern franchise Rail Express issue 99 August 2004 page 5 +National Express Group plc agreement to sell Travel London Archived 2 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine National Express Group 21 May 2009 +NedRailways acquisition reinforces long term commitment to UK transport market Archived 18 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine NedRailways 9 June 2009 +Greater Anglia rail franchise announcement Department for Transport 20 October 2011 +Dutch firms wins ScotRail franchise from FirstGroup BBC News 8 October 2014 +Abellio awarded ScotRail franchise Railway Gazette International 8 October 2014 +Abellio awarded contract to operate Scotland's National Railway, ScotRail Archived 15 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine Abellio +Better journeys for rail passengers and boost for Derby train industry as new East Anglia franchise announced Department for Transport 10 August 2016 +Dutch firm Abellio takes over East Midlands rail franchise BBC News 18 August 2019 +"NS agrees to sell Strukton". Railway Gazette International. 29 July 2010. Retrieved 24 March 2012. +Oranjewoud N.V., the holding company that owns Strukton. +"Roken en verkoop van tabak op treinstations in de ban". nos.nl (in Dutch). 30 January 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2022. + + DUTCH RAILWAY HANDLES 1.3 MILLION TRAVELERS PER WORKING DAY + +Further reading + + Johnston, Howard (18–31 May 1989). "A brief guide to the NS". Rail. No. 96. EMAP National Publications. NS 150 special supplement. ISSN 0953-4563. OCLC 49953699. + "NS Annual Report 2017" (PDF). Annual Report in English. Retrieved 26 September 2018. + +External links + + Media related to Nederlandse Spoorwegen at Wikimedia Commons + Nederlandse Spoorwegen, English website + + vte + +National railway companies of Europe +Authority control Edit this at Wikidata +Categories: + + Nederlandse SpoorwegenDutch brandsGovernment-owned companies of the NetherlandsRail transport in the NetherlandsRailway companies of the NetherlandsRailway companies established in 1938Dutch companies established in 1938Organisations based in Utrecht (city)Companies based in Utrecht (province)Rail transport in Utrecht (city) + + This page was last edited on 23 August 2023, at 13:28 (UTC). + Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. + + Privacy policy + About Wikipedia + Disclaimers + Contact Wikipedia + Code of Conduct + Mobile view + Developers + Statistics + Cookie statement + + Wikimedia Foundation + Powered by MediaWiki + + +Main menu + +Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia + + Create account + Log in + +Personal tools + +Contents +(Top) +History + + Delta law and conceptual framework + Alterations to the plan during the execution of the Works + The storm-surge barrier + Environmental policy implementations + Environmental effects + Project costs + Current status + Projects + See also + References + External links + +Delta Works + + Article + Talk + + Read + Edit + View history + +Tools + +Coordinates: 51.65°N 3.72°E +From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia +Not to be confused with Delta Work. +Delta Works is located in Delta Plan +Algerakering +Algerakering +Antwerp +Antwerp +Bathse spuisluis +Bathse spuisluis +Belgium +Brouwersdam +Brouwersdam +Fresh water +Fresh water +Grevelingendam +Grevelingendam +Hartelkering +Hartelkering +Haringvliet +Haringvliet +Haringvliet Bridge +Haringvliet Bridge +Haringvlietdam +Haringvlietdam +Hellegatsdam +Hellegatsdam +Maeslantkering +Maeslantkering +Markiezaatskade +Markiezaatskade +Netherlands +North Sea +North Sea +Oesterdam +Oesterdam +Oosterschelde +Oosterschelde +Oosterscheldekering +Oosterscheldekering +Philipsdam +Philipsdam +Rotterdam +Rotterdam +Scheldt Rhine Canal +Scheldt Rhine Canal +Veerse Gatdam +Veerse Gatdam +Volkerakdam +Volkerakdam +Seawater +Seawater +Western Scheldt +Western Scheldt +Zandkreekdam +Zandkreekdam +Zeeland Bridge +Zeeland Bridge +Delta Works + +The Delta Works (Dutch: Deltawerken) is a series of construction projects in the southwest of the Netherlands to protect a large area of land around the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta from the sea. Constructed between 1954 and 1997, the works consist of dams, sluices, locks, dykes, levees, and storm surge barriers located in the provinces of South Holland and Zeeland. + +The aim of the dams, sluices, and storm surge barriers was to shorten the Dutch coastline, thus reducing the number of dikes that had to be raised. Along with the Zuiderzee Works, the Delta Works have been declared one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers. +History +3:44CC +Newsreel from 1959 on the advantages and disadvantages of the Delta Works + +The estuaries of the rivers Rhine, Meuse and Schelde have been subject to flooding over the centuries. After building the Afsluitdijk (1927 – 1932), the Dutch started studying the damming of the Rhine-Meuse Delta. Plans were developed to shorten the coastline and turn the delta into a group of freshwater coastal lakes. By shortening the coastline, fewer dikes would have to be reinforced. + +Due to indecision and the Second World War, little action was taken. In 1950 two small estuary mouths, the Brielse Gat near Brielle and the Botlek near Vlaardingen were dammed. After the North Sea flood of 1953, a Delta Works Commission was installed to research the causes and develop measures to prevent such disasters in future. They revised some of the old plans and came up with the "Deltaplan". + +Unlike the Zuiderzee Works, the Delta Plan's purpose is largely defensive and not for land reclamation.[1] The Delta Plan is a national programme and demands collaboration between the national government, provincial authorities, municipal authorities and the water boards. The plan consisted of blocking the estuary mouths of the Oosterschelde, the Haringvliet and the Grevelingen. This reduced the length of the dikes exposed to the sea by 700 kilometres (430 mi). The mouths of the Nieuwe Waterweg and the Westerschelde were to remain open because of the important shipping routes to the ports of Rotterdam and Antwerp. The dikes along these waterways were to be heightened and strengthened. The works would be combined with road and waterway infrastructure to stimulate the economy of the province of Zeeland and improve the connection between the ports of Rotterdam and Antwerp. +Delta law and conceptual framework +Zeeland Bridge +Oosterscheldekering + +An important part of this project was fundamental research to come up with long-term solutions, protecting the Netherlands against future floods. Instead of analysing past floods and building protection sufficient to deal with those, the Delta Works commission pioneered a conceptual framework to use as norm for investment in flood defences. + +The framework is called the 'Delta norm'; it includes the following principles: + + Major areas to be protected from flooding are identified. These are called "dike ring areas" because they are protected by a ring of primary sea defences. + The cost of flooding is assessed using a statistical model involving damage to property, lost production, and a given amount per human life lost. + For the purpose of this model, a human life is valued at €2.2 million (2008 data). + The chances of a significant flood within the given area are calculated. This is done using data from a purpose-built flood simulation lab, as well as empirical statistical data regarding water wave properties and distribution. Storm behaviour and spring tide distribution are also taken into account. + +The most important "dike ring area" is the South Holland coast region. It is home to four million people, most of whom live below normal sea level. The loss of human life in a catastrophic flood here can be very large because there is typically little warning time with North Sea storms. Comprehensive evacuation is not a realistic option for the Holland coastal region. + +The commission initially set the acceptable risk for complete failure of every "dike ring" in the country at 1 in 125,000 years. But, it found that the cost of building to this level of protection could not be supported. It set "acceptable" risks by region as follows: + + North and South Holland (excluding Wieringermeer): 1 per 10,000 years + Other areas at risk from sea flooding: 1 per 4,000 years + Transition areas between high land and low land: 1 per 2,000 years + +River flooding causes less damage than salt water flooding, which causes long-term damage to agricultural lands. Areas at risk from river flooding were assigned a higher acceptable risk. River flooding also has a longer warning time, producing a lower estimated death toll per event. + + South Holland at risk from river flooding: 1 per 1,250 years + Other areas at risk from river flooding: 1 per 250 years. + +These acceptable risks were enshrined in the Delta Law (Dutch: Deltawet). This required the government to keep risks of catastrophic flooding within these limits and to upgrade defences should new insights into risks require this. The limits have also been incorporated into the new Water Law (Waterwet), effective from 22 December 2009. + +The Delta Project (of which the Delta Works are a part) has been designed with these guidelines in mind. All other primary defences have been upgraded to meet the norm. New data elevating the risk assessment on expected sea level rise due to global warming has identified ten 'weak points.' These have been upgraded to meet future demands. The latest upgrades are made under the High Water Protection Program. +Alterations to the plan during the execution of the Works +Scale model of the Maeslantkering + +During the execution of the works, changes were made in response to public pressure. In the Nieuwe Waterweg, the heightening and the associated widening of the dikes proved very difficult because of public opposition to the planned destruction of important historic buildings to achieve this. The plan was changed to the construction of a storm surge barrier (the Maeslantkering) and dikes were only partly built up. +The storm-surge barrier + +The Delta Plan originally intended to create a large freshwater lake, the Zeeuwse Meer (Zeeland Lake).[1] This would have caused major environmental destruction in Oosterschelde, with the total loss of the saltwater ecosystem and, consequently, the harvesting of oysters. Environmentalists and fishermen combined their efforts to prevent the closure; they persuaded parliament to amend the original plan. Instead of completely damming the estuary, the government agreed to build a storm surge barrier. This essentially is a long collection of very large valves that can be closed against storm surges. + +The storm surge barrier closes only when the sea-level is expected to rise 3 metres above mean sea level. Under normal conditions, the estuary's mouth is open, and salt water flows in and out with the tide. As a result of the change, the weak dikes along the Oosterschelde needed to be strengthened. Over 200 km of the dike needed new revetments. The connections between the Eastern Scheldt and the neighboring Haringvliet had to be dammed to limit the effect of the salt water. Extra dams and locks were needed at the east part of the Oosterschelde to create a shipping route between the ports of Rotterdam and Antwerp. Since operating the barrier has an effect on the environment, fisheries and the water management system, decisions made on opening or closing the gate are carefully considered. Also the safety of the surrounding dykes are affected by barrier operations. +Environmental policy implementations + +In an attempt to restore and preserve the natural system surrounded by the dykes and storm-surge barrier, the concept 'building with nature' was introduced in revised Delta Program updates after 2008. The new integrated water management plan not only takes into account protection against flooding, but also covers water quality, leisure industry, economic activities, shipping, environment and nature. Whenever possible, existing engineering constructions would be replaced by more 'nature friendly' options in an attempt to restore natural estuary and tides, while still protecting against flooding.[2] In addition, building components of the reinforcements are designed in a way that they support formation of entire ecosystems.[3] As part of the revision, the Room for the River projects, enabled nature to occupy space by lowering or widening the river bed.[4] In order to establish this, agricultural flood plains are turned into natural parks, excavated farmland is used for wild vegetation and newly excavated lakes and bypasses create habitats for fish and birds.[5] Along the coast, natural sand is added each year to allow sand to blow freely through the dunes instead of having the dunes held in place by planted vegetation or revetments.[6] Although the new plan brought along additional cost, it was received favourably.[citation needed] The re-considerations of the Delta Project indicated the growing importance of integrate environmental impact assessments in policy-making. +Environmental effects + +The Delta Project of which the Delta Works are part of was originally designed in a period of time when environmental awareness and ecological effects of engineering projects were barely taken into consideration.[7] Although the level of awareness for the environment grew throughout the years, the Delta Project has caused numerous irreversible[citation needed] effects on the environment in the past. Blocking the estuary mouths did reduce the length of dykes that otherwise would have to be built to protect against floods, but it also led to major changes in the water systems. For example, the tides disappeared, which resulted in a less smooth transition from sea water into fresh water. Flora and fauna suffered from this noticeable change.[8] In addition, rivers got covered up by polluted sludge, since there was no longer an open passage to the sea. +Project costs + +The projects of the Delta Plan are financed with the Delta Fund. In 1958, when the Delta law was accepted under the Delta Works Commission, the total costs were estimated at 3.3 billion guilder. This was at that time equal to 20% of national GDP. This amount was spread out over the 25 years that it would take to complete the massive engineering project. The Delta works were mostly financed by the national budget, with a contribution of the Marshall Plan of 400 million guilder. In addition, the Dutch natural gas discovery contributed massively to the finance of the project. At completion in 1997, costs were set on 8.2 billion guilder.[9] Nevertheless, in 2012 the total costs were already set on[clarification needed] around $13 billion.[10] +Current status + +The original plan was completed by the Europoortkering which required the construction of the Maeslantkering in the Nieuwe Waterweg between Maassluis and Hook of Holland and the Hartelkering in the Hartel Canal near Spijkenisse. The works were declared finished after almost forty years in 1997. + +Due to climate change and relative sea-level rise, the dikes will eventually have to be made higher and wider. This is a long term uphill battle against the sea. The needed level of flood protection and the resulting costs are a recurring subject of debate, and involve a complicated decision-making process. In 1995 it was agreed in the Delta Plan Large Rivers and Room for the River projects that about 500 kilometres of insufficient dyke revetments were reinforced and replaced along the Oosterschelde and Westerschelde between 1995 and 2015. After 2015, under the High Water Protection Program, additional upgrades are made.[11] + +In September 2008, the Delta Commission presided by politician Cees Veerman advised in a report that the Netherlands would need a massive new building program to strengthen the country's water defenses against the anticipated effects of global warming for the next 190 years. The plans included drawing up worst-case scenarios for evacuations and included more than €100 billion, or $144 billion, in new spending through the year 2100 for measures, such as broadening coastal dunes and strengthening sea and river dikes. The commission said the country must plan for a rise in the North Sea of 1.3 meters by 2100 and 4 meters by 2200.[12] +Projects + +The works that are part of the Delta Works are listed in chronological order with their year of completion: +Delta Works Project Beginning Inauguration Image Function Watercourse Place +Stormvloedkering Hollandse IJssel (Algerakering) 1954 1958 Flood barrier Hollandse IJssel (river) South Holland near Krimpen aan den IJssel +Zandkreekdam 1959 1960 Dam Zandkreek, Veerse Gat (Oosterschelde) Between Noord-Beveland and Zuid-Beveland in the east +Veerse Gatdam 1960 1961 Dam Veerse Gat (Oosterschelde) Between Noord-Beveland and Walcheren in the west +Grevelingendam 1958 1965 Dam Grevelingenmeer Between Tholen and Schouwen-Duiveland +Volkerakdam 1957 1969 Dam Volkerak, Hollands Diep Meuse and Oosterschelde Between South Holland and Zeeland +Haringvlietdam 1958 1971 Dam / Flood barrier Haringvliet (Rhine and Meuse) Between Voorne-Putten and Goeree-Overflakkee +Brouwersdam 1964 1971 Dam Grevelingenmeer Between Goeree-Overflakkee and Schouwen-Duiveland +Markiezaatskade 1980 1983 Dam Scheldt–Rhine Canal, Markiezaatsmeer Between Zuid-Beveland and Molenplaat +Oosterscheldekering 1960 1986 Flood barrier Oosterschelde Between Schouwen-Duiveland and Noord-Beveland +Oesterdam 1979 1987 Dam Oosterschelde, Scheldt–Rhine Canal Between Tholen and Zuid-Beveland +Philipsdam 1976 1987 Dam Oosterschelde Between Grevelingendam and Sint Philipsland +Bathse spuisluis 1980 1987 Lock Volkerak, Markiezaatsmeer, Oosterschelde Bath, Zeeland +Maeslantkering 1988 1997 Flood barrier Nieuwe Waterweg (Rhine) Downstream Rotterdam South Holland +Hartelkering 1991 1997 Flood barrier Hartelkanaal Near Spijkenisse, South Holland +See also + + Flood control in the Netherlands + Lauwerszee Works + Megaproject + Thames Barrier + Zuiderzee Works + Johan van Veen + Pieter Jacobus Wemelsfelder + +References + +Ley, Willy (October 1961). "The Home-Made Land". For Your Information. Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 92–106. +Kabat, Pavel; Fresco, Louise; Stive, Marcel J.F.; Veerman, Cees P.; van Alphen, Jos S.L.J.; Parmet, Bart W. A. H.; Hazeleger, Wilco; Katsman, Caroline A. (July 2009). "Dutch coasts in transition". Nature Geoscience. 2 (7): 450–451. Bibcode:2009NatGe...2..450K. doi:10.1038/ngeo572. +Deltares (2014). "Bouwen met de natuur in de praktijk". Delta Life. 1: 14–15. +Van Buuren, A; Ellen, G.J.; Warner, J.F. (2016). "Path-dependency and policy learning in the Dutch delta: toward more resilient flood risk management in the Netherlands?". Ecology and Society. 21 (4). doi:10.5751/es-08765-210443. +Rijcken, Ties (2015). "A critical approach to some new ideas about the Dutch flood risk system". Research in Urbanism Series. 3 (1). +DGW. "Nationaal Waterplan". rijksoverheid.nl. Ministerie van Infrastructuur en Milieu. +d'Angremond, K (2003). "From disaster to Delta Project: the storm flood of 1953". Terra Aqua. 90 (3). +de Vos, Art (2006). Nederland: een natte geschiedenis. Schiedam: Scriptum Publishers. p. 96. ISBN 90-5594-487-4. +Aerts, J.C.J.H. (2009). Adaptation cost in the Netherlands: Climate Change and flood risk management. Climate Changes Spatial Planning and Knowledge for Climate. pp. 34–36. ISBN 9789088150159. +Higgins, Andrew. "Lessons for U.S. From a Flood-Prone Land". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 April 2018. +Rijcken, T (2015). "A critical approach to some new ideas about the Dutch flood risk system". Research in Urbanism Series. 3 (1). doi:10.7480/rius.3.842. S2CID 110283338. + + "Dutch draw up drastic measures to defend coast against rising seas". The New York Times. 3 August 2008. Retrieved 20 October 2010. + +External links +Wikimedia Commons has media related to Delta Works. +Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Delta Works. + + Delta Works.Org / Deltawerken.Com official website for the Delta Works + Knowledge Centre Watersnoodmuseum / Flood Museum - Delta Works Archived 2021-03-08 at the Wayback Machine + Dutch History Pages + PDF in Dutch explaining the Delta Framework + + vte + +Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta +Rhine +Rijn +Rhin + + +Current distributaries + Waal + Nederrijn + IJssel + Lek + Merwede + Boven Merwede + Nieuwe Merwede + Beneden Merwede + Oude Maas + Dordtsche Kil + Noord + Nieuwe Maas + Scheur + Nieuwe Waterweg + +Former distributaries + Kromme Rijn + Leidse Rijn + Oude Rijn + Hollandse IJssel + Vecht + Waaltje + Brielse Maas + Spui + +Current estuaries + Nieuwe Waterweg + IJsselmeer + +Former estuaries + Hollands Diep + Haringvliet + Volkerak + Krammer + Grevelingen + Keeten-Mastgat + Oosterschelde + +Associated canals + Bijlands Kanaal + Pannerdens Kanaal + Amsterdam–Rhine Canal + Vaartse Rijn + Nieuwe Merwede + Nieuwe Waterweg + Scheldt–Rhine Canal + Maas–Waal Canal + +Meuse +Maas + +Current distributaries + Bergse Maas + Amer + +Former distributaries + Oude Maasje + Afgedamde Maas + Merwede + Boven Merwede + Beneden Merwede + Oude Maas + Dordtsche Kil + Noord + Nieuwe Maas + Scheur + Nieuwe Waterweg + +Current estuaries + +Former estuaries + Hollands Diep + Haringvliet + Volkerak + Krammer + Grevelingen + Keeten-Mastgat + Oosterschelde + +Associated canals + Heusden Canal + Bergse Maas + Maas–Waal Canal + +Scheldt +Schelde +Escaut + +Current distributaries + Western Scheldt + +Former distributaries + Oosterschelde + Eendracht + +Current estuaries + Western Scheldt + +Former estuaries + Oosterschelde + Krammer + Grevelingen + +Associated canals + Scheldt–Rhine Canal + Canal through Zuid-Beveland + Canal through Walcheren + +Other rivers +(directly draining +into the delta) + + Linge Mark Donge Rotte Oude IJssel + +Islands and +Peninsulas + + Rozenburg IJsselmonde Het Eiland van Dordt Voorne and Putten Hoeksche Waard Tiengemeten Goeree-Overflakkee Schouwen-Duiveland Tholen Sint Philipsland Walcheren Noord-Beveland Zuid-Beveland + +Towns + + Rotterdam Antwerp Dordrecht Bergen-op-Zoom Schiedam Vlissingen Vlaardingen Middelburg Spijkenisse + +Other topics + + Delta Works Verdronken Land van Reimerswaal Verdronken Land van Saeftinghe St. Elizabeth's flood (1421) St. Felix's Flood All Saints' Flood (1570) + +Categories: + + Delta WorksRhine–Meuse–Scheldt deltaDikes in the NetherlandsDams in the NetherlandsFlood control in the NetherlandsWater resource management in the NetherlandsScience and technology in the Netherlands1954 establishments in the Netherlands20th-century architecture in the Netherlands + + This page was last edited on 4 July 2023, at 08:09 (UTC). + Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. + + Privacy policy + About Wikipedia + Disclaimers + Contact Wikipedia + Code of Conduct + Mobile view + Developers + Statistics + Cookie statement + + Wikimedia Foundation + Powered by MediaWiki + + +Main menu + +Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia + + Create account + Log in + +Personal tools + +Contents +(Top) +History + +Topics + + Organizations + Journals and newsletters + Conferences + See also + Notes + Further reading + External links + +Theoretical computer science + + Article + Talk + + Read + Edit + View history + +Tools + +From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia +This article is about the branch of computer science and mathematics. For the journal, see Theoretical Computer Science (journal). +An artistic representation of a Turing machine. Turing machines are used to model general computing devices. + +Theoretical computer science (TCS) is a subset of general computer science and mathematics that focuses on mathematical aspects of computer science such as the theory of computation, formal language theory, the lambda calculus and type theory. + +It is difficult to circumscribe the theoretical areas precisely. The ACM's Special Interest Group on Algorithms and Computation Theory (SIGACT) provides the following description:[1] + + TCS covers a wide variety of topics including algorithms, data structures, computational complexity, parallel and distributed computation, probabilistic computation, quantum computation, automata theory, information theory, cryptography, program semantics and verification, algorithmic game theory, machine learning, computational biology, computational economics, computational geometry, and computational number theory and algebra. Work in this field is often distinguished by its emphasis on mathematical technique and rigor. + +History +Main article: History of computer science + +While logical inference and mathematical proof had existed previously, in 1931 Kurt Gödel proved with his incompleteness theorem that there are fundamental limitations on what statements could be proved or disproved. + +Information theory was added to the field with a 1948 mathematical theory of communication by Claude Shannon. In the same decade, Donald Hebb introduced a mathematical model of learning in the brain. With mounting biological data supporting this hypothesis with some modification, the fields of neural networks and parallel distributed processing were established. In 1971, Stephen Cook and, working independently, Leonid Levin, proved that there exist practically relevant problems that are NP-complete – a landmark result in computational complexity theory[citation needed]. + +With the development of quantum mechanics in the beginning of the 20th century came the concept that mathematical operations could be performed on an entire particle wavefunction. In other words, one could compute functions on multiple states simultaneously. This led to the concept of a quantum computer in the latter half of the 20th century that took off in the 1990s when Peter Shor showed that such methods could be used to factor large numbers in polynomial time, which, if implemented, would render some modern public key cryptography algorithms like RSA insecure.[citation needed] + +Modern theoretical computer science research is based on these basic developments, but includes many other mathematical and interdisciplinary problems that have been posed, as shown below: +P → Q P\rightarrow Q\, P = NP ? +Mathematical logic Automata theory Number theory Graph theory Computability theory Computational complexity theory +GNITIRW-TERCES Γ ⊢ x : Int \Gamma \vdash x:{\text{Int}} +Cryptography Type theory Category theory Computational geometry Combinatorial optimization Quantum computing theory +Topics +Algorithms +Main article: Algorithm + +An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure for calculations. Algorithms are used for calculation, data processing, and automated reasoning. + +An algorithm is an effective method expressed as a finite list[2] of well-defined instructions[3] for calculating a function.[4] Starting from an initial state and initial input (perhaps empty),[5] the instructions describe a computation that, when executed, proceeds through a finite[6] number of well-defined successive states, eventually producing "output"[7] and terminating at a final ending state. The transition from one state to the next is not necessarily deterministic; some algorithms, known as randomized algorithms, incorporate random input.[8] +Automata theory +Main article: Automata theory + +Automata theory is the study of abstract machines and automata, as well as the computational problems that can be solved using them. It is a theory in theoretical computer science, under discrete mathematics (a section of mathematics and also of computer science). Automata comes from the Greek word αὐτόματα meaning "self-acting". + +Automata Theory is the study of self-operating virtual machines to help in the logical understanding of input and output process, without or with intermediate stage(s) of computation (or any function/process). +Coding theory +Main article: Coding theory + +Coding theory is the study of the properties of codes and their fitness for a specific application. Codes are used for data compression, cryptography, error-correction and more recently also for network coding. Codes are studied by various scientific disciplines—such as information theory, electrical engineering, mathematics, and computer science—for the purpose of designing efficient and reliable data transmission methods. This typically involves the removal of redundancy and the correction (or detection) of errors in the transmitted data. +Computational biology +Main article: Computational biology + +Computational biology involves the development and application of data-analytical and theoretical methods, mathematical modeling and computational simulation techniques to the study of biological, behavioral, and social systems.[9] The field is broadly defined and includes foundations in computer science, applied mathematics, animation, statistics, biochemistry, chemistry, biophysics, molecular biology, genetics, genomics, ecology, evolution, anatomy, neuroscience, and visualization.[10] + +Computational biology is different from biological computation, which is a subfield of computer science and computer engineering using bioengineering and biology to build computers, but is similar to bioinformatics, which is an interdisciplinary science using computers to store and process biological data. +Computational complexity theory +Main article: Computational complexity theory + +Computational complexity theory is a branch of the theory of computation that focuses on classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty, and relating those classes to each other. A computational problem is understood to be a task that is in principle amenable to being solved by a computer, which is equivalent to stating that the problem may be solved by mechanical application of mathematical steps, such as an algorithm. + +A problem is regarded as inherently difficult if its solution requires significant resources, whatever the algorithm used. The theory formalizes this intuition, by introducing mathematical models of computation to study these problems and quantifying the amount of resources needed to solve them, such as time and storage. Other complexity measures are also used, such as the amount of communication (used in communication complexity), the number of gates in a circuit (used in circuit complexity) and the number of processors (used in parallel computing). One of the roles of computational complexity theory is to determine the practical limits on what computers can and cannot do. +Computational geometry +Main article: Computational geometry + +Computational geometry is a branch of computer science devoted to the study of algorithms that can be stated in terms of geometry. Some purely geometrical problems arise out of the study of computational geometric algorithms, and such problems are also considered to be part of computational geometry. + +The main impetus for the development of computational geometry as a discipline was progress in computer graphics and computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM), but many problems in computational geometry are classical in nature, and may come from mathematical visualization. + +Other important applications of computational geometry include robotics (motion planning and visibility problems), geographic information systems (GIS) (geometrical location and search, route planning), integrated circuit design (IC geometry design and verification), computer-aided engineering (CAE) (mesh generation), computer vision (3D reconstruction). +Computational learning theory +Main article: Computational learning theory + +Theoretical results in machine learning mainly deal with a type of inductive learning called supervised learning. In supervised learning, an algorithm is given samples that are labeled in some useful way. For example, the samples might be descriptions of mushrooms, and the labels could be whether or not the mushrooms are edible. The algorithm takes these previously labeled samples and uses them to induce a classifier. This classifier is a function that assigns labels to samples including the samples that have never been previously seen by the algorithm. The goal of the supervised learning algorithm is to optimize some measure of performance such as minimizing the number of mistakes made on new samples. +Computational number theory +Main article: Computational number theory + +Computational number theory, also known as algorithmic number theory, is the study of algorithms for performing number theoretic computations. The best known problem in the field is integer factorization. +Cryptography +Main article: Cryptography + +Cryptography is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of third parties (called adversaries).[11] More generally, it is about constructing and analyzing protocols that overcome the influence of adversaries[12] and that are related to various aspects in information security such as data confidentiality, data integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation.[13] Modern cryptography intersects the disciplines of mathematics, computer science, and electrical engineering. Applications of cryptography include ATM cards, computer passwords, and electronic commerce. + +Modern cryptography is heavily based on mathematical theory and computer science practice; cryptographic algorithms are designed around computational hardness assumptions, making such algorithms hard to break in practice by any adversary. It is theoretically possible to break such a system, but it is infeasible to do so by any known practical means. These schemes are therefore termed computationally secure; theoretical advances, e.g., improvements in integer factorization algorithms, and faster computing technology require these solutions to be continually adapted. There exist information-theoretically secure schemes that provably cannot be broken even with unlimited computing power—an example is the one-time pad—but these schemes are more difficult to implement than the best theoretically breakable but computationally secure mechanisms. +Data structures +Main article: Data structure + +A data structure is a particular way of organizing data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently.[14][15] + +Different kinds of data structures are suited to different kinds of applications, and some are highly specialized to specific tasks. For example, databases use B-tree indexes for small percentages of data retrieval and compilers and databases use dynamic hash tables as look up tables. + +Data structures provide a means to manage large amounts of data efficiently for uses such as large databases and internet indexing services. Usually, efficient data structures are key to designing efficient algorithms. Some formal design methods and programming languages emphasize data structures, rather than algorithms, as the key organizing factor in software design. Storing and retrieving can be carried out on data stored in both main memory and in secondary memory. +Distributed computation +Main article: Distributed computation + +Distributed computing studies distributed systems. A distributed system is a software system in which components located on networked computers communicate and coordinate their actions by passing messages.[16] The components interact with each other in order to achieve a common goal. Three significant characteristics of distributed systems are: concurrency of components, lack of a global clock, and independent failure of components.[16] Examples of distributed systems vary from SOA-based systems to massively multiplayer online games to peer-to-peer applications, and blockchain networks like Bitcoin. + +A computer program that runs in a distributed system is called a distributed program, and distributed programming is the process of writing such programs.[17] There are many alternatives for the message passing mechanism, including RPC-like connectors and message queues. An important goal and challenge of distributed systems is location transparency. +Information-based complexity +Main article: Information-based complexity + +Information-based complexity (IBC) studies optimal algorithms and computational complexity for continuous problems. IBC has studied continuous problems as path integration, partial differential equations, systems of ordinary differential equations, nonlinear equations, integral equations, fixed points, and very-high-dimensional integration. +Formal methods +Main article: Formal methods + +Formal methods are a particular kind of mathematics based techniques for the specification, development and verification of software and hardware systems.[18] The use of formal methods for software and hardware design is motivated by the expectation that, as in other engineering disciplines, performing appropriate mathematical analysis can contribute to the reliability and robustness of a design.[19] + +Formal methods are best described as the application of a fairly broad variety of theoretical computer science fundamentals, in particular logic calculi, formal languages, automata theory, and program semantics, but also type systems and algebraic data types to problems in software and hardware specification and verification.[20] +Information theory +Main article: Information theory + +Information theory is a branch of applied mathematics, electrical engineering, and computer science involving the quantification of information. Information theory was developed by Claude E. Shannon to find fundamental limits on signal processing operations such as compressing data and on reliably storing and communicating data. Since its inception it has broadened to find applications in many other areas, including statistical inference, natural language processing, cryptography, neurobiology,[21] the evolution[22] and function[23] of molecular codes, model selection in statistics,[24] thermal physics,[25] quantum computing, linguistics, plagiarism detection,[26] pattern recognition, anomaly detection and other forms of data analysis.[27] + +Applications of fundamental topics of information theory include lossless data compression (e.g. ZIP files), lossy data compression (e.g. MP3s and JPEGs), and channel coding (e.g. for Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)). The field is at the intersection of mathematics, statistics, computer science, physics, neurobiology, and electrical engineering. Its impact has been crucial to the success of the Voyager missions to deep space, the invention of the compact disc, the feasibility of mobile phones, the development of the Internet, the study of linguistics and of human perception, the understanding of black holes, and numerous other fields. Important sub-fields of information theory are source coding, channel coding, algorithmic complexity theory, algorithmic information theory, information-theoretic security, and measures of information. +Machine learning +Main article: Machine learning + +Machine learning is a scientific discipline that deals with the construction and study of algorithms that can learn from data.[28] Such algorithms operate by building a model based on inputs[29]: 2  and using that to make predictions or decisions, rather than following only explicitly programmed instructions. + +Machine learning can be considered a subfield of computer science and statistics. It has strong ties to artificial intelligence and optimization, which deliver methods, theory and application domains to the field. Machine learning is employed in a range of computing tasks where designing and programming explicit, rule-based algorithms is infeasible. Example applications include spam filtering, optical character recognition (OCR),[30] search engines and computer vision. Machine learning is sometimes conflated with data mining,[31] although that focuses more on exploratory data analysis.[32] Machine learning and pattern recognition "can be viewed as two facets of the same field."[29]: vii  +Parallel computation +Main article: Parallel computation + +Parallel computing is a form of computation in which many calculations are carried out simultaneously,[33] operating on the principle that large problems can often be divided into smaller ones, which are then solved "in parallel". There are several different forms of parallel computing: bit-level, instruction level, data, and task parallelism. Parallelism has been employed for many years, mainly in high-performance computing, but interest in it has grown lately due to the physical constraints preventing frequency scaling.[34] As power consumption (and consequently heat generation) by computers has become a concern in recent years,[35] parallel computing has become the dominant paradigm in computer architecture, mainly in the form of multi-core processors.[36] + +Parallel computer programs are more difficult to write than sequential ones,[37] because concurrency introduces several new classes of potential software bugs, of which race conditions are the most common. Communication and synchronization between the different subtasks are typically some of the greatest obstacles to getting good parallel program performance. + +The maximum possible speed-up of a single program as a result of parallelization is known as Amdahl's law. +Programming language theory and program semantics +Main articles: Programming language theory and Program semantics + +Programming language theory is a branch of computer science that deals with the design, implementation, analysis, characterization, and classification of programming languages and their individual features. It falls within the discipline of theoretical computer science, both depending on and affecting mathematics, software engineering, and linguistics. It is an active research area, with numerous dedicated academic journals. + +In programming language theory, semantics is the field concerned with the rigorous mathematical study of the meaning of programming languages. It does so by evaluating the meaning of syntactically legal strings defined by a specific programming language, showing the computation involved. In such a case that the evaluation would be of syntactically illegal strings, the result would be non-computation. Semantics describes the processes a computer follows when executing a program in that specific language. This can be shown by describing the relationship between the input and output of a program, or an explanation of how the program will execute on a certain platform, hence creating a model of computation. +Quantum computation +Main article: Quantum computation + +A quantum computer is a computation system that makes direct use of quantum-mechanical phenomena, such as superposition and entanglement, to perform operations on data.[38] Quantum computers are different from digital computers based on transistors. Whereas digital computers require data to be encoded into binary digits (bits), each of which is always in one of two definite states (0 or 1), quantum computation uses qubits (quantum bits), which can be in superpositions of states. A theoretical model is the quantum Turing machine, also known as the universal quantum computer. Quantum computers share theoretical similarities with non-deterministic and probabilistic computers; one example is the ability to be in more than one state simultaneously. The field of quantum computing was first introduced by Yuri Manin in 1980[39] and Richard Feynman in 1982.[40][41] A quantum computer with spins as quantum bits was also formulated for use as a quantum space–time in 1968.[42] + +As of 2014, quantum computing is still in its infancy but experiments have been carried out in which quantum computational operations were executed on a very small number of qubits.[43] Both practical and theoretical research continues, and many national governments and military funding agencies support quantum computing research to develop quantum computers for both civilian and national security purposes, such as cryptanalysis.[44] +Symbolic computation +Main article: Symbolic computation + +Computer algebra, also called symbolic computation or algebraic computation is a scientific area that refers to the study and development of algorithms and software for manipulating mathematical expressions and other mathematical objects. Although, properly speaking, computer algebra should be a subfield of scientific computing, they are generally considered as distinct fields because scientific computing is usually based on numerical computation with approximate floating point numbers, while symbolic computation emphasizes exact computation with expressions containing variables that have not any given value and are thus manipulated as symbols (therefore the name of symbolic computation). + +Software applications that perform symbolic calculations are called computer algebra systems, with the term system alluding to the complexity of the main applications that include, at least, a method to represent mathematical data in a computer, a user programming language (usually different from the language used for the implementation), a dedicated memory manager, a user interface for the input/output of mathematical expressions, a large set of routines to perform usual operations, like simplification of expressions, differentiation using chain rule, polynomial factorization, indefinite integration, etc. +Very-large-scale integration +Main article: VLSI + +Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) is the process of creating an integrated circuit (IC) by combining thousands of transistors into a single chip. VLSI began in the 1970s when complex semiconductor and communication technologies were being developed. The microprocessor is a VLSI device. Before the introduction of VLSI technology most ICs had a limited set of functions they could perform. An electronic circuit might consist of a CPU, ROM, RAM and other glue logic. VLSI allows IC makers to add all of these circuits into one chip. +Organizations + + European Association for Theoretical Computer Science + SIGACT + Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing + +Journals and newsletters + + Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science + Information and Computation + Theory of Computing (open access journal) + Formal Aspects of Computing + Journal of the ACM + SIAM Journal on Computing (SICOMP) + SIGACT News + Theoretical Computer Science + Theory of Computing Systems + TheoretiCS (open access journal) + International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science + Chicago Journal of Theoretical Computer Science (open access journal) + Foundations and Trends in Theoretical Computer Science + Journal of Automata, Languages and Combinatorics + Acta Informatica + Fundamenta Informaticae + ACM Transactions on Computation Theory + Computational Complexity + Journal of Complexity + ACM Transactions on Algorithms + Information Processing Letters + Open Computer Science (open access journal) + +Conferences + + Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing (STOC)[45] + Annual IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS)[45] + Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science (ITCS) + Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS)[46] + International Computer Science Symposium in Russia (CSR)[47] + ACM–SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (SODA)[45] + IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science (LICS)[45] + Computational Complexity Conference (CCC)[48] + International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming (ICALP)[48] + Annual Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG)[48] + ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing (PODC)[45] + ACM Symposium on Parallelism in Algorithms and Architectures (SPAA)[48] + Annual Conference on Learning Theory (COLT)[48] + Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS)[48] + European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA)[48] + Workshop on Approximation Algorithms for Combinatorial Optimization Problems (APPROX)[48] + Workshop on Randomization and Computation (RANDOM)[48] + International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation (ISAAC)[48] + International Symposium on Fundamentals of Computation Theory (FCT)[49] + International Workshop on Graph-Theoretic Concepts in Computer Science (WG) + +See also + + Formal science + Unsolved problems in computer science + Sun–Ni law + +Notes + +"SIGACT". Retrieved 2017-01-19. +"Any classical mathematical algorithm, for example, can be described in a finite number of English words". Rogers, Hartley Jr. (1967). Theory of Recursive Functions and Effective Computability. McGraw-Hill. Page 2. +Well defined with respect to the agent that executes the algorithm: "There is a computing agent, usually human, which can react to the instructions and carry out the computations" (Rogers 1967, p. 2). +"an algorithm is a procedure for computing a function (with respect to some chosen notation for integers) ... this limitation (to numerical functions) results in no loss of generality", (Rogers 1967, p. 1). +"An algorithm has zero or more inputs, i.e., quantities which are given to it initially before the algorithm begins" (Knuth 1973:5). +"A procedure which has all the characteristics of an algorithm except that it possibly lacks finiteness may be called a 'computational method'" (Knuth 1973:5). +"An algorithm has one or more outputs, i.e. quantities which have a specified relation to the inputs" (Knuth 1973:5). +Whether or not a process with random interior processes (not including the input) is an algorithm is debatable. Rogers opines that: "a computation is carried out in a discrete stepwise fashion, without the use of continuous methods or analog devices . . . carried forward deterministically, without resort to random methods or devices, e.g., dice" (Rogers 1967, p. 2). +"NIH working definition of bioinformatics and computational biology" (PDF). Biomedical Information Science and Technology Initiative. 17 July 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 September 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2012. +"About the CCMB". Center for Computational Molecular Biology. Retrieved 18 August 2012. +Rivest, Ronald L. (1990). "Cryptology". In J. Van Leeuwen (ed.). Handbook of Theoretical Computer Science. Vol. 1. Elsevier. +Bellare, Mihir; Rogaway, Phillip (21 September 2005). "Introduction". Introduction to Modern Cryptography. p. 10. +Menezes, A. J.; van Oorschot, P. C.; Vanstone, S. A. (1997). Handbook of Applied Cryptography. ISBN 978-0-8493-8523-0. +Paul E. Black (ed.), entry for data structure in Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures. U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology. 15 December 2004. Online version Accessed May 21, 2009. +Entry data structure in the Encyclopædia Britannica (2009) Online entry accessed on May 21, 2009. +Coulouris, George; Jean Dollimore; Tim Kindberg; Gordon Blair (2011). Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design (5th ed.). Boston: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-132-14301-1. +Andrews (2000). Dolev (2000). Ghosh (2007), p. 10. +R. W. Butler (2001-08-06). "What is Formal Methods?". Retrieved 2006-11-16. +C. Michael Holloway. "Why Engineers Should Consider Formal Methods" (PDF). 16th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (27–30 October 1997). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 November 2006. Retrieved 2006-11-16. +Monin, pp.3–4 +F. Rieke; D. Warland; R Ruyter van Steveninck; W Bialek (1997). Spikes: Exploring the Neural Code. The MIT press. ISBN 978-0262681087. +Huelsenbeck, J. P.; Ronquist, F.; Nielsen, R.; Bollback, J. P. (2001-12-14). "Bayesian Inference of Phylogeny and Its Impact on Evolutionary Biology". Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). 294 (5550): 2310–2314. Bibcode:2001Sci...294.2310H. doi:10.1126/science.1065889. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 11743192. S2CID 2138288. +Rando Allikmets, Wyeth W. Wasserman, Amy Hutchinson, Philip Smallwood, Jeremy Nathans, Peter K. Rogan, Thomas D. Schneider, Michael Dean (1998) Organization of the ABCR gene: analysis of promoter and splice junction sequences, Gene 215:1, 111–122 +Burnham, K. P. and Anderson D. R. (2002) Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach, Second Edition (Springer Science, New York) ISBN 978-0-387-95364-9. +Jaynes, E. T. (1957-05-15). "Information Theory and Statistical Mechanics". Physical Review. American Physical Society (APS). 106 (4): 620–630. Bibcode:1957PhRv..106..620J. doi:10.1103/physrev.106.620. ISSN 0031-899X. +Charles H. Bennett, Ming Li, and Bin Ma (2003) Chain Letters and Evolutionary Histories, Scientific American 288:6, 76–81 +David R. Anderson (November 1, 2003). "Some background on why people in the empirical sciences may want to better understand the information-theoretic methods" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 23, 2011. Retrieved 2010-06-23. +Ron Kovahi; Foster Provost (1998). "Glossary of terms". Machine Learning. 30: 271–274. doi:10.1023/A:1007411609915. +C. M. Bishop (2006). Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-31073-2. +Wernick, Yang, Brankov, Yourganov and Strother, Machine Learning in Medical Imaging, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol. 27, no. 4, July 2010, pp. 25–38 +Mannila, Heikki (1996). Data mining: machine learning, statistics, and databases. Int'l Conf. Scientific and Statistical Database Management. IEEE Computer Society. +Friedman, Jerome H. (1998). "Data Mining and Statistics: What's the connection?". Computing Science and Statistics. 29 (1): 3–9. +Gottlieb, Allan; Almasi, George S. (1989). Highly parallel computing. Redwood City, Calif.: Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-0177-9. +S.V. Adve et al. (November 2008). "Parallel Computing Research at Illinois: The UPCRC Agenda" Archived 2008-12-09 at the Wayback Machine (PDF). Parallel@Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. "The main techniques for these performance benefits – increased clock frequency and smarter but increasingly complex architectures – are now hitting the so-called power wall. The computer industry has accepted that future performance increases must largely come from increasing the number of processors (or cores) on a die, rather than making a single core go faster." +Asanovic et al. Old [conventional wisdom]: Power is free, but transistors are expensive. New [conventional wisdom] is [that] power is expensive, but transistors are "free". +Asanovic, Krste et al. (December 18, 2006). "The Landscape of Parallel Computing Research: A View from Berkeley" (PDF). University of California, Berkeley. Technical Report No. UCB/EECS-2006-183. "Old [conventional wisdom]: Increasing clock frequency is the primary method of improving processor performance. New [conventional wisdom]: Increasing parallelism is the primary method of improving processor performance ... Even representatives from Intel, a company generally associated with the 'higher clock-speed is better' position, warned that traditional approaches to maximizing performance through maximizing clock speed have been pushed to their limit." +Hennessy, John L.; Patterson, David A.; Larus, James R. (1999). Computer organization and design : the hardware/software interface (2. ed., 3rd print. ed.). San Francisco: Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-55860-428-5. +"Quantum Computing with Molecules" article in Scientific American by Neil Gershenfeld and Isaac L. Chuang +Manin, Yu. I. (1980). Vychislimoe i nevychislimoe [Computable and Noncomputable] (in Russian). Sov.Radio. pp. 13–15. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2013. +Feynman, R. P. (1982). "Simulating physics with computers". International Journal of Theoretical Physics. 21 (6): 467–488. Bibcode:1982IJTP...21..467F. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.45.9310. doi:10.1007/BF02650179. S2CID 124545445. +Deutsch, David (1992-01-06). "Quantum computation". Physics World. 5 (6): 57–61. doi:10.1088/2058-7058/5/6/38. +Finkelstein, David (1968). "Space-Time Structure in High Energy Interactions". In Gudehus, T.; Kaiser, G. (eds.). Fundamental Interactions at High Energy. New York: Gordon & Breach. +"New qubit control bodes well for future of quantum computing". Retrieved 26 October 2014. +Quantum Information Science and Technology Roadmap for a sense of where the research is heading. +The 2007 Australian Ranking of ICT Conferences Archived 2009-10-02 at the Wayback Machine: tier A+. +MFCS 2017 +CSR 2018 +The 2007 Australian Ranking of ICT Conferences Archived 2009-10-02 at the Wayback Machine: tier A. + + FCT 2011 (retrieved 2013-06-03) + +Further reading + + Martin Davis, Ron Sigal, Elaine J. Weyuker, Computability, complexity, and languages: fundamentals of theoretical computer science, 2nd ed., Academic Press, 1994, ISBN 0-12-206382-1. Covers theory of computation, but also program semantics and quantification theory. Aimed at graduate students. + +External links + + SIGACT directory of additional theory links (archived 15 July 2017) + Theory Matters Wiki Theoretical Computer Science (TCS) Advocacy Wiki + List of academic conferences in the area of theoretical computer science at confsearch + Theoretical Computer Science – StackExchange, a Question and Answer site for researchers in theoretical computer science + Computer Science Animated + Theory of computation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology + + vte + +Computer science +Authority control: National Edit this at Wikidata + + Germany + +Categories: + + Theoretical computer scienceFormal sciences + + This page was last edited on 23 August 2023, at 11:29 (UTC). + Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. + + Privacy policy + About Wikipedia + Disclaimers + Contact Wikipedia + Code of Conduct + Mobile view + Developers + Statistics + Cookie statement + + Wikimedia Foundation + Powered by MediaWiki + +Main menu + +Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia + + Create account + Log in + +Personal tools + +Contents +(Top) +Definition + +Units + +Measurement + +Experimental values + +Influencing factors + +Molecular origins + +Prediction + +See also + +References + + External links + +Thermal conductivity + + Article + Talk + + Read + Edit + View history + +Tools + +From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia +For thermal conductivity values, see List of thermal conductivities. + +The thermal conductivity of a material is a measure of its ability to conduct heat. It is commonly denoted by k k, λ \lambda , or κ \kappa . + +Heat transfer occurs at a lower rate in materials of low thermal conductivity than in materials of high thermal conductivity. For instance, metals typically have high thermal conductivity and are very efficient at conducting heat, while the opposite is true for insulating materials like mineral wool or Styrofoam. Correspondingly, materials of high thermal conductivity are widely used in heat sink applications, and materials of low thermal conductivity are used as thermal insulation. The reciprocal of thermal conductivity is called thermal resistivity. + +The defining equation for thermal conductivity is q = − k ∇ T {\displaystyle \mathbf {q} =-k\nabla T}, where q \mathbf {q} is the heat flux, k k is the thermal conductivity, and ∇ T {\displaystyle \nabla T} is the temperature gradient. This is known as Fourier's Law for heat conduction. Although commonly expressed as a scalar, the most general form of thermal conductivity is a second-rank tensor. However, the tensorial description only becomes necessary in materials which are anisotropic. +Definition +Simple definition +Thermal conductivity can be defined in terms of the heat flow q q across a temperature difference. + +Consider a solid material placed between two environments of different temperatures. Let T 1 T_{1} be the temperature at x = 0 x=0 and T 2 T_{2} be the temperature at x = L x=L, and suppose T 2 > T 1 {\displaystyle T_{2}>T_{1}}. An example of this scenario is a building on a cold winter day: the solid material in this case is the building wall, separating the cold outdoor environment from the warm indoor environment. + +According to the second law of thermodynamics, heat will flow from the hot environment to the cold one as the temperature difference is equalized by diffusion. This is quantified in terms of a heat flux q q, which gives the rate, per unit area, at which heat flows in a given direction (in this case minus x-direction). In many materials, q q is observed to be directly proportional to the temperature difference and inversely proportional to the separation distance L L:[1] + + q = − k ⋅ T 2 − T 1 L . {\displaystyle q=-k\cdot {\frac {T_{2}-T_{1}}{L}}.} + +The constant of proportionality k k is the thermal conductivity; it is a physical property of the material. In the present scenario, since T 2 > T 1 {\displaystyle T_{2}>T_{1}} heat flows in the minus x-direction and q q is negative, which in turn means that k > 0 k>0. In general, k k is always defined to be positive. The same definition of k k can also be extended to gases and liquids, provided other modes of energy transport, such as convection and radiation, are eliminated or accounted for. + +The preceding derivation assumes that the k k does not change significantly as temperature is varied from T 1 T_{1} to T 2 T_{2}. Cases in which the temperature variation of k k is non-negligible must be addressed using the more general definition of k k discussed below. +General definition + +Thermal conduction is defined as the transport of energy due to random molecular motion across a temperature gradient. It is distinguished from energy transport by convection and molecular work in that it does not involve macroscopic flows or work-performing internal stresses. + +Energy flow due to thermal conduction is classified as heat and is quantified by the vector q ( r , t ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {q} (\mathbf {r} ,t)}, which gives the heat flux at position r \mathbf {r} and time t t. According to the second law of thermodynamics, heat flows from high to low temperature. Hence, it is reasonable to postulate that q ( r , t ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {q} (\mathbf {r} ,t)} is proportional to the gradient of the temperature field T ( r , t ) {\displaystyle T(\mathbf {r} ,t)}, i.e. + + q ( r , t ) = − k ∇ T ( r , t ) , {\displaystyle \mathbf {q} (\mathbf {r} ,t)=-k\nabla T(\mathbf {r} ,t),} + +where the constant of proportionality, k > 0 k>0, is the thermal conductivity. This is called Fourier's law of heat conduction. Despite its name, it is not a law but a definition of thermal conductivity in terms of the independent physical quantities q ( r , t ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {q} (\mathbf {r} ,t)} and T ( r , t ) {\displaystyle T(\mathbf {r} ,t)}.[2][3] As such, its usefulness depends on the ability to determine k k for a given material under given conditions. The constant k k itself usually depends on T ( r , t ) {\displaystyle T(\mathbf {r} ,t)} and thereby implicitly on space and time. An explicit space and time dependence could also occur if the material is inhomogeneous or changing with time.[4] + +In some solids, thermal conduction is anisotropic, i.e. the heat flux is not always parallel to the temperature gradient. To account for such behavior, a tensorial form of Fourier's law must be used: + + q ( r , t ) = − κ ⋅ ∇ T ( r , t ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {q} (\mathbf {r} ,t)=-{\boldsymbol {\kappa }}\cdot \nabla T(\mathbf {r} ,t)} + +where κ {\boldsymbol {\kappa }} is symmetric, second-rank tensor called the thermal conductivity tensor.[5] + +An implicit assumption in the above description is the presence of local thermodynamic equilibrium, which allows one to define a temperature field T ( r , t ) {\displaystyle T(\mathbf {r} ,t)}. This assumption could be violated in systems that are unable to attain local equilibrium, as might happen in the presence of strong nonequilibrium driving or long-ranged interactions. +Other quantities + +In engineering practice, it is common to work in terms of quantities which are derivative to thermal conductivity and implicitly take into account design-specific features such as component dimensions. + +For instance, thermal conductance is defined as the quantity of heat that passes in unit time through a plate of particular area and thickness when its opposite faces differ in temperature by one kelvin. For a plate of thermal conductivity k k, area A A and thickness L L, the conductance is k A / L {\displaystyle kA/L}, measured in W⋅K−1.[6] The relationship between thermal conductivity and conductance is analogous to the relationship between electrical conductivity and electrical conductance. + +Thermal resistance is the inverse of thermal conductance.[6] It is a convenient measure to use in multicomponent design since thermal resistances are additive when occurring in series.[7] + +There is also a measure known as the heat transfer coefficient: the quantity of heat that passes per unit time through a unit area of a plate of particular thickness when its opposite faces differ in temperature by one kelvin.[8] In ASTM C168-15, this area-independent quantity is referred to as the "thermal conductance".[9] The reciprocal of the heat transfer coefficient is thermal insulance. In summary, for a plate of thermal conductivity k k, area A A and thickness L L, + + thermal conductance = k A / L {\displaystyle kA/L}, measured in W⋅K−1. + thermal resistance = L / ( k A ) {\displaystyle L/(kA)}, measured in K⋅W−1. + heat transfer coefficient = k / L {\displaystyle k/L}, measured in W⋅K−1⋅m−2. + thermal insulance = L / k {\displaystyle L/k}, measured in K⋅m2⋅W−1. + +The heat transfer coefficient is also known as thermal admittance in the sense that the material may be seen as admitting heat to flow.[10] + +An additional term, thermal transmittance, quantifies the thermal conductance of a structure along with heat transfer due to convection and radiation.[citation needed] It is measured in the same units as thermal conductance and is sometimes known as the composite thermal conductance. The term U-value is also used. + +Finally, thermal diffusivity α \alpha combines thermal conductivity with density and specific heat:[11] + + α = k ρ c p {\displaystyle \alpha ={\frac {k}{\rho c_{p}}}}. + +As such, it quantifies the thermal inertia of a material, i.e. the relative difficulty in heating a material to a given temperature using heat sources applied at the boundary.[12] +Units + +In the International System of Units (SI), thermal conductivity is measured in watts per metre-kelvin (W/(m⋅K)). Some papers report in watts per centimetre-kelvin (W/(cm⋅K)). + +In imperial units, thermal conductivity is measured in BTU/(h⋅ft⋅°F).[note 1][13] + +The dimension of thermal conductivity is M1L1T−3Θ−1, expressed in terms of the dimensions mass (M), length (L), time (T), and temperature (Θ). + +Other units which are closely related to the thermal conductivity are in common use in the construction and textile industries. The construction industry makes use of measures such as the R-value (resistance) and the U-value (transmittance or conductance). Although related to the thermal conductivity of a material used in an insulation product or assembly, R- and U-values are measured per unit area, and depend on the specified thickness of the product or assembly.[note 2] + +Likewise the textile industry has several units including the tog and the clo which express thermal resistance of a material in a way analogous to the R-values used in the construction industry. +Measurement +Main article: Thermal conductivity measurement + +There are several ways to measure thermal conductivity; each is suitable for a limited range of materials. Broadly speaking, there are two categories of measurement techniques: steady-state and transient. Steady-state techniques infer the thermal conductivity from measurements on the state of a material once a steady-state temperature profile has been reached, whereas transient techniques operate on the instantaneous state of a system during the approach to steady state. Lacking an explicit time component, steady-state techniques do not require complicated signal analysis (steady state implies constant signals). The disadvantage is that a well-engineered experimental setup is usually needed, and the time required to reach steady state precludes rapid measurement. + +In comparison with solid materials, the thermal properties of fluids are more difficult to study experimentally. This is because in addition to thermal conduction, convective and radiative energy transport are usually present unless measures are taken to limit these processes. The formation of an insulating boundary layer can also result in an apparent reduction in the thermal conductivity.[14][15] +Experimental values +Experimental values of thermal conductivity[clarification needed] +Main article: List of thermal conductivities + +The thermal conductivities of common substances span at least four orders of magnitude.[16] Gases generally have low thermal conductivity, and pure metals have high thermal conductivity. For example, under standard conditions the thermal conductivity of copper is over 10000 times that of air. + +Of all materials, allotropes of carbon, such as graphite and diamond, are usually credited with having the highest thermal conductivities at room temperature.[17] The thermal conductivity of natural diamond at room temperature is several times higher than that of a highly conductive metal such as copper (although the precise value varies depending on the diamond type).[18] + +Thermal conductivities of selected substances are tabulated below; an expanded list can be found in the list of thermal conductivities. These values are illustrative estimates only, as they do not account for measurement uncertainties or variability in material definitions. +Substance Thermal conductivity (W·m−1·K−1) Temperature (°C) +Air[19] 0.026 25 +Styrofoam[20] 0.033 25 +Water[21] 0.6089 26.85 +Concrete[21] 0.92 – +Copper[21] 384.1 18.05 +Natural diamond[18] 895–1350 26.85 +Influencing factors +Temperature + +The effect of temperature on thermal conductivity is different for metals and nonmetals. In metals, heat conductivity is primarily due to free electrons. Following the Wiedemann–Franz law, thermal conductivity of metals is approximately proportional to the absolute temperature (in kelvins) times electrical conductivity. In pure metals the electrical conductivity decreases with increasing temperature and thus the product of the two, the thermal conductivity, stays approximately constant. However, as temperatures approach absolute zero, the thermal conductivity decreases sharply.[22] In alloys the change in electrical conductivity is usually smaller and thus thermal conductivity increases with temperature, often proportionally to temperature. Many pure metals have a peak thermal conductivity between 2 K and 10 K. + +On the other hand, heat conductivity in nonmetals is mainly due to lattice vibrations (phonons). Except for high-quality crystals at low temperatures, the phonon mean free path is not reduced significantly at higher temperatures. Thus, the thermal conductivity of nonmetals is approximately constant at high temperatures. At low temperatures well below the Debye temperature, thermal conductivity decreases, as does the heat capacity, due to carrier scattering from defects.[22] +Chemical phase + +When a material undergoes a phase change (e.g. from solid to liquid), the thermal conductivity may change abruptly. For instance, when ice melts to form liquid water at 0 °C, the thermal conductivity changes from 2.18 W/(m⋅K) to 0.56 W/(m⋅K).[23] + +Even more dramatically, the thermal conductivity of a fluid diverges in the vicinity of the vapor-liquid critical point.[24] +Thermal anisotropy + +Some substances, such as non-cubic crystals, can exhibit different thermal conductivities along different crystal axes. Sapphire is a notable example of variable thermal conductivity based on orientation and temperature, with 35 W/(m⋅K) along the c axis and 32 W/(m⋅K) along the a axis.[25] Wood generally conducts better along the grain than across it. Other examples of materials where the thermal conductivity varies with direction are metals that have undergone heavy cold pressing, laminated materials, cables, the materials used for the Space Shuttle thermal protection system, and fiber-reinforced composite structures.[26] + +When anisotropy is present, the direction of heat flow may differ from the direction of the thermal gradient. +Electrical conductivity + +In metals, thermal conductivity is approximately correlated with electrical conductivity according to the Wiedemann–Franz law, as freely moving valence electrons transfer not only electric current but also heat energy. However, the general correlation between electrical and thermal conductance does not hold for other materials, due to the increased importance of phonon carriers for heat in non-metals. Highly electrically conductive silver is less thermally conductive than diamond, which is an electrical insulator but conducts heat via phonons due to its orderly array of atoms. +Magnetic field + +The influence of magnetic fields on thermal conductivity is known as the thermal Hall effect or Righi–Leduc effect. +Gaseous phases +Exhaust system components with ceramic coatings having a low thermal conductivity reduce heating of nearby sensitive components + +In the absence of convection, air and other gases are good insulators. Therefore, many insulating materials function simply by having a large number of gas-filled pockets which obstruct heat conduction pathways. Examples of these include expanded and extruded polystyrene (popularly referred to as "styrofoam") and silica aerogel, as well as warm clothes. Natural, biological insulators such as fur and feathers achieve similar effects by trapping air in pores, pockets, or voids. + +Low density gases, such as hydrogen and helium typically have high thermal conductivity. Dense gases such as xenon and dichlorodifluoromethane have low thermal conductivity. An exception, sulfur hexafluoride, a dense gas, has a relatively high thermal conductivity due to its high heat capacity. Argon and krypton, gases denser than air, are often used in insulated glazing (double paned windows) to improve their insulation characteristics. + +The thermal conductivity through bulk materials in porous or granular form is governed by the type of gas in the gaseous phase, and its pressure.[27] At low pressures, the thermal conductivity of a gaseous phase is reduced, with this behaviour governed by the Knudsen number, defined as K n = l / d {\displaystyle K_{n}=l/d}, where l l is the mean free path of gas molecules and d d is the typical gap size of the space filled by the gas. In a granular material d d corresponds to the characteristic size of the gaseous phase in the pores or intergranular spaces.[27] +Isotopic purity + +The thermal conductivity of a crystal can depend strongly on isotopic purity, assuming other lattice defects are negligible. A notable example is diamond: at a temperature of around 100 K the thermal conductivity increases from 10,000 W·m−1·K−1 for natural type IIa diamond (98.9% 12C), to 41,000 for 99.9% enriched synthetic diamond. A value of 200,000 is predicted for 99.999% 12C at 80 K, assuming an otherwise pure crystal.[28] The thermal conductivity of 99% isotopically enriched cubic boron nitride is ~ 1400 W·m−1·K−1,[29] which is 90% higher than that of natural boron nitride. +Molecular origins + +The molecular mechanisms of thermal conduction vary among different materials, and in general depend on details of the microscopic structure and molecular interactions. As such, thermal conductivity is difficult to predict from first-principles. Any expressions for thermal conductivity which are exact and general, e.g. the Green-Kubo relations, are difficult to apply in practice, typically consisting of averages over multiparticle correlation functions.[30] A notable exception is a monatomic dilute gas, for which a well-developed theory exists expressing thermal conductivity accurately and explicitly in terms of molecular parameters. + +In a gas, thermal conduction is mediated by discrete molecular collisions. In a simplified picture of a solid, thermal conduction occurs by two mechanisms: 1) the migration of free electrons and 2) lattice vibrations (phonons). The first mechanism dominates in pure metals and the second in non-metallic solids. In liquids, by contrast, the precise microscopic mechanisms of thermal conduction are poorly understood.[31] +Gases +See also: Kinetic theory of gases + +In a simplified model of a dilute monatomic gas, molecules are modeled as rigid spheres which are in constant motion, colliding elastically with each other and with the walls of their container. Consider such a gas at temperature T T and with density ρ \rho , specific heat c v c_{v} and molecular mass m m. Under these assumptions, an elementary calculation yields for the thermal conductivity + + k = β ρ λ c v 2 k B T π m , {\displaystyle k=\beta \rho \lambda c_{v}{\sqrt {\frac {2k_{\text{B}}T}{\pi m}}},} + +where β \beta is a numerical constant of order 1 1, k B k_{\text{B}} is the Boltzmann constant, and λ \lambda is the mean free path, which measures the average distance a molecule travels between collisions.[32] Since λ \lambda is inversely proportional to density, this equation predicts that thermal conductivity is independent of density for fixed temperature. The explanation is that increasing density increases the number of molecules which carry energy but decreases the average distance λ \lambda a molecule can travel before transferring its energy to a different molecule: these two effects cancel out. For most gases, this prediction agrees well with experiments at pressures up to about 10 atmospheres.[33] On the other hand, experiments show a more rapid increase with temperature than k ∝ T {\displaystyle k\propto {\sqrt {T}}} (here, λ \lambda is independent of T T). This failure of the elementary theory can be traced to the oversimplified "elastic sphere" model, and in particular to the fact that the interparticle attractions, present in all real-world gases, are ignored. + +To incorporate more complex interparticle interactions, a systematic approach is necessary. One such approach is provided by Chapman–Enskog theory, which derives explicit expressions for thermal conductivity starting from the Boltzmann equation. The Boltzmann equation, in turn, provides a statistical description of a dilute gas for generic interparticle interactions. For a monatomic gas, expressions for k k derived in this way take the form + + k = 25 32 π m k B T π σ 2 Ω ( T ) c v , {\displaystyle k={\frac {25}{32}}{\frac {\sqrt {\pi mk_{\text{B}}T}}{\pi \sigma ^{2}\Omega (T)}}c_{v},} + +where σ \sigma is an effective particle diameter and Ω ( T ) \Omega(T) is a function of temperature whose explicit form depends on the interparticle interaction law.[34][33] For rigid elastic spheres, Ω ( T ) \Omega(T) is independent of T T and very close to 1 1. More complex interaction laws introduce a weak temperature dependence. The precise nature of the dependence is not always easy to discern, however, as Ω ( T ) \Omega(T) is defined as a multi-dimensional integral which may not be expressible in terms of elementary functions. An alternate, equivalent way to present the result is in terms of the gas viscosity μ \mu , which can also be calculated in the Chapman–Enskog approach: + + k = f μ c v , {\displaystyle k=f\mu c_{v},} + +where f f is a numerical factor which in general depends on the molecular model. For smooth spherically symmetric molecules, however, f f is very close to 2.5 2.5, not deviating by more than 1 % {\displaystyle 1\%} for a variety of interparticle force laws.[35] Since k k, μ \mu , and c v c_{v} are each well-defined physical quantities which can be measured independent of each other, this expression provides a convenient test of the theory. For monatomic gases, such as the noble gases, the agreement with experiment is fairly good.[36] + +For gases whose molecules are not spherically symmetric, the expression k = f μ c v {\displaystyle k=f\mu c_{v}} still holds. In contrast with spherically symmetric molecules, however, f f varies significantly depending on the particular form of the interparticle interactions: this is a result of the energy exchanges between the internal and translational degrees of freedom of the molecules. An explicit treatment of this effect is difficult in the Chapman–Enskog approach. Alternately, the approximate expression f = ( 1 / 4 ) ( 9 γ − 5 ) {\displaystyle f=(1/4){(9\gamma -5)}} was suggested by Eucken, where γ \gamma is the heat capacity ratio of the gas.[35][37] + +The entirety of this section assumes the mean free path λ \lambda is small compared with macroscopic (system) dimensions. In extremely dilute gases this assumption fails, and thermal conduction is described instead by an apparent thermal conductivity which decreases with density. Ultimately, as the density goes to 0 {\displaystyle 0} the system approaches a vacuum, and thermal conduction ceases entirely. +Liquids + +The exact mechanisms of thermal conduction are poorly understood in liquids: there is no molecular picture which is both simple and accurate. An example of a simple but very rough theory is that of Bridgman, in which a liquid is ascribed a local molecular structure similar to that of a solid, i.e. with molecules located approximately on a lattice. Elementary calculations then lead to the expression + + k = 3 ( N A / V ) 2 / 3 k B v s , {\displaystyle k=3(N_{\text{A}}/V)^{2/3}k_{\text{B}}v_{\text{s}},} + +where N A N_{{\text{A}}} is the Avogadro constant, V V is the volume of a mole of liquid, and v s {\displaystyle v_{\text{s}}} is the speed of sound in the liquid. This is commonly called Bridgman's equation.[38] +Metals +Main article: Free electron model + +For metals at low temperatures the heat is carried mainly by the free electrons. In this case the mean velocity is the Fermi velocity which is temperature independent. The mean free path is determined by the impurities and the crystal imperfections which are temperature independent as well. So the only temperature-dependent quantity is the heat capacity c, which, in this case, is proportional to T. So + + k = k 0 T (metal at low temperature) {\displaystyle k=k_{0}\,T{\text{ (metal at low temperature)}}} + +with k0 a constant. For pure metals, k0 is large, so the thermal conductivity is high. At higher temperatures the mean free path is limited by the phonons, so the thermal conductivity tends to decrease with temperature. In alloys the density of the impurities is very high, so l and, consequently k, are small. Therefore, alloys, such as stainless steel, can be used for thermal insulation. +Lattice waves, phonons, in dielectric solids + +This section may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. (January 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) + +This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. +Find sources: "Thermal conductivity" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) + +Heat transport in both amorphous and crystalline dielectric solids is by way of elastic vibrations of the lattice (i.e., phonons). This transport mechanism is theorized to be limited by the elastic scattering of acoustic phonons at lattice defects. This has been confirmed by the experiments of Chang and Jones on commercial glasses and glass ceramics, where the mean free paths were found to be limited by "internal boundary scattering" to length scales of 10−2 cm to 10−3 cm.[39][40] + +The phonon mean free path has been associated directly with the effective relaxation length for processes without directional correlation. If Vg is the group velocity of a phonon wave packet, then the relaxation length l l\; is defined as: + + l = V g t {\displaystyle l\;=V_{\text{g}}t} + +where t is the characteristic relaxation time. Since longitudinal waves have a much greater phase velocity than transverse waves,[41] Vlong is much greater than Vtrans, and the relaxation length or mean free path of longitudinal phonons will be much greater. Thus, thermal conductivity will be largely determined by the speed of longitudinal phonons.[39][42] + +Regarding the dependence of wave velocity on wavelength or frequency (dispersion), low-frequency phonons of long wavelength will be limited in relaxation length by elastic Rayleigh scattering. This type of light scattering from small particles is proportional to the fourth power of the frequency. For higher frequencies, the power of the frequency will decrease until at highest frequencies scattering is almost frequency independent. Similar arguments were subsequently generalized to many glass forming substances using Brillouin scattering.[43][44][45][46] + +Phonons in the acoustical branch dominate the phonon heat conduction as they have greater energy dispersion and therefore a greater distribution of phonon velocities. Additional optical modes could also be caused by the presence of internal structure (i.e., charge or mass) at a lattice point; it is implied that the group velocity of these modes is low and therefore their contribution to the lattice thermal conductivity λL ( κ \kappa L) is small.[47] + +Each phonon mode can be split into one longitudinal and two transverse polarization branches. By extrapolating the phenomenology of lattice points to the unit cells it is seen that the total number of degrees of freedom is 3pq when p is the number of primitive cells with q atoms/unit cell. From these only 3p are associated with the acoustic modes, the remaining 3p(q − 1) are accommodated through the optical branches. This implies that structures with larger p and q contain a greater number of optical modes and a reduced λL. + +From these ideas, it can be concluded that increasing crystal complexity, which is described by a complexity factor CF (defined as the number of atoms/primitive unit cell), decreases λL.[48][failed verification] This was done by assuming that the relaxation time τ decreases with increasing number of atoms in the unit cell and then scaling the parameters of the expression for thermal conductivity in high temperatures accordingly.[47] + +Describing anharmonic effects is complicated because an exact treatment as in the harmonic case is not possible, and phonons are no longer exact eigensolutions to the equations of motion. Even if the state of motion of the crystal could be described with a plane wave at a particular time, its accuracy would deteriorate progressively with time. Time development would have to be described by introducing a spectrum of other phonons, which is known as the phonon decay. The two most important anharmonic effects are the thermal expansion and the phonon thermal conductivity. + +Only when the phonon number ‹n› deviates from the equilibrium value ‹n›0, can a thermal current arise as stated in the following expression + + Q x = 1 V ∑ q , j ℏ ω ( ⟨ n ⟩ − ⟨ n ⟩ 0 ) v x , Q_{x}={\frac {1}{V}}\sum _{q,j}{\hslash \omega \left(\left\langle n\right\rangle -{\left\langle n\right\rangle }^{0}\right)v_{x}}{\text{,}} + +where v is the energy transport velocity of phonons. Only two mechanisms exist that can cause time variation of ‹n› in a particular region. The number of phonons that diffuse into the region from neighboring regions differs from those that diffuse out, or phonons decay inside the same region into other phonons. A special form of the Boltzmann equation + + d ⟨ n ⟩ d t = ( ∂ ⟨ n ⟩ ∂ t ) diff. + ( ∂ ⟨ n ⟩ ∂ t ) decay {\frac {d\left\langle n\right\rangle }{dt}}={\left({\frac {\partial \left\langle n\right\rangle }{\partial t}}\right)}_{\text{diff.}}+{\left({\frac {\partial \left\langle n\right\rangle }{\partial t}}\right)}_{\text{decay}} + +states this. When steady state conditions are assumed the total time derivate of phonon number is zero, because the temperature is constant in time and therefore the phonon number stays also constant. Time variation due to phonon decay is described with a relaxation time (τ) approximation + + ( ∂ ⟨ n ⟩ ∂ t ) decay = − ⟨ n ⟩ − ⟨ n ⟩ 0 τ , {\displaystyle {\left({\frac {\partial \left\langle n\right\rangle }{\partial t}}\right)}_{\text{decay}}=-{\text{ }}{\frac {\left\langle n\right\rangle -{\left\langle n\right\rangle }^{0}}{\tau }},} + +which states that the more the phonon number deviates from its equilibrium value, the more its time variation increases. At steady state conditions and local thermal equilibrium are assumed we get the following equation + + ( ∂ ( n ) ∂ t ) diff. = − v x ∂ ( n ) 0 ∂ T ∂ T ∂ x . {\left({\frac {\partial \left(n\right)}{\partial t}}\right)}_{\text{diff.}}=-{v}_{x}{\frac {\partial {\left(n\right)}^{0}}{\partial T}}{\frac {\partial T}{\partial x}}{\text{.}} + +Using the relaxation time approximation for the Boltzmann equation and assuming steady-state conditions, the phonon thermal conductivity λL can be determined. The temperature dependence for λL originates from the variety of processes, whose significance for λL depends on the temperature range of interest. Mean free path is one factor that determines the temperature dependence for λL, as stated in the following equation + + λ L = 1 3 V ∑ q , j v ( q , j ) Λ ( q , j ) ∂ ∂ T ϵ ( ω ( q , j ) , T ) , {\displaystyle {\lambda }_{L}={\frac {1}{3V}}\sum _{q,j}v\left(q,j\right)\Lambda \left(q,j\right){\frac {\partial }{\partial T}}\epsilon \left(\omega \left(q,j\right),T\right),} + +where Λ is the mean free path for phonon and ∂ ∂ T ϵ {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial }{\partial T}}\epsilon } denotes the heat capacity. This equation is a result of combining the four previous equations with each other and knowing that ⟨ v x 2 ⟩ = 1 3 v 2 \left\langle v_{x}^{2}\right\rangle ={\frac {1}{3}}v^{2} for cubic or isotropic systems and Λ = v τ \Lambda =v\tau .[49] + +At low temperatures (< 10 K) the anharmonic interaction does not influence the mean free path and therefore, the thermal resistivity is determined only from processes for which q-conservation does not hold. These processes include the scattering of phonons by crystal defects, or the scattering from the surface of the crystal in case of high quality single crystal. Therefore, thermal conductance depends on the external dimensions of the crystal and the quality of the surface. Thus, temperature dependence of λL is determined by the specific heat and is therefore proportional to T3.[49] + +Phonon quasimomentum is defined as ℏq and differs from normal momentum because it is only defined within an arbitrary reciprocal lattice vector. At higher temperatures (10 K < T < Θ), the conservation of energy ℏ ω 1 = ℏ ω 2 + ℏ ω 3 {\displaystyle \hslash {\omega }_{1}=\hslash {\omega }_{2}+\hslash {\omega }_{3}} and quasimomentum q 1 = q 2 + q 3 + G {\displaystyle \mathbf {q} _{1}=\mathbf {q} _{2}+\mathbf {q} _{3}+\mathbf {G} }, where q1 is wave vector of the incident phonon and q2, q3 are wave vectors of the resultant phonons, may also involve a reciprocal lattice vector G complicating the energy transport process. These processes can also reverse the direction of energy transport. + +Therefore, these processes are also known as Umklapp (U) processes and can only occur when phonons with sufficiently large q-vectors are excited, because unless the sum of q2 and q3 points outside of the Brillouin zone the momentum is conserved and the process is normal scattering (N-process). The probability of a phonon to have energy E is given by the Boltzmann distribution P ∝ e − E / k T P\propto {e}^{{-E/kT}}. To U-process to occur the decaying phonon to have a wave vector q1 that is roughly half of the diameter of the Brillouin zone, because otherwise quasimomentum would not be conserved. + +Therefore, these phonons have to possess energy of ∼ k Θ / 2 \sim k\Theta /2, which is a significant fraction of Debye energy that is needed to generate new phonons. The probability for this is proportional to e − Θ / b T {e}^{{-\Theta /bT}}, with b = 2 b=2. Temperature dependence of the mean free path has an exponential form e Θ / b T {e}^{{\Theta /bT}}. The presence of the reciprocal lattice wave vector implies a net phonon backscattering and a resistance to phonon and thermal transport resulting finite λL,[47] as it means that momentum is not conserved. Only momentum non-conserving processes can cause thermal resistance.[49] + +At high temperatures (T > Θ), the mean free path and therefore λL has a temperature dependence T−1, to which one arrives from formula e Θ / b T {e}^{{\Theta /bT}} by making the following approximation e x ∝ x , ( x ) < 1 {\displaystyle {e}^{x}\propto x{\text{ }},{\text{ }}\left(x\right)<1}[clarification needed] and writing x = Θ / b T x=\Theta /bT. This dependency is known as Eucken's law and originates from the temperature dependency of the probability for the U-process to occur.[47][49] + +Thermal conductivity is usually described by the Boltzmann equation with the relaxation time approximation in which phonon scattering is a limiting factor. Another approach is to use analytic models or molecular dynamics or Monte Carlo based methods to describe thermal conductivity in solids. + +Short wavelength phonons are strongly scattered by impurity atoms if an alloyed phase is present, but mid and long wavelength phonons are less affected. Mid and long wavelength phonons carry significant fraction of heat, so to further reduce lattice thermal conductivity one has to introduce structures to scatter these phonons. This is achieved by introducing interface scattering mechanism, which requires structures whose characteristic length is longer than that of impurity atom. Some possible ways to realize these interfaces are nanocomposites and embedded nanoparticles or structures. +Prediction + +Because thermal conductivity depends continuously on quantities like temperature and material composition, it cannot be fully characterized by a finite number of experimental measurements. Predictive formulas become necessary if experimental values are not available under the physical conditions of interest. This capability is important in thermophysical simulations, where quantities like temperature and pressure vary continuously with space and time, and may encompass extreme conditions inaccessible to direct measurement.[50] +In fluids + +For the simplest fluids, such as dilute monatomic gases and their mixtures, ab initio quantum mechanical computations can accurately predict thermal conductivity in terms of fundamental atomic properties—that is, without reference to existing measurements of thermal conductivity or other transport properties.[51] This method uses Chapman-Enskog theory to evaluate a low-density expansion of thermal conductivity. Chapman-Enskog theory, in turn, takes fundamental intermolecular potentials as input, which are computed ab initio from a quantum mechanical description. + +For most fluids, such high-accuracy, first-principles computations are not feasible. Rather, theoretical or empirical expressions must be fit to existing thermal conductivity measurements. If such an expression is fit to high-fidelity data over a large range of temperatures and pressures, then it is called a "reference correlation" for that material. Reference correlations have been published for many pure materials; examples are carbon dioxide, ammonia, and benzene.[52][53][54] Many of these cover temperature and pressure ranges that encompass gas, liquid, and supercritical phases. + +Thermophysical modeling software often relies on reference correlations for predicting thermal conductivity at user-specified temperature and pressure. These correlations may be proprietary. Examples are REFPROP[55] (proprietary) and CoolProp[56] (open-source). + +Thermal conductivity can also be computed using the Green-Kubo relations, which express transport coefficients in terms of the statistics of molecular trajectories.[57] The advantage of these expressions is that they are formally exact and valid for general systems. The disadvantage is that they require detailed knowledge of particle trajectories, available only in computationally expensive simulations such as molecular dynamics. An accurate model for interparticle interactions is also required, which may be difficult to obtain for complex molecules.[58] +In solids +[icon] +This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2022) +See also + + Copper in heat exchangers + Heat pump + Heat transfer + Heat transfer mechanisms + Insulated pipe + Interfacial thermal resistance + Laser flash analysis + List of thermal conductivities + Phase-change material + R-value (insulation) + Specific heat capacity + Thermal bridge + Thermal conductance quantum + Thermal contact conductance + Thermal diffusivity + Thermal effusivity + Thermal entrance length + Thermal interface material + Thermal diode + Thermal resistance + Thermistor + Thermocouple + Thermodynamics + Thermal conductivity measurement + Refractory metals + +References +Notes + +1 Btu/(h⋅ft⋅°F) = 1.730735 W/(m⋅K) + + R-values and U-values quoted in the US (based on the inch-pound units of measurement) do not correspond with and are not compatible with those used outside the US (based on the SI units of measurement). + +Citations + +Bird, Stewart & Lightfoot 2006, p. 266. +Bird, Stewart & Lightfoot 2006, pp. 266–267. +Holman, J.P. 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S2CID 219408529. +Sharipov, Felix; Benites, Victor J. (2020-07-01). "Transport coefficients of multi-component mixtures of noble gases based on ab initio potentials: Viscosity and thermal conductivity". Physics of Fluids. AIP Publishing. 32 (7): 077104. arXiv:2006.08687. Bibcode:2020PhFl...32g7104S. doi:10.1063/5.0016261. ISSN 1070-6631. S2CID 219708359. +Huber, M. L.; Sykioti, E. A.; Assael, M. J.; Perkins, R. A. (2016). "Reference Correlation of the Thermal Conductivity of Carbon Dioxide from the Triple Point to 1100 K and up to 200 MPa". Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. AIP Publishing. 45 (1): 013102. Bibcode:2016JPCRD..45a3102H. doi:10.1063/1.4940892. ISSN 0047-2689. PMC 4824315. PMID 27064300. +Monogenidou, S. A.; Assael, M. J.; Huber, M. L. (2018). "Reference Correlation for the Thermal Conductivity of Ammonia from the Triple-Point Temperature to 680 K and Pressures up to 80 MPa". Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. AIP Publishing. 47 (4): 043101. Bibcode:2018JPCRD..47d3101M. doi:10.1063/1.5053087. ISSN 0047-2689. S2CID 105753612. +Assael, M. J.; Mihailidou, E. K.; Huber, M. L.; Perkins, R. A. (2012). "Reference Correlation of the Thermal Conductivity of Benzene from the Triple Point to 725 K and up to 500 MPa". Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. AIP Publishing. 41 (4): 043102. Bibcode:2012JPCRD..41d3102A. doi:10.1063/1.4755781. ISSN 0047-2689. +"NIST Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties Database (REFPROP): Version 10". NIST. 2018-01-01. Retrieved 2021-12-23. +Bell, Ian H.; Wronski, Jorrit; Quoilin, Sylvain; Lemort, Vincent (2014-01-27). "Pure and Pseudo-pure Fluid Thermophysical Property Evaluation and the Open-Source Thermophysical Property Library CoolProp". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. American Chemical Society (ACS). 53 (6): 2498–2508. doi:10.1021/ie4033999. ISSN 0888-5885. PMC 3944605. PMID 24623957. +Evans, Denis J.; Morriss, Gary P. (2007). Statistical Mechanics of Nonequilibrium Liquids. ANU Press. ISBN 9781921313226. JSTOR j.ctt24h99q. + + Maginn, Edward J.; Messerly, Richard A.; Carlson, Daniel J.; Roe, Daniel R.; Elliott, J. Richard (2019). "Best Practices for Computing Transport Properties 1. Self-Diffusivity and Viscosity from Equilibrium Molecular Dynamics [Article v1.0]". Living Journal of Computational Molecular Science. University of Colorado at Boulder. 1 (1). doi:10.33011/livecoms.1.1.6324. ISSN 2575-6524. S2CID 104357320. + +Sources + + Bird, R.B.; Stewart, W.E.; Lightfoot, E.N. (2006). Transport Phenomena. Transport Phenomena. Vol. 1. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-11539-8. + +Further reading +Undergraduate-level texts (engineering) + + Bird, R. Byron; Stewart, Warren E.; Lightfoot, Edwin N. (2007), Transport Phenomena (2nd ed.), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., ISBN 978-0-470-11539-8. A standard, modern reference. + Incropera, Frank P.; DeWitt, David P. (1996), Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer (4th ed.), Wiley, ISBN 0-471-30460-3 + Bejan, Adrian (1993), Heat Transfer, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-50290-1 + Holman, J.P. (1997), Heat Transfer (8th ed.), McGraw Hill, ISBN 0-07-844785-2 + Callister, William D. (2003), "Appendix B", Materials Science and Engineering - An Introduction, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-22471-5 + +Undergraduate-level texts (physics) + + Halliday, David; Resnick, Robert; & Walker, Jearl (1997). Fundamentals of Physics (5th ed.). John Wiley and Sons, New York ISBN 0-471-10558-9. An elementary treatment. + Daniel V. Schroeder (1999), An Introduction to Thermal Physics, Addison Wesley, ISBN 978-0-201-38027-9. A brief, intermediate-level treatment. + Reif, F. (1965), Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics, McGraw-Hill. An advanced treatment. + +Graduate-level texts + + Balescu, Radu (1975), Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Statistical Mechanics, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-0-471-04600-4 + Chapman, Sydney; Cowling, T.G. (1970), The Mathematical Theory of Non-Uniform Gases (3rd ed.), Cambridge University Press. A very advanced but classic text on the theory of transport processes in gases. + Reid, C. R., Prausnitz, J. M., Poling B. E., Properties of gases and liquids, IV edition, Mc Graw-Hill, 1987 + Srivastava G. P (1990), The Physics of Phonons. Adam Hilger, IOP Publishing Ltd, Bristol + +External links + + Thermopedia THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY + Contribution of Interionic Forces to the Thermal Conductivity of Dilute Electrolyte Solutions The Journal of Chemical Physics 41, 3924 (1964) + The importance of Soil Thermal Conductivity for power companies + Thermal Conductivity of Gas Mixtures in Chemical Equilibrium. II The Journal of Chemical Physics 32, 1005 (1960) + +Authority control: National Edit this at Wikidata + + Germany Israel United States Czech Republic + +Categories: + + Heat conductionHeat transferPhysical quantitiesThermodynamic properties + + This page was last edited on 20 August 2023, at 10:12 (UTC). + site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. + + Privacy policy + About Wikipedia + Disclaimers + Contact Wikipedia + Code of Conduct + Mobile view + Developers + Statistics + Cookie statement + + Wikimedia Foundation + Powered by MediaWiki + + + +Main menu + +Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia + + Create account + Log in + +Personal tools + +Contents +(Top) +History + +Informal definition + +Formalization + +Expressing algorithms + +Design + +Computer algorithms + +Examples + +Algorithmic analysis + +Classification + +Algorithm = Logic + Control + +Legal issues + +History: Development of the notion of "algorithm" + + See also + Notes + Bibliography + Further reading + External links + +Algorithm + + Article + Talk + + Read + Edit + View history + +Tools + +From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia +"Algorithms" redirects here. For the subfield of computer science, see Analysis of algorithms. For other uses, see Algorithm (disambiguation). + +This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. +Find sources: "Algorithm" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) +Flow-chart of an algorithm Euclides algorithm's) for calculating the greatest common divisor (g.c.d.) of two numbers a and b in locations named A and B. The algorithm proceeds by successive subtractions in two loops: IF the test B ≥ A yields "yes" or "true" (more accurately, the number b in location B is greater than or equal to the number a in location A) THEN, the algorithm specifies B ← B − A (meaning the number b − a replaces the old b). Similarly, IF A > B, THEN A ← A − B. The process terminates when (the contents of) B is 0, yielding the g.c.d. in A. (Algorithm derived from Scott 2009:13; symbols and drawing style from Tausworthe 1977). +Ada Lovelace's diagram from "note G", the first published computer algorithm + +In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm (/ˈælɡərɪðəm/ (listen)) is a finite sequence of rigorous instructions, typically used to solve a class of specific problems or to perform a computation.[1] Algorithms are used as specifications for performing calculations and data processing. More advanced algorithms can use conditionals to divert the code execution through various routes (referred to as automated decision-making) and deduce valid inferences (referred to as automated reasoning), achieving automation eventually. Using human characteristics as descriptors of machines in metaphorical ways was already practiced by Alan Turing with terms such as "memory", "search" and "stimulus".[2] + +In contrast, a heuristic is an approach to problem solving that may not be fully specified or may not guarantee correct or optimal results, especially in problem domains where there is no well-defined correct or optimal result.[3] + +As an effective method, an algorithm can be expressed within a finite amount of space and time,[4] and in a well-defined formal language[5] for calculating a function.[6] Starting from an initial state and initial input (perhaps empty),[7] the instructions describe a computation that, when executed, proceeds through a finite[8] number of well-defined successive states, eventually producing "output"[9] and terminating at a final ending state. The transition from one state to the next is not necessarily deterministic; some algorithms, known as randomized algorithms, incorporate random input.[10] +History +Ancient algorithms + +Since antiquity, step-by-step procedures for solving mathematical problems have been attested. This includes Babylonian mathematics (around 2500 BC),[11] Egyptian mathematics (around 1550 BC),[11] Indian mathematics (around 800 BC and later; e.g. Shulba Sutras, Kerala School, and Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta),[12][13] The Ifa Oracle (around 500 BC), Greek mathematics (around 240 BC, e.g. sieve of Eratosthenes and Euclidean algorithm),[14] and Arabic mathematics (9th century, e.g. cryptographic algorithms for code-breaking based on frequency analysis).[15] +Al-khwarizmi and the term algorithm + +Around 825, Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi wrote kitāb al-ḥisāb al-hindī ("Book of Indian computation") and kitab al-jam' wa'l-tafriq al-ḥisāb al-hindī ("Addition and subtraction in Indian arithmetic"). Both of these texts are lost in the original Arabic at this time. (However, his other book on algebra remains.)[16] + +In the early 12th century, Latin translations of said al-Khwarizmi texts involving the Hindu–Arabic numeral system and arithmetic appeared: Liber Alghoarismi de practica arismetrice (attributed to John of Seville) and Liber Algorismi de numero Indorum (attributed to Adelard of Bath).[17] Hereby, alghoarismi or algorismi is the Latinization of Al-Khwarizmi's name; the text starts with the phrase Dixit Algorismi ("Thus spoke Al-Khwarizmi").[18] + +In 1240, Alexander of Villedieu writes a Latin text titled Carmen de Algorismo. It begins with: + + Haec algorismus ars praesens dicitur, in qua / Talibus Indorum fruimur bis quinque figuris. + +which translates to: + + Algorism is the art by which at present we use those Indian figures, which number two times five. + +The poem is a few hundred lines long and summarizes the art of calculating with the new styled Indian dice (Tali Indorum), or Hindu numerals.[19] +English evolution of the word + +Around 1230, the English word algorism is attested and then by Chaucer in 1391. English adopted the French term.[20][21] + +In the 15th century, under the influence of the Greek word ἀριθμός (arithmos, "number"; cf. "arithmetic"), the Latin word was altered to algorithmus. + +In 1656, in the English dictionary Glossographia, it says:[22] + + Algorism ([Latin] algorismus) the Art or use of Cyphers, or of numbering by Cyphers; skill in accounting. + + Augrime ([Latin] algorithmus) skil in accounting or numbring. + +In 1658, in the first edition of The New World of English Words, it says:[23] + + Algorithme, (a word compounded of Arabick and Spanish,) the art of reckoning by Cyphers. + +In 1706, in the sixth edition of The New World of English Words, it says:[24] + + Algorithm, the Art of computing or reckoning by numbers, which contains the five principle Rules of Arithmetick, viz. Numeration, Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division; to which may be added Extraction of Roots: It is also call'd Logistica Numeralis. + + Algorism, the practical Operation in the several Parts of Specious Arithmetick or Algebra; sometimes it is taken for the Practice of Common Arithmetick by the ten Numeral Figures. + +In 1751, in the Young Algebraist's Companion, Daniel Fenning contrasts the terms algorism and algorithm as follows:[25] + + Algorithm signifies the first Principles, and Algorism the practical Part, or knowing how to put the Algorithm in Practice. + +Since at least 1811, the term algorithm is attested to mean a "step-by-step procedure" in English.[26][27] + +In 1842, in the Dictionary of Science, Literature and Art, it says: + + ALGORITHM, signifies the art of computing in reference to some particular subject, or in some particular way; as the algorithm of numbers; the algorithm of the differential calculus.[28] + +Machine usage + +In 1928, a partial formalization of the modern concept of algorithm began with attempts to solve the Entscheidungsproblem (decision problem) posed by David Hilbert. Later formalizations were framed as attempts to define "effective calculability"[29] or "effective method".[30] Those formalizations included the Gödel–Herbrand–Kleene recursive functions of 1930, 1934 and 1935, Alonzo Church's lambda calculus of 1936, Emil Post's Formulation 1 of 1936, and Alan Turing's Turing machines of 1936–37 and 1939. +Informal definition +For a detailed presentation of the various points of view on the definition of "algorithm", see Algorithm characterizations. + +An informal definition could be "a set of rules that precisely defines a sequence of operations",[31][need quotation to verify] which would include all computer programs (including programs that do not perform numeric calculations), and (for example) any prescribed bureaucratic procedure[32] or cook-book recipe.[33] + +In general, a program is only an algorithm if it stops eventually[34]—even though infinite loops may sometimes prove desirable. + +A prototypical example of an algorithm is the Euclidean algorithm, which is used to determine the maximum common divisor of two integers; an example (there are others) is described by the flowchart above and as an example in a later section. + +Boolos, Jeffrey & 1974, 1999 offer an informal meaning of the word "algorithm" in the following quotation: + + No human being can write fast enough, or long enough, or small enough† ( †"smaller and smaller without limit ... you'd be trying to write on molecules, on atoms, on electrons") to list all members of an enumerably infinite set by writing out their names, one after another, in some notation. But humans can do something equally useful, in the case of certain enumerably infinite sets: They can give explicit instructions for determining the nth member of the set, for arbitrary finite n. Such instructions are to be given quite explicitly, in a form in which they could be followed by a computing machine, or by a human who is capable of carrying out only very elementary operations on symbols.[35] + +An "enumerably infinite set" is one whose elements can be put into one-to-one correspondence with the integers. Thus Boolos and Jeffrey are saying that an algorithm implies instructions for a process that "creates" output integers from an arbitrary "input" integer or integers that, in theory, can be arbitrarily large. For example, an algorithm can be an algebraic equation such as y = m + n (i.e., two arbitrary "input variables" m and n that produce an output y), but various authors' attempts to define the notion indicate that the word implies much more than this, something on the order of (for the addition example): + + Precise instructions (in a language understood by "the computer")[36] for a fast, efficient, "good"[37] process that specifies the "moves" of "the computer" (machine or human, equipped with the necessary internally contained information and capabilities)[38] to find, decode, and then process arbitrary input integers/symbols m and n, symbols + and = ... and "effectively"[39] produce, in a "reasonable" time,[40] output-integer y at a specified place and in a specified format. + +The concept of algorithm is also used to define the notion of decidability—a notion that is central for explaining how formal systems come into being starting from a small set of axioms and rules. In logic, the time that an algorithm requires to complete cannot be measured, as it is not apparently related to the customary physical dimension. From such uncertainties, that characterize ongoing work, stems the unavailability of a definition of algorithm that suits both concrete (in some sense) and abstract usage of the term. + +Most algorithms are intended to be implemented as computer programs. However, algorithms are also implemented by other means, such as in a biological neural network (for example, the human brain implementing arithmetic or an insect looking for food), in an electrical circuit, or in a mechanical device. +Formalization + +Algorithms are essential to the way computers process data. Many computer programs contain algorithms that detail the specific instructions a computer should perform—in a specific order—to carry out a specified task, such as calculating employees' paychecks or printing students' report cards. Thus, an algorithm can be considered to be any sequence of operations that can be simulated by a Turing-complete system. Authors who assert this thesis include Minsky (1967), Savage (1987), and Gurevich (2000): + + Minsky: "But we will also maintain, with Turing ... that any procedure which could "naturally" be called effective, can, in fact, be realized by a (simple) machine. Although this may seem extreme, the arguments ... in its favor are hard to refute".[41] Gurevich: "… Turing's informal argument in favor of his thesis justifies a stronger thesis: every algorithm can be simulated by a Turing machine … according to Savage [1987], an algorithm is a computational process defined by a Turing machine".[42] + +Turing machines can define computational processes that do not terminate. The informal definitions of algorithms generally require that the algorithm always terminates. This requirement renders the task of deciding whether a formal procedure is an algorithm impossible in the general case—due to a major theorem of computability theory known as the halting problem. + +Typically, when an algorithm is associated with processing information, data can be read from an input source, written to an output device and stored for further processing. Stored data are regarded as part of the internal state of the entity performing the algorithm. In practice, the state is stored in one or more data structures. + +For some of these computational processes, the algorithm must be rigorously defined: and specified in the way it applies in all possible circumstances that could arise. This means that any conditional steps must be systematically dealt with, case by case; the criteria for each case must be clear (and computable). + +Because an algorithm is a precise list of precise steps, the order of computation is always crucial to the functioning of the algorithm. Instructions are usually assumed to be listed explicitly, and are described as starting "from the top" and going "down to the bottom"—an idea that is described more formally by flow of control. + +So far, the discussion on the formalization of an algorithm has assumed the premises of imperative programming. This is the most common conception—one which attempts to describe a task in discrete, "mechanical" means. Unique to this conception of formalized algorithms is the assignment operation, which sets the value of a variable. It derives from the intuition of "memory" as a scratchpad. An example of such an assignment can be found below. + +For some alternate conceptions of what constitutes an algorithm, see functional programming and logic programming. +Expressing algorithms + +Algorithms can be expressed in many kinds of notation, including natural languages, pseudocode, flowcharts, drakon-charts, programming languages or control tables (processed by interpreters). Natural language expressions of algorithms tend to be verbose and ambiguous, and are rarely used for complex or technical algorithms. Pseudocode, flowcharts, drakon-charts and control tables are structured ways to express algorithms that avoid many of the ambiguities common in the statements based on natural language. Programming languages are primarily intended for expressing algorithms in a form that can be executed by a computer, but are also often used as a way to define or document algorithms. + +There is a wide variety of representations possible and one can express a given Turing machine program as a sequence of machine tables (see finite-state machine, state transition table and control table for more), as flowcharts and drakon-charts (see state diagram for more), or as a form of rudimentary machine code or assembly code called "sets of quadruples" (see Turing machine for more). + +Representations of algorithms can be classed into three accepted levels of Turing machine description, as follows:[43] + +1 High-level description + "...prose to describe an algorithm, ignoring the implementation details. At this level, we do not need to mention how the machine manages its tape or head." +2 Implementation description + "...prose used to define the way the Turing machine uses its head and the way that it stores data on its tape. At this level, we do not give details of states or transition function." +3 Formal description + Most detailed, "lowest level", gives the Turing machine's "state table". + +For an example of the simple algorithm "Add m+n" described in all three levels, see Examples. +Design +See also: Algorithm § By design paradigm + +Algorithm design refers to a method or a mathematical process for problem-solving and engineering algorithms. The design of algorithms is part of many solution theories, such as divide-and-conquer or dynamic programming within operation research. Techniques for designing and implementing algorithm designs are also called algorithm design patterns,[44] with examples including the template method pattern and the decorator pattern. + +One of the most important aspects of algorithm design is resource (run-time, memory usage) efficiency; the big O notation is used to describe e.g. an algorithm's run-time growth as the size of its input increases. + +Typical steps in the development of algorithms: + + Problem definition + Development of a model + Specification of the algorithm + Designing an algorithm + Checking the correctness of the algorithm + Analysis of algorithm + Implementation of algorithm + Program testing + Documentation preparation[clarification needed] + +Computer algorithms +Logical NAND algorithm implemented electronically in 7400 chip +Flowchart examples of the canonical Böhm-Jacopini structures: the SEQUENCE (rectangles descending the page), the WHILE-DO and the IF-THEN-ELSE. The three structures are made of the primitive conditional GOTO (IF test THEN GOTO step xxx, shown as diamond), the unconditional GOTO (rectangle), various assignment operators (rectangle), and HALT (rectangle). Nesting of these structures inside assignment-blocks results in complex diagrams (cf. Tausworthe 1977:100, 114). + +"Elegant" (compact) programs, "good" (fast) programs : The notion of "simplicity and elegance" appears informally in Knuth and precisely in Chaitin: + + Knuth: " ... we want good algorithms in some loosely defined aesthetic sense. One criterion ... is the length of time taken to perform the algorithm .... Other criteria are adaptability of the algorithm to computers, its simplicity, and elegance, etc."[45] + + Chaitin: " ... a program is 'elegant,' by which I mean that it's the smallest possible program for producing the output that it does"[46] + +Chaitin prefaces his definition with: "I'll show you can't prove that a program is 'elegant'"—such a proof would solve the Halting problem (ibid). + +Algorithm versus function computable by an algorithm: For a given function multiple algorithms may exist. This is true, even without expanding the available instruction set available to the programmer. Rogers observes that "It is ... important to distinguish between the notion of algorithm, i.e. procedure and the notion of function computable by algorithm, i.e. mapping yielded by procedure. The same function may have several different algorithms".[47] + +Unfortunately, there may be a tradeoff between goodness (speed) and elegance (compactness)—an elegant program may take more steps to complete a computation than one less elegant. An example that uses Euclid's algorithm appears below. + +Computers (and computors), models of computation: A computer (or human "computer"[48]) is a restricted type of machine, a "discrete deterministic mechanical device"[49] that blindly follows its instructions.[50] Melzak's and Lambek's primitive models[51] reduced this notion to four elements: (i) discrete, distinguishable locations, (ii) discrete, indistinguishable counters[52] (iii) an agent, and (iv) a list of instructions that are effective relative to the capability of the agent.[53] + +Minsky describes a more congenial variation of Lambek's "abacus" model in his "Very Simple Bases for Computability".[54] Minsky's machine proceeds sequentially through its five (or six, depending on how one counts) instructions unless either a conditional IF-THEN GOTO or an unconditional GOTO changes program flow out of sequence. Besides HALT, Minsky's machine includes three assignment (replacement, substitution)[55] operations: ZERO (e.g. the contents of location replaced by 0: L ← 0), SUCCESSOR (e.g. L ← L+1), and DECREMENT (e.g. L ← L − 1).[56] Rarely must a programmer write "code" with such a limited instruction set. But Minsky shows (as do Melzak and Lambek) that his machine is Turing complete with only four general types of instructions: conditional GOTO, unconditional GOTO, assignment/replacement/substitution, and HALT. However, a few different assignment instructions (e.g. DECREMENT, INCREMENT, and ZERO/CLEAR/EMPTY for a Minsky machine) are also required for Turing-completeness; their exact specification is somewhat up to the designer. The unconditional GOTO is convenient; it can be constructed by initializing a dedicated location to zero e.g. the instruction " Z ← 0 "; thereafter the instruction IF Z=0 THEN GOTO xxx is unconditional. + +Simulation of an algorithm: computer (computor) language: Knuth advises the reader that "the best way to learn an algorithm is to try it . . . immediately take pen and paper and work through an example".[57] But what about a simulation or execution of the real thing? The programmer must translate the algorithm into a language that the simulator/computer/computor can effectively execute. Stone gives an example of this: when computing the roots of a quadratic equation the computer must know how to take a square root. If they do not, then the algorithm, to be effective, must provide a set of rules for extracting a square root.[58] + +This means that the programmer must know a "language" that is effective relative to the target computing agent (computer/computor). + +But what model should be used for the simulation? Van Emde Boas observes "even if we base complexity theory on abstract instead of concrete machines, the arbitrariness of the choice of a model remains. It is at this point that the notion of simulation enters".[59] When speed is being measured, the instruction set matters. For example, the subprogram in Euclid's algorithm to compute the remainder would execute much faster if the programmer had a "modulus" instruction available rather than just subtraction (or worse: just Minsky's "decrement"). + +Structured programming, canonical structures: Per the Church–Turing thesis, any algorithm can be computed by a model known to be Turing complete, and per Minsky's demonstrations, Turing completeness requires only four instruction types—conditional GOTO, unconditional GOTO, assignment, HALT. Kemeny and Kurtz observe that, while "undisciplined" use of unconditional GOTOs and conditional IF-THEN GOTOs can result in "spaghetti code", a programmer can write structured programs using only these instructions; on the other hand "it is also possible, and not too hard, to write badly structured programs in a structured language".[60] Tausworthe augments the three Böhm-Jacopini canonical structures:[61] SEQUENCE, IF-THEN-ELSE, and WHILE-DO, with two more: DO-WHILE and CASE.[62] An additional benefit of a structured program is that it lends itself to proofs of correctness using mathematical induction.[63] + +Canonical flowchart symbols[64]: The graphical aide called a flowchart offers a way to describe and document an algorithm (and a computer program corresponding to it). Like the program flow of a Minsky machine, a flowchart always starts at the top of a page and proceeds down. Its primary symbols are only four: the directed arrow showing program flow, the rectangle (SEQUENCE, GOTO), the diamond (IF-THEN-ELSE), and the dot (OR-tie). The Böhm–Jacopini canonical structures are made of these primitive shapes. Sub-structures can "nest" in rectangles, but only if a single exit occurs from the superstructure. The symbols and their use to build the canonical structures are shown in the diagram. +Examples +Further information: List of algorithms +Algorithm example + +One of the simplest algorithms is to find the largest number in a list of numbers of random order. Finding the solution requires looking at every number in the list. From this follows a simple algorithm, which can be stated in a high-level description in English prose, as: + +High-level description: + + If there are no numbers in the set, then there is no highest number. + Assume the first number in the set is the largest number in the set. + For each remaining number in the set: if this number is larger than the current largest number, consider this number to be the largest number in the set. + When there are no numbers left in the set to iterate over, consider the current largest number to be the largest number of the set. + +(Quasi-)formal description: Written in prose but much closer to the high-level language of a computer program, the following is the more formal coding of the algorithm in pseudocode or pidgin code: + +Algorithm LargestNumber +Input: A list of numbers L. +Output: The largest number in the list L. + +if L.size = 0 return null +largest ← L[0] +for each item in L, do + if item > largest, then + largest ← item +return largest + + "←" denotes assignment. For instance, "largest ← item" means that the value of largest changes to the value of item. + "return" terminates the algorithm and outputs the following value. + +Euclid's algorithm +Further information: Euclid's algorithm + +In mathematics, the Euclidean algorithm or Euclid's algorithm, is an efficient method for computing the greatest common divisor (GCD) of two integers (numbers), the largest number that divides them both without a remainder. It is named after the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid, who first described it in his Elements (c. 300 BC).[65] It is one of the oldest algorithms in common use. It can be used to reduce fractions to their simplest form, and is a part of many other number-theoretic and cryptographic calculations. +The example-diagram of Euclid's algorithm from T.L. Heath (1908), with more detail added. Euclid does not go beyond a third measuring and gives no numerical examples. Nicomachus gives the example of 49 and 21: "I subtract the less from the greater; 28 is left; then again I subtract from this the same 21 (for this is possible); 7 is left; I subtract this from 21, 14 is left; from which I again subtract 7 (for this is possible); 7 is left, but 7 cannot be subtracted from 7." Heath comments that "The last phrase is curious, but the meaning of it is obvious enough, as also the meaning of the phrase about ending 'at one and the same number'."(Heath 1908:300). + +Euclid poses the problem thus: "Given two numbers not prime to one another, to find their greatest common measure". He defines "A number [to be] a multitude composed of units": a counting number, a positive integer not including zero. To "measure" is to place a shorter measuring length s successively (q times) along longer length l until the remaining portion r is less than the shorter length s.[66] In modern words, remainder r = l − q×s, q being the quotient, or remainder r is the "modulus", the integer-fractional part left over after the division.[67] + +For Euclid's method to succeed, the starting lengths must satisfy two requirements: (i) the lengths must not be zero, AND (ii) the subtraction must be "proper"; i.e., a test must guarantee that the smaller of the two numbers is subtracted from the larger (or the two can be equal so their subtraction yields zero). + +Euclid's original proof adds a third requirement: the two lengths must not be prime to one another. Euclid stipulated this so that he could construct a reductio ad absurdum proof that the two numbers' common measure is in fact the greatest.[68] While Nicomachus' algorithm is the same as Euclid's, when the numbers are prime to one another, it yields the number "1" for their common measure. So, to be precise, the following is really Nicomachus' algorithm. +A graphical expression of Euclid's algorithm to find the greatest common divisor for 1599 and 650 + + 1599 = 650×2 + 299 + 650 = 299×2 + 52 + 299 = 52×5 + 39 + 52 = 39×1 + 13 + 39 = 13×3 + 0 + +Computer language for Euclid's algorithm + +Only a few instruction types are required to execute Euclid's algorithm—some logical tests (conditional GOTO), unconditional GOTO, assignment (replacement), and subtraction. + + A location is symbolized by upper case letter(s), e.g. S, A, etc. + The varying quantity (number) in a location is written in lower case letter(s) and (usually) associated with the location's name. For example, location L at the start might contain the number l = 3009. + +An inelegant program for Euclid's algorithm +"Inelegant" is a translation of Knuth's version of the algorithm with a subtraction-based remainder-loop replacing his use of division (or a "modulus" instruction). Derived from Knuth 1973:2–4. Depending on the two numbers "Inelegant" may compute the g.c.d. in fewer steps than "Elegant". + +The following algorithm is framed as Knuth's four-step version of Euclid's and Nicomachus', but, rather than using division to find the remainder, it uses successive subtractions of the shorter length s from the remaining length r until r is less than s. The high-level description, shown in boldface, is adapted from Knuth 1973:2–4: + +INPUT: + +1 [Into two locations L and S put the numbers l and s that represent the two lengths]: +INPUT L, S +2 [Initialize R: make the remaining length r equal to the starting/initial/input length l]: +R ← L + +E0: [Ensure r ≥ s.] + +3 [Ensure the smaller of the two numbers is in S and the larger in R]: +IF R > S THEN +the contents of L is the larger number so skip over the exchange-steps 4, 5 and 6: +GOTO step 7 +ELSE +swap the contents of R and S. +4 L ← R (this first step is redundant, but is useful for later discussion). +5 R ← S +6 S ← L + +E1: [Find remainder]: Until the remaining length r in R is less than the shorter length s in S, repeatedly subtract the measuring number s in S from the remaining length r in R. + +7 IF S > R THEN +done measuring so +GOTO 10 +ELSE +measure again, +8 R ← R − S +9 [Remainder-loop]: +GOTO 7. + +E2: [Is the remainder zero?]: EITHER (i) the last measure was exact, the remainder in R is zero, and the program can halt, OR (ii) the algorithm must continue: the last measure left a remainder in R less than measuring number in S. + +10 IF R = 0 THEN +done so +GOTO step 15 +ELSE +CONTINUE TO step 11, + +E3: [Interchange s and r]: The nut of Euclid's algorithm. Use remainder r to measure what was previously smaller number s; L serves as a temporary location. + +11 L ← R +12 R ← S +13 S ← L +14 [Repeat the measuring process]: +GOTO 7 + +OUTPUT: + +15 [Done. S contains the greatest common divisor]: +PRINT S + +DONE: + +16 HALT, END, STOP. + +An elegant program for Euclid's algorithm + +The following version of Euclid's algorithm requires only six core instructions to do what thirteen are required to do by "Inelegant"; worse, "Inelegant" requires more types of instructions.[clarify] The flowchart of "Elegant" can be found at the top of this article. In the (unstructured) Basic language, the steps are numbered, and the instruction LET [] = [] is the assignment instruction symbolized by ←. + + 5 REM Euclid's algorithm for greatest common divisor + 6 PRINT "Type two integers greater than 0" + 10 INPUT A,B + 20 IF B=0 THEN GOTO 80 + 30 IF A > B THEN GOTO 60 + 40 LET B=B-A + 50 GOTO 20 + 60 LET A=A-B + 70 GOTO 20 + 80 PRINT A + 90 END + +How "Elegant" works: In place of an outer "Euclid loop", "Elegant" shifts back and forth between two "co-loops", an A > B loop that computes A ← A − B, and a B ≤ A loop that computes B ← B − A. This works because, when at last the minuend M is less than or equal to the subtrahend S (Difference = Minuend − Subtrahend), the minuend can become s (the new measuring length) and the subtrahend can become the new r (the length to be measured); in other words the "sense" of the subtraction reverses. + +The following version can be used with programming languages from the C-family: + +// Euclid's algorithm for greatest common divisor +int euclidAlgorithm (int A, int B) { + A = abs(A); + B = abs(B); + while (B != 0) { + while (A > B) { + A = A-B; + } + B = B-A; + } + return A; +} + +Testing the Euclid algorithms + +Does an algorithm do what its author wants it to do? A few test cases usually give some confidence in the core functionality. But tests are not enough. For test cases, one source[69] uses 3009 and 884. Knuth suggested 40902, 24140. Another interesting case is the two relatively prime numbers 14157 and 5950. + +But "exceptional cases"[70] must be identified and tested. Will "Inelegant" perform properly when R > S, S > R, R = S? Ditto for "Elegant": B > A, A > B, A = B? (Yes to all). What happens when one number is zero, both numbers are zero? ("Inelegant" computes forever in all cases; "Elegant" computes forever when A = 0.) What happens if negative numbers are entered? Fractional numbers? If the input numbers, i.e. the domain of the function computed by the algorithm/program, is to include only positive integers including zero, then the failures at zero indicate that the algorithm (and the program that instantiates it) is a partial function rather than a total function. A notable failure due to exceptions is the Ariane 5 Flight 501 rocket failure (June 4, 1996). + +Proof of program correctness by use of mathematical induction: Knuth demonstrates the application of mathematical induction to an "extended" version of Euclid's algorithm, and he proposes "a general method applicable to proving the validity of any algorithm".[71] Tausworthe proposes that a measure of the complexity of a program be the length of its correctness proof.[72] +Measuring and improving the Euclid algorithms + +Elegance (compactness) versus goodness (speed): With only six core instructions, "Elegant" is the clear winner, compared to "Inelegant" at thirteen instructions. However, "Inelegant" is faster (it arrives at HALT in fewer steps). Algorithm analysis[73] indicates why this is the case: "Elegant" does two conditional tests in every subtraction loop, whereas "Inelegant" only does one. As the algorithm (usually) requires many loop-throughs, on average much time is wasted doing a "B = 0?" test that is needed only after the remainder is computed. + +Can the algorithms be improved?: Once the programmer judges a program "fit" and "effective"—that is, it computes the function intended by its author—then the question becomes, can it be improved? + +The compactness of "Inelegant" can be improved by the elimination of five steps. But Chaitin proved that compacting an algorithm cannot be automated by a generalized algorithm;[74] rather, it can only be done heuristically; i.e., by exhaustive search (examples to be found at Busy beaver), trial and error, cleverness, insight, application of inductive reasoning, etc. Observe that steps 4, 5 and 6 are repeated in steps 11, 12 and 13. Comparison with "Elegant" provides a hint that these steps, together with steps 2 and 3, can be eliminated. This reduces the number of core instructions from thirteen to eight, which makes it "more elegant" than "Elegant", at nine steps. + +The speed of "Elegant" can be improved by moving the "B=0?" test outside of the two subtraction loops. This change calls for the addition of three instructions (B = 0?, A = 0?, GOTO). Now "Elegant" computes the example-numbers faster; whether this is always the case for any given A, B, and R, S would require a detailed analysis. +Algorithmic analysis +Main article: Analysis of algorithms + +It is frequently important to know how much of a particular resource (such as time or storage) is theoretically required for a given algorithm. Methods have been developed for the analysis of algorithms to obtain such quantitative answers (estimates); for example, an algorithm which adds up the elements of a list of n numbers would have a time requirement of O(n), using big O notation. At all times the algorithm only needs to remember two values: the sum of all the elements so far, and its current position in the input list. Therefore, it is said to have a space requirement of O(1), if the space required to store the input numbers is not counted, or O(n) if it is counted. + +Different algorithms may complete the same task with a different set of instructions in less or more time, space, or 'effort' than others. For example, a binary search algorithm (with cost O(log n)) outperforms a sequential search (cost O(n) ) when used for table lookups on sorted lists or arrays. +Formal versus empirical +Main articles: Empirical algorithmics, Profiling (computer programming), and Program optimization + +The analysis, and study of algorithms is a discipline of computer science, and is often practiced abstractly without the use of a specific programming language or implementation. In this sense, algorithm analysis resembles other mathematical disciplines in that it focuses on the underlying properties of the algorithm and not on the specifics of any particular implementation. Usually pseudocode is used for analysis as it is the simplest and most general representation. However, ultimately, most algorithms are usually implemented on particular hardware/software platforms and their algorithmic efficiency is eventually put to the test using real code. For the solution of a "one off" problem, the efficiency of a particular algorithm may not have significant consequences (unless n is extremely large) but for algorithms designed for fast interactive, commercial or long life scientific usage it may be critical. Scaling from small n to large n frequently exposes inefficient algorithms that are otherwise benign. + +Empirical testing is useful because it may uncover unexpected interactions that affect performance. Benchmarks may be used to compare before/after potential improvements to an algorithm after program optimization. Empirical tests cannot replace formal analysis, though, and are not trivial to perform in a fair manner.[75] +Execution efficiency +Main article: Algorithmic efficiency + +To illustrate the potential improvements possible even in well-established algorithms, a recent significant innovation, relating to FFT algorithms (used heavily in the field of image processing), can decrease processing time up to 1,000 times for applications like medical imaging.[76] In general, speed improvements depend on special properties of the problem, which are very common in practical applications.[77] Speedups of this magnitude enable computing devices that make extensive use of image processing (like digital cameras and medical equipment) to consume less power. +Classification + +There are various ways to classify algorithms, each with its own merits. +By implementation + +One way to classify algorithms is by implementation means. + +int gcd(int A, int B) { + if (B == 0) + return A; + else if (A > B) + return gcd(A-B,B); + else + return gcd(A,B-A); +} + +Recursive C implementation of Euclid's algorithm from the above flowchart + +Recursion + A recursive algorithm is one that invokes (makes reference to) itself repeatedly until a certain condition (also known as termination condition) matches, which is a method common to functional programming. Iterative algorithms use repetitive constructs like loops and sometimes additional data structures like stacks to solve the given problems. Some problems are naturally suited for one implementation or the other. For example, towers of Hanoi is well understood using recursive implementation. Every recursive version has an equivalent (but possibly more or less complex) iterative version, and vice versa. +Serial, parallel or distributed + Algorithms are usually discussed with the assumption that computers execute one instruction of an algorithm at a time. Those computers are sometimes called serial computers. An algorithm designed for such an environment is called a serial algorithm, as opposed to parallel algorithms or distributed algorithms. Parallel algorithms are algorithms that take advantage of computer architectures where multiple processors can work on a problem at the same time. Distributed algorithms are algorithms that use multiple machines connected with a computer network. Parallel and distributed algorithms divide the problem into more symmetrical or asymmetrical subproblems and collect the results back together. For example, a CPU would be an example of a parallel algorithm. The resource consumption in such algorithms is not only processor cycles on each processor but also the communication overhead between the processors. Some sorting algorithms can be parallelized efficiently, but their communication overhead is expensive. Iterative algorithms are generally parallelizable, but some problems have no parallel algorithms and are called inherently serial problems. +Deterministic or non-deterministic + Deterministic algorithms solve the problem with exact decision at every step of the algorithm whereas non-deterministic algorithms solve problems via guessing although typical guesses are made more accurate through the use of heuristics. +Exact or approximate + While many algorithms reach an exact solution, approximation algorithms seek an approximation that is closer to the true solution. The approximation can be reached by either using a deterministic or a random strategy. Such algorithms have practical value for many hard problems. One of the examples of an approximate algorithm is the Knapsack problem, where there is a set of given items. Its goal is to pack the knapsack to get the maximum total value. Each item has some weight and some value. Total weight that can be carried is no more than some fixed number X. So, the solution must consider weights of items as well as their value.[78] +Quantum algorithm + They run on a realistic model of quantum computation. The term is usually used for those algorithms which seem inherently quantum, or use some essential feature of Quantum computing such as quantum superposition or quantum entanglement. + +By design paradigm + +Another way of classifying algorithms is by their design methodology or paradigm. There is a certain number of paradigms, each different from the other. Furthermore, each of these categories includes many different types of algorithms. Some common paradigms are: + +Brute-force or exhaustive search + Brute force is a method of problem-solving that involves systematically trying every possible option until the optimal solution is found. This approach can be very time consuming, as it requires going through every possible combination of variables. However, it is often used when other methods are not available or too complex. Brute force can be used to solve a variety of problems, including finding the shortest path between two points and cracking passwords. +Divide and conquer + A divide-and-conquer algorithm repeatedly reduces an instance of a problem to one or more smaller instances of the same problem (usually recursively) until the instances are small enough to solve easily. One such example of divide and conquer is merge sorting. Sorting can be done on each segment of data after dividing data into segments and sorting of entire data can be obtained in the conquer phase by merging the segments. A simpler variant of divide and conquer is called a decrease-and-conquer algorithm, which solves an identical subproblem and uses the solution of this subproblem to solve the bigger problem. Divide and conquer divides the problem into multiple subproblems and so the conquer stage is more complex than decrease and conquer algorithms. An example of a decrease and conquer algorithm is the binary search algorithm. +Search and enumeration + Many problems (such as playing chess) can be modeled as problems on graphs. A graph exploration algorithm specifies rules for moving around a graph and is useful for such problems. This category also includes search algorithms, branch and bound enumeration and backtracking. +Randomized algorithm + Such algorithms make some choices randomly (or pseudo-randomly). They can be very useful in finding approximate solutions for problems where finding exact solutions can be impractical (see heuristic method below). For some of these problems, it is known that the fastest approximations must involve some randomness.[79] Whether randomized algorithms with polynomial time complexity can be the fastest algorithms for some problems is an open question known as the P versus NP problem. There are two large classes of such algorithms: + + Monte Carlo algorithms return a correct answer with high-probability. E.g. RP is the subclass of these that run in polynomial time. + Las Vegas algorithms always return the correct answer, but their running time is only probabilistically bound, e.g. ZPP. + +Reduction of complexity + This technique involves solving a difficult problem by transforming it into a better-known problem for which we have (hopefully) asymptotically optimal algorithms. The goal is to find a reducing algorithm whose complexity is not dominated by the resulting reduced algorithm's. For example, one selection algorithm for finding the median in an unsorted list involves first sorting the list (the expensive portion) and then pulling out the middle element in the sorted list (the cheap portion). This technique is also known as transform and conquer. +Back tracking + In this approach, multiple solutions are built incrementally and abandoned when it is determined that they cannot lead to a valid full solution. + +Optimization problems + +For optimization problems there is a more specific classification of algorithms; an algorithm for such problems may fall into one or more of the general categories described above as well as into one of the following: + +Linear programming + When searching for optimal solutions to a linear function bound to linear equality and inequality constraints, the constraints of the problem can be used directly in producing the optimal solutions. There are algorithms that can solve any problem in this category, such as the popular simplex algorithm.[80] Problems that can be solved with linear programming include the maximum flow problem for directed graphs. If a problem additionally requires that one or more of the unknowns must be an integer then it is classified in integer programming. A linear programming algorithm can solve such a problem if it can be proved that all restrictions for integer values are superficial, i.e., the solutions satisfy these restrictions anyway. In the general case, a specialized algorithm or an algorithm that finds approximate solutions is used, depending on the difficulty of the problem. +Dynamic programming + When a problem shows optimal substructures—meaning the optimal solution to a problem can be constructed from optimal solutions to subproblems—and overlapping subproblems, meaning the same subproblems are used to solve many different problem instances, a quicker approach called dynamic programming avoids recomputing solutions that have already been computed. For example, Floyd–Warshall algorithm, the shortest path to a goal from a vertex in a weighted graph can be found by using the shortest path to the goal from all adjacent vertices. Dynamic programming and memoization go together. The main difference between dynamic programming and divide and conquer is that subproblems are more or less independent in divide and conquer, whereas subproblems overlap in dynamic programming. The difference between dynamic programming and straightforward recursion is in caching or memoization of recursive calls. When subproblems are independent and there is no repetition, memoization does not help; hence dynamic programming is not a solution for all complex problems. By using memoization or maintaining a table of subproblems already solved, dynamic programming reduces the exponential nature of many problems to polynomial complexity. +The greedy method + A greedy algorithm is similar to a dynamic programming algorithm in that it works by examining substructures, in this case not of the problem but of a given solution. Such algorithms start with some solution, which may be given or have been constructed in some way, and improve it by making small modifications. For some problems they can find the optimal solution while for others they stop at local optima, that is, at solutions that cannot be improved by the algorithm but are not optimum. The most popular use of greedy algorithms is for finding the minimal spanning tree where finding the optimal solution is possible with this method. Huffman Tree, Kruskal, Prim, Sollin are greedy algorithms that can solve this optimization problem. +The heuristic method + In optimization problems, heuristic algorithms can be used to find a solution close to the optimal solution in cases where finding the optimal solution is impractical. These algorithms work by getting closer and closer to the optimal solution as they progress. In principle, if run for an infinite amount of time, they will find the optimal solution. Their merit is that they can find a solution very close to the optimal solution in a relatively short time. Such algorithms include local search, tabu search, simulated annealing, and genetic algorithms. Some of them, like simulated annealing, are non-deterministic algorithms while others, like tabu search, are deterministic. When a bound on the error of the non-optimal solution is known, the algorithm is further categorized as an approximation algorithm. + +By field of study + +This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) +See also: List of algorithms + +Every field of science has its own problems and needs efficient algorithms. Related problems in one field are often studied together. Some example classes are search algorithms, sorting algorithms, merge algorithms, numerical algorithms, graph algorithms, string algorithms, computational geometric algorithms, combinatorial algorithms, medical algorithms, machine learning, cryptography, data compression algorithms and parsing techniques. + +Fields tend to overlap with each other, and algorithm advances in one field may improve those of other, sometimes completely unrelated, fields. For example, dynamic programming was invented for optimization of resource consumption in industry but is now used in solving a broad range of problems in many fields. +By complexity + +This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) +See also: Complexity class and Parameterized complexity + +Algorithms can be classified by the amount of time they need to complete compared to their input size: + + Constant time: if the time needed by the algorithm is the same, regardless of the input size. E.g. an access to an array element. + Logarithmic time: if the time is a logarithmic function of the input size. E.g. binary search algorithm. + Linear time: if the time is proportional to the input size. E.g. the traverse of a list. + Polynomial time: if the time is a power of the input size. E.g. the bubble sort algorithm has quadratic time complexity. + Exponential time: if the time is an exponential function of the input size. E.g. Brute-force search. + +Some problems may have multiple algorithms of differing complexity, while other problems might have no algorithms or no known efficient algorithms. There are also mappings from some problems to other problems. Owing to this, it was found to be more suitable to classify the problems themselves instead of the algorithms into equivalence classes based on the complexity of the best possible algorithms for them. +Continuous algorithms + +The adjective "continuous" when applied to the word "algorithm" can mean: + + An algorithm operating on data that represents continuous quantities, even though this data is represented by discrete approximations—such algorithms are studied in numerical analysis; or + An algorithm in the form of a differential equation that operates continuously on the data, running on an analog computer.[81] + +Algorithm = Logic + Control + +In logic programming, an algorithm is viewed as having both "a logic component, which specifies the knowledge to be used in solving problems, and a control component, which determines the problem-solving strategies by means of which that knowledge is used."[82] + +The Euclidean algorithm illustrates this view of an algorithm. [83][84] Here, in typical logic programming style, the function gcd(A, B) = C is represented as a relation gcd(A, B, C): + +gcd(A, A, A) :- A > 0. + +gcd(A, B, C) :- A > B, gcd(A-B, B, C). + +gcd(A, B, C) :- B > A, gcd(A, B-A, C). + +These sentences have a purely logical (and "declarative") reading, as a recursive (or inductive) definition, which is independent of how the logic is used to solve problems: + + The gcd of A and A is A. + The gcd of A and B is C, if A > B, and the gcd of A-B and B is C. + The gcd of A and B is C, if B > A, and the gcd of A and B-A is C. + +Different problem-solving strategies turn the logic into different algorithms. In particular, backward reasoning using SLD resolution, turns the logic into the following version of the Euclidean algorithm: + +To find the gcd C of two given numbers A and B: + +If A = B, then C = A. + +If A is greater than B, then find the gcd of A-B and B, which is C. + +If B is greater than A, then find the gcd of A and B-A, which is C. + +However, to implement the algorithm in the logic programming language Prolog, the embedded subtractions, A-B and B-A, have to be extracted and written as separate conditions: + +gcd(A, A, A) :- A > 0. + +gcd(A, B, C) :- A > B, A' is A - B, gcd(A', B, C). + +gcd(A, B, C) :- B > A, B' is B - A, gcd(A, B, C). + +Other problem solving strategies can also be used for the same logic. In theory, given a pair of integers A and B, forward reasoning could be used to generate all instances of the gcd relation, terminating when the desired gcd of A and B is generated. Of course, forward reasoning is entirely useless in this example. But in other cases, as in the definition of the Fibonacci sequence[82] and as in Datalog, forward reasoning can be an efficient problem solving strategy. + +One of the advantages of the logic programming representation of the algorithm is that its purely logical reading makes it easier to verify that the algorithm is correct relative to the standard non-recursive definition of gcd.[83] Here is the standard definition written in Prolog: + +gcd(A, B, C) :- + divides(C, A), + divides(C, B), + forall((divides(D, A), divides(D, B)), D =< C). + + divides(C, Number) :- + between(1, Number, C), + 0 is Number mod C. + +This definition, which is the specification of the Euclidean algorithm, is also executable in Prolog: Backward reasoning treats the specification as the brute-force algorithm that iterates through all of the integers C between 1 and A, checking whether C divides both A and B, and then for each such C iterates again through all of the integers D between 1 and A, until it finds a C such that C is greater than or equal to all of the D that also divide both A and B. Although this algorithm is hopelessly inefficient, it shows that formal specifications can often be written in logic programming form, and they can be executed by Prolog, to check that they correctly represent informal requirements. +Legal issues + +This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) +See also: Software patent + +Algorithms, by themselves, are not usually patentable. In the United States, a claim consisting solely of simple manipulations of abstract concepts, numbers, or signals does not constitute "processes" (USPTO 2006), and hence algorithms are not patentable (as in Gottschalk v. Benson). However practical applications of algorithms are sometimes patentable. For example, in Diamond v. Diehr, the application of a simple feedback algorithm to aid in the curing of synthetic rubber was deemed patentable. The patenting of software is highly controversial, and there are highly criticized patents involving algorithms, especially data compression algorithms, such as Unisys' LZW patent. + +Additionally, some cryptographic algorithms have export restrictions (see export of cryptography). +History: Development of the notion of "algorithm" +Ancient Near East + +The earliest evidence of algorithms is found in the Babylonian mathematics of ancient Mesopotamia (modern Iraq). A Sumerian clay tablet found in Shuruppak near Baghdad and dated to c. 2500 BC described the earliest division algorithm.[11] During the Hammurabi dynasty c. 1800 – c. 1600 BC, Babylonian clay tablets described algorithms for computing formulas.[85] Algorithms were also used in Babylonian astronomy. Babylonian clay tablets describe and employ algorithmic procedures to compute the time and place of significant astronomical events.[86] + +Algorithms for arithmetic are also found in ancient Egyptian mathematics, dating back to the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus c. 1550 BC.[11] Algorithms were later used in ancient Hellenistic mathematics. Two examples are the Sieve of Eratosthenes, which was described in the Introduction to Arithmetic by Nicomachus,[87][14]: Ch 9.2  and the Euclidean algorithm, which was first described in Euclid's Elements (c. 300 BC).[14]: Ch 9.1  +Discrete and distinguishable symbols + +Tally-marks: To keep track of their flocks, their sacks of grain and their money the ancients used tallying: accumulating stones or marks scratched on sticks or making discrete symbols in clay. Through the Babylonian and Egyptian use of marks and symbols, eventually Roman numerals and the abacus evolved (Dilson, p. 16–41). Tally marks appear prominently in unary numeral system arithmetic used in Turing machine and Post–Turing machine computations. +Manipulation of symbols as "place holders" for numbers: algebra + +Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī, a Persian mathematician, wrote the Al-jabr in the 9th century. The terms "algorism" and "algorithm" are derived from the name al-Khwārizmī, while the term "algebra" is derived from the book Al-jabr. In Europe, the word "algorithm" was originally used to refer to the sets of rules and techniques used by Al-Khwarizmi to solve algebraic equations, before later being generalized to refer to any set of rules or techniques.[88] This eventually culminated in Leibniz's notion of the calculus ratiocinator (c. 1680): + + A good century and a half ahead of his time, Leibniz proposed an algebra of logic, an algebra that would specify the rules for manipulating logical concepts in the manner that ordinary algebra specifies the rules for manipulating numbers.[89] + +Cryptographic algorithms + +The first cryptographic algorithm for deciphering encrypted code was developed by Al-Kindi, a 9th-century Arab mathematician, in A Manuscript On Deciphering Cryptographic Messages. He gave the first description of cryptanalysis by frequency analysis, the earliest codebreaking algorithm.[15] +Mechanical contrivances with discrete states + +The clock: Bolter credits the invention of the weight-driven clock as "The key invention [of Europe in the Middle Ages]", in particular, the verge escapement[90] that provides us with the tick and tock of a mechanical clock. "The accurate automatic machine"[91] led immediately to "mechanical automata" beginning in the 13th century and finally to "computational machines"—the difference engine and analytical engines of Charles Babbage and Countess Ada Lovelace, mid-19th century.[92] Lovelace is credited with the first creation of an algorithm intended for processing on a computer—Babbage's analytical engine, the first device considered a real Turing-complete computer instead of just a calculator—and is sometimes called "history's first programmer" as a result, though a full implementation of Babbage's second device would not be realized until decades after her lifetime. + +Logical machines 1870 – Stanley Jevons' "logical abacus" and "logical machine": The technical problem was to reduce Boolean equations when presented in a form similar to what is now known as Karnaugh maps. Jevons (1880) describes first a simple "abacus" of "slips of wood furnished with pins, contrived so that any part or class of the [logical] combinations can be picked out mechanically ... More recently, however, I have reduced the system to a completely mechanical form, and have thus embodied the whole of the indirect process of inference in what may be called a Logical Machine" His machine came equipped with "certain moveable wooden rods" and "at the foot are 21 keys like those of a piano [etc.] ...". With this machine he could analyze a "syllogism or any other simple logical argument".[93] + +This machine he displayed in 1870 before the Fellows of the Royal Society.[94] Another logician John Venn, however, in his 1881 Symbolic Logic, turned a jaundiced eye to this effort: "I have no high estimate myself of the interest or importance of what are sometimes called logical machines ... it does not seem to me that any contrivances at present known or likely to be discovered really deserve the name of logical machines"; see more at Algorithm characterizations. But not to be outdone he too presented "a plan somewhat analogous, I apprehend, to Prof. Jevon's abacus ... [And] [a]gain, corresponding to Prof. Jevons's logical machine, the following contrivance may be described. I prefer to call it merely a logical-diagram machine ... but I suppose that it could do very completely all that can be rationally expected of any logical machine".[95] + +Jacquard loom, Hollerith punch cards, telegraphy and telephony – the electromechanical relay: Bell and Newell (1971) indicate that the Jacquard loom (1801), precursor to Hollerith cards (punch cards, 1887), and "telephone switching technologies" were the roots of a tree leading to the development of the first computers.[96] By the mid-19th century the telegraph, the precursor of the telephone, was in use throughout the world, its discrete and distinguishable encoding of letters as "dots and dashes" a common sound. By the late 19th century the ticker tape (c. 1870s) was in use, as was the use of Hollerith cards in the 1890 U.S. census. Then came the teleprinter (c. 1910) with its punched-paper use of Baudot code on tape. + +Telephone-switching networks of electromechanical relays (invented 1835) was behind the work of George Stibitz (1937), the inventor of the digital adding device. As he worked in Bell Laboratories, he observed the "burdensome' use of mechanical calculators with gears. "He went home one evening in 1937 intending to test his idea... When the tinkering was over, Stibitz had constructed a binary adding device".[97] + +The mathematician Martin Davis observes the particular importance of the electromechanical relay (with its two "binary states" open and closed): + + It was only with the development, beginning in the 1930s, of electromechanical calculators using electrical relays, that machines were built having the scope Babbage had envisioned."[98] + +Mathematics during the 19th century up to the mid-20th century + +Symbols and rules: In rapid succession, the mathematics of George Boole (1847, 1854), Gottlob Frege (1879), and Giuseppe Peano (1888–1889) reduced arithmetic to a sequence of symbols manipulated by rules. Peano's The principles of arithmetic, presented by a new method (1888) was "the first attempt at an axiomatization of mathematics in a symbolic language".[99] + +But Heijenoort gives Frege (1879) this kudos: Frege's is "perhaps the most important single work ever written in logic. ... in which we see a "'formula language', that is a lingua characterica, a language written with special symbols, "for pure thought", that is, free from rhetorical embellishments ... constructed from specific symbols that are manipulated according to definite rules".[100] The work of Frege was further simplified and amplified by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell in their Principia Mathematica (1910–1913). + +The paradoxes: At the same time a number of disturbing paradoxes appeared in the literature, in particular, the Burali-Forti paradox (1897), the Russell paradox (1902–03), and the Richard Paradox.[101] The resultant considerations led to Kurt Gödel's paper (1931)—he specifically cites the paradox of the liar—that completely reduces rules of recursion to numbers. + +Effective calculability: In an effort to solve the Entscheidungsproblem defined precisely by Hilbert in 1928, mathematicians first set about to define what was meant by an "effective method" or "effective calculation" or "effective calculability" (i.e., a calculation that would succeed). In rapid succession the following appeared: Alonzo Church, Stephen Kleene and J.B. Rosser's λ-calculus[102] a finely honed definition of "general recursion" from the work of Gödel acting on suggestions of Jacques Herbrand (cf. Gödel's Princeton lectures of 1934) and subsequent simplifications by Kleene.[103] Church's proof[104] that the Entscheidungsproblem was unsolvable, Emil Post's definition of effective calculability as a worker mindlessly following a list of instructions to move left or right through a sequence of rooms and while there either mark or erase a paper or observe the paper and make a yes-no decision about the next instruction.[105] Alan Turing's proof of that the Entscheidungsproblem was unsolvable by use of his "a- [automatic-] machine"[106]—in effect almost identical to Post's "formulation", J. Barkley Rosser's definition of "effective method" in terms of "a machine".[107] Kleene's proposal of a precursor to "Church thesis" that he called "Thesis I",[108] and a few years later Kleene's renaming his Thesis "Church's Thesis"[109] and proposing "Turing's Thesis".[110] +Emil Post (1936) and Alan Turing (1936–37, 1939) + +Emil Post (1936) described the actions of a "computer" (human being) as follows: + + "...two concepts are involved: that of a symbol space in which the work leading from problem to answer is to be carried out, and a fixed unalterable set of directions. + +His symbol space would be + + "a two-way infinite sequence of spaces or boxes ... The problem solver or worker is to move and work in this symbol space, being capable of being in, and operating in but one box at a time. ... a box is to admit of but two possible conditions, i.e., being empty or unmarked, and having a single mark in it, say a vertical stroke. + + "One box is to be singled out and called the starting point. ... a specific problem is to be given in symbolic form by a finite number of boxes [i.e., INPUT] being marked with a stroke. Likewise, the answer [i.e., OUTPUT] is to be given in symbolic form by such a configuration of marked boxes... + + "A set of directions applicable to a general problem sets up a deterministic process when applied to each specific problem. This process terminates only when it comes to the direction of type (C ) [i.e., STOP]".[111] See more at Post–Turing machine + +Alan Turing's statue at Bletchley Park + +Alan Turing's work[112] preceded that of Stibitz (1937); it is unknown whether Stibitz knew of the work of Turing. Turing's biographer believed that Turing's use of a typewriter-like model derived from a youthful interest: "Alan had dreamt of inventing typewriters as a boy; Mrs. Turing had a typewriter, and he could well have begun by asking himself what was meant by calling a typewriter 'mechanical'".[113] Given the prevalence at the time of Morse code, telegraphy, ticker tape machines, and teletypewriters, it is quite possible that all were influences on Turing during his youth. + +Turing—his model of computation is now called a Turing machine—begins, as did Post, with an analysis of a human computer that he whittles down to a simple set of basic motions and "states of mind". But he continues a step further and creates a machine as a model of computation of numbers.[114] + + "Computing is normally done by writing certain symbols on paper. We may suppose this paper is divided into squares like a child's arithmetic book...I assume then that the computation is carried out on one-dimensional paper, i.e., on a tape divided into squares. I shall also suppose that the number of symbols which may be printed is finite... + + "The behavior of the computer at any moment is determined by the symbols which he is observing, and his "state of mind" at that moment. We may suppose that there is a bound B to the number of symbols or squares that the computer can observe at one moment. If he wishes to observe more, he must use successive observations. We will also suppose that the number of states of mind which need be taken into account is finite... + + "Let us imagine that the operations performed by the computer to be split up into 'simple operations' which are so elementary that it is not easy to imagine them further divided."[115] + +Turing's reduction yields the following: + + "The simple operations must therefore include: + + "(a) Changes of the symbol on one of the observed squares + "(b) Changes of one of the squares observed to another square within L squares of one of the previously observed squares. + +"It may be that some of these change necessarily invoke a change of state of mind. The most general single operation must, therefore, be taken to be one of the following: + + "(A) A possible change (a) of symbol together with a possible change of state of mind. + "(B) A possible change (b) of observed squares, together with a possible change of state of mind" + + "We may now construct a machine to do the work of this computer."[115] + +A few years later, Turing expanded his analysis (thesis, definition) with this forceful expression of it: + + "A function is said to be "effectively calculable" if its values can be found by some purely mechanical process. Though it is fairly easy to get an intuitive grasp of this idea, it is nevertheless desirable to have some more definite, mathematical expressible definition ... [he discusses the history of the definition pretty much as presented above with respect to Gödel, Herbrand, Kleene, Church, Turing, and Post] ... We may take this statement literally, understanding by a purely mechanical process one which could be carried out by a machine. It is possible to give a mathematical description, in a certain normal form, of the structures of these machines. The development of these ideas leads to the author's definition of a computable function, and to an identification of computability † with effective calculability... + + "† We shall use the expression "computable function" to mean a function calculable by a machine, and we let "effectively calculable" refer to the intuitive idea without particular identification with any one of these definitions".[116] + +J. B. Rosser (1939) and S. C. Kleene (1943) + +J. Barkley Rosser defined an "effective [mathematical] method" in the following manner (italicization added): + + "'Effective method' is used here in the rather special sense of a method each step of which is precisely determined and which is certain to produce the answer in a finite number of steps. With this special meaning, three different precise definitions have been given to date. [his footnote #5; see discussion immediately below]. The simplest of these to state (due to Post and Turing) says essentially that an effective method of solving certain sets of problems exists if one can build a machine which will then solve any problem of the set with no human intervention beyond inserting the question and (later) reading the answer. All three definitions are equivalent, so it doesn't matter which one is used. Moreover, the fact that all three are equivalent is a very strong argument for the correctness of any one." (Rosser 1939:225–226) + +Rosser's footnote No. 5 references the work of (1) Church and Kleene and their definition of λ-definability, in particular, Church's use of it in his An Unsolvable Problem of Elementary Number Theory (1936); (2) Herbrand and Gödel and their use of recursion, in particular, Gödel's use in his famous paper On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems I (1931); and (3) Post (1936) and Turing (1936–37) in their mechanism-models of computation. + +Stephen C. Kleene defined as his now-famous "Thesis I" known as the Church–Turing thesis. But he did this in the following context (boldface in original): + + "12. Algorithmic theories... In setting up a complete algorithmic theory, what we do is to describe a procedure, performable for each set of values of the independent variables, which procedure necessarily terminates and in such manner that from the outcome we can read a definite answer, "yes" or "no," to the question, "is the predicate value true?"" (Kleene 1943:273) + +History after 1950 + +A number of efforts have been directed toward further refinement of the definition of "algorithm", and activity is on-going because of issues surrounding, in particular, foundations of mathematics (especially the Church–Turing thesis) and philosophy of mind (especially arguments about artificial intelligence). For more, see Algorithm characterizations. +See also + + iconMathematics portal + + Abstract machine + ALGOL + Algorithm engineering + Algorithm characterizations + Algorithmic bias + Algorithmic composition + Algorithmic entities + Algorithmic synthesis + Algorithmic technique + Algorithmic topology + Garbage in, garbage out + Introduction to Algorithms (textbook) + Government by algorithm + List of algorithms + List of algorithm general topics + Regulation of algorithms + Theory of computation + Computability theory + Computational complexity theory + Computational mathematics + +Notes + +"Definition of ALGORITHM". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved November 14, 2019. +Blair, Ann, Duguid, Paul, Goeing, Anja-Silvia and Grafton, Anthony. Information: A Historical Companion, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2021. p. 247 +David A. Grossman, Ophir Frieder, Information Retrieval: Algorithms and Heuristics, 2nd edition, 2004, ISBN 1402030045 +"Any classical mathematical algorithm, for example, can be described in a finite number of English words" (Rogers 1987:2). +Well defined with respect to the agent that executes the algorithm: "There is a computing agent, usually human, which can react to the instructions and carry out the computations" (Rogers 1987:2). +"an algorithm is a procedure for computing a function (with respect to some chosen notation for integers) ... this limitation (to numerical functions) results in no loss of generality", (Rogers 1987:1). +"An algorithm has zero or more inputs, i.e., quantities which are given to it initially before the algorithm begins" (Knuth 1973:5). +"A procedure which has all the characteristics of an algorithm except that it possibly lacks finiteness may be called a 'computational method'" (Knuth 1973:5). +"An algorithm has one or more outputs, i.e. quantities which have a specified relation to the inputs" (Knuth 1973:5). +Whether or not a process with random interior processes (not including the input) is an algorithm is debatable. Rogers opines that: "a computation is carried out in a discrete stepwise fashion, without the use of continuous methods or analogue devices ... carried forward deterministically, without resort to random methods or devices, e.g., dice" (Rogers 1987:2). +Chabert, Jean-Luc (2012). A History of Algorithms: From the Pebble to the Microchip. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 7–8. ISBN 9783642181924. +Sriram, M. S. (2005). "Algorithms in Indian Mathematics". In Emch, Gerard G.; Sridharan, R.; Srinivas, M. D. (eds.). Contributions to the History of Indian Mathematics. Springer. p. 153. ISBN 978-93-86279-25-5. +Hayashi, T. (2023, January 1). Brahmagupta. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Brahmagupta +Cooke, Roger L. (2005). The History of Mathematics: A Brief Course. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-46029-0. +Dooley, John F. (2013). A Brief History of Cryptology and Cryptographic Algorithms. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 12–3. ISBN 9783319016283. +Burnett, Charles (2017). "Arabic Numerals". In Thomas F. Glick (ed.). Routledge Revivals: Medieval Science, Technology and Medicine (2006): An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-351-67617-5. Archived from the original on March 28, 2023. Retrieved May 5, 2019. +"algorism". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) +Brezina, Corona (2006). Al-Khwarizmi: The Inventor Of Algebra. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4042-0513-0. +"Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi". members.peak.org. Archived from the original on August 21, 2019. Retrieved November 14, 2019. +Mehri, Bahman (2017). "From Al-Khwarizmi to Algorithm". Olympiads in Informatics. 11 (2): 71–74. doi:10.15388/ioi.2017.special.11. +"algorismic". The Free Dictionary. Archived from the original on December 21, 2019. Retrieved November 14, 2019. +Blount, Thomas (1656). Glossographia or a Dictionary... London: Humphrey Moseley and George Sawbridge. +Phillips, Edward (1658). The new world of English words, or, A general dictionary containing the interpretations of such hard words as are derived from other languages... +Phillips, Edward; Kersey, John (1706). The new world of words: or, Universal English dictionary. Containing an account of the original or proper sense, and various significations of all hard words derived from other languages ... Together with a brief and plain explication of all terms relating to any of the arts and sciences ... to which is added, the interpretation of proper names. Printed for J. Phillips etc. +Fenning, Daniel (1751). The young algebraist's companion, or, A new & easy guide to algebra; introduced by the doctrine of vulgar fractions: designed for the use of schools ... illustrated with variety of numerical & literal examples ... Printed for G. Keith & J. Robinson. p. xi. +The Electric Review 1811-07: Vol 7. Open Court Publishing Co. July 1811. p. [1]. "Yet it wants a new algorithm, a compendious method by which the theorems may be established without ambiguity and circumlocution, [...]" +"algorithm". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) +Already 1684, in Nova Methodus pro Maximis et Minimis, Leibnitz used the Latin term "algorithmo". +Kleene 1943 in Davis 1965:274 +Rosser 1939 in Davis 1965:225 +Stone 1973:4 +Simanowski, Roberto (2018). The Death Algorithm and Other Digital Dilemmas. Untimely Meditations. Vol. 14. Translated by Chase, Jefferson. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. p. 147. ISBN 9780262536370. Archived from the original on December 22, 2019. Retrieved May 27, 2019. "[...] the next level of abstraction of central bureaucracy: globally operating algorithms." +Dietrich, Eric (1999). "Algorithm". In Wilson, Robert Andrew; Keil, Frank C. (eds.). The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences. MIT Cognet library. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press (published 2001). p. 11. ISBN 9780262731447. Retrieved July 22, 2020. "An algorithm is a recipe, method, or technique for doing something." +Stone requires that "it must terminate in a finite number of steps" (Stone 1973:7–8). +Boolos and Jeffrey 1974,1999:19 +cf Stone 1972:5 +Knuth 1973:7 states: "In practice, we not only want algorithms, but we also want good algorithms ... one criterion of goodness is the length of time taken to perform the algorithm ... other criteria are the adaptability of the algorithm to computers, its simplicity, and elegance, etc." +cf Stone 1973:6 +Stone 1973:7–8 states that there must be, "...a procedure that a robot [i.e., computer] can follow in order to determine precisely how to obey the instruction". Stone adds finiteness of the process, and definiteness (having no ambiguity in the instructions) to this definition. +Knuth, loc. cit +Minsky 1967, p. 105 +Gurevich 2000:1, 3 +Sipser 2006:157 +Goodrich, Michael T.; Tamassia, Roberto (2002). Algorithm Design: Foundations, Analysis, and Internet Examples. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-38365-9. Archived from the original on April 28, 2015. Retrieved June 14, 2018. +Knuth 1973:7 +Chaitin 2005:32 +Rogers 1987:1–2 +In his essay "Calculations by Man and Machine: Conceptual Analysis" Seig 2002:390 credits this distinction to Robin Gandy, cf Wilfred Seig, et al., 2002 Reflections on the foundations of mathematics: Essays in honor of Solomon Feferman, Association for Symbolic Logic, A.K. Peters Ltd, Natick, MA. +cf Gandy 1980:126, Robin Gandy Church's Thesis and Principles for Mechanisms appearing on pp. 123–148 in J. Barwise et al. 1980 The Kleene Symposium, North-Holland Publishing Company. +A "robot": "A computer is a robot that performs any task that can be described as a sequence of instructions." cf Stone 1972:3 +Lambek's "abacus" is a "countably infinite number of locations (holes, wires, etc.) together with an unlimited supply of counters (pebbles, beads, etc.). The locations are distinguishable, the counters are not". The holes have unlimited capacity, and standing by is an agent who understands and is able to carry out the list of instructions" (Lambek 1961:295). Lambek references Melzak who defines his Q-machine as "an indefinitely large number of locations ... an indefinitely large supply of counters distributed among these locations, a program, and an operator whose sole purpose is to carry out the program" (Melzak 1961:283). B-B-J (loc. cit.) add the stipulation that the holes are "capable of holding any number of stones" (p. 46). Both Melzak and Lambek appear in The Canadian Mathematical Bulletin, vol. 4, no. 3, September 1961. +If no confusion results, the word "counters" can be dropped, and a location can be said to contain a single "number". +"We say that an instruction is effective if there is a procedure that the robot can follow in order to determine precisely how to obey the instruction." (Stone 1972:6) +cf Minsky 1967: Chapter 11 "Computer models" and Chapter 14 "Very Simple Bases for Computability" pp. 255–281, in particular, +cf Knuth 1973:3. +But always preceded by IF-THEN to avoid improper subtraction. +Knuth 1973:4 +Stone 1972:5. Methods for extracting roots are not trivial: see Methods of computing square roots. +Leeuwen, Jan (1990). Handbook of Theoretical Computer Science: Algorithms and complexity. Volume A. Elsevier. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-444-88071-0. +John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz 1985 Back to Basic: The History, Corruption, and Future of the Language, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. Reading, MA, ISBN 0-201-13433-0. +Tausworthe 1977:101 +Tausworthe 1977:142 +Knuth 1973 section 1.2.1, expanded by Tausworthe 1977 at pages 100ff and Chapter 9.1 +cf Tausworthe 1977 +Heath 1908:300; Hawking's Dover 2005 edition derives from Heath. +" 'Let CD, measuring BF, leave FA less than itself.' This is a neat abbreviation for saying, measure along BA successive lengths equal to CD until a point F is reached such that the length FA remaining is less than CD; in other words, let BF be the largest exact multiple of CD contained in BA" (Heath 1908:297) +For modern treatments using division in the algorithm, see Hardy and Wright 1979:180, Knuth 1973:2 (Volume 1), plus more discussion of Euclid's algorithm in Knuth 1969:293–297 (Volume 2). +Euclid covers this question in his Proposition 1. +"Euclid's Elements, Book VII, Proposition 2". Aleph0.clarku.edu. Archived from the original on May 24, 2012. Retrieved May 20, 2012. +While this notion is in widespread use, it cannot be defined precisely. +Knuth 1973:13–18. He credits "the formulation of algorithm-proving in terms of assertions and induction" to R W. Floyd, Peter Naur, C.A.R. Hoare, H.H. Goldstine and J. von Neumann. Tausworth 1977 borrows Knuth's Euclid example and extends Knuth's method in section 9.1 Formal Proofs (pp. 288–298). +Tausworthe 1997:294 +cf Knuth 1973:7 (Vol. I), and his more-detailed analyses on pp. 1969:294–313 (Vol II). +Breakdown occurs when an algorithm tries to compact itself. Success would solve the Halting problem. +Kriegel, Hans-Peter; Schubert, Erich; Zimek, Arthur (2016). "The (black) art of run-time evaluation: Are we comparing algorithms or implementations?". Knowledge and Information Systems. 52 (2): 341–378. doi:10.1007/s10115-016-1004-2. ISSN 0219-1377. S2CID 40772241. +Gillian Conahan (January 2013). "Better Math Makes Faster Data Networks". discovermagazine.com. Archived from the original on May 13, 2014. Retrieved May 13, 2014. +Haitham Hassanieh, Piotr Indyk, Dina Katabi, and Eric Price, "ACM-SIAM Symposium On Discrete Algorithms (SODA) Archived July 4, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Kyoto, January 2012. See also the sFFT Web Page Archived February 21, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. +Kellerer, Hans; Pferschy, Ulrich; Pisinger, David (2004). Knapsack Problems | Hans Kellerer | Springer. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-24777-7. ISBN 978-3-540-40286-2. S2CID 28836720. Archived from the original on October 18, 2017. Retrieved September 19, 2017. +For instance, the volume of a convex polytope (described using a membership oracle) can be approximated to high accuracy by a randomized polynomial time algorithm, but not by a deterministic one: see Dyer, Martin; Frieze, Alan; Kannan, Ravi (January 1991). "A Random Polynomial-time Algorithm for Approximating the Volume of Convex Bodies". J. ACM. 38 (1): 1–17. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.145.4600. doi:10.1145/102782.102783. S2CID 13268711. +George B. Dantzig and Mukund N. Thapa. 2003. Linear Programming 2: Theory and Extensions. Springer-Verlag. +Tsypkin (1971). Adaptation and learning in automatic systems. Academic Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-08-095582-7. +Kowalski, Robert (1979). "Algorithm=Logic+Control". Communications of the ACM. 22 (7): 424–436. doi:10.1145/359131.359136. S2CID 2509896. +Warren, D.S., 2023. Writing correct prolog programs. In Prolog: The Next 50 Years (pp. 62-70). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. +Kowalski, R., Dávila, J., Sartor, G. and Calejo, M., 2023. Logical English for law and education. In Prolog: The Next 50 Years (pp. 287–299). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. +Knuth, Donald E. (1972). "Ancient Babylonian Algorithms" (PDF). Commun. ACM. 15 (7): 671–677. doi:10.1145/361454.361514. ISSN 0001-0782. S2CID 7829945. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 24, 2012. +Aaboe, Asger (2001). Episodes from the Early History of Astronomy. New York: Springer. pp. 40–62. ISBN 978-0-387-95136-2. +Ast, Courtney. "Eratosthenes". Wichita State University: Department of Mathematics and Statistics. Archived from the original on February 27, 2015. Retrieved February 27, 2015. +Chabert, Jean-Luc (2012). A History of Algorithms: From the Pebble to the Microchip. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 2. ISBN 9783642181924. +Davis 2000:18 +Bolter 1984:24 +Bolter 1984:26 +Bolter 1984:33–34, 204–206. +All quotes from W. Stanley Jevons 1880 Elementary Lessons in Logic: Deductive and Inductive, Macmillan and Co., London and New York. Republished as a googlebook; cf Jevons 1880:199–201. Louis Couturat 1914 the Algebra of Logic, The Open Court Publishing Company, Chicago and London. Republished as a googlebook; cf Couturat 1914:75–76 gives a few more details; he compares this to a typewriter as well as a piano. Jevons states that the account is to be found at January 20, 1870 The Proceedings of the Royal Society. +Jevons 1880:199–200 +All quotes from John Venn 1881 Symbolic Logic, Macmillan and Co., London. Republished as a googlebook. cf Venn 1881:120–125. The interested reader can find a deeper explanation in those pages. +Bell and Newell diagram 1971:39, cf. Davis 2000 +* Melina Hill, Valley News Correspondent, A Tinkerer Gets a Place in History, Valley News West Lebanon NH, Thursday, March 31, 1983, p. 13. +Davis 2000:14 +van Heijenoort 1967:81ff +van Heijenoort's commentary on Frege's Begriffsschrift, a formula language, modeled upon that of arithmetic, for pure thought in van Heijenoort 1967:1 +Dixon 1906, cf. Kleene 1952:36–40 +cf. footnote in Alonzo Church 1936a in Davis 1965:90 and 1936b in Davis 1965:110 +Kleene 1935–6 in Davis 1965:237ff, Kleene 1943 in Davis 1965:255ff +Church 1936 in Davis 1965:88ff +cf. "Finite Combinatory Processes – formulation 1", Post 1936 in Davis 1965:289–290 +Turing 1936–37 in Davis 1965:116ff +Rosser 1939 in Davis 1965:226 +Kleene 1943 in Davis 1965:273–274 +Kleene 1952:300, 317 +Kleene 1952:376 +Turing 1936–37 in Davis 1965:289–290 +Turing 1936 in Davis 1965, Turing 1939 in Davis 1965:160 +Hodges, p. 96 +Turing 1936–37:116 +Turing 1936–37 in Davis 1965:136 + + Turing 1939 in Davis 1965:160 + +Bibliography + + Axt, P (1959). "On a Subrecursive Hierarchy and Primitive Recursive Degrees". Transactions of the American Mathematical Society. 92 (1): 85–105. doi:10.2307/1993169. JSTOR 1993169. + Bell, C. Gordon and Newell, Allen (1971), Computer Structures: Readings and Examples, McGraw–Hill Book Company, New York. ISBN 0-07-004357-4. + Blass, Andreas; Gurevich, Yuri (2003). "Algorithms: A Quest for Absolute Definitions" (PDF). Bulletin of European Association for Theoretical Computer Science. 81. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Includes a bibliography of 56 references. + Bolter, David J. (1984). Turing's Man: Western Culture in the Computer Age (1984 ed.). Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-1564-9., ISBN 0-8078-4108-0 + Boolos, George; Jeffrey, Richard (1999) [1974]. Computability and Logic (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press, London. ISBN 978-0-521-20402-6.: cf. Chapter 3 Turing machines where they discuss "certain enumerable sets not effectively (mechanically) enumerable". + Burgin, Mark (2004). Super-Recursive Algorithms. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-95569-8. + Campagnolo, M.L., Moore, C., and Costa, J.F. (2000) An analog characterization of the subrecursive functions. In Proc. of the 4th Conference on Real Numbers and Computers, Odense University, pp. 91–109 + Church, Alonzo (1936). "An Unsolvable Problem of Elementary Number Theory". The American Journal of Mathematics. 58 (2): 345–363. doi:10.2307/2371045. JSTOR 2371045. Reprinted in The Undecidable, p. 89ff. The first expression of "Church's Thesis". See in particular page 100 (The Undecidable) where he defines the notion of "effective calculability" in terms of "an algorithm", and he uses the word "terminates", etc. + Church, Alonzo (1936). "A Note on the Entscheidungsproblem". The Journal of Symbolic Logic. 1 (1): 40–41. doi:10.2307/2269326. JSTOR 2269326. S2CID 42323521. Church, Alonzo (1936). "Correction to a Note on the Entscheidungsproblem". The Journal of Symbolic Logic. 1 (3): 101–102. doi:10.2307/2269030. JSTOR 2269030. S2CID 5557237. Reprinted in The Undecidable, p. 110ff. Church shows that the Entscheidungsproblem is unsolvable in about 3 pages of text and 3 pages of footnotes. + Daffa', Ali Abdullah al- (1977). The Muslim contribution to mathematics. London: Croom Helm. ISBN 978-0-85664-464-1. + Davis, Martin (1965). The Undecidable: Basic Papers On Undecidable Propositions, Unsolvable Problems and Computable Functions. New York: Raven Press. ISBN 978-0-486-43228-1. Davis gives commentary before each article. Papers of Gödel, Alonzo Church, Turing, Rosser, Kleene, and Emil Post are included; those cited in the article are listed here by author's name. + Davis, Martin (2000). Engines of Logic: Mathematicians and the Origin of the Computer. New York: W.W. Nortion. ISBN 978-0-393-32229-3. Davis offers concise biographies of Leibniz, Boole, Frege, Cantor, Hilbert, Gödel and Turing with von Neumann as the show-stealing villain. Very brief bios of Joseph-Marie Jacquard, Babbage, Ada Lovelace, Claude Shannon, Howard Aiken, etc. + Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from Paul E. Black. "algorithm". Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures. NIST. + Dean, Tim (2012). "Evolution and moral diversity". Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication. 7. doi:10.4148/biyclc.v7i0.1775. + Dennett, Daniel (1995). Darwin's Dangerous Idea. pp. 32–36. Bibcode:1996Cmplx...2a..32M. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0526(199609/10)2:1<32::AID-CPLX8>3.0.CO;2-H. ISBN 978-0-684-80290-9. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help) + Dilson, Jesse (2007). The Abacus ((1968, 1994) ed.). St. Martin's Press, NY. ISBN 978-0-312-10409-2., ISBN 0-312-10409-X + Yuri Gurevich, Sequential Abstract State Machines Capture Sequential Algorithms, ACM Transactions on Computational Logic, Vol 1, no 1 (July 2000), pp. 77–111. Includes bibliography of 33 sources. + van Heijenoort, Jean (2001). From Frege to Gödel, A Source Book in Mathematical Logic, 1879–1931 ((1967) ed.). Harvard University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-674-32449-7., 3rd edition 1976[?], ISBN 0-674-32449-8 (pbk.) + Hodges, Andrew (1983). Alan Turing: The Enigma. pp. 107–108. Bibcode:1984PhT....37k.107H. doi:10.1063/1.2915935. ISBN 978-0-671-49207-6. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help), ISBN 0-671-49207-1. Cf. Chapter "The Spirit of Truth" for a history leading to, and a discussion of, his proof. + Kleene, Stephen C. (1936). "General Recursive Functions of Natural Numbers". Mathematische Annalen. 112 (5): 727–742. doi:10.1007/BF01565439. S2CID 120517999. Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved September 30, 2013. Presented to the American Mathematical Society, September 1935. Reprinted in The Undecidable, p. 237ff. Kleene's definition of "general recursion" (known now as mu-recursion) was used by Church in his 1935 paper An Unsolvable Problem of Elementary Number Theory that proved the "decision problem" to be "undecidable" (i.e., a negative result). + Kleene, Stephen C. (1943). "Recursive Predicates and Quantifiers". Transactions of the American Mathematical Society. 53 (1): 41–73. doi:10.2307/1990131. JSTOR 1990131. Reprinted in The Undecidable, p. 255ff. Kleene refined his definition of "general recursion" and proceeded in his chapter "12. Algorithmic theories" to posit "Thesis I" (p. 274); he would later repeat this thesis (in Kleene 1952:300) and name it "Church's Thesis"(Kleene 1952:317) (i.e., the Church thesis). + Kleene, Stephen C. (1991) [1952]. Introduction to Metamathematics (Tenth ed.). North-Holland Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-7204-2103-3. + Knuth, Donald (1997). Fundamental Algorithms, Third Edition. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison–Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-89683-1. + Knuth, Donald (1969). Volume 2/Seminumerical Algorithms, The Art of Computer Programming First Edition. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison–Wesley. + Kosovsky, N.K. Elements of Mathematical Logic and its Application to the theory of Subrecursive Algorithms, LSU Publ., Leningrad, 1981 + Kowalski, Robert (1979). "Algorithm=Logic+Control". Communications of the ACM. 22 (7): 424–436. doi:10.1145/359131.359136. S2CID 2509896. + A.A. Markov (1954) Theory of algorithms. [Translated by Jacques J. Schorr-Kon and PST staff] Imprint Moscow, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1954 [i.e., Jerusalem, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, 1961; available from the Office of Technical Services, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Washington] Description 444 p. 28 cm. Added t.p. in Russian Translation of Works of the Mathematical Institute, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, v. 42. Original title: Teoriya algerifmov. [QA248.M2943 Dartmouth College library. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Office of Technical Services, number OTS 60-51085.] + Minsky, Marvin (1967). Computation: Finite and Infinite Machines (First ed.). Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. ISBN 978-0-13-165449-5. Minsky expands his "...idea of an algorithm – an effective procedure..." in chapter 5.1 Computability, Effective Procedures and Algorithms. Infinite machines. + Post, Emil (1936). "Finite Combinatory Processes, Formulation I". The Journal of Symbolic Logic. 1 (3): 103–105. doi:10.2307/2269031. JSTOR 2269031. S2CID 40284503. Reprinted in The Undecidable, pp. 289ff. Post defines a simple algorithmic-like process of a man writing marks or erasing marks and going from box to box and eventually halting, as he follows a list of simple instructions. This is cited by Kleene as one source of his "Thesis I", the so-called Church–Turing thesis. + Rogers, Hartley Jr. (1987). Theory of Recursive Functions and Effective Computability. The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-68052-3. + Rosser, J.B. (1939). "An Informal Exposition of Proofs of Godel's Theorem and Church's Theorem". Journal of Symbolic Logic. 4 (2): 53–60. doi:10.2307/2269059. JSTOR 2269059. S2CID 39499392. Reprinted in The Undecidable, p. 223ff. Herein is Rosser's famous definition of "effective method": "...a method each step of which is precisely predetermined and which is certain to produce the answer in a finite number of steps... a machine which will then solve any problem of the set with no human intervention beyond inserting the question and (later) reading the answer" (p. 225–226, The Undecidable) + Santos-Lang, Christopher (2014). "Moral Ecology Approaches to Machine Ethics" (PDF). In van Rysewyk, Simon; Pontier, Matthijs (eds.). Machine Medical Ethics. Intelligent Systems, Control and Automation: Science and Engineering. Vol. 74. Switzerland: Springer. pp. 111–127. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08108-3_8. ISBN 978-3-319-08107-6. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. + Scott, Michael L. (2009). Programming Language Pragmatics (3rd ed.). Morgan Kaufmann Publishers/Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-374514-9. + Sipser, Michael (2006). Introduction to the Theory of Computation. PWS Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-534-94728-6. + Sober, Elliott; Wilson, David Sloan (1998). Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674930469. + Stone, Harold S. (1972). Introduction to Computer Organization and Data Structures (1972 ed.). McGraw-Hill, New York. ISBN 978-0-07-061726-1. Cf. in particular the first chapter titled: Algorithms, Turing Machines, and Programs. His succinct informal definition: "...any sequence of instructions that can be obeyed by a robot, is called an algorithm" (p. 4). + Tausworthe, Robert C (1977). Standardized Development of Computer Software Part 1 Methods. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice–Hall, Inc. ISBN 978-0-13-842195-3. + Turing, Alan M. (1936–37). "On Computable Numbers, With An Application to the Entscheidungsproblem". Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. Series 2. 42: 230–265. doi:10.1112/plms/s2-42.1.230. S2CID 73712.. Corrections, ibid, vol. 43(1937) pp. 544–546. Reprinted in The Undecidable, p. 116ff. Turing's famous paper completed as a Master's dissertation while at King's College Cambridge UK. + Turing, Alan M. (1939). "Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals". Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. 45: 161–228. doi:10.1112/plms/s2-45.1.161. hdl:21.11116/0000-0001-91CE-3. Reprinted in The Undecidable, pp. 155ff. Turing's paper that defined "the oracle" was his PhD thesis while at Princeton. + United States Patent and Trademark Office (2006), 2106.02 **>Mathematical Algorithms: 2100 Patentability, Manual of Patent Examining Procedure (MPEP). Latest revision August 2006 + + Zaslavsky, C. (1970). Mathematics of the Yoruba People and of Their Neighbors in Southern Nigeria. The Two-Year College Mathematics Journal, 1(2), 76–99. https://doi.org/10.2307/3027363 + +Further reading + + Bellah, Robert Neelly (1985). Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25419-0. + Berlinski, David (2001). The Advent of the Algorithm: The 300-Year Journey from an Idea to the Computer. Harvest Books. ISBN 978-0-15-601391-8. + Chabert, Jean-Luc (1999). A History of Algorithms: From the Pebble to the Microchip. Springer Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-63369-3. + Thomas H. Cormen; Charles E. Leiserson; Ronald L. Rivest; Clifford Stein (2009). Introduction To Algorithms (3rd ed.). MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-03384-8. + Harel, David; Feldman, Yishai (2004). Algorithmics: The Spirit of Computing. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-321-11784-7. + Hertzke, Allen D.; McRorie, Chris (1998). "The Concept of Moral Ecology". In Lawler, Peter Augustine; McConkey, Dale (eds.). Community and Political Thought Today. Westport, CT: Praeger. + Knuth, Donald E. (2000). Selected Papers on Analysis of Algorithms. Stanford, California: Center for the Study of Language and Information. + Knuth, Donald E. (2010). Selected Papers on Design of Algorithms. Stanford, California: Center for the Study of Language and Information. + Wallach, Wendell; Allen, Colin (November 2008). Moral Machines: Teaching Robots Right from Wrong. US: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-537404-9. + Bleakley, Chris (2020). Poems that Solve Puzzles: The History and Science of Algorithms. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-885373-2. + +External links +Look up algorithm in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. +Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Algorithms +At Wikiversity, you can learn more and teach others about Algorithm at the Department of Algorithm +Wikimedia Commons has media related to Algorithms. + + "Algorithm". Encyclopedia of Mathematics. EMS Press. 2001 [1994]. + Algorithms at Curlie + Weisstein, Eric W. "Algorithm". MathWorld. + Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures – National Institute of Standards and Technology + +Algorithm repositories + + The Stony Brook Algorithm Repository – State University of New York at Stony Brook + Collected Algorithms of the ACM – Associations for Computing Machinery + The Stanford GraphBase – Stanford University + + + vte + +Industrial and applied mathematics + + vte + +Well-known computer science algorithms +Authority control Edit this at Wikidata +Categories: + + AlgorithmsMathematical logicTheoretical computer science + + This page was last edited on 23 August 2023, at 10:21 (UTC). + Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. + + Privacy policy + About Wikipedia + Disclaimers + Contact Wikipedia + Code of Conduct + Mobile view + Developers + Statistics + Cookie statement + + Wikimedia Foundation + Powered by MediaWiki + +Main menu + +Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia + + Create account + Log in + +Personal tools + +Contents +(Top) +Fourier's law + + Fourier's law in one dimension + Multi-dimensional extension + Measurement + Science and engineering + See also + Notes + +Heat flux + + Article + Talk + + Read + Edit + View history + +Tools + +From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia + +This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. +Find sources: "Heat flux" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) +Heat flux +Heat flux ϕ → q {\displaystyle {\vec {\phi }}_{\mathrm {q} }} through a surface. +Common symbols + ϕ → q {\displaystyle {\vec {\phi }}_{\mathrm {q} }} +SI unit W/m2 +Other units + Btu/(h⋅ft2) +In SI base units kg⋅s−3 +Dimension M T − 3 {\displaystyle {\mathsf {M}}{\mathsf {T}}^{-3}} + +In physics and engineering, heat flux or thermal flux, sometimes also referred to as heat flux density[1], heat-flow density or heat flow rate intensity, is a flow of energy per unit area per unit time. Its SI units are watts per square metre (W/m2). It has both a direction and a magnitude, and so it is a vector quantity. To define the heat flux at a certain point in space, one takes the limiting case where the size of the surface becomes infinitesimally small. + +Heat flux is often denoted ϕ → q {\displaystyle {\vec {\phi }}_{\mathrm {q} }}, the subscript q specifying heat flux, as opposed to mass or momentum flux. Fourier's law is an important application of these concepts. +Fourier's law +Main article: Thermal conduction § Fourier's law + +For most solids in usual conditions, heat is transported mainly by conduction and the heat flux is adequately described by Fourier's law. +Fourier's law in one dimension + +ϕ q = − k d T ( x ) d x +{\displaystyle \phi _{\text{q}}=-k{\frac {\mathrm {d} T(x)}{\mathrm {d} x}}} + +where k k is the thermal conductivity. The negative sign shows that heat flux moves from higher temperature regions to lower temperature regions. +Multi-dimensional extension +Diagram depicting heat flux through a thermal insulation material with thermal conductivity, k, and thickness, x. Heat flux can be determined using two surface temperature measurements on either side of the material using temperature sensors if k and x of the material are also known. +Diagram depicting heat flux through a thermal insulation material with thermal conductivity, k, and thickness, x. Heat flux can be directly measured using a single heat flux sensor located on either surface or embedded within the material. Using this method, knowing the values of k and x of the material are not required. + +The multi-dimensional case is similar, the heat flux goes "down" and hence the temperature gradient has the negative sign: + +ϕ → q = − k ∇ T +{\displaystyle {\vec {\phi }}_{\mathrm {q} }=-k\nabla T} +where ∇ {\displaystyle {\nabla }} is the gradient operator. + +Measurement +Main article: Heat flux sensor + +The measurement of heat flux can be performed in a few different manners. A commonly known, but often impractical, method is performed by measuring a temperature difference over a piece of material with known thermal conductivity. This method is analogous to a standard way to measure an electric current, where one measures the voltage drop over a known resistor. Usually this method is difficult to perform since the thermal resistance of the material being tested is often not known. Accurate values for the material's thickness and thermal conductivity would be required in order to determine thermal resistance. Using the thermal resistance, along with temperature measurements on either side of the material, heat flux can then be indirectly calculated. + +A second method of measuring heat flux is by using a heat flux sensor, or heat flux transducer, to directly measure the amount of heat being transferred to/from the surface that the heat flux sensor is mounted to. The most common type of heat flux sensor is a differential temperature thermopile which operates on essentially the same principle as the first measurement method that was mentioned except it has the advantage in that the thermal resistance/conductivity does not need to be a known parameter. These parameters do not have to be known since the heat flux sensor enables an in-situ measurement of the existing heat flux by using the Seebeck effect. However, differential thermopile heat flux sensors have to be calibrated in order to relate their output signals [μV] to heat flux values [W/(m2⋅K)]. Once the heat flux sensor is calibrated it can then be used to directly measure heat flux without requiring the rarely known value of thermal resistance or thermal conductivity. +Science and engineering + +One of the tools in a scientist's or engineer's toolbox is the energy balance. Such a balance can be set up for any physical system, from chemical reactors to living organisms, and generally takes the following form + + ∂ E i n ∂ t − ∂ E o u t ∂ t − ∂ E a c c u m u l a t e d ∂ t = 0 {\big .}{\frac {\partial E_{{\mathrm {in}}}}{\partial t}}-{\frac {\partial E_{{\mathrm {out}}}}{\partial t}}-{\frac {\partial E_{{\mathrm {accumulated}}}}{\partial t}}=0 + +where the three ∂ E ∂ t {\big .}{\frac {\partial E}{\partial t}} terms stand for the time rate of change of respectively the total amount of incoming energy, the total amount of outgoing energy and the total amount of accumulated energy. + +Now, if the only way the system exchanges energy with its surroundings is through heat transfer, the heat rate can be used to calculate the energy balance, since + + ∂ E i n ∂ t − ∂ E o u t ∂ t = ∮ S ϕ → q ⋅ d S → {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial E_{\mathrm {in} }}{\partial t}}-{\frac {\partial E_{\mathrm {out} }}{\partial t}}=\oint _{S}{\vec {\phi }}_{\mathrm {q} }\cdot \,\mathrm {d} {\vec {S}}} + +where we have integrated the heat flux ϕ → q {\displaystyle {\vec {\phi }}_{\mathrm {q} }} over the surface S S of the system. + +In real-world applications one cannot know the exact heat flux at every point on the surface, but approximation schemes can be used to calculate the integral, for example Monte Carlo integration. +See also + + Radiant flux + Latent heat flux + Rate of heat flow + Insolation + Heat flux sensor + Relativistic heat conduction + +Notes + + The word "flux" is used in most physical disciplines to refer to the flow of a quantity (mass, heat, momentum, etc.) across a surface per unit time per unit area, with the primary exception being in electromagnetism, where it refer to the integral of a vector quantity through a surface. Refer to the Flux article for more detail. + +Authority control: National Edit this at Wikidata + + Germany Israel United States + +Categories: + + Thermodynamic propertiesCustomary units of measurement in the United States + + This page was last edited on 3 May 2023, at 05:16 (UTC). + site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. + + Privacy policy + About Wikipedia + Disclaimers + Contact Wikipedia + Code of Conduct + Mobile view + Developers + Statistics + Cookie statement + + Wikimedia Foundation + Powered by MediaWiki + + +Main menu + +Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia + + Create account + Log in + +Personal tools + +Contents +(Top) +History + +Fick's first law + + Variations of the first law + Derivation of Fick's first law for gases + +Fick's second law + + Derivation of Fick's second law + +Example solutions and generalization + + Example solution 1: constant concentration source and diffusion length + Example solution 2: Brownian particle and Mean squared displacement + Generalizations + +Applications + + Fick's flow in liquids + Sorption rate and collision frequency of diluted solute + Biological perspective + Semiconductor fabrication applications + CVD method of fabricate semiconductor + Invalidity of Fickian diffusion + Food production and cooking + See also + Citations + Further reading + External links + +Fick's laws of diffusion + + Article + Talk + + Read + Edit + View history + +Tools + +From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia +For the technique of measuring cardiac output, see Fick principle. +Molecular diffusion from a microscopic and macroscopic point of view. Initially, there are solute molecules on the left side of a barrier (purple line) and none on the right. The barrier is removed, and the solute diffuses to fill the whole container. Top: A single molecule moves around randomly. Middle: With more molecules, there is a clear trend where the solute fills the container more and more uniformly. Bottom: With an enormous number of solute molecules, randomness becomes undetectable: The solute appears to move smoothly and systematically from high-concentration areas to low-concentration areas. This smooth flow is described by Fick's laws. + +Fick's laws of diffusion describe diffusion and were first posited by Adolf Fick in 1855 on the basis of largely experimental results. They can be used to solve for the diffusion coefficient, D. Fick's first law can be used to derive his second law which in turn is identical to the diffusion equation. + +A diffusion process that obeys Fick's laws is called normal or Fickian diffusion; otherwise, it is called anomalous diffusion or non-Fickian diffusion. +History + +In 1855, physiologist Adolf Fick first reported[1] his now well-known laws governing the transport of mass through diffusive means. Fick's work was inspired by the earlier experiments of Thomas Graham, which fell short of proposing the fundamental laws for which Fick would become famous. Fick's law is analogous to the relationships discovered at the same epoch by other eminent scientists: Darcy's law (hydraulic flow), Ohm's law (charge transport), and Fourier's Law (heat transport). + +Fick's experiments (modeled on Graham's) dealt with measuring the concentrations and fluxes of salt, diffusing between two reservoirs through tubes of water. It is notable that Fick's work primarily concerned diffusion in fluids, because at the time, diffusion in solids was not considered generally possible.[2] Today, Fick's Laws form the core of our understanding of diffusion in solids, liquids, and gases (in the absence of bulk fluid motion in the latter two cases). When a diffusion process does not follow Fick's laws (which happens in cases of diffusion through porous media and diffusion of swelling penetrants, among others),[3][4] it is referred to as non-Fickian. +Fick's first law + +Fick's first law relates the diffusive flux to the gradient of the concentration. It postulates that the flux goes from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration, with a magnitude that is proportional to the concentration gradient (spatial derivative), or in simplistic terms the concept that a solute will move from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration across a concentration gradient. In one (spatial) dimension, the law can be written in various forms, where the most common form (see[5][6]) is in a molar basis: + + J = − D d φ d x {\displaystyle J=-D{\frac {d\varphi }{dx}}} + +where + + J is the diffusion flux, of which the dimension is the amount of substance per unit area per unit time. J measures the amount of substance that will flow through a unit area during a unit time interval. + D is the diffusion coefficient or diffusivity. Its dimension is area per unit time. + φ (for ideal mixtures) is the concentration, of which the dimension is the amount of substance per unit volume. + x is position, the dimension of which is length. + +D is proportional to the squared velocity of the diffusing particles, which depends on the temperature, viscosity of the fluid and the size of the particles according to the Stokes–Einstein relation. In dilute aqueous solutions the diffusion coefficients of most ions are similar and have values that at room temperature are in the range of (0.6–2)×10−9 m2/s. For biological molecules the diffusion coefficients normally range from 10−10 to 10−11 m2/s. + +In two or more dimensions we must use ∇, the del or gradient operator, which generalises the first derivative, obtaining + + J = − D ∇ φ {\displaystyle \mathbf {J} =-D\nabla \varphi } + +where J denotes the diffusion flux vector. + +The driving force for the one-dimensional diffusion is the quantity −∂φ/∂x, which for ideal mixtures is the concentration gradient. +Variations of the first law + +Another form for the first law is to write it with the primary variable as mass fraction (yi, given for example in kg/kg), then the equation changes to: + + J i = − ρ D M i ∇ y i {\displaystyle \mathbf {J_{i}} =-{\frac {\rho D}{M_{i}}}\nabla y_{i}} + +where + + the index i denotes the ith species, + Ji is the diffusion flux vector of the ith species (for example in mol/m2-s), + Mi is the molar mass of the ith species, and + ρ is the mixture density (for example in kg/m3). + +The ρ \rho is outside the gradient operator. This is because: + + y i = ρ s i ρ {\displaystyle y_{i}={\frac {\rho _{si}}{\rho }}} + +where ρsi is the partial density of the ith species. + +Beyond this, in chemical systems other than ideal solutions or mixtures, the driving force for diffusion of each species is the gradient of chemical potential of this species. Then Fick's first law (one-dimensional case) can be written + + J i = − D c i R T ∂ μ i ∂ x J_i = - \frac{D c_i}{RT} \frac{\partial \mu_i}{\partial x} + +where + + the index i denotes the ith species. + c is the concentration (mol/m3). + R is the universal gas constant (J/K/mol). + T is the absolute temperature (K). + μ is the chemical potential (J/mol). + +The driving force of Fick's law can be expressed as a fugacity difference: + + J i = − D R T ∂ f i ∂ x {\displaystyle J_{i}=-{\frac {D}{RT}}{\frac {\partial f_{i}}{\partial x}}} + +Fugacity f i f_{i} has Pa units. f i f_{i} is a partial pressure of component i in a vapor f i G {\displaystyle f_{i}^{G}} or liquid f i L {\displaystyle f_{i}^{L}} phase. At vapor liquid equilibrium the evaporation flux is zero because f i G = f i L {\displaystyle f_{i}^{G}=f_{i}^{L}}. +Derivation of Fick's first law for gases + +Four versions of Fick's law for binary gas mixtures are given below. These assume: thermal diffusion is negligible; the body force per unit mass is the same on both species; and either pressure is constant or both species have the same molar mass. Under these conditions, Ref.[7] shows in detail how the diffusion equation from the kinetic theory of gases reduces to this version of Fick's law: + +V i = − D ∇ ln ⁡ y i , +{\displaystyle \mathbf {V_{i}} =-D\nabla \ln y_{i},} + +where Vi is the diffusion velocity of species i. In terms of species flux this is + +J i = − ρ D M i ∇ y i . +{\displaystyle \mathbf {J_{i}} =-{\frac {\rho D}{M_{i}}}\nabla y_{i}.} + +If, additionally, ∇ ρ = 0 {\displaystyle \nabla \rho =0}, this reduces to the most common form of Fick's law, + +J i = − D ∇ φ . +{\displaystyle \mathbf {J_{i}} =-D\nabla \varphi .} + +If (instead of or in addition to ∇ ρ = 0 {\displaystyle \nabla \rho =0}) both species have the same molar mass, Fick's law becomes + +J i = − ρ D M i ∇ x i , +{\displaystyle \mathbf {J_{i}} =-{\frac {\rho D}{M_{i}}}\nabla x_{i},} + +where x i x_{i} is the mole fraction of species i. +Fick's second law + +Fick's second law predicts how diffusion causes the concentration to change with respect to time. It is a partial differential equation which in one dimension reads: + + ∂ φ ∂ t = D ∂ 2 φ ∂ x 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \varphi }{\partial t}}=D\,{\frac {\partial ^{2}\varphi }{\partial x^{2}}}} + +where + + φ is the concentration in dimensions of [ N L − 3 ] {\displaystyle [{\mathsf {N}}{\mathsf {L}}^{-3}]}, example mol/m3; φ = φ(x,t) is a function that depends on location x and time t + t is time, example s + D is the diffusion coefficient in dimensions of [ L 2 T − 1 ] {\displaystyle [{\mathsf {L}}^{2}{\mathsf {T}}^{-1}]}, example m2/s + x is the position, example m + +In two or more dimensions we must use the Laplacian Δ = ∇2, which generalises the second derivative, obtaining the equation + + ∂ φ ∂ t = D Δ φ {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \varphi }{\partial t}}=D\Delta \varphi } + +Fick's second law has the same mathematical form as the Heat equation and its fundamental solution is the same as the Heat kernel, except switching thermal conductivity k k with diffusion coefficient D D: + +φ ( x , t ) = 1 4 π D t exp ⁡ ( − x 2 4 D t ) . +{\displaystyle \varphi (x,t)={\frac {1}{\sqrt {4\pi Dt}}}\exp \left(-{\frac {x^{2}}{4Dt}}\right).} + +Derivation of Fick's second law + +Fick's second law can be derived from Fick's first law and the mass conservation in absence of any chemical reactions: + + ∂ φ ∂ t + ∂ ∂ x J = 0 ⇒ ∂ φ ∂ t − ∂ ∂ x ( D ∂ ∂ x φ ) = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \varphi }{\partial t}}+{\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}J=0\Rightarrow {\frac {\partial \varphi }{\partial t}}-{\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}\left(D{\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}\varphi \right)\,=0} + +Assuming the diffusion coefficient D to be a constant, one can exchange the orders of the differentiation and multiply by the constant: + + ∂ ∂ x ( D ∂ ∂ x φ ) = D ∂ ∂ x ∂ ∂ x φ = D ∂ 2 φ ∂ x 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}\left(D{\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}\varphi \right)=D{\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}\varphi =D{\frac {\partial ^{2}\varphi }{\partial x^{2}}}} + +and, thus, receive the form of the Fick's equations as was stated above. + +For the case of diffusion in two or more dimensions Fick's second law becomes + + ∂ φ ∂ t = D ∇ 2 φ , {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \varphi }{\partial t}}=D\,\nabla ^{2}\varphi ,} + +which is analogous to the heat equation. + +If the diffusion coefficient is not a constant, but depends upon the coordinate or concentration, Fick's second law yields + + ∂ φ ∂ t = ∇ ⋅ ( D ∇ φ ) . {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \varphi }{\partial t}}=\nabla \cdot (D\,\nabla \varphi ).} + +An important example is the case where φ is at a steady state, i.e. the concentration does not change by time, so that the left part of the above equation is identically zero. In one dimension with constant D, the solution for the concentration will be a linear change of concentrations along x. In two or more dimensions we obtain + + ∇ 2 φ = 0 {\displaystyle \nabla ^{2}\varphi =0} + +which is Laplace's equation, the solutions to which are referred to by mathematicians as harmonic functions. +Example solutions and generalization + +Fick's second law is a special case of the convection–diffusion equation in which there is no advective flux and no net volumetric source. It can be derived from the continuity equation: + + ∂ φ ∂ t + ∇ ⋅ j = R , {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \varphi }{\partial t}}+\nabla \cdot \mathbf {j} =R,} + +where j is the total flux and R is a net volumetric source for φ. The only source of flux in this situation is assumed to be diffusive flux: + + j diffusion = − D ∇ φ {\displaystyle \mathbf {j} _{\text{diffusion}}=-D\nabla \varphi } + +Plugging the definition of diffusive flux to the continuity equation and assuming there is no source (R = 0), we arrive at Fick's second law: + + ∂ φ ∂ t = D ∂ 2 φ ∂ x 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \varphi }{\partial t}}=D{\frac {\partial ^{2}\varphi }{\partial x^{2}}}} + +If flux were the result of both diffusive flux and advective flux, the convection–diffusion equation is the result. +Example solution 1: constant concentration source and diffusion length + +A simple case of diffusion with time t in one dimension (taken as the x-axis) from a boundary located at position x = 0, where the concentration is maintained at a value n0 is + + n ( x , t ) = n 0 erfc ⁡ ( x 2 D t ) . {\displaystyle n\left(x,t\right)=n_{0}\operatorname {erfc} \left({\frac {x}{2{\sqrt {Dt}}}}\right).} + +where erfc is the complementary error function. This is the case when corrosive gases diffuse through the oxidative layer towards the metal surface (if we assume that concentration of gases in the environment is constant and the diffusion space – that is, the corrosion product layer – is semi-infinite, starting at 0 at the surface and spreading infinitely deep in the material). If, in its turn, the diffusion space is infinite (lasting both through the layer with n(x, 0) = 0, x > 0 and that with n(x, 0) = n0, x ≤ 0), then the solution is amended only with coefficient 1/2 in front of n0 (as the diffusion now occurs in both directions). This case is valid when some solution with concentration n0 is put in contact with a layer of pure solvent. (Bokstein, 2005) The length 2√Dt is called the diffusion length and provides a measure of how far the concentration has propagated in the x-direction by diffusion in time t (Bird, 1976). + +As a quick approximation of the error function, the first two terms of the Taylor series can be used: + + n ( x , t ) = n 0 [ 1 − 2 ( x 2 D t π ) ] {\displaystyle n(x,t)=n_{0}\left[1-2\left({\frac {x}{2{\sqrt {Dt\pi }}}}\right)\right]} + +If D is time-dependent, the diffusion length becomes + + 2 ∫ 0 t D τ d τ . {\displaystyle 2{\sqrt {\int _{0}^{t}D\tau \,d\tau }}.} + +This idea is useful for estimating a diffusion length over a heating and cooling cycle, where D varies with temperature. +Example solution 2: Brownian particle and Mean squared displacement + +Another simple case of diffusion is the Brownian motion of one particle. The particle's Mean squared displacement from its original position is: + +MSD ≡ ⟨ ( x − x 0 ) 2 ⟩ = 2 n D t +{\displaystyle {\text{MSD}}\equiv \langle (\mathbf {x} -\mathbf {x_{0}} )^{2}\rangle =2nDt} + +where n n is the dimension of the particle's Brownian motion. For example, the diffusion of a molecule across a cell membrane 8 nm thick is 1-D diffusion because of the spherical symmetry; However, the diffusion of a molecule from the membrane to the center of a eukaryotic cell is a 3-D diffusion. For a cylindrical cactus, the diffusion from photosynthetic cells on its surface to its center (the axis of its cylindrical symmetry) is a 2-D diffusion. + +The square root of MSD, 2 n D t {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2nDt}}}, is often used as a characterization of how far has the particle moved after time t t has elapsed. The MSD is symmetrically distributed over the 1D, 2D, and 3D space. Thus, the probability distribution of the magnitude of MSD in 1D is Gaussian and 3D is a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. +Generalizations + + In non-homogeneous media, the diffusion coefficient varies in space, D = D(x). This dependence does not affect Fick's first law but the second law changes: + ∂ φ ( x , t ) ∂ t = ∇ ⋅ ( D ( x ) ∇ φ ( x , t ) ) = D ( x ) Δ φ ( x , t ) + ∑ i = 1 3 ∂ D ( x ) ∂ x i ∂ φ ( x , t ) ∂ x i + {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \varphi (x,t)}{\partial t}}=\nabla \cdot {\bigl (}D(x)\nabla \varphi (x,t){\bigr )}=D(x)\Delta \varphi (x,t)+\sum _{i=1}^{3}{\frac {\partial D(x)}{\partial x_{i}}}{\frac {\partial \varphi (x,t)}{\partial x_{i}}}} + In anisotropic media, the diffusion coefficient depends on the direction. It is a symmetric tensor Dji = Dij. Fick's first law changes to + J = − D ∇ φ , + {\displaystyle J=-D\nabla \varphi ,} + it is the product of a tensor and a vector: + J i = − ∑ j = 1 3 D i j ∂ φ ∂ x j . + {\displaystyle J_{i}=-\sum _{j=1}^{3}D_{ij}{\frac {\partial \varphi }{\partial x_{j}}}.} + For the diffusion equation this formula gives + ∂ φ ( x , t ) ∂ t = ∇ ⋅ ( D ∇ φ ( x , t ) ) = ∑ i = 1 3 ∑ j = 1 3 D i j ∂ 2 φ ( x , t ) ∂ x i ∂ x j . + {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \varphi (x,t)}{\partial t}}=\nabla \cdot {\bigl (}D\nabla \varphi (x,t){\bigr )}=\sum _{i=1}^{3}\sum _{j=1}^{3}D_{ij}{\frac {\partial ^{2}\varphi (x,t)}{\partial x_{i}\partial x_{j}}}.} + The symmetric matrix of diffusion coefficients Dij should be positive definite. It is needed to make the right hand side operator elliptic. + For inhomogeneous anisotropic media these two forms of the diffusion equation should be combined in + ∂ φ ( x , t ) ∂ t = ∇ ⋅ ( D ( x ) ∇ φ ( x , t ) ) = ∑ i , j = 1 3 ( D i j ( x ) ∂ 2 φ ( x , t ) ∂ x i ∂ x j + ∂ D i j ( x ) ∂ x i ∂ φ ( x , t ) ∂ x i ) . + {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \varphi (x,t)}{\partial t}}=\nabla \cdot {\bigl (}D(x)\nabla \varphi (x,t){\bigr )}=\sum _{i,j=1}^{3}\left(D_{ij}(x){\frac {\partial ^{2}\varphi (x,t)}{\partial x_{i}\partial x_{j}}}+{\frac {\partial D_{ij}(x)}{\partial x_{i}}}{\frac {\partial \varphi (x,t)}{\partial x_{i}}}\right).} + The approach based on Einstein's mobility and Teorell formula gives the following generalization of Fick's equation for the multicomponent diffusion of the perfect components: + ∂ φ i ∂ t = ∑ j ∇ ⋅ ( D i j φ i φ j ∇ φ j ) . + {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \varphi _{i}}{\partial t}}=\sum _{j}\nabla \cdot \left(D_{ij}{\frac {\varphi _{i}}{\varphi _{j}}}\nabla \,\varphi _{j}\right).} + where φi are concentrations of the components and Dij is the matrix of coefficients. Here, indices i and j are related to the various components and not to the space coordinates. + +The Chapman–Enskog formulae for diffusion in gases include exactly the same terms. These physical models of diffusion are different from the test models ∂tφi = Σj Dij Δφj which are valid for very small deviations from the uniform equilibrium. Earlier, such terms were introduced in the Maxwell–Stefan diffusion equation. + +For anisotropic multicomponent diffusion coefficients one needs a rank-four tensor, for example Dij,αβ, where i, j refer to the components and α, β = 1, 2, 3 correspond to the space coordinates. +Applications + +Equations based on Fick's law have been commonly used to model transport processes in foods, neurons, biopolymers, pharmaceuticals, porous soils, population dynamics, nuclear materials, plasma physics, and semiconductor doping processes. The theory of voltammetric methods is based on solutions of Fick's equation. On the other hand, in some cases a "Fickian (another common approximation of the transport equation is that of the diffusion theory)[8]" description is inadequate. For example, in polymer science and food science a more general approach is required to describe transport of components in materials undergoing a glass transition. One more general framework is the Maxwell–Stefan diffusion equations[9] of multi-component mass transfer, from which Fick's law can be obtained as a limiting case, when the mixture is extremely dilute and every chemical species is interacting only with the bulk mixture and not with other species. To account for the presence of multiple species in a non-dilute mixture, several variations of the Maxwell–Stefan equations are used. See also non-diagonal coupled transport processes (Onsager relationship). +Fick's flow in liquids + +When two miscible liquids are brought into contact, and diffusion takes place, the macroscopic (or average) concentration evolves following Fick's law. On a mesoscopic scale, that is, between the macroscopic scale described by Fick's law and molecular scale, where molecular random walks take place, fluctuations cannot be neglected. Such situations can be successfully modeled with Landau-Lifshitz fluctuating hydrodynamics. In this theoretical framework, diffusion is due to fluctuations whose dimensions range from the molecular scale to the macroscopic scale.[10] + +In particular, fluctuating hydrodynamic equations include a Fick's flow term, with a given diffusion coefficient, along with hydrodynamics equations and stochastic terms describing fluctuations. When calculating the fluctuations with a perturbative approach, the zero order approximation is Fick's law. The first order gives the fluctuations, and it comes out that fluctuations contribute to diffusion. This represents somehow a tautology, since the phenomena described by a lower order approximation is the result of a higher approximation: this problem is solved only by renormalizing the fluctuating hydrodynamics equations. +Sorption rate and collision frequency of diluted solute +Scheme of molecular diffusion in the solution. Orange dots are solute molecules, solvent molecules are not drawn, black arrow is an example random walk trajectory, and the red curve is the diffusive Gaussian broadening probability function from the Fick's law of diffusion.[11]:Fig. 9 + +The adsorption or absorption rate of a dilute solute to a surface or interface in a (gas or liquid) solution can be calculated using Fick's laws of diffusion. The accumulated number of molecules adsorbed on the surface is expressed by the Langmuir-Schaefer equation at the short-time limit by integrating the diffusion flux equation over time:[12] + + Γ = 2 A C D t π {\displaystyle \Gamma =2AC{\sqrt {\frac {Dt}{\pi }}}} + + Γ \Gamma is number of molecules in unit # molecules adsorbed during the time t t. + A is the surface area in unit m 2 {\displaystyle m^{2}}. + C is the number concentration of the adsorber molecules in the bulk solution in unit # molecules/ m 3 {\displaystyle m^{3}}. + D is diffusion coefficient of the adsorber in unit m 2 / s {\displaystyle m^{2}/s}. + t is elapsed time in unit s s. + +The equation is named after American chemists Irving Langmuir and Vincent Schaefer. + +The Langmuir-Schaefer equation can be extended to the Ward-Tordai Equation to account for the "back-diffusion" of rejected molecules from the surface:[13] + + Γ = 2 A C D t π − A D π ∫ 0 t C b ( τ ) t − τ d τ {\displaystyle \Gamma =2AC{\sqrt {\frac {Dt}{\pi }}}-A{\sqrt {\frac {D}{\pi }}}\int _{0}^{\sqrt {t}}{\frac {C_{b}(\tau )}{\sqrt {t-\tau }}}\,d\tau } + +where C C is the bulk concentration, C b C_{b} is the sub-surface concentration (which is a function of time depending on the reaction model of the adsorption), and τ \tau is a dummy variable. + +Monte Carlo simulations show that these two equations work to predict the adsorption rate of systems that form predictable concentration gradients near the surface but have troubles for systems without or with unpredictable concentration gradients, such as typical biosensing systems or when flow and convection are significant.[14] +A brief history of the theories on diffusive adsorption.[14] + +A brief history of diffusive adsorption is shown in the right figure.[14] A noticeable challenge of understanding the diffusive adsorption at the single-molecule level is the fractal nature of diffusion. Most computer simulations pick a time step for diffusion which ignores the fact that there are self-similar finer diffusion events (fractal) within each step. Simulating the fractal diffusion shows that a factor of two corrections should be introduced for the result of a fixed time-step adsorption simulation, bringing it to be consistent with the above two equations.[14] + +A more problematic result of the above equations is they predict the lower limit of adsorption under ideal situations but is very difficult to predict the actual adsorption rates. The equations are derived at the long-time-limit condition when a stable concentration gradient has been formed near the surface. But real adsorption is often done much faster than this infinite time limit, i.e., the concentration gradient, decay of concentration at the sub-surface, is only partially formed before the surface has been saturated, thus the adsorption rate measured is almost always faster than the equations have predicted for low or none energy barrier adsorption (unless there is a significant adsorption energy barrier that slows down the absorption significantly), for example, thousands to millions time faster in the self-assembly of monolayers at the water-air or water-substrate interfaces.[12] As such, it is necessary to calculate the evolution of the concentration gradient near the surface and find out a proper time to stop the imagined infinite evolution for practical applications. While it is hard to predict when to stop but it is reasonably easy to calculate the shortest time that matters, the critical time when the first nearest neighbor from the substrate surface feels the building-up of the concentration gradient. This yields the upper limit of the adsorption rate under an ideal situation when there are no other factors than diffusion that affect the absorber dynamics:[14] + + < r >= 4 π A c b 4 / 3 D {\displaystyle ={\frac {4}{\pi }}Ac_{b}^{4/3}D} + + < r > {\displaystyle } is the adsorption rate assuming under adsorption energy barrier-free situation, in unit #/s. + A A is the area of the surface of interest on an "infinite and flat" substrate in unit m2. + C b {\displaystyle C_{b}} is the concentration of the absorber molecule in the bulk solution in unit #/m3. + D D is the diffusion constant of the absorber in the solution in unit m2/s. + Dimensional analysis of these units is satisfied. + +This equation can be used to predict the initial adsorption rate of any system; It can be used to predict the steady-state adsorption rate of a typical biosensing system when the binding site is just a very small fraction of the substrate surface and a near-surface concentration gradient is never formed; It can also be used to predict the adsorption rate of molecules on the surface when there is a significant flow to push the concentration gradient very shallowly in the sub-surface. + +In the ultrashort time limit, in the order of the diffusion time a2/D, where a is the particle radius, the diffusion is described by the Langevin equation. At a longer time, the Langevin equation merges into the Stokes–Einstein equation. The latter is appropriate for the condition of the diluted solution, where long-range diffusion is considered. According to the fluctuation-dissipation theorem based on the Langevin equation in the long-time limit and when the particle is significantly denser than the surrounding fluid, the time-dependent diffusion constant is:[15] + + D ( t ) = μ k B T ( 1 − e − t / ( m μ ) ) {\displaystyle D(t)=\mu \,k_{\rm {B}}T\left(1-e^{-t/(m\mu )}\right)} + +where (all in SI units) + + kB is Boltzmann's constant. + T is the absolute temperature. + μ is the mobility of the particle in the fluid or gas, which can be calculated using the Einstein relation (kinetic theory). + m is the mass of the particle. + t is time. + +For a single molecule such as organic molecules or biomolecules (e.g. proteins) in water, the exponential term is negligible due to the small product of mμ in the picosecond region. + +When the area of interest is the size of a molecule (specifically, a long cylindrical molecule such as DNA), the adsorption rate equation represents the collision frequency of two molecules in a diluted solution, with one molecule a specific side and the other no steric dependence, i.e., a molecule (random orientation) hit one side of the other. The diffusion constant need to be updated to the relative diffusion constant between two diffusing molecules. This estimation is especially useful in studying the interaction between a small molecule and a larger molecule such as a protein. The effective diffusion constant is dominated by the smaller one whose diffusion constant can be used instead. + +The above hitting rate equation is also useful to predict the kinetics of molecular self-assembly on a surface. Molecules are randomly oriented in the bulk solution. Assuming 1/6 of the molecules has the right orientation to the surface binding sites, i.e. 1/2 of the z-direction in x, y, z three dimensions, thus the concentration of interest is just 1/6 of the bulk concentration. Put this value into the equation one should be able to calculate the theoretical adsorption kinetic curve using the Langmuir adsorption model. In a more rigid picture, 1/6 can be replaced by the steric factor of the binding geometry. +Comparing collision theory and diffusive collision theory.[16] + +The bimolecular collision frequency related to many reactions including protein coagulation/aggregation is initially described by Smoluchowski coagulation equation proposed by Marian Smoluchowski in a seminal 1916 publication,[17] derived from Brownian motion and Fick's laws of diffusion. Under an idealized reaction condition for A+B->Product in a diluted solution, Smoluchovski suggested that the molecular flux at the infinite time limit can be calculated from Fick's laws of diffusion yielding a fixed/stable concentration gradient from the target molecule, e.g. B is the target molecule holding fixed relatively, and A is the moving molecule that creates a concentration gradient near the target molecule B due to the coagulation reaction between A and B. Smoluchowski calculated the collision frequency between A and B in the solution with unit #/s/ m 3 {\displaystyle m^{3}}: + + Z A B = 4 π R D r C A C B {\displaystyle Z_{AB}=4{\pi }RD_{r}C_{A}C_{B}} + +where, + + R R is the radius of the collision. + D r = D A + D B {\displaystyle D_{r}=D_{A}+D_{B}} is the relative diffusion constant between A and B, unit m 2 / s {\displaystyle m^{2}/s}. + C A C_A and C B C_B are number concentrations of A and B respectively, unit # / m 3 {\displaystyle m^{3}}. + +The reaction order of this bimolecular reaction is 2 which is the analogy to the result from collision theory by replacing the moving speed of the molecule with diffusive flux. In the collision theory, the traveling time between A and B is proportional to the distance which is a similar relationship for the diffusion case if the flux is fixed. + +However, under a practical condition, the concentration gradient near the target molecule is evolving over time with the molecular flux evolving as well,[14] and on average the flux is much bigger than the infinite time limit flux Smoluchowski has proposed. Thus, this Smoluchowski frequency represents the lower limit of the real collision frequency. + +In 2022, Chen calculates the upper limit of the collision frequency between A and B in a solution assuming the bulk concentration of the moving molecule is fixed after the first nearest neighbor of the target molecule.[16] Thus the concentration gradient evolution stops at the first nearest neighbor layer given a stop-time to calculate the actual flux. He named this the critical time and derive the diffusive collision frequency in unit #/s/ m 3 {\displaystyle m^{3}}:[16] + + Z A B = 8 π σ D r C A C B C A + C B 3 {\displaystyle Z_{AB}={\frac {8}{\pi }}{\sigma }D_{r}C_{A}C_{B}{\sqrt[{3}]{C_{A}+C_{B}}}} + +where, + + σ {\sigma } is the area of the cross-section of the collision, unit m 2 m^{2}. + D r = D A + D B {\displaystyle D_{r}=D_{A}+D_{B}} is the relative diffusion constant between A and B, unit m 2 / s {\displaystyle m^{2}/s}. + C A C_A and C B C_B are number concentrations of A and B respectively, unit # / m 3 {\displaystyle m^{3}}. + +This equation assumes the upper limit of a diffusive collision frequency between A and B is when the first neighbor layer starts to feel the evolution of the concentration gradient, whose reaction order is 2 1 3 {\displaystyle 2{\frac {1}{3}}} instead of 2. Both the Smoluchowski equation and the JChen equation satisfy dimensional checks with SI units. But the former is dependent on the radius and the latter is on the area of the collision sphere. The actual reaction order for a bimolecular unit reaction could be between 2 and 2 1 3 {\displaystyle 2{\frac {1}{3}}}, which makes sense because the diffusive collision time is squarely dependent on the distance between the two molecules. +Biological perspective + +The first law gives rise to the following formula:[18] + + flux = − P ( c 2 − c 1 ) {\displaystyle {\text{flux}}={-P\left(c_{2}-c_{1}\right)}} + +in which + + P is the permeability, an experimentally determined membrane "conductance" for a given gas at a given temperature. + c2 − c1 is the difference in concentration of the gas across the membrane for the direction of flow (from c1 to c2). + +Fick's first law is also important in radiation transfer equations. However, in this context, it becomes inaccurate when the diffusion constant is low and the radiation becomes limited by the speed of light rather than by the resistance of the material the radiation is flowing through. In this situation, one can use a flux limiter. + +The exchange rate of a gas across a fluid membrane can be determined by using this law together with Graham's law. + +Under the condition of a diluted solution when diffusion takes control, the membrane permeability mentioned in the above section can be theoretically calculated for the solute using the equation mentioned in the last section (use with particular care because the equation is derived for dense solutes, while biological molecules are not denser than water):[11] + + P = 2 A p η t m D / ( π t ) {\displaystyle P=2A_{p}\eta _{tm}{\sqrt {D/(\pi t)}}} + +where + + A P {\displaystyle A_{P}} is the total area of the pores on the membrane (unit m2). + η t m {\displaystyle \eta _{tm}} transmembrane efficiency (unitless), which can be calculated from the stochastic theory of chromatography. + D is the diffusion constant of the solute unit m2s−1. + t is time unit s. + c2, c1 concentration should use unit mol m−3, so flux unit becomes mol s−1. + +The flux is decay over the square root of time because a concentration gradient builds up near the membrane over time under ideal conditions. When there is flow and convection, the flux can be significantly different than the equation predicts and show an effective time t with a fixed value,[14] which makes the flux stable instead of decay over time. A critical time has been estimated under idealized flow conditions when there is no gradient formed.[14][16] This strategy is adopted in biology such as blood circulation. +Semiconductor fabrication applications + +The semiconductor is a collective term for a series of devices. It mainly includes three categories：two-terminal devices, three-terminal devices, and four-terminal devices. The combination of the semiconductors is called an integrated circuit. + +The relationship between Fick's law and semiconductors: the principle of the semiconductor is transferring chemicals or dopants from a layer to a layer. Fick's law can be used to control and predict the diffusion by knowing how much the concentration of the dopants or chemicals move per meter and second through mathematics. + +Therefore, different types and levels of semiconductors can be fabricated. + +Integrated circuit fabrication technologies, model processes like CVD, thermal oxidation, wet oxidation, doping, etc. use diffusion equations obtained from Fick's law. +CVD method of fabricate semiconductor + +The wafer is a kind of semiconductor whose silicon substrate is coated with a layer of CVD-created polymer chain and films. This film contains n-type and p-type dopants and takes responsibility for dopant conductions. The principle of CVD relies on the gas phase and gas-solid chemical reaction to create thin films. + +The viscous flow regime of CVD is driven by a pressure gradient. CVD also includes a diffusion component distinct from the surface diffusion of adatoms. In CVD, reactants and products must also diffuse through a boundary layer of stagnant gas that exists next to the substrate. The total number of steps required for CVD film growth are gas phase diffusion of reactants through the boundary layer, adsorption and surface diffusion of adatoms, reactions on the substrate, and gas phase diffusion of products away through the boundary layer. + +The velocity profile for gas flow is: + +δ ( x ) = ( 5 x R e 1 / 2 ) R e = v ρ L η +{\displaystyle \delta (x)=\left({\frac {5x}{\mathrm {Re} ^{1/2}}}\right)\mathrm {Re} ={\frac {v\rho L}{\eta }}} +where + + δ \delta is the thickness + R e {\mathrm {Re}} is the Reynolds number + x is the length of the subtrate. + v = 0 at any surface + η \eta is viscosity + ρ \rho is density. + +Integrated the x from 0 to L, it gives the average thickness: + +δ = 10 L 3 R e 1 / 2 +{\displaystyle \delta ={\frac {10L}{3\mathrm {Re} ^{1/2}}}} + +To keep the reaction balanced, reactants must diffuse through the stagnant boundary layer to reach the substrate. So a thin boundary layer is desirable. According to the equations, increasing vo would result in more wasted reactants. The reactants will not reach the substrate uniformly if the flow becomes turbulent. Another option is to switch to a new carrier gas with lower viscosity or density. + +The Fick's first law describes diffusion through the boundary layer. As a function of pressure (P) and temperature (T) in a gas, diffusion is determined. + +D = D 0 ( P 0 P ) ( T T 0 ) 3 / 2 +{\displaystyle D=D_{0}\left({\frac {P_{0}}{P}}\right)\left({\frac {T}{T_{0}}}\right)^{3/2}} +where + + P 0 P_{0} is the standard pressure. + T 0 T_{0} is the standard temperature. + D 0 D_{0} is the standard diffusitivity. + +The equation tells that increasing the temperature or decreasing the pressure can increase the diffusivity. + +Fick's first law predicts the flux of the reactants to the substrate and product away from the substrate: +J = − D i ( d c i d x ) +{\displaystyle J=-D_{i}\left({\frac {dc_{i}}{dx}}\right)} +where + + x x is the thickness δ \delta + d c i {\displaystyle dc_{i}} is the first reactant's concentration. + +In ideal gas law P V = n R T PV=nRT, the concentration of the gas is expressed by partial pressure. + +J = − D i ( P i − P 0 δ R T ) +{\displaystyle J=-D_{i}\left({\frac {P_{i}-P_{0}}{\delta RT}}\right)} +where + + R R is the gas constant. + P i − P 0 δ {\displaystyle {\frac {P_{i}-P_{0}}{\delta }}} is the partial pressure gradient. + +As a result, Fick's first law tells us we can use a partial pressure gradient to control the diffusivity and control the growth of thin films of semiconductors. + +In many realistic situations, the simple Fick's law is not an adequate formulation for the semiconductor problem. It only applies to certain conditions, for example, given the semiconductor boundary conditions: constant source concentration diffusion, limited source concentration, or moving boundary diffusion (where junction depth keeps moving into the substrate). +Invalidity of Fickian diffusion + +It is important to note that, even though Fickian diffusion has been used to model diffusion processes in semiconductor manufacturing (including CVD reactors) in early days, it often fails to validate the diffusion in advanced semiconductor nodes (< 90 nm). This mostly stems from the inability of Fickian diffusion to model diffusion processes accurately at molecular level and smaller. In advanced semiconductor manufacturing, it is important to understand the movement at atomic scales, which is failed by continuum diffusion. Today, most semiconductor manufacturers use random walk to study and model diffusion processes. This allows us to study the effects of diffusion in a discrete manner to understand the movement of individual atoms, molecules, plasma etc. + +In such a process, the movements of diffusing species (atoms, molecules, plasma etc.) are treated as a discrete entity, following a random walk through the CVD reactor, boundary layer, material structures etc. Sometimes, the movements might follow a biased-random walk depending on the processing conditions. Statistical analysis is done to understand variation/stochasticity arising from the random walk of the species, which in-turn affects the overall process and electrical variations. +Food production and cooking + +The formulation of Fick's first law can explain a variety of complex phenomena in the context of food and cooking: Diffusion of molecules such as ethylene promotes plant growth and ripening, salt and sugar molecules promotes meat brining and marinating, and water molecules promote dehydration. Fick's first law can also be used to predict the changing moisture profiles across a spaghetti noodle as it hydrates during cooking. These phenomena are all about the spontaneous movement of particles of solutes driven by the concentration gradient. In different situations, there is different diffusivity which is a constant.[19] + +By controlling the concentration gradient, the cooking time, shape of the food, and salting can be controlled. +See also + + Advection + Churchill–Bernstein equation + Diffusion + False diffusion + Gas exchange + Mass flux + Maxwell–Stefan diffusion + Nernst–Planck equation + Osmosis + +Citations + +* Fick A (1855). "Ueber Diffusion". Annalen der Physik (in German). 94 (1): 59–86. Bibcode:1855AnP...170...59F. doi:10.1002/andp.18551700105. + + Fick A (1855). "On liquid diffusion". The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 10 (63): 30–39. doi:10.1080/14786445508641925. + +Philibert J (2005). "One and a Half Centuries of Diffusion: Fick, Einstein, before and beyond" (PDF). Diffusion Fundamentals. 2: 1.1–1.10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2009. +Vázquez JL (2006). "The Porous Medium Equation". Mathematical Theory. Oxford Univ. Press. +Gorban AN, Sargsyan HP, Wahab HA (2011). "Quasichemical Models of Multicomponent Nonlinear Diffusion". Mathematical Modelling of Natural Phenomena. 6 (5): 184–262. arXiv:1012.2908. doi:10.1051/mmnp/20116509. S2CID 18961678. +Atkins P, de Paula J (2006). Physical Chemistry for the Life Science. +Conlisk AT (2013). Essentials of Micro- and Nanofluidics: With Applications to the Biological and Chemical Sciences. Cambridge University Press. p. 43. ISBN 9780521881685. +Williams FA (1985). "Appendix E". Combustion Theory. Benjamin/Cummings. +"Fickian Diffusion - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 11 May 2022. +Taylor R, Krishna R (1993). Multicomponent mass transfer. Wiley Series in Chemical Engineering. Vol. 2. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-57417-0. +Brogioli D, Vailati A (January 2001). "Diffusive mass transfer by nonequilibrium fluctuations: Fick's law revisited". Physical Review E. 63 (1 Pt 1): 012105. arXiv:cond-mat/0006163. Bibcode:2000PhRvE..63a2105B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.63.012105. PMID 11304296. S2CID 1302913. +Pyle JR, Chen J (2 November 2017). "Photobleaching of YOYO-1 in super-resolution single DNA fluorescence imaging". Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. 8: 2296–2306. doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.229. PMC 5687005. PMID 29181286. +Langmuir I, Schaefer VJ (1937). "The Effect of Dissolved Salts on Insoluble Monolayers". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 29 (11): 2400–2414. doi:10.1021/ja01290a091. +Ward AF, Tordai L (1946). "Time-dependence of Boundary Tensions of Solutions I. The Role of Diffusion in Time-effects". Journal of Chemical Physics. 14 (7): 453–461. Bibcode:1946JChPh..14..453W. doi:10.1063/1.1724167. +Chen J (January 2022). "Simulating stochastic adsorption of diluted solute molecules at interfaces". AIP Advances. 12 (1): 015318. Bibcode:2022AIPA...12a5318C. doi:10.1063/5.0064140. PMC 8758205. PMID 35070490. +Bian X, Kim C, Karniadakis GE (August 2016). "111 years of Brownian motion". Soft Matter. 12 (30): 6331–6346. Bibcode:2016SMat...12.6331B. doi:10.1039/c6sm01153e. PMC 5476231. PMID 27396746. +Chen J (December 2022). "Why Should the Reaction Order of a Bimolecular Reaction be 2.33 Instead of 2?". The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 126 (51): 9719–9725. doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.2c07500. PMC 9805503. PMID 36520427. +Smoluchowski M (1916). "Drei Vorträge über Diffusion, Brownsche Molekularbewegung und Koagulation von Kolloidteilchen". Zeitschrift für Physik (in German). 17: 557–571, 585–599. Bibcode:1916ZPhy...17..557S. +Nosek TM. "Section 3/3ch9/s3ch9_2". Essentials of Human Physiology. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. + + Zhou L, Nyberg K, Rowat AC (September 2015). "Understanding diffusion theory and Fick's law through food and cooking". Advances in Physiology Education. 39 (3): 192–197. doi:10.1152/advan.00133.2014. PMID 26330037. S2CID 3921833. + +Further reading + + Berg HC (1977). Random Walks in Biology. Princeton. + Bird RB, Stewart WE, Lightfoot EN (1976). Transport Phenomena. John Wiley & Sons. + Bokshtein BS, Mendelev MI, Srolovitz DJ, eds. (2005). Thermodynamics and Kinetics in Materials Science: A Short Course. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 167–171. + Crank J (1980). The Mathematics of Diffusion. Oxford University Press. + Fick A (1855). "On liquid diffusion". Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 94: 59. – reprinted in Fick, Adolph (1995). "On liquid diffusion". Journal of Membrane Science. 100: 33–38. doi:10.1016/0376-7388(94)00230-v. + Smith WF (2004). Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. + +External links + + Fick's equations, Boltzmann's transformation, etc. (with figures and animations) + Fick's Second Law on OpenStax + +Categories: + + DiffusionMathematics in medicinePhysical chemistryStatistical mechanics + + This page was last edited on 16 August 2023, at 03:41 (UTC). + site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. + + Privacy policy + About Wikipedia + Disclaimers + Contact Wikipedia + Code of Conduct + Mobile view + Developers + Statistics + Cookie statement + + Wikimedia Foundation + Powered by MediaWiki + + + +Main menu + +Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia + + Create account + Log in + +Personal tools + +Contents +(Top) +History of coding theory + +Source coding + + Definition + Properties + Principle + Example + +Channel coding + + Linear codes + Linear block codes + Convolutional codes + +Cryptographic coding + +Line coding + +Other applications of coding theory + + Group testing + Analog coding + Neural coding + See also + Notes + References + +Coding theory + + Article + Talk + + Read + Edit + View history + +Tools + +From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia +A two-dimensional visualisation of the Hamming distance, a critical measure in coding theory + +Coding theory is the study of the properties of codes and their respective fitness for specific applications. Codes are used for data compression, cryptography, error detection and correction, data transmission and data storage. Codes are studied by various scientific disciplines—such as information theory, electrical engineering, mathematics, linguistics, and computer science—for the purpose of designing efficient and reliable data transmission methods. This typically involves the removal of redundancy and the correction or detection of errors in the transmitted data. + +There are four types of coding:[1] + + Data compression (or source coding) + Error control (or channel coding) + Cryptographic coding + Line coding + +Data compression attempts to remove unwanted redundancy from the data from a source in order to transmit it more efficiently. For example, ZIP data compression makes data files smaller, for purposes such as to reduce Internet traffic. Data compression and error correction may be studied in combination. + +Error correction adds useful redundancy to the data from a source to make the transmission more robust to disturbances present on the transmission channel. The ordinary user may not be aware of many applications using error correction. A typical music compact disc (CD) uses the Reed–Solomon code to correct for scratches and dust. In this application the transmission channel is the CD itself. Cell phones also use coding techniques to correct for the fading and noise of high frequency radio transmission. Data modems, telephone transmissions, and the NASA Deep Space Network all employ channel coding techniques to get the bits through, for example the turbo code and LDPC codes. +History of coding theory + +In 1948, Claude Shannon published "A Mathematical Theory of Communication", an article in two parts in the July and October issues of the Bell System Technical Journal. This work focuses on the problem of how best to encode the information a sender wants to transmit. In this fundamental work he used tools in probability theory, developed by Norbert Wiener, which were in their nascent stages of being applied to communication theory at that time. Shannon developed information entropy as a measure for the uncertainty in a message while essentially inventing the field of information theory. + +The binary Golay code was developed in 1949. It is an error-correcting code capable of correcting up to three errors in each 24-bit word, and detecting a fourth. + +Richard Hamming won the Turing Award in 1968 for his work at Bell Labs in numerical methods, automatic coding systems, and error-detecting and error-correcting codes. He invented the concepts known as Hamming codes, Hamming windows, Hamming numbers, and Hamming distance. + +In 1972, Nasir Ahmed proposed the discrete cosine transform (DCT), which he developed with T. Natarajan and K. R. Rao in 1973.[2] The DCT is the most widely used lossy compression algorithm, the basis for multimedia formats such as JPEG, MPEG and MP3. +Source coding +Main article: Data compression + +The aim of source coding is to take the source data and make it smaller. +Definition + +Data can be seen as a random variable X : Ω → X {\displaystyle X:\Omega \to {\mathcal {X}}}, where x ∈ X x\in {\mathcal {X}} appears with probability P [ X = x ] \mathbb {P} [X=x]. + +Data are encoded by strings (words) over an alphabet Σ \Sigma . + +A code is a function + + C : X → Σ ∗ {\displaystyle C:{\mathcal {X}}\to \Sigma ^{*}} (or Σ + \Sigma ^{+} if the empty string is not part of the alphabet). + +C ( x ) C(x) is the code word associated with x x. + +Length of the code word is written as + + l ( C ( x ) ) . {\displaystyle l(C(x)).} + +Expected length of a code is + + l ( C ) = ∑ x ∈ X l ( C ( x ) ) P [ X = x ] . {\displaystyle l(C)=\sum _{x\in {\mathcal {X}}}l(C(x))\mathbb {P} [X=x].} + +The concatenation of code words C ( x 1 , … , x k ) = C ( x 1 ) C ( x 2 ) ⋯ C ( x k ) {\displaystyle C(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{k})=C(x_{1})C(x_{2})\cdots C(x_{k})}. + +The code word of the empty string is the empty string itself: + + C ( ϵ ) = ϵ C(\epsilon )=\epsilon + +Properties + + C : X → Σ ∗ {\displaystyle C:{\mathcal {X}}\to \Sigma ^{*}} is non-singular if injective. + C : X ∗ → Σ ∗ {\displaystyle C:{\mathcal {X}}^{*}\to \Sigma ^{*}} is uniquely decodable if injective. + C : X → Σ ∗ {\displaystyle C:{\mathcal {X}}\to \Sigma ^{*}} is instantaneous if C ( x 1 ) C(x_{1}) is not a prefix of C ( x 2 ) C(x_{2}) (and vice versa). + +Principle + +Entropy of a source is the measure of information. Basically, source codes try to reduce the redundancy present in the source, and represent the source with fewer bits that carry more information. + +Data compression which explicitly tries to minimize the average length of messages according to a particular assumed probability model is called entropy encoding. + +Various techniques used by source coding schemes try to achieve the limit of entropy of the source. C(x) ≥ H(x), where H(x) is entropy of source (bitrate), and C(x) is the bitrate after compression. In particular, no source coding scheme can be better than the entropy of the source. +Example + +Facsimile transmission uses a simple run length code. Source coding removes all data superfluous to the need of the transmitter, decreasing the bandwidth required for transmission. +Channel coding +Main article: Error detection and correction + +The purpose of channel coding theory is to find codes which transmit quickly, contain many valid code words and can correct or at least detect many errors. While not mutually exclusive, performance in these areas is a trade-off. So, different codes are optimal for different applications. The needed properties of this code mainly depend on the probability of errors happening during transmission. In a typical CD, the impairment is mainly dust or scratches. + +CDs use cross-interleaved Reed–Solomon coding to spread the data out over the disk.[3] + +Although not a very good code, a simple repeat code can serve as an understandable example. Suppose we take a block of data bits (representing sound) and send it three times. At the receiver we will examine the three repetitions bit by bit and take a majority vote. The twist on this is that we do not merely send the bits in order. We interleave them. The block of data bits is first divided into 4 smaller blocks. Then we cycle through the block and send one bit from the first, then the second, etc. This is done three times to spread the data out over the surface of the disk. In the context of the simple repeat code, this may not appear effective. However, there are more powerful codes known which are very effective at correcting the "burst" error of a scratch or a dust spot when this interleaving technique is used. + +Other codes are more appropriate for different applications. Deep space communications are limited by the thermal noise of the receiver which is more of a continuous nature than a bursty nature. Likewise, narrowband modems are limited by the noise, present in the telephone network and also modeled better as a continuous disturbance.[citation needed] Cell phones are subject to rapid fading. The high frequencies used can cause rapid fading of the signal even if the receiver is moved a few inches. Again there are a class of channel codes that are designed to combat fading.[citation needed] +Linear codes +Main article: Linear code + +The term algebraic coding theory denotes the sub-field of coding theory where the properties of codes are expressed in algebraic terms and then further researched.[citation needed] + +Algebraic coding theory is basically divided into two major types of codes:[citation needed] + + Linear block codes + Convolutional codes + +It analyzes the following three properties of a code – mainly:[citation needed] + + Code word length + Total number of valid code words + The minimum distance between two valid code words, using mainly the Hamming distance, sometimes also other distances like the Lee distance + +Linear block codes +Main article: Block code + +Linear block codes have the property of linearity, i.e. the sum of any two codewords is also a code word, and they are applied to the source bits in blocks, hence the name linear block codes. There are block codes that are not linear, but it is difficult to prove that a code is a good one without this property.[4] + +Linear block codes are summarized by their symbol alphabets (e.g., binary or ternary) and parameters (n,m,dmin)[5] where + + n is the length of the codeword, in symbols, + m is the number of source symbols that will be used for encoding at once, + dmin is the minimum hamming distance for the code. + +There are many types of linear block codes, such as + + Cyclic codes (e.g., Hamming codes) + Repetition codes + Parity codes + Polynomial codes (e.g., BCH codes) + Reed–Solomon codes + Algebraic geometric codes + Reed–Muller codes + Perfect codes + +Block codes are tied to the sphere packing problem, which has received some attention over the years. In two dimensions, it is easy to visualize. Take a bunch of pennies flat on the table and push them together. The result is a hexagon pattern like a bee's nest. But block codes rely on more dimensions which cannot easily be visualized. The powerful (24,12) Golay code used in deep space communications uses 24 dimensions. If used as a binary code (which it usually is) the dimensions refer to the length of the codeword as defined above. + +The theory of coding uses the N-dimensional sphere model. For example, how many pennies can be packed into a circle on a tabletop, or in 3 dimensions, how many marbles can be packed into a globe. Other considerations enter the choice of a code. For example, hexagon packing into the constraint of a rectangular box will leave empty space at the corners. As the dimensions get larger, the percentage of empty space grows smaller. But at certain dimensions, the packing uses all the space and these codes are the so-called "perfect" codes. The only nontrivial and useful perfect codes are the distance-3 Hamming codes with parameters satisfying (2r – 1, 2r – 1 – r, 3), and the [23,12,7] binary and [11,6,5] ternary Golay codes.[4][5] + +Another code property is the number of neighbors that a single codeword may have.[6] Again, consider pennies as an example. First we pack the pennies in a rectangular grid. Each penny will have 4 near neighbors (and 4 at the corners which are farther away). In a hexagon, each penny will have 6 near neighbors. When we increase the dimensions, the number of near neighbors increases very rapidly. The result is the number of ways for noise to make the receiver choose a neighbor (hence an error) grows as well. This is a fundamental limitation of block codes, and indeed all codes. It may be harder to cause an error to a single neighbor, but the number of neighbors can be large enough so the total error probability actually suffers.[6] + +Properties of linear block codes are used in many applications. For example, the syndrome-coset uniqueness property of linear block codes is used in trellis shaping,[7] one of the best-known shaping codes. +Convolutional codes +Main article: Convolutional code + +The idea behind a convolutional code is to make every codeword symbol be the weighted sum of the various input message symbols. This is like convolution used in LTI systems to find the output of a system, when you know the input and impulse response. + +So we generally find the output of the system convolutional encoder, which is the convolution of the input bit, against the states of the convolution encoder, registers. + +Fundamentally, convolutional codes do not offer more protection against noise than an equivalent block code. In many cases, they generally offer greater simplicity of implementation over a block code of equal power. The encoder is usually a simple circuit which has state memory and some feedback logic, normally XOR gates. The decoder can be implemented in software or firmware. + +The Viterbi algorithm is the optimum algorithm used to decode convolutional codes. There are simplifications to reduce the computational load. They rely on searching only the most likely paths. Although not optimum, they have generally been found to give good results in low noise environments. + +Convolutional codes are used in voiceband modems (V.32, V.17, V.34) and in GSM mobile phones, as well as satellite and military communication devices. +Cryptographic coding +Main article: Cryptography + +Cryptography or cryptographic coding is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of third parties (called adversaries).[8] More generally, it is about constructing and analyzing protocols that block adversaries;[9] various aspects in information security such as data confidentiality, data integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation[10] are central to modern cryptography. Modern cryptography exists at the intersection of the disciplines of mathematics, computer science, and electrical engineering. Applications of cryptography include ATM cards, computer passwords, and electronic commerce. + +Cryptography prior to the modern age was effectively synonymous with encryption, the conversion of information from a readable state to apparent nonsense. The originator of an encrypted message shared the decoding technique needed to recover the original information only with intended recipients, thereby precluding unwanted persons from doing the same. Since World War I and the advent of the computer, the methods used to carry out cryptology have become increasingly complex and its application more widespread. + +Modern cryptography is heavily based on mathematical theory and computer science practice; cryptographic algorithms are designed around computational hardness assumptions, making such algorithms hard to break in practice by any adversary. It is theoretically possible to break such a system, but it is infeasible to do so by any known practical means. These schemes are therefore termed computationally secure; theoretical advances, e.g., improvements in integer factorization algorithms, and faster computing technology require these solutions to be continually adapted. There exist information-theoretically secure schemes that provably cannot be broken even with unlimited computing power—an example is the one-time pad—but these schemes are more difficult to implement than the best theoretically breakable but computationally secure mechanisms. +Line coding +Main article: Line code + +A line code (also called digital baseband modulation or digital baseband transmission method) is a code chosen for use within a communications system for baseband transmission purposes. Line coding is often used for digital data transport. + +Line coding consists of representing the digital signal to be transported by an amplitude- and time-discrete signal that is optimally tuned for the specific properties of the physical channel (and of the receiving equipment). The waveform pattern of voltage or current used to represent the 1s and 0s of a digital data on a transmission link is called line encoding. The common types of line encoding are unipolar, polar, bipolar, and Manchester encoding. +Other applications of coding theory + +This article or section may contain misleading parts. Please help clarify this article according to any suggestions provided on the talk page. (August 2012) + +Another concern of coding theory is designing codes that help synchronization. A code may be designed so that a phase shift can be easily detected and corrected and that multiple signals can be sent on the same channel.[citation needed] + +Another application of codes, used in some mobile phone systems, is code-division multiple access (CDMA). Each phone is assigned a code sequence that is approximately uncorrelated with the codes of other phones.[citation needed] When transmitting, the code word is used to modulate the data bits representing the voice message. At the receiver, a demodulation process is performed to recover the data. The properties of this class of codes allow many users (with different codes) to use the same radio channel at the same time. To the receiver, the signals of other users will appear to the demodulator only as a low-level noise.[citation needed] + +Another general class of codes are the automatic repeat-request (ARQ) codes. In these codes the sender adds redundancy to each message for error checking, usually by adding check bits. If the check bits are not consistent with the rest of the message when it arrives, the receiver will ask the sender to retransmit the message. All but the simplest wide area network protocols use ARQ. Common protocols include SDLC (IBM), TCP (Internet), X.25 (International) and many others. There is an extensive field of research on this topic because of the problem of matching a rejected packet against a new packet. Is it a new one or is it a retransmission? Typically numbering schemes are used, as in TCP."RFC793". RFCS. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). September 1981. +Group testing + +Group testing uses codes in a different way. Consider a large group of items in which a very few are different in a particular way (e.g., defective products or infected test subjects). The idea of group testing is to determine which items are "different" by using as few tests as possible. The origin of the problem has its roots in the Second World War when the United States Army Air Forces needed to test its soldiers for syphilis.[11] +Analog coding + +Information is encoded analogously in the neural networks of brains, in analog signal processing, and analog electronics. Aspects of analog coding include analog error correction,[12] analog data compression[13] and analog encryption.[14] +Neural coding + +Neural coding is a neuroscience-related field concerned with how sensory and other information is represented in the brain by networks of neurons. The main goal of studying neural coding is to characterize the relationship between the stimulus and the individual or ensemble neuronal responses and the relationship among electrical activity of the neurons in the ensemble.[15] It is thought that neurons can encode both digital and analog information,[16] and that neurons follow the principles of information theory and compress information,[17] and detect and correct[18] errors in the signals that are sent throughout the brain and wider nervous system. +See also + + Telecommunication portal + + Coding gain + Covering code + Error correction code + Folded Reed–Solomon code + Group testing + Hamming distance, Hamming weight + Lee distance + List of algebraic coding theory topics + Spatial coding and MIMO in multiple antenna research + Spatial diversity coding is spatial coding that transmits replicas of the information signal along different spatial paths, so as to increase the reliability of the data transmission. + Spatial interference cancellation coding + Spatial multiplex coding + Timeline of information theory, data compression, and error correcting codes + +Notes + +James Irvine; David Harle (2002). "2.4.4 Types of Coding". Data Communications and Networks. John Wiley & Sons. p. 18. ISBN 9780471808725. "There are four types of coding" +Nasir Ahmed. "How I Came Up With the Discrete Cosine Transform". Digital Signal Processing, Vol. 1, Iss. 1, 1991, pp. 4-5. +Todd Campbell. "Answer Geek: Error Correction Rule CDs". +Terras, Audrey (1999). Fourier Analysis on Finite Groups and Applications. Cambridge University Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-521-45718-7. +Blahut, Richard E. (2003). Algebraic Codes for Data Transmission. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-55374-2. +Christian Schlegel; Lance Pérez (2004). Trellis and turbo coding. Wiley-IEEE. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-471-22755-7. +Forney, G.D. Jr. (March 1992). "Trellis shaping". IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. 38 (2 Pt 2): 281–300. doi:10.1109/18.119687. S2CID 37984132. +Rivest, Ronald L. (1990). "Cryptology". In J. Van Leeuwen (ed.). Handbook of Theoretical Computer Science. Vol. 1. Elsevier. +Bellare, Mihir; Rogaway, Phillip (21 September 2005). "Introduction". Introduction to Modern Cryptography. p. 10. +Menezes, A. J.; van Oorschot, P. C.; Vanstone, S. A. (1997). Handbook of Applied Cryptography. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-8493-8523-0. +Dorfman, Robert (1943). "The detection of defective members of large populations". Annals of Mathematical Statistics. 14 (4): 436–440. doi:10.1214/aoms/1177731363. +Chen, Brian; Wornell, Gregory W. (July 1998). "Analog Error-Correcting Codes Based on Chaotic Dynamical Systems" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Communications. 46 (7): 881–890. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.30.4093. doi:10.1109/26.701312. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2001-09-27. Retrieved 2013-06-30. +Novak, Franc; Hvala, Bojan; Klavžar, Sandi (1999). "On Analog Signature Analysis". Proceedings of the conference on Design, automation and test in Europe. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.142.5853. ISBN 1-58113-121-6. +Shujun Li; Chengqing Li; Kwok-Tung Lo; Guanrong Chen (April 2008). "Cryptanalyzing an Encryption Scheme Based on Blind Source Separation" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I. 55 (4): 1055–63. arXiv:cs/0608024. doi:10.1109/TCSI.2008.916540. S2CID 2224947. +Brown EN, Kass RE, Mitra PP (May 2004). "Multiple neural spike train data analysis: state-of-the-art and future challenges" (PDF). Nature Neuroscience. 7 (5): 456–461. doi:10.1038/nn1228. PMID 15114358. S2CID 562815. +Thorpe, S.J. (1990). "Spike arrival times: A highly efficient coding scheme for neural networks" (PDF). In Eckmiller, R.; Hartmann, G.; Hauske, G. (eds.). Parallel processing in neural systems and computers (PDF). North-Holland. pp. 91–94. ISBN 978-0-444-88390-2. Retrieved 30 June 2013. +Gedeon, T.; Parker, A.E.; Dimitrov, A.G. (Spring 2002). "Information Distortion and Neural Coding". Canadian Applied Mathematics Quarterly. 10 (1): 10. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.5.6365. + + Stiber, M. (July 2005). "Spike timing precision and neural error correction: local behavior". Neural Computation. 17 (7): 1577–1601. arXiv:q-bio/0501021. doi:10.1162/0899766053723069. PMID 15901408. S2CID 2064645. + +References + + Elwyn R. Berlekamp (2014), Algebraic Coding Theory, World Scientific Publishing (revised edition), ISBN 978-9-81463-589-9. + MacKay, David J. C. Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-521-64298-1 + Vera Pless (1982), Introduction to the Theory of Error-Correcting Codes, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., ISBN 0-471-08684-3. + Randy Yates, A Coding Theory Tutorial. + + vte + +Industrial and applied mathematics +Authority control: National Edit this at Wikidata + + France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan + +Categories: + + Coding theoryError detection and correction + + This page was last edited on 3 August 2023, at 09:45 (UTC). + Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. + + Privacy policy + About Wikipedia + Disclaimers + Contact Wikipedia + Code of Conduct + Mobile view + Developers + Statistics + Cookie statement + + Wikimedia Foundation + Powered by MediaWiki + +Main menu + +Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia + + Create account + Log in + +Personal tools + +Contents +(Top) +Background + +Description + +Derivation + +Use in petroleum engineering + +Use in coffee brewing + +Additional forms + + Differential expression + Quadratic law + Correction for gases in fine media (Knudsen diffusion or Klinkenberg effect) + Darcy's law for short time scales + Brinkman form of Darcy's law + Validity of Darcy's law + See also + References + +Darcy's law + + Article + Talk + + Read + Edit + View history + +Tools + +From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia + +Darcy's law is an equation that describes the flow of a fluid through a porous medium. The law was formulated by Henry Darcy based on results of experiments[1] on the flow of water through beds of sand, forming the basis of hydrogeology, a branch of earth sciences. It is analogous to Ohm's law in electrostatics, linearly relating the volume flow rate of the fluid to the hydraulic head difference (which is often just proportional to the pressure difference) via the hydraulic conductivity. +Background + +Darcy's law was first determined experimentally by Darcy, but has since been derived from the Navier–Stokes equations via homogenization methods.[2] It is analogous to Fourier's law in the field of heat conduction, Ohm's law in the field of electrical networks, and Fick's law in diffusion theory. + +One application of Darcy's law is in the analysis of water flow through an aquifer; Darcy's law along with the equation of conservation of mass simplifies to the groundwater flow equation, one of the basic relationships of hydrogeology. + +Morris Muskat first[3] refined Darcy's equation for a single-phase flow by including viscosity in the single (fluid) phase equation of Darcy. It can be understood that viscous fluids have more difficulty permeating through a porous medium than less viscous fluids. This change made it suitable for researchers in the petroleum industry. Based on experimental results by his colleagues Wyckoff and Botset, Muskat and Meres also generalized Darcy's law to cover a multiphase flow of water, oil and gas in the porous medium of a petroleum reservoir. The generalized multiphase flow equations by Muskat and others provide the analytical foundation for reservoir engineering that exists to this day. +Description +Diagram showing definitions and directions for Darcy's law. A is the cross sectional area (m2) of the cylinder. Q is the flow rate (m3/s) of the fluid flowing through the area A. The flux of fluid through A is q = Q/A. L is the length of the cylinder. Δp = poutlet - pinlet = pb - pa. ∇ p \nabla p = Δp/L = hydraulic gradient applied between the points a and b. + +Darcy's law, as refined by Morris Muskat, in the absence of gravitational forces and in a homogeneously permeable medium, is given by a simple proportionality relationship between the instantaneous flux q = Q / A {\displaystyle q=Q/A} (units of Q Q: m3/s, units of A A: m2, units of q q: m/s) through a porous medium, the permeability k k of the medium, the dynamic viscosity of the fluid μ \mu , and the pressure drop Δ p \Delta p over a given distance L L, in the form +q = − k μ L Δ p +{\displaystyle q=-{\frac {k}{\mu L}}\Delta p} + +This equation, for single phase (fluid) flow, is the defining equation for absolute permeability (single phase permeability). + +With reference to the diagram to the right, the flux q q, or discharge per unit area, is defined in units ( m / s ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {(m/s)} }, the permeability k k in units ( m 2 ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {(m^{2})} }, the cross-sectional area A A in units ( m 2 ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {(m^{2})} }, the total pressure drop Δ p = p b − p a {\displaystyle \Delta p=p_{b}-p_{a}} in units ( P a ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {(Pa)} }, the dynamic viscosity μ \mu in units ( P a ⋅ s ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {(Pa\cdot s)} }, and L L is the length of the sample in units ( m ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {(m)} }. A number of these parameters are used in alternative definitions below. A negative sign is used in the definition of the flux following the standard physics convention that fluids flow from regions of high pressure to regions of low pressure. Note that the elevation head must be taken into account if the inlet and outlet are at different elevations. If the change in pressure is negative, then the flow will be in the positive x direction. There have been several proposals for a constitutive equation for absolute permeability, and the most famous one is probably the Kozeny equation (also called Kozeny–Carman equation). + +The integral form of the Darcy law is given by: +Q = k A μ L Δ p +{\displaystyle Q={\frac {kA}{\mu L}}\,{\Delta p}} +where Q (units of volume per time, e.g., m3/s) is the total discharge. By considering the relation for static fluid pressure (Stevin's law): + +p = ρ g h +{\displaystyle p=\rho gh} +one can deduce the representation +Q = k A g ν L Δ h +{\displaystyle Q={\frac {kAg}{\nu L}}\,{\Delta h}} +where ν is the kinematic viscosity. The corresponding hydraulic conductivity is therefore: + + K = k ρ g μ = k g ν . {\displaystyle K={\frac {k\rho g}{\mu }}={\frac {kg}{\nu }}.} + +Notice that the quantity q q or Q / A {\displaystyle Q/A}, often referred to as the Darcy flux or Darcy velocity, is not the velocity at which the fluid is travelling through the pores. The flow velocity (u) is related to the flux (q) by the porosity (φ) and takes the form + + u = q φ . {\displaystyle u={\frac {q}{\varphi }}\,.} + +Darcy's law is a simple mathematical statement which neatly summarizes several familiar properties that groundwater flowing in aquifers exhibits, including: + + if there is no pressure gradient over a distance, no flow occurs (these are hydrostatic conditions), + if there is a pressure gradient, flow will occur from high pressure towards low pressure (opposite the direction of increasing gradient — hence the negative sign in Darcy's law), + the greater the pressure gradient (through the same formation material), the greater the discharge rate, and + the discharge rate of fluid will often be different — through different formation materials (or even through the same material, in a different direction) — even if the same pressure gradient exists in both cases. + +A graphical illustration of the use of the steady-state groundwater flow equation (based on Darcy's law and the conservation of mass) is in the construction of flownets, to quantify the amount of groundwater flowing under a dam. + +Darcy's law is only valid for slow, viscous flow; however, most groundwater flow cases fall in this category. Typically any flow with a Reynolds number less than one is clearly laminar, and it would be valid to apply Darcy's law. Experimental tests have shown that flow regimes with Reynolds numbers up to 10 may still be Darcian, as in the case of groundwater flow. The Reynolds number (a dimensionless parameter) for porous media flow is typically expressed as + + R e = u d ν , {\displaystyle \mathrm {Re} ={\frac {ud}{\nu }}\,,} + +where ν is the kinematic viscosity of water, u is the specific discharge (not the pore velocity — with units of length per time), d30 is a representative grain diameter for the porous media (the standard choice is d30, which is the 30% passing size from a grain size analysis using sieves — with units of length). +Derivation + +For stationary, creeping, incompressible flow, i.e. D(ρui)/Dt ≈ 0, the Navier–Stokes equation simplifies to the Stokes equation, which by neglecting the bulk term is: + + μ ∇ 2 u i − ∂ i p = 0 , {\displaystyle \mu \nabla ^{2}u_{i}-\partial _{i}p=0\,,} + +where μ is the viscosity, ui is the velocity in the i direction, and p is the pressure. Assuming the viscous resisting force is linear with the velocity we may write: + + − ( k − 1 ) i j μ φ u j − ∂ i p = 0 , {\displaystyle -\left(k^{-1}\right)_{ij}\mu \varphi u_{j}-\partial _{i}p=0\,,} + +where φ is the porosity, and kij is the second order permeability tensor. This gives the velocity in the n direction, + + k n i ( k − 1 ) i j u j = δ n j u j = u n = − k n i φ μ ∂ i p , {\displaystyle k_{ni}\left(k^{-1}\right)_{ij}u_{j}=\delta _{nj}u_{j}=u_{n}=-{\frac {k_{ni}}{\varphi \mu }}\partial _{i}p\,,} + +which gives Darcy's law for the volumetric flux density in the n direction, + + q n = − k n i μ ∂ i p . {\displaystyle q_{n}=-{\frac {k_{ni}}{\mu }}\,\partial _{i}p\,.} + +In isotropic porous media the off-diagonal elements in the permeability tensor are zero, kij = 0 for i ≠ j and the diagonal elements are identical, kii = k, and the common form is obtained as below, which enables the determination of the liquid flow velocity by solving a set of equations in a given region. [4] + + q = − k μ ∇ p . {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {q}}=-{\frac {k}{\mu }}\,{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}p\,.} + +The above equation is a governing equation for single-phase fluid flow in a porous medium. +Use in petroleum engineering + +Another derivation of Darcy's law is used extensively in petroleum engineering to determine the flow through permeable media — the most simple of which is for a one-dimensional, homogeneous rock formation with a single fluid phase and constant fluid viscosity. + +Almost all oil reservoirs have a water zone below the oil leg, and some have also a gas cap above the oil leg. When the reservoir pressure drops due to oil production, water flows into the oil zone from below, and gas flows into the oil zone from above (if the gas cap exists), and we get a simultaneous flow and immiscible mixing of all fluid phases in the oil zone. The operator of the oil field may also inject water (and/or gas) in order to improve oil production. The petroleum industry is therefore using a generalized Darcy equation for multiphase flow that was developed by Muskat et alios. Because Darcy's name is so widespread and strongly associated with flow in porous media, the multiphase equation is denoted Darcy's law for multiphase flow or generalized Darcy equation (or law) or simply Darcy's equation (or law) or simply flow equation if the context says that the text is discussing the multiphase equation of Muskat et alios. Multiphase flow in oil and gas reservoirs is a comprehensive topic, and one of many articles about this topic is Darcy's law for multiphase flow. +Use in coffee brewing + +A number of papers have utilized Darcy's law to model the physics of brewing in a moka pot, specifically how the hot water percolates through the coffee grinds under pressure, starting with a 2001 paper by Varlamov and Balestrino,[5] and continuing with a 2007 paper by Gianino,[6] a 2008 paper by Navarini et al.[7], and a 2008 paper by W. King.[8] The papers will either take the coffee permeability to be constant as a simplification or will measure change through the brewing process. +Additional forms +Differential expression + +Darcy's law can be expressed very generally as: + + q = − K ∇ h {\displaystyle \mathbf {q} =-K\nabla h} + +where q is the volume flux vector of the fluid at a particular point in the medium, h is the total hydraulic head, and K is the hydraulic conductivity tensor, at that point. The hydraulic conductivity can often be approximated as a scalar. (Note the analogy to Ohm's law in electrostatics. The flux vector is analogous to the current density, head is analogous to voltage, and hydraulic conductivity is analogous to electrical conductivity.) +Quadratic law + +For flows in porous media with Reynolds numbers greater than about 1 to 10, inertial effects can also become significant. Sometimes an inertial term is added to the Darcy's equation, known as Forchheimer term. This term is able to account for the non-linear behavior of the pressure difference vs flow data.[9] + + ∂ p ∂ x = − μ k q − ρ k 1 q 2 , {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial p}{\partial x}}=-{\frac {\mu }{k}}q-{\frac {\rho }{k_{1}}}q^{2}\,,} + +where the additional term k1 is known as inertial permeability. + +The flow in the middle of a sandstone reservoir is so slow that Forchheimer's equation is usually not needed, but the gas flow into a gas production well may be high enough to justify use of Forchheimer's equation. In this case, the inflow performance calculations for the well, not the grid cell of the 3D model, is based on the Forchheimer equation. The effect of this is that an additional rate-dependent skin appears in the inflow performance formula. + +Some carbonate reservoirs have many fractures, and Darcy's equation for multiphase flow is generalized in order to govern both flow in fractures and flow in the matrix (i.e. the traditional porous rock). The irregular surface of the fracture walls and high flow rate in the fractures may justify the use of Forchheimer's equation. +Correction for gases in fine media (Knudsen diffusion or Klinkenberg effect) + +For gas flow in small characteristic dimensions (e.g., very fine sand, nanoporous structures etc.), the particle-wall interactions become more frequent, giving rise to additional wall friction (Knudsen friction). For a flow in this region, where both viscous and Knudsen friction are present, a new formulation needs to be used. Knudsen presented a semi-empirical model for flow in transition regime based on his experiments on small capillaries.[10][11] For a porous medium, the Knudsen equation can be given as[11] + + N = − ( k μ p a + p b 2 + D K e f f ) 1 R g T p b − p a L , {\displaystyle N=-\left({\frac {k}{\mu }}{\frac {p_{a}+p_{b}}{2}}+D_{\mathrm {K} }^{\mathrm {eff} }\right){\frac {1}{R_{\mathrm {g} }T}}{\frac {p_{\mathrm {b} }-p_{\mathrm {a} }}{L}}\,,} + +where N is the molar flux, Rg is the gas constant, T is the temperature, Deff +K is the effective Knudsen diffusivity of the porous media. The model can also be derived from the first-principle-based binary friction model (BFM).[12][13] The differential equation of transition flow in porous media based on BFM is given as[12] + + ∂ p ∂ x = − R g T ( k p μ + D K ) − 1 N . {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial p}{\partial x}}=-R_{\mathrm {g} }T\left({\frac {kp}{\mu }}+D_{\mathrm {K} }\right)^{-1}N\,.} + +This equation is valid for capillaries as well as porous media. The terminology of the Knudsen effect and Knudsen diffusivity is more common in mechanical and chemical engineering. In geological and petrochemical engineering, this effect is known as the Klinkenberg effect. Using the definition of molar flux, the above equation can be rewritten as + + ∂ p ∂ x = − R g T ( k p μ + D K ) − 1 p R g T q . {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial p}{\partial x}}=-R_{\mathrm {g} }T\left({\frac {kp}{\mu }}+D_{\mathrm {K} }\right)^{-1}{\dfrac {p}{R_{\mathrm {g} }T}}q\,.} + +This equation can be rearranged into the following equation + + q = − k μ ( 1 + D K μ k 1 p ) ∂ p ∂ x . {\displaystyle q=-{\frac {k}{\mu }}\left(1+{\frac {D_{\mathrm {K} }\mu }{k}}{\frac {1}{p}}\right){\frac {\partial p}{\partial x}}\,.} + +Comparing this equation with conventional Darcy's law, a new formulation can be given as + + q = − k e f f μ ∂ p ∂ x , {\displaystyle q=-{\frac {k^{\mathrm {eff} }}{\mu }}{\frac {\partial p}{\partial x}}\,,} + +where + + k e f f = k ( 1 + D K μ k 1 p ) . {\displaystyle k^{\mathrm {eff} }=k\left(1+{\frac {D_{\mathrm {K} }\mu }{k}}{\frac {1}{p}}\right)\,.} + +This is equivalent to the effective permeability formulation proposed by Klinkenberg:[14] + + k e f f = k ( 1 + b p ) . {\displaystyle k^{\mathrm {eff} }=k\left(1+{\frac {b}{p}}\right)\,.} + +where b is known as the Klinkenberg parameter, which depends on the gas and the porous medium structure. This is quite evident if we compare the above formulations. The Klinkenberg parameter b is dependent on permeability, Knudsen diffusivity and viscosity (i.e., both gas and porous medium properties). +Darcy's law for short time scales + +For very short time scales, a time derivative of flux may be added to Darcy's law, which results in valid solutions at very small times (in heat transfer, this is called the modified form of Fourier's law), + + τ ∂ q ∂ t + q = − k ∇ h , {\displaystyle \tau {\frac {\partial q}{\partial t}}+q=-k\nabla h\,,} + +where τ is a very small time constant which causes this equation to reduce to the normal form of Darcy's law at "normal" times (> nanoseconds). The main reason for doing this is that the regular groundwater flow equation (diffusion equation) leads to singularities at constant head boundaries at very small times. This form is more mathematically rigorous but leads to a hyperbolic groundwater flow equation, which is more difficult to solve and is only useful at very small times, typically out of the realm of practical use. +Brinkman form of Darcy's law + +Another extension to the traditional form of Darcy's law is the Brinkman term, which is used to account for transitional flow between boundaries (introduced by Brinkman in 1949[15]), + + − β ∇ 2 q + q = − k μ ∇ p , {\displaystyle -\beta \nabla ^{2}q+q=-{\frac {k}{\mu }}\nabla p\,,} + +where β is an effective viscosity term. This correction term accounts for flow through medium where the grains of the media are porous themselves, but is difficult to use, and is typically neglected. +Validity of Darcy's law + +Darcy's law is valid for laminar flow through sediments. In fine-grained sediments, the dimensions of interstices are small and thus flow is laminar. Coarse-grained sediments also behave similarly but in very coarse-grained sediments the flow may be turbulent.[16] Hence Darcy's law is not always valid in such sediments. For flow through commercial circular pipes, the flow is laminar when Reynolds number is less than 2000 and turbulent when it is more than 4000, but in some sediments, it has been found that flow is laminar when the value of Reynolds number is less than 1.[17] +See also + + The darcy, a unit of fluid permeability + Hydrogeology + Groundwater flow equation + Mathematical model + Black-oil equations + +References + +Darcy, H. (1856). Les fontaines publiques de la ville de Dijon. Paris: Dalmont. +Whitaker, S. (1986). "Flow in porous media I: A theoretical derivation of Darcy's law". Transport in Porous Media. 1: 3–25. doi:10.1007/BF01036523. S2CID 121904058. +Read "Memorial Tributes: Volume 14" at NAP.edu. 2011. doi:10.17226/12884. ISBN 978-0-309-15218-1. +Tailoring Porous Media For Controllable Capillary Flow Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 539 (2019) 379–387 +A. Varlamov and G. Balestrino, “La fisica di un buon caffè,” Il Nuovo Saggiatore 17􏰁3-4􏰀, 59–66 􏰁2001􏰀. +Gianino, Concetto. Experimental analysis of the Italian coffee pot "moka". American Journal of Physics (2007) +"Experimental investigation of steam pressure coffee extraction in a stove-top coffee maker" L. Navarini, E. Nobile, F. Pinto, A. Scheri, F. Suggi-Liverani +King, Warren. "The physics of a stove-top espresso machine". American Journal of Physics (2008) +Bejan, A. (1984). Convection Heat Transfer. John Wiley & Sons. +Cunningham, R. E.; Williams, R. J. J. (1980). Diffusion in Gases and Porous Media. New York: Plenum Press. +Carrigy, N.; Pant, L. M.; Mitra, S. K.; Secanell, M. (2013). "Knudsen diffusivity and permeability of pemfc microporous coated gas diffusion layers for different polytetrafluoroethylene loadings". Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 160 (2): F81–89. doi:10.1149/2.036302jes. +Pant, L. M.; Mitra, S. K.; Secanell, M. (2012). "Absolute permeability and Knudsen diffusivity measurements in PEMFC gas diffusion layers and micro porous layers". Journal of Power Sources. 206: 153–160. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.01.099. +Kerkhof, P. (1996). "A modified Maxwell–Stefan model for transport through inert membranes: The binary friction model". Chemical Engineering Journal and the Biochemical Engineering Journal. 64 (3): 319–343. doi:10.1016/S0923-0467(96)03134-X. +Klinkenberg, L. J. (1941). "The permeability of porous media to liquids and gases". Drilling and Production Practice. American Petroleum Institute. pp. 200–213. +Brinkman, H. C. (1949). "A calculation of the viscous force exerted by a flowing fluid on a dense swarm of particles". Applied Scientific Research. 1: 27–34. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.454.3769. doi:10.1007/BF02120313. +Jin, Y.; Uth, M.-F.; Kuznetsov, A. V.; Herwig, H. (2 February 2015). "Numerical investigation of the possibility of macroscopic turbulence in porous media: a direct numerical simulation study". Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 766: 76–103. Bibcode:2015JFM...766...76J. doi:10.1017/jfm.2015.9. S2CID 119946306. + + Arora, K. R. (1989). Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. Standard Publishers. + + vte + +Hydrogeology +Physical aquifer properties + + hydraulic head hydraulic conductivity storativity permeability porosity water content + +Governing equations + + Darcy's law Groundwater flow equation Theis equation Thiem equation Hooghoudt equation + +icon Geology portal +Categories: + + WaterCivil engineeringSoil mechanicsSoil physicsHydrologyTransport phenomena + + This page was last edited on 13 June 2023, at 17:56 (UTC). + site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. + + Privacy policy + About Wikipedia + Disclaimers + Contact Wikipedia + Code of Conduct + Mobile view + Developers + Statistics + Cookie statement + + Wikimedia Foundation + Powered by MediaWiki + + +Main menu + +Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia + + Create account + Log in + +Personal tools + +Contents +(Top) +Geology + +Earth's interior + +Atmospheric science + +Earth's magnetic field + +Hydrology + +Ecology + +Physical geography + +Methodology + +Earth's spheres + + Earth science breakup + +See also + +References + + Sources + Further reading + External links + +Earth science + + Article + Talk + + Read + Edit + View history + +Tools + +From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia +The rocky side of a mountain creek in Costa Rica + +Earth science or geoscience includes all fields of natural science related to the planet Earth.[1] This is a branch of science dealing with the physical, chemical, and biological complex constitutions and synergistic linkages of Earth's four spheres: the biosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and geosphere (or lithosphere). Earth science can be considered to be a branch of planetary science, but with a much older history. + +There are reductionist and holistic approaches to Earth sciences. It is also the study of Earth and its neighbors in space. Some Earth scientists use their knowledge of the planet to locate and develop energy and mineral resources. Others study the impact of human activity on Earth's environment, and design methods to protect the planet. Some use their knowledge about Earth processes such as volcanoes, earthquakes, and hurricanes to help protect people from these dangerous events. + +Earth sciences can include the study of geology, the lithosphere, and the large-scale structure of Earth's interior, as well as the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Typically, Earth scientists use tools from geology, chronology, physics, chemistry, geography, biology, and mathematics to build a quantitative understanding of how Earth works and evolves. For example, meteorologists study the weather and watch for dangerous storms. Hydrologists examine water and warn of floods. Seismologists study earthquakes and try to understand where they will strike. Geologists study rocks and help to locate useful minerals. Earth scientists often work in the field—perhaps climbing mountains, exploring the seabed, crawling through caves, or wading in swamps. They measure and collect samples (such as rocks or river water), then record their findings on charts and maps. +Geology +Main article: Geology +Layers of sedimentary rock in Makhtesh Ramon + +Geology is the study of the lithosphere, or Earth's surface, including the crust and rocks. It includes the physical characteristics and processes that occur in the lithosphere as well as how they are affected by geothermal energy. It incorporates aspects of chemistry, physics, and biology as elements of geology interact. Historical geology is the application of geology to interpret Earth history and how it has changed over time. Geochemistry studies the chemical components and processes of the Earth. Geophysics studies the physical properties of the Earth. Paleontology studies fossilized biological material in the lithosphere. Planetary geology studies geology as it pertains to extraterrestrial bodies. Geomorphology studies the origin of landscapes. Structural geology studies the deformation of rocks to produce mountains and lowlands. Resource geology studies how energy resources can be obtained from minerals. Environmental geology studies how pollution and contaminants affect soil and rock.[2] Mineralogy is the study of minerals. It includes the study of mineral formation, crystal structure, hazards associated with minerals, and the physical and chemical properties of minerals.[3] Petrology is the study of rocks, including the formation and composition of rocks. Petrography is a branch of petrology that studies the typology and classification of rocks.[4] +Earth's interior + +This section may contain material unrelated or insufficiently related to the topic of the article. Please help improve this section or discuss this issue on the talk page. (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) +A volcanic eruption is the release of stored energy from below Earth's surface.[5] +Main article: Structure of Earth + +Plate tectonics, mountain ranges, volcanoes, and earthquakes are geological phenomena that can be explained in terms of physical and chemical processes in the Earth's crust.[6] Beneath the Earth's crust lies the mantle which is heated by the radioactive decay of heavy elements. The mantle is not quite solid and consists of magma which is in a state of semi-perpetual convection. This convection process causes the lithospheric plates to move, albeit slowly. The resulting process is known as plate tectonics.[7][8][9][10] Areas of the crust where new crust is created are called divergent boundaries, those where it is brought back into the Earth are convergent boundaries and those where plates slide past each other, but no new lithospheric material is created or destroyed, are referred to as transform (or conservative) boundaries[8][10][11] Earthquakes result from the movement of the lithospheric plates, and they often occur near convergent boundaries where parts of the crust are forced into the earth as part of subduction.[12] + +Plate tectonics might be thought of as the process by which the Earth is resurfaced. As the result of seafloor spreading, new crust and lithosphere is created by the flow of magma from the mantle to the near surface, through fissures, where it cools and solidifies. Through subduction, oceanic crust and lithosphere returns to the convecting mantle.[8][10][13] Volcanoes result primarily from the melting of subducted crust material. Crust material that is forced into the asthenosphere melts, and some portion of the melted material becomes light enough to rise to the surface—giving birth to volcanoes.[8][12] +Atmospheric science + +This section may contain material unrelated or insufficiently related to the topic of the article. Please help improve this section or discuss this issue on the talk page. (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) +Main article: Atmospheric science +The magnetosphere shields the surface of Earth from the charged particles of the solar wind. +(image not to scale.) + +Atmospheric science initially developed in the late-19th century as a means to forecast the weather through meteorology, the study of weather. Atmospheric chemistry was developed in the 20th century to measure air pollution and expanded in the 1970s in response to acid rain. Climatology studies the climate and climate change.[14] + +The troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere are the five layers which make up Earth's atmosphere. 75% of the mass in the atmosphere is located within the troposphere, the lowest layer. In all, the atmosphere is made up of about 78.0% nitrogen, 20.9% oxygen, and 0.92% argon, and small amounts of other gases including CO2 and water vapor.[15] Water vapor and CO2 cause the Earth's atmosphere to catch and hold the Sun's energy through the greenhouse effect.[16] This makes Earth's surface warm enough for liquid water and life. In addition to trapping heat, the atmosphere also protects living organisms by shielding the Earth's surface from cosmic rays.[17] The magnetic field—created by the internal motions of the core—produces the magnetosphere which protects Earth's atmosphere from the solar wind.[18] As the Earth is 4.5 billion years old,[19][20] it would have lost its atmosphere by now if there were no protective magnetosphere. +Earth's magnetic field +This section is an excerpt from Earth's magnetic field.[edit] +Computer simulation of Earth's field in a period of normal polarity between reversals.[21] The lines represent magnetic field lines, blue when the field points towards the center and yellow when away. The rotation axis of Earth is centered and vertical. The dense clusters of lines are within Earth's core.[22] + +Earth's magnetic field, also known as the geomagnetic field, is the magnetic field that extends from Earth's interior out into space, where it interacts with the solar wind, a stream of charged particles emanating from the Sun. The magnetic field is generated by electric currents due to the motion of convection currents of a mixture of molten iron and nickel in Earth's outer core: these convection currents are caused by heat escaping from the core, a natural process called a geodynamo. + +The magnitude of Earth's magnetic field at its surface ranges from 25 to 65 μT (0.25 to 0.65 G).[23] As an approximation, it is represented by a field of a magnetic dipole currently tilted at an angle of about 11° with respect to Earth's rotational axis, as if there were an enormous bar magnet placed at that angle through the center of Earth. The North geomagnetic pole actually represents the South pole of Earth's magnetic field, and conversely the South geomagnetic pole corresponds to the north pole of Earth's magnetic field (because opposite magnetic poles attract and the north end of a magnet, like a compass needle, points toward Earth's South magnetic field, i.e., the North geomagnetic pole near the Geographic North Pole). As of 2015, the North geomagnetic pole was located on Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada. + +While the North and South magnetic poles are usually located near the geographic poles, they slowly and continuously move over geological time scales, but sufficiently slowly for ordinary compasses to remain useful for navigation. However, at irregular intervals averaging several hundred thousand years, Earth's field reverses and the North and South Magnetic Poles respectively, abruptly switch places. These reversals of the geomagnetic poles leave a record in rocks that are of value to paleomagnetists in calculating geomagnetic fields in the past. Such information in turn is helpful in studying the motions of continents and ocean floors in the process of plate tectonics. +The magnetosphere is the region above the ionosphere that is defined by the extent of Earth's magnetic field in space. It extends several tens of thousands of kilometres into space, protecting Earth from the charged particles of the solar wind and cosmic rays that would otherwise strip away the upper atmosphere, including the ozone layer that protects Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation. +Hydrology +Main article: Hydrology +Movement of water through the water cycle + +Hydrology is the study of the hydrosphere and the movement of water on Earth. It emphasizes the study of how humans use and interact with freshwater supplies. Study of water's movement is closely related to geomorphology and other branches of Earth science. Applied hydrology involves engineering to maintain aquatic environments and distribute water supplies. Subdisciplines of hydrology include oceanography, hydrogeology, ecohydrology, and glaciology. Oceanography is the study of oceans.[24] Hydrogeology is the study of groundwater. It includes the mapping of groundwater supplies and the analysis of groundwater contaminants. Applied hydrogeology seeks to prevent contamination of groundwater and mineral springs and make it available as drinking water. The earliest exploitation of groundwater resources dates back to 3000 BC, and hydrogeology as a science was developed by hydrologists beginning in the 17th century.[25] Ecohydrology is the study of ecological systems in the hydrosphere. It can be divided into the physical study of aquatic ecosystems and the biological study of aquatic organisms. Ecohydrology includes the effects that organisms and aquatic ecosystems have on one another as well as how these ecoystems are affected by humans.[26] Glaciology is the study of the cryosphere, including glaciers and coverage of the Earth by ice and snow. Concerns of glaciology include access to glacial freshwater, mitigation of glacial hazards, obtaining resources that exist beneath frozen land, and addressing the effects of climate change on the cryosphere.[27] +Ecology +Main article: Ecology + +Ecology is the study of the biosphere. This includes the study of nature and of how living things interact with the Earth and one another. It considers how living things use resources such as oxygen, water, and nutrients from the Earth to sustain themselves. It also considers how humans and other living creatures cause changes to nature.[28] +Physical geography +Main article: Physical geography + +Physical geography is the study of Earth's systems and how they interact with one another as part of a single self-contained system. It incorporates astronomy, mathematical geography, meteorology, climatology, geology, geomorphology, biology, biogeography, pedology, and soils geography. Physical geography is distinct from human geography, which studies the human populations on Earth, though it does include human effects on the environment.[29] +Methodology + +This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) + +Methodologies vary depending on the nature of the subjects being studied. Studies typically fall into one of three categories: observational, experimental, or theoretical. Earth scientists often conduct sophisticated computer analysis or visit an interesting location to study earth phenomena (e.g. Antarctica or hot spot island chains). + +A foundational idea in Earth science is the notion of uniformitarianism, which states that "ancient geologic features are interpreted by understanding active processes that are readily observed." In other words, any geologic processes at work in the present have operated in the same ways throughout geologic time. This enables those who study Earth history to apply knowledge of how the Earth's processes operate in the present to gain insight into how the planet has evolved and changed throughout long history. +Earth's spheres +Nature timeline +This box: + + viewtalkedit + +−13 — +– +−12 — +– +−11 — +– +−10 — +– +−9 — +– +−8 — +– +−7 — +– +−6 — +– +−5 — +– +−4 — +– +−3 — +– +−2 — +– +−1 — +– +0 — + +Dark Ages +Reionization +Matter-dominated +era +Accelerated expansion +Water on Earth +Single-celled life +Photosynthesis +Multicellular +life +Vertebrates + +← +Earliest Universe +← +Earliest stars +← +Earliest galaxy +← +Earliest quasar / black hole +← +Omega Centauri +← +Andromeda Galaxy +← +Milky Way spirals +← +NGC 188 star cluster +← +Alpha Centauri +← +Earth / Solar System +← +Earliest known life +← +Earliest oxygen +← +Atmospheric oxygen +← +Sexual reproduction +← +Earliest fungi +← +Earliest animals / plants +← +Cambrian explosion +← +Earliest mammals +← +Earliest apes / humans +L +i +f +e +(billion years ago) + +This article is in list format but may read better as prose. You can help by converting this article, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (August 2022) + +Earth science generally recognizes four spheres, the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere;[30] these correspond to rocks, water, air and life. Also included by some are the cryosphere (corresponding to ice) as a distinct portion of the hydrosphere and the pedosphere (corresponding to soil) as an active and intermixed sphere. The following fields of science are generally categorized within the Earth sciences: + + Geology describes the rocky parts of the Earth's crust (or lithosphere) and its historic development. Major subdisciplines are mineralogy and petrology, geomorphology, paleontology, stratigraphy, structural geology, engineering geology, and sedimentology.[31][32] + Physical geography focuses on geography as an Earth science. Physical geography is the study of Earth's seasons, climate, atmosphere, soil, streams, landforms, and oceans. Physical geography can be divided into several branches or related fields, as follows: geomorphology, biogeography, environmental geography, palaeogeography, climatology, meteorology, coastal geography, hydrology, ecology, glaciology.[citation needed] + Geophysics and geodesy investigate the shape of the Earth, its reaction to forces and its magnetic and gravity fields. Geophysicists explore the Earth's core and mantle as well as the tectonic and seismic activity of the lithosphere.[32][33][34] Geophysics is commonly used to supplement the work of geologists in developing a comprehensive understanding of crustal geology, particularly in mineral and petroleum exploration. Seismologists use geophysics to understand plate tectonic movement, as well as predict seismic activity. + Geochemistry is defined as the study of the processes that control the abundance, composition, and distribution of chemical compounds and isotopes in geologic environments. Geochemists use the tools and principles of chemistry to study the composition, structure, processes, and other physical aspects of the Earth. Major subdisciplines are aqueous geochemistry, cosmochemistry, isotope geochemistry and biogeochemistry. + Soil science covers the outermost layer of the Earth's crust that is subject to soil formation processes (or pedosphere).[35] Major subdivisions in this field of study include edaphology and pedology.[36] + Ecology covers the interactions between organisms and their environment. This field of study differentiates the study of Earth from the study of other planets in the Solar System, Earth being its only planet teeming with life. + Hydrology, oceanography and limnology are studies which focus on the movement, distribution, and quality of the water and involves all the components of the hydrologic cycle on the Earth and its atmosphere (or hydrosphere). "Sub-disciplines of hydrology include hydrometeorology, surface water hydrology, hydrogeology, watershed science, forest hydrology, and water chemistry."[37] + Glaciology covers the icy parts of the Earth (or cryosphere). + Atmospheric sciences cover the gaseous parts of the Earth (or atmosphere) between the surface and the exosphere (about 1000 km). Major subdisciplines include meteorology, climatology, atmospheric chemistry, and atmospheric physics. + +Earth science breakup +Main article: Outline of Earth sciences + +Atmosphere + + Atmospheric chemistry + Geography + Climatology + Meteorology + Hydrometeorology + Paleoclimatology + +Biosphere + + Biogeochemistry + Biogeography + Ecology + Landscape ecology + Geoarchaeology + Geomicrobiology + Paleontology + Palynology + Micropaleontology + +Hydrosphere + + Hydrology + Hydrogeology + Limnology (freshwater science) + Oceanography (marine science) + Chemical oceanography + Physical oceanography + Biological oceanography (marine biology) + Geological oceanography (marine geology) + Paleoceanography + +Lithosphere (geosphere) + + Geology + Economic geology + Engineering geology + Environmental geology + Forensic geology + Historical geology + Quaternary geology + Planetary geology and planetary geography + Sedimentology + Stratigraphy + Structural geology + Geography + Human geography + Physical geography + Geochemistry + Geomorphology + Geophysics + Geochronology + Geodynamics (see also Tectonics) + Geomagnetism + Gravimetry (also part of Geodesy) + Seismology + Glaciology + Hydrogeology + Mineralogy + Crystallography + Gemology + Petrology + Petrophysics + Speleology + Volcanology + +Pedosphere + + Geography + Soil science + Edaphology + Pedology + +Systems + + Earth system science + Environmental science + Geography + Human geography + Physical geography + Gaia hypothesis + Systems ecology + Systems geology + +Others + + Geography + Cartography + Geoinformatics (GIScience) + Geostatistics + Geodesy and Surveying + Remote Sensing + Hydrography + Nanogeoscience + +See also + + Earth sciences portaliconEnvironment portaliconEcology portalWorld portal + + American Geosciences Institute + Earth sciences graphics software + Glossary of geology terms + List of Earth scientists + List of geoscience organizations + List of unsolved problems in geoscience + Making North America (2015 PBS film) + National Association of Geoscience Teachers + Solid-earth science + Science tourism + Structure of the Earth + +References + +"Earth sciences | Definition, Topics, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-08-19. +Smith & Pun 2006, pp. 14–16. +Haldar 2020, p. 109. +Haldar 2020, p. 145. +Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, Academic Press, London, 2000 +"Earth's Energy Budget". ou.edu. Archived from the original on 2008-08-27. Retrieved 2007-06-20. +Simison 2007, paragraph 7 +Adams & Lambert 2006, pp. 94–95, 100, 102 +Smith & Pun 2006, pp. 13–17, 218, G-6 +Oldroyd 2006, pp. 101, 103, 104 +Smith & Pun 2006, p. 331 +Smith & Pun 2006, pp. 325–26, 329 +Smith & Pun 2006, p. 327 +Wallace, John M.; Hobbs, Peter V. (2006). Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey (2nd ed.). Elsevier Science. pp. 1–3. ISBN 9780080499536. +Adams & Lambert 2006, pp. 107–08 +American Heritage, p. 770 +Parker, Eugene (March 2006), Shielding Space (PDF), Scientific American, archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-01-01, retrieved 2017-05-24 +Adams & Lambert 2006, pp. 21–22 +Smith & Pun 2006, p. 183 +"How Did Scientists Calculate the Age of Earth?". education.nationalgeographic.org. Retrieved 2023-08-19. +Glatzmaier, Gary A.; Roberts, Paul H. (1995). "A three-dimensional self-consistent computer simulation of a geomagnetic field reversal". Nature. 377 (6546): 203–209. Bibcode:1995Natur.377..203G. doi:10.1038/377203a0. S2CID 4265765. +Glatzmaier, Gary. "The Geodynamo". University of California Santa Cruz. Retrieved 20 October 2013. +Finlay, C. C.; Maus, S.; Beggan, C. D.; Bondar, T. N.; Chambodut, A.; Chernova, T. A.; Chulliat, A.; Golovkov, V. P.; Hamilton, B.; Hamoudi, M.; Holme, R.; Hulot, G.; Kuang, W.; Langlais, B.; Lesur, V.; Lowes, F. J.; Lühr, H.; Macmillan, S.; Mandea, M.; McLean, S.; Manoj, C.; Menvielle, M.; Michaelis, I.; Olsen, N.; Rauberg, J.; Rother, M.; Sabaka, T. J.; Tangborn, A.; Tøffner-Clausen, L.; Thébault, E.; Thomson, A. W. P.; Wardinski, I.; Wei, Z.; Zvereva, T. I. (December 2010). "International Geomagnetic Reference Field: the eleventh generation". Geophysical Journal International. 183 (3): 1216–1230. Bibcode:2010GeoJI.183.1216F. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04804.x. +Davie, Tim; Quinn, Nevil Wyndham (2019). Fundamentals of Hydrology (3rd ed.). Routledge. pp. 1–2. ISBN 9780203798942. +Hölting, Bernward; Coldewey, Wilhelm G. (2019). "Introduction". Hydrogeology (8th ed.). Springer. pp. 1–3. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-56375-5. ISBN 9783662563755. Archived from the original on 2022-08-16. Retrieved 2022-08-16. +Wood, Paul J.; Hannah, David M.; Sadler, Jonathan P. (2007). "Ecohydrology and Hydroecology: An Introduction". Hydroecology and Ecohydrology: Past, Present and Future. Wiley. pp. 1–6. ISBN 9780470010174. +Knight, Peter (1999). Glaciers. Taylor & Francis. p. 1. ISBN 9780748740000. +Ricklefs, Robert E.; Miller, Gary L. (2000). Ecology (4th ed.). W. H. Freeman. pp. 3–4. ISBN 9780716728290. +Petersen, James F.; Sack, Dorothy; Gabler, Robert E. (2014). Fundamentals of Physical Geography. Cengage Learning. pp. 2–3. ISBN 9781285969718. +Earth's Spheres Archived August 31, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. ©1997–2000. Wheeling Jesuit University/NASA Classroom of the Future. Retrieved November 11, 2007. +Adams & Lambert 2006, p. 20 +Smith & Pun 2006, p. 5 +"WordNet Search – 3.1". princeton.edu. Archived from the original on 2019-05-15. Retrieved 2010-10-13. +"NOAA National Ocean Service Education: Global Positioning Tutorial". noaa.gov. Archived from the original on 2005-05-08. Retrieved 2007-11-17. +Elissa Levine, 2001, The Pedosphere As A Hub broken link? +Gardiner, Duane T. "Lecture 1 Chapter 1 Why Study Soils?". ENV320: Soil Science Lecture Notes. Texas A&M University-Kingsville. Archived from the original on 2018-02-09. Retrieved 2019-01-07. + + Craig, Kendall. "Hydrology of the Watershed". Archived from the original on 2017-01-11. Retrieved 2017-04-04. + +Sources + + Adams, Simon; Lambert, David (2006). Earth Science: An illustrated guide to science. New York: Chelsea House. ISBN 978-0-8160-6164-8. + Haldar, S. K. (2020). Introduction to Mineralogy and Petrology (2nd ed.). Elsevier Science. ISBN 9780323851367. + American Heritage dictionary of the English language (4th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 1992. ISBN 978-0-395-82517-4. + Simison, W. Brian (2007-02-05). "The mechanism behind plate tectonics". Archived from the original on 2007-11-12. Retrieved 2007-11-17. + Smith, Gary A.; Pun, Aurora (2006). How Does the Earth Work? Physical Geology and the Process of Science. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-034129-7. + Oldroyd, David (2006). Earth Cycles: A historical perspective. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-33229-6. + +Further reading + + Allaby M., 2008. Dictionary of Earth Sciences, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-921194-4 + Korvin G., 1998. Fractal Models in the Earth Sciences, Elsvier, ISBN 978-0-444-88907-2 + "Earth's Energy Budget". Oklahoma Climatological Survey. 1996–2004. Archived from the original on 2007-11-17. Retrieved 2007-11-17. + Miller, George A.; Christiane Fellbaum; and Randee Tengi; and Pamela Wakefield; and Rajesh Poddar; and Helen Langone; Benjamin Haskell (2006). "WordNet Search 3.0". WordNet a lexical database for the English language. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University/Cognitive Science Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2011-01-01. Retrieved 2007-11-10. + "NOAA National Ocean Service Education: Geodesy". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2005-03-08. Archived from the original on 2005-05-08. Retrieved 2007-11-17. + Reed, Christina (2008). Earth Science: Decade by Decade. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-5533-3. + Tarbuck E. J., Lutgens F. K., and Tasa D., 2002. Earth Science, Prentice Hall, ISBN 978-0-13-035390-0 + +External links +Wikimedia Commons has media related to Earth sciences. + + Earth Science Picture of the Day, a service of Universities Space Research Association, sponsored by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. + Geoethics in Planetary and Space Exploration. + Geology Buzz: Earth Science + + vte + +Earth science + + vte + +Natural science + + vte + +Earth + + vte + +Elements of nature +Authority control Edit this at Wikidata +Categories: + + Earth sciencesEarthPlanetary scienceScience-related lists + + This page was last edited on 22 August 2023, at 07:33 (UTC). + site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. 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For other uses, see Ohm's acoustic law. +V, I, and R, the parameters of Ohm's law +Articles about +Electromagnetism +Solenoid + + Electricity Magnetism Optics History Textbooks + +Electrostatics +Magnetostatics +Electrodynamics +Electrical network + + Alternating current Capacitance Direct current Electric current Electrolysis Current density Joule heating Electromotive force Impedance Inductance Ohm's law Parallel circuit Resistance Resonant cavities Series circuit Voltage Waveguides + +Magnetic circuit +Covariant formulation +Scientists + + vte + +Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points. Introducing the constant of proportionality, the resistance,[1] one arrives at the three mathematical equations used to describe this relationship:[2] + +V = I R or I = V R or R = V I +{\displaystyle V=IR\quad {\text{or}}\quad I={\frac {V}{R}}\quad {\text{or}}\quad R={\frac {V}{I}}} + +where I is the current through the conductor, V is the voltage measured across the conductor and R is the resistance of the conductor. More specifically, Ohm's law states that the R in this relation is constant, independent of the current.[3] If the resistance is not constant, the previous equation cannot be called Ohm's law, but it can still be used as a definition of static/DC resistance.[4] Ohm's law is an empirical relation which accurately describes the conductivity of the vast majority of electrically conductive materials over many orders of magnitude of current. However some materials do not obey Ohm's law; these are called non-ohmic. + +The law was named after the German physicist Georg Ohm, who, in a treatise published in 1827, described measurements of applied voltage and current through simple electrical circuits containing various lengths of wire. Ohm explained his experimental results by a slightly more complex equation than the modern form above (see § History below). + +In physics, the term Ohm's law is also used to refer to various generalizations of the law; for example the vector form of the law used in electromagnetics and material science: + +J = σ E , +{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} =\sigma \mathbf {E} ,} + +where J is the current density at a given location in a resistive material, E is the electric field at that location, and σ (sigma) is a material-dependent parameter called the conductivity. This reformulation of Ohm's law is due to Gustav Kirchhoff.[5] +History +Georg Ohm + +In January 1781, before Georg Ohm's work, Henry Cavendish experimented with Leyden jars and glass tubes of varying diameter and length filled with salt solution. He measured the current by noting how strong a shock he felt as he completed the circuit with his body. Cavendish wrote that the "velocity" (current) varied directly as the "degree of electrification" (voltage). He did not communicate his results to other scientists at the time,[6] and his results were unknown until Maxwell published them in 1879.[7] + +Francis Ronalds delineated "intensity" (voltage) and "quantity" (current) for the dry pile—a high voltage source—in 1814 using a gold-leaf electrometer. He found for a dry pile that the relationship between the two parameters was not proportional under certain meteorological conditions.[8][9] + +Ohm did his work on resistance in the years 1825 and 1826, and published his results in 1827 as the book Die galvanische Kette, mathematisch bearbeitet ("The galvanic circuit investigated mathematically").[10] He drew considerable inspiration from Fourier's work on heat conduction in the theoretical explanation of his work. For experiments, he initially used voltaic piles, but later used a thermocouple as this provided a more stable voltage source in terms of internal resistance and constant voltage. He used a galvanometer to measure current, and knew that the voltage between the thermocouple terminals was proportional to the junction temperature. He then added test wires of varying length, diameter, and material to complete the circuit. He found that his data could be modeled through the equation +x = a b + ℓ , +{\displaystyle x={\frac {a}{b+\ell }},} +where x was the reading from the galvanometer, ℓ was the length of the test conductor, a depended on the thermocouple junction temperature, and b was a constant of the entire setup. From this, Ohm determined his law of proportionality and published his results. + +Internal resistance model + +In modern notation we would write, +I = E r + R , +{\displaystyle I={\frac {\mathcal {E}}{r+R}},} +where E {\mathcal {E}} is the open-circuit emf of the thermocouple, r r is the internal resistance of the thermocouple and R R is the resistance of the test wire. In terms of the length of the wire this becomes, +I = E r + R ℓ , +{\displaystyle I={\frac {\mathcal {E}}{r+{\mathcal {R}}\ell }},} +where R \mathcal R is the resistance of the test wire per unit length. Thus, Ohm's coefficients are, +a = E R , b = r R . +{\displaystyle a={\frac {\mathcal {E}}{\mathcal {R}}},\quad b={\frac {\mathcal {r}}{\mathcal {R}}}.} + +Ohm's law in Georg Ohm's lab book. + +Ohm's law was probably the most important of the early quantitative descriptions of the physics of electricity. We consider it almost obvious today. When Ohm first published his work, this was not the case; critics reacted to his treatment of the subject with hostility. They called his work a "web of naked fancies"[11] and the Minister of Education proclaimed that "a professor who preached such heresies was unworthy to teach science."[12] The prevailing scientific philosophy in Germany at the time asserted that experiments need not be performed to develop an understanding of nature because nature is so well ordered, and that scientific truths may be deduced through reasoning alone.[13] Also, Ohm's brother Martin, a mathematician, was battling the German educational system. These factors hindered the acceptance of Ohm's work, and his work did not become widely accepted until the 1840s. However, Ohm received recognition for his contributions to science well before he died. + +In the 1850s, Ohm's law was widely known and considered proved. Alternatives such as "Barlow's law", were discredited, in terms of real applications to telegraph system design, as discussed by Samuel F. B. Morse in 1855.[14] + +The electron was discovered in 1897 by J. J. Thomson, and it was quickly realized that it is the particle (charge carrier) that carries electric currents in electric circuits. In 1900 the first (classical) model of electrical conduction, the Drude model, was proposed by Paul Drude, which finally gave a scientific explanation for Ohm's law. In this model, a solid conductor consists of a stationary lattice of atoms (ions), with conduction electrons moving randomly in it. A voltage across a conductor causes an electric field, which accelerates the electrons in the direction of the electric field, causing a drift of electrons which is the electric current. However the electrons collide with atoms which causes them to scatter and randomizes their motion, thus converting kinetic energy to heat (thermal energy). Using statistical distributions, it can be shown that the average drift velocity of the electrons, and thus the current, is proportional to the electric field, and thus the voltage, over a wide range of voltages. + +The development of quantum mechanics in the 1920s modified this picture somewhat, but in modern theories the average drift velocity of electrons can still be shown to be proportional to the electric field, thus deriving Ohm's law. In 1927 Arnold Sommerfeld applied the quantum Fermi-Dirac distribution of electron energies to the Drude model, resulting in the free electron model. A year later, Felix Bloch showed that electrons move in waves (Bloch electrons) through a solid crystal lattice, so scattering off the lattice atoms as postulated in the Drude model is not a major process; the electrons scatter off impurity atoms and defects in the material. The final successor, the modern quantum band theory of solids, showed that the electrons in a solid cannot take on any energy as assumed in the Drude model but are restricted to energy bands, with gaps between them of energies that electrons are forbidden to have. The size of the band gap is a characteristic of a particular substance which has a great deal to do with its electrical resistivity, explaining why some substances are electrical conductors, some semiconductors, and some insulators. + +While the old term for electrical conductance, the mho (the inverse of the resistance unit ohm), is still used, a new name, the siemens, was adopted in 1971, honoring Ernst Werner von Siemens. The siemens is preferred in formal papers. + +In the 1920s, it was discovered that the current through a practical resistor actually has statistical fluctuations, which depend on temperature, even when voltage and resistance are exactly constant; this fluctuation, now known as Johnson–Nyquist noise, is due to the discrete nature of charge. This thermal effect implies that measurements of current and voltage that are taken over sufficiently short periods of time will yield ratios of V/I that fluctuate from the value of R implied by the time average or ensemble average of the measured current; Ohm's law remains correct for the average current, in the case of ordinary resistive materials. + +Ohm's work long preceded Maxwell's equations and any understanding of frequency-dependent effects in AC circuits. Modern developments in electromagnetic theory and circuit theory do not contradict Ohm's law when they are evaluated within the appropriate limits. +Scope + +Ohm's law is an empirical law, a generalization from many experiments that have shown that current is approximately proportional to electric field for most materials. It is less fundamental than Maxwell's equations and is not always obeyed. Any given material will break down under a strong-enough electric field, and some materials of interest in electrical engineering are "non-ohmic" under weak fields.[15][16] + +Ohm's law has been observed on a wide range of length scales. In the early 20th century, it was thought that Ohm's law would fail at the atomic scale, but experiments have not borne out this expectation. As of 2012, researchers have demonstrated that Ohm's law works for silicon wires as small as four atoms wide and one atom high.[17] +Microscopic origins +Drude Model electrons (shown here in blue) constantly bounce among heavier, stationary crystal ions (shown in red). +Main article: Drude model + +The dependence of the current density on the applied electric field is essentially quantum mechanical in nature; (see Classical and quantum conductivity.) A qualitative description leading to Ohm's law can be based upon classical mechanics using the Drude model developed by Paul Drude in 1900.[18][19] + +The Drude model treats electrons (or other charge carriers) like pinballs bouncing among the ions that make up the structure of the material. Electrons will be accelerated in the opposite direction to the electric field by the average electric field at their location. With each collision, though, the electron is deflected in a random direction with a velocity that is much larger than the velocity gained by the electric field. The net result is that electrons take a zigzag path due to the collisions, but generally drift in a direction opposing the electric field. + +The drift velocity then determines the electric current density and its relationship to E and is independent of the collisions. Drude calculated the average drift velocity from p = −eEτ where p is the average momentum, −e is the charge of the electron and τ is the average time between the collisions. Since both the momentum and the current density are proportional to the drift velocity, the current density becomes proportional to the applied electric field; this leads to Ohm's law. +Hydraulic analogy + +A hydraulic analogy is sometimes used to describe Ohm's law. Water pressure, measured by pascals (or PSI), is the analog of voltage because establishing a water pressure difference between two points along a (horizontal) pipe causes water to flow. The water volume flow rate, as in liters per second, is the analog of current, as in coulombs per second. Finally, flow restrictors—such as apertures placed in pipes between points where the water pressure is measured—are the analog of resistors. We say that the rate of water flow through an aperture restrictor is proportional to the difference in water pressure across the restrictor. Similarly, the rate of flow of electrical charge, that is, the electric current, through an electrical resistor is proportional to the difference in voltage measured across the resistor. More generally, the hydraulic head may be taken as the analog of voltage, and Ohm's law is then analogous to Darcy's law which relates hydraulic head to the volume flow rate via the hydraulic conductivity. + +Flow and pressure variables can be calculated in fluid flow network with the use of the hydraulic ohm analogy.[20][21] The method can be applied to both steady and transient flow situations. In the linear laminar flow region, Poiseuille's law describes the hydraulic resistance of a pipe, but in the turbulent flow region the pressure–flow relations become nonlinear. + +The hydraulic analogy to Ohm's law has been used, for example, to approximate blood flow through the circulatory system.[22] +Circuit analysis +Covering the unknown in the Ohm's law image mnemonic gives the formula in terms of the remaining parameters +Ohm's law wheel with international unit symbols + +In circuit analysis, three equivalent expressions of Ohm's law are used interchangeably: + +I = V R or V = I R or R = V I . +{\displaystyle I={\frac {V}{R}}\quad {\text{or}}\quad V=IR\quad {\text{or}}\quad R={\frac {V}{I}}.} + +Each equation is quoted by some sources as the defining relationship of Ohm's law,[2][23][24] or all three are quoted,[25] or derived from a proportional form,[26] or even just the two that do not correspond to Ohm's original statement may sometimes be given.[27][28] + +The interchangeability of the equation may be represented by a triangle, where V (voltage) is placed on the top section, the I (current) is placed to the left section, and the R (resistance) is placed to the right. The divider between the top and bottom sections indicates division (hence the division bar). + +Resistive circuits + +Resistors are circuit elements that impede the passage of electric charge in agreement with Ohm's law, and are designed to have a specific resistance value R. In schematic diagrams, a resistor is shown as a long rectangle or zig-zag symbol. An element (resistor or conductor) that behaves according to Ohm's law over some operating range is referred to as an ohmic device (or an ohmic resistor) because Ohm's law and a single value for the resistance suffice to describe the behavior of the device over that range. + +Ohm's law holds for circuits containing only resistive elements (no capacitances or inductances) for all forms of driving voltage or current, regardless of whether the driving voltage or current is constant (DC) or time-varying such as AC. At any instant of time Ohm's law is valid for such circuits. + +Resistors which are in series or in parallel may be grouped together into a single "equivalent resistance" in order to apply Ohm's law in analyzing the circuit. +Reactive circuits with time-varying signals + +When reactive elements such as capacitors, inductors, or transmission lines are involved in a circuit to which AC or time-varying voltage or current is applied, the relationship between voltage and current becomes the solution to a differential equation, so Ohm's law (as defined above) does not directly apply since that form contains only resistances having value R, not complex impedances which may contain capacitance (C) or inductance (L). + +Equations for time-invariant AC circuits take the same form as Ohm's law. However, the variables are generalized to complex numbers and the current and voltage waveforms are complex exponentials.[29] + +In this approach, a voltage or current waveform takes the form Aest, where t is time, s is a complex parameter, and A is a complex scalar. In any linear time-invariant system, all of the currents and voltages can be expressed with the same s parameter as the input to the system, allowing the time-varying complex exponential term to be canceled out and the system described algebraically in terms of the complex scalars in the current and voltage waveforms. + +The complex generalization of resistance is impedance, usually denoted Z; it can be shown that for an inductor, +Z = s L +{\displaystyle Z=sL} +and for a capacitor, +Z = 1 s C . +{\displaystyle Z={\frac {1}{sC}}.} + +We can now write, +V = Z I +{\displaystyle V=Z\,I} +where V and I are the complex scalars in the voltage and current respectively and Z is the complex impedance. + +This form of Ohm's law, with Z taking the place of R, generalizes the simpler form. When Z is complex, only the real part is responsible for dissipating heat. + +In a general AC circuit, Z varies strongly with the frequency parameter s, and so also will the relationship between voltage and current. + +For the common case of a steady sinusoid, the s parameter is taken to be j ω j\omega , corresponding to a complex sinusoid A e j ω t Ae^{{\mbox{ }}j\omega t}. The real parts of such complex current and voltage waveforms describe the actual sinusoidal currents and voltages in a circuit, which can be in different phases due to the different complex scalars. +Linear approximations +See also: Small-signal modeling and Network analysis (electrical circuits) § Small signal equivalent circuit + +Ohm's law is one of the basic equations used in the analysis of electrical circuits. It applies to both metal conductors and circuit components (resistors) specifically made for this behaviour. Both are ubiquitous in electrical engineering. Materials and components that obey Ohm's law are described as "ohmic"[30] which means they produce the same value for resistance (R = V/I) regardless of the value of V or I which is applied and whether the applied voltage or current is DC (direct current) of either positive or negative polarity or AC (alternating current). + +In a true ohmic device, the same value of resistance will be calculated from R = V/I regardless of the value of the applied voltage V. That is, the ratio of V/I is constant, and when current is plotted as a function of voltage the curve is linear (a straight line). If voltage is forced to some value V, then that voltage V divided by measured current I will equal R. Or if the current is forced to some value I, then the measured voltage V divided by that current I is also R. Since the plot of I versus V is a straight line, then it is also true that for any set of two different voltages V1 and V2 applied across a given device of resistance R, producing currents I1 = V1/R and I2 = V2/R, that the ratio (V1 − V2)/(I1 − I2) is also a constant equal to R. The operator "delta" (Δ) is used to represent a difference in a quantity, so we can write ΔV = V1 − V2 and ΔI = I1 − I2. Summarizing, for any truly ohmic device having resistance R, V/I = ΔV/ΔI = R for any applied voltage or current or for the difference between any set of applied voltages or currents. +The I–V curves of four devices: Two resistors, a diode, and a battery. The two resistors follow Ohm's law: The plot is a straight line through the origin. The other two devices do not follow Ohm's law. + +There are, however, components of electrical circuits which do not obey Ohm's law; that is, their relationship between current and voltage (their I–V curve) is nonlinear (or non-ohmic). An example is the p–n junction diode (curve at right). As seen in the figure, the current does not increase linearly with applied voltage for a diode. One can determine a value of current (I) for a given value of applied voltage (V) from the curve, but not from Ohm's law, since the value of "resistance" is not constant as a function of applied voltage. Further, the current only increases significantly if the applied voltage is positive, not negative. The ratio V/I for some point along the nonlinear curve is sometimes called the static, or chordal, or DC, resistance,[31][32] but as seen in the figure the value of total V over total I varies depending on the particular point along the nonlinear curve which is chosen. This means the "DC resistance" V/I at some point on the curve is not the same as what would be determined by applying an AC signal having peak amplitude ΔV volts or ΔI amps centered at that same point along the curve and measuring ΔV/ΔI. However, in some diode applications, the AC signal applied to the device is small and it is possible to analyze the circuit in terms of the dynamic, small-signal, or incremental resistance, defined as the one over the slope of the V–I curve at the average value (DC operating point) of the voltage (that is, one over the derivative of current with respect to voltage). For sufficiently small signals, the dynamic resistance allows the Ohm's law small signal resistance to be calculated as approximately one over the slope of a line drawn tangentially to the V–I curve at the DC operating point.[33] +Temperature effects + +Ohm's law has sometimes been stated as, "for a conductor in a given state, the electromotive force is proportional to the current produced." That is, that the resistance, the ratio of the applied electromotive force (or voltage) to the current, "does not vary with the current strength ." The qualifier "in a given state" is usually interpreted as meaning "at a constant temperature," since the resistivity of materials is usually temperature dependent. Because the conduction of current is related to Joule heating of the conducting body, according to Joule's first law, the temperature of a conducting body may change when it carries a current. The dependence of resistance on temperature therefore makes resistance depend upon the current in a typical experimental setup, making the law in this form difficult to directly verify. Maxwell and others worked out several methods to test the law experimentally in 1876, controlling for heating effects.[34] +Relation to heat conductions +See also: Conduction (heat) + +Ohm's principle predicts the flow of electrical charge (i.e. current) in electrical conductors when subjected to the influence of voltage differences; Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Fourier's principle predicts the flow of heat in heat conductors when subjected to the influence of temperature differences. + +The same equation describes both phenomena, the equation's variables taking on different meanings in the two cases. Specifically, solving a heat conduction (Fourier) problem with temperature (the driving "force") and flux of heat (the rate of flow of the driven "quantity", i.e. heat energy) variables also solves an analogous electrical conduction (Ohm) problem having electric potential (the driving "force") and electric current (the rate of flow of the driven "quantity", i.e. charge) variables. + +The basis of Fourier's work was his clear conception and definition of thermal conductivity. He assumed that, all else being the same, the flux of heat is strictly proportional to the gradient of temperature. Although undoubtedly true for small temperature gradients, strictly proportional behavior will be lost when real materials (e.g. ones having a thermal conductivity that is a function of temperature) are subjected to large temperature gradients. + +A similar assumption is made in the statement of Ohm's law: other things being alike, the strength of the current at each point is proportional to the gradient of electric potential. The accuracy of the assumption that flow is proportional to the gradient is more readily tested, using modern measurement methods, for the electrical case than for the heat case. +Other versions + +Ohm's law, in the form above, is an extremely useful equation in the field of electrical/electronic engineering because it describes how voltage, current and resistance are interrelated on a "macroscopic" level, that is, commonly, as circuit elements in an electrical circuit. Physicists who study the electrical properties of matter at the microscopic level use a closely related and more general vector equation, sometimes also referred to as Ohm's law, having variables that are closely related to the V, I, and R scalar variables of Ohm's law, but which are each functions of position within the conductor. Physicists often use this continuum form of Ohm's Law:[35] + +E = ρ J +{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} =\rho \mathbf {J} } + +where "E" is the electric field vector with units of volts per meter (analogous to "V" of Ohm's law which has units of volts), "J" is the current density vector with units of amperes per unit area (analogous to "I" of Ohm's law which has units of amperes), and "ρ" (Greek "rho") is the resistivity with units of ohm·meters (analogous to "R" of Ohm's law which has units of ohms). The above equation is sometimes written[36] as J = σE where "σ" (Greek "sigma") is the conductivity which is the reciprocal of ρ. +Current flowing through a uniform cylindrical conductor (such as a round wire) with a uniform field applied. + +The voltage between two points is defined as:[37] +Δ V = − ∫ E ⋅ d ℓ +{\displaystyle {\Delta V}=-\int {\mathbf {E} \cdot d{\boldsymbol {\ell }}}} +with d ℓ {\displaystyle d{\boldsymbol {\ell }}} the element of path along the integration of electric field vector E. If the applied E field is uniform and oriented along the length of the conductor as shown in the figure, then defining the voltage V in the usual convention of being opposite in direction to the field (see figure), and with the understanding that the voltage V is measured differentially across the length of the conductor allowing us to drop the Δ symbol, the above vector equation reduces to the scalar equation: + +V = E ℓ or E = V ℓ . +{\displaystyle V={E}{\ell }\ \ {\text{or}}\ \ E={\frac {V}{\ell }}.} + +Since the E field is uniform in the direction of wire length, for a conductor having uniformly consistent resistivity ρ, the current density J will also be uniform in any cross-sectional area and oriented in the direction of wire length, so we may write:[38] +J = I a . +{\displaystyle J={\frac {I}{a}}.} + +Substituting the above 2 results (for E and J respectively) into the continuum form shown at the beginning of this section: +V ℓ = I a ρ or V = I ρ ℓ a . +{\displaystyle {\frac {V}{\ell }}={\frac {I}{a}}\rho \qquad {\text{or}}\qquad V=I\rho {\frac {\ell }{a}}.} + +The electrical resistance of a uniform conductor is given in terms of resistivity by:[38] +R = ρ ℓ a +{\displaystyle {R}=\rho {\frac {\ell }{a}}} +where ℓ is the length of the conductor in SI units of meters, a is the cross-sectional area (for a round wire a = πr2 if r is radius) in units of meters squared, and ρ is the resistivity in units of ohm·meters. + +After substitution of R from the above equation into the equation preceding it, the continuum form of Ohm's law for a uniform field (and uniform current density) oriented along the length of the conductor reduces to the more familiar form: +V = I R . +{\displaystyle V=IR.} + +A perfect crystal lattice, with low enough thermal motion and no deviations from periodic structure, would have no resistivity,[39] but a real metal has crystallographic defects, impurities, multiple isotopes, and thermal motion of the atoms. Electrons scatter from all of these, resulting in resistance to their flow. + +The more complex generalized forms of Ohm's law are important to condensed matter physics, which studies the properties of matter and, in particular, its electronic structure. In broad terms, they fall under the topic of constitutive equations and the theory of transport coefficients. +Magnetic effects + +If an external B-field is present and the conductor is not at rest but moving at velocity v, then an extra term must be added to account for the current induced by the Lorentz force on the charge carriers. +J = σ ( E + v × B ) +{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} =\sigma (\mathbf {E} +\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {B} )} + +In the rest frame of the moving conductor this term drops out because v = 0. There is no contradiction because the electric field in the rest frame differs from the E-field in the lab frame: E′ = E + v × B. Electric and magnetic fields are relative, see Lorentz transformation. + +If the current J is alternating because the applied voltage or E-field varies in time, then reactance must be added to resistance to account for self-inductance, see electrical impedance. The reactance may be strong if the frequency is high or the conductor is coiled. +Conductive fluids + +In a conductive fluid, such as a plasma, there is a similar effect. Consider a fluid moving with the velocity v \mathbf {v} in a magnetic field B \mathbf {B} . The relative motion induces an electric field E \mathbf {E} which exerts electric force on the charged particles giving rise to an electric current J \mathbf {J} . The equation of motion for the electron gas, with a number density n e n_{e}, is written as +m e n e d v e d t = − n e e E + n e m e ν ( v i − v e ) − e n e v e × B , +{\displaystyle m_{e}n_{e}{d\mathbf {v} _{e} \over dt}=-n_{e}e\mathbf {E} +n_{e}m_{e}\nu (\mathbf {v} _{i}-\mathbf {v} _{e})-en_{e}\mathbf {v} _{e}\times \mathbf {B} ,} + +where e e, m e m_{e} and v e {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} _{e}} are the charge, mass and velocity of the electrons, respectively. Also, ν \nu is the frequency of collisions of the electrons with ions which have a velocity field v i \mathbf {v} _{i}. Since, the electron has a very small mass compared with that of ions, we can ignore the left hand side of the above equation to write +σ ( E + v × B ) = J , +{\displaystyle \sigma (\mathbf {E} +\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {B} )=\mathbf {J} ,} + +where we have used the definition of the current density, and also put σ = n e e 2 ν m e {\displaystyle \sigma ={n_{e}e^{2} \over \nu m_{e}}} which is the electrical conductivity. This equation can also be equivalently written as +E + v × B = ρ J , +{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} +\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {B} =\rho \mathbf {J} ,} +where ρ = σ − 1 {\displaystyle \rho =\sigma ^{-1}} is the electrical resistivity. It is also common to write η \eta instead of ρ \rho which can be confusing since it is the same notation used for the magnetic diffusivity defined as η = 1 / μ 0 σ {\displaystyle \eta =1/\mu _{0}\sigma }. + +See also + + iconElectronics portal + + Fick's law of diffusion + Hopkinson's law ("Ohm's law for magnetics") + Maximum power transfer theorem + Norton's theorem + Electric power + Sheet resistance + Superposition theorem + Thermal noise + Thévenin's theorem + +References + +Consoliver, Earl L. & Mitchell, Grover I. (1920). Automotive Ignition Systems. McGraw-Hill. p. 4. +Millikan, Robert A.; Bishop, E. S. (1917). Elements of Electricity. American Technical Society. p. 54. +Heaviside, Oliver (1894). Electrical Papers. Vol. 1. Macmillan and Co. p. 283. ISBN 978-0-8218-2840-3. +Young, Hugh; Freedman, Roger (2008). Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: With Modern Physics. Vol. 2 (12 ed.). Pearson. p. 853. ISBN 978-0-321-50121-9. +Darrigol, Olivier (8 June 2000). Electrodynamics from Ampère to Einstein. Clarendon Press. p. 70. ISBN 9780198505945.. +Fleming, John Ambrose (1911). "Electricity" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 182. +Bordeau, Sanford P. (1982). Volts to Hertz-- the Rise of Electricity: From the Compass to the Radio Through the Works of Sixteen Great Men of Science Whose Names are Used in Measuring Electricity and Magnetism. Burgess Publishing Company. pp. 86–107. ISBN 9780808749080. +Ronalds, B. F. (2016). Sir Francis Ronalds: Father of the Electric Telegraph. London: Imperial College Press. ISBN 978-1-78326-917-4. +Ronalds, B. F. (July 2016). "Francis Ronalds (1788–1873): The First Electrical Engineer?". Proceedings of the IEEE. 104 (7): 1489–1498. doi:10.1109/JPROC.2016.2571358. S2CID 20662894. +Ohm, G. S. (1827). Die galvanische Kette, mathematisch bearbeitet (PDF). Berlin: T. H. Riemann. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-26. +Davies, Brian (1980). "A web of naked fancies?". Physics Education. 15 (1): 57–61. Bibcode:1980PhyEd..15...57D. doi:10.1088/0031-9120/15/1/314. S2CID 250832899. +Hart, Ivor Blashka (1923). Makers of Science. London: Oxford University Press. p. 243. OL 6662681M.. +Schnädelbach, Herbert (14 June 1984). Philosophy in Germany 1831-1933. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–79. ISBN 9780521296465. +Taliaferro Preston (1855). Shaffner's Telegraph Companion: Devoted to the Science and Art of the Morse Telegraph. Vol. 2. Pudney & Russell. +Purcell, Edward M. (1985), Electricity and magnetism, Berkeley Physics Course, vol. 2 (2nd ed.), McGraw-Hill, p. 129, ISBN 978-0-07-004908-6 +Griffiths, David J. (1999), Introduction to electrodynamics (3rd ed.), Prentice Hall, p. 289, ISBN 978-0-13-805326-0 +Weber, B.; Mahapatra, S.; Ryu, H.; Lee, S.; Fuhrer, A.; Reusch, T. C. G.; Thompson, D. L.; Lee, W. C. T.; Klimeck, G.; Hollenberg, L. C. L.; Simmons, M. Y. (2012). "Ohm's Law Survives to the Atomic Scale". Science. 335 (6064): 64–67. Bibcode:2012Sci...335...64W. doi:10.1126/science.1214319. PMID 22223802. S2CID 10873901. +Drude, Paul (1900). "Zur Elektronentheorie der Metalle". Annalen der Physik. 306 (3): 566–613. Bibcode:1900AnP...306..566D. doi:10.1002/andp.19003060312.[dead link] +Drude, Paul (1900). "Zur Elektronentheorie der Metalle; II. Teil. Galvanomagnetische und thermomagnetische Effecte". Annalen der Physik. 308 (11): 369–402. Bibcode:1900AnP...308..369D. doi:10.1002/andp.19003081102.[dead link] +A. Akers; M. Gassman & R. Smith (2006). Hydraulic Power System Analysis. New York: Taylor & Francis. Chapter 13. ISBN 978-0-8247-9956-4. +A. Esposito, "A Simplified Method for Analyzing Circuits by Analogy", Machine Design, October 1969, pp. 173–177. +Guyton, Arthur; Hall, John (2006). "Chapter 14: Overview of the Circulation; Medical Physics of Pressure, Flow, and Resistance". In Gruliow, Rebecca (ed.). Textbook of Medical Physiology (11th ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Elsevier Inc. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-7216-0240-0. +Nilsson, James William & Riedel, Susan A. (2008). Electric circuits. Prentice Hall. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-13-198925-2. +Halpern, Alvin M. & Erlbach, Erich (1998). Schaum's outline of theory and problems of beginning physics II. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-07-025707-8. +Patrick, Dale R. & Fardo, Stephen W. (1999). Understanding DC circuits. Newnes. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-7506-7110-1. +O'Conor Sloane, Thomas (1909). Elementary electrical calculations. D. Van Nostrand Co. p. 41. "R= Ohm's law proportional." +Cumming, Linnaeus (1902). Electricity treated experimentally for the use of schools and students. Longman's Green and Co. p. 220. "V=IR Ohm's law." +Stein, Benjamin (1997). Building technology (2nd ed.). John Wiley and Sons. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-471-59319-5. +Prasad, Rajendra (2006). Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering. Prentice-Hall of India. ISBN 978-81-203-2729-0. +Hughes, E, Electrical Technology, pp10, Longmans, 1969. +Brown, Forbes T. (2006). Engineering System Dynamics. CRC Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-8493-9648-9. +Kaiser, Kenneth L. (2004). Electromagnetic Compatibility Handbook. CRC Press. pp. 13–52. ISBN 978-0-8493-2087-3. +Horowitz, Paul; Hill, Winfield (1989). The Art of Electronics (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-521-37095-0. +Normal Lockyer, ed. (September 21, 1876). "Reports". Nature. Macmillan Journals Ltd. 14 (360): 451–459 [452]. Bibcode:1876Natur..14..451.. doi:10.1038/014451a0. +Lerner, Lawrence S. (1977). Physics for scientists and engineers. Jones & Bartlett. p. 736. ISBN 978-0-7637-0460-5. +Seymour J, Physical Electronics, Pitman, 1972, pp. 53–54 +Lerner L, Physics for scientists and engineers, Jones & Bartlett, 1997, pp. 685–686 +Lerner L, Physics for scientists and engineers, Jones & Bartlett, 1997, pp. 732–733 + + Seymour J, Physical Electronics, pp. 48–49, Pitman, 1972 + +External links and further reading +Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ohm's law. + + Ohm's Law chapter from Lessons In Electric Circuits Vol 1 DC book and series. + John C. Shedd and Mayo D. Hershey,"The History of Ohm's Law", Popular Science, December 1913, pp. 599–614, Bonnier Corporation ISSN 0161-7370, gives the history of Ohm's investigations, prior work, Ohm's false equation in the first paper, illustration of Ohm's experimental apparatus. + Schagrin, Morton L. (1963). "Resistance to Ohm's Law". American Journal of Physics. 31 (7): 536–547. Bibcode:1963AmJPh..31..536S. doi:10.1119/1.1969620. S2CID 120421759. Explores the conceptual change underlying Ohm's experimental work. + Kenneth L. Caneva, "Ohm, Georg Simon." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 2008 + s:Scientific Memoirs/2/The Galvanic Circuit investigated Mathematically, a translation of Ohm's original paper. + +Authority control: National Edit this at Wikidata + + Germany Israel United States + +Categories: + + Electronic engineeringCircuit theoremsEmpirical lawsEponymsElectrical resistance and conductanceVoltageGeorg Ohm + + This page was last edited on 28 August 2023, at 23:59 (UTC). + site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. + + Privacy policy + About Wikipedia + Disclaimers + Contact Wikipedia + Code of Conduct + Mobile view + Developers + Statistics + Cookie statement + + Wikimedia Foundation + Powered by MediaWiki + + +Main menu + +Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia + + Create account + Log in + +Personal tools + +Contents +(Top) +History of the theory + +Fundamental forces + +Classical electrodynamics + +Extension to nonlinear phenomena + +Quantities and units + +Applications + +See also + +References + +Further reading + + Web sources + Textbooks + General coverage + External links + +Electromagnetism + + Article + Talk + + Read + View source + View history + +Tools + +Page semi-protected +From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia +(Redirected from Electromagnetics) +For a more accessible and less technical introduction to this topic, see Introduction to electromagnetism. +"Electromagnetic" redirects here. The term may also refer to the use of an electromagnet. +"Electromagnetics" redirects here. For the academic journal, see Electromagnetics (journal). +"Electromagnetic force" redirects here. For the force exerted on particles by electromagnetic fields, see Lorentz force. +Electromagnetic interactions are responsible for the glowing filaments in this plasma globe +Articles about +Electromagnetism +Solenoid + + Electricity Magnetism Optics History Textbooks + +Electrostatics +Magnetostatics +Electrodynamics +Electrical network +Magnetic circuit +Covariant formulation +Scientists + + vte + +In physics, electromagnetism is an interaction that occurs between particles with electric charge via electromagnetic fields. The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental forces of nature. It is the dominant force in the interactions of atoms and molecules. Electromagnetism can be thought of as a combination of electrostatics and magnetism, two distinct but closely intertwined phenomena. Electromagnetic forces occur between any two charged particles, causing an attraction between particles with opposite charges and repulsion between particles with the same charge, while magnetism is an interaction that occurs exclusively between charged particles in relative motion. These two effects combine to create electromagnetic fields in the vicinity of charged particles, which can accelerate other charged particles via the Lorentz force. At high energy, the weak force and electromagnetic force are unified as a single electroweak force. + +The electromagnetic force is responsible for many of the chemical and physical phenomena observed in daily life. The electrostatic attraction between atomic nuclei and their electrons holds atoms together. Electric forces also allow different atoms to combine into molecules, including the macromolecules such as proteins that form the basis of life. Meanwhile, magnetic interactions between the spin and angular momentum magnetic moments of electrons also play a role in chemical reactivity; such relationships are studied in spin chemistry. Electromagnetism also plays a crucial role in modern technology: electrical energy production, transformation and distribution; light, heat, and sound production and detection; fiber optic and wireless communication; sensors; computation; electrolysis; electroplating; and mechanical motors and actuators. + +Electromagnetism has been studied since ancient times. Many ancient civilizations, including the Greeks and the Mayans created wide-ranging theories to explain lightning, static electricity, and the attraction between magnetized pieces of iron ore. However, it wasn't until the late 18th century that scientists began to develop a mathematical basis for understanding the nature of electromagnetic interactions. In the 18th and 19th centuries, prominent scientists and mathematicians such as Coulomb, Gauss and Faraday developed namesake laws which helped to explain the formation and interaction of electromagnetic fields. This process culminated in the 1860s with the discovery of Maxwell's equations, a set of four partial differential equations which provide a complete description of classical electromagnetic fields. Besides providing a sound mathematical basis for the relationships between electricity and magnetism that scientists had been exploring for centuries, Maxwell's equations also predicted the existence of self-sustaining electromagnetic waves. Maxwell postulated that such waves make up visible light, which was later shown to be true. Indeed, gamma-rays, x-rays, ultraviolet, visible, infrared radiation, microwaves and radio waves were all determined to be electromagnetic radiation differing only in their range of frequencies. + +In the modern era, scientists have continued to refine the theorem of electromagnetism to take into account the effects of modern physics, including quantum mechanics and relativity. Indeed, the theoretical implications of electromagnetism, particularly the establishment of the speed of light based on properties of the "medium" of propagation (permeability and permittivity), helped inspire Einstein's theory of special relativity in 1905. Meanwhile, the field of quantum electrodynamics (QED) has modified Maxwell's equations to be consistent with the quantized nature of matter. In QED, the electromagnetic field is expressed in terms of discrete particles known as photons, which are also the physical quanta of light. Today, there exist many problems in electromagnetism that remain unsolved, such as the existence of magnetic monopoles and the mechanism by which some organisms can sense electric and magnetic fields. +History of the theory +See also: History of electromagnetic theory +Cover of A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism + +Originally, electricity and magnetism were considered to be two separate forces. This view changed with the publication of James Clerk Maxwell's 1873 A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism[1] in which the interactions of positive and negative charges were shown to be mediated by one force. There are four main effects resulting from these interactions, all of which have been clearly demonstrated by experiments: + + Electric charges attract or repel one another with a force inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them: unlike charges attract, like ones repel.[2] + Magnetic poles (or states of polarization at individual points) attract or repel one another in a manner similar to positive and negative charges and always exist as pairs: every north pole is yoked to a south pole.[3] + An electric current inside a wire creates a corresponding circumferential magnetic field outside the wire. Its direction (clockwise or counter-clockwise) depends on the direction of the current in the wire.[4] + A current is induced in a loop of wire when it is moved toward or away from a magnetic field, or a magnet is moved towards or away from it; the direction of current depends on that of the movement.[4] + +In April 1820, Hans Christian Ørsted observed that an electrical current in a wire caused a nearby compass needle to move. At the time of discovery, Ørsted did not suggest any satisfactory explanation of the phenomenon, nor did he try to represent the phenomenon in a mathematical framework. However, three months later he began more intensive investigations.[5][6] Soon thereafter he published his findings, proving that an electric current produces a magnetic field as it flows through a wire. The CGS unit of magnetic induction (oersted) is named in honor of his contributions to the field of electromagnetism.[7] + +His findings resulted in intensive research throughout the scientific community in electrodynamics. They influenced French physicist André-Marie Ampère's developments of a single mathematical form to represent the magnetic forces between current-carrying conductors. Ørsted's discovery also represented a major step toward a unified concept of energy. + +This unification, which was observed by Michael Faraday, extended by James Clerk Maxwell, and partially reformulated by Oliver Heaviside and Heinrich Hertz, is one of the key accomplishments of 19th-century mathematical physics.[8] It has had far-reaching consequences, one of which was the understanding of the nature of light. Unlike what was proposed by the electromagnetic theory of that time, light and other electromagnetic waves are at present seen as taking the form of quantized, self-propagating oscillatory electromagnetic field disturbances called photons. Different frequencies of oscillation give rise to the different forms of electromagnetic radiation, from radio waves at the lowest frequencies, to visible light at intermediate frequencies, to gamma rays at the highest frequencies. + +Ørsted was not the only person to examine the relationship between electricity and magnetism. In 1802, Gian Domenico Romagnosi, an Italian legal scholar, deflected a magnetic needle using a Voltaic pile. The factual setup of the experiment is not completely clear, nor if current flowed across the needle or not. An account of the discovery was published in 1802 in an Italian newspaper, but it was largely overlooked by the contemporary scientific community, because Romagnosi seemingly did not belong to this community.[9] + +An earlier (1735), and often neglected, connection between electricity and magnetism was reported by a Dr. Cookson.[10] The account stated: + + A tradesman at Wakefield in Yorkshire, having put up a great number of knives and forks in a large box ... and having placed the box in the corner of a large room, there happened a sudden storm of thunder, lightning, &c. ... The owner emptying the box on a counter where some nails lay, the persons who took up the knives, that lay on the nails, observed that the knives took up the nails. On this the whole number was tried, and found to do the same, and that, to such a degree as to take up large nails, packing needles, and other iron things of considerable weight ... + +E. T. Whittaker suggested in 1910 that this particular event was responsible for lightning to be "credited with the power of magnetizing steel; and it was doubtless this which led Franklin in 1751 to attempt to magnetize a sewing-needle by means of the discharge of Leyden jars."[11] +Fundamental forces +Representation of the electric field vector of a wave of circularly polarized electromagnetic radiation. + +The electromagnetic force is one of the four known fundamental forces and the second strongest (after the strong nuclear force), operating with infinite range;[12] The other fundamental forces are: + + the strong nuclear force, which binds quarks to form nucleons, and binds nucleons to form nuclei; it is the strongest of the four known fundamental forces, but operates only at short range;[12] + the weak nuclear force, which binds to all known particles in the Standard Model, and causes certain forms of radioactive decay; it is the second weakest of the four fundamental forces and, like the strong nuclear force, operates only at short range (in particle physics, the electroweak interaction is the unified description of two of the four known fundamental interactions of nature: electro­magnetism and the weak interaction);[12] + the gravitational force is the only one of the four fundamental forces that is not part of the Standard Model of particle physics; while by far the weakest of the four fundamental forces, the gravitational force, along with the electro­magnetic force, operates at infinite range.[12] + +All other forces (e.g., friction, contact forces) are derived from these four fundamental forces and they are known as non-fundamental forces.[13] + +Roughly speaking, all the forces involved in interactions between atoms can be explained by the electromagnetic force acting between the electrically charged atomic nuclei and electrons of the atoms. Electromagnetic forces also explain how these particles carry momentum by their movement. This includes the forces we experience in "pushing" or "pulling" ordinary material objects, which result from the intermolecular forces that act between the individual molecules in our bodies and those in the objects. The electromagnetic force is also involved in all forms of chemical phenomena. + +A necessary part of understanding the intra-atomic and intermolecular forces is the effective force generated by the momentum of the electrons' movement, such that as electrons move between interacting atoms they carry momentum with them. As a collection of electrons becomes more confined, their minimum momentum necessarily increases due to the Pauli exclusion principle. The behaviour of matter at the molecular scale including its density is determined by the balance between the electromagnetic force and the force generated by the exchange of momentum carried by the electrons themselves.[14] +Classical electrodynamics +Main article: Classical electrodynamics + +In 1600, William Gilbert proposed, in his De Magnete, that electricity and magnetism, while both capable of causing attraction and repulsion of objects, were distinct effects.[15] Mariners had noticed that lightning strikes had the ability to disturb a compass needle. The link between lightning and electricity was not confirmed until Benjamin Franklin's proposed experiments in 1752 were conducted on 10 May 1752 by Thomas-François Dalibard of France using a 40-foot-tall (12 m) iron rod instead of a kite and he successfully extracted electrical sparks from a cloud.[16][17] + +One of the first to discover and publish a link between man-made electric current and magnetism was Gian Romagnosi, who in 1802 noticed that connecting a wire across a voltaic pile deflected a nearby compass needle. However, the effect did not become widely known until 1820, when Ørsted performed a similar experiment.[18] Ørsted's work influenced Ampère to conduct further experiments, which eventually gave rise to a new area of physics: electrodynamics. By determining a force law for the interaction between elements of electric current, Ampère placed the subject on a solid mathematical foundation.[19] + +A theory of electromagnetism, known as classical electromagnetism, was developed by several physicists during the period between 1820 and 1873, when James Clerk Maxwell's treatise was published, which unified previous developments into a single theory, proposing that light was an electromagnetic wave propagating in the luminiferous ether.[20] In classical electromagnetism, the behavior of the electromagnetic field is described by a set of equations known as Maxwell's equations, and the electromagnetic force is given by the Lorentz force law.[21] + +One of the peculiarities of classical electromagnetism is that it is difficult to reconcile with classical mechanics, but it is compatible with special relativity. According to Maxwell's equations, the speed of light in vacuum is a universal constant that is dependent only on the electrical permittivity and magnetic permeability of free space. This violates Galilean invariance, a long-standing cornerstone of classical mechanics. One way to reconcile the two theories (electromagnetism and classical mechanics) is to assume the existence of a luminiferous aether through which the light propagates. However, subsequent experimental efforts failed to detect the presence of the aether. After important contributions of Hendrik Lorentz and Henri Poincaré, in 1905, Albert Einstein solved the problem with the introduction of special relativity, which replaced classical kinematics with a new theory of kinematics compatible with classical electromagnetism. (For more information, see History of special relativity.) + +In addition, relativity theory implies that in moving frames of reference, a magnetic field transforms to a field with a nonzero electric component and conversely, a moving electric field transforms to a nonzero magnetic component, thus firmly showing that the phenomena are two sides of the same coin. Hence the term "electromagnetism". (For more information, see Classical electromagnetism and special relativity and Covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism.) +Extension to nonlinear phenomena + +The Maxwell equations are linear, in that a change in the sources (the charges and currents) results in a proportional change of the fields. Nonlinear dynamics can occur when electromagnetic fields couple to matter that follows nonlinear dynamical laws.[22] This is studied, for example, in the subject of magnetohydrodynamics, which combines Maxwell theory with the Navier–Stokes equations.[23] +Quantities and units +See also: List of physical quantities and List of electromagnetism equations + +Here is a list of common units related to electromagnetism:[24] + + ampere (electric current) + coulomb (electric charge) + farad (capacitance) + henry (inductance) + ohm (resistance) + siemens (conductance) + tesla (magnetic flux density) + volt (electric potential) + watt (power) + weber (magnetic flux) + +In the electromagnetic CGS system, electric current is a fundamental quantity defined via Ampère's law and takes the permeability as a dimensionless quantity (relative permeability) whose value in vacuum is unity.[25] As a consequence, the square of the speed of light appears explicitly in some of the equations interrelating quantities in this system. +SI electromagnetism units + + vte + +Symbol[26] Name of quantity Unit name Symbol Base units +E energy joule J = C⋅V = W⋅s kg⋅m2⋅s−2 +Q electric charge coulomb C A⋅s +I electric current ampere A = C/s = W/V A +J electric current density ampere per square metre A/m2 A⋅m−2 +U, ΔV; Δφ; E {\mathcal {E}}, ξ {\displaystyle {\xi }} potential difference; voltage; electromotive force volt V = J/C kg⋅m2⋅s−3⋅A−1 +R; Z; X electric resistance; impedance; reactance ohm Ω = V/A kg⋅m2⋅s−3⋅A−2 +ρ resistivity ohm metre Ω⋅m kg⋅m3⋅s−3⋅A−2 +P electric power watt W = V⋅A kg⋅m2⋅s−3 +C capacitance farad F = C/V kg−1⋅m−2⋅A2⋅s4 +ΦE electric flux volt metre V⋅m kg⋅m3⋅s−3⋅A−1 +E electric field strength volt per metre V/m = N/C kg⋅m⋅A−1⋅s−3 +D electric displacement field coulomb per square metre C/m2 A⋅s⋅m−2 +ε permittivity farad per metre F/m kg−1⋅m−3⋅A2⋅s4 +χe electric susceptibility (dimensionless) 1 1 +G; Y; B conductance; admittance; susceptance siemens S = Ω−1 kg−1⋅m−2⋅s3⋅A2 +κ, γ, σ conductivity siemens per metre S/m kg−1⋅m−3⋅s3⋅A2 +B magnetic flux density, magnetic induction tesla T = Wb/m2 = N⋅A−1⋅m−1 kg⋅s−2⋅A−1 +Φ, ΦM, ΦB magnetic flux weber Wb = V⋅s kg⋅m2⋅s−2⋅A−1 +H magnetic field strength ampere per metre A/m A⋅m−1 +L, M inductance henry H = Wb/A = V⋅s/A kg⋅m2⋅s−2⋅A−2 +μ permeability henry per metre H/m kg⋅m⋅s−2⋅A−2 +χ magnetic susceptibility (dimensionless) 1 1 +µ magnetic dipole moment ampere square meter A⋅m2 = J⋅T−1 A⋅m2 +σ mass magnetization ampere square meter per kilogram A⋅m2/kg A⋅m2⋅kg−1 + +Formulas for physical laws of electromagnetism (such as Maxwell's equations) need to be adjusted depending on what system of units one uses. This is because there is no one-to-one correspondence between electromagnetic units in SI and those in CGS, as is the case for mechanical units. Furthermore, within CGS, there are several plausible choices of electromagnetic units, leading to different unit "sub-systems", including Gaussian, "ESU", "EMU", and Heaviside–Lorentz. Among these choices, Gaussian units are the most common today, and in fact the phrase "CGS units" is often used to refer specifically to CGS-Gaussian units.[27] +Applications + +The study of electromagnetism informs electric circuits and semiconductor devices' construction. +See also + + Abraham–Lorentz force + Aeromagnetic surveys + Computational electromagnetics + Double-slit experiment + Electromagnet + Electromagnetic induction + Electromagnetic wave equation + Electromagnetic scattering + Electromechanics + Geophysics + Introduction to electromagnetism + Magnetostatics + Magnetoquasistatic field + Optics + Relativistic electromagnetism + Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory + +References + +"A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism". Nature. 7 (182): 478–480. 24 April 1873. Bibcode:1873Natur...7..478.. doi:10.1038/007478a0. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 10178476. +"Why Do Like Charges Repel And Opposite Charges Attract?". Science ABC. 2019-02-06. Retrieved 2022-08-22. +"What Makes Magnets Repel?". Sciencing. Retrieved 2022-08-22. +Jim Lucas Contributions from Ashley Hamer (2022-02-18). "What Is Faraday's Law of Induction?". livescience.com. Retrieved 2022-08-22. +"History of the Electric Telegraph". Scientific American. 17 (425supp): 6784–6786. 1884-02-23. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican02231884-6784supp. ISSN 0036-8733. +Volta and the history of electricity. Fabio Bevilacqua, Enrico A. Giannetto. Milano: U. Hoepli. 2003. ISBN 88-203-3284-1. OCLC 1261807533. +Roche, John J. (1998). The mathematics of measurement : a critical history. London: Athlone Press. ISBN 0-485-11473-9. OCLC 40499222. +Darrigol, Olivier (2000). Electrodynamics from Ampère to Einstein. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198505949. +Martins, Roberto de Andrade. "Romagnosi and Volta's Pile: Early Difficulties in the Interpretation of Voltaic Electricity" (PDF). In Fabio Bevilacqua; Lucio Fregonese (eds.). Nuova Voltiana: Studies on Volta and his Times. Vol. 3. Università degli Studi di Pavia. pp. 81–102. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-30. Retrieved 2010-12-02. +VIII. An account of an extraordinary effect of lightning in communicating magnetism. Communicated by Pierce Dod, M.D. F.R.S. from Dr. Cookson of Wakefield in Yorkshire. Phil. Trans. 1735 39, 74-75, published 1 January 1735 +Whittaker, E.T. (1910). A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity from the Age of Descartes to the Close of the Nineteenth Century. Longmans, Green and Company. +Rehm, Jeremy; published, Ben Biggs (2021-12-23). "The four fundamental forces of nature". Space.com. Retrieved 2022-08-22. +Browne, "Physics for Engineering and Science", p. 160: "Gravity is one of the fundamental forces of nature. The other forces such as friction, tension, and the normal force are derived from the electric force, another of the fundamental forces. Gravity is a rather weak force... The electric force between two protons is much stronger than the gravitational force between them." +Purcell, "Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd Edition", p. 546: Ch 11 Section 6, "Electron Spin and Magnetic Moment." +Malin, Stuart; Barraclough, David (2000). "Gilbert's De Magnete: An early study of magnetism and electricity". Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union. 81 (21): 233. Bibcode:2000EOSTr..81..233M. doi:10.1029/00EO00163. ISSN 0096-3941. +"Lightning! | Museum of Science, Boston". +Tucker, Tom (2003). Bolt of fate : Benjamin Franklin and his electric kite hoax (1st ed.). New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 1-891620-70-3. OCLC 51763922. +Stern, Dr. David P.; Peredo, Mauricio (2001-11-25). "Magnetic Fields – History". NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Retrieved 2009-11-27. +"Andre-Marie Ampère". ETHW. 2016-01-13. Retrieved 2022-08-22. +Purcell, p. 436. Chapter 9.3, "Maxwell's description of the electromagnetic field was essentially complete." +Purcell: p. 278: Chapter 6.1, "Definition of the Magnetic Field." Lorentz force and force equation. +Jufriansah, Adi; Hermanto, Arief; Toifur, Moh.; Prasetyo, Erwin (2020-05-18). "Theoretical study of Maxwell's equations in nonlinear optics". AIP Conference Proceedings. 2234 (1): 040013. Bibcode:2020AIPC.2234d0013J. doi:10.1063/5.0008179. ISSN 0094-243X. S2CID 219451710. +Hunt, Julian C. R. (1967-07-27). Some aspects of magnetohydrodynamics (Thesis thesis). University of Cambridge. doi:10.17863/cam.14141. +"Essentials of the SI: Base & derived units". physics.nist.gov. Retrieved 2022-08-22. +"Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants, and some Mathematical Functions". Nature. 107 (2687): 264. April 1921. Bibcode:1921Natur.107R.264.. doi:10.1038/107264c0. ISSN 1476-4687. +International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (1993). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, 2nd edition, Oxford: Blackwell Science. ISBN 0-632-03583-8. pp. 14–15. Electronic version. + + "Conversion of formulae and quantities between unit systems" (PDF). www.stanford.edu. Retrieved 29 January 2022. + +Further reading +Library resources about +Electromagnetism + + Resources in your library + +Web sources + + Nave, R. "Electricity and magnetism". HyperPhysics. Georgia State University. Retrieved 2013-11-12. + Khutoryansky, E. "Electromagnetism – Maxwell's Laws". YouTube. Retrieved 2014-12-28. + +Textbooks + + G.A.G. Bennet (1974). Electricity and Modern Physics (2nd ed.). Edward Arnold (UK). ISBN 978-0-7131-2459-0. + Browne, Michael (2008). Physics for Engineering and Science (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill/Schaum. ISBN 978-0-07-161399-6. + Dibner, Bern (2012). Oersted and the discovery of electromagnetism. Literary Licensing, LLC. ISBN 978-1-258-33555-7. + Durney, Carl H.; Johnson, Curtis C. (1969). Introduction to modern electromagnetics. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-018388-9. + Feynman, Richard P. (1970). The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol II. Addison Wesley Longman. ISBN 978-0-201-02115-8. + Fleisch, Daniel (2008). A Student's Guide to Maxwell's Equations. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-70147-1. + I.S. Grant; W.R. Phillips; Manchester Physics (2008). Electromagnetism (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-92712-9. + Griffiths, David J. (1998). Introduction to Electrodynamics (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-805326-0. + Jackson, John D. (1998). Classical Electrodynamics (3rd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-30932-1. + Moliton, André (2007). Basic electromagnetism and materials. ISBN 978-0-387-30284-3. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) + Purcell, Edward M. (1985). Electricity and Magnetism Berkeley, Physics Course Volume 2 (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-004908-6. + Purcell, Edward M and Morin, David. (2013). Electricity and Magnetism, 820p (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press, New York. ISBN 978-1-107-01402-2. + Rao, Nannapaneni N. (1994). Elements of engineering electromagnetics (4th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-948746-0. + Rothwell, Edward J.; Cloud, Michael J. (2001). Electromagnetics. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-1397-4. + Tipler, Paul (1998). Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Vol. 2: Light, Electricity and Magnetism (4th ed.). W.H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-57259-492-0. + Wangsness, Roald K.; Cloud, Michael J. (1986). Electromagnetic Fields (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-81186-2. + +General coverage + + A. Beiser (1987). Concepts of Modern Physics (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill (International). ISBN 978-0-07-100144-1. + L.H. Greenberg (1978). Physics with Modern Applications. Holt-Saunders International W.B. Saunders and Co. ISBN 978-0-7216-4247-5. + R.G. Lerner; G.L. Trigg (2005). Encyclopaedia of Physics (2nd ed.). VHC Publishers, Hans Warlimont, Springer. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-0-07-025734-4. + J.B. Marion; W.F. Hornyak (1984). Principles of Physics. Holt-Saunders International Saunders College. ISBN 978-4-8337-0195-2. + H.J. Pain (1983). The Physics of Vibrations and Waves (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-90182-2. + C.B. Parker (1994). McGraw Hill Encyclopaedia of Physics (2nd ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-051400-3. + R. Penrose (2007). The Road to Reality. Vintage books. ISBN 978-0-679-77631-4. + P.A. Tipler; G. Mosca (2008). Physics for Scientists and Engineers: With Modern Physics (6th ed.). W.H. Freeman and Co. ISBN 978-1-4292-0265-7. + P.M. Whelan; M.J. Hodgeson (1978). Essential Principles of Physics (2nd ed.). John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-3382-2. + +External links +Wikiquote has quotations related to Electromagnetism. + + Magnetic Field Strength Converter + Electromagnetic Force – from Eric Weisstein's World of Physics + + vte + +The fundamental interactions of physics + + vte + +Major branches of physics + + vte + +Magnetic states +Authority control Edit this at Wikidata +Categories: + + ElectromagnetismElectrodynamicsFundamental interactions + + This page was last edited on 9 August 2023, at 01:07 (UTC). + site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. + + Privacy policy + About Wikipedia + Disclaimers + Contact Wikipedia + Code of Conduct + Mobile view + Developers + Statistics + Cookie statement + + Wikimedia Foundation + Powered by MediaWiki + + +Main menu + +Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia + + Create account + Log in + +Personal tools + +Contents +(Top) +Introduction + +Conductors and resistors + +Ohm's law + +Relation to resistivity and conductivity + +Measurement + +Typical values + +Static and differential resistance + +AC circuits + + Impedance and admittance + Frequency dependence + +Energy dissipation and Joule heating + +Dependence on other conditions + + Temperature dependence + Strain dependence + Light illumination dependence + Superconductivity + See also + Footnotes + References + External links + +Electrical resistance and conductance + + Article + Talk + + Read + Edit + View history + +Tools + +From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia +This article is about specific applications of conductivity and resistivity in electrical elements. For other types of conductivity, see Conductivity. For electrical conductivity in general, see Electrical resistivity and conductivity. +"Resistive" redirects here. For the term used when referring to touchscreens, see Resistive touchscreen. +Articles about +Electromagnetism +Solenoid + + Electricity Magnetism Optics History Textbooks + +Electrostatics +Magnetostatics +Electrodynamics +Electrical network + + Alternating current Capacitance Direct current Electric current Electrolysis Current density Joule heating Electromotive force Impedance Inductance Ohm's law Parallel circuit Resistance Resonant cavities Series circuit Voltage Waveguides + +Magnetic circuit +Covariant formulation +Scientists + + vte + +The electrical resistance of an object is a measure of its opposition to the flow of electric current. Its reciprocal quantity is electrical conductance, measuring the ease with which an electric current passes. Electrical resistance shares some conceptual parallels with mechanical friction. The SI unit of electrical resistance is the ohm (Ω), while electrical conductance is measured in siemens (S) (formerly called the 'mho' and then represented by ℧). + +The resistance of an object depends in large part on the material it is made of. Objects made of electrical insulators like rubber tend to have very high resistance and low conductance, while objects made of electrical conductors like metals tend to have very low resistance and high conductance. This relationship is quantified by resistivity or conductivity. The nature of a material is not the only factor in resistance and conductance, however; it also depends on the size and shape of an object because these properties are extensive rather than intensive. For example, a wire's resistance is higher if it is long and thin, and lower if it is short and thick. All objects resist electrical current, except for superconductors, which have a resistance of zero. + +The resistance R of an object is defined as the ratio of voltage V across it to current I through it, while the conductance G is the reciprocal: +R = V I , G = I V = 1 R +{\displaystyle R={\frac {V}{I}},\qquad G={\frac {I}{V}}={\frac {1}{R}}} + +For a wide variety of materials and conditions, V and I are directly proportional to each other, and therefore R and G are constants (although they will depend on the size and shape of the object, the material it is made of, and other factors like temperature or strain). This proportionality is called Ohm's law, and materials that satisfy it are called ohmic materials. + +In other cases, such as a transformer, diode or battery, V and I are not directly proportional. The ratio V/I is sometimes still useful, and is referred to as a chordal resistance or static resistance,[1][2] since it corresponds to the inverse slope of a chord between the origin and an I–V curve. In other situations, the derivative d V d I {\textstyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} V}{\mathrm {d} I}}} may be most useful; this is called the differential resistance. +Introduction +analogy of resistance +The hydraulic analogy compares electric current flowing through circuits to water flowing through pipes. When a pipe (left) is filled with hair (right), it takes a larger pressure to achieve the same flow of water. Pushing electric current through a large resistance is like pushing water through a pipe clogged with hair: It requires a larger push (electromotive force) to drive the same flow (electric current). + +In the hydraulic analogy, current flowing through a wire (or resistor) is like water flowing through a pipe, and the voltage drop across the wire is like the pressure drop that pushes water through the pipe. Conductance is proportional to how much flow occurs for a given pressure, and resistance is proportional to how much pressure is required to achieve a given flow. + +The voltage drop (i.e., difference between voltages on one side of the resistor and the other), not the voltage itself, provides the driving force pushing current through a resistor. In hydraulics, it is similar: the pressure difference between two sides of a pipe, not the pressure itself, determines the flow through it. For example, there may be a large water pressure above the pipe, which tries to push water down through the pipe. But there may be an equally large water pressure below the pipe, which tries to push water back up through the pipe. If these pressures are equal, no water flows. (In the image at right, the water pressure below the pipe is zero.) + +The resistance and conductance of a wire, resistor, or other element is mostly determined by two properties: + + geometry (shape), and + material + +Geometry is important because it is more difficult to push water through a long, narrow pipe than a wide, short pipe. In the same way, a long, thin copper wire has higher resistance (lower conductance) than a short, thick copper wire. + +Materials are important as well. A pipe filled with hair restricts the flow of water more than a clean pipe of the same shape and size. Similarly, electrons can flow freely and easily through a copper wire, but cannot flow as easily through a steel wire of the same shape and size, and they essentially cannot flow at all through an insulator like rubber, regardless of its shape. The difference between copper, steel, and rubber is related to their microscopic structure and electron configuration, and is quantified by a property called resistivity. + +In addition to geometry and material, there are various other factors that influence resistance and conductance, such as temperature; see below. +Conductors and resistors +A 75 Ω resistor, as identified by its electronic color code (violet–green–black–gold–red). An ohmmeter could be used to verify this value. + +Substances in which electricity can flow are called conductors. A piece of conducting material of a particular resistance meant for use in a circuit is called a resistor. Conductors are made of high-conductivity materials such as metals, in particular copper and aluminium. Resistors, on the other hand, are made of a wide variety of materials depending on factors such as the desired resistance, amount of energy that it needs to dissipate, precision, and costs. +Ohm's law +Main article: Ohm's law +The current–voltage characteristics of four devices: Two resistors, a diode, and a battery. The horizontal axis is voltage drop, the vertical axis is current. Ohm's law is satisfied when the graph is a straight line through the origin. Therefore, the two resistors are ohmic, but the diode and battery are not. + +For many materials, the current I through the material is proportional to the voltage V applied across it: +I ∝ V +{\displaystyle I\propto V} +over a wide range of voltages and currents. Therefore, the resistance and conductance of objects or electronic components made of these materials is constant. This relationship is called Ohm's law, and materials which obey it are called ohmic materials. Examples of ohmic components are wires and resistors. The current–voltage graph of an ohmic device consists of a straight line through the origin with positive slope. + +Other components and materials used in electronics do not obey Ohm's law; the current is not proportional to the voltage, so the resistance varies with the voltage and current through them. These are called nonlinear or non-ohmic. Examples include diodes and fluorescent lamps. The current-voltage curve of a nonohmic device is a curved line. +Relation to resistivity and conductivity +Main article: Electrical resistivity and conductivity +A piece of resistive material with electrical contacts on both ends. + +The resistance of a given object depends primarily on two factors: what material it is made of, and its shape. For a given material, the resistance is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area; for example, a thick copper wire has lower resistance than an otherwise-identical thin copper wire. Also, for a given material, the resistance is proportional to the length; for example, a long copper wire has higher resistance than an otherwise-identical short copper wire. The resistance R and conductance G of a conductor of uniform cross section, therefore, can be computed as + +R = ρ ℓ A , G = σ A ℓ . +{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}R&=\rho {\frac {\ell }{A}},\\[5pt]G&=\sigma {\frac {A}{\ell }}\,.\end{aligned}}} + +where ℓ \ell is the length of the conductor, measured in metres (m), A is the cross-sectional area of the conductor measured in square metres (m2), σ (sigma) is the electrical conductivity measured in siemens per meter (S·m−1), and ρ (rho) is the electrical resistivity (also called specific electrical resistance) of the material, measured in ohm-metres (Ω·m). The resistivity and conductivity are proportionality constants, and therefore depend only on the material the wire is made of, not the geometry of the wire. Resistivity and conductivity are reciprocals: ρ = 1 / σ \rho=1/\sigma. Resistivity is a measure of the material's ability to oppose electric current. + +This formula is not exact, as it assumes the current density is totally uniform in the conductor, which is not always true in practical situations. However, this formula still provides a good approximation for long thin conductors such as wires. + +Another situation for which this formula is not exact is with alternating current (AC), because the skin effect inhibits current flow near the center of the conductor. For this reason, the geometrical cross-section is different from the effective cross-section in which current actually flows, so resistance is higher than expected. Similarly, if two conductors near each other carry AC current, their resistances increase due to the proximity effect. At commercial power frequency, these effects are significant for large conductors carrying large currents, such as busbars in an electrical substation,[3] or large power cables carrying more than a few hundred amperes. + +The resistivity of different materials varies by an enormous amount: For example, the conductivity of teflon is about 1030 times lower than the conductivity of copper. Loosely speaking, this is because metals have large numbers of "delocalized" electrons that are not stuck in any one place, so they are free to move across large distances. In an insulator, such as Teflon, each electron is tightly bound to a single molecule so a great force is required to pull it away. Semiconductors lie between these two extremes. More details can be found in the article: Electrical resistivity and conductivity. For the case of electrolyte solutions, see the article: Conductivity (electrolytic). + +Resistivity varies with temperature. In semiconductors, resistivity also changes when exposed to light. See below. +Measurement +Main article: Ohmmeter +photograph of an ohmmeter +An ohmmeter + +An instrument for measuring resistance is called an ohmmeter. Simple ohmmeters cannot measure low resistances accurately because the resistance of their measuring leads causes a voltage drop that interferes with the measurement, so more accurate devices use four-terminal sensing. +Typical values +See also: Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page) and Electrical resistivity and conductivity +Typical resistance values for selected objects Component Resistance (Ω) +1 meter of copper wire with 1 mm diameter 0.02[a] +1 km overhead power line (typical) 0.03[5] +AA battery (typical internal resistance) 0.1[b] +Incandescent light bulb filament (typical) 200–1000[c] +Human body 1000–100,000[d] +Static and differential resistance +See also: Small-signal model +Differential versus chordal resistance +The current–voltage curve of a non-ohmic device (purple). The static resistance at point A is the inverse slope of line B through the origin. The differential resistance at A is the inverse slope of tangent line C. +Negative differential resistance +The current–voltage curve of a component with negative differential resistance, an unusual phenomenon where the current–voltage curve is non-monotonic. + +Many electrical elements, such as diodes and batteries do not satisfy Ohm's law. These are called non-ohmic or non-linear, and their current–voltage curves are not straight lines through the origin. + +Resistance and conductance can still be defined for non-ohmic elements. However, unlike ohmic resistance, non-linear resistance is not constant but varies with the voltage or current through the device; i.e., its operating point. There are two types of resistance:[1][2] + +Static resistance + +Also called chordal or DC resistance + This corresponds to the usual definition of resistance; the voltage divided by the current + R s t a t i c = U I . + {\displaystyle R_{\mathrm {static} }={\frac {U}{I}}\,.} + It is the slope of the line (chord) from the origin through the point on the curve. Static resistance determines the power dissipation in an electrical component. Points on the current–voltage curve located in the 2nd or 4th quadrants, for which the slope of the chordal line is negative, have negative static resistance. Passive devices, which have no source of energy, cannot have negative static resistance. However active devices such as transistors or op-amps can synthesize negative static resistance with feedback, and it is used in some circuits such as gyrators. +Differential resistance + +Also called dynamic, incremental, or small-signal resistance + Differential resistance is the derivative of the voltage with respect to the current; the slope of the current–voltage curve at a point + R d i f f = d U d I . + {\displaystyle R_{\mathrm {diff} }={\frac {{\mathrm {d} }U}{{\mathrm {d} }I}}\,.} + If the current–voltage curve is nonmonotonic (with peaks and troughs), the curve has a negative slope in some regions—so in these regions the device has negative differential resistance. Devices with negative differential resistance can amplify a signal applied to them, and are used to make amplifiers and oscillators. These include tunnel diodes, Gunn diodes, IMPATT diodes, magnetron tubes, and unijunction transistors. + +AC circuits +Impedance and admittance +Main articles: Electrical impedance and Admittance +The voltage (red) and current (blue) versus time (horizontal axis) for a capacitor (top) and inductor (bottom). Since the amplitude of the current and voltage sinusoids are the same, the absolute value of impedance is 1 for both the capacitor and the inductor (in whatever units the graph is using). On the other hand, the phase difference between current and voltage is −90° for the capacitor; therefore, the complex phase of the impedance of the capacitor is −90°. Similarly, the phase difference between current and voltage is +90° for the inductor; therefore, the complex phase of the impedance of the inductor is +90°. + +When an alternating current flows through a circuit, the relation between current and voltage across a circuit element is characterized not only by the ratio of their magnitudes, but also the difference in their phases. For example, in an ideal resistor, the moment when the voltage reaches its maximum, the current also reaches its maximum (current and voltage are oscillating in phase). But for a capacitor or inductor, the maximum current flow occurs as the voltage passes through zero and vice versa (current and voltage are oscillating 90° out of phase, see image below). Complex numbers are used to keep track of both the phase and magnitude of current and voltage: + +u ( t ) = R e ⁡ ( U 0 ⋅ e j ω t ) i ( t ) = R e ⁡ ( I 0 ⋅ e j ( ω t + φ ) ) Z = U I Y = 1 Z = I U +{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{cl}u(t)&=\operatorname {\mathcal {R_{e}}} \left(U_{0}\cdot e^{j\omega t}\right)\\i(t)&=\operatorname {\mathcal {R_{e}}} \left(I_{0}\cdot e^{j(\omega t+\varphi )}\right)\\Z&={\frac {U}{\ I\ }}\\Y&={\frac {\ 1\ }{Z}}={\frac {\ I\ }{U}}\end{array}}} + +where: + + t is time; + u(t) and i(t) are the voltage and current as a function of time, respectively; + U0 and I0 indicate the amplitude of the voltage and current, respectively; + ω \omega is the angular frequency of the AC current; + φ \varphi is the displacement angle; + U and I are the complex-valued voltage and current, respectively; + Z and Y are the complex impedance and admittance, respectively; + R e {\displaystyle {\mathcal {R_{e}}}} indicates the real part of a complex number; and + j ≡ − 1 {\displaystyle j\equiv {\sqrt {-1\ }}} is the imaginary unit. + +The impedance and admittance may be expressed as complex numbers that can be broken into real and imaginary parts: +Z = R + j X Y = G + j B . +{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}Z&=R+jX\\Y&=G+jB~.\end{aligned}}} + +where R is resistance, G is conductance, X is reactance, and B is susceptance. These lead to the complex number identities +R = G G 2 + B 2 , X = − B G 2 + B 2 , G = R R 2 + X 2 , B = − X R 2 + X 2 , +{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}R&={\frac {G}{\ G^{2}+B^{2}\ }}\ ,\qquad &X={\frac {-B~}{\ G^{2}+B^{2}\ }}\ ,\\G&={\frac {R}{\ R^{2}+X^{2}\ }}\ ,\qquad &B={\frac {-X~}{\ R^{2}+X^{2}\ }}\ ,\end{aligned}}} +which are true in all cases, whereas R = 1 / G {\displaystyle \ R=1/G\ } is only true in the special cases of either DC or reactance-free current. + +The complex angle θ = arg ⁡ ( Z ) = − arg ⁡ ( Y ) {\displaystyle \ \theta =\arg(Z)=-\arg(Y)\ } is the phase difference between the voltage and current passing through a component with impedance Z. For capacitors and inductors, this angle is exactly -90° or +90°, respectively, and X and B are nonzero. Ideal resistors have an angle of 0°, since X is zero (and hence B also), and Z and Y reduce to R and G respectively. In general, AC systems are designed to keep the phase angle close to 0° as much as possible, since it reduces the reactive power, which does no useful work at a load. In a simple case with an inductive load (causing the phase to increase), a capacitor may be added for compensation at one frequency, since the capacitor's phase shift is negative, bringing the total impedance phase closer to 0° again. + +Y is the reciprocal of Z ( Z = 1 / Y {\displaystyle \ Z=1/Y\ }) for all circuits, just as R = 1 / G {\displaystyle R=1/G} for DC circuits containing only resistors, or AC circuits for which either the reactance or susceptance happens to be zero (X or B = 0, respectively) (if one is zero, then for realistic systems both must be zero). +Frequency dependence + +A key feature of AC circuits is that the resistance and conductance can be frequency-dependent, a phenomenon known as the universal dielectric response.[8] One reason, mentioned above is the skin effect (and the related proximity effect). Another reason is that the resistivity itself may depend on frequency (see Drude model, deep-level traps, resonant frequency, Kramers–Kronig relations, etc.) +Energy dissipation and Joule heating +Main article: Joule heating +Running current through a material with resistance creates heat, in a phenomenon called Joule heating. In this picture, a cartridge heater, warmed by Joule heating, is glowing red hot. + +Resistors (and other elements with resistance) oppose the flow of electric current; therefore, electrical energy is required to push current through the resistance. This electrical energy is dissipated, heating the resistor in the process. This is called Joule heating (after James Prescott Joule), also called ohmic heating or resistive heating. + +The dissipation of electrical energy is often undesired, particularly in the case of transmission losses in power lines. High voltage transmission helps reduce the losses by reducing the current for a given power. + +On the other hand, Joule heating is sometimes useful, for example in electric stoves and other electric heaters (also called resistive heaters). As another example, incandescent lamps rely on Joule heating: the filament is heated to such a high temperature that it glows "white hot" with thermal radiation (also called incandescence). + +The formula for Joule heating is: +P = I 2 R +{\displaystyle P=I^{2}R} +where P is the power (energy per unit time) converted from electrical energy to thermal energy, R is the resistance, and I is the current through the resistor. + +Dependence on other conditions +Temperature dependence +Main article: Electrical resistivity and conductivity § Temperature dependence + +Near room temperature, the resistivity of metals typically increases as temperature is increased, while the resistivity of semiconductors typically decreases as temperature is increased. The resistivity of insulators and electrolytes may increase or decrease depending on the system. For the detailed behavior and explanation, see Electrical resistivity and conductivity. + +As a consequence, the resistance of wires, resistors, and other components often change with temperature. This effect may be undesired, causing an electronic circuit to malfunction at extreme temperatures. In some cases, however, the effect is put to good use. When temperature-dependent resistance of a component is used purposefully, the component is called a resistance thermometer or thermistor. (A resistance thermometer is made of metal, usually platinum, while a thermistor is made of ceramic or polymer.) + +Resistance thermometers and thermistors are generally used in two ways. First, they can be used as thermometers: by measuring the resistance, the temperature of the environment can be inferred. Second, they can be used in conjunction with Joule heating (also called self-heating): if a large current is running through the resistor, the resistor's temperature rises and therefore its resistance changes. Therefore, these components can be used in a circuit-protection role similar to fuses, or for feedback in circuits, or for many other purposes. In general, self-heating can turn a resistor into a nonlinear and hysteretic circuit element. For more details see Thermistor#Self-heating effects. + +If the temperature T does not vary too much, a linear approximation is typically used: +R ( T ) = R 0 [ 1 + α ( T − T 0 ) ] +{\displaystyle R(T)=R_{0}[1+\alpha (T-T_{0})]} +where α \alpha is called the temperature coefficient of resistance, T 0 T_{0} is a fixed reference temperature (usually room temperature), and R 0 R_{0} is the resistance at temperature T 0 T_{0}. The parameter α \alpha is an empirical parameter fitted from measurement data. Because the linear approximation is only an approximation, α \alpha is different for different reference temperatures. For this reason it is usual to specify the temperature that α \alpha was measured at with a suffix, such as α 15 \alpha _{15}, and the relationship only holds in a range of temperatures around the reference.[9] + +The temperature coefficient α \alpha is typically +3×10−3 K−1 to +6×10−3 K−1 for metals near room temperature. It is usually negative for semiconductors and insulators, with highly variable magnitude.[e] +Strain dependence +Main article: Strain gauge + +Just as the resistance of a conductor depends upon temperature, the resistance of a conductor depends upon strain.[10] By placing a conductor under tension (a form of stress that leads to strain in the form of stretching of the conductor), the length of the section of conductor under tension increases and its cross-sectional area decreases. Both these effects contribute to increasing the resistance of the strained section of conductor. Under compression (strain in the opposite direction), the resistance of the strained section of conductor decreases. See the discussion on strain gauges for details about devices constructed to take advantage of this effect. +Light illumination dependence +Main articles: Photoresistor and Photoconductivity + +Some resistors, particularly those made from semiconductors, exhibit photoconductivity, meaning that their resistance changes when light is shining on them. Therefore, they are called photoresistors (or light dependent resistors). These are a common type of light detector. +Superconductivity +Main article: Superconductivity + +Superconductors are materials that have exactly zero resistance and infinite conductance, because they can have V = 0 and I ≠ 0. This also means there is no joule heating, or in other words no dissipation of electrical energy. Therefore, if superconductive wire is made into a closed loop, current flows around the loop forever. Superconductors require cooling to temperatures near 4 K with liquid helium for most metallic superconductors like niobium–tin alloys, or cooling to temperatures near 77 K with liquid nitrogen for the expensive, brittle and delicate ceramic high temperature superconductors. Nevertheless, there are many technological applications of superconductivity, including superconducting magnets. +See also + + iconElectronics portal + + Conductance quantum + Von Klitzing constant (its reciprocal) + Electrical measurements + Contact resistance + Electrical resistivity and conductivity for more information about the physical mechanisms for conduction in materials. + Johnson–Nyquist noise + Quantum Hall effect, a standard for high-accuracy resistance measurements. + Resistor + RKM code + Series and parallel circuits + Sheet resistance + SI electromagnetism units + Thermal resistance + Voltage divider + Voltage drop + +Footnotes + +The resistivity of copper is about 1.7×10−8 Ω⋅m.[4] +For a fresh Energizer E91 AA alkaline battery, the internal resistance varies from 0.9 Ω at −40 °C, to 0.1 Ω at +40 °C.[6] +A 60 W light bulb (in the USA, with 120 V mains electricity) draws RMS current 60 W/120 V = 500 mA, so its resistance is 120 V/500 mA = 240 Ω. The resistance of a 60 W light bulb in Europe (230 V mains) is 900 Ω. The resistance of a filament is temperature-dependent; these values are for when the filament is already heated up and the light is already glowing. +100 kΩ for dry skin contact, 1 kΩ for wet or broken skin contact. High voltage breaks down the skin, lowering resistance to 500 Ω. Other factors and conditions are relevant as well. For more details, see the electric shock article, and NIOSH 98-131.[7] + + See Electrical resistivity and conductivity for a table. The temperature coefficient of resistivity is similar but not identical to the temperature coefficient of resistance. The small difference is due to thermal expansion changing the dimensions of the resistor. + +References + +Brown, Forbes T. (2006). Engineering System Dynamics: A Unified Graph-Centered Approach (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-8493-9648-9. +Kaiser, Kenneth L. (2004). Electromagnetic Compatibility Handbook. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 13–52. ISBN 978-0-8493-2087-3. +Fink & Beaty (1923). "Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers". Nature (11th ed.). 111 (2788): 17–19. Bibcode:1923Natur.111..458R. doi:10.1038/111458a0. hdl:2027/mdp.39015065357108. S2CID 26358546. +Cutnell, John D.; Johnson, Kenneth W. (1992). Physics (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley. p. 559. ISBN 978-0-471-52919-4. +McDonald, John D. (2016). Electric Power Substations Engineering (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 363ff. ISBN 978-1-4200-0731-2. +Battery internal resistance (PDF) (Report). Energizer Corp. +"Worker Deaths by Electrocution" (PDF). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Publication No. 98-131. Retrieved 2 November 2014. +Zhai, Chongpu; Gan, Yixiang; Hanaor, Dorian; Proust, Gwénaëlle (2018). "Stress-dependent electrical transport and its universal scaling in granular materials". Extreme Mechanics Letters. 22: 83–88. arXiv:1712.05938. doi:10.1016/j.eml.2018.05.005. S2CID 51912472. +Ward, M.R. (1971). Electrical Engineering Science. McGraw-Hill. pp. 36–40. + + Meyer, Sebastian; et al. (2022), "Characterization of the deformation state of magnesium by electrical resistance", Volume 215, Scripta Materialia, vol. 215, p. 114712, doi:10.1016/j.scriptamat.2022.114712, S2CID 247959452 + +External links +Wikimedia Commons has media related to Electrical resistance and conductance. + + "Resistance calculator". Vehicular Electronics Laboratory. Clemson University. Archived from the original on 11 July 2010. + "Electron conductance models using maximal entropy random walks". wolfram.com. Wolfram Demonstrantions Project. + +Categories: + + Electrical resistance and conductanceElectricityPhysical quantitiesElectromagnetism + + This page was last edited on 7 March 2023, at 07:54 (UTC). + site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. + + Privacy policy + About Wikipedia + Disclaimers + Contact Wikipedia + Code of Conduct + Mobile view + Developers + Statistics + Cookie statement + + Wikimedia Foundation + Powered by MediaWiki + + +Main menu + +Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia + + Create account + Log in + +Personal tools + +Contents +(Top) +Resistance and conductance + +Conductor materials + +Wire size + +Conductor ampacity + +Isotropy + +See also + +References + +Further reading + + Pioneering and historical books + Reference books + External links + +Electrical conductor + + Article + Talk + + Read + Edit + View history + +Tools + +From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia +Overhead conductors carry electric power from generating stations to customers. +Articles about +Electromagnetism +Solenoid + + Electricity Magnetism Optics History Textbooks + +Electrostatics + + Electric charge Coulomb's law Conductor Charge density Permittivity Electric dipole moment Electric field Electric potential Electric flux / potential energy Electrostatic discharge Gauss's law Induction Insulator Polarization density Static electricity Triboelectricity + +Magnetostatics +Electrodynamics +Electrical network +Magnetic circuit +Covariant formulation +Scientists + + vte + +In physics and electrical engineering, a conductor is an object or type of material that allows the flow of charge (electric current) in one or more directions. Materials made of metal are common electrical conductors. The flow of negatively charged electrons generates electric current, positively charged holes, and positive or negative ions in some cases. + +In order for current to flow within a closed electrical circuit, one charged particle does not need to travel from the component producing the current (the current source) to those consuming it (the loads). Instead, the charged particle simply needs to nudge its neighbor a finite amount, who will nudge its neighbor, and on and on until a particle is nudged into the consumer, thus powering it. Essentially what is occurring is a long chain of momentum transfer between mobile charge carriers; the Drude model of conduction describes this process more rigorously. This momentum transfer model makes metal an ideal choice for a conductor; metals, characteristically, possess a delocalized sea of electrons which gives the electrons enough mobility to collide and thus affect a momentum transfer. + +As discussed above, electrons are the primary mover in metals; however, other devices such as the cationic electrolyte(s) of a battery, or the mobile protons of the proton conductor of a fuel cell rely on positive charge carriers. Insulators are non-conducting materials with few mobile charges that support only insignificant electric currents. +Resistance and conductance +A piece of resistive material with electrical contacts on both ends. +Main article: Electrical resistance and conductance + +The resistance of a given conductor depends on the material it is made of, and on its dimensions. For a given material, the resistance is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area.[1] For example, a thick copper wire has lower resistance than an otherwise-identical thin copper wire. Also, for a given material, the resistance is proportional to the length; for example, a long copper wire has higher resistance than an otherwise-identical short copper wire. The resistance R and conductance G of a conductor of uniform cross section, therefore, can be computed as[1] + + R = ρ ℓ A , G = σ A ℓ . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}R&=\rho {\frac {\ell }{A}},\\[6pt]G&=\sigma {\frac {A}{\ell }}.\end{aligned}}} + +where ℓ \ell is the length of the conductor, measured in metres [m], A is the cross-section area of the conductor measured in square metres [m2], σ (sigma) is the electrical conductivity measured in siemens per meter (S·m−1), and ρ (rho) is the electrical resistivity (also called specific electrical resistance) of the material, measured in ohm-metres (Ω·m). The resistivity and conductivity are proportionality constants, and therefore depend only on the material the wire is made of, not the geometry of the wire. Resistivity and conductivity are reciprocals: ρ = 1 / σ \rho=1/\sigma. Resistivity is a measure of the material's ability to oppose electric current. + +This formula is not exact: It assumes the current density is totally uniform in the conductor, which is not always true in practical situation. However, this formula still provides a good approximation for long thin conductors such as wires. + +Another situation this formula is not exact for is with alternating current (AC), because the skin effect inhibits current flow near the center of the conductor. Then, the geometrical cross-section is different from the effective cross-section in which current actually flows, so the resistance is higher than expected. Similarly, if two conductors are near each other carrying AC current, their resistances increase due to the proximity effect. At commercial power frequency, these effects are significant for large conductors carrying large currents, such as busbars in an electrical substation,[2] or large power cables carrying more than a few hundred amperes. + +Aside from the geometry of the wire, temperature also has a significant effect on the efficacy of conductors. Temperature affects conductors in two main ways, the first is that materials may expand under the application of heat. The amount that the material will expand is governed by the thermal expansion coefficient specific to the material. Such an expansion (or contraction) will change the geometry of the conductor and therefore its characteristic resistance. However, this effect is generally small, on the order of 10−6. An increase in temperature will also increase the number of phonons generated within the material. A phonon is essentially a lattice vibration, or rather a small, harmonic kinetic movement of the atoms of the material. Much like the shaking of a pinball machine, phonons serve to disrupt the path of electrons, causing them to scatter. This electron scattering will decrease the number of electron collisions and therefore will decrease the total amount of current transferred. +Conductor materials +Main article: Electrical resistivity and conductivity +Further information: Copper conductor and Aluminum building wiring +Material ρ [Ω·m] at 20°C σ [S/m] at 20°C +Silver, Ag 1.59 × 10−8 6.30 × 107 +Copper, Cu 1.68 × 10−8 5.96 × 107 +Aluminum, Al 2.82 × 10−8 3.50 × 107 + +Conduction materials include metals, electrolytes, superconductors, semiconductors, plasmas and some nonmetallic conductors such as graphite and conductive polymers. + +Copper has a high conductivity. Annealed copper is the international standard to which all other electrical conductors are compared; the International Annealed Copper Standard conductivity is 58 MS/m, although ultra-pure copper can slightly exceed 101% IACS. The main grade of copper used for electrical applications, such as building wire, motor windings, cables and busbars, is electrolytic-tough pitch (ETP) copper (CW004A or ASTM designation C100140). If high conductivity copper must be welded or brazed or used in a reducing atmosphere, then oxygen-free high conductivity copper (CW008A or ASTM designation C10100) may be used.[3] Because of its ease of connection by soldering or clamping, copper is still the most common choice for most light-gauge wires. + +Silver is 6% more conductive than copper, but due to cost it is not practical in most cases. However, it is used in specialized equipment, such as satellites, and as a thin plating to mitigate skin effect losses at high frequencies. Famously, 14,700 short tons (13,300 t) of silver on loan from the United States Treasury were used in the making of the calutron magnets during World War II due to wartime shortages of copper. [4] + +Aluminum wire is the most common metal in electric power transmission and distribution. Although only 61% of the conductivity of copper by cross-sectional area, its lower density makes it twice as conductive by mass. As aluminum is roughly one-third the cost of copper by weight, the economic advantages are considerable when large conductors are required. + +The disadvantages of aluminum wiring lie in its mechanical and chemical properties. It readily forms an insulating oxide, making connections heat up. Its larger coefficient of thermal expansion than the brass materials used for connectors causes connections to loosen. Aluminum can also "creep", slowly deforming under load, which also loosens connections. These effects can be mitigated with suitably designed connectors and extra care in installation, but they have made aluminum building wiring unpopular past the service drop. + +Organic compounds such as octane, which has 8 carbon atoms and 18 hydrogen atoms, cannot conduct electricity. Oils are hydrocarbons, since carbon has the property of tetracovalency and forms covalent bonds with other elements such as hydrogen, since it does not lose or gain electrons, thus does not form ions. Covalent bonds are simply the sharing of electrons. Hence, there is no separation of ions when electricity is passed through it. Liquids made of compounds with only covalent bonds cannot conduct electricity. Certain organic ionic liquids, by contrast, can conduct an electric current. + +While pure water is not an electrical conductor, even a small portion of ionic impurities, such as salt, can rapidly transform it into a conductor. +Wire size + +Wires are measured by their cross sectional area. In many countries, the size is expressed in square millimetres. In North America, conductors are measured by American wire gauge for smaller ones, and circular mils for larger ones. +Conductor ampacity + +The ampacity of a conductor, that is, the amount of current it can carry, is related to its electrical resistance: a lower-resistance conductor can carry a larger value of current. The resistance, in turn, is determined by the material the conductor is made from (as described above) and the conductor's size. For a given material, conductors with a larger cross-sectional area have less resistance than conductors with a smaller cross-sectional area. + +For bare conductors, the ultimate limit is the point at which power lost to resistance causes the conductor to melt. Aside from fuses, most conductors in the real world are operated far below this limit, however. For example, household wiring is usually insulated with PVC insulation that is only rated to operate to about 60 °C, therefore, the current in such wires must be limited so that it never heats the copper conductor above 60 °C, causing a risk of fire. Other, more expensive insulation such as Teflon or fiberglass may allow operation at much higher temperatures. +Isotropy + +If an electric field is applied to a material, and the resulting induced electric current is in the same direction, the material is said to be an isotropic electrical conductor. If the resulting electric current is in a different direction from the applied electric field, the material is said to be an anisotropic electrical conductor. +See also +Classification of materials based on permittivity εr″/εr′ Current conduction Field propagation +0 perfect dielectric +lossless medium +≪ 1 low-conductivity material +poor conductor low-loss medium +good dielectric +≈ 1 lossy conducting material lossy propagation medium +≫ 1 high-conductivity material +good conductor high-loss medium +poor dielectric +∞ perfect conductor + + Bundle conductor + Charge transfer complex + Electrical cable + Electrical resistivity and conductivity + Fourth rail + Overhead line + Stephen Gray, first to identify electrical conductors and insulators + Superconductivity + Third rail + +References + +"Wire Sizes and Resistance" (PDF). Retrieved 2018-01-14. +Fink and Beaty, Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers 11th Edition, pages 17–19 +"High conductivity coppers (electrical)". Copper Development Association (U.K.). Archived from the original on 2013-07-20. Retrieved 2013-06-01. + + "From Treasury Vault to the Manhattan Project" (PDF). American Scientist. Retrieved 2022-10-27. + +Further reading +Pioneering and historical books + + William Henry Preece. On Electrical Conductors. 1883. + Oliver Heaviside. Electrical Papers. Macmillan, 1894. + +Reference books + + Annual Book of ASTM Standards: Electrical Conductors. American Society for Testing and Materials. (every year) + IET Wiring Regulations. Institution for Engineering and Technology. wiringregulations.net + +External links + + BBC: Key Stage 2 Bitesize: Electrical Conductors + The discovery of conductors and insulators by Gray, Dufay and Franklin. + +Wikimedia Commons has media related to Electrical conductors. +Authority control: National Edit this at Wikidata + + France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan + +Categories: + + ElectricityElectrical conductors + + This page was last edited on 28 August 2023, at 00:10 (UTC). + site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. diff --git a/data/98efafc6-c376-4b53-be91-a130e1d90e02.jpg b/data/98efafc6-c376-4b53-be91-a130e1d90e02.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c90de9f4b3feabd26394eab920fe276cf5cac096 Binary files /dev/null and b/data/98efafc6-c376-4b53-be91-a130e1d90e02.jpg differ diff --git a/data/99b5ea36-0310-49c4-85d8-9ae83a96029a.m4a b/data/99b5ea36-0310-49c4-85d8-9ae83a96029a.m4a new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dd0ef242f282ba4ba462467eeb476e26ec0fc566 Binary files /dev/null and b/data/99b5ea36-0310-49c4-85d8-9ae83a96029a.m4a differ diff --git a/data/9ca9bc20-1a0b-4076-9937-7724e3491cf8.png b/data/9ca9bc20-1a0b-4076-9937-7724e3491cf8.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c80e58aa999371f261087bb11a137dddd677484e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/9ca9bc20-1a0b-4076-9937-7724e3491cf8.png @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:1ca8fdcbc68e06bda986c84d3a8048676f94a4778d57a56234bc7a25f8190f23 +size 101283 diff --git a/data/a0dcc222-691e-4b03-ac75-c4493991ab80.txt b/data/a0dcc222-691e-4b03-ac75-c4493991ab80.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..35e7b747ce099bf024de3911aa9185c77166d1f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/a0dcc222-691e-4b03-ac75-c4493991ab80.txt @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +Magmortar @ Choice Specs +Ability: Flame Body +EVs: 252 SpA / 4 SpD / 252 Spe +Timid Nature +IVs: 0 Atk +- Fire Blast +- Focus Blast +- Psychic +- Taunt + +Torkoal @ Focus Sash +Ability: White Smoke +EVs: 248 HP / 252 Def / 8 SpA +Bold Nature +IVs: 0 Atk +- Lava Plume +- Earth Power +- Curse +- Protect + +Rapidash @ Lum Berry +Ability: Flash Fire +EVs: 252 Atk / 4 SpD / 252 Spe +Jolly Nature +- Flare Blitz +- Megahorn +- Poison Jab +- Quick Attack + +Flareon @ Salac Berry +Ability: Flash Fire +EVs: 252 Atk / 4 SpD / 252 Spe +Jolly Nature +- Fire Fang +- Superpower +- Last Resort +- Wish + +Infernape @ Sitrus Berry +Ability: Blaze +EVs: 252 Atk / 4 SpD / 252 Spe +Jolly Nature +- Blaze Kick +- Brick Break +- Earthquake +- Gunk Shot + +Houndoom @ Apicot Berry +Ability: Early Bird +EVs: 252 SpA / 4 SpD / 252 Spe +Timid Nature +IVs: 0 Atk +- Dark Pulse +- Flamethrower +- Shadow Ball +- Sludge Bomb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/aac4df0d-407a-45f2-add5-d9b31ebe1ddc.xlsx b/data/aac4df0d-407a-45f2-add5-d9b31ebe1ddc.xlsx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b9ed3ce7b6c404e8b6ef25a118303650688d7388 Binary files /dev/null and b/data/aac4df0d-407a-45f2-add5-d9b31ebe1ddc.xlsx differ diff --git a/data/aea1ea38-dfd0-41ab-ad79-badc3c69c784.txt b/data/aea1ea38-dfd0-41ab-ad79-badc3c69c784.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6ffcf38f6d0b414ec526e99799cf3123ecfc3a19 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/aea1ea38-dfd0-41ab-ad79-badc3c69c784.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +(=<`#9]~6ZY32Vx/4Rs+0No-&Jk)"Fh} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/afd1efe6-03dd-478c-9eb1-e562355ee94e.txt b/data/afd1efe6-03dd-478c-9eb1-e562355ee94e.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..101c54facfd05b61f78d4dd6721816dcd5a6a5a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/afd1efe6-03dd-478c-9eb1-e562355ee94e.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7044 @@ +FOREWORD + + +To the Reader of this Work + + +In submitting Captain Carter’s strange manuscript to you in book form, +I believe that a few words relative to this remarkable personality will +be of interest. + +My first recollection of Captain Carter is of the few months he spent +at my father’s home in Virginia, just prior to the opening of the civil +war. I was then a child of but five years, yet I well remember the +tall, dark, smooth-faced, athletic man whom I called Uncle Jack. + +He seemed always to be laughing; and he entered into the sports of the +children with the same hearty good fellowship he displayed toward those +pastimes in which the men and women of his own age indulged; or he +would sit for an hour at a time entertaining my old grandmother with +stories of his strange, wild life in all parts of the world. We all +loved him, and our slaves fairly worshipped the ground he trod. + +He was a splendid specimen of manhood, standing a good two inches over +six feet, broad of shoulder and narrow of hip, with the carriage of the +trained fighting man. His features were regular and clear cut, his hair +black and closely cropped, while his eyes were of a steel gray, +reflecting a strong and loyal character, filled with fire and +initiative. His manners were perfect, and his courtliness was that of a +typical southern gentleman of the highest type. + +His horsemanship, especially after hounds, was a marvel and delight +even in that country of magnificent horsemen. I have often heard my +father caution him against his wild recklessness, but he would only +laugh, and say that the tumble that killed him would be from the back +of a horse yet unfoaled. + +When the war broke out he left us, nor did I see him again for some +fifteen or sixteen years. When he returned it was without warning, and +I was much surprised to note that he had not aged apparently a moment, +nor had he changed in any other outward way. He was, when others were +with him, the same genial, happy fellow we had known of old, but when +he thought himself alone I have seen him sit for hours gazing off into +space, his face set in a look of wistful longing and hopeless misery; +and at night he would sit thus looking up into the heavens, at what I +did not know until I read his manuscript years afterward. + +He told us that he had been prospecting and mining in Arizona part of +the time since the war; and that he had been very successful was +evidenced by the unlimited amount of money with which he was supplied. +As to the details of his life during these years he was very reticent, +in fact he would not talk of them at all. + +He remained with us for about a year and then went to New York, where +he purchased a little place on the Hudson, where I visited him once a +year on the occasions of my trips to the New York market—my father and +I owning and operating a string of general stores throughout Virginia +at that time. Captain Carter had a small but beautiful cottage, +situated on a bluff overlooking the river, and during one of my last +visits, in the winter of 1885, I observed he was much occupied in +writing, I presume now, upon this manuscript. + +He told me at this time that if anything should happen to him he wished +me to take charge of his estate, and he gave me a key to a compartment +in the safe which stood in his study, telling me I would find his will +there and some personal instructions which he had me pledge myself to +carry out with absolute fidelity. + +After I had retired for the night I have seen him from my window +standing in the moonlight on the brink of the bluff overlooking the +Hudson with his arms stretched out to the heavens as though in appeal. +I thought at the time that he was praying, although I never understood +that he was in the strict sense of the term a religious man. + +Several months after I had returned home from my last visit, the first +of March, 1886, I think, I received a telegram from him asking me to +come to him at once. I had always been his favorite among the younger +generation of Carters and so I hastened to comply with his demand. + +I arrived at the little station, about a mile from his grounds, on the +morning of March 4, 1886, and when I asked the livery man to drive me +out to Captain Carter’s he replied that if I was a friend of the +Captain’s he had some very bad news for me; the Captain had been found +dead shortly after daylight that very morning by the watchman attached +to an adjoining property. + +For some reason this news did not surprise me, but I hurried out to his +place as quickly as possible, so that I could take charge of the body +and of his affairs. + +I found the watchman who had discovered him, together with the local +police chief and several townspeople, assembled in his little study. +The watchman related the few details connected with the finding of the +body, which he said had been still warm when he came upon it. It lay, +he said, stretched full length in the snow with the arms outstretched +above the head toward the edge of the bluff, and when he showed me the +spot it flashed upon me that it was the identical one where I had seen +him on those other nights, with his arms raised in supplication to the +skies. + +There were no marks of violence on the body, and with the aid of a +local physician the coroner’s jury quickly reached a decision of death +from heart failure. Left alone in the study, I opened the safe and +withdrew the contents of the drawer in which he had told me I would +find my instructions. They were in part peculiar indeed, but I have +followed them to each last detail as faithfully as I was able. + +He directed that I remove his body to Virginia without embalming, and +that he be laid in an open coffin within a tomb which he previously had +had constructed and which, as I later learned, was well ventilated. The +instructions impressed upon me that I must personally see that this was +carried out just as he directed, even in secrecy if necessary. + +His property was left in such a way that I was to receive the entire +income for twenty-five years, when the principal was to become mine. +His further instructions related to this manuscript which I was to +retain sealed and unread, just as I found it, for eleven years; nor was +I to divulge its contents until twenty-one years after his death. + +A strange feature about the tomb, where his body still lies, is that +the massive door is equipped with a single, huge gold-plated spring +lock which can be opened _only from the inside_. + +Yours very sincerely, +Edgar Rice Burroughs. + + + + +CHAPTER I +ON THE ARIZONA HILLS + + +I am a very old man; how old I do not know. Possibly I am a hundred, +possibly more; but I cannot tell because I have never aged as other +men, nor do I remember any childhood. So far as I can recollect I have +always been a man, a man of about thirty. I appear today as I did forty +years and more ago, and yet I feel that I cannot go on living forever; +that some day I shall die the real death from which there is no +resurrection. I do not know why I should fear death, I who have died +twice and am still alive; but yet I have the same horror of it as you +who have never died, and it is because of this terror of death, I +believe, that I am so convinced of my mortality. + +And because of this conviction I have determined to write down the +story of the interesting periods of my life and of my death. I cannot +explain the phenomena; I can only set down here in the words of an +ordinary soldier of fortune a chronicle of the strange events that +befell me during the ten years that my dead body lay undiscovered in an +Arizona cave. + +I have never told this story, nor shall mortal man see this manuscript +until after I have passed over for eternity. I know that the average +human mind will not believe what it cannot grasp, and so I do not +purpose being pilloried by the public, the pulpit, and the press, and +held up as a colossal liar when I am but telling the simple truths +which some day science will substantiate. Possibly the suggestions +which I gained upon Mars, and the knowledge which I can set down in +this chronicle, will aid in an earlier understanding of the mysteries +of our sister planet; mysteries to you, but no longer mysteries to me. + +My name is John Carter; I am better known as Captain Jack Carter of +Virginia. At the close of the Civil War I found myself possessed of +several hundred thousand dollars (Confederate) and a captain’s +commission in the cavalry arm of an army which no longer existed; the +servant of a state which had vanished with the hopes of the South. +Masterless, penniless, and with my only means of livelihood, fighting, +gone, I determined to work my way to the southwest and attempt to +retrieve my fallen fortunes in a search for gold. + +I spent nearly a year prospecting in company with another Confederate +officer, Captain James K. Powell of Richmond. We were extremely +fortunate, for late in the winter of 1865, after many hardships and +privations, we located the most remarkable gold-bearing quartz vein +that our wildest dreams had ever pictured. Powell, who was a mining +engineer by education, stated that we had uncovered over a million +dollars worth of ore in a trifle over three months. + +As our equipment was crude in the extreme we decided that one of us +must return to civilization, purchase the necessary machinery and +return with a sufficient force of men properly to work the mine. + +As Powell was familiar with the country, as well as with the mechanical +requirements of mining we determined that it would be best for him to +make the trip. It was agreed that I was to hold down our claim against +the remote possibility of its being jumped by some wandering +prospector. + +On March 3, 1866, Powell and I packed his provisions on two of our +burros, and bidding me good-bye he mounted his horse, and started down +the mountainside toward the valley, across which led the first stage of +his journey. + +The morning of Powell’s departure was, like nearly all Arizona +mornings, clear and beautiful; I could see him and his little pack +animals picking their way down the mountainside toward the valley, and +all during the morning I would catch occasional glimpses of them as +they topped a hog back or came out upon a level plateau. My last sight +of Powell was about three in the afternoon as he entered the shadows of +the range on the opposite side of the valley. + +Some half hour later I happened to glance casually across the valley +and was much surprised to note three little dots in about the same +place I had last seen my friend and his two pack animals. I am not +given to needless worrying, but the more I tried to convince myself +that all was well with Powell, and that the dots I had seen on his +trail were antelope or wild horses, the less I was able to assure +myself. + +Since we had entered the territory we had not seen a hostile Indian, +and we had, therefore, become careless in the extreme, and were wont to +ridicule the stories we had heard of the great numbers of these vicious +marauders that were supposed to haunt the trails, taking their toll in +lives and torture of every white party which fell into their merciless +clutches. + +Powell, I knew, was well armed and, further, an experienced Indian +fighter; but I too had lived and fought for years among the Sioux in +the North, and I knew that his chances were small against a party of +cunning trailing Apaches. Finally I could endure the suspense no +longer, and, arming myself with my two Colt revolvers and a carbine, I +strapped two belts of cartridges about me and catching my saddle horse, +started down the trail taken by Powell in the morning. + +As soon as I reached comparatively level ground I urged my mount into a +canter and continued this, where the going permitted, until, close upon +dusk, I discovered the point where other tracks joined those of Powell. +They were the tracks of unshod ponies, three of them, and the ponies +had been galloping. + +I followed rapidly until, darkness shutting down, I was forced to await +the rising of the moon, and given an opportunity to speculate on the +question of the wisdom of my chase. Possibly I had conjured up +impossible dangers, like some nervous old housewife, and when I should +catch up with Powell would get a good laugh for my pains. However, I am +not prone to sensitiveness, and the following of a sense of duty, +wherever it may lead, has always been a kind of fetich with me +throughout my life; which may account for the honors bestowed upon me +by three republics and the decorations and friendships of an old and +powerful emperor and several lesser kings, in whose service my sword +has been red many a time. + +About nine o’clock the moon was sufficiently bright for me to proceed +on my way and I had no difficulty in following the trail at a fast +walk, and in some places at a brisk trot until, about midnight, I +reached the water hole where Powell had expected to camp. I came upon +the spot unexpectedly, finding it entirely deserted, with no signs of +having been recently occupied as a camp. + +I was interested to note that the tracks of the pursuing horsemen, for +such I was now convinced they must be, continued after Powell with only +a brief stop at the hole for water; and always at the same rate of +speed as his. + +I was positive now that the trailers were Apaches and that they wished +to capture Powell alive for the fiendish pleasure of the torture, so I +urged my horse onward at a most dangerous pace, hoping against hope +that I would catch up with the red rascals before they attacked him. + +Further speculation was suddenly cut short by the faint report of two +shots far ahead of me. I knew that Powell would need me now if ever, +and I instantly urged my horse to his topmost speed up the narrow and +difficult mountain trail. + +I had forged ahead for perhaps a mile or more without hearing further +sounds, when the trail suddenly debouched onto a small, open plateau +near the summit of the pass. I had passed through a narrow, overhanging +gorge just before entering suddenly upon this table land, and the sight +which met my eyes filled me with consternation and dismay. + +The little stretch of level land was white with Indian tepees, and +there were probably half a thousand red warriors clustered around some +object near the center of the camp. Their attention was so wholly +riveted to this point of interest that they did not notice me, and I +easily could have turned back into the dark recesses of the gorge and +made my escape with perfect safety. The fact, however, that this +thought did not occur to me until the following day removes any +possible right to a claim to heroism to which the narration of this +episode might possibly otherwise entitle me. + +I do not believe that I am made of the stuff which constitutes heroes, +because, in all of the hundreds of instances that my voluntary acts +have placed me face to face with death, I cannot recall a single one +where any alternative step to that I took occurred to me until many +hours later. My mind is evidently so constituted that I am +subconsciously forced into the path of duty without recourse to +tiresome mental processes. However that may be, I have never regretted +that cowardice is not optional with me. + +In this instance I was, of course, positive that Powell was the center +of attraction, but whether I thought or acted first I do not know, but +within an instant from the moment the scene broke upon my view I had +whipped out my revolvers and was charging down upon the entire army of +warriors, shooting rapidly, and whooping at the top of my lungs. +Singlehanded, I could not have pursued better tactics, for the red men, +convinced by sudden surprise that not less than a regiment of regulars +was upon them, turned and fled in every direction for their bows, +arrows, and rifles. + +The view which their hurried routing disclosed filled me with +apprehension and with rage. Under the clear rays of the Arizona moon +lay Powell, his body fairly bristling with the hostile arrows of the +braves. That he was already dead I could not but be convinced, and yet +I would have saved his body from mutilation at the hands of the Apaches +as quickly as I would have saved the man himself from death. + +Riding close to him I reached down from the saddle, and grasping his +cartridge belt drew him up across the withers of my mount. A backward +glance convinced me that to return by the way I had come would be more +hazardous than to continue across the plateau, so, putting spurs to my +poor beast, I made a dash for the opening to the pass which I could +distinguish on the far side of the table land. + +The Indians had by this time discovered that I was alone and I was +pursued with imprecations, arrows, and rifle balls. The fact that it is +difficult to aim anything but imprecations accurately by moonlight, +that they were upset by the sudden and unexpected manner of my advent, +and that I was a rather rapidly moving target saved me from the various +deadly projectiles of the enemy and permitted me to reach the shadows +of the surrounding peaks before an orderly pursuit could be organized. + +My horse was traveling practically unguided as I knew that I had +probably less knowledge of the exact location of the trail to the pass +than he, and thus it happened that he entered a defile which led to the +summit of the range and not to the pass which I had hoped would carry +me to the valley and to safety. It is probable, however, that to this +fact I owe my life and the remarkable experiences and adventures which +befell me during the following ten years. + +My first knowledge that I was on the wrong trail came when I heard the +yells of the pursuing savages suddenly grow fainter and fainter far off +to my left. + +I knew then that they had passed to the left of the jagged rock +formation at the edge of the plateau, to the right of which my horse +had borne me and the body of Powell. + +I drew rein on a little level promontory overlooking the trail below +and to my left, and saw the party of pursuing savages disappearing +around the point of a neighboring peak. + +I knew the Indians would soon discover that they were on the wrong +trail and that the search for me would be renewed in the right +direction as soon as they located my tracks. + +I had gone but a short distance further when what seemed to be an +excellent trail opened up around the face of a high cliff. The trail +was level and quite broad and led upward and in the general direction I +wished to go. The cliff arose for several hundred feet on my right, and +on my left was an equal and nearly perpendicular drop to the bottom of +a rocky ravine. + +I had followed this trail for perhaps a hundred yards when a sharp turn +to the right brought me to the mouth of a large cave. The opening was +about four feet in height and three to four feet wide, and at this +opening the trail ended. + +It was now morning, and, with the customary lack of dawn which is a +startling characteristic of Arizona, it had become daylight almost +without warning. + +Dismounting, I laid Powell upon the ground, but the most painstaking +examination failed to reveal the faintest spark of life. I forced water +from my canteen between his dead lips, bathed his face and rubbed his +hands, working over him continuously for the better part of an hour in +the face of the fact that I knew him to be dead. + +I was very fond of Powell; he was thoroughly a man in every respect; a +polished southern gentleman; a staunch and true friend; and it was with +a feeling of the deepest grief that I finally gave up my crude +endeavors at resuscitation. + +Leaving Powell’s body where it lay on the ledge I crept into the cave +to reconnoiter. I found a large chamber, possibly a hundred feet in +diameter and thirty or forty feet in height; a smooth and well-worn +floor, and many other evidences that the cave had, at some remote +period, been inhabited. The back of the cave was so lost in dense +shadow that I could not distinguish whether there were openings into +other apartments or not. + +As I was continuing my examination I commenced to feel a pleasant +drowsiness creeping over me which I attributed to the fatigue of my +long and strenuous ride, and the reaction from the excitement of the +fight and the pursuit. I felt comparatively safe in my present location +as I knew that one man could defend the trail to the cave against an +army. + +I soon became so drowsy that I could scarcely resist the strong desire +to throw myself on the floor of the cave for a few moments’ rest, but I +knew that this would never do, as it would mean certain death at the +hands of my red friends, who might be upon me at any moment. With an +effort I started toward the opening of the cave only to reel drunkenly +against a side wall, and from there slip prone upon the floor. + + + + +CHAPTER II +THE ESCAPE OF THE DEAD + + +A sense of delicious dreaminess overcame me, my muscles relaxed, and I +was on the point of giving way to my desire to sleep when the sound of +approaching horses reached my ears. I attempted to spring to my feet +but was horrified to discover that my muscles refused to respond to my +will. I was now thoroughly awake, but as unable to move a muscle as +though turned to stone. It was then, for the first time, that I noticed +a slight vapor filling the cave. It was extremely tenuous and only +noticeable against the opening which led to daylight. There also came +to my nostrils a faintly pungent odor, and I could only assume that I +had been overcome by some poisonous gas, but why I should retain my +mental faculties and yet be unable to move I could not fathom. + +I lay facing the opening of the cave and where I could see the short +stretch of trail which lay between the cave and the turn of the cliff +around which the trail led. The noise of the approaching horses had +ceased, and I judged the Indians were creeping stealthily upon me along +the little ledge which led to my living tomb. I remember that I hoped +they would make short work of me as I did not particularly relish the +thought of the innumerable things they might do to me if the spirit +prompted them. + +I had not long to wait before a stealthy sound apprised me of their +nearness, and then a war-bonneted, paint-streaked face was thrust +cautiously around the shoulder of the cliff, and savage eyes looked +into mine. That he could see me in the dim light of the cave I was sure +for the early morning sun was falling full upon me through the opening. + +The fellow, instead of approaching, merely stood and stared; his eyes +bulging and his jaw dropped. And then another savage face appeared, and +a third and fourth and fifth, craning their necks over the shoulders of +their fellows whom they could not pass upon the narrow ledge. Each face +was the picture of awe and fear, but for what reason I did not know, +nor did I learn until ten years later. That there were still other +braves behind those who regarded me was apparent from the fact that the +leaders passed back whispered word to those behind them. + +Suddenly a low but distinct moaning sound issued from the recesses of +the cave behind me, and, as it reached the ears of the Indians, they +turned and fled in terror, panic-stricken. So frantic were their +efforts to escape from the unseen thing behind me that one of the +braves was hurled headlong from the cliff to the rocks below. Their +wild cries echoed in the canyon for a short time, and then all was +still once more. + +The sound which had frightened them was not repeated, but it had been +sufficient as it was to start me speculating on the possible horror +which lurked in the shadows at my back. Fear is a relative term and so +I can only measure my feelings at that time by what I had experienced +in previous positions of danger and by those that I have passed through +since; but I can say without shame that if the sensations I endured +during the next few minutes were fear, then may God help the coward, +for cowardice is of a surety its own punishment. + +To be held paralyzed, with one’s back toward some horrible and unknown +danger from the very sound of which the ferocious Apache warriors turn +in wild stampede, as a flock of sheep would madly flee from a pack of +wolves, seems to me the last word in fearsome predicaments for a man +who had ever been used to fighting for his life with all the energy of +a powerful physique. + +Several times I thought I heard faint sounds behind me as of somebody +moving cautiously, but eventually even these ceased, and I was left to +the contemplation of my position without interruption. I could but +vaguely conjecture the cause of my paralysis, and my only hope lay in +that it might pass off as suddenly as it had fallen upon me. + +Late in the afternoon my horse, which had been standing with dragging +rein before the cave, started slowly down the trail, evidently in +search of food and water, and I was left alone with my mysterious +unknown companion and the dead body of my friend, which lay just within +my range of vision upon the ledge where I had placed it in the early +morning. + +From then until possibly midnight all was silence, the silence of the +dead; then, suddenly, the awful moan of the morning broke upon my +startled ears, and there came again from the black shadows the sound of +a moving thing, and a faint rustling as of dead leaves. The shock to my +already overstrained nervous system was terrible in the extreme, and +with a superhuman effort I strove to break my awful bonds. It was an +effort of the mind, of the will, of the nerves; not muscular, for I +could not move even so much as my little finger, but none the less +mighty for all that. And then something gave, there was a momentary +feeling of nausea, a sharp click as of the snapping of a steel wire, +and I stood with my back against the wall of the cave facing my unknown +foe. + +And then the moonlight flooded the cave, and there before me lay my own +body as it had been lying all these hours, with the eyes staring toward +the open ledge and the hands resting limply upon the ground. I looked +first at my lifeless clay there upon the floor of the cave and then +down at myself in utter bewilderment; for there I lay clothed, and yet +here I stood but naked as at the minute of my birth. + +The transition had been so sudden and so unexpected that it left me for +a moment forgetful of aught else than my strange metamorphosis. My +first thought was, is this then death! Have I indeed passed over +forever into that other life! But I could not well believe this, as I +could feel my heart pounding against my ribs from the exertion of my +efforts to release myself from the anaesthesis which had held me. My +breath was coming in quick, short gasps, cold sweat stood out from +every pore of my body, and the ancient experiment of pinching revealed +the fact that I was anything other than a wraith. + +Again was I suddenly recalled to my immediate surroundings by a +repetition of the weird moan from the depths of the cave. Naked and +unarmed as I was, I had no desire to face the unseen thing which +menaced me. + +My revolvers were strapped to my lifeless body which, for some +unfathomable reason, I could not bring myself to touch. My carbine was +in its boot, strapped to my saddle, and as my horse had wandered off I +was left without means of defense. My only alternative seemed to lie in +flight and my decision was crystallized by a recurrence of the rustling +sound from the thing which now seemed, in the darkness of the cave and +to my distorted imagination, to be creeping stealthily upon me. + +Unable longer to resist the temptation to escape this horrible place I +leaped quickly through the opening into the starlight of a clear +Arizona night. The crisp, fresh mountain air outside the cave acted as +an immediate tonic and I felt new life and new courage coursing through +me. Pausing upon the brink of the ledge I upbraided myself for what now +seemed to me wholly unwarranted apprehension. I reasoned with myself +that I had lain helpless for many hours within the cave, yet nothing +had molested me, and my better judgment, when permitted the direction +of clear and logical reasoning, convinced me that the noises I had +heard must have resulted from purely natural and harmless causes; +probably the conformation of the cave was such that a slight breeze had +caused the sounds I heard. + +I decided to investigate, but first I lifted my head to fill my lungs +with the pure, invigorating night air of the mountains. As I did so I +saw stretching far below me the beautiful vista of rocky gorge, and +level, cacti-studded flat, wrought by the moonlight into a miracle of +soft splendor and wondrous enchantment. + +Few western wonders are more inspiring than the beauties of an Arizona +moonlit landscape; the silvered mountains in the distance, the strange +lights and shadows upon hog back and arroyo, and the grotesque details +of the stiff, yet beautiful cacti form a picture at once enchanting and +inspiring; as though one were catching for the first time a glimpse of +some dead and forgotten world, so different is it from the aspect of +any other spot upon our earth. + +As I stood thus meditating, I turned my gaze from the landscape to the +heavens where the myriad stars formed a gorgeous and fitting canopy for +the wonders of the earthly scene. My attention was quickly riveted by a +large red star close to the distant horizon. As I gazed upon it I felt +a spell of overpowering fascination—it was Mars, the god of war, and +for me, the fighting man, it had always held the power of irresistible +enchantment. As I gazed at it on that far-gone night it seemed to call +across the unthinkable void, to lure me to it, to draw me as the +lodestone attracts a particle of iron. + +My longing was beyond the power of opposition; I closed my eyes, +stretched out my arms toward the god of my vocation and felt myself +drawn with the suddenness of thought through the trackless immensity of +space. There was an instant of extreme cold and utter darkness. + + + + +CHAPTER III +MY ADVENT ON MARS + + +I opened my eyes upon a strange and weird landscape. I knew that I was +on Mars; not once did I question either my sanity or my wakefulness. I +was not asleep, no need for pinching here; my inner consciousness told +me as plainly that I was upon Mars as your conscious mind tells you +that you are upon Earth. You do not question the fact; neither did I. + +I found myself lying prone upon a bed of yellowish, mosslike vegetation +which stretched around me in all directions for interminable miles. I +seemed to be lying in a deep, circular basin, along the outer verge of +which I could distinguish the irregularities of low hills. + +It was midday, the sun was shining full upon me and the heat of it was +rather intense upon my naked body, yet no greater than would have been +true under similar conditions on an Arizona desert. Here and there were +slight outcroppings of quartz-bearing rock which glistened in the +sunlight; and a little to my left, perhaps a hundred yards, appeared a +low, walled enclosure about four feet in height. No water, and no other +vegetation than the moss was in evidence, and as I was somewhat thirsty +I determined to do a little exploring. + +Springing to my feet I received my first Martian surprise, for the +effort, which on Earth would have brought me standing upright, carried +me into the Martian air to the height of about three yards. I alighted +softly upon the ground, however, without appreciable shock or jar. Now +commenced a series of evolutions which even then seemed ludicrous in +the extreme. I found that I must learn to walk all over again, as the +muscular exertion which carried me easily and safely upon Earth played +strange antics with me upon Mars. + +Instead of progressing in a sane and dignified manner, my attempts to +walk resulted in a variety of hops which took me clear of the ground a +couple of feet at each step and landed me sprawling upon my face or +back at the end of each second or third hop. My muscles, perfectly +attuned and accustomed to the force of gravity on Earth, played the +mischief with me in attempting for the first time to cope with the +lesser gravitation and lower air pressure on Mars. + +I was determined, however, to explore the low structure which was the +only evidence of habitation in sight, and so I hit upon the unique plan +of reverting to first principles in locomotion, creeping. I did fairly +well at this and in a few moments had reached the low, encircling wall +of the enclosure. + +There appeared to be no doors or windows upon the side nearest me, but +as the wall was but about four feet high I cautiously gained my feet +and peered over the top upon the strangest sight it had ever been given +me to see. + +The roof of the enclosure was of solid glass about four or five inches +in thickness, and beneath this were several hundred large eggs, +perfectly round and snowy white. The eggs were nearly uniform in size +being about two and one-half feet in diameter. + +Five or six had already hatched and the grotesque caricatures which sat +blinking in the sunlight were enough to cause me to doubt my sanity. +They seemed mostly head, with little scrawny bodies, long necks and six +legs, or, as I afterward learned, two legs and two arms, with an +intermediary pair of limbs which could be used at will either as arms +or legs. Their eyes were set at the extreme sides of their heads a +trifle above the center and protruded in such a manner that they could +be directed either forward or back and also independently of each +other, thus permitting this queer animal to look in any direction, or +in two directions at once, without the necessity of turning the head. + +The ears, which were slightly above the eyes and closer together, were +small, cup-shaped antennae, protruding not more than an inch on these +young specimens. Their noses were but longitudinal slits in the center +of their faces, midway between their mouths and ears. + +There was no hair on their bodies, which were of a very light +yellowish-green color. In the adults, as I was to learn quite soon, +this color deepens to an olive green and is darker in the male than in +the female. Further, the heads of the adults are not so out of +proportion to their bodies as in the case of the young. + +The iris of the eyes is blood red, as in Albinos, while the pupil is +dark. The eyeball itself is very white, as are the teeth. These latter +add a most ferocious appearance to an otherwise fearsome and terrible +countenance, as the lower tusks curve upward to sharp points which end +about where the eyes of earthly human beings are located. The whiteness +of the teeth is not that of ivory, but of the snowiest and most +gleaming of china. Against the dark background of their olive skins +their tusks stand out in a most striking manner, making these weapons +present a singularly formidable appearance. + +Most of these details I noted later, for I was given but little time to +speculate on the wonders of my new discovery. I had seen that the eggs +were in the process of hatching, and as I stood watching the hideous +little monsters break from their shells I failed to note the approach +of a score of full-grown Martians from behind me. + +Coming, as they did, over the soft and soundless moss, which covers +practically the entire surface of Mars with the exception of the frozen +areas at the poles and the scattered cultivated districts, they might +have captured me easily, but their intentions were far more sinister. +It was the rattling of the accouterments of the foremost warrior which +warned me. + +On such a little thing my life hung that I often marvel that I escaped +so easily. Had not the rifle of the leader of the party swung from its +fastenings beside his saddle in such a way as to strike against the +butt of his great metal-shod spear I should have snuffed out without +ever knowing that death was near me. But the little sound caused me to +turn, and there upon me, not ten feet from my breast, was the point of +that huge spear, a spear forty feet long, tipped with gleaming metal, +and held low at the side of a mounted replica of the little devils I +had been watching. + +But how puny and harmless they now looked beside this huge and terrific +incarnation of hate, of vengeance and of death. The man himself, for +such I may call him, was fully fifteen feet in height and, on Earth, +would have weighed some four hundred pounds. He sat his mount as we sit +a horse, grasping the animal’s barrel with his lower limbs, while the +hands of his two right arms held his immense spear low at the side of +his mount; his two left arms were outstretched laterally to help +preserve his balance, the thing he rode having neither bridle or reins +of any description for guidance. + +And his mount! How can earthly words describe it! It towered ten feet +at the shoulder; had four legs on either side; a broad flat tail, +larger at the tip than at the root, and which it held straight out +behind while running; a gaping mouth which split its head from its +snout to its long, massive neck. + +Like its master, it was entirely devoid of hair, but was of a dark +slate color and exceeding smooth and glossy. Its belly was white, and +its legs shaded from the slate of its shoulders and hips to a vivid +yellow at the feet. The feet themselves were heavily padded and +nailless, which fact had also contributed to the noiselessness of their +approach, and, in common with a multiplicity of legs, is a +characteristic feature of the fauna of Mars. The highest type of man +and one other animal, the only mammal existing on Mars, alone have +well-formed nails, and there are absolutely no hoofed animals in +existence there. + +Behind this first charging demon trailed nineteen others, similar in +all respects, but, as I learned later, bearing individual +characteristics peculiar to themselves; precisely as no two of us are +identical although we are all cast in a similar mold. This picture, or +rather materialized nightmare, which I have described at length, made +but one terrible and swift impression on me as I turned to meet it. + +Unarmed and naked as I was, the first law of nature manifested itself +in the only possible solution of my immediate problem, and that was to +get out of the vicinity of the point of the charging spear. +Consequently I gave a very earthly and at the same time superhuman leap +to reach the top of the Martian incubator, for such I had determined it +must be. + +My effort was crowned with a success which appalled me no less than it +seemed to surprise the Martian warriors, for it carried me fully thirty +feet into the air and landed me a hundred feet from my pursuers and on +the opposite side of the enclosure. + +I alighted upon the soft moss easily and without mishap, and turning +saw my enemies lined up along the further wall. Some were surveying me +with expressions which I afterward discovered marked extreme +astonishment, and the others were evidently satisfying themselves that +I had not molested their young. + +They were conversing together in low tones, and gesticulating and +pointing toward me. Their discovery that I had not harmed the little +Martians, and that I was unarmed, must have caused them to look upon me +with less ferocity; but, as I was to learn later, the thing which +weighed most in my favor was my exhibition of hurdling. + +While the Martians are immense, their bones are very large and they are +muscled only in proportion to the gravitation which they must overcome. +The result is that they are infinitely less agile and less powerful, in +proportion to their weight, than an Earth man, and I doubt that were +one of them suddenly to be transported to Earth he could lift his own +weight from the ground; in fact, I am convinced that he could not do +so. + +My feat then was as marvelous upon Mars as it would have been upon +Earth, and from desiring to annihilate me they suddenly looked upon me +as a wonderful discovery to be captured and exhibited among their +fellows. + +The respite my unexpected agility had given me permitted me to +formulate plans for the immediate future and to note more closely the +appearance of the warriors, for I could not disassociate these people +in my mind from those other warriors who, only the day before, had been +pursuing me. + +I noted that each was armed with several other weapons in addition to +the huge spear which I have described. The weapon which caused me to +decide against an attempt at escape by flight was what was evidently a +rifle of some description, and which I felt, for some reason, they were +peculiarly efficient in handling. + +These rifles were of a white metal stocked with wood, which I learned +later was a very light and intensely hard growth much prized on Mars, +and entirely unknown to us denizens of Earth. The metal of the barrel +is an alloy composed principally of aluminum and steel which they have +learned to temper to a hardness far exceeding that of the steel with +which we are familiar. The weight of these rifles is comparatively +little, and with the small caliber, explosive, radium projectiles which +they use, and the great length of the barrel, they are deadly in the +extreme and at ranges which would be unthinkable on Earth. The +theoretic effective radius of this rifle is three hundred miles, but +the best they can do in actual service when equipped with their +wireless finders and sighters is but a trifle over two hundred miles. + +This is quite far enough to imbue me with great respect for the Martian +firearm, and some telepathic force must have warned me against an +attempt to escape in broad daylight from under the muzzles of twenty of +these death-dealing machines. + +The Martians, after conversing for a short time, turned and rode away +in the direction from which they had come, leaving one of their number +alone by the enclosure. When they had covered perhaps two hundred yards +they halted, and turning their mounts toward us sat watching the +warrior by the enclosure. + +He was the one whose spear had so nearly transfixed me, and was +evidently the leader of the band, as I had noted that they seemed to +have moved to their present position at his direction. When his force +had come to a halt he dismounted, threw down his spear and small arms, +and came around the end of the incubator toward me, entirely unarmed +and as naked as I, except for the ornaments strapped upon his head, +limbs, and breast. + +When he was within about fifty feet of me he unclasped an enormous +metal armlet, and holding it toward me in the open palm of his hand, +addressed me in a clear, resonant voice, but in a language, it is +needless to say, I could not understand. He then stopped as though +waiting for my reply, pricking up his antennae-like ears and cocking +his strange-looking eyes still further toward me. + +As the silence became painful I concluded to hazard a little +conversation on my own part, as I had guessed that he was making +overtures of peace. The throwing down of his weapons and the +withdrawing of his troop before his advance toward me would have +signified a peaceful mission anywhere on Earth, so why not, then, on +Mars! + +Placing my hand over my heart I bowed low to the Martian and explained +to him that while I did not understand his language, his actions spoke +for the peace and friendship that at the present moment were most dear +to my heart. Of course I might have been a babbling brook for all the +intelligence my speech carried to him, but he understood the action +with which I immediately followed my words. + +Stretching my hand toward him, I advanced and took the armlet from his +open palm, clasping it about my arm above the elbow; smiled at him and +stood waiting. His wide mouth spread into an answering smile, and +locking one of his intermediary arms in mine we turned and walked back +toward his mount. At the same time he motioned his followers to +advance. They started toward us on a wild run, but were checked by a +signal from him. Evidently he feared that were I to be really +frightened again I might jump entirely out of the landscape. + +He exchanged a few words with his men, motioned to me that I would ride +behind one of them, and then mounted his own animal. The fellow +designated reached down two or three hands and lifted me up behind him +on the glossy back of his mount, where I hung on as best I could by the +belts and straps which held the Martian’s weapons and ornaments. + +The entire cavalcade then turned and galloped away toward the range of +hills in the distance. + + + + +CHAPTER IV +A PRISONER + + +We had gone perhaps ten miles when the ground began to rise very +rapidly. We were, as I was later to learn, nearing the edge of one of +Mars’ long-dead seas, in the bottom of which my encounter with the +Martians had taken place. + +In a short time we gained the foot of the mountains, and after +traversing a narrow gorge came to an open valley, at the far extremity +of which was a low table land upon which I beheld an enormous city. +Toward this we galloped, entering it by what appeared to be a ruined +roadway leading out from the city, but only to the edge of the table +land, where it ended abruptly in a flight of broad steps. + +Upon closer observation I saw as we passed them that the buildings were +deserted, and while not greatly decayed had the appearance of not +having been tenanted for years, possibly for ages. Toward the center of +the city was a large plaza, and upon this and in the buildings +immediately surrounding it were camped some nine or ten hundred +creatures of the same breed as my captors, for such I now considered +them despite the suave manner in which I had been trapped. + +With the exception of their ornaments all were naked. The women varied +in appearance but little from the men, except that their tusks were +much larger in proportion to their height, in some instances curving +nearly to their high-set ears. Their bodies were smaller and lighter in +color, and their fingers and toes bore the rudiments of nails, which +were entirely lacking among the males. The adult females ranged in +height from ten to twelve feet. + +The children were light in color, even lighter than the women, and all +looked precisely alike to me, except that some were taller than others; +older, I presumed. + +I saw no signs of extreme age among them, nor is there any appreciable +difference in their appearance from the age of maturity, about forty, +until, at about the age of one thousand years, they go voluntarily upon +their last strange pilgrimage down the river Iss, which leads no living +Martian knows whither and from whose bosom no Martian has ever +returned, or would be allowed to live did he return after once +embarking upon its cold, dark waters. + +Only about one Martian in a thousand dies of sickness or disease, and +possibly about twenty take the voluntary pilgrimage. The other nine +hundred and seventy-nine die violent deaths in duels, in hunting, in +aviation and in war; but perhaps by far the greatest death loss comes +during the age of childhood, when vast numbers of the little Martians +fall victims to the great white apes of Mars. + +The average life expectancy of a Martian after the age of maturity is +about three hundred years, but would be nearer the one-thousand mark +were it not for the various means leading to violent death. Owing to +the waning resources of the planet it evidently became necessary to +counteract the increasing longevity which their remarkable skill in +therapeutics and surgery produced, and so human life has come to be +considered but lightly on Mars, as is evidenced by their dangerous +sports and the almost continual warfare between the various +communities. + +There are other and natural causes tending toward a diminution of +population, but nothing contributes so greatly to this end as the fact +that no male or female Martian is ever voluntarily without a weapon of +destruction. + +As we neared the plaza and my presence was discovered we were +immediately surrounded by hundreds of the creatures who seemed anxious +to pluck me from my seat behind my guard. A word from the leader of the +party stilled their clamor, and we proceeded at a trot across the plaza +to the entrance of as magnificent an edifice as mortal eye has rested +upon. + +The building was low, but covered an enormous area. It was constructed +of gleaming white marble inlaid with gold and brilliant stones which +sparkled and scintillated in the sunlight. The main entrance was some +hundred feet in width and projected from the building proper to form a +huge canopy above the entrance hall. There was no stairway, but a +gentle incline to the first floor of the building opened into an +enormous chamber encircled by galleries. + +On the floor of this chamber, which was dotted with highly carved +wooden desks and chairs, were assembled about forty or fifty male +Martians around the steps of a rostrum. On the platform proper squatted +an enormous warrior heavily loaded with metal ornaments, gay-colored +feathers and beautifully wrought leather trappings ingeniously set with +precious stones. From his shoulders depended a short cape of white fur +lined with brilliant scarlet silk. + +What struck me as most remarkable about this assemblage and the hall in +which they were congregated was the fact that the creatures were +entirely out of proportion to the desks, chairs, and other furnishings; +these being of a size adapted to human beings such as I, whereas the +great bulks of the Martians could scarcely have squeezed into the +chairs, nor was there room beneath the desks for their long legs. +Evidently, then, there were other denizens on Mars than the wild and +grotesque creatures into whose hands I had fallen, but the evidences of +extreme antiquity which showed all around me indicated that these +buildings might have belonged to some long-extinct and forgotten race +in the dim antiquity of Mars. + +Our party had halted at the entrance to the building, and at a sign +from the leader I had been lowered to the ground. Again locking his arm +in mine, we had proceeded into the audience chamber. There were few +formalities observed in approaching the Martian chieftain. My captor +merely strode up to the rostrum, the others making way for him as he +advanced. The chieftain rose to his feet and uttered the name of my +escort who, in turn, halted and repeated the name of the ruler followed +by his title. + +At the time, this ceremony and the words they uttered meant nothing to +me, but later I came to know that this was the customary greeting +between green Martians. Had the men been strangers, and therefore +unable to exchange names, they would have silently exchanged ornaments, +had their missions been peaceful—otherwise they would have exchanged +shots, or have fought out their introduction with some other of their +various weapons. + +My captor, whose name was Tars Tarkas, was virtually the vice-chieftain +of the community, and a man of great ability as a statesman and +warrior. He evidently explained briefly the incidents connected with +his expedition, including my capture, and when he had concluded the +chieftain addressed me at some length. + +I replied in our good old English tongue merely to convince him that +neither of us could understand the other; but I noticed that when I +smiled slightly on concluding, he did likewise. This fact, and the +similar occurrence during my first talk with Tars Tarkas, convinced me +that we had at least something in common; the ability to smile, +therefore to laugh; denoting a sense of humor. But I was to learn that +the Martian smile is merely perfunctory, and that the Martian laugh is +a thing to cause strong men to blanch in horror. + +The ideas of humor among the green men of Mars are widely at variance +with our conceptions of incitants to merriment. The death agonies of a +fellow being are, to these strange creatures, provocative of the +wildest hilarity, while their chief form of commonest amusement is to +inflict death on their prisoners of war in various ingenious and +horrible ways. + +The assembled warriors and chieftains examined me closely, feeling my +muscles and the texture of my skin. The principal chieftain then +evidently signified a desire to see me perform, and, motioning me to +follow, he started with Tars Tarkas for the open plaza. + +Now, I had made no attempt to walk, since my first signal failure, +except while tightly grasping Tars Tarkas’ arm, and so now I went +skipping and flitting about among the desks and chairs like some +monstrous grasshopper. After bruising myself severely, much to the +amusement of the Martians, I again had recourse to creeping, but this +did not suit them and I was roughly jerked to my feet by a towering +fellow who had laughed most heartily at my misfortunes. + +As he banged me down upon my feet his face was bent close to mine and I +did the only thing a gentleman might do under the circumstances of +brutality, boorishness, and lack of consideration for a stranger’s +rights; I swung my fist squarely to his jaw and he went down like a +felled ox. As he sunk to the floor I wheeled around with my back toward +the nearest desk, expecting to be overwhelmed by the vengeance of his +fellows, but determined to give them as good a battle as the unequal +odds would permit before I gave up my life. + +My fears were groundless, however, as the other Martians, at first +struck dumb with wonderment, finally broke into wild peals of laughter +and applause. I did not recognize the applause as such, but later, when +I had become acquainted with their customs, I learned that I had won +what they seldom accord, a manifestation of approbation. + +The fellow whom I had struck lay where he had fallen, nor did any of +his mates approach him. Tars Tarkas advanced toward me, holding out one +of his arms, and we thus proceeded to the plaza without further mishap. +I did not, of course, know the reason for which we had come to the +open, but I was not long in being enlightened. They first repeated the +word “sak” a number of times, and then Tars Tarkas made several jumps, +repeating the same word before each leap; then, turning to me, he said, +“sak!” I saw what they were after, and gathering myself together I +“sakked” with such marvelous success that I cleared a good hundred and +fifty feet; nor did I, this time, lose my equilibrium, but landed +squarely upon my feet without falling. I then returned by easy jumps of +twenty-five or thirty feet to the little group of warriors. + +My exhibition had been witnessed by several hundred lesser Martians, +and they immediately broke into demands for a repetition, which the +chieftain then ordered me to make; but I was both hungry and thirsty, +and determined on the spot that my only method of salvation was to +demand the consideration from these creatures which they evidently +would not voluntarily accord. I therefore ignored the repeated commands +to “sak,” and each time they were made I motioned to my mouth and +rubbed my stomach. + +Tars Tarkas and the chief exchanged a few words, and the former, +calling to a young female among the throng, gave her some instructions +and motioned me to accompany her. I grasped her proffered arm and +together we crossed the plaza toward a large building on the far side. + +My fair companion was about eight feet tall, having just arrived at +maturity, but not yet to her full height. She was of a light +olive-green color, with a smooth, glossy hide. Her name, as I afterward +learned, was Sola, and she belonged to the retinue of Tars Tarkas. She +conducted me to a spacious chamber in one of the buildings fronting on +the plaza, and which, from the litter of silks and furs upon the floor, +I took to be the sleeping quarters of several of the natives. + +The room was well lighted by a number of large windows and was +beautifully decorated with mural paintings and mosaics, but upon all +there seemed to rest that indefinable touch of the finger of antiquity +which convinced me that the architects and builders of these wondrous +creations had nothing in common with the crude half-brutes which now +occupied them. + +Sola motioned me to be seated upon a pile of silks near the center of +the room, and, turning, made a peculiar hissing sound, as though +signaling to someone in an adjoining room. In response to her call I +obtained my first sight of a new Martian wonder. It waddled in on its +ten short legs, and squatted down before the girl like an obedient +puppy. The thing was about the size of a Shetland pony, but its head +bore a slight resemblance to that of a frog, except that the jaws were +equipped with three rows of long, sharp tusks. + + + + +CHAPTER V +I ELUDE MY WATCH DOG + + +Sola stared into the brute’s wicked-looking eyes, muttered a word or +two of command, pointed to me, and left the chamber. I could not but +wonder what this ferocious-looking monstrosity might do when left alone +in such close proximity to such a relatively tender morsel of meat; but +my fears were groundless, as the beast, after surveying me intently for +a moment, crossed the room to the only exit which led to the street, +and lay down full length across the threshold. + +This was my first experience with a Martian watch dog, but it was +destined not to be my last, for this fellow guarded me carefully during +the time I remained a captive among these green men; twice saving my +life, and never voluntarily being away from me a moment. + +While Sola was away I took occasion to examine more minutely the room +in which I found myself captive. The mural painting depicted scenes of +rare and wonderful beauty; mountains, rivers, lake, ocean, meadow, +trees and flowers, winding roadways, sun-kissed gardens—scenes which +might have portrayed earthly views but for the different colorings of +the vegetation. The work had evidently been wrought by a master hand, +so subtle the atmosphere, so perfect the technique; yet nowhere was +there a representation of a living animal, either human or brute, by +which I could guess at the likeness of these other and perhaps extinct +denizens of Mars. + +While I was allowing my fancy to run riot in wild conjecture on the +possible explanation of the strange anomalies which I had so far met +with on Mars, Sola returned bearing both food and drink. These she +placed on the floor beside me, and seating herself a short ways off +regarded me intently. The food consisted of about a pound of some solid +substance of the consistency of cheese and almost tasteless, while the +liquid was apparently milk from some animal. It was not unpleasant to +the taste, though slightly acid, and I learned in a short time to prize +it very highly. It came, as I later discovered, not from an animal, as +there is only one mammal on Mars and that one very rare indeed, but +from a large plant which grows practically without water, but seems to +distill its plentiful supply of milk from the products of the soil, the +moisture of the air, and the rays of the sun. A single plant of this +species will give eight or ten quarts of milk per day. + +After I had eaten I was greatly invigorated, but feeling the need of +rest I stretched out upon the silks and was soon asleep. I must have +slept several hours, as it was dark when I awoke, and I was very cold. +I noticed that someone had thrown a fur over me, but it had become +partially dislodged and in the darkness I could not see to replace it. +Suddenly a hand reached out and pulled the fur over me, shortly +afterwards adding another to my covering. + +I presumed that my watchful guardian was Sola, nor was I wrong. This +girl alone, among all the green Martians with whom I came in contact, +disclosed characteristics of sympathy, kindliness, and affection; her +ministrations to my bodily wants were unfailing, and her solicitous +care saved me from much suffering and many hardships. + +As I was to learn, the Martian nights are extremely cold, and as there +is practically no twilight or dawn, the changes in temperature are +sudden and most uncomfortable, as are the transitions from brilliant +daylight to darkness. The nights are either brilliantly illumined or +very dark, for if neither of the two moons of Mars happen to be in the +sky almost total darkness results, since the lack of atmosphere, or, +rather, the very thin atmosphere, fails to diffuse the starlight to any +great extent; on the other hand, if both of the moons are in the +heavens at night the surface of the ground is brightly illuminated. + +Both of Mars’ moons are vastly nearer her than is our moon to Earth; +the nearer moon being but about five thousand miles distant, while the +further is but little more than fourteen thousand miles away, against +the nearly one-quarter million miles which separate us from our moon. +The nearer moon of Mars makes a complete revolution around the planet +in a little over seven and one-half hours, so that she may be seen +hurtling through the sky like some huge meteor two or three times each +night, revealing all her phases during each transit of the heavens. + +The further moon revolves about Mars in something over thirty and +one-quarter hours, and with her sister satellite makes a nocturnal +Martian scene one of splendid and weird grandeur. And it is well that +nature has so graciously and abundantly lighted the Martian night, for +the green men of Mars, being a nomadic race without high intellectual +development, have but crude means for artificial lighting; depending +principally upon torches, a kind of candle, and a peculiar oil lamp +which generates a gas and burns without a wick. + +This last device produces an intensely brilliant far-reaching white +light, but as the natural oil which it requires can only be obtained by +mining in one of several widely separated and remote localities it is +seldom used by these creatures whose only thought is for today, and +whose hatred for manual labor has kept them in a semi-barbaric state +for countless ages. + +After Sola had replenished my coverings I again slept, nor did I awaken +until daylight. The other occupants of the room, five in number, were +all females, and they were still sleeping, piled high with a motley +array of silks and furs. Across the threshold lay stretched the +sleepless guardian brute, just as I had last seen him on the preceding +day; apparently he had not moved a muscle; his eyes were fairly glued +upon me, and I fell to wondering just what might befall me should I +endeavor to escape. + +I have ever been prone to seek adventure and to investigate and +experiment where wiser men would have left well enough alone. It +therefore now occurred to me that the surest way of learning the exact +attitude of this beast toward me would be to attempt to leave the room. +I felt fairly secure in my belief that I could escape him should he +pursue me once I was outside the building, for I had begun to take +great pride in my ability as a jumper. Furthermore, I could see from +the shortness of his legs that the brute himself was no jumper and +probably no runner. + +Slowly and carefully, therefore, I gained my feet, only to see that my +watcher did the same; cautiously I advanced toward him, finding that by +moving with a shuffling gait I could retain my balance as well as make +reasonably rapid progress. As I neared the brute he backed cautiously +away from me, and when I had reached the open he moved to one side to +let me pass. He then fell in behind me and followed about ten paces in +my rear as I made my way along the deserted street. + +Evidently his mission was to protect me only, I thought, but when we +reached the edge of the city he suddenly sprang before me, uttering +strange sounds and baring his ugly and ferocious tusks. Thinking to +have some amusement at his expense, I rushed toward him, and when +almost upon him sprang into the air, alighting far beyond him and away +from the city. He wheeled instantly and charged me with the most +appalling speed I had ever beheld. I had thought his short legs a bar +to swiftness, but had he been coursing with greyhounds the latter would +have appeared as though asleep on a door mat. As I was to learn, this +is the fleetest animal on Mars, and owing to its intelligence, loyalty, +and ferocity is used in hunting, in war, and as the protector of the +Martian man. + +I quickly saw that I would have difficulty in escaping the fangs of the +beast on a straightaway course, and so I met his charge by doubling in +my tracks and leaping over him as he was almost upon me. This maneuver +gave me a considerable advantage, and I was able to reach the city +quite a bit ahead of him, and as he came tearing after me I jumped for +a window about thirty feet from the ground in the face of one of the +buildings overlooking the valley. + +Grasping the sill I pulled myself up to a sitting posture without +looking into the building, and gazed down at the baffled animal beneath +me. My exultation was short-lived, however, for scarcely had I gained a +secure seat upon the sill than a huge hand grasped me by the neck from +behind and dragged me violently into the room. Here I was thrown upon +my back, and beheld standing over me a colossal ape-like creature, +white and hairless except for an enormous shock of bristly hair upon +its head. + + + + +CHAPTER VI +A FIGHT THAT WON FRIENDS + + +The thing, which more nearly resembled our earthly men than it did the +Martians I had seen, held me pinioned to the ground with one huge foot, +while it jabbered and gesticulated at some answering creature behind +me. This other, which was evidently its mate, soon came toward us, +bearing a mighty stone cudgel with which it evidently intended to brain +me. + +The creatures were about ten or fifteen feet tall, standing erect, and +had, like the green Martians, an intermediary set of arms or legs, +midway between their upper and lower limbs. Their eyes were close +together and non-protruding; their ears were high set, but more +laterally located than those of the Martians, while their snouts and +teeth were strikingly like those of our African gorilla. Altogether +they were not unlovely when viewed in comparison with the green +Martians. + +The cudgel was swinging in the arc which ended upon my upturned face +when a bolt of myriad-legged horror hurled itself through the doorway +full upon the breast of my executioner. With a shriek of fear the ape +which held me leaped through the open window, but its mate closed in a +terrific death struggle with my preserver, which was nothing less than +my faithful watch-thing; I cannot bring myself to call so hideous a +creature a dog. + +As quickly as possible I gained my feet and backing against the wall I +witnessed such a battle as it is vouchsafed few beings to see. The +strength, agility, and blind ferocity of these two creatures is +approached by nothing known to earthly man. My beast had an advantage +in his first hold, having sunk his mighty fangs far into the breast of +his adversary; but the great arms and paws of the ape, backed by +muscles far transcending those of the Martian men I had seen, had +locked the throat of my guardian and slowly were choking out his life, +and bending back his head and neck upon his body, where I momentarily +expected the former to fall limp at the end of a broken neck. + +In accomplishing this the ape was tearing away the entire front of its +breast, which was held in the vise-like grip of the powerful jaws. Back +and forth upon the floor they rolled, neither one emitting a sound of +fear or pain. Presently I saw the great eyes of my beast bulging +completely from their sockets and blood flowing from its nostrils. That +he was weakening perceptibly was evident, but so also was the ape, +whose struggles were growing momentarily less. + +Suddenly I came to myself and, with that strange instinct which seems +ever to prompt me to my duty, I seized the cudgel, which had fallen to +the floor at the commencement of the battle, and swinging it with all +the power of my earthly arms I crashed it full upon the head of the +ape, crushing his skull as though it had been an eggshell. + +Scarcely had the blow descended when I was confronted with a new +danger. The ape’s mate, recovered from its first shock of terror, had +returned to the scene of the encounter by way of the interior of the +building. I glimpsed him just before he reached the doorway and the +sight of him, now roaring as he perceived his lifeless fellow stretched +upon the floor, and frothing at the mouth, in the extremity of his +rage, filled me, I must confess, with dire forebodings. + +I am ever willing to stand and fight when the odds are not too +overwhelmingly against me, but in this instance I perceived neither +glory nor profit in pitting my relatively puny strength against the +iron muscles and brutal ferocity of this enraged denizen of an unknown +world; in fact, the only outcome of such an encounter, so far as I +might be concerned, seemed sudden death. + +I was standing near the window and I knew that once in the street I +might gain the plaza and safety before the creature could overtake me; +at least there was a chance for safety in flight, against almost +certain death should I remain and fight however desperately. + +It is true I held the cudgel, but what could I do with it against his +four great arms Even should I break one of them with my first blow, +for I figured that he would attempt to ward off the cudgel, he could +reach out and annihilate me with the others before I could recover for +a second attack. + +In the instant that these thoughts passed through my mind I had turned +to make for the window, but my eyes alighting on the form of my +erstwhile guardian threw all thoughts of flight to the four winds. He +lay gasping upon the floor of the chamber, his great eyes fastened upon +me in what seemed a pitiful appeal for protection. I could not +withstand that look, nor could I, on second thought, have deserted my +rescuer without giving as good an account of myself in his behalf as he +had in mine. + +Without more ado, therefore, I turned to meet the charge of the +infuriated bull ape. He was now too close upon me for the cudgel to +prove of any effective assistance, so I merely threw it as heavily as I +could at his advancing bulk. It struck him just below the knees, +eliciting a howl of pain and rage, and so throwing him off his balance +that he lunged full upon me with arms wide stretched to ease his fall. + +Again, as on the preceding day, I had recourse to earthly tactics, and +swinging my right fist full upon the point of his chin I followed it +with a smashing left to the pit of his stomach. The effect was +marvelous, for, as I lightly sidestepped, after delivering the second +blow, he reeled and fell upon the floor doubled up with pain and +gasping for wind. Leaping over his prostrate body, I seized the cudgel +and finished the monster before he could regain his feet. + +As I delivered the blow a low laugh rang out behind me, and, turning, I +beheld Tars Tarkas, Sola, and three or four warriors standing in the +doorway of the chamber. As my eyes met theirs I was, for the second +time, the recipient of their zealously guarded applause. + +My absence had been noted by Sola on her awakening, and she had quickly +informed Tars Tarkas, who had set out immediately with a handful of +warriors to search for me. As they had approached the limits of the +city they had witnessed the actions of the bull ape as he bolted into +the building, frothing with rage. + +They had followed immediately behind him, thinking it barely possible +that his actions might prove a clew to my whereabouts and had witnessed +my short but decisive battle with him. This encounter, together with my +set-to with the Martian warrior on the previous day and my feats of +jumping placed me upon a high pinnacle in their regard. Evidently +devoid of all the finer sentiments of friendship, love, or affection, +these people fairly worship physical prowess and bravery, and nothing +is too good for the object of their adoration as long as he maintains +his position by repeated examples of his skill, strength, and courage. + +Sola, who had accompanied the searching party of her own volition, was +the only one of the Martians whose face had not been twisted in +laughter as I battled for my life. She, on the contrary, was sober with +apparent solicitude and, as soon as I had finished the monster, rushed +to me and carefully examined my body for possible wounds or injuries. +Satisfying herself that I had come off unscathed she smiled quietly, +and, taking my hand, started toward the door of the chamber. + +Tars Tarkas and the other warriors had entered and were standing over +the now rapidly reviving brute which had saved my life, and whose life +I, in turn, had rescued. They seemed to be deep in argument, and +finally one of them addressed me, but remembering my ignorance of his +language turned back to Tars Tarkas, who, with a word and gesture, gave +some command to the fellow and turned to follow us from the room. + +There seemed something menacing in their attitude toward my beast, and +I hesitated to leave until I had learned the outcome. It was well I did +so, for the warrior drew an evil looking pistol from its holster and +was on the point of putting an end to the creature when I sprang +forward and struck up his arm. The bullet striking the wooden casing of +the window exploded, blowing a hole completely through the wood and +masonry. + +I then knelt down beside the fearsome-looking thing, and raising it to +its feet motioned for it to follow me. The looks of surprise which my +actions elicited from the Martians were ludicrous; they could not +understand, except in a feeble and childish way, such attributes as +gratitude and compassion. The warrior whose gun I had struck up looked +enquiringly at Tars Tarkas, but the latter signed that I be left to my +own devices, and so we returned to the plaza with my great beast +following close at heel, and Sola grasping me tightly by the arm. + +I had at least two friends on Mars; a young woman who watched over me +with motherly solicitude, and a dumb brute which, as I later came to +know, held in its poor ugly carcass more love, more loyalty, more +gratitude than could have been found in the entire five million green +Martians who rove the deserted cities and dead sea bottoms of Mars. + + + + +CHAPTER VII +CHILD-RAISING ON MARS + + +After a breakfast, which was an exact replica of the meal of the +preceding day and an index of practically every meal which followed +while I was with the green men of Mars, Sola escorted me to the plaza, +where I found the entire community engaged in watching or helping at +the harnessing of huge mastodonian animals to great three-wheeled +chariots. There were about two hundred and fifty of these vehicles, +each drawn by a single animal, any one of which, from their appearance, +might easily have drawn the entire wagon train when fully loaded. + +The chariots themselves were large, commodious, and gorgeously +decorated. In each was seated a female Martian loaded with ornaments of +metal, with jewels and silks and furs, and upon the back of each of the +beasts which drew the chariots was perched a young Martian driver. Like +the animals upon which the warriors were mounted, the heavier draft +animals wore neither bit nor bridle, but were guided entirely by +telepathic means. + +This power is wonderfully developed in all Martians, and accounts +largely for the simplicity of their language and the relatively few +spoken words exchanged even in long conversations. It is the universal +language of Mars, through the medium of which the higher and lower +animals of this world of paradoxes are able to communicate to a greater +or less extent, depending upon the intellectual sphere of the species +and the development of the individual. + +As the cavalcade took up the line of march in single file, Sola dragged +me into an empty chariot and we proceeded with the procession toward +the point by which I had entered the city the day before. At the head +of the caravan rode some two hundred warriors, five abreast, and a like +number brought up the rear, while twenty-five or thirty outriders +flanked us on either side. + +Every one but myself—men, women, and children—were heavily armed, and +at the tail of each chariot trotted a Martian hound, my own beast +following closely behind ours; in fact, the faithful creature never +left me voluntarily during the entire ten years I spent on Mars. Our +way led out across the little valley before the city, through the +hills, and down into the dead sea bottom which I had traversed on my +journey from the incubator to the plaza. The incubator, as it proved, +was the terminal point of our journey this day, and, as the entire +cavalcade broke into a mad gallop as soon as we reached the level +expanse of sea bottom, we were soon within sight of our goal. + +On reaching it the chariots were parked with military precision on the +four sides of the enclosure, and half a score of warriors, headed by +the enormous chieftain, and including Tars Tarkas and several other +lesser chiefs, dismounted and advanced toward it. I could see Tars +Tarkas explaining something to the principal chieftain, whose name, by +the way, was, as nearly as I can translate it into English, Lorquas +Ptomel, Jed; jed being his title. + +I was soon appraised of the subject of their conversation, as, calling +to Sola, Tars Tarkas signed for her to send me to him. I had by this +time mastered the intricacies of walking under Martian conditions, and +quickly responding to his command I advanced to the side of the +incubator where the warriors stood. + +As I reached their side a glance showed me that all but a very few eggs +had hatched, the incubator being fairly alive with the hideous little +devils. They ranged in height from three to four feet, and were moving +restlessly about the enclosure as though searching for food. + +As I came to a halt before him, Tars Tarkas pointed over the incubator +and said, “Sak.” I saw that he wanted me to repeat my performance of +yesterday for the edification of Lorquas Ptomel, and, as I must confess +that my prowess gave me no little satisfaction, I responded quickly, +leaping entirely over the parked chariots on the far side of the +incubator. As I returned, Lorquas Ptomel grunted something at me, and +turning to his warriors gave a few words of command relative to the +incubator. They paid no further attention to me and I was thus +permitted to remain close and watch their operations, which consisted +in breaking an opening in the wall of the incubator large enough to +permit of the exit of the young Martians. + +On either side of this opening the women and the younger Martians, both +male and female, formed two solid walls leading out through the +chariots and quite away into the plain beyond. Between these walls the +little Martians scampered, wild as deer; being permitted to run the +full length of the aisle, where they were captured one at a time by the +women and older children; the last in the line capturing the first +little one to reach the end of the gauntlet, her opposite in the line +capturing the second, and so on until all the little fellows had left +the enclosure and been appropriated by some youth or female. As the +women caught the young they fell out of line and returned to their +respective chariots, while those who fell into the hands of the young +men were later turned over to some of the women. + +I saw that the ceremony, if it could be dignified by such a name, was +over, and seeking out Sola I found her in our chariot with a hideous +little creature held tightly in her arms. + +The work of rearing young, green Martians consists solely in teaching +them to talk, and to use the weapons of warfare with which they are +loaded down from the very first year of their lives. Coming from eggs +in which they have lain for five years, the period of incubation, they +step forth into the world perfectly developed except in size. Entirely +unknown to their mothers, who, in turn, would have difficulty in +pointing out the fathers with any degree of accuracy, they are the +common children of the community, and their education devolves upon the +females who chance to capture them as they leave the incubator. + +Their foster mothers may not even have had an egg in the incubator, as +was the case with Sola, who had not commenced to lay, until less than a +year before she became the mother of another woman’s offspring. But +this counts for little among the green Martians, as parental and filial +love is as unknown to them as it is common among us. I believe this +horrible system which has been carried on for ages is the direct cause +of the loss of all the finer feelings and higher humanitarian instincts +among these poor creatures. From birth they know no father or mother +love, they know not the meaning of the word home; they are taught that +they are only suffered to live until they can demonstrate by their +physique and ferocity that they are fit to live. Should they prove +deformed or defective in any way they are promptly shot; nor do they +see a tear shed for a single one of the many cruel hardships they pass +through from earliest infancy. + +I do not mean that the adult Martians are unnecessarily or +intentionally cruel to the young, but theirs is a hard and pitiless +struggle for existence upon a dying planet, the natural resources of +which have dwindled to a point where the support of each additional +life means an added tax upon the community into which it is thrown. + +By careful selection they rear only the hardiest specimens of each +species, and with almost supernatural foresight they regulate the birth +rate to merely offset the loss by death. + +Each adult Martian female brings forth about thirteen eggs each year, +and those which meet the size, weight, and specific gravity tests are +hidden in the recesses of some subterranean vault where the temperature +is too low for incubation. Every year these eggs are carefully examined +by a council of twenty chieftains, and all but about one hundred of the +most perfect are destroyed out of each yearly supply. At the end of +five years about five hundred almost perfect eggs have been chosen from +the thousands brought forth. These are then placed in the almost +air-tight incubators to be hatched by the sun’s rays after a period of +another five years. The hatching which we had witnessed today was a +fairly representative event of its kind, all but about one per cent of +the eggs hatching in two days. If the remaining eggs ever hatched we +knew nothing of the fate of the little Martians. They were not wanted, +as their offspring might inherit and transmit the tendency to prolonged +incubation, and thus upset the system which has maintained for ages and +which permits the adult Martians to figure the proper time for return +to the incubators, almost to an hour. + +The incubators are built in remote fastnesses, where there is little or +no likelihood of their being discovered by other tribes. The result of +such a catastrophe would mean no children in the community for another +five years. I was later to witness the results of the discovery of an +alien incubator. + +The community of which the green Martians with whom my lot was cast +formed a part was composed of some thirty thousand souls. They roamed +an enormous tract of arid and semi-arid land between forty and eighty +degrees south latitude, and bounded on the east and west by two large +fertile tracts. Their headquarters lay in the southwest corner of this +district, near the crossing of two of the so-called Martian canals. + +As the incubator had been placed far north of their own territory in a +supposedly uninhabited and unfrequented area, we had before us a +tremendous journey, concerning which I, of course, knew nothing. + +After our return to the dead city I passed several days in comparative +idleness. On the day following our return all the warriors had ridden +forth early in the morning and had not returned until just before +darkness fell. As I later learned, they had been to the subterranean +vaults in which the eggs were kept and had transported them to the +incubator, which they had then walled up for another five years, and +which, in all probability, would not be visited again during that +period. + +The vaults which hid the eggs until they were ready for the incubator +were located many miles south of the incubator, and would be visited +yearly by the council of twenty chieftains. Why they did not arrange to +build their vaults and incubators nearer home has always been a mystery +to me, and, like many other Martian mysteries, unsolved and unsolvable +by earthly reasoning and customs. + +Sola’s duties were now doubled, as she was compelled to care for the +young Martian as well as for me, but neither one of us required much +attention, and as we were both about equally advanced in Martian +education, Sola took it upon herself to train us together. + +Her prize consisted in a male about four feet tall, very strong and +physically perfect; also, he learned quickly, and we had considerable +amusement, at least I did, over the keen rivalry we displayed. The +Martian language, as I have said, is extremely simple, and in a week I +could make all my wants known and understand nearly everything that was +said to me. Likewise, under Sola’s tutelage, I developed my telepathic +powers so that I shortly could sense practically everything that went +on around me. + +What surprised Sola most in me was that while I could catch telepathic +messages easily from others, and often when they were not intended for +me, no one could read a jot from my mind under any circumstances. At +first this vexed me, but later I was very glad of it, as it gave me an +undoubted advantage over the Martians. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII +A FAIR CAPTIVE FROM THE SKY + + +The third day after the incubator ceremony we set forth toward home, +but scarcely had the head of the procession debouched into the open +ground before the city than orders were given for an immediate and +hasty return. As though trained for years in this particular evolution, +the green Martians melted like mist into the spacious doorways of the +nearby buildings, until, in less than three minutes, the entire +cavalcade of chariots, mastodons and mounted warriors was nowhere to be +seen. + +Sola and I had entered a building upon the front of the city, in fact, +the same one in which I had had my encounter with the apes, and, +wishing to see what had caused the sudden retreat, I mounted to an +upper floor and peered from the window out over the valley and the +hills beyond; and there I saw the cause of their sudden scurrying to +cover. A huge craft, long, low, and gray-painted, swung slowly over the +crest of the nearest hill. Following it came another, and another, and +another, until twenty of them, swinging low above the ground, sailed +slowly and majestically toward us. + +Each carried a strange banner swung from stem to stern above the upper +works, and upon the prow of each was painted some odd device that +gleamed in the sunlight and showed plainly even at the distance at +which we were from the vessels. I could see figures crowding the +forward decks and upper works of the air craft. Whether they had +discovered us or simply were looking at the deserted city I could not +say, but in any event they received a rude reception, for suddenly and +without warning the green Martian warriors fired a terrific volley from +the windows of the buildings facing the little valley across which the +great ships were so peacefully advancing. + +Instantly the scene changed as by magic; the foremost vessel swung +broadside toward us, and bringing her guns into play returned our fire, +at the same time moving parallel to our front for a short distance and +then turning back with the evident intention of completing a great +circle which would bring her up to position once more opposite our +firing line; the other vessels followed in her wake, each one opening +upon us as she swung into position. Our own fire never diminished, and +I doubt if twenty-five per cent of our shots went wild. It had never +been given me to see such deadly accuracy of aim, and it seemed as +though a little figure on one of the craft dropped at the explosion of +each bullet, while the banners and upper works dissolved in spurts of +flame as the irresistible projectiles of our warriors mowed through +them. + +The fire from the vessels was most ineffectual, owing, as I afterward +learned, to the unexpected suddenness of the first volley, which caught +the ship’s crews entirely unprepared and the sighting apparatus of the +guns unprotected from the deadly aim of our warriors. + +It seems that each green warrior has certain objective points for his +fire under relatively identical circumstances of warfare. For example, +a proportion of them, always the best marksmen, direct their fire +entirely upon the wireless finding and sighting apparatus of the big +guns of an attacking naval force; another detail attends to the smaller +guns in the same way; others pick off the gunners; still others the +officers; while certain other quotas concentrate their attention upon +the other members of the crew, upon the upper works, and upon the +steering gear and propellers. + +Twenty minutes after the first volley the great fleet swung trailing +off in the direction from which it had first appeared. Several of the +craft were limping perceptibly, and seemed but barely under the control +of their depleted crews. Their fire had ceased entirely and all their +energies seemed focused upon escape. Our warriors then rushed up to the +roofs of the buildings which we occupied and followed the retreating +armada with a continuous fusillade of deadly fire. + +One by one, however, the ships managed to dip below the crests of the +outlying hills until only one barely moving craft was in sight. This +had received the brunt of our fire and seemed to be entirely unmanned, +as not a moving figure was visible upon her decks. Slowly she swung +from her course, circling back toward us in an erratic and pitiful +manner. Instantly the warriors ceased firing, for it was quite apparent +that the vessel was entirely helpless, and, far from being in a +position to inflict harm upon us, she could not even control herself +sufficiently to escape. + +As she neared the city the warriors rushed out upon the plain to meet +her, but it was evident that she still was too high for them to hope to +reach her decks. From my vantage point in the window I could see the +bodies of her crew strewn about, although I could not make out what +manner of creatures they might be. Not a sign of life was manifest upon +her as she drifted slowly with the light breeze in a southeasterly +direction. + +She was drifting some fifty feet above the ground, followed by all but +some hundred of the warriors who had been ordered back to the roofs to +cover the possibility of a return of the fleet, or of reinforcements. +It soon became evident that she would strike the face of the buildings +about a mile south of our position, and as I watched the progress of +the chase I saw a number of warriors gallop ahead, dismount and enter +the building she seemed destined to touch. + +As the craft neared the building, and just before she struck, the +Martian warriors swarmed upon her from the windows, and with their +great spears eased the shock of the collision, and in a few moments +they had thrown out grappling hooks and the big boat was being hauled +to ground by their fellows below. + +After making her fast, they swarmed the sides and searched the vessel +from stem to stern. I could see them examining the dead sailors, +evidently for signs of life, and presently a party of them appeared +from below dragging a little figure among them. The creature was +considerably less than half as tall as the green Martian warriors, and +from my balcony I could see that it walked erect upon two legs and +surmised that it was some new and strange Martian monstrosity with +which I had not as yet become acquainted. + +They removed their prisoner to the ground and then commenced a +systematic rifling of the vessel. This operation required several +hours, during which time a number of the chariots were requisitioned to +transport the loot, which consisted in arms, ammunition, silks, furs, +jewels, strangely carved stone vessels, and a quantity of solid foods +and liquids, including many casks of water, the first I had seen since +my advent upon Mars. + +After the last load had been removed the warriors made lines fast to +the craft and towed her far out into the valley in a southwesterly +direction. A few of them then boarded her and were busily engaged in +what appeared, from my distant position, as the emptying of the +contents of various carboys upon the dead bodies of the sailors and +over the decks and works of the vessel. + +This operation concluded, they hastily clambered over her sides, +sliding down the guy ropes to the ground. The last warrior to leave the +deck turned and threw something back upon the vessel, waiting an +instant to note the outcome of his act. As a faint spurt of flame rose +from the point where the missile struck he swung over the side and was +quickly upon the ground. Scarcely had he alighted than the guy ropes +were simultaneously released, and the great warship, lightened by the +removal of the loot, soared majestically into the air, her decks and +upper works a mass of roaring flames. + +Slowly she drifted to the southeast, rising higher and higher as the +flames ate away her wooden parts and diminished the weight upon her. +Ascending to the roof of the building I watched her for hours, until +finally she was lost in the dim vistas of the distance. The sight was +awe-inspiring in the extreme as one contemplated this mighty floating +funeral pyre, drifting unguided and unmanned through the lonely wastes +of the Martian heavens; a derelict of death and destruction, typifying +the life story of these strange and ferocious creatures into whose +unfriendly hands fate had carried it. + +Much depressed, and, to me, unaccountably so, I slowly descended to the +street. The scene I had witnessed seemed to mark the defeat and +annihilation of the forces of a kindred people, rather than the routing +by our green warriors of a horde of similar, though unfriendly, +creatures. I could not fathom the seeming hallucination, nor could I +free myself from it; but somewhere in the innermost recesses of my soul +I felt a strange yearning toward these unknown foemen, and a mighty +hope surged through me that the fleet would return and demand a +reckoning from the green warriors who had so ruthlessly and wantonly +attacked it. + +Close at my heel, in his now accustomed place, followed Woola, the +hound, and as I emerged upon the street Sola rushed up to me as though +I had been the object of some search on her part. The cavalcade was +returning to the plaza, the homeward march having been given up for +that day; nor, in fact, was it recommenced for more than a week, owing +to the fear of a return attack by the air craft. + +Lorquas Ptomel was too astute an old warrior to be caught upon the open +plains with a caravan of chariots and children, and so we remained at +the deserted city until the danger seemed passed. + +As Sola and I entered the plaza a sight met my eyes which filled my +whole being with a great surge of mingled hope, fear, exultation, and +depression, and yet most dominant was a subtle sense of relief and +happiness; for just as we neared the throng of Martians I caught a +glimpse of the prisoner from the battle craft who was being roughly +dragged into a nearby building by a couple of green Martian females. + +And the sight which met my eyes was that of a slender, girlish figure, +similar in every detail to the earthly women of my past life. She did +not see me at first, but just as she was disappearing through the +portal of the building which was to be her prison she turned, and her +eyes met mine. Her face was oval and beautiful in the extreme, her +every feature was finely chiseled and exquisite, her eyes large and +lustrous and her head surmounted by a mass of coal black, waving hair, +caught loosely into a strange yet becoming coiffure. Her skin was of a +light reddish copper color, against which the crimson glow of her +cheeks and the ruby of her beautifully molded lips shone with a +strangely enhancing effect. + +She was as destitute of clothes as the green Martians who accompanied +her; indeed, save for her highly wrought ornaments she was entirely +naked, nor could any apparel have enhanced the beauty of her perfect +and symmetrical figure. + +As her gaze rested on me her eyes opened wide in astonishment, and she +made a little sign with her free hand; a sign which I did not, of +course, understand. Just a moment we gazed upon each other, and then +the look of hope and renewed courage which had glorified her face as +she discovered me, faded into one of utter dejection, mingled with +loathing and contempt. I realized I had not answered her signal, and +ignorant as I was of Martian customs, I intuitively felt that she had +made an appeal for succor and protection which my unfortunate ignorance +had prevented me from answering. And then she was dragged out of my +sight into the depths of the deserted edifice. + + + + +CHAPTER IX +I LEARN THE LANGUAGE + + +As I came back to myself I glanced at Sola, who had witnessed this +encounter and I was surprised to note a strange expression upon her +usually expressionless countenance. What her thoughts were I did not +know, for as yet I had learned but little of the Martian tongue; enough +only to suffice for my daily needs. + +As I reached the doorway of our building a strange surprise awaited me. +A warrior approached bearing the arms, ornaments, and full +accouterments of his kind. These he presented to me with a few +unintelligible words, and a bearing at once respectful and menacing. + +Later, Sola, with the aid of several of the other women, remodeled the +trappings to fit my lesser proportions, and after they completed the +work I went about garbed in all the panoply of war. + +From then on Sola instructed me in the mysteries of the various +weapons, and with the Martian young I spent several hours each day +practicing upon the plaza. I was not yet proficient with all the +weapons, but my great familiarity with similar earthly weapons made me +an unusually apt pupil, and I progressed in a very satisfactory manner. + +The training of myself and the young Martians was conducted solely by +the women, who not only attend to the education of the young in the +arts of individual defense and offense, but are also the artisans who +produce every manufactured article wrought by the green Martians. They +make the powder, the cartridges, the firearms; in fact everything of +value is produced by the females. In time of actual warfare they form a +part of the reserves, and when the necessity arises fight with even +greater intelligence and ferocity than the men. + +The men are trained in the higher branches of the art of war; in +strategy and the maneuvering of large bodies of troops. They make the +laws as they are needed; a new law for each emergency. They are +unfettered by precedent in the administration of justice. Customs have +been handed down by ages of repetition, but the punishment for ignoring +a custom is a matter for individual treatment by a jury of the +culprit’s peers, and I may say that justice seldom misses fire, but +seems rather to rule in inverse ratio to the ascendency of law. In one +respect at least the Martians are a happy people; they have no lawyers. + +I did not see the prisoner again for several days subsequent to our +first encounter, and then only to catch a fleeting glimpse of her as +she was being conducted to the great audience chamber where I had had +my first meeting with Lorquas Ptomel. I could not but note the +unnecessary harshness and brutality with which her guards treated her; +so different from the almost maternal kindliness which Sola manifested +toward me, and the respectful attitude of the few green Martians who +took the trouble to notice me at all. + +I had observed on the two occasions when I had seen her that the +prisoner exchanged words with her guards, and this convinced me that +they spoke, or at least could make themselves understood by a common +language. With this added incentive I nearly drove Sola distracted by +my importunities to hasten on my education and within a few more days I +had mastered the Martian tongue sufficiently well to enable me to carry +on a passable conversation and to fully understand practically all that +I heard. + +At this time our sleeping quarters were occupied by three or four +females and a couple of the recently hatched young, beside Sola and her +youthful ward, myself, and Woola the hound. After they had retired for +the night it was customary for the adults to carry on a desultory +conversation for a short time before lapsing into sleep, and now that I +could understand their language I was always a keen listener, although +I never proffered any remarks myself. + +On the night following the prisoner’s visit to the audience chamber the +conversation finally fell upon this subject, and I was all ears on the +instant. I had feared to question Sola relative to the beautiful +captive, as I could not but recall the strange expression I had noted +upon her face after my first encounter with the prisoner. That it +denoted jealousy I could not say, and yet, judging all things by +mundane standards as I still did, I felt it safer to affect +indifference in the matter until I learned more surely Sola’s attitude +toward the object of my solicitude. + +Sarkoja, one of the older women who shared our domicile, had been +present at the audience as one of the captive’s guards, and it was +toward her the question turned. + +“When,” asked one of the women, “will we enjoy the death throes of the +red one or does Lorquas Ptomel, Jed, intend holding her for ransom” + +“They have decided to carry her with us back to Thark, and exhibit her +last agonies at the great games before Tal Hajus,” replied Sarkoja. + +“What will be the manner of her going out” inquired Sola. “She is very +small and very beautiful; I had hoped that they would hold her for +ransom.” + +Sarkoja and the other women grunted angrily at this evidence of +weakness on the part of Sola. + +“It is sad, Sola, that you were not born a million years ago,” snapped +Sarkoja, “when all the hollows of the land were filled with water, and +the peoples were as soft as the stuff they sailed upon. In our day we +have progressed to a point where such sentiments mark weakness and +atavism. It will not be well for you to permit Tars Tarkas to learn +that you hold such degenerate sentiments, as I doubt that he would care +to entrust such as you with the grave responsibilities of maternity.” + +“I see nothing wrong with my expression of interest in this red woman,” +retorted Sola. “She has never harmed us, nor would she should we have +fallen into her hands. It is only the men of her kind who war upon us, +and I have ever thought that their attitude toward us is but the +reflection of ours toward them. They live at peace with all their +fellows, except when duty calls upon them to make war, while we are at +peace with none; forever warring among our own kind as well as upon the +red men, and even in our own communities the individuals fight amongst +themselves. Oh, it is one continual, awful period of bloodshed from the +time we break the shell until we gladly embrace the bosom of the river +of mystery, the dark and ancient Iss which carries us to an unknown, +but at least no more frightful and terrible existence! Fortunate indeed +is he who meets his end in an early death. Say what you please to Tars +Tarkas, he can mete out no worse fate to me than a continuation of the +horrible existence we are forced to lead in this life.” + +This wild outbreak on the part of Sola so greatly surprised and shocked +the other women, that, after a few words of general reprimand, they all +lapsed into silence and were soon asleep. One thing the episode had +accomplished was to assure me of Sola’s friendliness toward the poor +girl, and also to convince me that I had been extremely fortunate in +falling into her hands rather than those of some of the other females. +I knew that she was fond of me, and now that I had discovered that she +hated cruelty and barbarity I was confident that I could depend upon +her to aid me and the girl captive to escape, provided of course that +such a thing was within the range of possibilities. + +I did not even know that there were any better conditions to escape to, +but I was more than willing to take my chances among people fashioned +after my own mold rather than to remain longer among the hideous and +bloodthirsty green men of Mars. But where to go, and how, was as much +of a puzzle to me as the age-old search for the spring of eternal life +has been to earthly men since the beginning of time. + +I decided that at the first opportunity I would take Sola into my +confidence and openly ask her to aid me, and with this resolution +strong upon me I turned among my silks and furs and slept the dreamless +and refreshing sleep of Mars. + + + + +CHAPTER X +CHAMPION AND CHIEF + + +Early the next morning I was astir. Considerable freedom was allowed +me, as Sola had informed me that so long as I did not attempt to leave +the city I was free to go and come as I pleased. She had warned me, +however, against venturing forth unarmed, as this city, like all other +deserted metropolises of an ancient Martian civilization, was peopled +by the great white apes of my second day’s adventure. + +In advising me that I must not leave the boundaries of the city Sola +had explained that Woola would prevent this anyway should I attempt it, +and she warned me most urgently not to arouse his fierce nature by +ignoring his warnings should I venture too close to the forbidden +territory. His nature was such, she said, that he would bring me back +into the city dead or alive should I persist in opposing him; +“preferably dead,” she added. + +On this morning I had chosen a new street to explore when suddenly I +found myself at the limits of the city. Before me were low hills +pierced by narrow and inviting ravines. I longed to explore the country +before me, and, like the pioneer stock from which I sprang, to view +what the landscape beyond the encircling hills might disclose from the +summits which shut out my view. + +It also occurred to me that this would prove an excellent opportunity +to test the qualities of Woola. I was convinced that the brute loved +me; I had seen more evidences of affection in him than in any other +Martian animal, man or beast, and I was sure that gratitude for the +acts that had twice saved his life would more than outweigh his loyalty +to the duty imposed upon him by cruel and loveless masters. + +As I approached the boundary line Woola ran anxiously before me, and +thrust his body against my legs. His expression was pleading rather +than ferocious, nor did he bare his great tusks or utter his fearful +guttural warnings. Denied the friendship and companionship of my kind, +I had developed considerable affection for Woola and Sola, for the +normal earthly man must have some outlet for his natural affections, +and so I decided upon an appeal to a like instinct in this great brute, +sure that I would not be disappointed. + +I had never petted nor fondled him, but now I sat upon the ground and +putting my arms around his heavy neck I stroked and coaxed him, talking +in my newly acquired Martian tongue as I would have to my hound at +home, as I would have talked to any other friend among the lower +animals. His response to my manifestation of affection was remarkable +to a degree; he stretched his great mouth to its full width, baring the +entire expanse of his upper rows of tusks and wrinkling his snout until +his great eyes were almost hidden by the folds of flesh. If you have +ever seen a collie smile you may have some idea of Woola’s facial +distortion. + +He threw himself upon his back and fairly wallowed at my feet; jumped +up and sprang upon me, rolling me upon the ground by his great weight; +then wriggling and squirming around me like a playful puppy presenting +its back for the petting it craves. I could not resist the +ludicrousness of the spectacle, and holding my sides I rocked back and +forth in the first laughter which had passed my lips in many days; the +first, in fact, since the morning Powell had left camp when his horse, +long unused, had precipitately and unexpectedly bucked him off +headforemost into a pot of frijoles. + +My laughter frightened Woola, his antics ceased and he crawled +pitifully toward me, poking his ugly head far into my lap; and then I +remembered what laughter signified on Mars—torture, suffering, death. +Quieting myself, I rubbed the poor old fellow’s head and back, talked +to him for a few minutes, and then in an authoritative tone commanded +him to follow me, and arising started for the hills. + +There was no further question of authority between us; Woola was my +devoted slave from that moment hence, and I his only and undisputed +master. My walk to the hills occupied but a few minutes, and I found +nothing of particular interest to reward me. Numerous brilliantly +colored and strangely formed wild flowers dotted the ravines and from +the summit of the first hill I saw still other hills stretching off +toward the north, and rising, one range above another, until lost in +mountains of quite respectable dimensions; though I afterward found +that only a few peaks on all Mars exceed four thousand feet in height; +the suggestion of magnitude was merely relative. + +My morning’s walk had been large with importance to me for it had +resulted in a perfect understanding with Woola, upon whom Tars Tarkas +relied for my safe keeping. I now knew that while theoretically a +prisoner I was virtually free, and I hastened to regain the city limits +before the defection of Woola could be discovered by his erstwhile +masters. The adventure decided me never again to leave the limits of my +prescribed stamping grounds until I was ready to venture forth for good +and all, as it would certainly result in a curtailment of my liberties, +as well as the probable death of Woola, were we to be discovered. + +On regaining the plaza I had my third glimpse of the captive girl. She +was standing with her guards before the entrance to the audience +chamber, and as I approached she gave me one haughty glance and turned +her back full upon me. The act was so womanly, so earthly womanly, that +though it stung my pride it also warmed my heart with a feeling of +companionship; it was good to know that someone else on Mars beside +myself had human instincts of a civilized order, even though the +manifestation of them was so painful and mortifying. + +Had a green Martian woman desired to show dislike or contempt she +would, in all likelihood, have done it with a sword thrust or a +movement of her trigger finger; but as their sentiments are mostly +atrophied it would have required a serious injury to have aroused such +passions in them. Sola, let me add, was an exception; I never saw her +perform a cruel or uncouth act, or fail in uniform kindliness and good +nature. She was indeed, as her fellow Martian had said of her, an +atavism; a dear and precious reversion to a former type of loved and +loving ancestor. + +Seeing that the prisoner seemed the center of attraction I halted to +view the proceedings. I had not long to wait for presently Lorquas +Ptomel and his retinue of chieftains approached the building and, +signing the guards to follow with the prisoner entered the audience +chamber. Realizing that I was a somewhat favored character, and also +convinced that the warriors did not know of my proficiency in their +language, as I had plead with Sola to keep this a secret on the grounds +that I did not wish to be forced to talk with the men until I had +perfectly mastered the Martian tongue, I chanced an attempt to enter +the audience chamber and listen to the proceedings. + +The council squatted upon the steps of the rostrum, while below them +stood the prisoner and her two guards. I saw that one of the women was +Sarkoja, and thus understood how she had been present at the hearing of +the preceding day, the results of which she had reported to the +occupants of our dormitory last night. Her attitude toward the captive +was most harsh and brutal. When she held her, she sunk her rudimentary +nails into the poor girl’s flesh, or twisted her arm in a most painful +manner. When it was necessary to move from one spot to another she +either jerked her roughly, or pushed her headlong before her. She +seemed to be venting upon this poor defenseless creature all the +hatred, cruelty, ferocity, and spite of her nine hundred years, backed +by unguessable ages of fierce and brutal ancestors. + +The other woman was less cruel because she was entirely indifferent; if +the prisoner had been left to her alone, and fortunately she was at +night, she would have received no harsh treatment, nor, by the same +token would she have received any attention at all. + +As Lorquas Ptomel raised his eyes to address the prisoner they fell on +me and he turned to Tars Tarkas with a word, and gesture of impatience. +Tars Tarkas made some reply which I could not catch, but which caused +Lorquas Ptomel to smile; after which they paid no further attention to +me. + +“What is your name” asked Lorquas Ptomel, addressing the prisoner. + +“Dejah Thoris, daughter of Mors Kajak of Helium.” + +“And the nature of your expedition” he continued. + +“It was a purely scientific research party sent out by my father’s +father, the Jeddak of Helium, to rechart the air currents, and to take +atmospheric density tests,” replied the fair prisoner, in a low, +well-modulated voice. + +“We were unprepared for battle,” she continued, “as we were on a +peaceful mission, as our banners and the colors of our craft denoted. +The work we were doing was as much in your interests as in ours, for +you know full well that were it not for our labors and the fruits of +our scientific operations there would not be enough air or water on +Mars to support a single human life. For ages we have maintained the +air and water supply at practically the same point without an +appreciable loss, and we have done this in the face of the brutal and +ignorant interference of you green men. + +“Why, oh, why will you not learn to live in amity with your fellows. +Must you ever go on down the ages to your final extinction but little +above the plane of the dumb brutes that serve you! A people without +written language, without art, without homes, without love; the victims +of eons of the horrible community idea. Owning everything in common, +even to your women and children, has resulted in your owning nothing in +common. You hate each other as you hate all else except yourselves. +Come back to the ways of our common ancestors, come back to the light +of kindliness and fellowship. The way is open to you, you will find the +hands of the red men stretched out to aid you. Together we may do still +more to regenerate our dying planet. The granddaughter of the greatest +and mightiest of the red jeddaks has asked you. Will you come” + +Lorquas Ptomel and the warriors sat looking silently and intently at +the young woman for several moments after she had ceased speaking. What +was passing in their minds no man may know, but that they were moved I +truly believe, and if one man high among them had been strong enough to +rise above custom, that moment would have marked a new and mighty era +for Mars. + +I saw Tars Tarkas rise to speak, and on his face was such an expression +as I had never seen upon the countenance of a green Martian warrior. It +bespoke an inward and mighty battle with self, with heredity, with +age-old custom, and as he opened his mouth to speak, a look almost of +benignity, of kindliness, momentarily lighted up his fierce and +terrible countenance. + +What words of moment were to have fallen from his lips were never +spoken, as just then a young warrior, evidently sensing the trend of +thought among the older men, leaped down from the steps of the rostrum, +and striking the frail captive a powerful blow across the face, which +felled her to the floor, placed his foot upon her prostrate form and +turning toward the assembled council broke into peals of horrid, +mirthless laughter. + +For an instant I thought Tars Tarkas would strike him dead, nor did the +aspect of Lorquas Ptomel augur any too favorably for the brute, but the +mood passed, their old selves reasserted their ascendency, and they +smiled. It was portentous however that they did not laugh aloud, for +the brute’s act constituted a side-splitting witticism according to the +ethics which rule green Martian humor. + +That I have taken moments to write down a part of what occurred as that +blow fell does not signify that I remained inactive for any such length +of time. I think I must have sensed something of what was coming, for I +realize now that I was crouched as for a spring as I saw the blow aimed +at her beautiful, upturned, pleading face, and ere the hand descended I +was halfway across the hall. + +Scarcely had his hideous laugh rang out but once, when I was upon him. +The brute was twelve feet in height and armed to the teeth, but I +believe that I could have accounted for the whole roomful in the +terrific intensity of my rage. Springing upward, I struck him full in +the face as he turned at my warning cry and then as he drew his +short-sword I drew mine and sprang up again upon his breast, hooking +one leg over the butt of his pistol and grasping one of his huge tusks +with my left hand while I delivered blow after blow upon his enormous +chest. + +He could not use his short-sword to advantage because I was too close +to him, nor could he draw his pistol, which he attempted to do in +direct opposition to Martian custom which says that you may not fight a +fellow warrior in private combat with any other than the weapon with +which you are attacked. In fact he could do nothing but make a wild and +futile attempt to dislodge me. With all his immense bulk he was little +if any stronger than I, and it was but the matter of a moment or two +before he sank, bleeding and lifeless, to the floor. + +Dejah Thoris had raised herself upon one elbow and was watching the +battle with wide, staring eyes. When I had regained my feet I raised +her in my arms and bore her to one of the benches at the side of the +room. + +Again no Martian interfered with me, and tearing a piece of silk from +my cape I endeavored to staunch the flow of blood from her nostrils. I +was soon successful as her injuries amounted to little more than an +ordinary nosebleed, and when she could speak she placed her hand upon +my arm and looking up into my eyes, said + +“Why did you do it You who refused me even friendly recognition in the +first hour of my peril! And now you risk your life and kill one of your +companions for my sake. I cannot understand. What strange manner of man +are you, that you consort with the green men, though your form is that +of my race, while your color is little darker than that of the white +ape Tell me, are you human, or are you more than human” + +“It is a strange tale,” I replied, “too long to attempt to tell you +now, and one which I so much doubt the credibility of myself that I +fear to hope that others will believe it. Suffice it, for the present, +that I am your friend, and, so far as our captors will permit, your +protector and your servant.” + +“Then you too are a prisoner But why, then, those arms and the regalia +of a Tharkian chieftain What is your name Where your country” + +“Yes, Dejah Thoris, I too am a prisoner; my name is John Carter, and I +claim Virginia, one of the United States of America, Earth, as my home; +but why I am permitted to wear arms I do not know, nor was I aware that +my regalia was that of a chieftain.” + +We were interrupted at this juncture by the approach of one of the +warriors, bearing arms, accoutrements and ornaments, and in a flash one +of her questions was answered and a puzzle cleared up for me. I saw +that the body of my dead antagonist had been stripped, and I read in +the menacing yet respectful attitude of the warrior who had brought me +these trophies of the kill the same demeanor as that evinced by the +other who had brought me my original equipment, and now for the first +time I realized that my blow, on the occasion of my first battle in the +audience chamber had resulted in the death of my adversary. + +The reason for the whole attitude displayed toward me was now apparent; +I had won my spurs, so to speak, and in the crude justice, which always +marks Martian dealings, and which, among other things, has caused me to +call her the planet of paradoxes, I was accorded the honors due a +conqueror; the trappings and the position of the man I killed. In +truth, I was a Martian chieftain, and this I learned later was the +cause of my great freedom and my toleration in the audience chamber. + +As I had turned to receive the dead warrior’s chattels I had noticed +that Tars Tarkas and several others had pushed forward toward us, and +the eyes of the former rested upon me in a most quizzical manner. +Finally he addressed me + +“You speak the tongue of Barsoom quite readily for one who was deaf and +dumb to us a few short days ago. Where did you learn it, John Carter” + +“You, yourself, are responsible, Tars Tarkas,” I replied, “in that you +furnished me with an instructress of remarkable ability; I have to +thank Sola for my learning.” + +“She has done well,” he answered, “but your education in other respects +needs considerable polish. Do you know what your unprecedented temerity +would have cost you had you failed to kill either of the two chieftains +whose metal you now wear” + +“I presume that that one whom I had failed to kill, would have killed +me,” I answered, smiling. + +“No, you are wrong. Only in the last extremity of self-defense would a +Martian warrior kill a prisoner; we like to save them for other +purposes,” and his face bespoke possibilities that were not pleasant to +dwell upon. + +“But one thing can save you now,” he continued. “Should you, in +recognition of your remarkable valor, ferocity, and prowess, be +considered by Tal Hajus as worthy of his service you may be taken into +the community and become a full-fledged Tharkian. Until we reach the +headquarters of Tal Hajus it is the will of Lorquas Ptomel that you be +accorded the respect your acts have earned you. You will be treated by +us as a Tharkian chieftain, but you must not forget that every chief +who ranks you is responsible for your safe delivery to our mighty and +most ferocious ruler. I am done.” + +“I hear you, Tars Tarkas,” I answered. “As you know I am not of +Barsoom; your ways are not my ways, and I can only act in the future as +I have in the past, in accordance with the dictates of my conscience +and guided by the standards of mine own people. If you will leave me +alone I will go in peace, but if not, let the individual Barsoomians +with whom I must deal either respect my rights as a stranger among you, +or take whatever consequences may befall. Of one thing let us be sure, +whatever may be your ultimate intentions toward this unfortunate young +woman, whoever would offer her injury or insult in the future must +figure on making a full accounting to me. I understand that you +belittle all sentiments of generosity and kindliness, but I do not, and +I can convince your most doughty warrior that these characteristics are +not incompatible with an ability to fight.” + +Ordinarily I am not given to long speeches, nor ever before had I +descended to bombast, but I had guessed at the keynote which would +strike an answering chord in the breasts of the green Martians, nor was +I wrong, for my harangue evidently deeply impressed them, and their +attitude toward me thereafter was still further respectful. + +Tars Tarkas himself seemed pleased with my reply, but his only comment +was more or less enigmatical—“And I think I know Tal Hajus, Jeddak of +Thark.” + +I now turned my attention to Dejah Thoris, and assisting her to her +feet I turned with her toward the exit, ignoring her hovering guardian +harpies as well as the inquiring glances of the chieftains. Was I not +now a chieftain also! Well, then, I would assume the responsibilities +of one. They did not molest us, and so Dejah Thoris, Princess of +Helium, and John Carter, gentleman of Virginia, followed by the +faithful Woola, passed through utter silence from the audience chamber +of Lorquas Ptomel, Jed among the Tharks of Barsoom. + + + + +CHAPTER XI +WITH DEJAH THORIS + + +As we reached the open the two female guards who had been detailed to +watch over Dejah Thoris hurried up and made as though to assume custody +of her once more. The poor child shrank against me and I felt her two +little hands fold tightly over my arm. Waving the women away, I +informed them that Sola would attend the captive hereafter, and I +further warned Sarkoja that any more of her cruel attentions bestowed +upon Dejah Thoris would result in Sarkoja’s sudden and painful demise. + +My threat was unfortunate and resulted in more harm than good to Dejah +Thoris, for, as I learned later, men do not kill women upon Mars, nor +women, men. So Sarkoja merely gave us an ugly look and departed to +hatch up deviltries against us. + +I soon found Sola and explained to her that I wished her to guard Dejah +Thoris as she had guarded me; that I wished her to find other quarters +where they would not be molested by Sarkoja, and I finally informed her +that I myself would take up my quarters among the men. + +Sola glanced at the accouterments which were carried in my hand and +slung across my shoulder. + +“You are a great chieftain now, John Carter,” she said, “and I must do +your bidding, though indeed I am glad to do it under any circumstances. +The man whose metal you carry was young, but he was a great warrior, +and had by his promotions and kills won his way close to the rank of +Tars Tarkas, who, as you know, is second to Lorquas Ptomel only. You +are eleventh, there are but ten chieftains in this community who rank +you in prowess.” + +“And if I should kill Lorquas Ptomel” I asked. + +“You would be first, John Carter; but you may only win that honor by +the will of the entire council that Lorquas Ptomel meet you in combat, +or should he attack you, you may kill him in self-defense, and thus win +first place.” + +I laughed, and changed the subject. I had no particular desire to kill +Lorquas Ptomel, and less to be a jed among the Tharks. + +I accompanied Sola and Dejah Thoris in a search for new quarters, which +we found in a building nearer the audience chamber and of far more +pretentious architecture than our former habitation. We also found in +this building real sleeping apartments with ancient beds of highly +wrought metal swinging from enormous gold chains depending from the +marble ceilings. The decoration of the walls was most elaborate, and, +unlike the frescoes in the other buildings I had examined, portrayed +many human figures in the compositions. These were of people like +myself, and of a much lighter color than Dejah Thoris. They were clad +in graceful, flowing robes, highly ornamented with metal and jewels, +and their luxuriant hair was of a beautiful golden and reddish bronze. +The men were beardless and only a few wore arms. The scenes depicted +for the most part, a fair-skinned, fair-haired people at play. + +Dejah Thoris clasped her hands with an exclamation of rapture as she +gazed upon these magnificent works of art, wrought by a people long +extinct; while Sola, on the other hand, apparently did not see them. + +We decided to use this room, on the second floor and overlooking the +plaza, for Dejah Thoris and Sola, and another room adjoining and in the +rear for the cooking and supplies. I then dispatched Sola to bring the +bedding and such food and utensils as she might need, telling her that +I would guard Dejah Thoris until her return. + +As Sola departed Dejah Thoris turned to me with a faint smile. + +“And whereto, then, would your prisoner escape should you leave her, +unless it was to follow you and crave your protection, and ask your +pardon for the cruel thoughts she has harbored against you these past +few days” + +“You are right,” I answered, “there is no escape for either of us +unless we go together.” + +“I heard your challenge to the creature you call Tars Tarkas, and I +think I understand your position among these people, but what I cannot +fathom is your statement that you are not of Barsoom.” + +“In the name of my first ancestor, then,” she continued, “where may you +be from You are like unto my people, and yet so unlike. You speak my +language, and yet I heard you tell Tars Tarkas that you had but learned +it recently. All Barsoomians speak the same tongue from the ice-clad +south to the ice-clad north, though their written languages differ. +Only in the valley Dor, where the river Iss empties into the lost sea +of Korus, is there supposed to be a different language spoken, and, +except in the legends of our ancestors, there is no record of a +Barsoomian returning up the river Iss, from the shores of Korus in the +valley of Dor. Do not tell me that you have thus returned! They would +kill you horribly anywhere upon the surface of Barsoom if that were +true; tell me it is not!” + +Her eyes were filled with a strange, weird light; her voice was +pleading, and her little hands, reached up upon my breast, were pressed +against me as though to wring a denial from my very heart. + +“I do not know your customs, Dejah Thoris, but in my own Virginia a +gentleman does not lie to save himself; I am not of Dor; I have never +seen the mysterious Iss; the lost sea of Korus is still lost, so far as +I am concerned. Do you believe me” + +And then it struck me suddenly that I was very anxious that she should +believe me. It was not that I feared the results which would follow a +general belief that I had returned from the Barsoomian heaven or hell, +or whatever it was. Why was it, then! Why should I care what she +thought I looked down at her; her beautiful face upturned, and her +wonderful eyes opening up the very depth of her soul; and as my eyes +met hers I knew why, and—I shuddered. + +A similar wave of feeling seemed to stir her; she drew away from me +with a sigh, and with her earnest, beautiful face turned up to mine, +she whispered “I believe you, John Carter; I do not know what a +‘gentleman’ is, nor have I ever heard before of Virginia; but on +Barsoom no man lies; if he does not wish to speak the truth he is +silent. Where is this Virginia, your country, John Carter” she asked, +and it seemed that this fair name of my fair land had never sounded +more beautiful than as it fell from those perfect lips on that far-gone +day. + +“I am of another world,” I answered, “the great planet Earth, which +revolves about our common sun and next within the orbit of your +Barsoom, which we know as Mars. How I came here I cannot tell you, for +I do not know; but here I am, and since my presence has permitted me to +serve Dejah Thoris I am glad that I am here.” + +She gazed at me with troubled eyes, long and questioningly. That it was +difficult to believe my statement I well knew, nor could I hope that +she would do so however much I craved her confidence and respect. I +would much rather not have told her anything of my antecedents, but no +man could look into the depth of those eyes and refuse her slightest +behest. + +Finally she smiled, and, rising, said “I shall have to believe even +though I cannot understand. I can readily perceive that you are not of +the Barsoom of today; you are like us, yet different—but why should I +trouble my poor head with such a problem, when my heart tells me that I +believe because I wish to believe!” + +It was good logic, good, earthly, feminine logic, and if it satisfied +her I certainly could pick no flaws in it. As a matter of fact it was +about the only kind of logic that could be brought to bear upon my +problem. We fell into a general conversation then, asking and answering +many questions on each side. She was curious to learn of the customs of +my people and displayed a remarkable knowledge of events on Earth. When +I questioned her closely on this seeming familiarity with earthly +things she laughed, and cried out + +“Why, every school boy on Barsoom knows the geography, and much +concerning the fauna and flora, as well as the history of your planet +fully as well as of his own. Can we not see everything which takes +place upon Earth, as you call it; is it not hanging there in the +heavens in plain sight” + +This baffled me, I must confess, fully as much as my statements had +confounded her; and I told her so. She then explained in general the +instruments her people had used and been perfecting for ages, which +permit them to throw upon a screen a perfect image of what is +transpiring upon any planet and upon many of the stars. These pictures +are so perfect in detail that, when photographed and enlarged, objects +no greater than a blade of grass may be distinctly recognized. I +afterward, in Helium, saw many of these pictures, as well as the +instruments which produced them. + +“If, then, you are so familiar with earthly things,” I asked, “why is +it that you do not recognize me as identical with the inhabitants of +that planet” + +She smiled again as one might in bored indulgence of a questioning +child. + +“Because, John Carter,” she replied, “nearly every planet and star +having atmospheric conditions at all approaching those of Barsoom, +shows forms of animal life almost identical with you and me; and, +further, Earth men, almost without exception, cover their bodies with +strange, unsightly pieces of cloth, and their heads with hideous +contraptions the purpose of which we have been unable to conceive; +while you, when found by the Tharkian warriors, were entirely +undisfigured and unadorned. + +“The fact that you wore no ornaments is a strong proof of your +un-Barsoomian origin, while the absence of grotesque coverings might +cause a doubt as to your earthliness.” + +I then narrated the details of my departure from the Earth, explaining +that my body there lay fully clothed in all the, to her, strange +garments of mundane dwellers. At this point Sola returned with our +meager belongings and her young Martian protege, who, of course, would +have to share the quarters with them. + +Sola asked us if we had had a visitor during her absence, and seemed +much surprised when we answered in the negative. It seemed that as she +had mounted the approach to the upper floors where our quarters were +located, she had met Sarkoja descending. We decided that she must have +been eavesdropping, but as we could recall nothing of importance that +had passed between us we dismissed the matter as of little consequence, +merely promising ourselves to be warned to the utmost caution in the +future. + +Dejah Thoris and I then fell to examining the architecture and +decorations of the beautiful chambers of the building we were +occupying. She told me that these people had presumably flourished over +a hundred thousand years before. They were the early progenitors of her +race, but had mixed with the other great race of early Martians, who +were very dark, almost black, and also with the reddish yellow race +which had flourished at the same time. + +These three great divisions of the higher Martians had been forced into +a mighty alliance as the drying up of the Martian seas had compelled +them to seek the comparatively few and always diminishing fertile +areas, and to defend themselves, under new conditions of life, against +the wild hordes of green men. + +Ages of close relationship and intermarrying had resulted in the race +of red men, of which Dejah Thoris was a fair and beautiful daughter. +During the ages of hardships and incessant warring between their own +various races, as well as with the green men, and before they had +fitted themselves to the changed conditions, much of the high +civilization and many of the arts of the fair-haired Martians had +become lost; but the red race of today has reached a point where it +feels that it has made up in new discoveries and in a more practical +civilization for all that lies irretrievably buried with the ancient +Barsoomians, beneath the countless intervening ages. + +These ancient Martians had been a highly cultivated and literary race, +but during the vicissitudes of those trying centuries of readjustment +to new conditions, not only did their advancement and production cease +entirely, but practically all their archives, records, and literature +were lost. + +Dejah Thoris related many interesting facts and legends concerning this +lost race of noble and kindly people. She said that the city in which +we were camping was supposed to have been a center of commerce and +culture known as Korad. It had been built upon a beautiful, natural +harbor, landlocked by magnificent hills. The little valley on the west +front of the city, she explained, was all that remained of the harbor, +while the pass through the hills to the old sea bottom had been the +channel through which the shipping passed up to the city’s gates. + +The shores of the ancient seas were dotted with just such cities, and +lesser ones, in diminishing numbers, were to be found converging toward +the center of the oceans, as the people had found it necessary to +follow the receding waters until necessity had forced upon them their +ultimate salvation, the so-called Martian canals. + +We had been so engrossed in exploration of the building and in our +conversation that it was late in the afternoon before we realized it. +We were brought back to a realization of our present conditions by a +messenger bearing a summons from Lorquas Ptomel directing me to appear +before him forthwith. Bidding Dejah Thoris and Sola farewell, and +commanding Woola to remain on guard, I hastened to the audience +chamber, where I found Lorquas Ptomel and Tars Tarkas seated upon the +rostrum. + + + + +CHAPTER XII +A PRISONER WITH POWER + + +As I entered and saluted, Lorquas Ptomel signaled me to advance, and, +fixing his great, hideous eyes upon me, addressed me thus + +“You have been with us a few days, yet during that time you have by +your prowess won a high position among us. Be that as it may, you are +not one of us; you owe us no allegiance. + +“Your position is a peculiar one,” he continued; “you are a prisoner +and yet you give commands which must be obeyed; you are an alien and +yet you are a Tharkian chieftain; you are a midget and yet you can kill +a mighty warrior with one blow of your fist. And now you are reported +to have been plotting to escape with another prisoner of another race; +a prisoner who, from her own admission, half believes you are returned +from the valley of Dor. Either one of these accusations, if proved, +would be sufficient grounds for your execution, but we are a just +people and you shall have a trial on our return to Thark, if Tal Hajus +so commands. + +“But,” he continued, in his fierce guttural tones, “if you run off with +the red girl it is I who shall have to account to Tal Hajus; it is I +who shall have to face Tars Tarkas, and either demonstrate my right to +command, or the metal from my dead carcass will go to a better man, for +such is the custom of the Tharks. + +“I have no quarrel with Tars Tarkas; together we rule supreme the +greatest of the lesser communities among the green men; we do not wish +to fight between ourselves; and so if you were dead, John Carter, I +should be glad. Under two conditions only, however, may you be killed +by us without orders from Tal Hajus; in personal combat in +self-defense, should you attack one of us, or were you apprehended in +an attempt to escape. + +“As a matter of justice I must warn you that we only await one of these +two excuses for ridding ourselves of so great a responsibility. The +safe delivery of the red girl to Tal Hajus is of the greatest +importance. Not in a thousand years have the Tharks made such a +capture; she is the granddaughter of the greatest of the red jeddaks, +who is also our bitterest enemy. I have spoken. The red girl told us +that we were without the softer sentiments of humanity, but we are a +just and truthful race. You may go.” + +Turning, I left the audience chamber. So this was the beginning of +Sarkoja’s persecution! I knew that none other could be responsible for +this report which had reached the ears of Lorquas Ptomel so quickly, +and now I recalled those portions of our conversation which had touched +upon escape and upon my origin. + +Sarkoja was at this time Tars Tarkas’ oldest and most trusted female. +As such she was a mighty power behind the throne, for no warrior had +the confidence of Lorquas Ptomel to such an extent as did his ablest +lieutenant, Tars Tarkas. + +However, instead of putting thoughts of possible escape from my mind, +my audience with Lorquas Ptomel only served to center my every faculty +on this subject. Now, more than before, the absolute necessity for +escape, in so far as Dejah Thoris was concerned, was impressed upon me, +for I was convinced that some horrible fate awaited her at the +headquarters of Tal Hajus. + +As described by Sola, this monster was the exaggerated personification +of all the ages of cruelty, ferocity, and brutality from which he had +descended. Cold, cunning, calculating; he was, also, in marked contrast +to most of his fellows, a slave to that brute passion which the waning +demands for procreation upon their dying planet has almost stilled in +the Martian breast. + +The thought that the divine Dejah Thoris might fall into the clutches +of such an abysmal atavism started the cold sweat upon me. Far better +that we save friendly bullets for ourselves at the last moment, as did +those brave frontier women of my lost land, who took their own lives +rather than fall into the hands of the Indian braves. + +As I wandered about the plaza lost in my gloomy forebodings Tars Tarkas +approached me on his way from the audience chamber. His demeanor toward +me was unchanged, and he greeted me as though we had not just parted a +few moments before. + +“Where are your quarters, John Carter” he asked. + +“I have selected none,” I replied. “It seemed best that I quartered +either by myself or among the other warriors, and I was awaiting an +opportunity to ask your advice. As you know,” and I smiled, “I am not +yet familiar with all the customs of the Tharks.” + +“Come with me,” he directed, and together we moved off across the plaza +to a building which I was glad to see adjoined that occupied by Sola +and her charges. + +“My quarters are on the first floor of this building,” he said, “and +the second floor also is fully occupied by warriors, but the third +floor and the floors above are vacant; you may take your choice of +these. + +“I understand,” he continued, “that you have given up your woman to the +red prisoner. Well, as you have said, your ways are not our ways, but +you can fight well enough to do about as you please, and so, if you +wish to give your woman to a captive, it is your own affair; but as a +chieftain you should have those to serve you, and in accordance with +our customs you may select any or all the females from the retinues of +the chieftains whose metal you now wear.” + +I thanked him, but assured him that I could get along very nicely +without assistance except in the matter of preparing food, and so he +promised to send women to me for this purpose and also for the care of +my arms and the manufacture of my ammunition, which he said would be +necessary. I suggested that they might also bring some of the sleeping +silks and furs which belonged to me as spoils of combat, for the nights +were cold and I had none of my own. + +He promised to do so, and departed. Left alone, I ascended the winding +corridor to the upper floors in search of suitable quarters. The +beauties of the other buildings were repeated in this, and, as usual, I +was soon lost in a tour of investigation and discovery. + +I finally chose a front room on the third floor, because this brought +me nearer to Dejah Thoris, whose apartment was on the second floor of +the adjoining building, and it flashed upon me that I could rig up some +means of communication whereby she might signal me in case she needed +either my services or my protection. + +Adjoining my sleeping apartment were baths, dressing rooms, and other +sleeping and living apartments, in all some ten rooms on this floor. +The windows of the back rooms overlooked an enormous court, which +formed the center of the square made by the buildings which faced the +four contiguous streets, and which was now given over to the quartering +of the various animals belonging to the warriors occupying the +adjoining buildings. + +While the court was entirely overgrown with the yellow, moss-like +vegetation which blankets practically the entire surface of Mars, yet +numerous fountains, statuary, benches, and pergola-like contraptions +bore witness to the beauty which the court must have presented in +bygone times, when graced by the fair-haired, laughing people whom +stern and unalterable cosmic laws had driven not only from their homes, +but from all except the vague legends of their descendants. + +One could easily picture the gorgeous foliage of the luxuriant Martian +vegetation which once filled this scene with life and color; the +graceful figures of the beautiful women, the straight and handsome men; +the happy frolicking children—all sunlight, happiness and peace. It was +difficult to realize that they had gone; down through ages of darkness, +cruelty, and ignorance, until their hereditary instincts of culture and +humanitarianism had risen ascendant once more in the final composite +race which now is dominant upon Mars. + +My thoughts were cut short by the advent of several young females +bearing loads of weapons, silks, furs, jewels, cooking utensils, and +casks of food and drink, including considerable loot from the air +craft. All this, it seemed, had been the property of the two chieftains +I had slain, and now, by the customs of the Tharks, it had become mine. +At my direction they placed the stuff in one of the back rooms, and +then departed, only to return with a second load, which they advised me +constituted the balance of my goods. On the second trip they were +accompanied by ten or fifteen other women and youths, who, it seemed, +formed the retinues of the two chieftains. + +They were not their families, nor their wives, nor their servants; the +relationship was peculiar, and so unlike anything known to us that it +is most difficult to describe. All property among the green Martians is +owned in common by the community, except the personal weapons, +ornaments and sleeping silks and furs of the individuals. These alone +can one claim undisputed right to, nor may he accumulate more of these +than are required for his actual needs. The surplus he holds merely as +custodian, and it is passed on to the younger members of the community +as necessity demands. + +The women and children of a man’s retinue may be likened to a military +unit for which he is responsible in various ways, as in matters of +instruction, discipline, sustenance, and the exigencies of their +continual roamings and their unending strife with other communities and +with the red Martians. His women are in no sense wives. The green +Martians use no word corresponding in meaning with this earthly word. +Their mating is a matter of community interest solely, and is directed +without reference to natural selection. The council of chieftains of +each community control the matter as surely as the owner of a Kentucky +racing stud directs the scientific breeding of his stock for the +improvement of the whole. + +In theory it may sound well, as is often the case with theories, but +the results of ages of this unnatural practice, coupled with the +community interest in the offspring being held paramount to that of the +mother, is shown in the cold, cruel creatures, and their gloomy, +loveless, mirthless existence. + +It is true that the green Martians are absolutely virtuous, both men +and women, with the exception of such degenerates as Tal Hajus; but +better far a finer balance of human characteristics even at the expense +of a slight and occasional loss of chastity. + +Finding that I must assume responsibility for these creatures, whether +I would or not, I made the best of it and directed them to find +quarters on the upper floors, leaving the third floor to me. One of the +girls I charged with the duties of my simple cuisine, and directed the +others to take up the various activities which had formerly constituted +their vocations. Thereafter I saw little of them, nor did I care to. + + + + +CHAPTER XIII +LOVE-MAKING ON MARS + + +Following the battle with the air ships, the community remained within +the city for several days, abandoning the homeward march until they +could feel reasonably assured that the ships would not return; for to +be caught on the open plains with a cavalcade of chariots and children +was far from the desire of even so warlike a people as the green +Martians. + +During our period of inactivity, Tars Tarkas had instructed me in many +of the customs and arts of war familiar to the Tharks, including +lessons in riding and guiding the great beasts which bore the warriors. +These creatures, which are known as thoats, are as dangerous and +vicious as their masters, but when once subdued are sufficiently +tractable for the purposes of the green Martians. + +Two of these animals had fallen to me from the warriors whose metal I +wore, and in a short time I could handle them quite as well as the +native warriors. The method was not at all complicated. If the thoats +did not respond with sufficient celerity to the telepathic instructions +of their riders they were dealt a terrific blow between the ears with +the butt of a pistol, and if they showed fight this treatment was +continued until the brutes either were subdued, or had unseated their +riders. + +In the latter case it became a life and death struggle between the man +and the beast. If the former were quick enough with his pistol he might +live to ride again, though upon some other beast; if not, his torn and +mangled body was gathered up by his women and burned in accordance with +Tharkian custom. + +My experience with Woola determined me to attempt the experiment of +kindness in my treatment of my thoats. First I taught them that they +could not unseat me, and even rapped them sharply between the ears to +impress upon them my authority and mastery. Then, by degrees, I won +their confidence in much the same manner as I had adopted countless +times with my many mundane mounts. I was ever a good hand with animals, +and by inclination, as well as because it brought more lasting and +satisfactory results, I was always kind and humane in my dealings with +the lower orders. I could take a human life, if necessary, with far +less compunction than that of a poor, unreasoning, irresponsible brute. + +In the course of a few days my thoats were the wonder of the entire +community. They would follow me like dogs, rubbing their great snouts +against my body in awkward evidence of affection, and respond to my +every command with an alacrity and docility which caused the Martian +warriors to ascribe to me the possession of some earthly power unknown +on Mars. + +“How have you bewitched them” asked Tars Tarkas one afternoon, when he +had seen me run my arm far between the great jaws of one of my thoats +which had wedged a piece of stone between two of his teeth while +feeding upon the moss-like vegetation within our court yard. + +“By kindness,” I replied. “You see, Tars Tarkas, the softer sentiments +have their value, even to a warrior. In the height of battle as well as +upon the march I know that my thoats will obey my every command, and +therefore my fighting efficiency is enhanced, and I am a better warrior +for the reason that I am a kind master. Your other warriors would find +it to the advantage of themselves as well as of the community to adopt +my methods in this respect. Only a few days since you, yourself, told +me that these great brutes, by the uncertainty of their tempers, often +were the means of turning victory into defeat, since, at a crucial +moment, they might elect to unseat and rend their riders.” + +“Show me how you accomplish these results,” was Tars Tarkas’ only +rejoinder. + +And so I explained as carefully as I could the entire method of +training I had adopted with my beasts, and later he had me repeat it +before Lorquas Ptomel and the assembled warriors. That moment marked +the beginning of a new existence for the poor thoats, and before I left +the community of Lorquas Ptomel I had the satisfaction of observing a +regiment of as tractable and docile mounts as one might care to see. +The effect on the precision and celerity of the military movements was +so remarkable that Lorquas Ptomel presented me with a massive anklet of +gold from his own leg, as a sign of his appreciation of my service to +the horde. + +On the seventh day following the battle with the air craft we again +took up the march toward Thark, all probability of another attack being +deemed remote by Lorquas Ptomel. + +During the days just preceding our departure I had seen but little of +Dejah Thoris, as I had been kept very busy by Tars Tarkas with my +lessons in the art of Martian warfare, as well as in the training of my +thoats. The few times I had visited her quarters she had been absent, +walking upon the streets with Sola, or investigating the buildings in +the near vicinity of the plaza. I had warned them against venturing far +from the plaza for fear of the great white apes, whose ferocity I was +only too well acquainted with. However, since Woola accompanied them on +all their excursions, and as Sola was well armed, there was +comparatively little cause for fear. + +On the evening before our departure I saw them approaching along one of +the great avenues which lead into the plaza from the east. I advanced +to meet them, and telling Sola that I would take the responsibility for +Dejah Thoris’ safekeeping, I directed her to return to her quarters on +some trivial errand. I liked and trusted Sola, but for some reason I +desired to be alone with Dejah Thoris, who represented to me all that I +had left behind upon Earth in agreeable and congenial companionship. +There seemed bonds of mutual interest between us as powerful as though +we had been born under the same roof rather than upon different +planets, hurtling through space some forty-eight million miles apart. + +That she shared my sentiments in this respect I was positive, for on my +approach the look of pitiful hopelessness left her sweet countenance to +be replaced by a smile of joyful welcome, as she placed her little +right hand upon my left shoulder in true red Martian salute. + +“Sarkoja told Sola that you had become a true Thark,” she said, “and +that I would now see no more of you than of any of the other warriors.” + +“Sarkoja is a liar of the first magnitude,” I replied, “notwithstanding +the proud claim of the Tharks to absolute verity.” + +Dejah Thoris laughed. + +“I knew that even though you became a member of the community you would +not cease to be my friend; ‘A warrior may change his metal, but not his +heart,’ as the saying is upon Barsoom.” + +“I think they have been trying to keep us apart,” she continued, “for +whenever you have been off duty one of the older women of Tars Tarkas’ +retinue has always arranged to trump up some excuse to get Sola and me +out of sight. They have had me down in the pits below the buildings +helping them mix their awful radium powder, and make their terrible +projectiles. You know that these have to be manufactured by artificial +light, as exposure to sunlight always results in an explosion. You have +noticed that their bullets explode when they strike an object Well, +the opaque, outer coating is broken by the impact, exposing a glass +cylinder, almost solid, in the forward end of which is a minute +particle of radium powder. The moment the sunlight, even though +diffused, strikes this powder it explodes with a violence which nothing +can withstand. If you ever witness a night battle you will note the +absence of these explosions, while the morning following the battle +will be filled at sunrise with the sharp detonations of exploding +missiles fired the preceding night. As a rule, however, non-exploding +projectiles are used at night.”[1] + + [1] I have used the word radium in describing this powder because in + the light of recent discoveries on Earth I believe it to be a mixture + of which radium is the base. In Captain Carter’s manuscript it is + mentioned always by the name used in the written language of Helium + and is spelled in hieroglyphics which it would be difficult and + useless to reproduce. + + +While I was much interested in Dejah Thoris’ explanation of this +wonderful adjunct to Martian warfare, I was more concerned by the +immediate problem of their treatment of her. That they were keeping her +away from me was not a matter for surprise, but that they should +subject her to dangerous and arduous labor filled me with rage. + +“Have they ever subjected you to cruelty and ignominy, Dejah Thoris” I +asked, feeling the hot blood of my fighting ancestors leap in my veins +as I awaited her reply. + +“Only in little ways, John Carter,” she answered. “Nothing that can +harm me outside my pride. They know that I am the daughter of ten +thousand jeddaks, that I trace my ancestry straight back without a +break to the builder of the first great waterway, and they, who do not +even know their own mothers, are jealous of me. At heart they hate +their horrid fates, and so wreak their poor spite on me who stand for +everything they have not, and for all they most crave and never can +attain. Let us pity them, my chieftain, for even though we die at their +hands we can afford them pity, since we are greater than they and they +know it.” + +Had I known the significance of those words “my chieftain,” as applied +by a red Martian woman to a man, I should have had the surprise of my +life, but I did not know at that time, nor for many months thereafter. +Yes, I still had much to learn upon Barsoom. + +“I presume it is the better part of wisdom that we bow to our fate with +as good grace as possible, Dejah Thoris; but I hope, nevertheless, that +I may be present the next time that any Martian, green, red, pink, or +violet, has the temerity to even so much as frown on you, my princess.” + +Dejah Thoris caught her breath at my last words, and gazed upon me with +dilated eyes and quickening breath, and then, with an odd little laugh, +which brought roguish dimples to the corners of her mouth, she shook +her head and cried + +“What a child! A great warrior and yet a stumbling little child.” + +“What have I done now” I asked, in sore perplexity. + +“Some day you shall know, John Carter, if we live; but I may not tell +you. And I, the daughter of Mors Kajak, son of Tardos Mors, have +listened without anger,” she soliloquized in conclusion. + +Then she broke out again into one of her gay, happy, laughing moods; +joking with me on my prowess as a Thark warrior as contrasted with my +soft heart and natural kindliness. + +“I presume that should you accidentally wound an enemy you would take +him home and nurse him back to health,” she laughed. + +“That is precisely what we do on Earth,” I answered. “At least among +civilized men.” + +This made her laugh again. She could not understand it, for, with all +her tenderness and womanly sweetness, she was still a Martian, and to a +Martian the only good enemy is a dead enemy; for every dead foeman +means so much more to divide between those who live. + +I was very curious to know what I had said or done to cause her so much +perturbation a moment before and so I continued to importune her to +enlighten me. + +“No,” she exclaimed, “it is enough that you have said it and that I +have listened. And when you learn, John Carter, and if I be dead, as +likely I shall be ere the further moon has circled Barsoom another +twelve times, remember that I listened and that I—smiled.” + +It was all Greek to me, but the more I begged her to explain the more +positive became her denials of my request, and, so, in very +hopelessness, I desisted. + +Day had now given away to night and as we wandered along the great +avenue lighted by the two moons of Barsoom, and with Earth looking down +upon us out of her luminous green eye, it seemed that we were alone in +the universe, and I, at least, was content that it should be so. + +The chill of the Martian night was upon us, and removing my silks I +threw them across the shoulders of Dejah Thoris. As my arm rested for +an instant upon her I felt a thrill pass through every fiber of my +being such as contact with no other mortal had even produced; and it +seemed to me that she had leaned slightly toward me, but of that I was +not sure. Only I knew that as my arm rested there across her shoulders +longer than the act of adjusting the silk required she did not draw +away, nor did she speak. And so, in silence, we walked the surface of a +dying world, but in the breast of one of us at least had been born that +which is ever oldest, yet ever new. + +I loved Dejah Thoris. The touch of my arm upon her naked shoulder had +spoken to me in words I would not mistake, and I knew that I had loved +her since the first moment that my eyes had met hers that first time in +the plaza of the dead city of Korad. + + + + +CHAPTER XIV +A DUEL TO THE DEATH + + +My first impulse was to tell her of my love, and then I thought of the +helplessness of her position wherein I alone could lighten the burdens +of her captivity, and protect her in my poor way against the thousands +of hereditary enemies she must face upon our arrival at Thark. I could +not chance causing her additional pain or sorrow by declaring a love +which, in all probability she did not return. Should I be so +indiscreet, her position would be even more unbearable than now, and +the thought that she might feel that I was taking advantage of her +helplessness, to influence her decision was the final argument which +sealed my lips. + +“Why are you so quiet, Dejah Thoris” I asked. “Possibly you would +rather return to Sola and your quarters.” + +“No,” she murmured, “I am happy here. I do not know why it is that I +should always be happy and contented when you, John Carter, a stranger, +are with me; yet at such times it seems that I am safe and that, with +you, I shall soon return to my father’s court and feel his strong arms +about me and my mother’s tears and kisses on my cheek.” + +“Do people kiss, then, upon Barsoom” I asked, when she had explained +the word she used, in answer to my inquiry as to its meaning. + +“Parents, brothers, and sisters, yes; and,” she added in a low, +thoughtful tone, “lovers.” + +“And you, Dejah Thoris, have parents and brothers and sisters” + +“Yes.” + +“And a—lover” + +She was silent, nor could I venture to repeat the question. + +“The man of Barsoom,” she finally ventured, “does not ask personal +questions of women, except his mother, and the woman he has fought for +and won.” + +“But I have fought—” I started, and then I wished my tongue had been +cut from my mouth; for she turned even as I caught myself and ceased, +and drawing my silks from her shoulder she held them out to me, and +without a word, and with head held high, she moved with the carriage of +the queen she was toward the plaza and the doorway of her quarters. + +I did not attempt to follow her, other than to see that she reached the +building in safety, but, directing Woola to accompany her, I turned +disconsolately and entered my own house. I sat for hours cross-legged, +and cross-tempered, upon my silks meditating upon the queer freaks +chance plays upon us poor devils of mortals. + +So this was love! I had escaped it for all the years I had roamed the +five continents and their encircling seas; in spite of beautiful women +and urging opportunity; in spite of a half-desire for love and a +constant search for my ideal, it had remained for me to fall furiously +and hopelessly in love with a creature from another world, of a species +similar possibly, yet not identical with mine. A woman who was hatched +from an egg, and whose span of life might cover a thousand years; whose +people had strange customs and ideas; a woman whose hopes, whose +pleasures, whose standards of virtue and of right and wrong might vary +as greatly from mine as did those of the green Martians. + +Yes, I was a fool, but I was in love, and though I was suffering the +greatest misery I had ever known I would not have had it otherwise for +all the riches of Barsoom. Such is love, and such are lovers wherever +love is known. + +To me, Dejah Thoris was all that was perfect; all that was virtuous and +beautiful and noble and good. I believed that from the bottom of my +heart, from the depth of my soul on that night in Korad as I sat +cross-legged upon my silks while the nearer moon of Barsoom raced +through the western sky toward the horizon, and lighted up the gold and +marble, and jeweled mosaics of my world-old chamber, and I believe it +today as I sit at my desk in the little study overlooking the Hudson. +Twenty years have intervened; for ten of them I lived and fought for +Dejah Thoris and her people, and for ten I have lived upon her memory. + +The morning of our departure for Thark dawned clear and hot, as do all +Martian mornings except for the six weeks when the snow melts at the +poles. + +I sought out Dejah Thoris in the throng of departing chariots, but she +turned her shoulder to me, and I could see the red blood mount to her +cheek. With the foolish inconsistency of love I held my peace when I +might have pled ignorance of the nature of my offense, or at least the +gravity of it, and so have effected, at worst, a half conciliation. + + +[Illustration I sought out Dejah Thoris in the throng of departing +chariots.] + + +My duty dictated that I must see that she was comfortable, and so I +glanced into her chariot and rearranged her silks and furs. In doing so +I noted with horror that she was heavily chained by one ankle to the +side of the vehicle. + +“What does this mean” I cried, turning to Sola. + +“Sarkoja thought it best,” she answered, her face betokening her +disapproval of the procedure. + +Examining the manacles I saw that they fastened with a massive spring +lock. + +“Where is the key, Sola Let me have it.” + +“Sarkoja wears it, John Carter,” she answered. + +I turned without further word and sought out Tars Tarkas, to whom I +vehemently objected to the unnecessary humiliations and cruelties, as +they seemed to my lover’s eyes, that were being heaped upon Dejah +Thoris. + +“John Carter,” he answered, “if ever you and Dejah Thoris escape the +Tharks it will be upon this journey. We know that you will not go +without her. You have shown yourself a mighty fighter, and we do not +wish to manacle you, so we hold you both in the easiest way that will +yet ensure security. I have spoken.” + +I saw the strength of his reasoning at a flash, and knew that it was +futile to appeal from his decision, but I asked that the key be taken +from Sarkoja and that she be directed to leave the prisoner alone in +future. + +“This much, Tars Tarkas, you may do for me in return for the friendship +that, I must confess, I feel for you.” + +“Friendship” he replied. “There is no such thing, John Carter; but +have your will. I shall direct that Sarkoja cease to annoy the girl, +and I myself will take the custody of the key.” + +“Unless you wish me to assume the responsibility,” I said, smiling. + +He looked at me long and earnestly before he spoke. + +“Were you to give me your word that neither you nor Dejah Thoris would +attempt to escape until after we have safely reached the court of Tal +Hajus you might have the key and throw the chains into the river Iss.” + +“It were better that you held the key, Tars Tarkas,” I replied + +He smiled, and said no more, but that night as we were making camp I +saw him unfasten Dejah Thoris’ fetters himself. + +With all his cruel ferocity and coldness there was an undercurrent of +something in Tars Tarkas which he seemed ever battling to subdue. Could +it be a vestige of some human instinct come back from an ancient +forbear to haunt him with the horror of his people’s ways! + +As I was approaching Dejah Thoris’ chariot I passed Sarkoja, and the +black, venomous look she accorded me was the sweetest balm I had felt +for many hours. Lord, how she hated me! It bristled from her so +palpably that one might almost have cut it with a sword. + +A few moments later I saw her deep in conversation with a warrior named +Zad; a big, hulking, powerful brute, but one who had never made a kill +among his own chieftains, and so was still an _o mad_, or man with one +name; he could win a second name only with the metal of some chieftain. +It was this custom which entitled me to the names of either of the +chieftains I had killed; in fact, some of the warriors addressed me as +Dotar Sojat, a combination of the surnames of the two warrior +chieftains whose metal I had taken, or, in other words, whom I had +slain in fair fight. + +As Sarkoja talked with Zad he cast occasional glances in my direction, +while she seemed to be urging him very strongly to some action. I paid +little attention to it at the time, but the next day I had good reason +to recall the circumstances, and at the same time gain a slight insight +into the depths of Sarkoja’s hatred and the lengths to which she was +capable of going to wreak her horrid vengeance on me. + +Dejah Thoris would have none of me again on this evening, and though I +spoke her name she neither replied, nor conceded by so much as the +flutter of an eyelid that she realized my existence. In my extremity I +did what most other lovers would have done; I sought word from her +through an intimate. In this instance it was Sola whom I intercepted in +another part of camp. + +“What is the matter with Dejah Thoris” I blurted out at her. “Why will +she not speak to me” + +Sola seemed puzzled herself, as though such strange actions on the part +of two humans were quite beyond her, as indeed they were, poor child. + +“She says you have angered her, and that is all she will say, except +that she is the daughter of a jed and the granddaughter of a jeddak and +she has been humiliated by a creature who could not polish the teeth of +her grandmother’s sorak.” + +I pondered over this report for some time, finally asking, “What might +a sorak be, Sola” + +“A little animal about as big as my hand, which the red Martian women +keep to play with,” explained Sola. + +Not fit to polish the teeth of her grandmother’s cat! I must rank +pretty low in the consideration of Dejah Thoris, I thought; but I could +not help laughing at the strange figure of speech, so homely and in +this respect so earthly. It made me homesick, for it sounded very much +like “not fit to polish her shoes.” And then commenced a train of +thought quite new to me. I began to wonder what my people at home were +doing. I had not seen them for years. There was a family of Carters in +Virginia who claimed close relationship with me; I was supposed to be a +great uncle, or something of the kind equally foolish. I could pass +anywhere for twenty-five to thirty years of age, and to be a great +uncle always seemed the height of incongruity, for my thoughts and +feelings were those of a boy. There were two little kiddies in the +Carter family whom I had loved and who had thought there was no one on +Earth like Uncle Jack; I could see them just as plainly, as I stood +there under the moonlit skies of Barsoom, and I longed for them as I +had never longed for any mortals before. By nature a wanderer, I had +never known the true meaning of the word home, but the great hall of +the Carters had always stood for all that the word did mean to me, and +now my heart turned toward it from the cold and unfriendly peoples I +had been thrown amongst. For did not even Dejah Thoris despise me! I +was a low creature, so low in fact that I was not even fit to polish +the teeth of her grandmother’s cat; and then my saving sense of humor +came to my rescue, and laughing I turned into my silks and furs and +slept upon the moon-haunted ground the sleep of a tired and healthy +fighting man. + +We broke camp the next day at an early hour and marched with only a +single halt until just before dark. Two incidents broke the tediousness +of the march. About noon we espied far to our right what was evidently +an incubator, and Lorquas Ptomel directed Tars Tarkas to investigate +it. The latter took a dozen warriors, including myself, and we raced +across the velvety carpeting of moss to the little enclosure. + +It was indeed an incubator, but the eggs were very small in comparison +with those I had seen hatching in ours at the time of my arrival on +Mars. + +Tars Tarkas dismounted and examined the enclosure minutely, finally +announcing that it belonged to the green men of Warhoon and that the +cement was scarcely dry where it had been walled up. + +“They cannot be a day’s march ahead of us,” he exclaimed, the light of +battle leaping to his fierce face. + +The work at the incubator was short indeed. The warriors tore open the +entrance and a couple of them, crawling in, soon demolished all the +eggs with their short-swords. Then remounting we dashed back to join +the cavalcade. During the ride I took occasion to ask Tars Tarkas if +these Warhoons whose eggs we had destroyed were a smaller people than +his Tharks. + +“I noticed that their eggs were so much smaller than those I saw +hatching in your incubator,” I added. + +He explained that the eggs had just been placed there; but, like all +green Martian eggs, they would grow during the five-year period of +incubation until they obtained the size of those I had seen hatching on +the day of my arrival on Barsoom. This was indeed an interesting piece +of information, for it had always seemed remarkable to me that the +green Martian women, large as they were, could bring forth such +enormous eggs as I had seen the four-foot infants emerging from. As a +matter of fact, the new-laid egg is but little larger than an ordinary +goose egg, and as it does not commence to grow until subjected to the +light of the sun the chieftains have little difficulty in transporting +several hundreds of them at one time from the storage vaults to the +incubators. + +Shortly after the incident of the Warhoon eggs we halted to rest the +animals, and it was during this halt that the second of the day’s +interesting episodes occurred. I was engaged in changing my riding +cloths from one of my thoats to the other, for I divided the day’s work +between them, when Zad approached me, and without a word struck my +animal a terrific blow with his long-sword. + +I did not need a manual of green Martian etiquette to know what reply +to make, for, in fact, I was so wild with anger that I could scarcely +refrain from drawing my pistol and shooting him down for the brute he +was; but he stood waiting with drawn long-sword, and my only choice was +to draw my own and meet him in fair fight with his choice of weapons or +a lesser one. + +This latter alternative is always permissible, therefore I could have +used my short-sword, my dagger, my hatchet, or my fists had I wished, +and been entirely within my rights, but I could not use firearms or a +spear while he held only his long-sword. + +I chose the same weapon he had drawn because I knew he prided himself +upon his ability with it, and I wished, if I worsted him at all, to do +it with his own weapon. The fight that followed was a long one and +delayed the resumption of the march for an hour. The entire community +surrounded us, leaving a clear space about one hundred feet in diameter +for our battle. + +Zad first attempted to rush me down as a bull might a wolf, but I was +much too quick for him, and each time I side-stepped his rushes he +would go lunging past me, only to receive a nick from my sword upon his +arm or back. He was soon streaming blood from a half dozen minor +wounds, but I could not obtain an opening to deliver an effective +thrust. Then he changed his tactics, and fighting warily and with +extreme dexterity, he tried to do by science what he was unable to do +by brute strength. I must admit that he was a magnificent swordsman, +and had it not been for my greater endurance and the remarkable agility +the lesser gravitation of Mars lent me I might not have been able to +put up the creditable fight I did against him. + +We circled for some time without doing much damage on either side; the +long, straight, needle-like swords flashing in the sunlight, and +ringing out upon the stillness as they crashed together with each +effective parry. Finally Zad, realizing that he was tiring more than I, +evidently decided to close in and end the battle in a final blaze of +glory for himself; just as he rushed me a blinding flash of light +struck full in my eyes, so that I could not see his approach and could +only leap blindly to one side in an effort to escape the mighty blade +that it seemed I could already feel in my vitals. I was only partially +successful, as a sharp pain in my left shoulder attested, but in the +sweep of my glance as I sought to again locate my adversary, a sight +met my astonished gaze which paid me well for the wound the temporary +blindness had caused me. There, upon Dejah Thoris’ chariot stood three +figures, for the purpose evidently of witnessing the encounter above +the heads of the intervening Tharks. There were Dejah Thoris, Sola, and +Sarkoja, and as my fleeting glance swept over them a little tableau was +presented which will stand graven in my memory to the day of my death. + +As I looked, Dejah Thoris turned upon Sarkoja with the fury of a young +tigress and struck something from her upraised hand; something which +flashed in the sunlight as it spun to the ground. Then I knew what had +blinded me at that crucial moment of the fight, and how Sarkoja had +found a way to kill me without herself delivering the final thrust. +Another thing I saw, too, which almost lost my life for me then and +there, for it took my mind for the fraction of an instant entirely from +my antagonist; for, as Dejah Thoris struck the tiny mirror from her +hand, Sarkoja, her face livid with hatred and baffled rage, whipped out +her dagger and aimed a terrific blow at Dejah Thoris; and then Sola, +our dear and faithful Sola, sprang between them; the last I saw was the +great knife descending upon her shielding breast. + +My enemy had recovered from his thrust and was making it extremely +interesting for me, so I reluctantly gave my attention to the work in +hand, but my mind was not upon the battle. + +We rushed each other furiously time after time, ’til suddenly, feeling +the sharp point of his sword at my breast in a thrust I could neither +parry nor escape, I threw myself upon him with outstretched sword and +with all the weight of my body, determined that I would not die alone +if I could prevent it. I felt the steel tear into my chest, all went +black before me, my head whirled in dizziness, and I felt my knees +giving beneath me. + + + + +CHAPTER XV +SOLA TELLS ME HER STORY + + +When consciousness returned, and, as I soon learned, I was down but a +moment, I sprang quickly to my feet searching for my sword, and there I +found it, buried to the hilt in the green breast of Zad, who lay stone +dead upon the ochre moss of the ancient sea bottom. As I regained my +full senses I found his weapon piercing my left breast, but only +through the flesh and muscles which cover my ribs, entering near the +center of my chest and coming out below the shoulder. As I had lunged I +had turned so that his sword merely passed beneath the muscles, +inflicting a painful but not dangerous wound. + +Removing the blade from my body I also regained my own, and turning my +back upon his ugly carcass, I moved, sick, sore, and disgusted, toward +the chariots which bore my retinue and my belongings. A murmur of +Martian applause greeted me, but I cared not for it. + +Bleeding and weak I reached my women, who, accustomed to such +happenings, dressed my wounds, applying the wonderful healing and +remedial agents which make only the most instantaneous of death blows +fatal. Give a Martian woman a chance and death must take a back seat. +They soon had me patched up so that, except for weakness from loss of +blood and a little soreness around the wound, I suffered no great +distress from this thrust which, under earthly treatment, undoubtedly +would have put me flat on my back for days. + +As soon as they were through with me I hastened to the chariot of Dejah +Thoris, where I found my poor Sola with her chest swathed in bandages, +but apparently little the worse for her encounter with Sarkoja, whose +dagger it seemed had struck the edge of one of Sola’s metal breast +ornaments and, thus deflected, had inflicted but a slight flesh wound. + +As I approached I found Dejah Thoris lying prone upon her silks and +furs, her lithe form wracked with sobs. She did not notice my presence, +nor did she hear me speaking with Sola, who was standing a short +distance from the vehicle. + +“Is she injured” I asked of Sola, indicating Dejah Thoris by an +inclination of my head. + +“No,” she answered, “she thinks that you are dead.” + +“And that her grandmother’s cat may now have no one to polish its +teeth” I queried, smiling. + +“I think you wrong her, John Carter,” said Sola. “I do not understand +either her ways or yours, but I am sure the granddaughter of ten +thousand jeddaks would never grieve like this over any who held but the +highest claim upon her affections. They are a proud race, but they are +just, as are all Barsoomians, and you must have hurt or wronged her +grievously that she will not admit your existence living, though she +mourns you dead. + +“Tears are a strange sight upon Barsoom,” she continued, “and so it is +difficult for me to interpret them. I have seen but two people weep in +all my life, other than Dejah Thoris; one wept from sorrow, the other +from baffled rage. The first was my mother, years ago before they +killed her; the other was Sarkoja, when they dragged her from me +today.” + +“Your mother!” I exclaimed, “but, Sola, you could not have known your +mother, child.” + +“But I did. And my father also,” she added. “If you would like to hear +the strange and un-Barsoomian story come to the chariot tonight, John +Carter, and I will tell you that of which I have never spoken in all my +life before. And now the signal has been given to resume the march, you +must go.” + +“I will come tonight, Sola,” I promised. “Be sure to tell Dejah Thoris +I am alive and well. I shall not force myself upon her, and be sure +that you do not let her know I saw her tears. If she would speak with +me I but await her command.” + +Sola mounted the chariot, which was swinging into its place in line, +and I hastened to my waiting thoat and galloped to my station beside +Tars Tarkas at the rear of the column. + +We made a most imposing and awe-inspiring spectacle as we strung out +across the yellow landscape; the two hundred and fifty ornate and +brightly colored chariots, preceded by an advance guard of some two +hundred mounted warriors and chieftains riding five abreast and one +hundred yards apart, and followed by a like number in the same +formation, with a score or more of flankers on either side; the fifty +extra mastodons, or heavy draught animals, known as zitidars, and the +five or six hundred extra thoats of the warriors running loose within +the hollow square formed by the surrounding warriors. The gleaming +metal and jewels of the gorgeous ornaments of the men and women, +duplicated in the trappings of the zitidars and thoats, and +interspersed with the flashing colors of magnificent silks and furs and +feathers, lent a barbaric splendor to the caravan which would have +turned an East Indian potentate green with envy. + +The enormous broad tires of the chariots and the padded feet of the +animals brought forth no sound from the moss-covered sea bottom; and so +we moved in utter silence, like some huge phantasmagoria, except when +the stillness was broken by the guttural growling of a goaded zitidar, +or the squealing of fighting thoats. The green Martians converse but +little, and then usually in monosyllables, low and like the faint +rumbling of distant thunder. + +We traversed a trackless waste of moss which, bending to the pressure +of broad tire or padded foot, rose up again behind us, leaving no sign +that we had passed. We might indeed have been the wraiths of the +departed dead upon the dead sea of that dying planet for all the sound +or sign we made in passing. It was the first march of a large body of +men and animals I had ever witnessed which raised no dust and left no +spoor; for there is no dust upon Mars except in the cultivated +districts during the winter months, and even then the absence of high +winds renders it almost unnoticeable. + +We camped that night at the foot of the hills we had been approaching +for two days and which marked the southern boundary of this particular +sea. Our animals had been two days without drink, nor had they had +water for nearly two months, not since shortly after leaving Thark; +but, as Tars Tarkas explained to me, they require but little and can +live almost indefinitely upon the moss which covers Barsoom, and which, +he told me, holds in its tiny stems sufficient moisture to meet the +limited demands of the animals. + +After partaking of my evening meal of cheese-like food and vegetable +milk I sought out Sola, whom I found working by the light of a torch +upon some of Tars Tarkas’ trappings. She looked up at my approach, her +face lighting with pleasure and with welcome. + +“I am glad you came,” she said; “Dejah Thoris sleeps and I am lonely. +Mine own people do not care for me, John Carter; I am too unlike them. +It is a sad fate, since I must live my life amongst them, and I often +wish that I were a true green Martian woman, without love and without +hope; but I have known love and so I am lost. + +“I promised to tell you my story, or rather the story of my parents. +From what I have learned of you and the ways of your people I am sure +that the tale will not seem strange to you, but among green Martians it +has no parallel within the memory of the oldest living Thark, nor do +our legends hold many similar tales. + +“My mother was rather small, in fact too small to be allowed the +responsibilities of maternity, as our chieftains breed principally for +size. She was also less cold and cruel than most green Martian women, +and caring little for their society, she often roamed the deserted +avenues of Thark alone, or went and sat among the wild flowers that +deck the nearby hills, thinking thoughts and wishing wishes which I +believe I alone among Tharkian women today may understand, for am I not +the child of my mother + +“And there among the hills she met a young warrior, whose duty it was +to guard the feeding zitidars and thoats and see that they roamed not +beyond the hills. They spoke at first only of such things as interest a +community of Tharks, but gradually, as they came to meet more often, +and, as was now quite evident to both, no longer by chance, they talked +about themselves, their likes, their ambitions and their hopes. She +trusted him and told him of the awful repugnance she felt for the +cruelties of their kind, for the hideous, loveless lives they must ever +lead, and then she waited for the storm of denunciation to break from +his cold, hard lips; but instead he took her in his arms and kissed +her. + +“They kept their love a secret for six long years. She, my mother, was +of the retinue of the great Tal Hajus, while her lover was a simple +warrior, wearing only his own metal. Had their defection from the +traditions of the Tharks been discovered both would have paid the +penalty in the great arena before Tal Hajus and the assembled hordes. + +“The egg from which I came was hidden beneath a great glass vessel upon +the highest and most inaccessible of the partially ruined towers of +ancient Thark. Once each year my mother visited it for the five long +years it lay there in the process of incubation. She dared not come +oftener, for in the mighty guilt of her conscience she feared that her +every move was watched. During this period my father gained great +distinction as a warrior and had taken the metal from several +chieftains. His love for my mother had never diminished, and his own +ambition in life was to reach a point where he might wrest the metal +from Tal Hajus himself, and thus, as ruler of the Tharks, be free to +claim her as his own, as well as, by the might of his power, protect +the child which otherwise would be quickly dispatched should the truth +become known. + +“It was a wild dream, that of wresting the metal from Tal Hajus in five +short years, but his advance was rapid, and he soon stood high in the +councils of Thark. But one day the chance was lost forever, in so far +as it could come in time to save his loved ones, for he was ordered +away upon a long expedition to the ice-clad south, to make war upon the +natives there and despoil them of their furs, for such is the manner of +the green Barsoomian; he does not labor for what he can wrest in battle +from others. + +“He was gone for four years, and when he returned all had been over for +three; for about a year after his departure, and shortly before the +time for the return of an expedition which had gone forth to fetch the +fruits of a community incubator, the egg had hatched. Thereafter my +mother continued to keep me in the old tower, visiting me nightly and +lavishing upon me the love the community life would have robbed us both +of. She hoped, upon the return of the expedition from the incubator, to +mix me with the other young assigned to the quarters of Tal Hajus, and +thus escape the fate which would surely follow discovery of her sin +against the ancient traditions of the green men. + +“She taught me rapidly the language and customs of my kind, and one +night she told me the story I have told to you up to this point, +impressing upon me the necessity for absolute secrecy and the great +caution I must exercise after she had placed me with the other young +Tharks to permit no one to guess that I was further advanced in +education than they, nor by any sign to divulge in the presence of +others my affection for her, or my knowledge of my parentage; and then +drawing me close to her she whispered in my ear the name of my father. + +“And then a light flashed out upon the darkness of the tower chamber, +and there stood Sarkoja, her gleaming, baleful eyes fixed in a frenzy +of loathing and contempt upon my mother. The torrent of hatred and +abuse she poured out upon her turned my young heart cold in terror. +That she had heard the entire story was apparent, and that she had +suspected something wrong from my mother’s long nightly absences from +her quarters accounted for her presence there on that fateful night. + +“One thing she had not heard, nor did she know, the whispered name of +my father. This was apparent from her repeated demands upon my mother +to disclose the name of her partner in sin, but no amount of abuse or +threats could wring this from her, and to save me from needless torture +she lied, for she told Sarkoja that she alone knew nor would she ever +tell her child. + +“With final imprecations, Sarkoja hastened away to Tal Hajus to report +her discovery, and while she was gone my mother, wrapping me in the +silks and furs of her night coverings, so that I was scarcely +noticeable, descended to the streets and ran wildly away toward the +outskirts of the city, in the direction which led to the far south, out +toward the man whose protection she might not claim, but on whose face +she wished to look once more before she died. + +“As we neared the city’s southern extremity a sound came to us from +across the mossy flat, from the direction of the only pass through the +hills which led to the gates, the pass by which caravans from either +north or south or east or west would enter the city. The sounds we +heard were the squealing of thoats and the grumbling of zitidars, with +the occasional clank of arms which announced the approach of a body of +warriors. The thought uppermost in her mind was that it was my father +returned from his expedition, but the cunning of the Thark held her +from headlong and precipitate flight to greet him. + +“Retreating into the shadows of a doorway she awaited the coming of the +cavalcade which shortly entered the avenue, breaking its formation and +thronging the thoroughfare from wall to wall. As the head of the +procession passed us the lesser moon swung clear of the overhanging +roofs and lit up the scene with all the brilliancy of her wondrous +light. My mother shrank further back into the friendly shadows, and +from her hiding place saw that the expedition was not that of my +father, but the returning caravan bearing the young Tharks. Instantly +her plan was formed, and as a great chariot swung close to our hiding +place she slipped stealthily in upon the trailing tailboard, crouching +low in the shadow of the high side, straining me to her bosom in a +frenzy of love. + +“She knew, what I did not, that never again after that night would she +hold me to her breast, nor was it likely we would ever look upon each +other’s face again. In the confusion of the plaza she mixed me with the +other children, whose guardians during the journey were now free to +relinquish their responsibility. We were herded together into a great +room, fed by women who had not accompanied the expedition, and the next +day we were parceled out among the retinues of the chieftains. + +“I never saw my mother after that night. She was imprisoned by Tal +Hajus, and every effort, including the most horrible and shameful +torture, was brought to bear upon her to wring from her lips the name +of my father; but she remained steadfast and loyal, dying at last +amidst the laughter of Tal Hajus and his chieftains during some awful +torture she was undergoing. + +“I learned afterwards that she told them that she had killed me to save +me from a like fate at their hands, and that she had thrown my body to +the white apes. Sarkoja alone disbelieved her, and I feel to this day +that she suspects my true origin, but does not dare expose me, at the +present, at all events, because she also guesses, I am sure, the +identity of my father. + +“When he returned from his expedition and learned the story of my +mother’s fate I was present as Tal Hajus told him; but never by the +quiver of a muscle did he betray the slightest emotion; only he did not +laugh as Tal Hajus gleefully described her death struggles. From that +moment on he was the cruelest of the cruel, and I am awaiting the day +when he shall win the goal of his ambition, and feel the carcass of Tal +Hajus beneath his foot, for I am as sure that he but waits the +opportunity to wreak a terrible vengeance, and that his great love is +as strong in his breast as when it first transfigured him nearly forty +years ago, as I am that we sit here upon the edge of a world-old ocean +while sensible people sleep, John Carter.” + +“And your father, Sola, is he with us now” I asked. + +“Yes,” she replied, “but he does not know me for what I am, nor does he +know who betrayed my mother to Tal Hajus. I alone know my father’s +name, and only I and Tal Hajus and Sarkoja know that it was she who +carried the tale that brought death and torture upon her he loved.” + +We sat silent for a few moments, she wrapped in the gloomy thoughts of +her terrible past, and I in pity for the poor creatures whom the +heartless, senseless customs of their race had doomed to loveless lives +of cruelty and of hate. Presently she spoke. + +“John Carter, if ever a real man walked the cold, dead bosom of Barsoom +you are one. I know that I can trust you, and because the knowledge may +someday help you or him or Dejah Thoris or myself, I am going to tell +you the name of my father, nor place any restrictions or conditions +upon your tongue. When the time comes, speak the truth if it seems best +to you. I trust you because I know that you are not cursed with the +terrible trait of absolute and unswerving truthfulness, that you could +lie like one of your own Virginia gentlemen if a lie would save others +from sorrow or suffering. My father’s name is Tars Tarkas.” + + + + +CHAPTER XVI +WE PLAN ESCAPE + + +The remainder of our journey to Thark was uneventful. We were twenty +days upon the road, crossing two sea bottoms and passing through or +around a number of ruined cities, mostly smaller than Korad. Twice we +crossed the famous Martian waterways, or canals, so-called by our +earthly astronomers. When we approached these points a warrior would be +sent far ahead with a powerful field glass, and if no great body of red +Martian troops was in sight we would advance as close as possible +without chance of being seen and then camp until dark, when we would +slowly approach the cultivated tract, and, locating one of the +numerous, broad highways which cross these areas at regular intervals, +creep silently and stealthily across to the arid lands upon the other +side. It required five hours to make one of these crossings without a +single halt, and the other consumed the entire night, so that we were +just leaving the confines of the high-walled fields when the sun broke +out upon us. + +Crossing in the darkness, as we did, I was unable to see but little, +except as the nearer moon, in her wild and ceaseless hurtling through +the Barsoomian heavens, lit up little patches of the landscape from +time to time, disclosing walled fields and low, rambling buildings, +presenting much the appearance of earthly farms. There were many trees, +methodically arranged, and some of them were of enormous height; there +were animals in some of the enclosures, and they announced their +presence by terrified squealings and snortings as they scented our +queer, wild beasts and wilder human beings. + +Only once did I perceive a human being, and that was at the +intersection of our crossroad with the wide, white turnpike which cuts +each cultivated district longitudinally at its exact center. The fellow +must have been sleeping beside the road, for, as I came abreast of him, +he raised upon one elbow and after a single glance at the approaching +caravan leaped shrieking to his feet and fled madly down the road, +scaling a nearby wall with the agility of a scared cat. The Tharks paid +him not the slightest attention; they were not out upon the warpath, +and the only sign that I had that they had seen him was a quickening of +the pace of the caravan as we hastened toward the bordering desert +which marked our entrance into the realm of Tal Hajus. + +Not once did I have speech with Dejah Thoris, as she sent no word to me +that I would be welcome at her chariot, and my foolish pride kept me +from making any advances. I verily believe that a man’s way with women +is in inverse ratio to his prowess among men. The weakling and the +saphead have often great ability to charm the fair sex, while the +fighting man who can face a thousand real dangers unafraid, sits hiding +in the shadows like some frightened child. + +Just thirty days after my advent upon Barsoom we entered the ancient +city of Thark, from whose long-forgotten people this horde of green men +have stolen even their name. The hordes of Thark number some thirty +thousand souls, and are divided into twenty-five communities. Each +community has its own jed and lesser chieftains, but all are under the +rule of Tal Hajus, Jeddak of Thark. Five communities make their +headquarters at the city of Thark, and the balance are scattered among +other deserted cities of ancient Mars throughout the district claimed +by Tal Hajus. + +We made our entry into the great central plaza early in the afternoon. +There were no enthusiastic friendly greetings for the returned +expedition. Those who chanced to be in sight spoke the names of +warriors or women with whom they came in direct contact, in the formal +greeting of their kind, but when it was discovered that they brought +two captives a greater interest was aroused, and Dejah Thoris and I +were the centers of inquiring groups. + +We were soon assigned to new quarters, and the balance of the day was +devoted to settling ourselves to the changed conditions. My home now +was upon an avenue leading into the plaza from the south, the main +artery down which we had marched from the gates of the city. I was at +the far end of the square and had an entire building to myself. The +same grandeur of architecture which was so noticeable a characteristic +of Korad was in evidence here, only, if that were possible, on a larger +and richer scale. My quarters would have been suitable for housing the +greatest of earthly emperors, but to these queer creatures nothing +about a building appealed to them but its size and the enormity of its +chambers; the larger the building, the more desirable; and so Tal Hajus +occupied what must have been an enormous public building, the largest +in the city, but entirely unfitted for residence purposes; the next +largest was reserved for Lorquas Ptomel, the next for the jed of a +lesser rank, and so on to the bottom of the list of five jeds. The +warriors occupied the buildings with the chieftains to whose retinues +they belonged; or, if they preferred, sought shelter among any of the +thousands of untenanted buildings in their own quarter of town; each +community being assigned a certain section of the city. The selection +of building had to be made in accordance with these divisions, except +in so far as the jeds were concerned, they all occupying edifices which +fronted upon the plaza. + +When I had finally put my house in order, or rather seen that it had +been done, it was nearing sunset, and I hastened out with the intention +of locating Sola and her charges, as I had determined upon having +speech with Dejah Thoris and trying to impress on her the necessity of +our at least patching up a truce until I could find some way of aiding +her to escape. I searched in vain until the upper rim of the great red +sun was just disappearing behind the horizon and then I spied the ugly +head of Woola peering from a second-story window on the opposite side +of the very street where I was quartered, but nearer the plaza. + +Without waiting for a further invitation I bolted up the winding runway +which led to the second floor, and entering a great chamber at the +front of the building was greeted by the frenzied Woola, who threw his +great carcass upon me, nearly hurling me to the floor; the poor old +fellow was so glad to see me that I thought he would devour me, his +head split from ear to ear, showing his three rows of tusks in his +hobgoblin smile. + +Quieting him with a word of command and a caress, I looked hurriedly +through the approaching gloom for a sign of Dejah Thoris, and then, not +seeing her, I called her name. There was an answering murmur from the +far corner of the apartment, and with a couple of quick strides I was +standing beside her where she crouched among the furs and silks upon an +ancient carved wooden seat. As I waited she rose to her full height and +looking me straight in the eye said + +“What would Dotar Sojat, Thark, of Dejah Thoris his captive” + +“Dejah Thoris, I do not know how I have angered you. It was furtherest +from my desire to hurt or offend you, whom I had hoped to protect and +comfort. Have none of me if it is your will, but that you must aid me +in effecting your escape, if such a thing be possible, is not my +request, but my command. When you are safe once more at your father’s +court you may do with me as you please, but from now on until that day +I am your master, and you must obey and aid me.” + +She looked at me long and earnestly and I thought that she was +softening toward me. + +“I understand your words, Dotar Sojat,” she replied, “but you I do not +understand. You are a queer mixture of child and man, of brute and +noble. I only wish that I might read your heart.” + +“Look down at your feet, Dejah Thoris; it lies there now where it has +lain since that other night at Korad, and where it will ever lie +beating alone for you until death stills it forever.” + +She took a little step toward me, her beautiful hands outstretched in a +strange, groping gesture. + +“What do you mean, John Carter” she whispered. “What are you saying to +me” + +“I am saying what I had promised myself that I would not say to you, at +least until you were no longer a captive among the green men; what from +your attitude toward me for the past twenty days I had thought never to +say to you; I am saying, Dejah Thoris, that I am yours, body and soul, +to serve you, to fight for you, and to die for you. Only one thing I +ask of you in return, and that is that you make no sign, either of +condemnation or of approbation of my words until you are safe among +your own people, and that whatever sentiments you harbor toward me they +be not influenced or colored by gratitude; whatever I may do to serve +you will be prompted solely from selfish motives, since it gives me +more pleasure to serve you than not.” + +“I will respect your wishes, John Carter, because I understand the +motives which prompt them, and I accept your service no more willingly +than I bow to your authority; your word shall be my law. I have twice +wronged you in my thoughts and again I ask your forgiveness.” + +Further conversation of a personal nature was prevented by the entrance +of Sola, who was much agitated and wholly unlike her usual calm and +possessed self. + +“That horrible Sarkoja has been before Tal Hajus,” she cried, “and from +what I heard upon the plaza there is little hope for either of you.” + +“What do they say” inquired Dejah Thoris. + +“That you will be thrown to the wild calots [dogs] in the great arena +as soon as the hordes have assembled for the yearly games.” + +“Sola,” I said, “you are a Thark, but you hate and loathe the customs +of your people as much as we do. Will you not accompany us in one +supreme effort to escape I am sure that Dejah Thoris can offer you a +home and protection among her people, and your fate can be no worse +among them than it must ever be here.” + +“Yes,” cried Dejah Thoris, “come with us, Sola, you will be better off +among the red men of Helium than you are here, and I can promise you +not only a home with us, but the love and affection your nature craves +and which must always be denied you by the customs of your own race. +Come with us, Sola; we might go without you, but your fate would be +terrible if they thought you had connived to aid us. I know that even +that fear would not tempt you to interfere in our escape, but we want +you with us, we want you to come to a land of sunshine and happiness, +amongst a people who know the meaning of love, of sympathy, and of +gratitude. Say that you will, Sola; tell me that you will.” + +“The great waterway which leads to Helium is but fifty miles to the +south,” murmured Sola, half to herself; “a swift thoat might make it in +three hours; and then to Helium it is five hundred miles, most of the +way through thinly settled districts. They would know and they would +follow us. We might hide among the great trees for a time, but the +chances are small indeed for escape. They would follow us to the very +gates of Helium, and they would take toll of life at every step; you do +not know them.” + +“Is there no other way we might reach Helium” I asked. “Can you not +draw me a rough map of the country we must traverse, Dejah Thoris” + +“Yes,” she replied, and taking a great diamond from her hair she drew +upon the marble floor the first map of Barsoomian territory I had ever +seen. It was crisscrossed in every direction with long straight lines, +sometimes running parallel and sometimes converging toward some great +circle. The lines, she said, were waterways; the circles, cities; and +one far to the northwest of us she pointed out as Helium. There were +other cities closer, but she said she feared to enter many of them, as +they were not all friendly toward Helium. + + +[Illustration She drew upon the marble floor the first map of +Barsoomian territory I had ever seen.] + + +Finally, after studying the map carefully in the moonlight which now +flooded the room, I pointed out a waterway far to the north of us which +also seemed to lead to Helium. + +“Does not this pierce your grandfather’s territory” I asked. + +“Yes,” she answered, “but it is two hundred miles north of us; it is +one of the waterways we crossed on the trip to Thark.” + +“They would never suspect that we would try for that distant waterway,” +I answered, “and that is why I think that it is the best route for our +escape.” + +Sola agreed with me, and it was decided that we should leave Thark this +same night; just as quickly, in fact, as I could find and saddle my +thoats. Sola was to ride one and Dejah Thoris and I the other; each of +us carrying sufficient food and drink to last us for two days, since +the animals could not be urged too rapidly for so long a distance. + +I directed Sola to proceed with Dejah Thoris along one of the less +frequented avenues to the southern boundary of the city, where I would +overtake them with the thoats as quickly as possible; then, leaving +them to gather what food, silks, and furs we were to need, I slipped +quietly to the rear of the first floor, and entered the courtyard, +where our animals were moving restlessly about, as was their habit, +before settling down for the night. + +In the shadows of the buildings and out beneath the radiance of the +Martian moons moved the great herd of thoats and zitidars, the latter +grunting their low gutturals and the former occasionally emitting the +sharp squeal which denotes the almost habitual state of rage in which +these creatures passed their existence. They were quieter now, owing to +the absence of man, but as they scented me they became more restless +and their hideous noise increased. It was risky business, this entering +a paddock of thoats alone and at night; first, because their increasing +noisiness might warn the nearby warriors that something was amiss, and +also because for the slightest cause, or for no cause at all some great +bull thoat might take it upon himself to lead a charge upon me. + +Having no desire to awaken their nasty tempers upon such a night as +this, where so much depended upon secrecy and dispatch, I hugged the +shadows of the buildings, ready at an instant’s warning to leap into +the safety of a nearby door or window. Thus I moved silently to the +great gates which opened upon the street at the back of the court, and +as I neared the exit I called softly to my two animals. How I thanked +the kind providence which had given me the foresight to win the love +and confidence of these wild dumb brutes, for presently from the far +side of the court I saw two huge bulks forcing their way toward me +through the surging mountains of flesh. + +They came quite close to me, rubbing their muzzles against my body and +nosing for the bits of food it was always my practice to reward them +with. Opening the gates I ordered the two great beasts to pass out, and +then slipping quietly after them I closed the portals behind me. + +I did not saddle or mount the animals there, but instead walked quietly +in the shadows of the buildings toward an unfrequented avenue which led +toward the point I had arranged to meet Dejah Thoris and Sola. With the +noiselessness of disembodied spirits we moved stealthily along the +deserted streets, but not until we were within sight of the plain +beyond the city did I commence to breathe freely. I was sure that Sola +and Dejah Thoris would find no difficulty in reaching our rendezvous +undetected, but with my great thoats I was not so sure for myself, as +it was quite unusual for warriors to leave the city after dark; in fact +there was no place for them to go within any but a long ride. + +I reached the appointed meeting place safely, but as Dejah Thoris and +Sola were not there I led my animals into the entrance hall of one of +the large buildings. Presuming that one of the other women of the same +household may have come in to speak to Sola, and so delayed their +departure, I did not feel any undue apprehension until nearly an hour +had passed without a sign of them, and by the time another half hour +had crawled away I was becoming filled with grave anxiety. Then there +broke upon the stillness of the night the sound of an approaching +party, which, from the noise, I knew could be no fugitives creeping +stealthily toward liberty. Soon the party was near me, and from the +black shadows of my entranceway I perceived a score of mounted +warriors, who, in passing, dropped a dozen words that fetched my heart +clean into the top of my head. + +“He would likely have arranged to meet them just without the city, and +so—” I heard no more, they had passed on; but it was enough. Our plan +had been discovered, and the chances for escape from now on to the +fearful end would be small indeed. My one hope now was to return +undetected to the quarters of Dejah Thoris and learn what fate had +overtaken her, but how to do it with these great monstrous thoats upon +my hands, now that the city probably was aroused by the knowledge of my +escape was a problem of no mean proportions. + +Suddenly an idea occurred to me, and acting on my knowledge of the +construction of the buildings of these ancient Martian cities with a +hollow court within the center of each square, I groped my way blindly +through the dark chambers, calling the great thoats after me. They had +difficulty in negotiating some of the doorways, but as the buildings +fronting the city’s principal exposures were all designed upon a +magnificent scale, they were able to wriggle through without sticking +fast; and thus we finally made the inner court where I found, as I had +expected, the usual carpet of moss-like vegetation which would provide +their food and drink until I could return them to their own enclosure. +That they would be as quiet and contented here as elsewhere I was +confident, nor was there but the remotest possibility that they would +be discovered, as the green men had no great desire to enter these +outlying buildings, which were frequented by the only thing, I believe, +which caused them the sensation of fear—the great white apes of +Barsoom. + +Removing the saddle trappings, I hid them just within the rear doorway +of the building through which we had entered the court, and, turning +the beasts loose, quickly made my way across the court to the rear of +the buildings upon the further side, and thence to the avenue beyond. +Waiting in the doorway of the building until I was assured that no one +was approaching, I hurried across to the opposite side and through the +first doorway to the court beyond; thus, crossing through court after +court with only the slight chance of detection which the necessary +crossing of the avenues entailed, I made my way in safety to the +courtyard in the rear of Dejah Thoris’ quarters. + +Here, of course, I found the beasts of the warriors who quartered in +the adjacent buildings, and the warriors themselves I might expect to +meet within if I entered; but, fortunately for me, I had another and +safer method of reaching the upper story where Dejah Thoris should be +found, and, after first determining as nearly as possible which of the +buildings she occupied, for I had never observed them before from the +court side, I took advantage of my relatively great strength and +agility and sprang upward until I grasped the sill of a second-story +window which I thought to be in the rear of her apartment. Drawing +myself inside the room I moved stealthily toward the front of the +building, and not until I had quite reached the doorway of her room was +I made aware by voices that it was occupied. + +I did not rush headlong in, but listened without to assure myself that +it was Dejah Thoris and that it was safe to venture within. It was well +indeed that I took this precaution, for the conversation I heard was in +the low gutturals of men, and the words which finally came to me proved +a most timely warning. The speaker was a chieftain and he was giving +orders to four of his warriors. + +“And when he returns to this chamber,” he was saying, “as he surely +will when he finds she does not meet him at the city’s edge, you four +are to spring upon him and disarm him. It will require the combined +strength of all of you to do it if the reports they bring back from +Korad are correct. When you have him fast bound bear him to the vaults +beneath the jeddak’s quarters and chain him securely where he may be +found when Tal Hajus wishes him. Allow him to speak with none, nor +permit any other to enter this apartment before he comes. There will be +no danger of the girl returning, for by this time she is safe in the +arms of Tal Hajus, and may all her ancestors have pity upon her, for +Tal Hajus will have none; the great Sarkoja has done a noble night’s +work. I go, and if you fail to capture him when he comes, I commend +your carcasses to the cold bosom of Iss.” + + + + +CHAPTER XVII +A COSTLY RECAPTURE + + +As the speaker ceased he turned to leave the apartment by the door +where I was standing, but I needed to wait no longer; I had heard +enough to fill my soul with dread, and stealing quietly away I returned +to the courtyard by the way I had come. My plan of action was formed +upon the instant, and crossing the square and the bordering avenue upon +the opposite side I soon stood within the courtyard of Tal Hajus. + +The brilliantly lighted apartments of the first floor told me where +first to seek, and advancing to the windows I peered within. I soon +discovered that my approach was not to be the easy thing I had hoped, +for the rear rooms bordering the court were filled with warriors and +women. I then glanced up at the stories above, discovering that the +third was apparently unlighted, and so decided to make my entrance to +the building from that point. It was the work of but a moment for me to +reach the windows above, and soon I had drawn myself within the +sheltering shadows of the unlighted third floor. + +Fortunately the room I had selected was untenanted, and creeping +noiselessly to the corridor beyond I discovered a light in the +apartments ahead of me. Reaching what appeared to be a doorway I +discovered that it was but an opening upon an immense inner chamber +which towered from the first floor, two stories below me, to the +dome-like roof of the building, high above my head. The floor of this +great circular hall was thronged with chieftains, warriors and women, +and at one end was a great raised platform upon which squatted the most +hideous beast I had ever put my eyes upon. He had all the cold, hard, +cruel, terrible features of the green warriors, but accentuated and +debased by the animal passions to which he had given himself over for +many years. There was not a mark of dignity or pride upon his bestial +countenance, while his enormous bulk spread itself out upon the +platform where he squatted like some huge devil fish, his six limbs +accentuating the similarity in a horrible and startling manner. + +But the sight that froze me with apprehension was that of Dejah Thoris +and Sola standing there before him, and the fiendish leer of him as he +let his great protruding eyes gloat upon the lines of her beautiful +figure. She was speaking, but I could not hear what she said, nor could +I make out the low grumbling of his reply. She stood there erect before +him, her head high held, and even at the distance I was from them I +could read the scorn and disgust upon her face as she let her haughty +glance rest without sign of fear upon him. She was indeed the proud +daughter of a thousand jeddaks, every inch of her dear, precious little +body; so small, so frail beside the towering warriors around her, but +in her majesty dwarfing them into insignificance; she was the mightiest +figure among them and I verily believe that they felt it. + +Presently Tal Hajus made a sign that the chamber be cleared, and that +the prisoners be left alone before him. Slowly the chieftains, the +warriors and the women melted away into the shadows of the surrounding +chambers, and Dejah Thoris and Sola stood alone before the jeddak of +the Tharks. + +One chieftain alone had hesitated before departing; I saw him standing +in the shadows of a mighty column, his fingers nervously toying with +the hilt of his great-sword and his cruel eyes bent in implacable +hatred upon Tal Hajus. It was Tars Tarkas, and I could read his +thoughts as they were an open book for the undisguised loathing upon +his face. He was thinking of that other woman who, forty years ago, had +stood before this beast, and could I have spoken a word into his ear at +that moment the reign of Tal Hajus would have been over; but finally he +also strode from the room, not knowing that he left his own daughter at +the mercy of the creature he most loathed. + +Tal Hajus arose, and I, half fearing, half anticipating his intentions, +hurried to the winding runway which led to the floors below. No one was +near to intercept me, and I reached the main floor of the chamber +unobserved, taking my station in the shadow of the same column that +Tars Tarkas had but just deserted. As I reached the floor Tal Hajus was +speaking. + +“Princess of Helium, I might wring a mighty ransom from your people +would I but return you to them unharmed, but a thousand times rather +would I watch that beautiful face writhe in the agony of torture; it +shall be long drawn out, that I promise you; ten days of pleasure were +all too short to show the love I harbor for your race. The terrors of +your death shall haunt the slumbers of the red men through all the ages +to come; they will shudder in the shadows of the night as their fathers +tell them of the awful vengeance of the green men; of the power and +might and hate and cruelty of Tal Hajus. But before the torture you +shall be mine for one short hour, and word of that too shall go forth +to Tardos Mors, Jeddak of Helium, your grandfather, that he may grovel +upon the ground in the agony of his sorrow. Tomorrow the torture will +commence; tonight thou art Tal Hajus’; come!” + +He sprang down from the platform and grasped her roughly by the arm, +but scarcely had he touched her than I leaped between them. My +short-sword, sharp and gleaming was in my right hand; I could have +plunged it into his putrid heart before he realized that I was upon +him; but as I raised my arm to strike I thought of Tars Tarkas, and, +with all my rage, with all my hatred, I could not rob him of that sweet +moment for which he had lived and hoped all these long, weary years, +and so, instead, I swung my good right fist full upon the point of his +jaw. Without a sound he slipped to the floor as one dead. + +In the same deathly silence I grasped Dejah Thoris by the hand, and +motioning Sola to follow we sped noiselessly from the chamber and to +the floor above. Unseen we reached a rear window and with the straps +and leather of my trappings I lowered, first Sola and then Dejah Thoris +to the ground below. Dropping lightly after them I drew them rapidly +around the court in the shadows of the buildings, and thus we returned +over the same course I had so recently followed from the distant +boundary of the city. + +We finally came upon my thoats in the courtyard where I had left them, +and placing the trappings upon them we hastened through the building to +the avenue beyond. Mounting, Sola upon one beast, and Dejah Thoris +behind me upon the other, we rode from the city of Thark through the +hills to the south. + +Instead of circling back around the city to the northwest and toward +the nearest waterway which lay so short a distance from us, we turned +to the northeast and struck out upon the mossy waste across which, for +two hundred dangerous and weary miles, lay another main artery leading +to Helium. + +No word was spoken until we had left the city far behind, but I could +hear the quiet sobbing of Dejah Thoris as she clung to me with her dear +head resting against my shoulder. + +“If we make it, my chieftain, the debt of Helium will be a mighty one; +greater than she can ever pay you; and should we not make it,” she +continued, “the debt is no less, though Helium will never know, for you +have saved the last of our line from worse than death.” + +I did not answer, but instead reached to my side and pressed the little +fingers of her I loved where they clung to me for support, and then, in +unbroken silence, we sped over the yellow, moonlit moss; each of us +occupied with his own thoughts. For my part I could not be other than +joyful had I tried, with Dejah Thoris’ warm body pressed close to mine, +and with all our unpassed danger my heart was singing as gaily as +though we were already entering the gates of Helium. + +Our earlier plans had been so sadly upset that we now found ourselves +without food or drink, and I alone was armed. We therefore urged our +beasts to a speed that must tell on them sorely before we could hope to +sight the ending of the first stage of our journey. + +We rode all night and all the following day with only a few short +rests. On the second night both we and our animals were completely +fagged, and so we lay down upon the moss and slept for some five or six +hours, taking up the journey once more before daylight. All the +following day we rode, and when, late in the afternoon we had sighted +no distant trees, the mark of the great waterways throughout all +Barsoom, the terrible truth flashed upon us—we were lost. + +Evidently we had circled, but which way it was difficult to say, nor +did it seem possible with the sun to guide us by day and the moons and +stars by night. At any rate no waterway was in sight, and the entire +party was almost ready to drop from hunger, thirst and fatigue. Far +ahead of us and a trifle to the right we could distinguish the outlines +of low mountains. These we decided to attempt to reach in the hope that +from some ridge we might discern the missing waterway. Night fell upon +us before we reached our goal, and, almost fainting from weariness and +weakness, we lay down and slept. + +I was awakened early in the morning by some huge body pressing close to +mine, and opening my eyes with a start I beheld my blessed old Woola +snuggling close to me; the faithful brute had followed us across that +trackless waste to share our fate, whatever it might be. Putting my +arms about his neck I pressed my cheek close to his, nor am I ashamed +that I did it, nor of the tears that came to my eyes as I thought of +his love for me. Shortly after this Dejah Thoris and Sola awakened, and +it was decided that we push on at once in an effort to gain the hills. + +We had gone scarcely a mile when I noticed that my thoat was commencing +to stumble and stagger in a most pitiful manner, although we had not +attempted to force them out of a walk since about noon of the preceding +day. Suddenly he lurched wildly to one side and pitched violently to +the ground. Dejah Thoris and I were thrown clear of him and fell upon +the soft moss with scarcely a jar; but the poor beast was in a pitiable +condition, not even being able to rise, although relieved of our +weight. Sola told me that the coolness of the night, when it fell, +together with the rest would doubtless revive him, and so I decided not +to kill him, as was my first intention, as I had thought it cruel to +leave him alone there to die of hunger and thirst. Relieving him of his +trappings, which I flung down beside him, we left the poor fellow to +his fate, and pushed on with the one thoat as best we could. Sola and I +walked, making Dejah Thoris ride, much against her will. In this way we +had progressed to within about a mile of the hills we were endeavoring +to reach when Dejah Thoris, from her point of vantage upon the thoat, +cried out that she saw a great party of mounted men filing down from a +pass in the hills several miles away. Sola and I both looked in the +direction she indicated, and there, plainly discernible, were several +hundred mounted warriors. They seemed to be headed in a southwesterly +direction, which would take them away from us. + +They doubtless were Thark warriors who had been sent out to capture us, +and we breathed a great sigh of relief that they were traveling in the +opposite direction. Quickly lifting Dejah Thoris from the thoat, I +commanded the animal to lie down and we three did the same, presenting +as small an object as possible for fear of attracting the attention of +the warriors toward us. + +We could see them as they filed out of the pass, just for an instant, +before they were lost to view behind a friendly ridge; to us a most +providential ridge; since, had they been in view for any great length +of time, they scarcely could have failed to discover us. As what proved +to be the last warrior came into view from the pass, he halted and, to +our consternation, threw his small but powerful fieldglass to his eye +and scanned the sea bottom in all directions. Evidently he was a +chieftain, for in certain marching formations among the green men a +chieftain brings up the extreme rear of the column. As his glass swung +toward us our hearts stopped in our breasts, and I could feel the cold +sweat start from every pore in my body. + +Presently it swung full upon us and—stopped. The tension on our nerves +was near the breaking point, and I doubt if any of us breathed for the +few moments he held us covered by his glass; and then he lowered it and +we could see him shout a command to the warriors who had passed from +our sight behind the ridge. He did not wait for them to join him, +however, instead he wheeled his thoat and came tearing madly in our +direction. + +There was but one slight chance and that we must take quickly. Raising +my strange Martian rifle to my shoulder I sighted and touched the +button which controlled the trigger; there was a sharp explosion as the +missile reached its goal, and the charging chieftain pitched backward +from his flying mount. + +Springing to my feet I urged the thoat to rise, and directed Sola to +take Dejah Thoris with her upon him and make a mighty effort to reach +the hills before the green warriors were upon us. I knew that in the +ravines and gullies they might find a temporary hiding place, and even +though they died there of hunger and thirst it would be better so than +that they fell into the hands of the Tharks. Forcing my two revolvers +upon them as a slight means of protection, and, as a last resort, as an +escape for themselves from the horrid death which recapture would +surely mean, I lifted Dejah Thoris in my arms and placed her upon the +thoat behind Sola, who had already mounted at my command. + +“Good-bye, my princess,” I whispered, “we may meet in Helium yet. I +have escaped from worse plights than this,” and I tried to smile as I +lied. + +“What,” she cried, “are you not coming with us” + +“How may I, Dejah Thoris Someone must hold these fellows off for a +while, and I can better escape them alone than could the three of us +together.” + +She sprang quickly from the thoat and, throwing her dear arms about my +neck, turned to Sola, saying with quiet dignity “Fly, Sola! Dejah +Thoris remains to die with the man she loves.” + +Those words are engraved upon my heart. Ah, gladly would I give up my +life a thousand times could I only hear them once again; but I could +not then give even a second to the rapture of her sweet embrace, and +pressing my lips to hers for the first time, I picked her up bodily and +tossed her to her seat behind Sola again, commanding the latter in +peremptory tones to hold her there by force, and then, slapping the +thoat upon the flank, I saw them borne away; Dejah Thoris struggling to +the last to free herself from Sola’s grasp. + +Turning, I beheld the green warriors mounting the ridge and looking for +their chieftain. In a moment they saw him, and then me; but scarcely +had they discovered me than I commenced firing, lying flat upon my +belly in the moss. I had an even hundred rounds in the magazine of my +rifle, and another hundred in the belt at my back, and I kept up a +continuous stream of fire until I saw all of the warriors who had been +first to return from behind the ridge either dead or scurrying to +cover. + +My respite was short-lived however, for soon the entire party, +numbering some thousand men, came charging into view, racing madly +toward me. I fired until my rifle was empty and they were almost upon +me, and then a glance showing me that Dejah Thoris and Sola had +disappeared among the hills, I sprang up, throwing down my useless gun, +and started away in the direction opposite to that taken by Sola and +her charge. + +If ever Martians had an exhibition of jumping, it was granted those +astonished warriors on that day long years ago, but while it led them +away from Dejah Thoris it did not distract their attention from +endeavoring to capture me. + +They raced wildly after me until, finally, my foot struck a projecting +piece of quartz, and down I went sprawling upon the moss. As I looked +up they were upon me, and although I drew my long-sword in an attempt +to sell my life as dearly as possible, it was soon over. I reeled +beneath their blows which fell upon me in perfect torrents; my head +swam; all was black, and I went down beneath them to oblivion. + + + + +CHAPTER XVIII +CHAINED IN WARHOON + + +It must have been several hours before I regained consciousness and I +well remember the feeling of surprise which swept over me as I realized +that I was not dead. + +I was lying among a pile of sleeping silks and furs in the corner of a +small room in which were several green warriors, and bending over me +was an ancient and ugly female. + +As I opened my eyes she turned to one of the warriors, saying, + +“He will live, O Jed.” + +“’Tis well,” replied the one so addressed, rising and approaching my +couch, “he should render rare sport for the great games.” + +And now as my eyes fell upon him, I saw that he was no Thark, for his +ornaments and metal were not of that horde. He was a huge fellow, +terribly scarred about the face and chest, and with one broken tusk and +a missing ear. Strapped on either breast were human skulls and +depending from these a number of dried human hands. + +His reference to the great games of which I had heard so much while +among the Tharks convinced me that I had but jumped from purgatory into +gehenna. + +After a few more words with the female, during which she assured him +that I was now fully fit to travel, the jed ordered that we mount and +ride after the main column. + +I was strapped securely to as wild and unmanageable a thoat as I had +ever seen, and, with a mounted warrior on either side to prevent the +beast from bolting, we rode forth at a furious pace in pursuit of the +column. My wounds gave me but little pain, so wonderfully and rapidly +had the applications and injections of the female exercised their +therapeutic powers, and so deftly had she bound and plastered the +injuries. + +Just before dark we reached the main body of troops shortly after they +had made camp for the night. I was immediately taken before the leader, +who proved to be the jeddak of the hordes of Warhoon. + +Like the jed who had brought me, he was frightfully scarred, and also +decorated with the breastplate of human skulls and dried dead hands +which seemed to mark all the greater warriors among the Warhoons, as +well as to indicate their awful ferocity, which greatly transcends even +that of the Tharks. + +The jeddak, Bar Comas, who was comparatively young, was the object of +the fierce and jealous hatred of his old lieutenant, Dak Kova, the jed +who had captured me, and I could not but note the almost studied +efforts which the latter made to affront his superior. + +He entirely omitted the usual formal salutation as we entered the +presence of the jeddak, and as he pushed me roughly before the ruler he +exclaimed in a loud and menacing voice. + +“I have brought a strange creature wearing the metal of a Thark whom it +is my pleasure to have battle with a wild thoat at the great games.” + +“He will die as Bar Comas, your jeddak, sees fit, if at all,” replied +the young ruler, with emphasis and dignity. + +“If at all” roared Dak Kova. “By the dead hands at my throat but he +shall die, Bar Comas. No maudlin weakness on your part shall save him. +O, would that Warhoon were ruled by a real jeddak rather than by a +water-hearted weakling from whom even old Dak Kova could tear the metal +with his bare hands!” + +Bar Comas eyed the defiant and insubordinate chieftain for an instant, +his expression one of haughty, fearless contempt and hate, and then +without drawing a weapon and without uttering a word he hurled himself +at the throat of his defamer. + +I never before had seen two green Martian warriors battle with nature’s +weapons and the exhibition of animal ferocity which ensued was as +fearful a thing as the most disordered imagination could picture. They +tore at each others’ eyes and ears with their hands and with their +gleaming tusks repeatedly slashed and gored until both were cut fairly +to ribbons from head to foot. + +Bar Comas had much the better of the battle as he was stronger, quicker +and more intelligent. It soon seemed that the encounter was done saving +only the final death thrust when Bar Comas slipped in breaking away +from a clinch. It was the one little opening that Dak Kova needed, and +hurling himself at the body of his adversary he buried his single +mighty tusk in Bar Comas’ groin and with a last powerful effort ripped +the young jeddak wide open the full length of his body, the great tusk +finally wedging in the bones of Bar Comas’ jaw. Victor and vanquished +rolled limp and lifeless upon the moss, a huge mass of torn and bloody +flesh. + +Bar Comas was stone dead, and only the most herculean efforts on the +part of Dak Kova’s females saved him from the fate he deserved. Three +days later he walked without assistance to the body of Bar Comas which, +by custom, had not been moved from where it fell, and placing his foot +upon the neck of his erstwhile ruler he assumed the title of Jeddak of +Warhoon. + +The dead jeddak’s hands and head were removed to be added to the +ornaments of his conqueror, and then his women cremated what remained, +amid wild and terrible laughter. + +The injuries to Dak Kova had delayed the march so greatly that it was +decided to give up the expedition, which was a raid upon a small Thark +community in retaliation for the destruction of the incubator, until +after the great games, and the entire body of warriors, ten thousand in +number, turned back toward Warhoon. + +My introduction to these cruel and bloodthirsty people was but an index +to the scenes I witnessed almost daily while with them. They are a +smaller horde than the Tharks but much more ferocious. Not a day passed +but that some members of the various Warhoon communities met in deadly +combat. I have seen as high as eight mortal duels within a single day. + +We reached the city of Warhoon after some three days march and I was +immediately cast into a dungeon and heavily chained to the floor and +walls. Food was brought me at intervals but owing to the utter darkness +of the place I do not know whether I lay there days, or weeks, or +months. It was the most horrible experience of all my life and that my +mind did not give way to the terrors of that inky blackness has been a +wonder to me ever since. The place was filled with creeping, crawling +things; cold, sinuous bodies passed over me when I lay down, and in the +darkness I occasionally caught glimpses of gleaming, fiery eyes, fixed +in horrible intentness upon me. No sound reached me from the world +above and no word would my jailer vouchsafe when my food was brought to +me, although I at first bombarded him with questions. + +Finally all the hatred and maniacal loathing for these awful creatures +who had placed me in this horrible place was centered by my tottering +reason upon this single emissary who represented to me the entire horde +of Warhoons. + +I had noticed that he always advanced with his dim torch to where he +could place the food within my reach and as he stooped to place it upon +the floor his head was about on a level with my breast. So, with the +cunning of a madman, I backed into the far corner of my cell when next +I heard him approaching and gathering a little slack of the great chain +which held me in my hand I waited his coming, crouching like some beast +of prey. As he stooped to place my food upon the ground I swung the +chain above my head and crashed the links with all my strength upon his +skull. Without a sound he slipped to the floor, stone dead. + +Laughing and chattering like the idiot I was fast becoming I fell upon +his prostrate form my fingers feeling for his dead throat. Presently +they came in contact with a small chain at the end of which dangled a +number of keys. The touch of my fingers on these keys brought back my +reason with the suddenness of thought. No longer was I a jibbering +idiot, but a sane, reasoning man with the means of escape within my +very hands. + +As I was groping to remove the chain from about my victim’s neck I +glanced up into the darkness to see six pairs of gleaming eyes fixed, +unwinking, upon me. Slowly they approached and slowly I shrank back +from the awful horror of them. Back into my corner I crouched holding +my hands palms out, before me, and stealthily on came the awful eyes +until they reached the dead body at my feet. Then slowly they retreated +but this time with a strange grating sound and finally they disappeared +in some black and distant recess of my dungeon. + + + + +CHAPTER XIX +BATTLING IN THE ARENA + + +Slowly I regained my composure and finally essayed again to attempt to +remove the keys from the dead body of my former jailer. But as I +reached out into the darkness to locate it I found to my horror that it +was gone. Then the truth flashed on me; the owners of those gleaming +eyes had dragged my prize away from me to be devoured in their +neighboring lair; as they had been waiting for days, for weeks, for +months, through all this awful eternity of my imprisonment to drag my +dead carcass to their feast. + +For two days no food was brought me, but then a new messenger appeared +and my incarceration went on as before, but not again did I allow my +reason to be submerged by the horror of my position. + +Shortly after this episode another prisoner was brought in and chained +near me. By the dim torch light I saw that he was a red Martian and I +could scarcely await the departure of his guards to address him. As +their retreating footsteps died away in the distance, I called out +softly the Martian word of greeting, kaor. + +“Who are you who speaks out of the darkness” he answered + +“John Carter, a friend of the red men of Helium.” + +“I am of Helium,” he said, “but I do not recall your name.” + +And then I told him my story as I have written it here, omitting only +any reference to my love for Dejah Thoris. He was much excited by the +news of Helium’s princess and seemed quite positive that she and Sola +could easily have reached a point of safety from where they left me. He +said that he knew the place well because the defile through which the +Warhoon warriors had passed when they discovered us was the only one +ever used by them when marching to the south. + +“Dejah Thoris and Sola entered the hills not five miles from a great +waterway and are now probably quite safe,” he assured me. + +My fellow prisoner was Kantos Kan, a padwar (lieutenant) in the navy of +Helium. He had been a member of the ill-fated expedition which had +fallen into the hands of the Tharks at the time of Dejah Thoris’ +capture, and he briefly related the events which followed the defeat of +the battleships. + +Badly injured and only partially manned they had limped slowly toward +Helium, but while passing near the city of Zodanga, the capital of +Helium’s hereditary enemies among the red men of Barsoom, they had been +attacked by a great body of war vessels and all but the craft to which +Kantos Kan belonged were either destroyed or captured. His vessel was +chased for days by three of the Zodangan war ships but finally escaped +during the darkness of a moonless night. + +Thirty days after the capture of Dejah Thoris, or about the time of our +coming to Thark, his vessel had reached Helium with about ten survivors +of the original crew of seven hundred officers and men. Immediately +seven great fleets, each of one hundred mighty war ships, had been +dispatched to search for Dejah Thoris, and from these vessels two +thousand smaller craft had been kept out continuously in futile search +for the missing princess. + +Two green Martian communities had been wiped off the face of Barsoom by +the avenging fleets, but no trace of Dejah Thoris had been found. They +had been searching among the northern hordes, and only within the past +few days had they extended their quest to the south. + +Kantos Kan had been detailed to one of the small one-man fliers and had +had the misfortune to be discovered by the Warhoons while exploring +their city. The bravery and daring of the man won my greatest respect +and admiration. Alone he had landed at the city’s boundary and on foot +had penetrated to the buildings surrounding the plaza. For two days and +nights he had explored their quarters and their dungeons in search of +his beloved princess only to fall into the hands of a party of Warhoons +as he was about to leave, after assuring himself that Dejah Thoris was +not a captive there. + +During the period of our incarceration Kantos Kan and I became well +acquainted, and formed a warm personal friendship. A few days only +elapsed, however, before we were dragged forth from our dungeon for the +great games. We were conducted early one morning to an enormous +amphitheater, which instead of having been built upon the surface of +the ground was excavated below the surface. It had partially filled +with debris so that how large it had originally been was difficult to +say. In its present condition it held the entire twenty thousand +Warhoons of the assembled hordes. + +The arena was immense but extremely uneven and unkempt. Around it the +Warhoons had piled building stone from some of the ruined edifices of +the ancient city to prevent the animals and the captives from escaping +into the audience, and at each end had been constructed cages to hold +them until their turns came to meet some horrible death upon the arena. + +Kantos Kan and I were confined together in one of the cages. In the +others were wild calots, thoats, mad zitidars, green warriors, and +women of other hordes, and many strange and ferocious wild beasts of +Barsoom which I had never before seen. The din of their roaring, +growling and squealing was deafening and the formidable appearance of +any one of them was enough to make the stoutest heart feel grave +forebodings. + +Kantos Kan explained to me that at the end of the day one of these +prisoners would gain freedom and the others would lie dead about the +arena. The winners in the various contests of the day would be pitted +against each other until only two remained alive; the victor in the +last encounter being set free, whether animal or man. The following +morning the cages would be filled with a new consignment of victims, +and so on throughout the ten days of the games. + +Shortly after we had been caged the amphitheater began to fill and +within an hour every available part of the seating space was occupied. +Dak Kova, with his jeds and chieftains, sat at the center of one side +of the arena upon a large raised platform. + +At a signal from Dak Kova the doors of two cages were thrown open and a +dozen green Martian females were driven to the center of the arena. +Each was given a dagger and then, at the far end, a pack of twelve +calots, or wild dogs were loosed upon them. + +As the brutes, growling and foaming, rushed upon the almost defenseless +women I turned my head that I might not see the horrid sight. The yells +and laughter of the green horde bore witness to the excellent quality +of the sport and when I turned back to the arena, as Kantos Kan told me +it was over, I saw three victorious calots, snarling and growling over +the bodies of their prey. The women had given a good account of +themselves. + +Next a mad zitidar was loosed among the remaining dogs, and so it went +throughout the long, hot, horrible day. + +During the day I was pitted against first men and then beasts, but as I +was armed with a long-sword and always outclassed my adversary in +agility and generally in strength as well, it proved but child’s play +to me. Time and time again I won the applause of the bloodthirsty +multitude, and toward the end there were cries that I be taken from the +arena and be made a member of the hordes of Warhoon. + +Finally there were but three of us left, a great green warrior of some +far northern horde, Kantos Kan, and myself. + +The other two were to battle and then I to fight the conqueror for the +liberty which was accorded the final winner. + +Kantos Kan had fought several times during the day and like myself had +always proven victorious, but occasionally by the smallest of margins, +especially when pitted against the green warriors. I had little hope +that he could best his giant adversary who had mowed down all before +him during the day. The fellow towered nearly sixteen feet in height, +while Kantos Kan was some inches under six feet. As they advanced to +meet one another I saw for the first time a trick of Martian +swordsmanship which centered Kantos Kan’s every hope of victory and +life on one cast of the dice, for, as he came to within about twenty +feet of the huge fellow he threw his sword arm far behind him over his +shoulder and with a mighty sweep hurled his weapon point foremost at +the green warrior. It flew true as an arrow and piercing the poor +devil’s heart laid him dead upon the arena. + +Kantos Kan and I were now pitted against each other but as we +approached to the encounter I whispered to him to prolong the battle +until nearly dark in the hope that we might find some means of escape. +The horde evidently guessed that we had no hearts to fight each other +and so they howled in rage as neither of us placed a fatal thrust. Just +as I saw the sudden coming of dark I whispered to Kantos Kan to thrust +his sword between my left arm and my body. As he did so I staggered +back clasping the sword tightly with my arm and thus fell to the ground +with his weapon apparently protruding from my chest. Kantos Kan +perceived my coup and stepping quickly to my side he placed his foot +upon my neck and withdrawing his sword from my body gave me the final +death blow through the neck which is supposed to sever the jugular +vein, but in this instance the cold blade slipped harmlessly into the +sand of the arena. In the darkness which had now fallen none could tell +but that he had really finished me. I whispered to him to go and claim +his freedom and then look for me in the hills east of the city, and so +he left me. + +When the amphitheater had cleared I crept stealthily to the top and as +the great excavation lay far from the plaza and in an untenanted +portion of the great dead city I had little trouble in reaching the +hills beyond. + + + + +CHAPTER XX +IN THE ATMOSPHERE FACTORY + + +For two days I waited there for Kantos Kan, but as he did not come I +started off on foot in a northwesterly direction toward a point where +he had told me lay the nearest waterway. My only food consisted of +vegetable milk from the plants which gave so bounteously of this +priceless fluid. + +Through two long weeks I wandered, stumbling through the nights guided +only by the stars and hiding during the days behind some protruding +rock or among the occasional hills I traversed. Several times I was +attacked by wild beasts; strange, uncouth monstrosities that leaped +upon me in the dark, so that I had ever to grasp my long-sword in my +hand that I might be ready for them. Usually my strange, newly acquired +telepathic power warned me in ample time, but once I was down with +vicious fangs at my jugular and a hairy face pressed close to mine +before I knew that I was even threatened. + +What manner of thing was upon me I did not know, but that it was large +and heavy and many-legged I could feel. My hands were at its throat +before the fangs had a chance to bury themselves in my neck, and slowly +I forced the hairy face from me and closed my fingers, vise-like, upon +its windpipe. + +Without sound we lay there, the beast exerting every effort to reach me +with those awful fangs, and I straining to maintain my grip and choke +the life from it as I kept it from my throat. Slowly my arms gave to +the unequal struggle, and inch by inch the burning eyes and gleaming +tusks of my antagonist crept toward me, until, as the hairy face +touched mine again, I realized that all was over. And then a living +mass of destruction sprang from the surrounding darkness full upon the +creature that held me pinioned to the ground. The two rolled growling +upon the moss, tearing and rending one another in a frightful manner, +but it was soon over and my preserver stood with lowered head above the +throat of the dead thing which would have killed me. + +The nearer moon, hurtling suddenly above the horizon and lighting up +the Barsoomian scene, showed me that my preserver was Woola, but from +whence he had come, or how found me, I was at a loss to know. That I +was glad of his companionship it is needless to say, but my pleasure at +seeing him was tempered by anxiety as to the reason of his leaving +Dejah Thoris. Only her death I felt sure, could account for his absence +from her, so faithful I knew him to be to my commands. + +By the light of the now brilliant moons I saw that he was but a shadow +of his former self, and as he turned from my caress and commenced +greedily to devour the dead carcass at my feet I realized that the poor +fellow was more than half starved. I, myself, was in but little better +plight but I could not bring myself to eat the uncooked flesh and I had +no means of making a fire. When Woola had finished his meal I again +took up my weary and seemingly endless wandering in quest of the +elusive waterway. + +At daybreak of the fifteenth day of my search I was overjoyed to see +the high trees that denoted the object of my search. About noon I +dragged myself wearily to the portals of a huge building which covered +perhaps four square miles and towered two hundred feet in the air. It +showed no aperture in the mighty walls other than the tiny door at +which I sank exhausted, nor was there any sign of life about it. + +I could find no bell or other method of making my presence known to the +inmates of the place, unless a small round hole in the wall near the +door was for that purpose. It was of about the bigness of a lead pencil +and thinking that it might be in the nature of a speaking tube I put my +mouth to it and was about to call into it when a voice issued from it +asking me whom I might be, where from, and the nature of my errand. + +I explained that I had escaped from the Warhoons and was dying of +starvation and exhaustion. + +“You wear the metal of a green warrior and are followed by a calot, yet +you are of the figure of a red man. In color you are neither green nor +red. In the name of the ninth ray, what manner of creature are you” + +“I am a friend of the red men of Barsoom and I am starving. In the name +of humanity open to us,” I replied. + +Presently the door commenced to recede before me until it had sunk into +the wall fifty feet, then it stopped and slid easily to the left, +exposing a short, narrow corridor of concrete, at the further end of +which was another door, similar in every respect to the one I had just +passed. No one was in sight, yet immediately we passed the first door +it slid gently into place behind us and receded rapidly to its original +position in the front wall of the building. As the door had slipped +aside I had noted its great thickness, fully twenty feet, and as it +reached its place once more after closing behind us, great cylinders of +steel had dropped from the ceiling behind it and fitted their lower +ends into apertures countersunk in the floor. + +A second and third door receded before me and slipped to one side as +the first, before I reached a large inner chamber where I found food +and drink set out upon a great stone table. A voice directed me to +satisfy my hunger and to feed my calot, and while I was thus engaged my +invisible host put me through a severe and searching cross-examination. + +“Your statements are most remarkable,” said the voice, on concluding +its questioning, “but you are evidently speaking the truth, and it is +equally evident that you are not of Barsoom. I can tell that by the +conformation of your brain and the strange location of your internal +organs and the shape and size of your heart.” + +“Can you see through me” I exclaimed. + +“Yes, I can see all but your thoughts, and were you a Barsoomian I +could read those.” + +Then a door opened at the far side of the chamber and a strange, dried +up, little mummy of a man came toward me. He wore but a single article +of clothing or adornment, a small collar of gold from which depended +upon his chest a great ornament as large as a dinner plate set solid +with huge diamonds, except for the exact center which was occupied by a +strange stone, an inch in diameter, that scintillated nine different +and distinct rays; the seven colors of our earthly prism and two +beautiful rays which, to me, were new and nameless. I cannot describe +them any more than you could describe red to a blind man. I only know +that they were beautiful in the extreme. + +The old man sat and talked with me for hours, and the strangest part of +our intercourse was that I could read his every thought while he could +not fathom an iota from my mind unless I spoke. + + +[Illustration The old man sat and talked with me for hours.] + + +I did not apprise him of my ability to sense his mental operations, and +thus I learned a great deal which proved of immense value to me later +and which I would never have known had he suspected my strange power, +for the Martians have such perfect control of their mental machinery +that they are able to direct their thoughts with absolute precision. + +The building in which I found myself contained the machinery which +produces that artificial atmosphere which sustains life on Mars. The +secret of the entire process hinges on the use of the ninth ray, one of +the beautiful scintillations which I had noted emanating from the great +stone in my host’s diadem. + +This ray is separated from the other rays of the sun by means of finely +adjusted instruments placed upon the roof of the huge building, +three-quarters of which is used for reservoirs in which the ninth ray +is stored. This product is then treated electrically, or rather certain +proportions of refined electric vibrations are incorporated with it, +and the result is then pumped to the five principal air centers of the +planet where, as it is released, contact with the ether of space +transforms it into atmosphere. + +There is always sufficient reserve of the ninth ray stored in the great +building to maintain the present Martian atmosphere for a thousand +years, and the only fear, as my new friend told me, was that some +accident might befall the pumping apparatus. + +He led me to an inner chamber where I beheld a battery of twenty radium +pumps any one of which was equal to the task of furnishing all Mars +with the atmosphere compound. For eight hundred years, he told me, he +had watched these pumps which are used alternately a day each at a +stretch, or a little over twenty-four and one-half Earth hours. He has +one assistant who divides the watch with him. Half a Martian year, +about three hundred and forty-four of our days, each of these men spend +alone in this huge, isolated plant. + +Every red Martian is taught during earliest childhood the principles of +the manufacture of atmosphere, but only two at one time ever hold the +secret of ingress to the great building, which, built as it is with +walls a hundred and fifty feet thick, is absolutely unassailable, even +the roof being guarded from assault by air craft by a glass covering +five feet thick. + +The only fear they entertain of attack is from the green Martians or +some demented red man, as all Barsoomians realize that the very +existence of every form of life of Mars is dependent upon the +uninterrupted working of this plant. + +One curious fact I discovered as I watched his thoughts was that the +outer doors are manipulated by telepathic means. The locks are so +finely adjusted that the doors are released by the action of a certain +combination of thought waves. To experiment with my new-found toy I +thought to surprise him into revealing this combination and so I asked +him in a casual manner how he had managed to unlock the massive doors +for me from the inner chambers of the building. As quick as a flash +there leaped to his mind nine Martian sounds, but as quickly faded as +he answered that this was a secret he must not divulge. + +From then on his manner toward me changed as though he feared that he +had been surprised into divulging his great secret, and I read +suspicion and fear in his looks and thoughts, though his words were +still fair. + +Before I retired for the night he promised to give me a letter to a +nearby agricultural officer who would help me on my way to Zodanga, +which he said, was the nearest Martian city. + +“But be sure that you do not let them know you are bound for Helium as +they are at war with that country. My assistant and I are of no +country, we belong to all Barsoom and this talisman which we wear +protects us in all lands, even among the green men—though we do not +trust ourselves to their hands if we can avoid it,” he added. + +“And so good-night, my friend,” he continued, “may you have a long and +restful sleep—yes, a long sleep.” + +And though he smiled pleasantly I saw in his thoughts the wish that he +had never admitted me, and then a picture of him standing over me in +the night, and the swift thrust of a long dagger and the half formed +words, “I am sorry, but it is for the best good of Barsoom.” + +As he closed the door of my chamber behind him his thoughts were cut +off from me as was the sight of him, which seemed strange to me in my +little knowledge of thought transference. + +What was I to do How could I escape through these mighty walls Easily +could I kill him now that I was warned, but once he was dead I could no +more escape, and with the stopping of the machinery of the great plant +I should die with all the other inhabitants of the planet—all, even +Dejah Thoris were she not already dead. For the others I did not give +the snap of my finger, but the thought of Dejah Thoris drove from my +mind all desire to kill my mistaken host. + +Cautiously I opened the door of my apartment and, followed by Woola, +sought the inner of the great doors. A wild scheme had come to me; I +would attempt to force the great locks by the nine thought waves I had +read in my host’s mind. + +Creeping stealthily through corridor after corridor and down winding +runways which turned hither and thither I finally reached the great +hall in which I had broken my long fast that morning. Nowhere had I +seen my host, nor did I know where he kept himself by night. + +I was on the point of stepping boldly out into the room when a slight +noise behind me warned me back into the shadows of a recess in the +corridor. Dragging Woola after me I crouched low in the darkness. + +Presently the old man passed close by me, and as he entered the dimly +lighted chamber which I had been about to pass through I saw that he +held a long thin dagger in his hand and that he was sharpening it upon +a stone. In his mind was the decision to inspect the radium pumps, +which would take about thirty minutes, and then return to my bed +chamber and finish me. + +As he passed through the great hall and disappeared down the runway +which led to the pump-room, I stole stealthily from my hiding place and +crossed to the great door, the inner of the three which stood between +me and liberty. + +Concentrating my mind upon the massive lock I hurled the nine thought +waves against it. In breathless expectancy I waited, when finally the +great door moved softly toward me and slid quietly to one side. One +after the other the remaining mighty portals opened at my command and +Woola and I stepped forth into the darkness, free, but little better +off than we had been before, other than that we had full stomachs. + +Hastening away from the shadows of the formidable pile I made for the +first crossroad, intending to strike the central turnpike as quickly as +possible. This I reached about morning and entering the first enclosure +I came to I searched for some evidences of a habitation. + +There were low rambling buildings of concrete barred with heavy +impassable doors, and no amount of hammering and hallooing brought any +response. Weary and exhausted from sleeplessness I threw myself upon +the ground commanding Woola to stand guard. + +Some time later I was awakened by his frightful growlings and opened my +eyes to see three red Martians standing a short distance from us and +covering me with their rifles. + +“I am unarmed and no enemy,” I hastened to explain. “I have been a +prisoner among the green men and am on my way to Zodanga. All I ask is +food and rest for myself and my calot and the proper directions for +reaching my destination.” + +They lowered their rifles and advanced pleasantly toward me placing +their right hands upon my left shoulder, after the manner of their +custom of salute, and asking me many questions about myself and my +wanderings. They then took me to the house of one of them which was +only a short distance away. + +The buildings I had been hammering at in the early morning were +occupied only by stock and farm produce, the house proper standing +among a grove of enormous trees, and, like all red-Martian homes, had +been raised at night some forty or fifty feet from the ground on a +large round metal shaft which slid up or down within a sleeve sunk in +the ground, and was operated by a tiny radium engine in the entrance +hall of the building. Instead of bothering with bolts and bars for +their dwellings, the red Martians simply run them up out of harm’s way +during the night. They also have private means for lowering or raising +them from the ground without if they wish to go away and leave them. + +These brothers, with their wives and children, occupied three similar +houses on this farm. They did no work themselves, being government +officers in charge. The labor was performed by convicts, prisoners of +war, delinquent debtors and confirmed bachelors who were too poor to +pay the high celibate tax which all red-Martian governments impose. + +They were the personification of cordiality and hospitality and I spent +several days with them, resting and recuperating from my long and +arduous experiences. + +When they had heard my story—I omitted all reference to Dejah Thoris +and the old man of the atmosphere plant—they advised me to color my +body to more nearly resemble their own race and then attempt to find +employment in Zodanga, either in the army or the navy. + +“The chances are small that your tale will be believed until after you +have proven your trustworthiness and won friends among the higher +nobles of the court. This you can most easily do through military +service, as we are a warlike people on Barsoom,” explained one of them, +“and save our richest favors for the fighting man.” + +When I was ready to depart they furnished me with a small domestic bull +thoat, such as is used for saddle purposes by all red Martians. The +animal is about the size of a horse and quite gentle, but in color and +shape an exact replica of his huge and fierce cousin of the wilds. + +The brothers had supplied me with a reddish oil with which I anointed +my entire body and one of them cut my hair, which had grown quite long, +in the prevailing fashion of the time, square at the back and banged in +front, so that I could have passed anywhere upon Barsoom as a +full-fledged red Martian. My metal and ornaments were also renewed in +the style of a Zodangan gentleman, attached to the house of Ptor, which +was the family name of my benefactors. + +They filled a little sack at my side with Zodangan money. The medium of +exchange upon Mars is not dissimilar from our own except that the coins +are oval. Paper money is issued by individuals as they require it and +redeemed twice yearly. If a man issues more than he can redeem, the +government pays his creditors in full and the debtor works out the +amount upon the farms or in mines, which are all owned by the +government. This suits everybody except the debtor as it has been a +difficult thing to obtain sufficient voluntary labor to work the great +isolated farm lands of Mars, stretching as they do like narrow ribbons +from pole to pole, through wild stretches peopled by wild animals and +wilder men. + +When I mentioned my inability to repay them for their kindness to me +they assured me that I would have ample opportunity if I lived long +upon Barsoom, and bidding me farewell they watched me until I was out +of sight upon the broad white turnpike. + + + + +CHAPTER XXI +AN AIR SCOUT FOR ZODANGA + + +As I proceeded on my journey toward Zodanga many strange and +interesting sights arrested my attention, and at the several farm +houses where I stopped I learned a number of new and instructive things +concerning the methods and manners of Barsoom. + +The water which supplies the farms of Mars is collected in immense +underground reservoirs at either pole from the melting ice caps, and +pumped through long conduits to the various populated centers. Along +either side of these conduits, and extending their entire length, lie +the cultivated districts. These are divided into tracts of about the +same size, each tract being under the supervision of one or more +government officers. + +Instead of flooding the surface of the fields, and thus wasting immense +quantities of water by evaporation, the precious liquid is carried +underground through a vast network of small pipes directly to the roots +of the vegetation. The crops upon Mars are always uniform, for there +are no droughts, no rains, no high winds, and no insects, or destroying +birds. + +On this trip I tasted the first meat I had eaten since leaving +Earth—large, juicy steaks and chops from the well-fed domestic animals +of the farms. Also I enjoyed luscious fruits and vegetables, but not a +single article of food which was exactly similar to anything on Earth. +Every plant and flower and vegetable and animal has been so refined by +ages of careful, scientific cultivation and breeding that the like of +them on Earth dwindled into pale, gray, characterless nothingness by +comparison. + +At a second stop I met some highly cultivated people of the noble class +and while in conversation we chanced to speak of Helium. One of the +older men had been there on a diplomatic mission several years before +and spoke with regret of the conditions which seemed destined ever to +keep these two countries at war. + +“Helium,” he said, “rightly boasts the most beautiful women of Barsoom, +and of all her treasures the wondrous daughter of Mors Kajak, Dejah +Thoris, is the most exquisite flower. + +“Why,” he added, “the people really worship the ground she walks upon +and since her loss on that ill-starred expedition all Helium has been +draped in mourning. + +“That our ruler should have attacked the disabled fleet as it was +returning to Helium was but another of his awful blunders which I fear +will sooner or later compel Zodanga to elevate a wiser man to his +place.” + +“Even now, though our victorious armies are surrounding Helium, the +people of Zodanga are voicing their displeasure, for the war is not a +popular one, since it is not based on right or justice. Our forces took +advantage of the absence of the principal fleet of Helium on their +search for the princess, and so we have been able easily to reduce the +city to a sorry plight. It is said she will fall within the next few +passages of the further moon.” + +“And what, think you, may have been the fate of the princess, Dejah +Thoris” I asked as casually as possible. + +“She is dead,” he answered. “This much was learned from a green warrior +recently captured by our forces in the south. She escaped from the +hordes of Thark with a strange creature of another world, only to fall +into the hands of the Warhoons. Their thoats were found wandering upon +the sea bottom and evidences of a bloody conflict were discovered +nearby.” + +While this information was in no way reassuring, neither was it at all +conclusive proof of the death of Dejah Thoris, and so I determined to +make every effort possible to reach Helium as quickly as I could and +carry to Tardos Mors such news of his granddaughter’s possible +whereabouts as lay in my power. + +Ten days after leaving the three Ptor brothers I arrived at Zodanga. +From the moment that I had come in contact with the red inhabitants of +Mars I had noticed that Woola drew a great amount of unwelcome +attention to me, since the huge brute belonged to a species which is +never domesticated by the red men. Were one to stroll down Broadway +with a Numidian lion at his heels the effect would be somewhat similar +to that which I should have produced had I entered Zodanga with Woola. + +The very thought of parting with the faithful fellow caused me so great +regret and genuine sorrow that I put it off until just before we +arrived at the city’s gates; but then, finally, it became imperative +that we separate. Had nothing further than my own safety or pleasure +been at stake no argument could have prevailed upon me to turn away the +one creature upon Barsoom that had never failed in a demonstration of +affection and loyalty; but as I would willingly have offered my life in +the service of her in search of whom I was about to challenge the +unknown dangers of this, to me, mysterious city, I could not permit +even Woola’s life to threaten the success of my venture, much less his +momentary happiness, for I doubted not he soon would forget me. And so +I bade the poor beast an affectionate farewell, promising him, however, +that if I came through my adventure in safety that in some way I should +find the means to search him out. + +He seemed to understand me fully, and when I pointed back in the +direction of Thark he turned sorrowfully away, nor could I bear to +watch him go; but resolutely set my face toward Zodanga and with a +touch of heartsickness approached her frowning walls. + +The letter I bore from them gained me immediate entrance to the vast, +walled city. It was still very early in the morning and the streets +were practically deserted. The residences, raised high upon their metal +columns, resembled huge rookeries, while the uprights themselves +presented the appearance of steel tree trunks. The shops as a rule were +not raised from the ground nor were their doors bolted or barred, since +thievery is practically unknown upon Barsoom. Assassination is the +ever-present fear of all Barsoomians, and for this reason alone their +homes are raised high above the ground at night, or in times of danger. + +The Ptor brothers had given me explicit directions for reaching the +point of the city where I could find living accommodations and be near +the offices of the government agents to whom they had given me letters. +My way led to the central square or plaza, which is a characteristic of +all Martian cities. + +The plaza of Zodanga covers a square mile and is bounded by the palaces +of the jeddak, the jeds, and other members of the royalty and nobility +of Zodanga, as well as by the principal public buildings, cafes, and +shops. + +As I was crossing the great square lost in wonder and admiration of the +magnificent architecture and the gorgeous scarlet vegetation which +carpeted the broad lawns I discovered a red Martian walking briskly +toward me from one of the avenues. He paid not the slightest attention +to me, but as he came abreast I recognized him, and turning I placed my +hand upon his shoulder, calling out + +“Kaor, Kantos Kan!” + +Like lightning he wheeled and before I could so much as lower my hand +the point of his long-sword was at my breast. + +“Who are you” he growled, and then as a backward leap carried me fifty +feet from his sword he dropped the point to the ground and exclaimed, +laughing, + +“I do not need a better reply, there is but one man upon all Barsoom +who can bounce about like a rubber ball. By the mother of the further +moon, John Carter, how came you here, and have you become a Darseen +that you can change your color at will” + +“You gave me a bad half minute my friend,” he continued, after I had +briefly outlined my adventures since parting with him in the arena at +Warhoon. “Were my name and city known to the Zodangans I would shortly +be sitting on the banks of the lost sea of Korus with my revered and +departed ancestors. I am here in the interest of Tardos Mors, Jeddak of +Helium, to discover the whereabouts of Dejah Thoris, our princess. Sab +Than, prince of Zodanga, has her hidden in the city and has fallen +madly in love with her. His father, Than Kosis, Jeddak of Zodanga, has +made her voluntary marriage to his son the price of peace between our +countries, but Tardos Mors will not accede to the demands and has sent +word that he and his people would rather look upon the dead face of +their princess than see her wed to any than her own choice, and that +personally he would prefer being engulfed in the ashes of a lost and +burning Helium to joining the metal of his house with that of Than +Kosis. His reply was the deadliest affront he could have put upon Than +Kosis and the Zodangans, but his people love him the more for it and +his strength in Helium is greater today than ever. + +“I have been here three days,” continued Kantos Kan, “but I have not +yet found where Dejah Thoris is imprisoned. Today I join the Zodangan +navy as an air scout and I hope in this way to win the confidence of +Sab Than, the prince, who is commander of this division of the navy, +and thus learn the whereabouts of Dejah Thoris. I am glad that you are +here, John Carter, for I know your loyalty to my princess and two of us +working together should be able to accomplish much.” + +The plaza was now commencing to fill with people going and coming upon +the daily activities of their duties. The shops were opening and the +cafes filling with early morning patrons. Kantos Kan led me to one of +these gorgeous eating places where we were served entirely by +mechanical apparatus. No hand touched the food from the time it entered +the building in its raw state until it emerged hot and delicious upon +the tables before the guests, in response to the touching of tiny +buttons to indicate their desires. + +After our meal, Kantos Kan took me with him to the headquarters of the +air-scout squadron and introducing me to his superior asked that I be +enrolled as a member of the corps. In accordance with custom an +examination was necessary, but Kantos Kan had told me to have no fear +on this score as he would attend to that part of the matter. He +accomplished this by taking my order for examination to the examining +officer and representing himself as John Carter. + +“This ruse will be discovered later,” he cheerfully explained, “when +they check up my weights, measurements, and other personal +identification data, but it will be several months before this is done +and our mission should be accomplished or have failed long before that +time.” + +The next few days were spent by Kantos Kan in teaching me the +intricacies of flying and of repairing the dainty little contrivances +which the Martians use for this purpose. The body of the one-man air +craft is about sixteen feet long, two feet wide and three inches thick, +tapering to a point at each end. The driver sits on top of this plane +upon a seat constructed over the small, noiseless radium engine which +propels it. The medium of buoyancy is contained within the thin metal +walls of the body and consists of the eighth Barsoomian ray, or ray of +propulsion, as it may be termed in view of its properties. + +This ray, like the ninth ray, is unknown on Earth, but the Martians +have discovered that it is an inherent property of all light no matter +from what source it emanates. They have learned that it is the solar +eighth ray which propels the light of the sun to the various planets, +and that it is the individual eighth ray of each planet which +“reflects,” or propels the light thus obtained out into space once +more. The solar eighth ray would be absorbed by the surface of Barsoom, +but the Barsoomian eighth ray, which tends to propel light from Mars +into space, is constantly streaming out from the planet constituting a +force of repulsion of gravity which when confined is able to lift +enormous weights from the surface of the ground. + +It is this ray which has enabled them to so perfect aviation that +battle ships far outweighing anything known upon Earth sail as +gracefully and lightly through the thin air of Barsoom as a toy balloon +in the heavy atmosphere of Earth. + +During the early years of the discovery of this ray many strange +accidents occurred before the Martians learned to measure and control +the wonderful power they had found. In one instance, some nine hundred +years before, the first great battle ship to be built with eighth ray +reservoirs was stored with too great a quantity of the rays and she had +sailed up from Helium with five hundred officers and men, never to +return. + +Her power of repulsion for the planet was so great that it had carried +her far into space, where she can be seen today, by the aid of powerful +telescopes, hurtling through the heavens ten thousand miles from Mars; +a tiny satellite that will thus encircle Barsoom to the end of time. + +The fourth day after my arrival at Zodanga I made my first flight, and +as a result of it I won a promotion which included quarters in the +palace of Than Kosis. + +As I rose above the city I circled several times, as I had seen Kantos +Kan do, and then throwing my engine into top speed I raced at terrific +velocity toward the south, following one of the great waterways which +enter Zodanga from that direction. + +I had traversed perhaps two hundred miles in a little less than an hour +when I descried far below me a party of three green warriors racing +madly toward a small figure on foot which seemed to be trying to reach +the confines of one of the walled fields. + +Dropping my machine rapidly toward them, and circling to the rear of +the warriors, I soon saw that the object of their pursuit was a red +Martian wearing the metal of the scout squadron to which I was +attached. A short distance away lay his tiny flier, surrounded by the +tools with which he had evidently been occupied in repairing some +damage when surprised by the green warriors. + +They were now almost upon him; their flying mounts charging down on the +relatively puny figure at terrific speed, while the warriors leaned low +to the right, with their great metal-shod spears. Each seemed striving +to be the first to impale the poor Zodangan and in another moment his +fate would have been sealed had it not been for my timely arrival. + +Driving my fleet air craft at high speed directly behind the warriors I +soon overtook them and without diminishing my speed I rammed the prow +of my little flier between the shoulders of the nearest. The impact +sufficient to have torn through inches of solid steel, hurled the +fellow’s headless body into the air over the head of his thoat, where +it fell sprawling upon the moss. The mounts of the other two warriors +turned squealing in terror, and bolted in opposite directions. + +Reducing my speed I circled and came to the ground at the feet of the +astonished Zodangan. He was warm in his thanks for my timely aid and +promised that my day’s work would bring the reward it merited, for it +was none other than a cousin of the jeddak of Zodanga whose life I had +saved. + +We wasted no time in talk as we knew that the warriors would surely +return as soon as they had gained control of their mounts. Hastening to +his damaged machine we were bending every effort to finish the needed +repairs and had almost completed them when we saw the two green +monsters returning at top speed from opposite sides of us. When they +had approached within a hundred yards their thoats again became +unmanageable and absolutely refused to advance further toward the air +craft which had frightened them. + +The warriors finally dismounted and hobbling their animals advanced +toward us on foot with drawn long-swords. + +I advanced to meet the larger, telling the Zodangan to do the best he +could with the other. Finishing my man with almost no effort, as had +now from much practice become habitual with me, I hastened to return to +my new acquaintance whom I found indeed in desperate straits. + +He was wounded and down with the huge foot of his antagonist upon his +throat and the great long-sword raised to deal the final thrust. With a +bound I cleared the fifty feet intervening between us, and with +outstretched point drove my sword completely through the body of the +green warrior. His sword fell, harmless, to the ground and he sank +limply upon the prostrate form of the Zodangan. + +A cursory examination of the latter revealed no mortal injuries and +after a brief rest he asserted that he felt fit to attempt the return +voyage. He would have to pilot his own craft, however, as these frail +vessels are not intended to convey but a single person. + +Quickly completing the repairs we rose together into the still, +cloudless Martian sky, and at great speed and without further mishap +returned to Zodanga. + +As we neared the city we discovered a mighty concourse of civilians and +troops assembled upon the plain before the city. The sky was black with +naval vessels and private and public pleasure craft, flying long +streamers of gay-colored silks, and banners and flags of odd and +picturesque design. + +My companion signaled that I slow down, and running his machine close +beside mine suggested that we approach and watch the ceremony, which, +he said, was for the purpose of conferring honors on individual +officers and men for bravery and other distinguished service. He then +unfurled a little ensign which denoted that his craft bore a member of +the royal family of Zodanga, and together we made our way through the +maze of low-lying air vessels until we hung directly over the jeddak of +Zodanga and his staff. All were mounted upon the small domestic bull +thoats of the red Martians, and their trappings and ornamentation bore +such a quantity of gorgeously colored feathers that I could not but be +struck with the startling resemblance the concourse bore to a band of +the red Indians of my own Earth. + +One of the staff called the attention of Than Kosis to the presence of +my companion above them and the ruler motioned for him to descend. As +they waited for the troops to move into position facing the jeddak the +two talked earnestly together, the jeddak and his staff occasionally +glancing up at me. I could not hear their conversation and presently it +ceased and all dismounted, as the last body of troops had wheeled into +position before their emperor. A member of the staff advanced toward +the troops, and calling the name of a soldier commanded him to advance. +The officer then recited the nature of the heroic act which had won the +approval of the jeddak, and the latter advanced and placed a metal +ornament upon the left arm of the lucky man. + +Ten men had been so decorated when the aide called out, + +“John Carter, air scout!” + +Never in my life had I been so surprised, but the habit of military +discipline is strong within me, and I dropped my little machine lightly +to the ground and advanced on foot as I had seen the others do. As I +halted before the officer, he addressed me in a voice audible to the +entire assemblage of troops and spectators. + +“In recognition, John Carter,” he said, “of your remarkable courage and +skill in defending the person of the cousin of the jeddak Than Kosis +and, singlehanded, vanquishing three green warriors, it is the pleasure +of our jeddak to confer on you the mark of his esteem.” + +Than Kosis then advanced toward me and placing an ornament upon me, +said + +“My cousin has narrated the details of your wonderful achievement, +which seems little short of miraculous, and if you can so well defend a +cousin of the jeddak how much better could you defend the person of the +jeddak himself. You are therefore appointed a padwar of The Guards and +will be quartered in my palace hereafter.” + +I thanked him, and at his direction joined the members of his staff. +After the ceremony I returned my machine to its quarters on the roof of +the barracks of the air-scout squadron, and with an orderly from the +palace to guide me I reported to the officer in charge of the palace. + + + + +CHAPTER XXII +I FIND DEJAH + + +The major-domo to whom I reported had been given instructions to +station me near the person of the jeddak, who, in time of war, is +always in great danger of assassination, as the rule that all is fair +in war seems to constitute the entire ethics of Martian conflict. + +He therefore escorted me immediately to the apartment in which Than +Kosis then was. The ruler was engaged in conversation with his son, Sab +Than, and several courtiers of his household, and did not perceive my +entrance. + +The walls of the apartment were completely hung with splendid +tapestries which hid any windows or doors which may have pierced them. +The room was lighted by imprisoned rays of sunshine held between the +ceiling proper and what appeared to be a ground-glass false ceiling a +few inches below. + +My guide drew aside one of the tapestries, disclosing a passage which +encircled the room, between the hangings and the walls of the chamber. +Within this passage I was to remain, he said, so long as Than Kosis was +in the apartment. When he left I was to follow. My only duty was to +guard the ruler and keep out of sight as much as possible. I would be +relieved after a period of four hours. The major-domo then left me. + +The tapestries were of a strange weaving which gave the appearance of +heavy solidity from one side, but from my hiding place I could perceive +all that took place within the room as readily as though there had been +no curtain intervening. + +Scarcely had I gained my post than the tapestry at the opposite end of +the chamber separated and four soldiers of The Guard entered, +surrounding a female figure. As they approached Than Kosis the soldiers +fell to either side and there standing before the jeddak and not ten +feet from me, her beautiful face radiant with smiles, was Dejah Thoris. + +Sab Than, Prince of Zodanga, advanced to meet her, and hand in hand +they approached close to the jeddak. Than Kosis looked up in surprise, +and, rising, saluted her. + +“To what strange freak do I owe this visit from the Princess of Helium, +who, two days ago, with rare consideration for my pride, assured me +that she would prefer Tal Hajus, the green Thark, to my son” + +Dejah Thoris only smiled the more and with the roguish dimples playing +at the corners of her mouth she made answer + +“From the beginning of time upon Barsoom it has been the prerogative of +woman to change her mind as she listed and to dissemble in matters +concerning her heart. That you will forgive, Than Kosis, as has your +son. Two days ago I was not sure of his love for me, but now I am, and +I have come to beg of you to forget my rash words and to accept the +assurance of the Princess of Helium that when the time comes she will +wed Sab Than, Prince of Zodanga.” + +“I am glad that you have so decided,” replied Than Kosis. “It is far +from my desire to push war further against the people of Helium, and, +your promise shall be recorded and a proclamation to my people issued +forthwith.” + +“It were better, Than Kosis,” interrupted Dejah Thoris, “that the +proclamation wait the ending of this war. It would look strange indeed +to my people and to yours were the Princess of Helium to give herself +to her country’s enemy in the midst of hostilities.” + +“Cannot the war be ended at once” spoke Sab Than. “It requires but the +word of Than Kosis to bring peace. Say it, my father, say the word that +will hasten my happiness, and end this unpopular strife.” + +“We shall see,” replied Than Kosis, “how the people of Helium take to +peace. I shall at least offer it to them.” + +Dejah Thoris, after a few words, turned and left the apartment, still +followed by her guards. + +Thus was the edifice of my brief dream of happiness dashed, broken, to +the ground of reality. The woman for whom I had offered my life, and +from whose lips I had so recently heard a declaration of love for me, +had lightly forgotten my very existence and smilingly given herself to +the son of her people’s most hated enemy. + +Although I had heard it with my own ears I could not believe it. I must +search out her apartments and force her to repeat the cruel truth to me +alone before I would be convinced, and so I deserted my post and +hastened through the passage behind the tapestries toward the door by +which she had left the chamber. Slipping quietly through this opening I +discovered a maze of winding corridors, branching and turning in every +direction. + +Running rapidly down first one and then another of them I soon became +hopelessly lost and was standing panting against a side wall when I +heard voices near me. Apparently they were coming from the opposite +side of the partition against which I leaned and presently I made out +the tones of Dejah Thoris. I could not hear the words but I knew that I +could not possibly be mistaken in the voice. + +Moving on a few steps I discovered another passageway at the end of +which lay a door. Walking boldly forward I pushed into the room only to +find myself in a small antechamber in which were the four guards who +had accompanied her. One of them instantly arose and accosted me, +asking the nature of my business. + +“I am from Than Kosis,” I replied, “and wish to speak privately with +Dejah Thoris, Princess of Helium.” + +“And your order” asked the fellow. + +I did not know what he meant, but replied that I was a member of The +Guard, and without waiting for a reply from him I strode toward the +opposite door of the antechamber, behind which I could hear Dejah +Thoris conversing. + +But my entrance was not to be so easily accomplished. The guardsman +stepped before me, saying, + +“No one comes from Than Kosis without carrying an order or the +password. You must give me one or the other before you may pass.” + +“The only order I require, my friend, to enter where I will, hangs at +my side,” I answered, tapping my long-sword; “will you let me pass in +peace or no” + +For reply he whipped out his own sword, calling to the others to join +him, and thus the four stood, with drawn weapons, barring my further +progress. + +“You are not here by the order of Than Kosis,” cried the one who had +first addressed me, “and not only shall you not enter the apartments of +the Princess of Helium but you shall go back to Than Kosis under guard +to explain this unwarranted temerity. Throw down your sword; you cannot +hope to overcome four of us,” he added with a grim smile. + +My reply was a quick thrust which left me but three antagonists and I +can assure you that they were worthy of my metal. They had me backed +against the wall in no time, fighting for my life. Slowly I worked my +way to a corner of the room where I could force them to come at me only +one at a time, and thus we fought upward of twenty minutes; the +clanging of steel on steel producing a veritable bedlam in the little +room. + +The noise had brought Dejah Thoris to the door of her apartment, and +there she stood throughout the conflict with Sola at her back peering +over her shoulder. Her face was set and emotionless and I knew that she +did not recognize me, nor did Sola. + +Finally a lucky cut brought down a second guardsman and then, with only +two opposing me, I changed my tactics and rushed them down after the +fashion of my fighting that had won me many a victory. The third fell +within ten seconds after the second, and the last lay dead upon the +bloody floor a few moments later. They were brave men and noble +fighters, and it grieved me that I had been forced to kill them, but I +would have willingly depopulated all Barsoom could I have reached the +side of my Dejah Thoris in no other way. + +Sheathing my bloody blade I advanced toward my Martian Princess, who +still stood mutely gazing at me without sign of recognition. + +“Who are you, Zodangan” she whispered. “Another enemy to harass me in +my misery” + +“I am a friend,” I answered, “a once cherished friend.” + +“No friend of Helium’s princess wears that metal,” she replied, “and +yet the voice! I have heard it before; it is not—it cannot be—no, for +he is dead.” + +“It is, though, my Princess, none other than John Carter,” I said. “Do +you not recognize, even through paint and strange metal, the heart of +your chieftain” + +As I came close to her she swayed toward me with outstretched hands, +but as I reached to take her in my arms she drew back with a shudder +and a little moan of misery. + +“Too late, too late,” she grieved. “O my chieftain that was, and whom I +thought dead, had you but returned one little hour before—but now it is +too late, too late.” + +“What do you mean, Dejah Thoris” I cried. “That you would not have +promised yourself to the Zodangan prince had you known that I lived” + +“Think you, John Carter, that I would give my heart to you yesterday +and today to another I thought that it lay buried with your ashes in +the pits of Warhoon, and so today I have promised my body to another to +save my people from the curse of a victorious Zodangan army.” + +“But I am not dead, my princess. I have come to claim you, and all +Zodanga cannot prevent it.” + +“It is too late, John Carter, my promise is given, and on Barsoom that +is final. The ceremonies which follow later are but meaningless +formalities. They make the fact of marriage no more certain than does +the funeral cortege of a jeddak again place the seal of death upon him. +I am as good as married, John Carter. No longer may you call me your +princess. No longer are you my chieftain.” + +“I know but little of your customs here upon Barsoom, Dejah Thoris, but +I do know that I love you, and if you meant the last words you spoke to +me that day as the hordes of Warhoon were charging down upon us, no +other man shall ever claim you as his bride. You meant them then, my +princess, and you mean them still! Say that it is true.” + +“I meant them, John Carter,” she whispered. “I cannot repeat them now +for I have given myself to another. Ah, if you had only known our ways, +my friend,” she continued, half to herself, “the promise would have +been yours long months ago, and you could have claimed me before all +others. It might have meant the fall of Helium, but I would have given +my empire for my Tharkian chief.” + +Then aloud she said “Do you remember the night when you offended me +You called me your princess without having asked my hand of me, and +then you boasted that you had fought for me. You did not know, and I +should not have been offended; I see that now. But there was no one to +tell you what I could not, that upon Barsoom there are two kinds of +women in the cities of the red men. The one they fight for that they +may ask them in marriage; the other kind they fight for also, but never +ask their hands. When a man has won a woman he may address her as his +princess, or in any of the several terms which signify possession. You +had fought for me, but had never asked me in marriage, and so when you +called me your princess, you see,” she faltered, “I was hurt, but even +then, John Carter, I did not repulse you, as I should have done, until +you made it doubly worse by taunting me with having won me through +combat.” + +“I do not need ask your forgiveness now, Dejah Thoris,” I cried. “You +must know that my fault was of ignorance of your Barsoomian customs. +What I failed to do, through implicit belief that my petition would be +presumptuous and unwelcome, I do now, Dejah Thoris; I ask you to be my +wife, and by all the Virginian fighting blood that flows in my veins +you shall be.” + +“No, John Carter, it is useless,” she cried, hopelessly, “I may never +be yours while Sab Than lives.” + +“You have sealed his death warrant, my princess—Sab Than dies.” + +“Nor that either,” she hastened to explain. “I may not wed the man who +slays my husband, even in self-defense. It is custom. We are ruled by +custom upon Barsoom. It is useless, my friend. You must bear the sorrow +with me. That at least we may share in common. That, and the memory of +the brief days among the Tharks. You must go now, nor ever see me +again. Good-bye, my chieftain that was.” + +Disheartened and dejected, I withdrew from the room, but I was not +entirely discouraged, nor would I admit that Dejah Thoris was lost to +me until the ceremony had actually been performed. + +As I wandered along the corridors, I was as absolutely lost in the +mazes of winding passageways as I had been before I discovered Dejah +Thoris’ apartments. + +I knew that my only hope lay in escape from the city of Zodanga, for +the matter of the four dead guardsmen would have to be explained, and +as I could never reach my original post without a guide, suspicion +would surely rest on me so soon as I was discovered wandering aimlessly +through the palace. + +Presently I came upon a spiral runway leading to a lower floor, and +this I followed downward for several stories until I reached the +doorway of a large apartment in which were a number of guardsmen. The +walls of this room were hung with transparent tapestries behind which I +secreted myself without being apprehended. + +The conversation of the guardsmen was general, and awakened no interest +in me until an officer entered the room and ordered four of the men to +relieve the detail who were guarding the Princess of Helium. Now, I +knew, my troubles would commence in earnest and indeed they were upon +me all too soon, for it seemed that the squad had scarcely left the +guardroom before one of their number burst in again breathlessly, +crying that they had found their four comrades butchered in the +antechamber. + +In a moment the entire palace was alive with people. Guardsmen, +officers, courtiers, servants, and slaves ran helter-skelter through +the corridors and apartments carrying messages and orders, and +searching for signs of the assassin. + +This was my opportunity and slim as it appeared I grasped it, for as a +number of soldiers came hurrying past my hiding place I fell in behind +them and followed through the mazes of the palace until, in passing +through a great hall, I saw the blessed light of day coming in through +a series of larger windows. + +Here I left my guides, and, slipping to the nearest window, sought for +an avenue of escape. The windows opened upon a great balcony which +overlooked one of the broad avenues of Zodanga. The ground was about +thirty feet below, and at a like distance from the building was a wall +fully twenty feet high, constructed of polished glass about a foot in +thickness. To a red Martian escape by this path would have appeared +impossible, but to me, with my earthly strength and agility, it seemed +already accomplished. My only fear was in being detected before +darkness fell, for I could not make the leap in broad daylight while +the court below and the avenue beyond were crowded with Zodangans. + +Accordingly I searched for a hiding place and finally found one by +accident, inside a huge hanging ornament which swung from the ceiling +of the hall, and about ten feet from the floor. Into the capacious +bowl-like vase I sprang with ease, and scarcely had I settled down +within it than I heard a number of people enter the apartment. The +group stopped beneath my hiding place and I could plainly overhear +their every word. + +“It is the work of Heliumites,” said one of the men. + +“Yes, O Jeddak, but how had they access to the palace I could believe +that even with the diligent care of your guardsmen a single enemy might +reach the inner chambers, but how a force of six or eight fighting men +could have done so unobserved is beyond me. We shall soon know, +however, for here comes the royal psychologist.” + +Another man now joined the group, and, after making his formal +greetings to his ruler, said + +“O mighty Jeddak, it is a strange tale I read in the dead minds of your +faithful guardsmen. They were felled not by a number of fighting men, +but by a single opponent.” + +He paused to let the full weight of this announcement impress his +hearers, and that his statement was scarcely credited was evidenced by +the impatient exclamation of incredulity which escaped the lips of Than +Kosis. + +“What manner of weird tale are you bringing me, Notan” he cried. + +“It is the truth, my Jeddak,” replied the psychologist. “In fact the +impressions were strongly marked on the brain of each of the four +guardsmen. Their antagonist was a very tall man, wearing the metal of +one of your own guardsmen, and his fighting ability was little short of +marvelous for he fought fair against the entire four and vanquished +them by his surpassing skill and superhuman strength and endurance. +Though he wore the metal of Zodanga, my Jeddak, such a man was never +seen before in this or any other country upon Barsoom. + +“The mind of the Princess of Helium whom I have examined and questioned +was a blank to me, she has perfect control, and I could not read one +iota of it. She said that she witnessed a portion of the encounter, and +that when she looked there was but one man engaged with the guardsmen; +a man whom she did not recognize as ever having seen.” + +“Where is my erstwhile savior” spoke another of the party, and I +recognized the voice of the cousin of Than Kosis, whom I had rescued +from the green warriors. “By the metal of my first ancestor,” he went +on, “but the description fits him to perfection, especially as to his +fighting ability.” + +“Where is this man” cried Than Kosis. “Have him brought to me at once. +What know you of him, cousin It seemed strange to me now that I think +upon it that there should have been such a fighting man in Zodanga, of +whose name, even, we were ignorant before today. And his name too, John +Carter, who ever heard of such a name upon Barsoom!” + +Word was soon brought that I was nowhere to be found, either in the +palace or at my former quarters in the barracks of the air-scout +squadron. Kantos Kan, they had found and questioned, but he knew +nothing of my whereabouts, and as to my past, he had told them he knew +as little, since he had but recently met me during our captivity among +the Warhoons. + +“Keep your eyes on this other one,” commanded Than Kosis. “He also is a +stranger and likely as not they both hail from Helium, and where one is +we shall sooner or later find the other. Quadruple the air patrol, and +let every man who leaves the city by air or ground be subjected to the +closest scrutiny.” + +Another messenger now entered with word that I was still within the +palace walls. + +“The likeness of every person who has entered or left the palace +grounds today has been carefully examined,” concluded the fellow, “and +not one approaches the likeness of this new padwar of the guards, other +than that which was recorded of him at the time he entered.” + +“Then we will have him shortly,” commented Than Kosis contentedly, “and +in the meanwhile we will repair to the apartments of the Princess of +Helium and question her in regard to the affair. She may know more than +she cared to divulge to you, Notan. Come.” + +They left the hall, and, as darkness had fallen without, I slipped +lightly from my hiding place and hastened to the balcony. Few were in +sight, and choosing a moment when none seemed near I sprang quickly to +the top of the glass wall and from there to the avenue beyond the +palace grounds. + + + + +CHAPTER XXIII +LOST IN THE SKY + + +Without effort at concealment I hastened to the vicinity of our +quarters, where I felt sure I should find Kantos Kan. As I neared the +building I became more careful, as I judged, and rightly, that the +place would be guarded. Several men in civilian metal loitered near the +front entrance and in the rear were others. My only means of reaching, +unseen, the upper story where our apartments were situated was through +an adjoining building, and after considerable maneuvering I managed to +attain the roof of a shop several doors away. + +Leaping from roof to roof, I soon reached an open window in the +building where I hoped to find the Heliumite, and in another moment I +stood in the room before him. He was alone and showed no surprise at my +coming, saying he had expected me much earlier, as my tour of duty must +have ended some time since. + +I saw that he knew nothing of the events of the day at the palace, and +when I had enlightened him he was all excitement. The news that Dejah +Thoris had promised her hand to Sab Than filled him with dismay. + +“It cannot be,” he exclaimed. “It is impossible! Why no man in all +Helium but would prefer death to the selling of our loved princess to +the ruling house of Zodanga. She must have lost her mind to have +assented to such an atrocious bargain. You, who do not know how we of +Helium love the members of our ruling house, cannot appreciate the +horror with which I contemplate such an unholy alliance.” + +“What can be done, John Carter” he continued. “You are a resourceful +man. Can you not think of some way to save Helium from this disgrace” + +“If I can come within sword’s reach of Sab Than,” I answered, “I can +solve the difficulty in so far as Helium is concerned, but for personal +reasons I would prefer that another struck the blow that frees Dejah +Thoris.” + +Kantos Kan eyed me narrowly before he spoke. + +“You love her!” he said. “Does she know it” + +“She knows it, Kantos Kan, and repulses me only because she is promised +to Sab Than.” + +The splendid fellow sprang to his feet, and grasping me by the shoulder +raised his sword on high, exclaiming + +“And had the choice been left to me I could not have chosen a more +fitting mate for the first princess of Barsoom. Here is my hand upon +your shoulder, John Carter, and my word that Sab Than shall go out at +the point of my sword for the sake of my love for Helium, for Dejah +Thoris, and for you. This very night I shall try to reach his quarters +in the palace.” + +“How” I asked. “You are strongly guarded and a quadruple force patrols +the sky.” + +He bent his head in thought a moment, then raised it with an air of +confidence. + +“I only need to pass these guards and I can do it,” he said at last. “I +know a secret entrance to the palace through the pinnacle of the +highest tower. I fell upon it by chance one day as I was passing above +the palace on patrol duty. In this work it is required that we +investigate any unusual occurrence we may witness, and a face peering +from the pinnacle of the high tower of the palace was, to me, most +unusual. I therefore drew near and discovered that the possessor of the +peering face was none other than Sab Than. He was slightly put out at +being detected and commanded me to keep the matter to myself, +explaining that the passage from the tower led directly to his +apartments, and was known only to him. If I can reach the roof of the +barracks and get my machine I can be in Sab Than’s quarters in five +minutes; but how am I to escape from this building, guarded as you say +it is” + +“How well are the machine sheds at the barracks guarded” I asked. + +“There is usually but one man on duty there at night upon the roof.” + +“Go to the roof of this building, Kantos Kan, and wait me there.” + +Without stopping to explain my plans I retraced my way to the street +and hastened to the barracks. I did not dare to enter the building, +filled as it was with members of the air-scout squadron, who, in common +with all Zodanga, were on the lookout for me. + +The building was an enormous one, rearing its lofty head fully a +thousand feet into the air. But few buildings in Zodanga were higher +than these barracks, though several topped it by a few hundred feet; +the docks of the great battleships of the line standing some fifteen +hundred feet from the ground, while the freight and passenger stations +of the merchant squadrons rose nearly as high. + +It was a long climb up the face of the building, and one fraught with +much danger, but there was no other way, and so I essayed the task. The +fact that Barsoomian architecture is extremely ornate made the feat +much simpler than I had anticipated, since I found ornamental ledges +and projections which fairly formed a perfect ladder for me all the way +to the eaves of the building. Here I met my first real obstacle. The +eaves projected nearly twenty feet from the wall to which I clung, and +though I encircled the great building I could find no opening through +them. + +The top floor was alight, and filled with soldiers engaged in the +pastimes of their kind; I could not, therefore, reach the roof through +the building. + +There was one slight, desperate chance, and that I decided I must +take—it was for Dejah Thoris, and no man has lived who would not risk a +thousand deaths for such as she. + +Clinging to the wall with my feet and one hand, I unloosened one of the +long leather straps of my trappings at the end of which dangled a great +hook by which air sailors are hung to the sides and bottoms of their +craft for various purposes of repair, and by means of which landing +parties are lowered to the ground from the battleships. + +I swung this hook cautiously to the roof several times before it +finally found lodgment; gently I pulled on it to strengthen its hold, +but whether it would bear the weight of my body I did not know. It +might be barely caught upon the very outer verge of the roof, so that +as my body swung out at the end of the strap it would slip off and +launch me to the pavement a thousand feet below. + +An instant I hesitated, and then, releasing my grasp upon the +supporting ornament, I swung out into space at the end of the strap. +Far below me lay the brilliantly lighted streets, the hard pavements, +and death. There was a little jerk at the top of the supporting eaves, +and a nasty slipping, grating sound which turned me cold with +apprehension; then the hook caught and I was safe. + +Clambering quickly aloft I grasped the edge of the eaves and drew +myself to the surface of the roof above. As I gained my feet I was +confronted by the sentry on duty, into the muzzle of whose revolver I +found myself looking. + +“Who are you and whence came you” he cried. + +“I am an air scout, friend, and very near a dead one, for just by the +merest chance I escaped falling to the avenue below,” I replied. + +“But how came you upon the roof, man No one has landed or come up from +the building for the past hour. Quick, explain yourself, or I call the +guard.” + +“Look you here, sentry, and you shall see how I came and how close a +shave I had to not coming at all,” I answered, turning toward the edge +of the roof, where, twenty feet below, at the end of my strap, hung all +my weapons. + +The fellow, acting on impulse of curiosity, stepped to my side and to +his undoing, for as he leaned to peer over the eaves I grasped him by +his throat and his pistol arm and threw him heavily to the roof. The +weapon dropped from his grasp, and my fingers choked off his attempted +cry for assistance. I gagged and bound him and then hung him over the +edge of the roof as I myself had hung a few moments before. I knew it +would be morning before he would be discovered, and I needed all the +time that I could gain. + +Donning my trappings and weapons I hastened to the sheds, and soon had +out both my machine and Kantos Kan’s. Making his fast behind mine I +started my engine, and skimming over the edge of the roof I dove down +into the streets of the city far below the plane usually occupied by +the air patrol. In less than a minute I was settling safely upon the +roof of our apartment beside the astonished Kantos Kan. + +I lost no time in explanation, but plunged immediately into a +discussion of our plans for the immediate future. It was decided that I +was to try to make Helium while Kantos Kan was to enter the palace and +dispatch Sab Than. If successful he was then to follow me. He set my +compass for me, a clever little device which will remain steadfastly +fixed upon any given point on the surface of Barsoom, and bidding each +other farewell we rose together and sped in the direction of the palace +which lay in the route which I must take to reach Helium. + +As we neared the high tower a patrol shot down from above, throwing its +piercing searchlight full upon my craft, and a voice roared out a +command to halt, following with a shot as I paid no attention to his +hail. Kantos Kan dropped quickly into the darkness, while I rose +steadily and at terrific speed raced through the Martian sky followed +by a dozen of the air-scout craft which had joined the pursuit, and +later by a swift cruiser carrying a hundred men and a battery of +rapid-fire guns. By twisting and turning my little machine, now rising +and now falling, I managed to elude their search-lights most of the +time, but I was also losing ground by these tactics, and so I decided +to hazard everything on a straight-away course and leave the result to +fate and the speed of my machine. + +Kantos Kan had shown me a trick of gearing, which is known only to the +navy of Helium, that greatly increased the speed of our machines, so +that I felt sure I could distance my pursuers if I could dodge their +projectiles for a few moments. + +As I sped through the air the screeching of the bullets around me +convinced me that only by a miracle could I escape, but the die was +cast, and throwing on full speed I raced a straight course toward +Helium. Gradually I left my pursuers further and further behind, and I +was just congratulating myself on my lucky escape, when a well-directed +shot from the cruiser exploded at the prow of my little craft. The +concussion nearly capsized her, and with a sickening plunge she hurtled +downward through the dark night. + +How far I fell before I regained control of the plane I do not know, +but I must have been very close to the ground when I started to rise +again, as I plainly heard the squealing of animals below me. Rising +again I scanned the heavens for my pursuers, and finally making out +their lights far behind me, saw that they were landing, evidently in +search of me. + +Not until their lights were no longer discernible did I venture to +flash my little lamp upon my compass, and then I found to my +consternation that a fragment of the projectile had utterly destroyed +my only guide, as well as my speedometer. It was true I could follow +the stars in the general direction of Helium, but without knowing the +exact location of the city or the speed at which I was traveling my +chances for finding it were slim. + +Helium lies a thousand miles southwest of Zodanga, and with my compass +intact I should have made the trip, barring accidents, in between four +and five hours. As it turned out, however, morning found me speeding +over a vast expanse of dead sea bottom after nearly six hours of +continuous flight at high speed. Presently a great city showed below +me, but it was not Helium, as that alone of all Barsoomian metropolises +consists in two immense circular walled cities about seventy-five miles +apart and would have been easily distinguishable from the altitude at +which I was flying. + +Believing that I had come too far to the north and west, I turned back +in a southeasterly direction, passing during the forenoon several other +large cities, but none resembling the description which Kantos Kan had +given me of Helium. In addition to the twin-city formation of Helium, +another distinguishing feature is the two immense towers, one of vivid +scarlet rising nearly a mile into the air from the center of one of the +cities, while the other, of bright yellow and of the same height, marks +her sister. + + + + +CHAPTER XXIV +TARS TARKAS FINDS A FRIEND + + +About noon I passed low over a great dead city of ancient Mars, and as +I skimmed out across the plain beyond I came full upon several thousand +green warriors engaged in a terrific battle. Scarcely had I seen them +than a volley of shots was directed at me, and with the almost +unfailing accuracy of their aim my little craft was instantly a ruined +wreck, sinking erratically to the ground. + +I fell almost directly in the center of the fierce combat, among +warriors who had not seen my approach so busily were they engaged in +life and death struggles. The men were fighting on foot with +long-swords, while an occasional shot from a sharpshooter on the +outskirts of the conflict would bring down a warrior who might for an +instant separate himself from the entangled mass. + +As my machine sank among them I realized that it was fight or die, with +good chances of dying in any event, and so I struck the ground with +drawn long-sword ready to defend myself as I could. + +I fell beside a huge monster who was engaged with three antagonists, +and as I glanced at his fierce face, filled with the light of battle, I +recognized Tars Tarkas the Thark. He did not see me, as I was a trifle +behind him, and just then the three warriors opposing him, and whom I +recognized as Warhoons, charged simultaneously. The mighty fellow made +quick work of one of them, but in stepping back for another thrust he +fell over a dead body behind him and was down and at the mercy of his +foes in an instant. Quick as lightning they were upon him, and Tars +Tarkas would have been gathered to his fathers in short order had I not +sprung before his prostrate form and engaged his adversaries. I had +accounted for one of them when the mighty Thark regained his feet and +quickly settled the other. + +He gave me one look, and a slight smile touched his grim lip as, +touching my shoulder, he said, + +“I would scarcely recognize you, John Carter, but there is no other +mortal upon Barsoom who would have done what you have for me. I think I +have learned that there is such a thing as friendship, my friend.” + +He said no more, nor was there opportunity, for the Warhoons were +closing in about us, and together we fought, shoulder to shoulder, +during all that long, hot afternoon, until the tide of battle turned +and the remnant of the fierce Warhoon horde fell back upon their +thoats, and fled into the gathering darkness. + +Ten thousand men had been engaged in that titanic struggle, and upon +the field of battle lay three thousand dead. Neither side asked or gave +quarter, nor did they attempt to take prisoners. + +On our return to the city after the battle we had gone directly to Tars +Tarkas’ quarters, where I was left alone while the chieftain attended +the customary council which immediately follows an engagement. + +As I sat awaiting the return of the green warrior I heard something +move in an adjoining apartment, and as I glanced up there rushed +suddenly upon me a huge and hideous creature which bore me backward +upon the pile of silks and furs upon which I had been reclining. It was +Woola—faithful, loving Woola. He had found his way back to Thark and, +as Tars Tarkas later told me, had gone immediately to my former +quarters where he had taken up his pathetic and seemingly hopeless +watch for my return. + +“Tal Hajus knows that you are here, John Carter,” said Tars Tarkas, on +his return from the jeddak’s quarters; “Sarkoja saw and recognized you +as we were returning. Tal Hajus has ordered me to bring you before him +tonight. I have ten thoats, John Carter; you may take your choice from +among them, and I will accompany you to the nearest waterway that leads +to Helium. Tars Tarkas may be a cruel green warrior, but he can be a +friend as well. Come, we must start.” + +“And when you return, Tars Tarkas” I asked. + +“The wild calots, possibly, or worse,” he replied. “Unless I should +chance to have the opportunity I have so long waited of battling with +Tal Hajus.” + +“We will stay, Tars Tarkas, and see Tal Hajus tonight. You shall not +sacrifice yourself, and it may be that tonight you can have the chance +you wait.” + +He objected strenuously, saying that Tal Hajus often flew into wild +fits of passion at the mere thought of the blow I had dealt him, and +that if ever he laid his hands upon me I would be subjected to the most +horrible tortures. + +While we were eating I repeated to Tars Tarkas the story which Sola had +told me that night upon the sea bottom during the march to Thark. + +He said but little, but the great muscles of his face worked in passion +and in agony at recollection of the horrors which had been heaped upon +the only thing he had ever loved in all his cold, cruel, terrible +existence. + +He no longer demurred when I suggested that we go before Tal Hajus, +only saying that he would like to speak to Sarkoja first. At his +request I accompanied him to her quarters, and the look of venomous +hatred she cast upon me was almost adequate recompense for any future +misfortunes this accidental return to Thark might bring me. + +“Sarkoja,” said Tars Tarkas, “forty years ago you were instrumental in +bringing about the torture and death of a woman named Gozava. I have +just discovered that the warrior who loved that woman has learned of +your part in the transaction. He may not kill you, Sarkoja, it is not +our custom, but there is nothing to prevent him tying one end of a +strap about your neck and the other end to a wild thoat, merely to test +your fitness to survive and help perpetuate our race. Having heard that +he would do this on the morrow, I thought it only right to warn you, +for I am a just man. The river Iss is but a short pilgrimage, Sarkoja. +Come, John Carter.” + +The next morning Sarkoja was gone, nor was she ever seen after. + +In silence we hastened to the jeddak’s palace, where we were +immediately admitted to his presence; in fact, he could scarcely wait +to see me and was standing erect upon his platform glowering at the +entrance as I came in. + +“Strap him to that pillar,” he shrieked. “We shall see who it is dares +strike the mighty Tal Hajus. Heat the irons; with my own hands I shall +burn the eyes from his head that he may not pollute my person with his +vile gaze.” + +“Chieftains of Thark,” I cried, turning to the assembled council and +ignoring Tal Hajus, “I have been a chief among you, and today I have +fought for Thark shoulder to shoulder with her greatest warrior. You +owe me, at least, a hearing. I have won that much today. You claim to +be a just people—” + +“Silence,” roared Tal Hajus. “Gag the creature and bind him as I +command.” + +“Justice, Tal Hajus,” exclaimed Lorquas Ptomel. “Who are you to set +aside the customs of ages among the Tharks.” + +“Yes, justice!” echoed a dozen voices, and so, while Tal Hajus fumed +and frothed, I continued. + +“You are a brave people and you love bravery, but where was your mighty +jeddak during the fighting today I did not see him in the thick of +battle; he was not there. He rends defenseless women and little +children in his lair, but how recently has one of you seen him fight +with men Why, even I, a midget beside him, felled him with a single +blow of my fist. Is it of such that the Tharks fashion their jeddaks +There stands beside me now a great Thark, a mighty warrior and a noble +man. Chieftains, how sounds, Tars Tarkas, Jeddak of Thark” + +A roar of deep-toned applause greeted this suggestion. + +“It but remains for this council to command, and Tal Hajus must prove +his fitness to rule. Were he a brave man he would invite Tars Tarkas to +combat, for he does not love him, but Tal Hajus is afraid; Tal Hajus, +your jeddak, is a coward. With my bare hands I could kill him, and he +knows it.” + +After I ceased there was tense silence, as all eyes were riveted upon +Tal Hajus. He did not speak or move, but the blotchy green of his +countenance turned livid, and the froth froze upon his lips. + +“Tal Hajus,” said Lorquas Ptomel in a cold, hard voice, “never in my +long life have I seen a jeddak of the Tharks so humiliated. There could +be but one answer to this arraignment. We wait it.” And still Tal Hajus +stood as though petrified. + +“Chieftains,” continued Lorquas Ptomel, “shall the jeddak, Tal Hajus, +prove his fitness to rule over Tars Tarkas” + +There were twenty chieftains about the rostrum, and twenty swords +flashed high in assent. + +There was no alternative. That decree was final, and so Tal Hajus drew +his long-sword and advanced to meet Tars Tarkas. + +The combat was soon over, and, with his foot upon the neck of the dead +monster, Tars Tarkas became jeddak among the Tharks. + +His first act was to make me a full-fledged chieftain with the rank I +had won by my combats the first few weeks of my captivity among them. + +Seeing the favorable disposition of the warriors toward Tars Tarkas, as +well as toward me, I grasped the opportunity to enlist them in my cause +against Zodanga. I told Tars Tarkas the story of my adventures, and in +a few words had explained to him the thought I had in mind. + +“John Carter has made a proposal,” he said, addressing the council, +“which meets with my sanction. I shall put it to you briefly. Dejah +Thoris, the Princess of Helium, who was our prisoner, is now held by +the jeddak of Zodanga, whose son she must wed to save her country from +devastation at the hands of the Zodangan forces. + +“John Carter suggests that we rescue her and return her to Helium. The +loot of Zodanga would be magnificent, and I have often thought that had +we an alliance with the people of Helium we could obtain sufficient +assurance of sustenance to permit us to increase the size and frequency +of our hatchings, and thus become unquestionably supreme among the +green men of all Barsoom. What say you” + +It was a chance to fight, an opportunity to loot, and they rose to the +bait as a speckled trout to a fly. + +For Tharks they were wildly enthusiastic, and before another half hour +had passed twenty mounted messengers were speeding across dead sea +bottoms to call the hordes together for the expedition. + +In three days we were on the march toward Zodanga, one hundred thousand +strong, as Tars Tarkas had been able to enlist the services of three +smaller hordes on the promise of the great loot of Zodanga. + +At the head of the column I rode beside the great Thark while at the +heels of my mount trotted my beloved Woola. + +We traveled entirely by night, timing our marches so that we camped +during the day at deserted cities where, even to the beasts, we were +all kept indoors during the daylight hours. On the march Tars Tarkas, +through his remarkable ability and statesmanship, enlisted fifty +thousand more warriors from various hordes, so that, ten days after we +set out we halted at midnight outside the great walled city of Zodanga, +one hundred and fifty thousand strong. + +The fighting strength and efficiency of this horde of ferocious green +monsters was equivalent to ten times their number of red men. Never in +the history of Barsoom, Tars Tarkas told me, had such a force of green +warriors marched to battle together. It was a monstrous task to keep +even a semblance of harmony among them, and it was a marvel to me that +he got them to the city without a mighty battle among themselves. + +But as we neared Zodanga their personal quarrels were submerged by +their greater hatred for the red men, and especially for the Zodangans, +who had for years waged a ruthless campaign of extermination against +the green men, directing special attention toward despoiling their +incubators. + +Now that we were before Zodanga the task of obtaining entry to the city +devolved upon me, and directing Tars Tarkas to hold his forces in two +divisions out of earshot of the city, with each division opposite a +large gateway, I took twenty dismounted warriors and approached one of +the small gates that pierced the walls at short intervals. These gates +have no regular guard, but are covered by sentries, who patrol the +avenue that encircles the city just within the walls as our +metropolitan police patrol their beats. + +The walls of Zodanga are seventy-five feet in height and fifty feet +thick. They are built of enormous blocks of carborundum, and the task +of entering the city seemed, to my escort of green warriors, an +impossibility. The fellows who had been detailed to accompany me were +of one of the smaller hordes, and therefore did not know me. + +Placing three of them with their faces to the wall and arms locked, I +commanded two more to mount to their shoulders, and a sixth I ordered +to climb upon the shoulders of the upper two. The head of the topmost +warrior towered over forty feet from the ground. + +In this way, with ten warriors, I built a series of three steps from +the ground to the shoulders of the topmost man. Then starting from a +short distance behind them I ran swiftly up from one tier to the next, +and with a final bound from the broad shoulders of the highest I +clutched the top of the great wall and quietly drew myself to its broad +expanse. After me I dragged six lengths of leather from an equal number +of my warriors. These lengths we had previously fastened together, and +passing one end to the topmost warrior I lowered the other end +cautiously over the opposite side of the wall toward the avenue below. +No one was in sight, so, lowering myself to the end of my leather +strap, I dropped the remaining thirty feet to the pavement below. + +I had learned from Kantos Kan the secret of opening these gates, and in +another moment my twenty great fighting men stood within the doomed +city of Zodanga. + +I found to my delight that I had entered at the lower boundary of the +enormous palace grounds. The building itself showed in the distance a +blaze of glorious light, and on the instant I determined to lead a +detachment of warriors directly within the palace itself, while the +balance of the great horde was attacking the barracks of the soldiery. + +Dispatching one of my men to Tars Tarkas for a detail of fifty Tharks, +with word of my intentions, I ordered ten warriors to capture and open +one of the great gates while with the nine remaining I took the other. +We were to do our work quietly, no shots were to be fired and no +general advance made until I had reached the palace with my fifty +Tharks. Our plans worked to perfection. The two sentries we met were +dispatched to their fathers upon the banks of the lost sea of Korus, +and the guards at both gates followed them in silence. + + + + +CHAPTER XXV +THE LOOTING OF ZODANGA + + +As the great gate where I stood swung open my fifty Tharks, headed by +Tars Tarkas himself, rode in upon their mighty thoats. I led them to +the palace walls, which I negotiated easily without assistance. Once +inside, however, the gate gave me considerable trouble, but I finally +was rewarded by seeing it swing upon its huge hinges, and soon my +fierce escort was riding across the gardens of the jeddak of Zodanga. + +As we approached the palace I could see through the great windows of +the first floor into the brilliantly illuminated audience chamber of +Than Kosis. The immense hall was crowded with nobles and their women, +as though some important function was in progress. There was not a +guard in sight without the palace, due, I presume, to the fact that the +city and palace walls were considered impregnable, and so I came close +and peered within. + +At one end of the chamber, upon massive golden thrones encrusted with +diamonds, sat Than Kosis and his consort, surrounded by officers and +dignitaries of state. Before them stretched a broad aisle lined on +either side with soldiery, and as I looked there entered this aisle at +the far end of the hall, the head of a procession which advanced to the +foot of the throne. + +First there marched four officers of the jeddak’s Guard bearing a huge +salver on which reposed, upon a cushion of scarlet silk, a great golden +chain with a collar and padlock at each end. Directly behind these +officers came four others carrying a similar salver which supported the +magnificent ornaments of a prince and princess of the reigning house of +Zodanga. + +At the foot of the throne these two parties separated and halted, +facing each other at opposite sides of the aisle. Then came more +dignitaries, and the officers of the palace and of the army, and +finally two figures entirely muffled in scarlet silk, so that not a +feature of either was discernible. These two stopped at the foot of the +throne, facing Than Kosis. When the balance of the procession had +entered and assumed their stations Than Kosis addressed the couple +standing before him. I could not hear his words, but presently two +officers advanced and removed the scarlet robe from one of the figures, +and I saw that Kantos Kan had failed in his mission, for it was Sab +Than, Prince of Zodanga, who stood revealed before me. + +Than Kosis now took a set of the ornaments from one of the salvers and +placed one of the collars of gold about his son’s neck, springing the +padlock fast. After a few more words addressed to Sab Than he turned to +the other figure, from which the officers now removed the enshrouding +silks, disclosing to my now comprehending view Dejah Thoris, Princess +of Helium. + +The object of the ceremony was clear to me; in another moment Dejah +Thoris would be joined forever to the Prince of Zodanga. It was an +impressive and beautiful ceremony, I presume, but to me it seemed the +most fiendish sight I had ever witnessed, and as the ornaments were +adjusted upon her beautiful figure and her collar of gold swung open in +the hands of Than Kosis I raised my long-sword above my head, and, with +the heavy hilt, I shattered the glass of the great window and sprang +into the midst of the astonished assemblage. With a bound I was on the +steps of the platform beside Than Kosis, and as he stood riveted with +surprise I brought my long-sword down upon the golden chain that would +have bound Dejah Thoris to another. + +In an instant all was confusion; a thousand drawn swords menaced me +from every quarter, and Sab Than sprang upon me with a jeweled dagger +he had drawn from his nuptial ornaments. I could have killed him as +easily as I might a fly, but the age-old custom of Barsoom stayed my +hand, and grasping his wrist as the dagger flew toward my heart I held +him as though in a vise and with my long-sword pointed to the far end +of the hall. + +“Zodanga has fallen,” I cried. “Look!” + +All eyes turned in the direction I had indicated, and there, forging +through the portals of the entranceway rode Tars Tarkas and his fifty +warriors on their great thoats. + +A cry of alarm and amazement broke from the assemblage, but no word of +fear, and in a moment the soldiers and nobles of Zodanga were hurling +themselves upon the advancing Tharks. + +Thrusting Sab Than headlong from the platform, I drew Dejah Thoris to +my side. Behind the throne was a narrow doorway and in this Than Kosis +now stood facing me, with drawn long-sword. In an instant we were +engaged, and I found no mean antagonist. + +As we circled upon the broad platform I saw Sab Than rushing up the +steps to aid his father, but, as he raised his hand to strike, Dejah +Thoris sprang before him and then my sword found the spot that made Sab +Than jeddak of Zodanga. As his father rolled dead upon the floor the +new jeddak tore himself free from Dejah Thoris’ grasp, and again we +faced each other. He was soon joined by a quartet of officers, and, +with my back against a golden throne, I fought once again for Dejah +Thoris. I was hard pressed to defend myself and yet not strike down Sab +Than and, with him, my last chance to win the woman I loved. My blade +was swinging with the rapidity of lightning as I sought to parry the +thrusts and cuts of my opponents. Two I had disarmed, and one was down, +when several more rushed to the aid of their new ruler, and to avenge +the death of the old. + + +[Illustration With my back against a golden throne, I fought once +again for Dejah Thoris.] + + +As they advanced there were cries of “The woman! The woman! Strike her +down; it is her plot. Kill her! Kill her!” + +Calling to Dejah Thoris to get behind me I worked my way toward the +little doorway back of the throne, but the officers realized my +intentions, and three of them sprang in behind me and blocked my +chances for gaining a position where I could have defended Dejah Thoris +against an army of swordsmen. + +The Tharks were having their hands full in the center of the room, and +I began to realize that nothing short of a miracle could save Dejah +Thoris and myself, when I saw Tars Tarkas surging through the crowd of +pygmies that swarmed about him. With one swing of his mighty longsword +he laid a dozen corpses at his feet, and so he hewed a pathway before +him until in another moment he stood upon the platform beside me, +dealing death and destruction right and left. + +The bravery of the Zodangans was awe-inspiring, not one attempted to +escape, and when the fighting ceased it was because only Tharks +remained alive in the great hall, other than Dejah Thoris and myself. + +Sab Than lay dead beside his father, and the corpses of the flower of +Zodangan nobility and chivalry covered the floor of the bloody +shambles. + +My first thought when the battle was over was for Kantos Kan, and +leaving Dejah Thoris in charge of Tars Tarkas I took a dozen warriors +and hastened to the dungeons beneath the palace. The jailers had all +left to join the fighters in the throne room, so we searched the +labyrinthine prison without opposition. + +I called Kantos Kan’s name aloud in each new corridor and compartment, +and finally I was rewarded by hearing a faint response. Guided by the +sound, we soon found him helpless in a dark recess. + +He was overjoyed at seeing me, and to know the meaning of the fight, +faint echoes of which had reached his prison cell. He told me that the +air patrol had captured him before he reached the high tower of the +palace, so that he had not even seen Sab Than. + +We discovered that it would be futile to attempt to cut away the bars +and chains which held him prisoner, so, at his suggestion I returned to +search the bodies on the floor above for keys to open the padlocks of +his cell and of his chains. + +Fortunately among the first I examined I found his jailer, and soon we +had Kantos Kan with us in the throne room. + +The sounds of heavy firing, mingled with shouts and cries, came to us +from the city’s streets, and Tars Tarkas hastened away to direct the +fighting without. Kantos Kan accompanied him to act as guide, the green +warriors commencing a thorough search of the palace for other Zodangans +and for loot, and Dejah Thoris and I were left alone. + +She had sunk into one of the golden thrones, and as I turned to her she +greeted me with a wan smile. + +“Was there ever such a man!” she exclaimed. “I know that Barsoom has +never before seen your like. Can it be that all Earth men are as you +Alone, a stranger, hunted, threatened, persecuted, you have done in a +few short months what in all the past ages of Barsoom no man has ever +done joined together the wild hordes of the sea bottoms and brought +them to fight as allies of a red Martian people.” + +“The answer is easy, Dejah Thoris,” I replied smiling. “It was not I +who did it, it was love, love for Dejah Thoris, a power that would work +greater miracles than this you have seen.” + +A pretty flush overspread her face and she answered, + +“You may say that now, John Carter, and I may listen, for I am free.” + +“And more still I have to say, ere it is again too late,” I returned. +“I have done many strange things in my life, many things that wiser men +would not have dared, but never in my wildest fancies have I dreamed of +winning a Dejah Thoris for myself—for never had I dreamed that in all +the universe dwelt such a woman as the Princess of Helium. That you are +a princess does not abash me, but that you are you is enough to make me +doubt my sanity as I ask you, my princess, to be mine.” + +“He does not need to be abashed who so well knew the answer to his plea +before the plea were made,” she replied, rising and placing her dear +hands upon my shoulders, and so I took her in my arms and kissed her. + +And thus in the midst of a city of wild conflict, filled with the +alarms of war; with death and destruction reaping their terrible +harvest around her, did Dejah Thoris, Princess of Helium, true daughter +of Mars, the God of War, promise herself in marriage to John Carter, +Gentleman of Virginia. + + + + +CHAPTER XXVI +THROUGH CARNAGE TO JOY + + +Sometime later Tars Tarkas and Kantos Kan returned to report that +Zodanga had been completely reduced. Her forces were entirely destroyed +or captured, and no further resistance was to be expected from within. +Several battleships had escaped, but there were thousands of war and +merchant vessels under guard of Thark warriors. + +The lesser hordes had commenced looting and quarreling among +themselves, so it was decided that we collect what warriors we could, +man as many vessels as possible with Zodangan prisoners and make for +Helium without further loss of time. + +Five hours later we sailed from the roofs of the dock buildings with a +fleet of two hundred and fifty battleships, carrying nearly one hundred +thousand green warriors, followed by a fleet of transports with our +thoats. + +Behind us we left the stricken city in the fierce and brutal clutches +of some forty thousand green warriors of the lesser hordes. They were +looting, murdering, and fighting amongst themselves. In a hundred +places they had applied the torch, and columns of dense smoke were +rising above the city as though to blot out from the eye of heaven the +horrid sights beneath. + +In the middle of the afternoon we sighted the scarlet and yellow towers +of Helium, and a short time later a great fleet of Zodangan battleships +rose from the camps of the besiegers without the city, and advanced to +meet us. + +The banners of Helium had been strung from stem to stern of each of our +mighty craft, but the Zodangans did not need this sign to realize that +we were enemies, for our green Martian warriors had opened fire upon +them almost as they left the ground. With their uncanny marksmanship +they raked the on-coming fleet with volley after volley. + +The twin cities of Helium, perceiving that we were friends, sent out +hundreds of vessels to aid us, and then began the first real air battle +I had ever witnessed. + +The vessels carrying our green warriors were kept circling above the +contending fleets of Helium and Zodanga, since their batteries were +useless in the hands of the Tharks who, having no navy, have no skill +in naval gunnery. Their small-arm fire, however, was most effective, +and the final outcome of the engagement was strongly influenced, if not +wholly determined, by their presence. + +At first the two forces circled at the same altitude, pouring broadside +after broadside into each other. Presently a great hole was torn in the +hull of one of the immense battle craft from the Zodangan camp; with a +lurch she turned completely over, the little figures of her crew +plunging, turning and twisting toward the ground a thousand feet below; +then with sickening velocity she tore after them, almost completely +burying herself in the soft loam of the ancient sea bottom. + +A wild cry of exultation arose from the Heliumite squadron, and with +redoubled ferocity they fell upon the Zodangan fleet. By a pretty +maneuver two of the vessels of Helium gained a position above their +adversaries, from which they poured upon them from their keel bomb +batteries a perfect torrent of exploding bombs. + +Then, one by one, the battleships of Helium succeeded in rising above +the Zodangans, and in a short time a number of the beleaguering +battleships were drifting hopeless wrecks toward the high scarlet tower +of greater Helium. Several others attempted to escape, but they were +soon surrounded by thousands of tiny individual fliers, and above each +hung a monster battleship of Helium ready to drop boarding parties upon +their decks. + +Within but little more than an hour from the moment the victorious +Zodangan squadron had risen to meet us from the camp of the besiegers +the battle was over, and the remaining vessels of the conquered +Zodangans were headed toward the cities of Helium under prize crews. + +There was an extremely pathetic side to the surrender of these mighty +fliers, the result of an age-old custom which demanded that surrender +should be signalized by the voluntary plunging to earth of the +commander of the vanquished vessel. One after another the brave +fellows, holding their colors high above their heads, leaped from the +towering bows of their mighty craft to an awful death. + +Not until the commander of the entire fleet took the fearful plunge, +thus indicating the surrender of the remaining vessels, did the +fighting cease, and the useless sacrifice of brave men come to an end. + +We now signaled the flagship of Helium’s navy to approach, and when she +was within hailing distance I called out that we had the Princess Dejah +Thoris on board, and that we wished to transfer her to the flagship +that she might be taken immediately to the city. + +As the full import of my announcement bore in upon them a great cry +arose from the decks of the flagship, and a moment later the colors of +the Princess of Helium broke from a hundred points upon her upper +works. When the other vessels of the squadron caught the meaning of the +signals flashed them they took up the wild acclaim and unfurled her +colors in the gleaming sunlight. + +The flagship bore down upon us, and as she swung gracefully to and +touched our side a dozen officers sprang upon our decks. As their +astonished gaze fell upon the hundreds of green warriors, who now came +forth from the fighting shelters, they stopped aghast, but at sight of +Kantos Kan, who advanced to meet them, they came forward, crowding +about him. + +Dejah Thoris and I then advanced, and they had no eyes for other than +her. She received them gracefully, calling each by name, for they were +men high in the esteem and service of her grandfather, and she knew +them well. + +“Lay your hands upon the shoulder of John Carter,” she said to them, +turning toward me, “the man to whom Helium owes her princess as well as +her victory today.” + +They were very courteous to me and said many kind and complimentary +things, but what seemed to impress them most was that I had won the aid +of the fierce Tharks in my campaign for the liberation of Dejah Thoris, +and the relief of Helium. + +“You owe your thanks more to another man than to me,” I said, “and here +he is; meet one of Barsoom’s greatest soldiers and statesmen, Tars +Tarkas, Jeddak of Thark.” + +With the same polished courtesy that had marked their manner toward me +they extended their greetings to the great Thark, nor, to my surprise, +was he much behind them in ease of bearing or in courtly speech. Though +not a garrulous race, the Tharks are extremely formal, and their ways +lend themselves amazingly to dignified and courtly manners. + +Dejah Thoris went aboard the flagship, and was much put out that I +would not follow, but, as I explained to her, the battle was but partly +won; we still had the land forces of the besieging Zodangans to account +for, and I would not leave Tars Tarkas until that had been +accomplished. + +The commander of the naval forces of Helium promised to arrange to have +the armies of Helium attack from the city in conjunction with our land +attack, and so the vessels separated and Dejah Thoris was borne in +triumph back to the court of her grandfather, Tardos Mors, Jeddak of +Helium. + +In the distance lay our fleet of transports, with the thoats of the +green warriors, where they had remained during the battle. Without +landing stages it was to be a difficult matter to unload these beasts +upon the open plain, but there was nothing else for it, and so we put +out for a point about ten miles from the city and began the task. + +It was necessary to lower the animals to the ground in slings and this +work occupied the remainder of the day and half the night. Twice we +were attacked by parties of Zodangan cavalry, but with little loss, +however, and after darkness shut down they withdrew. + +As soon as the last thoat was unloaded Tars Tarkas gave the command to +advance, and in three parties we crept upon the Zodangan camp from the +north, the south and the east. + +About a mile from the main camp we encountered their outposts and, as +had been prearranged, accepted this as the signal to charge. With wild, +ferocious cries and amidst the nasty squealing of battle-enraged thoats +we bore down upon the Zodangans. + +We did not catch them napping, but found a well-entrenched battle line +confronting us. Time after time we were repulsed until, toward noon, I +began to fear for the result of the battle. + +The Zodangans numbered nearly a million fighting men, gathered from +pole to pole, wherever stretched their ribbon-like waterways, while +pitted against them were less than a hundred thousand green warriors. +The forces from Helium had not arrived, nor could we receive any word +from them. + +Just at noon we heard heavy firing all along the line between the +Zodangans and the cities, and we knew then that our much-needed +reinforcements had come. + +Again Tars Tarkas ordered the charge, and once more the mighty thoats +bore their terrible riders against the ramparts of the enemy. At the +same moment the battle line of Helium surged over the opposite +breastworks of the Zodangans and in another moment they were being +crushed as between two millstones. Nobly they fought, but in vain. + +The plain before the city became a veritable shambles ere the last +Zodangan surrendered, but finally the carnage ceased, the prisoners +were marched back to Helium, and we entered the greater city’s gates, a +huge triumphal procession of conquering heroes. + +The broad avenues were lined with women and children, among which were +the few men whose duties necessitated that they remain within the city +during the battle. We were greeted with an endless round of applause +and showered with ornaments of gold, platinum, silver, and precious +jewels. The city had gone mad with joy. + +My fierce Tharks caused the wildest excitement and enthusiasm. Never +before had an armed body of green warriors entered the gates of Helium, +and that they came now as friends and allies filled the red men with +rejoicing. + +That my poor services to Dejah Thoris had become known to the +Heliumites was evidenced by the loud crying of my name, and by the +loads of ornaments that were fastened upon me and my huge thoat as we +passed up the avenues to the palace, for even in the face of the +ferocious appearance of Woola the populace pressed close about me. + +As we approached this magnificent pile we were met by a party of +officers who greeted us warmly and requested that Tars Tarkas and his +jeds with the jeddaks and jeds of his wild allies, together with +myself, dismount and accompany them to receive from Tardos Mors an +expression of his gratitude for our services. + +At the top of the great steps leading up to the main portals of the +palace stood the royal party, and as we reached the lower steps one of +their number descended to meet us. + +He was an almost perfect specimen of manhood; tall, straight as an +arrow, superbly muscled and with the carriage and bearing of a ruler of +men. I did not need to be told that he was Tardos Mors, Jeddak of +Helium. + +The first member of our party he met was Tars Tarkas and his first +words sealed forever the new friendship between the races. + +“That Tardos Mors,” he said, earnestly, “may meet the greatest living +warrior of Barsoom is a priceless honor, but that he may lay his hand +on the shoulder of a friend and ally is a far greater boon.” + +“Jeddak of Helium,” returned Tars Tarkas, “it has remained for a man of +another world to teach the green warriors of Barsoom the meaning of +friendship; to him we owe the fact that the hordes of Thark can +understand you; that they can appreciate and reciprocate the sentiments +so graciously expressed.” + +Tardos Mors then greeted each of the green jeddaks and jeds, and to +each spoke words of friendship and appreciation. + +As he approached me he laid both hands upon my shoulders. + +“Welcome, my son,” he said; “that you are granted, gladly, and without +one word of opposition, the most precious jewel in all Helium, yes, on +all Barsoom, is sufficient earnest of my esteem.” + +We were then presented to Mors Kajak, Jed of lesser Helium, and father +of Dejah Thoris. He had followed close behind Tardos Mors and seemed +even more affected by the meeting than had his father. + +He tried a dozen times to express his gratitude to me, but his voice +choked with emotion and he could not speak, and yet he had, as I was to +later learn, a reputation for ferocity and fearlessness as a fighter +that was remarkable even upon warlike Barsoom. In common with all +Helium he worshiped his daughter, nor could he think of what she had +escaped without deep emotion. + + + + +CHAPTER XXVII +FROM JOY TO DEATH + + +For ten days the hordes of Thark and their wild allies were feasted and +entertained, and, then, loaded with costly presents and escorted by ten +thousand soldiers of Helium commanded by Mors Kajak, they started on +the return journey to their own lands. The jed of lesser Helium with a +small party of nobles accompanied them all the way to Thark to cement +more closely the new bonds of peace and friendship. + +Sola also accompanied Tars Tarkas, her father, who before all his +chieftains had acknowledged her as his daughter. + +Three weeks later, Mors Kajak and his officers, accompanied by Tars +Tarkas and Sola, returned upon a battleship that had been dispatched to +Thark to fetch them in time for the ceremony which made Dejah Thoris +and John Carter one. + +For nine years I served in the councils and fought in the armies of +Helium as a prince of the house of Tardos Mors. The people seemed never +to tire of heaping honors upon me, and no day passed that did not bring +some new proof of their love for my princess, the incomparable Dejah +Thoris. + +In a golden incubator upon the roof of our palace lay a snow-white egg. +For nearly five years ten soldiers of the jeddak’s Guard had constantly +stood over it, and not a day passed when I was in the city that Dejah +Thoris and I did not stand hand in hand before our little shrine +planning for the future, when the delicate shell should break. + +Vivid in my memory is the picture of the last night as we sat there +talking in low tones of the strange romance which had woven our lives +together and of this wonder which was coming to augment our happiness +and fulfill our hopes. + +In the distance we saw the bright-white light of an approaching +airship, but we attached no special significance to so common a sight. +Like a bolt of lightning it raced toward Helium until its very speed +bespoke the unusual. + +Flashing the signals which proclaimed it a dispatch bearer for the +jeddak, it circled impatiently awaiting the tardy patrol boat which +must convoy it to the palace docks. + +Ten minutes after it touched at the palace a message called me to the +council chamber, which I found filling with the members of that body. + +On the raised platform of the throne was Tardos Mors, pacing back and +forth with tense-drawn face. When all were in their seats he turned +toward us. + +“This morning,” he said, “word reached the several governments of +Barsoom that the keeper of the atmosphere plant had made no wireless +report for two days, nor had almost ceaseless calls upon him from a +score of capitals elicited a sign of response. + +“The ambassadors of the other nations asked us to take the matter in +hand and hasten the assistant keeper to the plant. All day a thousand +cruisers have been searching for him until just now one of them returns +bearing his dead body, which was found in the pits beneath his house +horribly mutilated by some assassin. + +“I do not need to tell you what this means to Barsoom. It would take +months to penetrate those mighty walls, in fact the work has already +commenced, and there would be little to fear were the engine of the +pumping plant to run as it should and as they all have for hundreds of +years; but the worst, we fear, has happened. The instruments show a +rapidly decreasing air pressure on all parts of Barsoom—the engine has +stopped.” + +“My gentlemen,” he concluded, “we have at best three days to live.” + +There was absolute silence for several minutes, and then a young noble +arose, and with his drawn sword held high above his head addressed +Tardos Mors. + +“The men of Helium have prided themselves that they have ever shown +Barsoom how a nation of red men should live, now is our opportunity to +show them how they should die. Let us go about our duties as though a +thousand useful years still lay before us.” + +The chamber rang with applause and as there was nothing better to do +than to allay the fears of the people by our example we went our ways +with smiles upon our faces and sorrow gnawing at our hearts. + +When I returned to my palace I found that the rumor already had reached +Dejah Thoris, so I told her all that I had heard. + +“We have been very happy, John Carter,” she said, “and I thank whatever +fate overtakes us that it permits us to die together.” + +The next two days brought no noticeable change in the supply of air, +but on the morning of the third day breathing became difficult at the +higher altitudes of the rooftops. The avenues and plazas of Helium were +filled with people. All business had ceased. For the most part the +people looked bravely into the face of their unalterable doom. Here and +there, however, men and women gave way to quiet grief. + +Toward the middle of the day many of the weaker commenced to succumb +and within an hour the people of Barsoom were sinking by thousands into +the unconsciousness which precedes death by asphyxiation. + +Dejah Thoris and I with the other members of the royal family had +collected in a sunken garden within an inner courtyard of the palace. +We conversed in low tones, when we conversed at all, as the awe of the +grim shadow of death crept over us. Even Woola seemed to feel the +weight of the impending calamity, for he pressed close to Dejah Thoris +and to me, whining pitifully. + +The little incubator had been brought from the roof of our palace at +request of Dejah Thoris and she sat gazing longingly upon the unknown +little life that now she would never know. + +As it was becoming perceptibly difficult to breathe Tardos Mors arose, +saying, + +“Let us bid each other farewell. The days of the greatness of Barsoom +are over. Tomorrow’s sun will look down upon a dead world which through +all eternity must go swinging through the heavens peopled not even by +memories. It is the end.” + +He stooped and kissed the women of his family, and laid his strong hand +upon the shoulders of the men. + +As I turned sadly from him my eyes fell upon Dejah Thoris. Her head was +drooping upon her breast, to all appearances she was lifeless. With a +cry I sprang to her and raised her in my arms. + +Her eyes opened and looked into mine. + +“Kiss me, John Carter,” she murmured. “I love you! I love you! It is +cruel that we must be torn apart who were just starting upon a life of +love and happiness.” + +As I pressed her dear lips to mine the old feeling of unconquerable +power and authority rose in me. The fighting blood of Virginia sprang +to life in my veins. + +“It shall not be, my princess,” I cried. “There is, there must be some +way, and John Carter, who has fought his way through a strange world +for love of you, will find it.” + +And with my words there crept above the threshold of my conscious mind +a series of nine long forgotten sounds. Like a flash of lightning in +the darkness their full purport dawned upon me—the key to the three +great doors of the atmosphere plant! + +Turning suddenly toward Tardos Mors as I still clasped my dying love to +my breast I cried. + +“A flier, Jeddak! Quick! Order your swiftest flier to the palace top. I +can save Barsoom yet.” + +He did not wait to question, but in an instant a guard was racing to +the nearest dock and though the air was thin and almost gone at the +rooftop they managed to launch the fastest one-man, air-scout machine +that the skill of Barsoom had ever produced. + +Kissing Dejah Thoris a dozen times and commanding Woola, who would have +followed me, to remain and guard her, I bounded with my old agility and +strength to the high ramparts of the palace, and in another moment I +was headed toward the goal of the hopes of all Barsoom. + +I had to fly low to get sufficient air to breathe, but I took a +straight course across an old sea bottom and so had to rise only a few +feet above the ground. + +I traveled with awful velocity for my errand was a race against time +with death. The face of Dejah Thoris hung always before me. As I turned +for a last look as I left the palace garden I had seen her stagger and +sink upon the ground beside the little incubator. That she had dropped +into the last coma which would end in death, if the air supply remained +unreplenished, I well knew, and so, throwing caution to the winds, I +flung overboard everything but the engine and compass, even to my +ornaments, and lying on my belly along the deck with one hand on the +steering wheel and the other pushing the speed lever to its last notch +I split the thin air of dying Mars with the speed of a meteor. + +An hour before dark the great walls of the atmosphere plant loomed +suddenly before me, and with a sickening thud I plunged to the ground +before the small door which was withholding the spark of life from the +inhabitants of an entire planet. + +Beside the door a great crew of men had been laboring to pierce the +wall, but they had scarcely scratched the flint-like surface, and now +most of them lay in the last sleep from which not even air would awaken +them. + +Conditions seemed much worse here than at Helium, and it was with +difficulty that I breathed at all. There were a few men still +conscious, and to one of these I spoke. + +“If I can open these doors is there a man who can start the engines” I +asked. + +“I can,” he replied, “if you open quickly. I can last but a few moments +more. But it is useless, they are both dead and no one else upon +Barsoom knew the secret of these awful locks. For three days men crazed +with fear have surged about this portal in vain attempts to solve its +mystery.” + +I had no time to talk, I was becoming very weak and it was with +difficulty that I controlled my mind at all. + +But, with a final effort, as I sank weakly to my knees I hurled the +nine thought waves at that awful thing before me. The Martian had +crawled to my side and with staring eyes fixed on the single panel +before us we waited in the silence of death. + +Slowly the mighty door receded before us. I attempted to rise and +follow it but I was too weak. + +“After it,” I cried to my companion, “and if you reach the pump room +turn loose all the pumps. It is the only chance Barsoom has to exist +tomorrow!” + +From where I lay I opened the second door, and then the third, and as I +saw the hope of Barsoom crawling weakly on hands and knees through the +last doorway I sank unconscious upon the ground. + + + + +CHAPTER XXVIII +AT THE ARIZONA CAVE + + +It was dark when I opened my eyes again. Strange, stiff garments were +upon my body; garments that cracked and powdered away from me as I rose +to a sitting posture. + +I felt myself over from head to foot and from head to foot I was +clothed, though when I fell unconscious at the little doorway I had +been naked. Before me was a small patch of moonlit sky which showed +through a ragged aperture. + +As my hands passed over my body they came in contact with pockets and +in one of these a small parcel of matches wrapped in oiled paper. One +of these matches I struck, and its dim flame lighted up what appeared +to be a huge cave, toward the back of which I discovered a strange, +still figure huddled over a tiny bench. As I approached it I saw that +it was the dead and mummified remains of a little old woman with long +black hair, and the thing it leaned over was a small charcoal burner +upon which rested a round copper vessel containing a small quantity of +greenish powder. + +Behind her, depending from the roof upon rawhide thongs, and stretching +entirely across the cave, was a row of human skeletons. From the thong +which held them stretched another to the dead hand of the little old +woman; as I touched the cord the skeletons swung to the motion with a +noise as of the rustling of dry leaves. + +It was a most grotesque and horrid tableau and I hastened out into the +fresh air; glad to escape from so gruesome a place. + +The sight that met my eyes as I stepped out upon a small ledge which +ran before the entrance of the cave filled me with consternation. + +A new heaven and a new landscape met my gaze. The silvered mountains in +the distance, the almost stationary moon hanging in the sky, the +cacti-studded valley below me were not of Mars. I could scarce believe +my eyes, but the truth slowly forced itself upon me—I was looking upon +Arizona from the same ledge from which ten years before I had gazed +with longing upon Mars. + +Burying my head in my arms I turned, broken, and sorrowful, down the +trail from the cave. + +Above me shone the red eye of Mars holding her awful secret, +forty-eight million miles away. + +Did the Martian reach the pump room Did the vitalizing air reach the +people of that distant planet in time to save them Was my Dejah Thoris +alive, or did her beautiful body lie cold in death beside the tiny +golden incubator in the sunken garden of the inner courtyard of the +palace of Tardos Mors, the jeddak of Helium + +For ten years I have waited and prayed for an answer to my questions. +For ten years I have waited and prayed to be taken back to the world of +my lost love. I would rather lie dead beside her there than live on +Earth all those millions of terrible miles from her. + +The old mine, which I found untouched, has made me fabulously wealthy; +but what care I for wealth! + +As I sit here tonight in my little study overlooking the Hudson, just +twenty years have elapsed since I first opened my eyes upon Mars. + +I can see her shining in the sky through the little window by my desk, +and tonight she seems calling to me again as she has not called before +since that long dead night, and I think I can see, across that awful +abyss of space, a beautiful black-haired woman standing in the garden +of a palace, and at her side is a little boy who puts his arm around +her as she points into the sky toward the planet Earth, while at their +feet is a huge and hideous creature with a heart of gold. + +I believe that they are waiting there for me, and something tells me +that I shall soon know. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/b74b4ce7-4f03-42b5-b60e-62da7ffa282e.xlsx b/data/b74b4ce7-4f03-42b5-b60e-62da7ffa282e.xlsx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bf263f012e3e3d009892d8af4c6e39d108df089b Binary files /dev/null and b/data/b74b4ce7-4f03-42b5-b60e-62da7ffa282e.xlsx differ diff --git a/data/b7767ed5-20c7-4243-86b1-e8bd9a3d2a64.png b/data/b7767ed5-20c7-4243-86b1-e8bd9a3d2a64.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..82353806c0e0be5ff5ff548143302adecf2807bf --- /dev/null +++ b/data/b7767ed5-20c7-4243-86b1-e8bd9a3d2a64.png @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:c57c637eb4db5c22b1df372cc9e8610ce913123c969ec9011b8831e6f0695f6b +size 1263955 diff --git a/data/c68c0db6-1929-4194-8602-56dce5ddbd29.xml b/data/c68c0db6-1929-4194-8602-56dce5ddbd29.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..98dec385a7cdc5a56b72daa9d78e9d7df21fad3c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/c68c0db6-1929-4194-8602-56dce5ddbd29.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1262 @@ + + + + + Title 1 + USCTitle + 1 + Online@118-13 + yes + OLRC + 2023-07-18T02:42:41 + USCConverter 1.7.2 + +
+<num value="1">Title 1—</num><heading>GENERAL PROVISIONS</heading> +<note topic="enacting" id="ide0b7fece-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><p>This title was enacted by <ref href="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch388/s1">act July 30, 1947, ch. 388, § 1</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/61/633">61 Stat. 633</ref></p></note> +<note topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0b7fecf-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><p>Current through 118-13</p></note> +<toc role="threeColumnTOC" id="ide0b7fed0-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<layout> +<header style="-uslm-lc:I70" role="tocColumnHeader"> +<column class="tocHeaderLeft">Chap.</column> +<column/> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I29" class="tocHeaderRight">Sec.</column></header> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I07" class="threeColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/ch1">1.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I08" class="threeColumnMiddle">Rules of construction</column><column style="-uslm-lc:I09" class="threeColumnRight"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s1">1</ref></column></tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I07" class="threeColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/ch2">2.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I08" class="threeColumnMiddle">Acts and resolutions; formalities of enactment; repeals; sealing of instruments</column><column style="-uslm-lc:I09" class="threeColumnRight"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s101">101</ref></column></tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I07" class="threeColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/ch3">3.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I08" class="threeColumnMiddle">Code of Laws of United States and Supplements; District of Columbia Code and Supplements</column><column style="-uslm-lc:I09" class="threeColumnRight"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s201">201</ref></column></tocItem> +</layout> +</toc> +<notes type="uscNote" id="ide0b7fed1-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" role="crossHeading" topic="statutoryNotes" id="ide0b7fed2-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered"><b>Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries</b></heading></note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="codification" id="ide0b7fed3-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Positive Law; Citation</heading><p>This title has been made positive law by section 1 of <ref href="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch388">act July 30, 1947, ch. 388</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/61/633">61 Stat. 633</ref>, which provided in part that: <quotedContent origin="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch388">“Title 1 of the United States Code entitled ‘General Provisions’, is codified and enacted into positive law and may be cited as ‘1 U. S. C., § ——.’ ”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="repeals" id="ide0b7fed4-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Repeals</heading><p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><ref href="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch388/s2">Act July 30, 1947, ch. 388, § 2</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/61/640">61 Stat. 640</ref>, provided that the sections or parts thereof of the Statutes at Large or the Revised Statutes covering provisions codified in this Act are repealed insofar as the provisions appeared in former Title 1, and provided that any rights or liabilities now existing under the repealed sections or parts thereof shall not be affected by the repeal.</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0b7fed5-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Writs of Error</heading><p><ref href="/us/act/1948-06-25/ch646/s23">Act June 25, 1948, ch. 646, § 23</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/62/990">62 Stat. 990</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/act/1948-06-25/ch646/s23">“All Acts of Congress referring to writs of error shall be construed as amended to the extent necessary to substitute appeal for writ of error.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note topic="dispositionOfSections" id="ide0b7fed6-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<table class="TableOfDisposition" width="50%" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-bottom:1px solid black; -uslm-lc: c3,L2,tp7,p6,6/7,xs30,r40,8,tp7,p6,6/7,xs30,r40,8; " id="ide0b7fed7-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<colgroup> +<col style="width:34pt ; max-width:34pt;"/> +<col style="min-width: 139pt;"/> +<col style="width:33pt ; max-width:33pt;"/> +</colgroup> +<thead> +<tr class="title" style="font-size:7pt; border-bottom:1px solid black; -uslm-lc:I95;"> +<th colspan="3"> +<p style=""><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Table Showing Disposition of All Sections of Former Title </span>1</p></th> +</tr> +<tr class="header" style="font-size:6pt; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; -uslm-lc:h1;"> +<th style="width:34.0pt ; max-width:34.0pt; text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; border-right:1px solid black;"><p style=" text-align:center;"><i>Title 1 Former Sections</i></p></th><th style="min-width: 139.0pt; text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black;"><p style=" text-align:center; margin-bottom:0em;"><i>Revised Statutes</i></p><p style=" text-align:center; margin-top:0em;"><i>Statutes at Large</i></p></th><th style="width:33.0pt ; max-width:33.0pt; text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; border-left:1px solid black;"><p style=" text-align:center;"><i>Title 1 New Sections</i></p></th></tr> +</thead> +<tbody style="line-height:7pt; font-size:6pt;"> +<tr style="border-top:1px solid black; -uslm-lc:I01;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>1</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>R.S., § 1</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:right;">1</p></td></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I01;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>2</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>R.S., § 2</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:right;">2</p></td></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I01;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>3</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>R.S., § 3</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:right;">3</p></td></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I01;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>4</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>R.S., § 4</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:right;">4</p></td></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I01;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>5</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>R.S., § 5</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:right;">5</p></td></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I01;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>6</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span><a href="/us/act/1940-06-11/ch325/s1">June 11, 1940, ch. 325, § 1</a>, <a href="/us/stat/54/305">54 Stat. 305</a></span></p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:right;">6</p></td></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I01;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>21</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>R.S., § 7</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:right;">101</p></td></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I01;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>22</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>R.S., § 8</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:right;">102</p></td></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I01;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>23</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>R.S., § 9</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:right;">103</p></td></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I01;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>24</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>R.S., § 10</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:right;">104</p></td></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I01;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>25</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>R.S., § 11</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:right;">105</p></td></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I01;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>26</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span><span class="date">Nov. 1, 1893</span>, 28 Stat. App. 5</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:right;">106</p></td></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I22;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;"> </p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;"><a href="/us/act/1895-03-02/ch177/s1">Mar. 2, 1895, ch. 177, § 1</a>, <a href="/us/stat/28/769">28 Stat. 769</a>.</p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"/></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I01;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>27</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span><a href="/us/act/1920-03-06/ch94/s1">Mar. 6, 1920, ch. 94, § 1</a>, <a href="/us/stat/41/520">41 Stat. 520</a></span></p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:right;">107</p></td></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I01;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>28</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>R.S., § 12</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:right;">108</p></td></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I01;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>29</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>R.S., § 13</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:right;">109</p></td></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I22;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;"> </p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;"><a href="/us/act/1944-03-22/ch123">Mar. 22, 1944, ch. 123</a>, <a href="/us/stat/58/118">58 Stat. 118</a>.</p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"/></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I01;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>29a</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>R.S., § 5599</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:right;">110</p></td></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I01;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>29b</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span><a href="/us/act/1933-03-03/ch202/s3">Mar. 3, 1933, ch. 202, § 3</a>, <a href="/us/stat/47/1431">47 Stat. 1431</a></span></p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:right;">111</p></td></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I31;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left;" class="leaders"><span>30</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span><a href="/us/act/1895-01-12/ch23/s73">Jan. 12, 1895, ch. 23, § 73</a>, <a href="/us/stat/28/615">28 Stat. 615</a></span></p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:right;">112</p></td></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I11;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;"> </p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;"><a href="/us/act/1936-06-20/ch630/s9">June 20, 1936, ch. 630, § 9</a>, <a href="/us/stat/49/1551">49 Stat. 1551</a>.</p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"/></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I22;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;"> </p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;"><a href="/us/act/1938-06-16/ch477/s1">June 16, 1938, ch. 477, § 1</a>, <a href="/us/stat/52/760">52 Stat. 760</a>.</p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"/></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I01;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>30a</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>R.S., § 908</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:right;">113</p></td></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I01;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>31</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>R.S., § 6</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:right;">114</p></td></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I01;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>51a</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span><a href="/us/act/1929-03-02/ch586/s1">Mar. 2, 1929, ch. 586, § 1</a>, <a href="/us/stat/45/1540">45 Stat. 1540</a></span></p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:right;">201</p></td></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I01;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>52</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span><a href="/us/act/1928-05-29/ch910/s2">May 29, 1928, ch. 910, § 2</a>, <a href="/us/stat/45/1007">45 Stat. 1007</a></span></p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:right;">202</p></td></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I22;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;"> </p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;"><a href="/us/act/1929-03-02/ch586/s2">Mar. 2, 1929, ch. 586, § 2</a>, <a href="/us/stat/45/1541">45 Stat. 1541</a>.</p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"/></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I01;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>53</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span><a href="/us/act/1928-05-29/ch910/s3">May 29, 1928, ch. 910, § 3</a>, <a href="/us/stat/45/1007">45 Stat. 1007</a></span></p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:right;">203</p></td></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I01;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>54</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span><a href="/us/act/1928-05-29/ch910/s4">May 29, 1928, ch. 910, § 4</a>, <a href="/us/stat/45/1007">45 Stat. 1007</a></span></p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:right;">204</p></td></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I22;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;"> </p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;"><a href="/us/act/1929-03-02/ch586/s3">Mar. 2, 1929, ch. 586, § 3</a>, <a href="/us/stat/45/1541">45 Stat. 1541</a>.</p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"/></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I01;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>54a</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span><a href="/us/act/1929-03-02/ch586/s4">Mar. 2, 1929, ch. 586, § 4</a>, <a href="/us/stat/45/1542">45 Stat. 1542</a></span></p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:right;">205</p></td></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I22;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;"> </p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;"><a href="/us/act/1933-03-04/ch282/s1">Mar. 4, 1933, ch. 282, § 1</a>, <a href="/us/stat/47/1603">47 Stat. 1603</a>.</p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"/></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I22;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;"> </p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;"><a href="/us/act/1934-06-13/ch483">June 13, 1934, ch. 483</a>, §§ 1, 2, <a href="/us/stat/48/948">48 Stat. 948</a>.</p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"/></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I01;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>54b</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span><a href="/us/act/1929-03-02/ch586/s5">Mar. 2, 1929, ch. 586, § 5</a>, <a href="/us/stat/45/1542">45 Stat. 1542</a></span></p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:right;">206</p></td></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I22;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;"> </p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;"><a href="/us/act/1933-03-04/ch282/s1">Mar. 4, 1933, ch. 282, § 1</a>, <a href="/us/stat/47/1603">47 Stat. 1603</a>.</p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"/></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I22;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;"> </p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;"><a href="/us/act/1934-06-13/ch483">June 13, 1934, ch. 483</a>, §§ 1, 2, <a href="/us/stat/48/948">48 Stat. 948</a>.</p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"/></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I01;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>54c</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span><a href="/us/act/1929-03-02/ch586/s6">Mar. 2, 1929, ch. 586, § 6</a>, <a href="/us/stat/45/1542">45 Stat. 1542</a></span></p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:right;">207</p></td></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I01;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>54d</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span><a href="/us/act/1929-03-02/ch586/s7">Mar. 2, 1929, ch. 586, § 7</a>, <a href="/us/stat/45/1542">45 Stat. 1542</a></span></p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:right;">208</p></td></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I01;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>55</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span><a href="/us/act/1928-05-29/ch910/s5">May 29, 1928, ch. 910, § 5</a>, <a href="/us/stat/45/1007">45 Stat. 1007</a></span></p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:right;">209</p></td></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I01;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>56</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span><a href="/us/act/1928-05-29/ch910/s6">May 29, 1928, ch. 910, § 6</a>, <a href="/us/stat/45/1007">45 Stat. 1007</a></span></p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:right;">210</p></td></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I01;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>57</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span><a href="/us/act/1928-05-29/ch910/s7">May 29, 1928, ch. 910, § 7</a>, <a href="/us/stat/45/1008">45 Stat. 1008</a></span></p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:right;">211</p></td></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I01;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>58</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span><a href="/us/act/1928-05-29/ch910/s8">May 29, 1928, ch. 910, § 8</a>, <a href="/us/stat/45/1008">45 Stat. 1008</a></span></p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:right;">212</p></td></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I01;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>59</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span><a href="/us/act/1928-05-29/ch910/s10">May 29, 1928, ch. 910, § 10</a>, <a href="/us/stat/45/1008">45 Stat. 1008</a></span></p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:right;">213</p></td></tr> +<tr style="-uslm-lc:I01;"><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span>60</span></p></td><td style=" text-align:left; vertical-align:top; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; padding-right:2pt; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left:1em;" class="leaders"><span><a href="/us/act/1933-03-03/ch202/s2">Mar. 3, 1933, ch. 202, § 2</a>, <a href="/us/stat/47/1431">47 Stat. 1431</a></span></p></td><td style=" text-align:right; vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding-left: 2pt;"><p style=" text-align:right;">Rep.</p></td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</note> +</notes> +<chapter style="-uslm-lc:I81" id="ide0ba6fd8-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/ch1"><num value="1">CHAPTER 1—</num><heading>RULES OF CONSTRUCTION</heading> +<toc role="twoColumnTOC" id="ide0ba6fd9-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<layout> +<header style="-uslm-lc:I70" role="tocColumnHeader"> +<column class="tocHeaderLeft">Sec.</column> +</header> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I20" class="twoColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s1">1.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight">Words denoting number, gender, etc.<ref class="footnoteRef" idref="fn002001">1</ref><note type="footnote" id="fn002001"><num>1</num> So in original. Does not conform to section catchline.</note></column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I20" class="twoColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s2">2.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight">“County” as including “parish”, etc.<ref class="footnoteRef" idref="fn002001">1</ref></column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I20" class="twoColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s3">3.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight">“Vessel” as including all means of water transportation.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I20" class="twoColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s4">4.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight">“Vehicle” as including all means of land transportation.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I20" class="twoColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s5">5.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight">“Company” or “association” as including successors and assigns.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I20" class="twoColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s6">6.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight">Limitation of term “products of American fisheries.”</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I20" class="twoColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s7">7.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight">Definition of “marriage” and “spouse”.<ref class="footnoteRef" idref="fn002002">2</ref><note type="footnote" id="fn002002"><num>2</num> Section catchline amended by <ref href="/us/pl/117/228">Pub. L. 117–228</ref> without corresponding amendment of chapter analysis.</note></column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I20" class="twoColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s8">8.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight">“Person”, “human being”, “child”, and “individual” as including born-alive infant.</column> +</tocItem> +</layout> +</toc> +<notes type="uscNote" id="ide0ba6fda-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" role="crossHeading" topic="editorialNotes" id="ide0ba6fdb-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered"><b>Editorial Notes</b></heading></note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="amendments" id="ide0ba6fdc-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Amendments</heading><p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">2002—<ref href="/us/pl/107/207/s2/b">Pub. L. 107–207, § 2(b)</ref>, <date date="2002-08-05">Aug. 5, 2002</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/116/926">116 Stat. 926</ref>, added item 8.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">1996—<ref href="/us/pl/104/199/s3/b">Pub. L. 104–199, § 3(b)</ref>, <date date="1996-09-21">Sept. 21, 1996</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/110/2420">110 Stat. 2420</ref>, added item 7.</p> +</note> +</notes> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I80" id="ide0ba6fdd-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s1"><num value="1">§ 1.</num><heading> Words denoting number, gender, and so forth</heading><content> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0">In determining the meaning of any Act of Congress, unless the context indicates otherwise—</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" role="listItem" class="indent1">words importing the singular include and apply to several persons, parties, or things;</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" role="listItem" class="indent1">words importing the plural include the singular;</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" role="listItem" class="indent1">words importing the masculine gender include the feminine as well;</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" role="listItem" class="indent1">words used in the present tense include the future as well as the present;</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" role="listItem" class="indent1">the words “insane” and “insane person” shall include every idiot, insane person, and person non compos mentis;</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" role="listItem" class="indent1">the words “person” and “whoever” include corporations, companies, associations, firms, partnerships, societies, and joint stock companies, as well as individuals;</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" role="listItem" class="indent1">“officer” includes any person authorized by law to perform the duties of the office;</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" role="listItem" class="indent1">“signature” or “subscription” includes a mark when the person making the same intended it as such;</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" role="listItem" class="indent1">“oath” includes affirmation, and “sworn” includes affirmed;</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" role="listItem" class="indent1">“writing” includes printing and typewriting and reproductions of visual symbols by photographing, multigraphing, mimeographing, manifolding, or otherwise.</p> +</content><sourceCredit id="ide0ba6fde-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c">(<ref href="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch388">July 30, 1947, ch. 388</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/61/633">61 Stat. 633</ref>; <ref href="/us/act/1948-06-25/ch645/s6">June 25, 1948, ch. 645, § 6</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/62/859">62 Stat. 859</ref>; <ref href="/us/act/1951-10-31/ch655/s1">Oct. 31, 1951, ch. 655, § 1</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/65/710">65 Stat. 710</ref>; <ref href="/us/pl/112/231/s2/a">Pub. L. 112–231, § 2(a)</ref>, <date date="2012-12-28">Dec. 28, 2012</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/126/1619">126 Stat. 1619</ref>.)</sourceCredit> +<notes type="uscNote" id="ide0ba6fdf-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" role="crossHeading" topic="editorialNotes" id="ide0ba6fe0-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered"><b>Editorial Notes</b></heading></note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="amendments" id="ide0ba6fe1-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Amendments</heading><p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">2012—<ref href="/us/pl/112/231">Pub. L. 112–231</ref>, in fifth clause after opening clause, struck out “and ‘lunatic’ ” before “shall include every” and “lunatic,” before “insane person,”.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">1951—Act <date date="1951-10-31">Oct. 31, 1951</date>, substituted, in fourth clause after opening clause, “used” for “use”.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">1948—Act <date date="1948-06-25">June 25, 1948</date>, included “tense”, “whoever”, “signature”, “subscription”, “writing” and a broader definition of “person”.</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" role="crossHeading" topic="statutoryNotes" id="ide0ba6fe2-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered"><b>Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries</b></heading></note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="shortTitleOfAmendment" id="ide0ba6fe3-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Short Title of 2022 Amendment</heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/117/228/s1">Pub. L. 117–228, § 1</ref>, <date date="2022-12-13">Dec. 13, 2022</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/136/2305">136 Stat. 2305</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/117/228/s1">“This Act [enacting <ref href="/us/usc/t28/s1738C">section 1738C of Title 28</ref>, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, amending <ref href="/us/usc/t1/s7">section 7 of this title</ref>, repealing <ref href="/us/usc/t28/s1738C">section 1738C of Title 28</ref>, and enacting provisions set out as notes under <ref href="/us/usc/t1/s7">section 7 of this title</ref>] may be cited as the ‘Respect for Marriage Act’.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="shortTitleOfAmendment" id="ide0ba6fe4-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Short Title of 2012 Amendment</heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/112/231/s1">Pub. L. 112–231, § 1</ref>, <date date="2012-12-28">Dec. 28, 2012</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/126/1619">126 Stat. 1619</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/112/231/s1">“This Act [amending this section and sections 92a, 215, and 215a of Title 12, Banks and Banking] may be cited as the ‘21st Century Language Act of 2012’.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="shortTitleOfAmendment" id="ide0ba6fe5-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Short Title of 2002 Amendment</heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/107/207/s1">Pub. L. 107–207, § 1</ref>, <date date="2002-08-05">Aug. 5, 2002</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/116/926">116 Stat. 926</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/107/207/s1">“This Act [enacting <ref href="/us/usc/t1/s8">section 8 of this title</ref>] may be cited as the ‘Born-Alive Infants Protection Act of 2002’.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="shortTitleOfAmendment" id="ide0ba6fe6-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Short Title of 1996 Amendment</heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/104/199/s1">Pub. L. 104–199, § 1</ref>, <date date="1996-09-21">Sept. 21, 1996</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/110/2419">110 Stat. 2419</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/104/199/s1">“This Act [enacting <ref href="/us/usc/t1/s7">section 7 of this title</ref> and <ref href="/us/usc/t28/s1738C">section 1738C of Title 28</ref>, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure] may be cited as the ‘Defense of Marriage Act’.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bcb9d7-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">References in <ref href="/us/pl/117/328">Pub. L. 117–328</ref></heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/117/328/s3">Pub. L. 117–328, § 3</ref>, <date date="2022-12-29">Dec. 29, 2022</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/136/4461">136 Stat. 4461</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/117/328/s3">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ contained in any division of this Act [Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bcb9d8-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">References in <ref href="/us/pl/117/229">Pub. L. 117–229</ref></heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/117/229/s3">Pub. L. 117–229, § 3</ref>, <date date="2022-12-16">Dec. 16, 2022</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/136/2308">136 Stat. 2308</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/117/229/s3">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ contained in any division of this Act [Further Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2023, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bcb9d9-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">References in <ref href="/us/pl/117/103">Pub. L. 117–103</ref></heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/117/103/s3">Pub. L. 117–103, § 3</ref>, <date date="2022-03-15">Mar. 15, 2022</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/136/51">136 Stat. 51</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/117/103/s3">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ contained in any division of this Act [Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bcb9da-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">References in <ref href="/us/pl/117/58">Pub. L. 117–58</ref></heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/117/58/s2">Pub. L. 117–58, § 2</ref>, <date date="2021-11-15">Nov. 15, 2021</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/135/442">135 Stat. 442</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/117/58/s2">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ contained in any division of this Act [Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bcb9db-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">References in <ref href="/us/pl/117/43">Pub. L. 117–43</ref></heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/117/43/s3">Pub. L. 117–43, § 3</ref>, <date date="2021-09-30">Sept. 30, 2021</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/135/344">135 Stat. 344</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/117/43/s3">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ contained in any division of this Act [Extending Government Funding and Delivering Emergency Assistance Act, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bcb9dc-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">References in <ref href="/us/pl/116/260">Pub. L. 116–260</ref></heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/116/260/s3">Pub. L. 116–260, § 3</ref>, <date date="2020-12-27">Dec. 27, 2020</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/134/1185">134 Stat. 1185</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/116/260/s3">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ contained in any division of this Act [Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +<p><ref href="/us/pl/116/260/dK/tVII/s7034/q/7">Pub. L. 116–260, div. K, title VII, § 7034(q)(7)</ref>, <date date="2020-12-27">Dec. 27, 2020</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/134/1754">134 Stat. 1754</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/116/260/dK/tVII/s7034/q/7">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ contained in titles I through VII [of div. K of <ref href="/us/pl/116/260">Pub. L. 116–260</ref>, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of such titles.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bcb9dd-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">References in <ref href="/us/pl/116/159">Pub. L. 116–159</ref></heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/116/159/s3">Pub. L. 116–159, § 3</ref>, <date date="2020-10-01">Oct. 1, 2020</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/134/709">134 Stat. 709</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/116/159/s3">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ contained in any division of this Act [Continuing Appropriations Act, 2021 and Other Extensions Act, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bcb9de-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">References in <ref href="/us/pl/116/136">Pub. L. 116–136</ref></heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/116/136/s3">Pub. L. 116–136, § 3</ref>, <date date="2020-03-27">Mar. 27, 2020</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/134/285">134 Stat. 285</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/116/136/s3">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ contained in any division of this Act [Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act or the CARES Act, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bcb9df-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">References in <ref href="/us/pl/116/127">Pub. L. 116–127</ref></heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/116/127/s3">Pub. L. 116–127, § 3</ref>, <date date="2020-03-18">Mar. 18, 2020</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/134/178">134 Stat. 178</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/116/127/s3">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ contained in any division of this Act [Families First Coronavirus Response Act, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bcb9e0-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">References in <ref href="/us/pl/116/94">Pub. L. 116–94</ref></heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/116/94/s3">Pub. L. 116–94, § 3</ref>, <date date="2019-12-20">Dec. 20, 2019</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/133/2536">133 Stat. 2536</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/116/94/s3">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ contained in any division of this Act [Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +<p><ref href="/us/pl/116/94/dF/tVI/s612">Pub. L. 116–94, div. F, title VI, § 612</ref>, <date date="2019-12-20">Dec. 20, 2019</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/133/2815">133 Stat. 2815</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/116/94/dF/tVI/s612">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ contained in this division [div. F of <ref href="/us/pl/116/94">Pub. L. 116–94</ref>, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of this division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +<p><ref href="/us/pl/116/94/dH/tIV/s420">Pub. L. 116–94, div. H, title IV, § 420</ref>, <date date="2019-12-20">Dec. 20, 2019</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/133/3017">133 Stat. 3017</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/116/94/dH/tIV/s420">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ contained in this division [div. H of <ref href="/us/pl/116/94">Pub. L. 116–94</ref>, see Tables for classifcation] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of this division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bcb9e1-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">References in <ref href="/us/pl/116/93">Pub. L. 116–93</ref></heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/116/93/s3">Pub. L. 116–93, § 3</ref>, <date date="2019-12-20">Dec. 20, 2019</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/133/2318">133 Stat. 2318</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/116/93/s3">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ contained in any division of this Act [Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bcb9e2-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">References in <ref href="/us/pl/116/6">Pub. L. 116–6</ref></heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/116/6/s3">Pub. L. 116–6, § 3</ref>, <date date="2019-02-15">Feb. 15, 2019</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/133/14">133 Stat. 14</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/116/6/s3">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ contained in any division of this Act [Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bcb9e3-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">References in <ref href="/us/pl/115/245">Pub. L. 115–245</ref></heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/115/245/s3">Pub. L. 115–245, § 3</ref>, <date date="2018-09-28">Sept. 28, 2018</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/132/2981">132 Stat. 2981</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/115/245/s3">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ contained in any division of this Act [Department of Defense and Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education Appropriations Act, 2019 and Continuing Appropriations Act, 2019, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bcb9e4-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">References in <ref href="/us/pl/115/244">Pub. L. 115–244</ref></heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/115/244/s3">Pub. L. 115–244, § 3</ref>, <date date="2018-09-21">Sept. 21, 2018</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/132/2897">132 Stat. 2897</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/115/244/s3">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ contained in any division of this Act [Energy and Water, Legislative Branch, and Military Construction and Veterans Affairs Appropriations Act, 2019, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bcb9e5-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">References in <ref href="/us/pl/115/141">Pub. L. 115–141</ref></heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/115/141/s3">Pub. L. 115–141, § 3</ref>, <date date="2018-03-23">Mar. 23, 2018</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/132/350">132 Stat. 350</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/115/141/s3">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ contained in any division of this Act [Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bcb9e6-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">References in <ref href="/us/pl/115/56">Pub. L. 115–56</ref></heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/115/56/s3">Pub. L. 115–56, § 3</ref>, <date date="2017-09-08">Sept. 8, 2017</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/131/1129">131 Stat. 1129</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/115/56/s3">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ contained in any division of this Act [Continuing Appropriations Act, 2018 and Supplemental Appropriations for Disaster Relief Requirements Act, 2017, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bcb9e7-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">References in <ref href="/us/pl/115/31">Pub. L. 115–31</ref></heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/115/31/s3">Pub. L. 115–31, § 3</ref>, <date date="2017-05-05">May 5, 2017</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/131/137">131 Stat. 137</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/115/31/s3">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ contained in any division of this Act [Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bcb9e8-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">References in <ref href="/us/pl/114/113">Pub. L. 114–113</ref></heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/114/113/s3">Pub. L. 114–113, § 3</ref>, <date date="2015-12-18">Dec. 18, 2015</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/129/2244">129 Stat. 2244</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/114/113/s3">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ contained in any division of this Act [Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bcb9e9-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">References in <ref href="/us/pl/114/94">Pub. L. 114–94</ref></heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/114/94/dA/s1004">Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, § 1004</ref>, <date date="2015-12-04">Dec. 4, 2015</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/129/1322">129 Stat. 1322</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/114/94/dA/s1004">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ contained in this division [see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of this division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bcb9ea-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">References in <ref href="/us/pl/113/235">Pub. L. 113–235</ref></heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/113/235/s3">Pub. L. 113–235, § 3</ref>, <date date="2014-12-16">Dec. 16, 2014</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/128/2132">128 Stat. 2132</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/113/235/s3">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ contained in any division of this Act [Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bcb9eb-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">References in <ref href="/us/pl/113/76">Pub. L. 113–76</ref></heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/113/76/s3">Pub. L. 113–76, § 3</ref>, <date date="2014-01-17">Jan. 17, 2014</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/128/7">128 Stat. 7</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/113/76/s3">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ contained in any division of this Act [Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bcb9ec-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">References in <ref href="/us/pl/113/67">Pub. L. 113–67</ref></heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/113/67/dA/s1/c">Pub. L. 113–67, div. A, § 1(c)</ref>, <date date="2013-12-26">Dec. 26, 2013</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/127/1166">127 Stat. 1166</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/113/67/dA/s1/c">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ contained in any division of this Act [Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bcb9ed-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">References in <ref href="/us/pl/113/6">Pub. L. 113–6</ref></heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/113/6/s3">Pub. L. 113–6, § 3</ref>, <date date="2013-03-26">Mar. 26, 2013</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/127/199">127 Stat. 199</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/113/6/s3">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ contained in division A, B, C, D, or E of this Act [Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bcb9ee-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">References in <ref href="/us/pl/112/74">Pub. L. 112–74</ref></heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/112/74/s3">Pub. L. 112–74, § 3</ref>, <date date="2011-12-23">Dec. 23, 2011</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/125/787">125 Stat. 787</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/112/74/s3">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ contained in any division of this Act [Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bcb9ef-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">References in <ref href="/us/pl/112/55">Pub. L. 112–55</ref></heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/112/55/s3">Pub. L. 112–55, § 3</ref>, <date date="2011-11-18">Nov. 18, 2011</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/125/552">125 Stat. 552</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/112/55/s3">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ contained in any division of this Act [Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2012, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bcb9f0-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">References in <ref href="/us/pl/112/10">Pub. L. 112–10</ref></heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/112/10/dA/tIX/s9015">Pub. L. 112–10, div. A, title IX, § 9015</ref>, <date date="2011-04-15">Apr. 15, 2011</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/125/102">125 Stat. 102</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/112/10/dA/tIX/s9015">“Any reference to ‘this Act’ in this division [Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2011, see Tables for classification] shall apply solely to this division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bcb9f1-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">References in <ref href="/us/pl/111/118">Pub. L. 111–118</ref></heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/111/118/s3">Pub. L. 111–118, § 3</ref>, <date date="2009-12-19">Dec. 19, 2009</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/123/3409">123 Stat. 3409</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/111/118/s3">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ contained in any division of this Act [Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2010, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bcb9f2-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">References in <ref href="/us/pl/111/117">Pub. L. 111–117</ref></heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/111/117/s3">Pub. L. 111–117, § 3</ref>, <date date="2009-12-16">Dec. 16, 2009</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/123/3035">123 Stat. 3035</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/111/117/s3">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ contained in any division of this Act [Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bcb9f3-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">References in <ref href="/us/pl/111/8">Pub. L. 111–8</ref></heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/111/8/s3">Pub. L. 111–8, § 3</ref>, <date date="2009-03-11">Mar. 11, 2009</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/123/525">123 Stat. 525</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/111/8/s3">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ contained in any division of this Act [Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bcb9f4-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">References in <ref href="/us/pl/111/5">Pub. L. 111–5</ref></heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/111/5/s4">Pub. L. 111–5, § 4</ref>, <date date="2009-02-17">Feb. 17, 2009</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/123/116">123 Stat. 116</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/111/5/s4">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ contained in any division of this Act [American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bf2af5-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">References in <ref href="/us/pl/110/329">Pub. L. 110–329</ref></heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/110/329/s3">Pub. L. 110–329, § 3</ref>, <date date="2008-09-30">Sept. 30, 2008</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/122/3574">122 Stat. 3574</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/110/329/s3">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ or ‘this joint resolution’ contained in any division of this Act [Consolidated Security, Disaster Assistance, and Continuing Appropriations Act, 2009, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bf2af6-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">References in <ref href="/us/pl/110/161">Pub. L. 110–161</ref></heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/110/161/s3">Pub. L. 110–161, § 3</ref>, <date date="2007-12-26">Dec. 26, 2007</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/121/1845">121 Stat. 1845</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/110/161/s3">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ contained in any division of this Act [Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bf2af7-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">References in <ref href="/us/pl/110/116">Pub. L. 110–116</ref></heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/110/116/s2">Pub. L. 110–116, § 2</ref>, <date date="2007-11-13">Nov. 13, 2007</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/121/1295">121 Stat. 1295</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/110/116/s2">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ contained in any division of this Act [see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referencing only to the provisions of that division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bf2af8-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">References in <ref href="/us/pl/109/289">Pub. L. 109–289</ref></heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/109/289/dA/tVIII/s8112">Pub. L. 109–289, div. A, title VIII, § 8112</ref>, <date date="2006-09-29">Sept. 29, 2006</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/120/1299">120 Stat. 1299</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/109/289/dA/tVIII/s8112">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ contained in this division [Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2007, see Tables for classification] shall be referring only to the provisions of this division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bf2af9-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">References in <ref href="/us/pl/109/148">Pub. L. 109–148</ref></heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/109/148/dB/tV/s5002">Pub. L. 109–148, div. B, title V, § 5002</ref>, <date date="2005-12-30">Dec. 30, 2005</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/119/2813">119 Stat. 2813</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/109/148/dB/tV/s5002">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ contained in either division A [Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2006, see Tables for classification] or division B [Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act to Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico and Pandemic Influenza, 2006, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bf2afa-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">References in <ref href="/us/pl/109/115">Pub. L. 109–115</ref></heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/109/115/dA/tVIII/s847">Pub. L. 109–115, div. A, title VIII, § 847</ref>, <date date="2005-11-30">Nov. 30, 2005</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/119/2507">119 Stat. 2507</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/109/115/dA/tVIII/s847">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ contained in this division [Transportation, Treasury, Housing and Urban Development, the Judiciary, and Independent Agencies Appropriations Act, 2006, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of this division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bf2afb-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">References in <ref href="/us/pl/108/447">Pub. L. 108–447</ref></heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/108/447/s3">Pub. L. 108–447, § 3</ref>, <date date="2004-12-08">Dec. 8, 2004</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/118/2810">118 Stat. 2810</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/108/447/s3">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ contained in any division of this Act [Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bf2afc-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">References in <ref href="/us/pl/108/199">Pub. L. 108–199</ref></heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/108/199/s3">Pub. L. 108–199, § 3</ref>, <date date="2004-01-23">Jan. 23, 2004</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/118/4">118 Stat. 4</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/108/199/s3">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ contained in any division of this Act [Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2004, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bf2afd-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">References in <ref href="/us/pl/108/7">Pub. L. 108–7</ref></heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/108/7/s3">Pub. L. 108–7, § 3</ref>, <date date="2003-02-20">Feb. 20, 2003</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/117/12">117 Stat. 12</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/108/7/s3">“Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to ‘this Act’ contained in any division of this joint resolution [Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bf2afe-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Continental United States</heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/86/70/s48">Pub. L. 86–70, § 48</ref>, <date date="1959-06-25">June 25, 1959</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/73/154">73 Stat. 154</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/86/70/s48">“Whenever the phrase ‘continental United States’ is used in any law of the United States enacted after the date of enactment of this Act [<date date="1959-06-25">June 25, 1959</date>], it shall mean the 49 States on the North American Continent and the District of Columbia, unless otherwise expressly provided.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +</notes> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I80" id="ide0bf2aff-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s2"><num value="2">§ 2.</num><heading> “County” as including “parish”, and so forth</heading><content> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0">The word “county” includes a parish, or any other equivalent subdivision of a State or Territory of the United States.</p> +</content><sourceCredit id="ide0bf2b00-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c">(<ref href="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch388">July 30, 1947, ch. 388</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/61/633">61 Stat. 633</ref>.)</sourceCredit> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I80" id="ide0bf2b01-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s3"><num value="3">§ 3.</num><heading> “Vessel” as including all means of water transportation</heading><content> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0">The word “vessel” includes every description of watercraft or other artificial contrivance used, or capable of being used, as a means of transportation on water.</p> +</content><sourceCredit id="ide0bf2b02-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c">(<ref href="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch388">July 30, 1947, ch. 388</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/61/633">61 Stat. 633</ref>.)</sourceCredit> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I80" id="ide0bf2b03-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s4"><num value="4">§ 4.</num><heading> “Vehicle” as including all means of land transportation</heading><content> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0">The word “vehicle” includes every description of carriage or other artificial contrivance used, or capable of being used, as a means of transportation on land.</p> +</content><sourceCredit id="ide0bf2b04-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c">(<ref href="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch388">July 30, 1947, ch. 388</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/61/633">61 Stat. 633</ref>.)</sourceCredit> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I80" id="ide0bf2b05-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s5"><num value="5">§ 5.</num><heading> “Company” or “association” as including successors and assigns</heading><content> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0">The word “company” or “association”, when used in reference to a corporation, shall be deemed to embrace the words “successors and assigns of such company or association”, in like manner as if these last-named words, or words of similar import, were expressed.</p> +</content><sourceCredit id="ide0bf2b06-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c">(<ref href="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch388">July 30, 1947, ch. 388</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/61/633">61 Stat. 633</ref>.)</sourceCredit> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I80" id="ide0bf2b07-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s6"><num value="6">§ 6.</num><heading> Limitation of term “products of American fisheries”</heading><content> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0">Wherever, in the statutes of the United States or in the rulings, regulations, or interpretations of various administrative bureaus and agencies of the United States there appears or may appear the term “products of American fisheries” said term shall not include fresh or frozen fish fillets, fresh or frozen fish steaks, or fresh or frozen slices of fish substantially free of bone (including any of the foregoing divided into sections), produced in a foreign country or its territorial waters, in whole or in part with the use of the labor of persons who are not residents of the United States.</p> +</content><sourceCredit id="ide0bf2b08-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c">(<ref href="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch388">July 30, 1947, ch. 388</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/61/634">61 Stat. 634</ref>.)</sourceCredit> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I80" id="ide0bf2b09-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s7"><num value="7">§ 7.</num><heading> Marriage</heading><subsection style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0" id="ide0bf2b0a-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s7/a"><num value="a">(a)</num><content> For the purposes of any Federal law, rule, or regulation in which marital status is a factor, an individual shall be considered married if that individual’s marriage is between 2 individuals and is valid in the State where the marriage was entered into or, in the case of a marriage entered into outside any State, if the marriage is between 2 individuals and is valid in the place where entered into and the marriage could have been entered into in a State.</content> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0" id="ide0bf2b0b-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s7/b"><num value="b">(b)</num><content> In this section, the term “State” means a State, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or any other territory or possession of the United States.</content> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0" id="ide0bf2b0c-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s7/c"><num value="c">(c)</num><content> For purposes of subsection (a), in determining whether a marriage is valid in a State or the place where entered into, if outside of any State, only the law of the jurisdiction applicable at the time the marriage was entered into may be considered.</content> +</subsection> +<sourceCredit id="ide0bf2b0d-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c">(Added <ref href="/us/pl/104/199/s3/a">Pub. L. 104–199, § 3(a)</ref>, <date date="1996-09-21">Sept. 21, 1996</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/110/2419">110 Stat. 2419</ref>; amended <ref href="/us/pl/117/228/s5">Pub. L. 117–228, § 5</ref>, <date date="2022-12-13">Dec. 13, 2022</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/136/2306">136 Stat. 2306</ref>.)</sourceCredit> +<notes type="uscNote" id="ide0bf2b0e-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" role="crossHeading" topic="editorialNotes" id="ide0bf2b0f-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered"><b>Editorial Notes</b></heading></note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="amendments" id="ide0bf2b10-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Amendments</heading><p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">2022—<ref href="/us/pl/117/228">Pub. L. 117–228</ref> amended section generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “In determining the meaning of any Act of Congress, or of any ruling, regulation, or interpretation of the various administrative bureaus and agencies of the United States, the word ‘marriage’ means only a legal union between one man and one woman as husband and wife, and the word ‘spouse’ refers only to a person of the opposite sex who is a husband or a wife.”</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" role="crossHeading" topic="statutoryNotes" id="ide0bf2b11-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered"><b>Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries</b></heading></note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="separability" id="ide0bf2b12-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Severability</heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/117/228/s8">Pub. L. 117–228, § 8</ref>, <date date="2022-12-13">Dec. 13, 2022</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/136/2307">136 Stat. 2307</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/117/228/s8">“If any provision of this Act [see Short Title of 2022 Amendment note set out under <ref href="/us/usc/t1/s1">section 1 of this title</ref>], or any amendment made by this Act, or the application of such provision to any person, entity, government, or circumstance, is held to be unconstitutional, the remainder of this Act, or any amendment made thereby, or the application of such provision to all other persons, entities, governments, or circumstances, shall not be affected thereby.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bf2b13-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Findings</heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/117/228/s2">Pub. L. 117–228, § 2</ref>, <date date="2022-12-13">Dec. 13, 2022</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/136/2305">136 Stat. 2305</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/117/228/s2"> +<inline>“Congress finds the following:</inline> +<paragraph style="-uslm-lc:I22" class="indent1"><num value="1">“(1)</num><content> No union is more profound than marriage, for it embodies the highest ideals of love, fidelity, devotion, sacrifice, and family.</content> +</paragraph> +<paragraph style="-uslm-lc:I22" class="indent1"><num value="2">“(2)</num><content> Diverse beliefs about the role of gender in marriage are held by reasonable and sincere people based on decent and honorable religious or philosophical premises. Therefore, Congress affirms that such people and their diverse beliefs are due proper respect.</content> +</paragraph> +<paragraph style="-uslm-lc:I22" class="indent1"><num value="3">“(3)</num><content> Millions of people, including interracial and same-sex couples, have entered into marriages and have enjoyed the rights and privileges associated with marriage. Couples joining in marriage deserve to have the dignity, stability, and ongoing protection that marriage affords to families and children.”</content> +</paragraph> +</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bf2b14-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">No Impact on Religious Liberty and Conscience</heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/117/228/s6">Pub. L. 117–228, § 6</ref>, <date date="2022-12-13">Dec. 13, 2022</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/136/2306">136 Stat. 2306</ref>, provided that:<quotedContent origin="/us/pl/117/228/s6"> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="a">“(a)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">In General</inline>.—</heading><content>Nothing in this Act [see Short Title of 2022 Amendment note set out under <ref href="/us/usc/t1/s1">section 1 of this title</ref>], or any amendment made by this Act, shall be construed to diminish or abrogate a religious liberty or conscience protection otherwise available to an individual or organization under the Constitution of the United States or Federal law.</content> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="b">“(b)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Goods or Services</inline>.—</heading><content>Consistent with the First Amendment to the Constitution, nonprofit religious organizations, including churches, mosques, synagogues, temples, nondenominational ministries, interdenominational and ecumenical organizations, mission organizations, faith-based social agencies, religious educational institutions, and nonprofit entities whose principal purpose is the study, practice, or advancement of religion, and any employee of such an organization, shall not be required to provide services, accommodations, advantages, facilities, goods, or privileges for the solemnization or celebration of a marriage. Any refusal under this subsection to provide such services, accommodations, advantages, facilities, goods, or privileges shall not create any civil claim or cause of action.”</content> +</subsection> +</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0bf2b15-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Statutory Prohibition</heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/117/228/s7">Pub. L. 117–228, § 7</ref>, <date date="2022-12-13">Dec. 13, 2022</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/136/2306">136 Stat. 2306</ref>, provided that:<quotedContent origin="/us/pl/117/228/s7"> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="a">“(a)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">No Impact on Status and Benefits Not Arising From a Marriage</inline>.—</heading><content>Nothing in this Act [see Short Title of 2022 Amendment note set out under <ref href="/us/usc/t1/s1">section 1 of this title</ref>], or any amendment made by this Act, shall be construed to deny or alter any benefit, status, or right of an otherwise eligible entity or person which does not arise from a marriage, including tax-exempt status, tax treatment, educational funding, or a grant, contract, agreement, guarantee, loan, scholarship, license, certification, accreditation, claim, or defense.</content> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="b">“(b)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">No Federal Recognition of Polygamous Marriages</inline>.—</heading><content>Nothing in this Act, or any amendment made by this Act, shall be construed to require or authorize Federal recognition of marriages between more than 2 individuals.”</content> +</subsection> +</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +</notes> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I80" id="ide0bf2b16-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s8"><num value="8">§ 8.</num><heading> “Person”, “human being”, “child”, and “individual” as including born-alive infant</heading><subsection style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0" id="ide0bf2b17-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s8/a"><num value="a">(a)</num><content> In determining the meaning of any Act of Congress, or of any ruling, regulation, or interpretation of the various administrative bureaus and agencies of the United States, the words “person”, “human being”, “child”, and “individual”, shall include every infant member of the species homo sapiens who is born alive at any stage of development.</content> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0" id="ide0c17508-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s8/b"><num value="b">(b)</num><content> As used in this section, the term “born alive”, with respect to a member of the species homo sapiens, means the complete expulsion or extraction from his or her mother of that member, at any stage of development, who after such expulsion or extraction breathes or has a beating heart, pulsation of the umbilical cord, or definite movement of voluntary muscles, regardless of whether the umbilical cord has been cut, and regardless of whether the expulsion or extraction occurs as a result of natural or induced labor, cesarean section, or induced abortion.</content> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0" id="ide0c17509-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s8/c"><num value="c">(c)</num><content> Nothing in this section shall be construed to affirm, deny, expand, or contract any legal status or legal right applicable to any member of the species homo sapiens at any point prior to being “born alive” as defined in this section.</content> +</subsection> +<sourceCredit id="ide0c1750a-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c">(Added <ref href="/us/pl/107/207/s2/a">Pub. L. 107–207, § 2(a)</ref>, <date date="2002-08-05">Aug. 5, 2002</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/116/926">116 Stat. 926</ref>.)</sourceCredit> +</section> +</chapter> +<chapter style="-uslm-lc:I81" id="ide0c1750b-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/ch2"><num value="2">CHAPTER 2—</num><heading>ACTS AND RESOLUTIONS; FORMALITIES OF ENACTMENT; REPEALS; SEALING OF INSTRUMENTS</heading> +<toc role="twoColumnTOC" id="ide0c1750c-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<layout> +<header style="-uslm-lc:I70" role="tocColumnHeader"> +<column class="tocHeaderLeft">Sec.</column> +</header> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I20" class="twoColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s101">101.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight">Enacting clause.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I20" class="twoColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s102">102.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight">Resolving clause.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I20" class="twoColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s103">103.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight">Enacting or resolving words after first section.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I20" class="twoColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s104">104.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight">Numbering of sections; single proposition.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I20" class="twoColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s105">105.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight">Title of appropriation Acts.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I20" class="twoColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s106">106.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight">Printing bills and joint resolutions.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I20" class="twoColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s106a">106a.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight">Promulgation of laws.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I20" class="twoColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s106b">106b.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight">Amendments to Constitution.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I20" class="twoColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s107">107.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight">Parchment or paper for printing enrolled bills or resolutions.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I20" class="twoColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s108">108.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight">Repeal of repealing act.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I20" class="twoColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s109">109.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight">Repeal of statutes as affecting existing liabilities.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I20" class="twoColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s110">110.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight">Saving clause of Revised Statutes.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I20" class="twoColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s111">111.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight">Repeals as evidence of prior effectiveness.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I20" class="twoColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s112">112.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight">Statutes at Large; contents; admissibility in evidence.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I20" class="twoColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s112a">112a.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight">United States Treaties and Other International Agreements; contents; admissibility in evidence.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I20" class="twoColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s112b">112b.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight">United States international agreements; transmission to Congress.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I20" class="twoColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s113">113.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight">“Little and Brown’s” edition of laws and treaties; slip laws; Treaties and Other International Act <ref class="footnoteRef" idref="fn002004">1</ref><note type="footnote" id="fn002004"><num>1</num> So in original. Does not conform to section catchline.</note> Series; admissibility in evidence.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I20" class="twoColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s114">114.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight">Sealing of instruments.</column> +</tocItem> +</layout> +</toc> +<notes type="uscNote" id="ide0c1750d-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I84" topic="prospectiveAmendment" id="ide0c1750e-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered fontsize8 smallCaps">Amendment of Analysis</heading><p style="-uslm-lc:I88" class="indent1 fontsize8 italic"><ref href="/us/pl/117/263/dE/tLIX/s5947/a/2">Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LIX, § 5947(a)(2)</ref>, (c), <date date="2022-12-23">Dec. 23, 2022</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/136/3481">136 Stat. 3481</ref>, 3482, provided that, effective 270 days after <date date="2022-12-23">Dec. 23, 2022</date>, this analysis is amended by striking item 112b and inserting new item 112b “United States international agreements and non-binding instruments; transparency provisions.” See 2022 Amendment note below.</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" role="crossHeading" topic="editorialNotes" id="ide0c1750f-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered"><b>Editorial Notes</b></heading></note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="amendments" id="ide0c17510-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Amendments</heading><p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">2022—<ref href="/us/pl/117/263/dE/tLIX/s5947/a/2">Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LIX, § 5947(a)(2)</ref>, <date date="2022-12-23">Dec. 23, 2022</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/136/3481">136 Stat. 3481</ref>, added item 112b and struck out former item 112b “United States international agreements; transmission to Congress”.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">1972—<ref href="/us/pl/92/403/s2">Pub. L. 92–403, § 2</ref>, <date date="1972-08-22">Aug. 22, 1972</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/86/619">86 Stat. 619</ref>, added item 112b.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">1966—<ref href="/us/pl/89/497/s2">Pub. L. 89–497, § 2</ref>, <date date="1966-07-08">July 8, 1966</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/80/271">80 Stat. 271</ref>, inserted “slip laws; Treaties and Other International Acts Series;” in item 113.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">1951—<ref href="/us/act/1951-10-31/ch655/s2/a">Act Oct. 31, 1951, ch. 655, § 2(a)</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/65/710">65 Stat. 710</ref>, added items 106a and 106b.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">1950—<ref href="/us/act/1950-09-23/ch1001/s3">Act Sept. 23, 1950, ch. 1001, § 3</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/64/980">64 Stat. 980</ref>, added item 112a.</p> +</note> +</notes> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I80" id="ide0c17511-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s101"><num value="101">§ 101.</num><heading> Enacting clause</heading><content> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0">The enacting clause of all Acts of Congress shall be in the following form: “Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled.”</p> +</content><sourceCredit id="ide0c17512-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c">(<ref href="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch388">July 30, 1947, ch. 388</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/61/634">61 Stat. 634</ref>.)</sourceCredit> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I80" id="ide0c17513-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s102"><num value="102">§ 102.</num><heading> Resolving clause</heading><content> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0">The resolving clause of all joint resolutions shall be in the following form: “Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled.”</p> +</content><sourceCredit id="ide0c17514-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c">(<ref href="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch388">July 30, 1947, ch. 388</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/61/634">61 Stat. 634</ref>.)</sourceCredit> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I80" id="ide0c17515-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s103"><num value="103">§ 103.</num><heading> Enacting or resolving words after first section</heading><content> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0">No enacting or resolving words shall be used in any section of an Act or resolution of Congress except in the first.</p> +</content><sourceCredit id="ide0c17516-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c">(<ref href="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch388">July 30, 1947, ch. 388</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/61/634">61 Stat. 634</ref>.)</sourceCredit> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I80" id="ide0c17517-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s104"><num value="104">§ 104.</num><heading> Numbering of sections; single proposition</heading><content> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0">Each section shall be numbered, and shall contain, as nearly as may be, a single proposition of enactment.</p> +</content><sourceCredit id="ide0c17518-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c">(<ref href="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch388">July 30, 1947, ch. 388</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/61/634">61 Stat. 634</ref>.)</sourceCredit> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I80" id="ide0c17519-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s105"><num value="105">§ 105.</num><heading> Title of appropriation Acts</heading><content> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0">The style and title of all Acts making appropriations for the support of Government shall be as follows: “An Act making appropriations (here insert the object) for the year ending September 30 (here insert the calendar year).”</p> +</content><sourceCredit id="ide0c1751a-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c">(<ref href="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch388">July 30, 1947, ch. 388</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/61/634">61 Stat. 634</ref>; <ref href="/us/pl/93/344/tV/s506/a">Pub. L. 93–344, title V, § 506(a)</ref>, <date date="1974-07-12">July 12, 1974</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/88/322">88 Stat. 322</ref>.)</sourceCredit> +<notes type="uscNote" id="ide0c1751b-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" role="crossHeading" topic="editorialNotes" id="ide0c1751c-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered"><b>Editorial Notes</b></heading></note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="amendments" id="ide0c1751d-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Amendments</heading><p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">1974—<ref href="/us/pl/93/344">Pub. L. 93–344</ref> substituted “September 30” for “June 30”.</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" role="crossHeading" topic="statutoryNotes" id="ide0c1751e-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered"><b>Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries</b></heading></note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="effectiveDateOfAmendment" id="ide0c1751f-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Effective Date of 1974 Amendment</heading><p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><ref href="/us/pl/93/344/tV/s506/b">Pub. L. 93–344, title V, § 506(b)</ref>, <date date="1974-07-12">July 12, 1974</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/88/322">88 Stat. 322</ref>, which provided that the amendment of this section by <ref href="/us/pl/93/344">Pub. L. 93–344</ref> was effective with respect to Acts making appropriations for the support of the Government for any fiscal year commencing on or after <date date="1976-10-01">Oct. 1, 1976</date>, was omitted in the complete revision of title V of <ref href="/us/pl/93/344">Pub. L. 93–344</ref> by <ref href="/us/pl/101/508/tXIII/s13201/a">Pub. L. 101–508, title XIII, § 13201(a)</ref>, <date date="1990-11-05">Nov. 5, 1990</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/104/1388-609">104 Stat. 1388–609</ref>.</p> +</note> +</notes> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I80" id="ide0c17520-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s106"><num value="106">§ 106.</num><heading> Printing bills and joint resolutions</heading><content> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0">Every bill or joint resolution in each House of Congress shall, when such bill or resolution passes either House, be printed, and such printed copy shall be called the engrossed bill or resolution as the case may be. Said engrossed bill or resolution shall be signed by the Clerk of the House or the Secretary of the Senate, and shall be sent to the other House, and in that form shall be dealt with by that House and its officers, and, if passed, returned signed by said Clerk or Secretary. When such bill, or joint resolution shall have passed both Houses, it shall be printed and shall then be called the enrolled bill, or joint resolution, as the case may be, and shall be signed by the presiding officers of both Houses and sent to the President of the United States. During the last six days of a session such engrossing and enrolling of bills and joint resolutions may be done otherwise than as above prescribed, upon the order of Congress by concurrent resolution.</p> +</content><sourceCredit id="ide0c17521-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c">(<ref href="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch388">July 30, 1947, ch. 388</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/61/634">61 Stat. 634</ref>.)</sourceCredit> +<notes type="uscNote" id="ide0c17522-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" role="crossHeading" topic="statutoryNotes" id="ide0c17523-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered"><b>Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries</b></heading></note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="effectiveDate" id="ide0c17524-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Reference to OBRA; Effective Date; Ratification of Enrollment Corrections and Printed Enrollment</heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/100/360/tIV/s411/a">Pub. L. 100–360, title IV, § 411(a)</ref>, <date date="1988-07-01">July 1, 1988</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/102/768">102 Stat. 768</ref>, provided that:<quotedContent origin="/us/pl/100/360/tIV/s411/a"> +<paragraph style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="1">“(1)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Reference</inline>.—</heading><content>In this section, the term ‘OBRA’ refers to the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 (<ref href="/us/pl/100/203">Public Law 100–203</ref>) [<ref href="/us/pl/100/203">Pub. L. 100–203</ref>, <date date="1987-12-22">Dec. 22, 1987</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/101/1330">101 Stat. 1330</ref>, see Tables for classification].</content> +</paragraph> +<paragraph style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="2">“(2)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Effective date</inline>.—</heading><content>Except as specifically provided in this section, the amendments made by this section [amending sections 254<i>o</i>, 294f, 300aa–12, 300aa–15, 300aa–21, 426, 704, 912, 1320a–7, 1320a–7a, 1320a–7b, 1320b–5, 1320b–7, 1320b–8, 1320c–3, 1320c–5, 1320c–9, 1395e, 1395h, 1395i–2, 1395i–3, 1395k, 1395<i>l</i>, 1395m, 1395u, 1395w–1, 1395w–2, 1395x, 1395y, 1395aa, 1395bb, 1395cc, 1395dd, 1395gg, 1395mm, 1395ss, 1395tt, 1395ww, 1395aaa, 1395bbb, 1395ccc, 1396a, 1396b, 1396d, 1396j, 1396n, 1396<i>o</i>, 1396p, 1396r, 1396r–1, 1396r–3, 1396r–4, 1396s, and 1397d of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, amending provisions set out as notes under sections 426, 1320a–7a, 1320c–2, 1320c–3, 1395b–1, 1395h, 1395i–3, 1395<i>l</i>, 1395m, 1395n, 1395u, 1395w–1, 1395x, 1395aa, 1395dd, 1395mm, 1395ss, 1395ww, 1395bbb, 1396a, 1396b, and 1396r of Title 42, and repealing provisions set out as notes under section 1395<i>l</i> of Title 42], as they relate to a provision in OBRA, shall be effective as if they were included in the enactment of that provision in OBRA.</content> +</paragraph> +<paragraph style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="3">“(3)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Ratification of enrollment corrections and printed enrollment.—</inline></heading><subparagraph style="-uslm-lc:I22" class="indent1"><num value="A">“(A)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">In general</inline>.—</heading><content>Except as provided in subparagraph (B), the enrollment corrections noted in footnotes numbered 9 through 72 of OBRA are hereby ratified and shall be considered to have been enacted as part of OBRA. The printed enrollment of title IV of OBRA [<ref href="/us/pl/100/203/tIV">Pub. L. 100–203, title IV</ref>, <date date="1987-12-22">Dec. 22, 1987</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/101/1330-39">101 Stat. 1330–39</ref>], as prepared and printed under section 8004 of OBRA [<ref href="/us/pl/100/203/s8004">section 8004 of Pub. L. 100–203</ref>, set out below] (including the footnote corrections described in subparagraph (B) and as incorporating the clarifications described in subparagraph (C)), shall be deemed to constitute title IV of OBRA as enacted.</content> +</subparagraph> +<subparagraph style="-uslm-lc:I22" class="indent1"><num value="B">“(B)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Footnote corrections</inline>.—</heading><clause style="-uslm-lc:I22" class="indent1"><num value="i">(i)</num><content> With respect to the reference to which footnote 28 relates (<ref href="/us/stat/101/1330-81">101 Stat. 1330–81</ref>), the reference shall be deemed to have read ‘1320a–7b)’.</content> +</clause> +<clause style="-uslm-lc:I22" class="indent1"><num value="ii">“(ii)</num><content> With respect to the word to which footnote 30 relates (<ref href="/us/stat/101/1330-91">101 Stat. 1330–91</ref>), the word shall be deemed to have read ‘the’.</content> +</clause> +<clause style="-uslm-lc:I22" class="indent1"><num value="iii">“(iii)</num><content> With respect to the designation to which footnote 52 relates (<ref href="/us/stat/101/1330-151">101 Stat. 1330–151</ref>), the designation shall be deemed to have read ‘(F)’.</content> +</clause> +</subparagraph> +<subparagraph style="-uslm-lc:I22" class="indent1"><num value="C">“(C)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Clarifications of illegible matter</inline>.—</heading><clause style="-uslm-lc:I22" class="indent1"><num value="i">(i)</num><content> Section 1842(n)(1)(A) of the Social Security Act, as added by section 4051(a) of OBRA (<ref href="/us/stat/101/1330-93">101 Stat. 1330–93</ref>) [<ref href="/us/usc/t42/s1395m/n/1/A">42 U.S.C. 1395m(n)(1)(A)</ref>], is deemed to have the phrase ‘the supplier’s reasonable charge to individuals enrolled under this part for the test’ immediately after ‘or, if lower, the’.</content> +</clause> +<clause style="-uslm-lc:I22" class="indent1"><num value="ii">“(ii)</num><content> Section 1834(a)(7)(B)(i) of the Social Security Act, as inserted by section 4062(b) of OBRA (<ref href="/us/stat/101/1330-103">101 Stat. 1330–103</ref>) [<ref href="/us/usc/t42/s1395m/a/7/B/i">42 U.S.C. 1395m(a)(7)(B)(i)</ref>], is deemed to have a reference to ‘1987’ immediately after ‘December’.”</content> +</clause> +</subparagraph> +</paragraph> +</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0c17525-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Printed Enrollments Prepared After Enactment</heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/106/93">Pub. L. 106–93</ref>, <date date="1999-11-10">Nov. 10, 1999</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/113/1310">113 Stat. 1310</ref>, provided: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/106/93">“That the provisions of sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code, are waived for the remainder of the first session of the One Hundred Sixth Congress with respect to the printing (on parchment or otherwise) of the enrollment of any bill or joint resolution making general appropriations or continuing appropriations for the fiscal year ending <date date="2000-09-30">September 30, 2000</date>. The enrollment of any such bill or joint resolution shall be in such form as the Committee on House Administration of the House of Representatives certifies to be a true enrollment.”</quotedContent> +</p> +<p><ref href="/us/pl/105/253">Pub. L. 105–253</ref>, <date date="1998-10-12">Oct. 12, 1998</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/112/1887">112 Stat. 1887</ref>, provided: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/105/253">“That the provisions of sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code, are waived for the remainder of the One Hundred Fifth Congress with respect to the printing (on parchment or otherwise) of the enrollment of any bill or joint resolution making general appropriations or continuing appropriations for the fiscal year ending <date date="1999-09-30">September 30, 1999</date>. The enrollment of any such bill or joint resolution shall be in such form as the Committee on House Oversight of the House of Representatives certifies to be a true enrollment.”</quotedContent> +</p> +<p><ref href="/us/pl/105/120">Pub. L. 105–120</ref>, <date date="1997-11-26">Nov. 26, 1997</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/111/2527">111 Stat. 2527</ref>, provided: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/105/120">“That the provisions of sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code, are waived for the balance of the first session of the One Hundred Fifth Congress with respect to the printing (on parchment or otherwise) of the enrollment of any bill or joint resolution making general appropriations for the fiscal year ending on <date date="1998-09-30">September 30, 1998</date>, or continuing appropriations for the fiscal year ending on <date date="1998-09-30">September 30, 1998</date>. The enrollment of any such bill or joint resolution shall be in such form as the Committee on House Oversight of the House of Representatives certifies to be a true enrollment.”</quotedContent> +</p> +<p><ref href="/us/pl/105/32">Pub. L. 105–32</ref>, <date date="1997-08-01">Aug. 1, 1997</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/111/250">111 Stat. 250</ref>, provided: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/105/32">“That the provisions of sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code, are waived with respect to the printing (on parchment or otherwise) of the enrollment of H.R. 2014 [<ref href="/us/pl/105/34">Pub. L. 105–34</ref>, <date date="1997-08-05">Aug. 5, 1997</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/111/788">111 Stat. 788</ref>] and of H.R. 2015 [<ref href="/us/pl/105/33">Pub. L. 105–33</ref>, <date date="1997-08-05">Aug. 5, 1997</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/111/251">111 Stat. 251</ref>] of the One Hundred Fifth Congress. The enrollment of each of those bills shall be in such form as the Committee on House Oversight of the House of Representatives certifies to be a true enrollment.”</quotedContent> +</p> +<p><ref href="/us/pl/104/207">Pub. L. 104–207</ref>, <date date="1996-09-30">Sept. 30, 1996</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/110/3008">110 Stat. 3008</ref>, provided that:<quotedContent origin="/us/pl/104/207"> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I580467"><num value="1">“SECTION 1.</num><heading> WAIVER OF REQUIREMENT FOR PARCHMENT PRINTING.</heading><subsection style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="a">“(a)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Waiver</inline>.—</heading><content>The provisions of sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code, are waived with respect to the printing (on parchment or otherwise) of the enrollment of any appropriation measure of the One Hundred Fourth Congress presented to the President after the enactment of this joint resolution [<date date="1996-09-30">Sept. 30, 1996</date>].</content> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="b">“(b)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Certification of Enrollment by Committee on House Oversight</inline>.—</heading><content>The enrollment of any such measure shall be in such form as the Committee on House Oversight of the House of Representatives certifies to be a true enrollment.</content> +</subsection> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I580467"><num value="2">“SEC. 2.</num><heading> APPROPRIATION MEASURE DEFINED.</heading><content><p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">“For purposes of this joint resolution, the term ‘appropriation measure’ means a bill or joint resolution that includes provisions making general or continuing appropriations for the fiscal year ending <date date="1997-09-30">September 30, 1997</date>.”</p> +</content> +</section> +</quotedContent> +</p> +<p><ref href="/us/pl/104/129">Pub. L. 104–129</ref>, <date date="1996-04-09">Apr. 9, 1996</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/110/1199">110 Stat. 1199</ref>, provided: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/104/129">“That the provisions of sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code, are waived with respect to the printing (on parchment or otherwise) of the enrollment of H.R. 3019 [<ref href="/us/pl/104/134">Pub. L. 104–134</ref>, <date date="1996-04-26">Apr. 26, 1996</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/110/1321">110 Stat. 1321</ref>] and the enrollment of H.R. 3136 [<ref href="/us/pl/104/121">Pub. L. 104–121</ref>, <date date="1996-03-29">Mar. 29, 1996</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/110/847">110 Stat. 847</ref>], each of the One Hundred Fourth Congress. The enrollment of either such bill shall be in such form as the Committee on House Oversight of the House of Representatives certifies to be a true enrollment.”</quotedContent> +</p> +<p><ref href="/us/pl/104/56/tII">Pub. L. 104–56, title II</ref>, §§ 201, 202, <date date="1995-11-20">Nov. 20, 1995</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/109/553">109 Stat. 553</ref>, provided that:<quotedContent origin="/us/pl/104/56/tII"> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I580467"><num value="201">“SEC. 201.</num><heading> WAIVER OF REQUIREMENT FOR PARCHMENT PRINTING.</heading><subsection style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="a">“(a)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Waiver</inline>.—</heading><chapeau>The provisions of sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code, are waived with respect to the printing (on parchment or otherwise) of the enrollment of any of the following measures of the first session of the One Hundred Fourth Congress presented to the President after the enactment of this joint resolution [<date date="1995-11-20">Nov. 20, 1995</date>]:</chapeau><paragraph style="-uslm-lc:I22" class="indent1"><num value="1">“(1)</num><content> A continuing resolution.</content> +</paragraph> +<paragraph style="-uslm-lc:I22" class="indent1"><num value="2">“(2)</num><content> A debt limit extension measure.</content> +</paragraph> +<paragraph style="-uslm-lc:I22" class="indent1"><num value="3">“(3)</num><content> A reconciliation bill.</content> +</paragraph> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="b">“(b)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Certification by Committee on House Oversight</inline>.—</heading><content>The enrollment of a measure to which subsection (a) applies shall be in such form as the Committee on House Oversight of the House of Representatives certifies to be a true enrollment.</content> +</subsection> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I580467"><num value="202">“SEC. 202.</num><heading> DEFINITIONS.</heading><chapeau style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">“As used in this joint resolution:</chapeau><paragraph style="-uslm-lc:I22" class="indent1"><num value="1">“(1)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Continuing resolution</inline>.—</heading><content>The term ‘continuing resolution’ means a bill or joint resolution that includes provisions making further continuing appropriations for fiscal year 1996.</content> +</paragraph> +<paragraph style="-uslm-lc:I22" class="indent1"><num value="2">“(2)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Debt limit extension measure</inline>.—</heading><content>The term ‘debt limit extension measure’ means a bill or joint resolution that includes provisions increasing or waiving (for a temporary period or otherwise) the public debt limit under <ref href="/us/usc/t31/s3101/b">section 3101(b) of title 31</ref>, United States Code.</content> +</paragraph> +<paragraph style="-uslm-lc:I22" class="indent1"><num value="3">“(3)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Reconciliation bill</inline>.—</heading><content>The term ‘reconciliation bill’ means a bill that is a reconciliation bill within the meaning of section 310 of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 [<ref href="/us/usc/t2/s641">2 U.S.C. 641</ref>].”</content> +</paragraph> +</section> +</quotedContent> +</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Identical provisions were contained in <ref href="/us/pl/104/54/tII">Pub. L. 104–54, title II</ref>, §§ 201, 202, <date date="1995-11-19">Nov. 19, 1995</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/109/545">109 Stat. 545</ref>.</p> +<p><ref href="/us/pl/102/387">Pub. L. 102–387</ref>, <date date="1992-10-06">Oct. 6, 1992</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/106/1519">106 Stat. 1519</ref>, provided: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/102/387">“That the provisions of sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code, are waived with respect to the printing (on parchment or otherwise) of the enrollment of any appropriation bill of the One Hundred Second Congress hereafter to be presented to the President. Such an enrollment shall be in such form as the Committee on House Administration of the House of Representatives certifies to be a true enrollment. As used in this resolution, the term ‘appropriation bill’ means a bill or joint resolution making or continuing appropriations for the fiscal year ending <date date="1993-09-30">September 30, 1993</date>.”</quotedContent> +</p> +<p><ref href="/us/pl/102/260">Pub. L. 102–260</ref>, <date date="1992-03-20">Mar. 20, 1992</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/106/85">106 Stat. 85</ref>, provided that:<quotedContent origin="/us/pl/102/260"> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I580467"><num value="1">“SECTION 1.</num><heading> WAIVER OF REQUIREMENT FOR PARCHMENT PRINTING.</heading><content><p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">“The provisions of sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code, are waived with respect to the printing (on parchment or otherwise) of the enrollment of H.R. 4210 of the 102d Congress [H.R. 4210 was vetoed by the President on <date date="1992-03-20">Mar. 20, 1992</date>].</p> +</content> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I580467"><num value="2">“SEC. 2.</num><heading> CERTIFICATION BY COMMITTEE ON HOUSE ADMINISTRATION.</heading><content><p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">“The enrollment of H.R. 4210 of the 102d Congress shall be in such form as the Committee on House Administration of the House of Representatives certifies to be a true enrollment.”</p> +</content> +</section> +</quotedContent> +</p> +<p><ref href="/us/pl/101/497">Pub. L. 101–497</ref>, <date date="1990-10-31">Oct. 31, 1990</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/104/1205">104 Stat. 1205</ref>, provided that:<quotedContent origin="/us/pl/101/497"> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I580467"><num value="1">“SECTION 1.</num><heading> WAIVER OF REQUIREMENT FOR PARCHMENT PRINTING OF ENROLLMENT OF CERTAIN MEASURES.</heading><subsection style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="a">“(a)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Waiver</inline>.—</heading><content>The provisions of sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code, are waived with respect to the printing (on parchment or otherwise) of the enrollment of S. 2830 [<ref href="/us/pl/101/624">Pub. L. 101–624</ref>, <date date="1990-11-28">Nov. 28, 1990</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/104/3359">104 Stat. 3359</ref>].</content> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="b">“(b)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Certification of Enrollment by the Secretary of the Senate</inline>.—</heading><content>The enrollment of S. 2830 shall be in such form as the Secretary of the Senate certifies to be a true enrollment.</content> +</subsection> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I580467"><num value="2">“SEC. 2.</num><heading> SUBSEQUENT PREPARATION AND CERTIFICATION OF PRINTED ENROLLMENT.</heading><subsection style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="a">“(a)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Preparation.—</inline></heading><paragraph style="-uslm-lc:I22" class="indent1"><num value="1">“(1)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">In general</inline>.—</heading><content>If S. 2830 is presented to the President in the form of a hand enrollment pursuant to the authority of section 1, then upon the enactment of that bill the Secretary of the Senate shall prepare a printed enrollment of the bill as in the case of a bill to which sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code, apply.</content> +</paragraph> +<paragraph style="-uslm-lc:I22" class="indent1"><num value="2">“(2)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Typographical corrections</inline>.—</heading><content>A printed enrollment prepared pursuant to paragraph (1) may, in order to conform to customary style for printed laws, include corrections in indentation, type face, and type size and may include notations (in the margins or as otherwise appropriate) of obvious errors in spelling or punctuation in the hand enrollment.</content> +</paragraph> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="b">“(b)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Transmittal to President</inline>.—</heading><content>A printed enrollment prepared pursuant to subsection (a), after being certified by the Secretary of the Senate to be a correct printing of the hand enrollment, shall be signed by the presiding officer of each House of Congress and transmitted to the President.</content> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="c">“(c)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Certification by President; Preservation in Archives</inline>.—</heading><content>Upon certification by the President that a printed enrollment transmitted pursuant to subsection (b) is a correct printing of the hand enrollment, such printed enrollment shall be transmitted to the Archivist of the United States, who shall preserve it with the hand enrollment.</content> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="d">“(d)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Publication of Law</inline>.—</heading><content>In preparing the bill or joint resolution for publication in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to <ref href="/us/usc/t1/s112">section 112 of title 1</ref>, United States Code, the Archivist of the United States shall use the printed enrollment certified by the President under subsection (c) in lieu of the hand enrollment.</content> +</subsection> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I580467"><num value="3">“SEC. 3.</num><heading> DEFINITIONS.</heading><chapeau style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">“As used in this resolution:</chapeau><paragraph style="-uslm-lc:I22" class="indent1"><num value="1">“(1)</num><heading> [sic] <inline class="small-caps">Hand enrollment</inline>.—</heading><content>The term ‘hand enrollment’ means the enrollment, as authorized by section 1, of a bill or joint resolution for presentment to the President in a form other than the printed form required by sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code.”</content> +</paragraph> +</section> +</quotedContent> +</p> +<p><ref href="/us/pl/101/466">Pub. L. 101–466</ref>, <date date="1990-10-27">Oct. 27, 1990</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/104/1084">104 Stat. 1084</ref>, provided that:<quotedContent origin="/us/pl/101/466"> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I580467"><num value="1">“SECTION 1.</num><heading> WAIVER OF REQUIREMENT FOR PARCHMENT PRINTING OF ENROLLMENT OF CERTAIN MEASURES.</heading><subsection style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="a">“(a)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Waiver</inline>.—</heading><content>The provisions of sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code, are waived with respect to the printing (on parchment or otherwise) of the enrollment of any reconciliation bill, appropriation bill, or continuing resolution of the One Hundred First Congress presented to the President after the enactment of this joint resolution [<date date="1990-10-27">Oct. 27, 1990</date>].</content> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="b">“(b)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Certification of Enrollment by Committee on House Administration</inline>.—</heading><content>The enrollment of any such bill or joint resolution shall be in such form as the Committee on House Administration of the House of Representatives certifies to be a true enrollment.</content> +</subsection> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I580467"><num value="2">“SEC. 2.</num><heading> SUBSEQUENT PREPARATION AND CERTIFICATION OF PRINTED ENROLLMENT.</heading><subsection style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="a">“(a)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Preparation.—</inline></heading><paragraph style="-uslm-lc:I22" class="indent1"><num value="1">“(1)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">In general</inline>.—</heading><content>If a reconciliation bill, appropriation bill, or continuing resolution is presented to the President in the form of a hand enrollment pursuant to the authority of section 1, then upon the enactment of that bill or joint resolution the Clerk of the House of Representatives shall prepare a printed enrollment of the bill or joint resolution as in the case of a bill or joint resolution to which sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code, apply.</content> +</paragraph> +<paragraph style="-uslm-lc:I22" class="indent1"><num value="2">“(2)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Typographical corrections</inline>.—</heading><content>A printed enrollment prepared pursuant to paragraph (1) may, in order to conform to customary style for printed laws, include corrections in indentation, type face, and type size and may include notations (in the margins or as otherwise appropriate) of obvious errors in spelling or punctuation in the hand enrollment.</content> +</paragraph> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="b">“(b)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Transmittal to President</inline>.—</heading><content>A printed enrollment prepared pursuant to subsection (a), after being certified by the Committee on House Administration of the House of Representatives to be a correct printing of the hand enrollment, shall be signed by the presiding officer of each House of Congress and transmitted to the President.</content> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="c">“(c)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Certification by President; Preservation in Archives</inline>.—</heading><content>Upon certification by the President that a printed enrollment transmitted pursuant to subsection (b) is a correct printing of the hand enrollment, such printed enrollment shall be transmitted to the Archivist of the United States, who shall preserve it with the hand enrollment.</content> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="d">“(d)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Publication of Law</inline>.—</heading><content>In preparing the bill or joint resolution for publication in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to <ref href="/us/usc/t1/s112">section 112 of title 1</ref>, United States Code, the Archivist of the United States shall use the printed enrollment certified by the President under subsection (c) in lieu of the hand enrollment.</content> +</subsection> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I580467"><num value="3">“SEC. 3.</num><heading> DEFINITIONS.</heading><chapeau style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">“As used in this resolution:</chapeau><paragraph style="-uslm-lc:I22" class="indent1"><num value="1">“(1)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Reconciliation bill</inline>.—</heading><content>The term ‘reconciliation bill’ means a bill to provide for reconciliation pursuant to section 4 of the concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 1991.</content> +</paragraph> +<paragraph style="-uslm-lc:I22" class="indent1"><num value="2">“(2)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Appropriation bill</inline>.—</heading><content>The term ‘appropriation bill’ means a general appropriation bill making appropriations for the fiscal year ending <date date="1991-09-30">September 30, 1991</date>.</content> +</paragraph> +<paragraph style="-uslm-lc:I22" class="indent1"><num value="3">“(3)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Continuing resolution</inline>.—</heading><content>The term ‘continuing resolution’ means a joint resolution making continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 1991.</content> +</paragraph> +<paragraph style="-uslm-lc:I22" class="indent1"><num value="4">“(4)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Hand enrollment</inline>.—</heading><content>The term ‘hand enrollment’ means the enrollment, as authorized by section 1, of a bill or joint resolution for presentment to the President in a form other than the printed form required by sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code.”</content> +</paragraph> +</section> +</quotedContent> +</p> +<p><ref href="/us/pl/100/454">Pub. L. 100–454</ref>, <date date="1988-09-29">Sept. 29, 1988</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/102/1914">102 Stat. 1914</ref>, provided that:<quotedContent origin="/us/pl/100/454"> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I580467"><num value="1">“SECTION 1.</num><heading> HAND ENROLLMENT AUTHORIZED FOR GENERAL APPROPRIATIONS BILLS.</heading><subsection style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="a">“(a)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Waiver of Certain Laws With Respect to Printing of Enrolled Bills</inline>.—</heading><content>During the remainder of the second session of the One Hundredth Congress, the provisions of sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code, are waived with respect to the printing (on parchment or otherwise) of the enrollment of any general appropriations bill making appropriations for the fiscal year ending <date date="1989-09-30">September 30, 1989</date>.</content> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="b">“(b)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Certification by Committee on House Administration</inline>.—</heading><content>The enrollment of any such bill shall be in such form as the Committee on House Administration of the House of Representatives certifies to be a true enrollment.</content> +</subsection> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I580467"><num value="2">“SEC. 2.</num><heading> SUBSEQUENT PREPARATION AND CERTIFICATION OF PRINTED ENROLLMENTS.</heading><subsection style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="a">“(a)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Preparation.—</inline></heading><paragraph style="-uslm-lc:I22" class="indent1"><num value="1">“(1)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">In general</inline>.—</heading><content>Upon the enactment of a bill following presentment of such bill to the President in the form of a hand enrollment pursuant to the authority of section 1 of this resolution, the Clerk of the House of Representatives shall prepare a printed enrollment of that bill as in the case of a bill to which sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code, apply.</content> +</paragraph> +<paragraph style="-uslm-lc:I22" class="indent1"><num value="2">“(2)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Limited stylistic corrections</inline>.—</heading><content>A printed enrollment prepared pursuant to paragraph (1) may, in order to conform to customary style for printed laws, include corrections in spelling, punctuation, indentation, type face, and type size and other necessary stylistic corrections to the hand enrollment. Such a printed enrollment shall include notations (in the margins or as otherwise appropriate) of all such corrections.</content> +</paragraph> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="b">“(b)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Transmittal to President</inline>.—</heading><content>A printed enrollment prepared pursuant to subsection (a) shall be signed by the presiding officer of each House of Congress as a correct printing of the hand enrollment and shall be transmitted to the President.</content> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="c">“(c)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Certification by President; Legal Effect</inline>.—</heading><content>Upon certification by the President that a printed enrollment transmitted pursuant to subsection (b) is a correct printing of the hand enrollment, such printed enrollment shall be considered for all purposes as the original enrollment of the bill concerned and as valid evidence of the enactment of that bill.</content> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="d">“(d)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Archives</inline>.—</heading><content>A printed enrollment certified by the President under subsection (c) shall be transmitted to the Archivist of the United States, who shall preserve it with the hand enrollment. In preparing the bill concerned for publication in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to <ref href="/us/usc/t1/s112">section 112 of title 1</ref>, United States Code, the Archivist of the United States shall use the printed enrollment certified by the President under subsection (c) in lieu of the hand enrollment.</content> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="e">“(e)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Hand Enrollment Defined</inline>.—</heading><content>As used in this section, the term ‘hand enrollment’ means the enrollment, as authorized by section 1, of a bill for presentment to the President in a form other than the printed form required by sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code.”</content> +</subsection> +</section> +</quotedContent> +</p> +<p><ref href="/us/pl/100/203/tVIII/s8004">Pub. L. 100–203, title VIII, § 8004</ref>, <date date="1987-12-22">Dec. 22, 1987</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/101/1330-282">101 Stat. 1330–282</ref>, provided that:<quotedContent origin="/us/pl/100/203/tVIII/s8004"> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="a">“(a)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Preparation of Printed Enrollment</inline>.—</heading><paragraph style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="1">(1)</num><content> Upon the enactment of this Act enrolled as a hand enrollment, the Clerk of the House of Representatives shall prepare a printed enrollment of this Act as in the case of a bill or joint resolution to which sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code, apply. Such enrollment shall be a correct enrollment of this Act as enrolled in the hand enrollment.</content> +</paragraph> +<paragraph style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="2">“(2)</num><content> A printed enrollment prepared pursuant to paragraph (1) may, in order to conform to customary style for printed laws, include corrections in spelling, punctuation, indentation, type face, and type size and other necessary stylistic corrections to the hand enrollment. Such a printed enrollment shall include notations (in the margins or as otherwise appropriate) of all such corrections.</content> +</paragraph> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="b">“(b)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Transmittal to President</inline>.—</heading><content>A printed enrollment prepared pursuant to subsection (a) shall be signed by the presiding officers of both Houses of Congress as a correct printing of the hand enrollment of this Act and shall be transmitted to the President.</content> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="c">“(c)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Certification by President; Legal Effect</inline>.—</heading><content>Upon certification by the President that a printed enrollment transmitted pursuant to subsection (b) is a correct printing of the hand enrollment of this Act, such printed enrollment shall be considered for all purposes as the original enrollment of this Act and as valid evidence of the enactment of this Act.</content> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="d">“(d)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Archives</inline>.—</heading><content>A printed enrollment certified by the President under subsection (c) shall be transmitted to the Archivist of the United States, who shall preserve it with the hand enrollment. In preparing this Act for publication in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to <ref href="/us/usc/t1/s112">section 112 of title 1</ref>, United States Code, the Archivist of the United States shall use the printed enrollment certified by the President under subsection (c) in lieu of the hand enrollment.</content> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="e">“(e)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Hand Enrollment Defined</inline>.—</heading><content>As used in this section, the term ‘hand enrollment’ means enrollment in a form other than the printed form required by sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code, as authorized by the joint resolution entitled ‘Joint resolution authorizing the hand enrollment of the budget reconciliation bill and of the full-year continuing resolution for fiscal year 1988’, approved December 1987 (H.J. Res. 426 of the 100th Congress) [<ref href="/us/pl/100/199">Pub. L. 100–199</ref>, <date date="1987-12-21">Dec. 21, 1987</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/101/1326">101 Stat. 1326</ref>].”</content> +</subsection> +</quotedContent> +</p> +<p><ref href="/us/pl/100/202/s101/n">Pub. L. 100–202, § 101(n)</ref>, <date date="1987-12-22">Dec. 22, 1987</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/101/1329-432">101 Stat. 1329–432</ref>, provided that:<quotedContent origin="/us/pl/100/202/s101/n"> +<paragraph style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="1">“(1)</num><content> Upon the enactment of this resolution enrolled as a hand enrollment, the Clerk of the House of Representatives shall prepare a printed enrollment of this resolution as in the case of a bill or joint resolution to which sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code, apply. Such enrollment shall be a correct enrollment of this resolution as enrolled in the hand enrollment.</content> +</paragraph> +<paragraph style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="2">“(2)</num><content> A printed enrollment prepared pursuant to subsection (n)(1) may, in order to conform to customary style for printed laws, include corrections in spelling, punctuation, indentation, type face, and type size and other necessary stylistic corrections to the hand enrollment. Such a printed enrollment shall include notations (in the margins or as otherwise appropriate) of all such corrections.</content> +</paragraph> +<paragraph style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="3">“(3)</num><content> A printed enrollment prepared pursuant to subsection (n)(1) shall be signed by the presiding officers of both Houses of Congress as a correct printing of the hand enrollment of this resolution and shall be transmitted to the President.</content> +</paragraph> +<paragraph style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="4">“(4)</num><content> Upon certification by the President that a printed enrollment transmitted pursuant to subsection (n)(3) is a correct printing of the hand enrollment of this resolution, such printed enrollment shall be considered for all purposes as the original enrollment of this resolution and as valid evidence of the enactment of this resolution.</content> +</paragraph> +<paragraph style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="5">“(5)</num><content> A printed enrollment certified by the President under subsection (n)(4) shall be transmitted to the Archivist of the United States, who shall preserve it with the hand enrollment. In preparing this resolution for publication in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to <ref href="/us/usc/t1/s112">section 112 of title 1</ref>, United States Code, the Archivist of the United States shall use the printed enrollment certified by the President under subsection (n)(4) in lieu of the hand enrollment.</content> +</paragraph> +<paragraph style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="6">“(6)</num><content> As used in this section, the term ‘hand enrollment’ means enrollment in a form other than the printed form required by sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code, as authorized by the joint resolution entitled ‘Joint resolution authorizing the hand enrollment of the budget reconciliation bill and of the full-year continuing resolution for fiscal year 1988’, approved December 1987 (H.J. Res. 426 of the 100th Congress) [<ref href="/us/pl/100/199">Pub. L. 100–199</ref>, <date date="1987-12-21">Dec. 21, 1987</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/101/1326">101 Stat. 1326</ref>].”</content> +</paragraph> +</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" role="crossHeading" topic="execDoc" id="ide0c3e626-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered"><b>Executive Documents</b></heading></note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="executiveMemo" id="ide0c3e627-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Certification of Printed Enrollments of Certain Public Laws</heading><p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Memorandum of the President of the United States, <date date="1991-01-10">Jan. 10, 1991</date>, 56 F.R. 1481, provided:</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Memorandum for the Archivist of the United States</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and laws of the United States, including <ref href="/us/usc/t3/s301">Section 301 of Title 3</ref> of the United States Code, I hereby authorize you to ascertain whether the printed enrollment of H.R. 5835, the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 (<ref href="/us/pl/101/508">Public Law 101–508</ref>), approved on <date date="1990-11-05">November 5, 1990</date>, is a correct printing of the hand enrollment and if so to make on my behalf the certification specified in Section 2(c) of H.J. Res. 682 (<ref href="/us/pl/101/466">Public Law 101–466</ref>) [set out as a note above].</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Attached is the printed enrollment that was received at the White House on <date date="1991-01-07">January 7, 1991</date>.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">This memorandum shall be published in the Federal Register.</p> +<signature> +<name>George Bush.</name> +</signature> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Memorandum of the President of the United States, <date date="1988-12-12">Dec. 12, 1988</date>, 53 F.R. 50373, provided:</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Memorandum for the Archivist of the United States</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and laws of the United States, including <ref href="/us/usc/t3/s301">Section 301 of Title 3</ref> of the United States Code, I hereby authorize you to ascertain whether the printed enrollments of H.R. 4637, the Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1989 (<ref href="/us/pl/100/461">Public Law 100–461</ref>), H.R. 4776, the District of Columbia Appropriations Act, 1989 (<ref href="/us/pl/100/462">Public Law 100–462</ref>), and H.R. 4781, the Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 1989 (<ref href="/us/pl/100/463">Public Law 100–463</ref>), are correct printings of the hand enrollments, which were approved on <date date="1988-10-01">October 1, 1988</date>, and if so to make on my behalf the certifications required by Section 2(c) of H.J. Res. 665 (<ref href="/us/pl/100/454">Public Law 100–454</ref>) [set out as a note above].</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Attached are the printed enrollments of H.R. 4637, H.R. 4776, and H.R. 4781, which were received at the White House on <date date="1988-12-01">December 1, 1988</date>.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">This memorandum shall be published in the Federal Register.</p> +<signature> +<name>Ronald Reagan.</name> +</signature> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Memorandum of the President of the United States, <date date="1988-01-28">Jan. 28, 1988</date>, 53 F.R. 2816, provided:</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Memorandum for the Archivist of the United States</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and laws of the United States, including <ref href="/us/usc/t3/s301">Section 301 of Title 3</ref> of the United States Code, I hereby authorize you to ascertain whether the printed enrollments of H.J. Res. 395, Joint Resolution making further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 1988 (<ref href="/us/pl/100/202">Public Law 100–202</ref>), and H.R. 3545, the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 (<ref href="/us/pl/100/203">Public Law 100–203</ref>), are correct printings of the hand enrollments, which were approved on <date date="1987-12-22">December 22, 1987</date>, and if so to make on my behalf the certifications required by Section 101(n)(4) of H.J. Res. 395 and Section 8004(c) of H.R. 3545 [set out as notes above].</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Attached are the printed enrollments of H.J. Res. 395 and H.R. 3545, which were received at the White House on <date date="1988-01-27">January 27, 1988</date>.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">This memorandum shall be published in the Federal Register.</p> +<signature> +<name>Ronald Reagan.</name> +</signature> +</note> +</notes> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I80" id="ide0c3e628-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s106a"><num value="106a">§ 106a.</num><heading> Promulgation of laws</heading><content> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0">Whenever a bill, order, resolution, or vote of the Senate and House of Representatives, having been approved by the President, or not having been returned by him with his objections, becomes a law or takes effect, it shall forthwith be received by the Archivist of the United States from the President; and whenever a bill, order, resolution, or vote is returned by the President with his objections, and, on being reconsidered, is agreed to be passed, and is approved by two-thirds of both Houses of Congress, and thereby becomes a law or takes effect, it shall be received by the Archivist of the United States from the President of the Senate, or Speaker of the House of Representatives in whichsoever House it shall last have been so approved, and he shall carefully preserve the originals.</p> +</content><sourceCredit id="ide0c3e629-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c">(Added <ref href="/us/act/1951-10-31/ch655/s2/b">Oct. 31, 1951, ch. 655, § 2(b)</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/65/710">65 Stat. 710</ref>; amended <ref href="/us/pl/98/497/tI/s107/d">Pub. L. 98–497, title I, § 107(d)</ref>, <date date="1984-10-19">Oct. 19, 1984</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/98/2291">98 Stat. 2291</ref>.)</sourceCredit> +<notes type="uscNote" id="ide0c3e62a-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" role="crossHeading" topic="editorialNotes" id="ide0c3e62b-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered"><b>Editorial Notes</b></heading></note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="amendments" id="ide0c3e62c-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Amendments</heading><p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">1984—<ref href="/us/pl/98/497">Pub. L. 98–497</ref> substituted “Archivist of the United States” for “Administrator of General Services” in two places.</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" role="crossHeading" topic="statutoryNotes" id="ide0c3e62d-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered"><b>Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries</b></heading></note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="effectiveDateOfAmendment" id="ide0c3e62e-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Effective Date of 1984 Amendment</heading><p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Amendment by <ref href="/us/pl/98/497">Pub. L. 98–497</ref> effective <date date="1985-04-01">Apr. 1, 1985</date>, see <ref href="/us/pl/98/497/s301">section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497</ref>, set out as a note under <ref href="/us/usc/t44/s2102">section 2102 of Title 44</ref>, Public Printing and Documents.</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I85" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0c3e62f-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<heading class="centered smallCaps">Similar Provisions; Repeal; Saving Clause; Delegation of Functions; Transfer of Property and Personnel</heading> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Similar provisions were contained in R.S. § 204; <ref href="/us/act/1874-12-28/ch9/s2">act Dec. 28, 1874, ch. 9, § 2</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/18/294">18 Stat. 294</ref>; 1950 Reorg. Plan No. 20, § 1, eff. <date date="1950-05-24">May 24, 1950</date>, 15 F.R. 3178, <ref href="/us/stat/64/1272">64 Stat. 1272</ref>, which with the exception of the reorganization plan, were repealed by section 56(h) of act <date date="1951-10-31">Oct. 31, 1951</date>. Subsec. (<i>l</i>) of that section 56 provided that the repeal should not affect any rights or liabilities existing under those statutes on the effective date of the repeal (<date date="1951-10-31">Oct. 31, 1951</date>). For delegation of functions under the repealed statutes, and transfer of records, property, personnel, and funds, see sections 3 and 4 of 1950 Reorg. Plan No. 20, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.</p> +</note> +</notes> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I80" id="ide0c3e630-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s106b"><num value="106b">§ 106b.</num><heading> Amendments to Constitution</heading><content> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0">Whenever official notice is received at the National Archives and Records Administration that any amendment proposed to the Constitution of the United States has been adopted, according to the provisions of the Constitution, the Archivist of the United States shall forthwith cause the amendment to be published, with his certificate, specifying the States by which the same may have been adopted, and that the same has become valid, to all intents and purposes, as a part of the Constitution of the United States.</p> +</content><sourceCredit id="ide0c3e631-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c">(Added <ref href="/us/act/1951-10-31/ch655/s2/b">Oct. 31, 1951, ch. 655, § 2(b)</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/65/710">65 Stat. 710</ref>; amended <ref href="/us/pl/98/497/tI/s107/d">Pub. L. 98–497, title I, § 107(d)</ref>, <date date="1984-10-19">Oct. 19, 1984</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/98/2291">98 Stat. 2291</ref>.)</sourceCredit> +<notes type="uscNote" id="ide0c3e632-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" role="crossHeading" topic="editorialNotes" id="ide0c3e633-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered"><b>Editorial Notes</b></heading></note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="amendments" id="ide0c3e634-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Amendments</heading><p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">1984—<ref href="/us/pl/98/497">Pub. L. 98–497</ref> substituted “National Archives and Records Administration” and “Archivist of the United States” for “General Services Administration” and “Administrator of General Services”, respectively.</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" role="crossHeading" topic="statutoryNotes" id="ide0c3e635-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered"><b>Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries</b></heading></note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="effectiveDateOfAmendment" id="ide0c3e636-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Effective Date of 1984 Amendment</heading><p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Amendment by <ref href="/us/pl/98/497">Pub. L. 98–497</ref> effective <date date="1985-04-01">Apr. 1, 1985</date>, see <ref href="/us/pl/98/497/s301">section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497</ref>, set out as a note under <ref href="/us/usc/t44/s2102">section 2102 of Title 44</ref>, Public Printing and Documents.</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I85" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0c3e637-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<heading class="centered smallCaps">Similar Provisions; Repeal; Saving Clause; Delegation of Functions; Transfer of Property and Personnel</heading> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Similar provisions were contained in R.S. § 205; 1950 Reorg. Plan No. 20, § 1, eff. <date date="1950-05-24">May 24, 1950</date>, 15 F.R. 3178, <ref href="/us/stat/64/1272">64 Stat. 1272</ref>. R.S. § 205 was repealed by section 56(h) of act <date date="1951-10-31">Oct. 31, 1951</date>. Subsec. (<i>l</i>) of section 56 provided that the repeal should not affect any rights or liabilities existing under the repealed statute on the effective date of the repeal (<date date="1951-10-31">Oct. 31, 1951</date>). For delegation of functions under the repealed statute, and transfer of records, property, personnel, and funds, see sections 3 and 4 of 1950 Reorg. Plan No. 20, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.</p> +</note> +</notes> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I80" id="ide0c3e638-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s107"><num value="107">§ 107.</num><heading> Parchment or paper for printing enrolled bills or resolutions</heading><content> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0">Enrolled bills and resolutions of either House of Congress shall be printed on parchment or paper of suitable quality as shall be determined by the Joint Committee on Printing.</p> +</content><sourceCredit id="ide0c3e639-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c">(<ref href="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch388">July 30, 1947, ch. 388</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/61/635">61 Stat. 635</ref>.)</sourceCredit> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I80" id="ide0c3e63a-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s108"><num value="108">§ 108.</num><heading> Repeal of repealing act</heading><content> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0">Whenever an Act is repealed, which repealed a former Act, such former Act shall not thereby be revived, unless it shall be expressly so provided.</p> +</content><sourceCredit id="ide0c3e63b-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c">(<ref href="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch388">July 30, 1947, ch. 388</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/61/635">61 Stat. 635</ref>.)</sourceCredit> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I80" id="ide0c3e63c-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s109"><num value="109">§ 109.</num><heading> Repeal of statutes as affecting existing liabilities</heading><content> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0">The repeal of any statute shall not have the effect to release or extinguish any penalty, forfeiture, or liability incurred under such statute, unless the repealing Act shall so expressly provide, and such statute shall be treated as still remaining in force for the purpose of sustaining any proper action or prosecution for the enforcement of such penalty, forfeiture, or liability. The expiration of a temporary statute shall not have the effect to release or extinguish any penalty, forfeiture, or liability incurred under such statute, unless the temporary statute shall so expressly provide, and such statute shall be treated as still remaining in force for the purpose of sustaining any proper action or prosecution for the enforcement of such penalty, forfeiture, or liability.</p> +</content><sourceCredit id="ide0c3e63d-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c">(<ref href="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch388">July 30, 1947, ch. 388</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/61/635">61 Stat. 635</ref>.)</sourceCredit> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I80" id="ide0c3e63e-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s110"><num value="110">§ 110.</num><heading> Saving clause of Revised Statutes</heading><content> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0">All acts of limitation, whether applicable to civil causes and proceedings, or to the prosecution of offenses, or for the recovery of penalties or forfeitures, embraced in the Revised Statutes and covered by the repeal contained therein, shall not be affected thereby, but all suits, proceedings, or prosecutions, whether civil or criminal, for causes arising, or acts done or committed prior to said repeal, may be commenced and prosecuted within the same time as if said repeal had not been made.</p> +</content><sourceCredit id="ide0c3e63f-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c">(<ref href="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch388">July 30, 1947, ch. 388</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/61/635">61 Stat. 635</ref>.)</sourceCredit> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I80" id="ide0c3e640-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s111"><num value="111">§ 111.</num><heading> Repeals as evidence of prior effectiveness</heading><content> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0">No inference shall be raised by the enactment of the Act of <date date="1933-03-03">March 3, 1933</date> (ch. 202, <ref href="/us/stat/47/1431">47 Stat. 1431</ref>), that the sections of the Revised Statutes repealed by such Act were in force or effect at the time of such enactment: <i>Provided, however</i>, That any rights or liabilities existing under such repealed sections shall not be affected by their repeal.</p> +</content><sourceCredit id="ide0c3e641-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c">(<ref href="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch388">July 30, 1947, ch. 388</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/61/635">61 Stat. 635</ref>.)</sourceCredit> +<notes type="uscNote" id="ide0c3e642-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" role="crossHeading" topic="editorialNotes" id="ide0c3e643-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered"><b>Editorial Notes</b></heading></note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I75" topic="referencesInText" id="ide0c3e644-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<heading class="centered smallCaps">References in Text</heading><p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Act of <date date="1933-03-03">March 3, 1933</date>, referred to in text, was repealed by section 2 of act <date date="1947-07-30">July 30, 1947</date>, section 1 of which enacted this title.</p> +</note> +</notes> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I80" id="ide0c3e645-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s112"><num value="112">§ 112.</num><heading> Statutes at Large; contents; admissibility in evidence</heading><content> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0">The Archivist of the United States shall cause to be compiled, edited, indexed, and published, the United States Statutes at Large, which shall contain all the laws and concurrent resolutions enacted during each regular session of Congress; all proclamations by the President in the numbered series issued since the date of the adjournment of the regular session of Congress next preceding; and also any amendments to the Constitution of the United States proposed or ratified pursuant to article V thereof since that date, together with the certificate of the Archivist of the United States issued in compliance with the provision contained in <ref href="/us/usc/t1/s106b">section 106b of this title</ref>. In the event of an extra session of Congress, the Archivist of the United States shall cause all the laws and concurrent resolutions enacted during said extra session to be consolidated with, and published as part of, the contents of the volume for the next regular session. The United States Statutes at Large shall be legal evidence of laws, concurrent resolutions, treaties, international agreements other than treaties, proclamations by the President, and proposed or ratified amendments to the Constitution of the United States therein contained, in all the courts of the United States, the several States, and the Territories and insular possessions of the United States.</p> +</content><sourceCredit id="ide0c3e646-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c">(<ref href="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch388">July 30, 1947, ch. 388</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/61/636">61 Stat. 636</ref>; <ref href="/us/act/1950-09-23/ch1001/s1">Sept. 23, 1950, ch. 1001, § 1</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/64/979">64 Stat. 979</ref>; <ref href="/us/act/1951-10-31/ch655/s3">Oct. 31, 1951, ch. 655, § 3</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/65/710">65 Stat. 710</ref>; <ref href="/us/pl/98/497/tI/s107/d">Pub. L. 98–497, title I, § 107(d)</ref>, <date date="1984-10-19">Oct. 19, 1984</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/98/2291">98 Stat. 2291</ref>.)</sourceCredit> +<notes type="uscNote" id="ide0c3e647-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" role="crossHeading" topic="editorialNotes" id="ide0c3e648-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered"><b>Editorial Notes</b></heading></note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="amendments" id="ide0c3e649-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Amendments</heading><p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">1984—<ref href="/us/pl/98/497">Pub. L. 98–497</ref> substituted “Archivist of the United States” for “Administrator of General Services” in three places.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">1951—Act <date date="1951-10-31">Oct. 31, 1951</date>, substituted “106b of this title” for “205 of the Revised Statutes” in first sentence.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">1950—Act <date date="1950-09-23">Sept. 23, 1950</date>, amended section generally to implement 1950 Reorg. Plan No. 20, § 1, eff. <date date="1950-05-24">May 24, 1950</date>, 15 F.R. 3178, <ref href="/us/stat/64/1272">64 Stat. 1272</ref>, which transferred to the Administrator of General Services certain duties formerly performed by the Secretary of State.</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" role="crossHeading" topic="statutoryNotes" id="ide0c3e64a-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered"><b>Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries</b></heading></note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="effectiveDateOfAmendment" id="ide0c3e64b-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Effective Date of 1984 Amendment</heading><p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Amendment by <ref href="/us/pl/98/497">Pub. L. 98–497</ref> effective <date date="1985-04-01">Apr. 1, 1985</date>, see <ref href="/us/pl/98/497/s301">section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497</ref>, set out as a note under <ref href="/us/usc/t44/s2102">section 2102 of Title 44</ref>, Public Printing and Documents.</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0c3e64c-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Publishing <ref href="/us/pl/115/141">Pub. L. 115–141</ref> in Statutes at Large</heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/115/141/dG/tI/s121/c">Pub. L. 115–141, div. G, title I, § 121(c)</ref>, <date date="2018-03-23">Mar. 23, 2018</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/132/662">132 Stat. 662</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/115/141/dG/tI/s121/c">“In publishing this Act in slip form and in the United States Statutes at large pursuant to <ref href="/us/usc/t1/s112">section 112 of title 1</ref>, United States Code, the Archivist of the United States shall include after the date of approval at the end an appendix setting forth the text of the sections of the bill and the bills referred to in subsections (a) [enacting into law from the 115th Congress sections 7130 and 7134 of S. 1460, as placed on the calendar of the Senate on <date date="2017-06-29">June 29, 2017</date>] and (b) [enacting into law from the 115th Congress H.R. 1281, as introduced on <date date="2017-03-01">Mar. 1, 2017</date>, and H.R. 4134, as introduced on <date date="2017-10-25">Oct. 25, 2017</date>], respectively.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0c3e64d-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Publishing <ref href="/us/pl/115/31">Pub. L. 115–31</ref> in Statutes at Large</heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/115/31/dG/tIV/s431/b">Pub. L. 115–31, div. G, title IV, § 431(b)</ref>, <date date="2017-05-05">May 5, 2017</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/131/502">131 Stat. 502</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/115/31/dG/tIV/s431/b">“In publishing this Act in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to <ref href="/us/usc/t1/s112">section 112 of title 1</ref>, United States Code, the Archivist of the United States shall include after the date of approval at the end an appendix setting forth the text of the bills referred to in subsection (a) [enacting into law from the 115th Congress H.R. 2104, as introduced on <date date="2017-04-20">Apr. 20, 2017</date>; S. 131, as ordered to be reported on <date date="2017-03-30">Mar. 30, 2017</date>, by the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate; and S. 847, as introduced on <date date="2017-04-05">Apr. 5, 2017</date>].”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0c3e64e-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Publishing <ref href="/us/pl/107/206">Pub. L. 107–206</ref> in Statutes at Large</heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/107/206/tIII/s3002/h">Pub. L. 107–206, title III, § 3002(h)</ref>, <date date="2002-08-02">Aug. 2, 2002</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/116/924">116 Stat. 924</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/107/206/tIII/s3002/h">“In publishing the Act in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to section 112, of title 1, United States Code, the Archivist of the United States shall include after the date of approval at the end an appendix setting forth the text of the bill referred to in subsection (a) [set out as a Short Title of 2002 Amendment note under <ref href="/us/usc/t39/s101">section 101 of Title 39</ref>, Postal Service].”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0c3e64f-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Publication of Certain Laws of 106th Congress</heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/106/554/s1/b">Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(b)</ref>, <date date="2000-12-21">Dec. 21, 2000</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/114/2763">114 Stat. 2763</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/106/554/s1/b">“In publishing this Act in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to <ref href="/us/usc/t1/s112">section 112 of title 1</ref>, United States Code, the Archivist of the United States shall include after the date of approval at the end appendixes setting forth the texts of the bills referred to in subsection (a) of this section [enacting into law H.R. 5656, H.R. 5657, H.R. 5658, H.R. 5660, H.R. 5661, H.R. 5662, and H.R. 5663 of the 106th Congress, as introduced on <date date="2000-12-14">Dec. 14, 2000</date>, and H.R. 5666 and H.R. 5667 of the 106th Congress, as introduced on <date date="2000-12-15">Dec. 15, 2000</date>, except that the text of H.R. 5666, as so enacted, shall not include section 123] and the text of any other bill enacted into law by reference by reason of the enactment of this Act.”</quotedContent> +</p> +<p><ref href="/us/pl/106/553/s1/b">Pub. L. 106–553, § 1(b)</ref>, <date date="2000-12-21">Dec. 21, 2000</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/114/2762">114 Stat. 2762</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/106/553/s1/b">“In publishing this Act in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to <ref href="/us/usc/t1/s112">section 112 of title 1</ref>, United States Code, the Archivist of the United States shall include after the date of approval at the end appendixes setting forth the texts of the bills referred to in subsection (a) of this section [enacting into law H.R. 5547 and H.R. 5548 of the 106th Congress, as introduced on <date date="2000-10-25">Oct. 25, 2000</date>].”</quotedContent> +</p> +<p><ref href="/us/pl/106/429/s101/a/tV/s595/b">Pub. L. 106–429, § 101(a) [title V, § 595(b)]</ref>, <date date="2000-11-06">Nov. 6, 2000</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/114/1900">114 Stat. 1900</ref>, 1900A–60, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/106/429/s101/a/tV/s595/b">“In publishing the Act in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to section 112, of title 1, United States Code, the Archivist of the United States shall include after the date of approval at the end appendixes setting forth the texts of the bill referred to in subsection (a) of this section [enacting into law S. 3140 of the 106th Congress, as introduced on <date date="2000-09-28">Sept. 28, 2000</date>].”</quotedContent> +</p> +<p><ref href="/us/pl/106/429/s101/b">Pub. L. 106–429, § 101(b)</ref>, <date date="2000-11-06">Nov. 6, 2000</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/114/1900">114 Stat. 1900</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/106/429/s101/b">“In publishing this Act in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to <ref href="/us/usc/t1/s112">section 112 of title 1</ref>, United States Code, the Archivist of the United States shall include after the date of approval at the end an appendix setting forth the text of the bill referred to in subsection (a) of this section [enacting into law H.R. 5526 of the 106th Congress, as introduced on <date date="2000-10-24">Oct. 24, 2000</date>].”</quotedContent> +</p> +<p><ref href="/us/pl/106/398/s2">Pub. L. 106–398, § 2</ref>, <date date="2000-10-30">Oct. 30, 2000</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/114/1654">114 Stat. 1654</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/106/398/s2">“In publishing this Act in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to <ref href="/us/usc/t1/s112">section 112 of title 1</ref>, United States Code, the Archivist of the United States shall include after the date of approval an appendix setting forth the text of the bill referred to in section 1 [enacting into law H.R. 5408 of the 106th Congress, as introduced on <date date="2000-10-06">Oct. 6, 2000</date>].”</quotedContent> +</p> +<p><ref href="/us/pl/106/387/s1/b">Pub. L. 106–387, § 1(b)</ref>, <date date="2000-10-28">Oct. 28, 2000</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/114/1549">114 Stat. 1549</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/106/387/s1/b">“In publishing this Act in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to <ref href="/us/usc/t1/s112">section 112 of title 1</ref>, United States Code, the Archivist of the United States shall include after the date of approval at the end an appendix setting forth the text of the bill referred to in subsection (a) of this section [enacting into law H.R. 5426 of the 106th Congress, as introduced on <date date="2000-10-06">Oct. 6, 2000</date>].”</quotedContent> +</p> +<p><ref href="/us/pl/106/377/s1/b">Pub. L. 106–377, § 1(b)</ref>, <date date="2000-10-27">Oct. 27, 2000</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/114/1441">114 Stat. 1441</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/106/377/s1/b">“In publishing this Act in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to <ref href="/us/usc/t1/s112">section 112 of title 1</ref>, United States Code, the Archivist of the United States shall include after the date of approval at the end appendixes setting forth the texts of the bills referred to in subsection (a) of this section [enacting into law H.R. 5482 and 5483 of the 106th Congress, as introduced on <date date="2000-10-18">Oct. 18, 2000</date>].”</quotedContent> +</p> +<p><ref href="/us/pl/106/346/s101/b">Pub. L. 106–346, § 101(b)</ref>, <date date="2000-10-23">Oct. 23, 2000</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/114/1356">114 Stat. 1356</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/106/346/s101/b">“In publishing the Act in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to <ref href="/us/usc/t1/s112">section 112 of title 1</ref>, United States Code, the Archivist of the United States shall include after the date of approval at the end an appendix setting forth the text of the bill referred to in subsection (a) of this section [enacting into law H.R. 5394 of the 106th Congress, as introduced on <date date="2000-10-05">Oct. 5, 2000</date>].”</quotedContent> +</p> +<p><ref href="/us/pl/106/113/dB/s1000/b">Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(b)</ref>, <date date="1999-11-29">Nov. 29, 1999</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/113/1536">113 Stat. 1536</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/106/113/dB/s1000/b">“In publishing the Act in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to section 112, of title 1, United States Code, the Archivist of the United States shall include after the date of approval at the end appendixes setting forth the texts of the bills referred to in subsection (a) of this section [enacting into law H.R. 3421, H.R. 3422, H.R. 3423, H.R. 3424, H.R. 3425, H.R. 3426, H.R. 3427 (as amended), H.R. 3428, and S. 1948 of the 106th Congress, as introduced on <date date="1999-11-17">Nov. 17, 1999</date>].”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0c65750-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Effect of Repeal of Section 73 of Act <date date="1895-01-12">Jan. 12, 1895</date></heading><p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">This section and <ref href="/us/usc/t1/s112a">section 112a of this title</ref> as not affected by the repeal of section 73 of <ref href="/us/act/1895-01-12/ch23">act Jan. 12, 1895, ch. 23</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/28/615">28 Stat. 615</ref>, which related to the same subject matter, see section 56(i) of <ref href="/us/act/1951-10-31/ch655">act Oct. 31, 1951, ch. 655</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/65/729">65 Stat. 729</ref>.</p> +</note> +</notes> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I80" id="ide0c65751-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s112a"><num value="112a">§ 112a.</num><heading> United States Treaties and Other International Agreements; contents; admissibility in evidence</heading><subsection style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0" id="ide0c65752-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s112a/a"><num value="a">(a)</num><content> The Secretary of State shall cause to be compiled, edited, indexed, and published, beginning as of <date date="1950-01-01">January 1, 1950</date>, a compilation entitled “United States Treaties and Other International Agreements,” which shall contain all treaties to which the United States is a party that have been proclaimed during each calendar year, and all international agreements other than treaties to which the United States is a party that have been signed, proclaimed, or with reference to which any other final formality has been executed, during each calendar year. The said United States Treaties and Other International Agreements shall be legal evidence of the treaties, international agreements other than treaties, and proclamations by the President of such treaties and agreements, therein contained, in all the courts of the United States, the several States, and the Territories and insular possessions of the United States.</content> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0" id="ide0c65753-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s112a/b"><num value="b">(b)</num><chapeau> The Secretary of State may determine that publication of certain categories of agreements is not required, if the following criteria are met:</chapeau><paragraph style="-uslm-lc:I12" class="indent1" id="ide0c65754-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s112a/b/1"><num value="1">(1)</num><content> such agreements are not treaties which have been brought into force for the United States after having received Senate advice and consent pursuant to section 2(2) of Article II of the Constitution of the United States;</content> +</paragraph> +<paragraph style="-uslm-lc:I12" class="indent1" id="ide0c65755-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s112a/b/2"><num value="2">(2)</num><content> the public interest in such agreements is insufficient to justify their publication, because (A) as of the date of enactment of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1994 and 1995, the agreements are no longer in force,<ref class="footnoteRef" idref="fn002005">1</ref><note type="footnote" id="fn002005"><num>1</num> So in original. The comma probably should be a semicolon.</note> (B) the agreements do not create private rights or duties, or establish standards intended to govern government action in the treatment of private individuals; (C) in view of the limited or specialized nature of the public interest in such agreements, such interest can adequately be satisfied by an alternative means; or (D) the public disclosure of the text of the agreement would, in the opinion of the President, be prejudicial to the national security of the United States; and</content> +</paragraph> +<paragraph style="-uslm-lc:I12" class="indent1" id="ide0c65756-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s112a/b/3"><num value="3">(3)</num><content> copies of such agreements (other than those in paragraph (2)(D)), including certified copies where necessary for litigation or similar purposes, will be made available by the Department of State upon request.</content> +</paragraph> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0" id="ide0c65757-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s112a/c"><num value="c">(c)</num><content> Any determination pursuant to subsection (b) shall be published in the Federal Register.</content> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0" id="ide0c65758-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s112a/d"><num value="d">(d)</num><content> The Secretary of State shall make publicly available through the Internet website of the Department of State each treaty or international agreement proposed to be published in the compilation entitled “United States Treaties and Other International Agreements” not later than 180 days after the date on which the treaty or agreement enters into force.</content> +</subsection> +<sourceCredit id="ide0c65759-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c">(Added <ref href="/us/act/1950-09-23/ch1001/s2">Sept. 23, 1950, ch. 1001, § 2</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/64/980">64 Stat. 980</ref>; amended <ref href="/us/pl/103/236/tI/s138">Pub. L. 103–236, title I, § 138</ref>, <date date="1994-04-30">Apr. 30, 1994</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/108/397">108 Stat. 397</ref>; <ref href="/us/pl/108/458/tVII/s7121/a">Pub. L. 108–458, title VII, § 7121(a)</ref>, <date date="2004-12-17">Dec. 17, 2004</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/118/3807">118 Stat. 3807</ref>; <ref href="/us/pl/117/263/dE/tLIX/s5947/b">Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LIX, § 5947(b)</ref>, <date date="2022-12-23">Dec. 23, 2022</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/136/3482">136 Stat. 3482</ref>.)</sourceCredit> +<notes type="uscNote" id="ide0c6575a-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I84" topic="prospectiveAmendment" id="ide0c6575b-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered fontsize8 smallCaps">Amendment of Section</heading><p style="-uslm-lc:I88" class="indent1 fontsize8 italic"><ref href="/us/pl/117/263/dE/tLIX/s5947/b">Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LIX, § 5947(b)</ref>, (c), <date date="2022-12-23">Dec. 23, 2022</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/136/3482">136 Stat. 3482</ref>, provided that, effective 270 days after <date date="2022-12-23">Dec. 23, 2022</date>, this section is amended by striking subsections (b), (c), and (d) and by inserting after subsection (a) the following:</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0 fontsize8"><i>(b) Copies of international agreements and qualifying non-binding instruments in the possession of the Department of State, but not published, other than the agreements described in section 112b(b)(3)(A), shall be made available by the Department of State upon request.</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I88" class="indent1 fontsize8 italic">See 2022 Amendment note below.</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" role="crossHeading" topic="editorialNotes" id="ide0c6575c-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered"><b>Editorial Notes</b></heading></note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I75" topic="referencesInText" id="ide0c6575d-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<heading class="centered smallCaps">References in Text</heading><p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">The date of enactment of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1994 and 1995, referred to in subsec. (b)(2)(A), is the date of enactment of <ref href="/us/pl/103/236">Pub. L. 103–236</ref>, which was approved <date date="1994-04-30">Apr. 30, 1994</date>.</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="amendments" id="ide0c6575e-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Amendments</heading><p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">2022—Subsecs. (b) to (d). <ref href="/us/pl/117/263">Pub. L. 117–263</ref> added subsec. (b) and struck out former subsecs. (b) to (d) which related to determination that publication of certain categories of agreements is not required, publication of such determination in the Federal Register, and timely availability of certain treaties and international agreements on the Department of State website.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">2004—Subsec. (d). <ref href="/us/pl/108/458">Pub. L. 108–458</ref> added subsec. (d).</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">1994—<ref href="/us/pl/103/236">Pub. L. 103–236</ref> designated existing provisions as subsec. (a) and added subsecs. (b) and (c).</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" role="crossHeading" topic="statutoryNotes" id="ide0c6575f-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered"><b>Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries</b></heading></note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="effectiveDateOfAmendment" id="ide0c65760-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Effective Date of 2022 Amendment</heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/117/263/dE/tLIX/s5947/c">Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LIX, § 5947(c)</ref>, <date date="2022-12-23">Dec. 23, 2022</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/136/3482">136 Stat. 3482</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/117/263/dE/tLIX/s5947/c">“The amendments made by this section [amending this section, <ref href="/us/usc/t1/s112b">section 112b of this title</ref>, and <ref href="/us/usc/t6/s195c">section 195c of Title 6</ref>, Domestic Security] shall take effect on the date that is 270 days after the date of the enactment of this Act.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="effectiveDateOfAmendment" id="ide0c65761-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Effective Date of 2004 Amendment</heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/108/458/tVII/s7122">Pub. L. 108–458, title VII, § 7122</ref>, <date date="2004-12-17">Dec. 17, 2004</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/118/3808">118 Stat. 3808</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/108/458/tVII/s7122">“Notwithstanding any other provision of this Act [see Tables for classification], this subtitle [subtitle A (§§ 7101–7122) of title VII of <ref href="/us/pl/108/458">Pub. L. 108–458</ref>, enacting sections 2228, 2732, 3922b, 4029, 7536a, and 7555 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse, amending this section, <ref href="/us/usc/t1/s112b">section 112b of this title</ref>, <ref href="/us/usc/t8/s1189">section 1189 of Title 8</ref>, Aliens and Nationality, sections 2651a, 2656f, 4003, 7513, 7514, 7518, 7536, 7537, 7538, and 7554 of Title 22, and <ref href="/us/usc/t50/s4605">section 4605 of Title 50</ref>, War and National Defense, repealing <ref href="/us/usc/t22/s2374">section 2374 of Title 22</ref>, enacting provisions set out as notes under <ref href="/us/usc/t8/s1189">section 1189 of Title 8</ref>, sections 1431, 2451, 2452, 2651a, 2656, 2656f, 7501, 7511, 7513, 7514, and 7536 of Title 22, and <ref href="/us/usc/t50/s4605">section 4605 of Title 50</ref>, and amending provisions set out as a note under <ref href="/us/usc/t1/s112b">section 112b of this title</ref>] shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act [<date date="2004-12-17">Dec. 17, 2004</date>].”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0c65762-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Effect of Repeal of Section 73 of Act <date date="1895-01-12">Jan. 12, 1895</date></heading><p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">This section and <ref href="/us/usc/t1/s112">section 112 of this title</ref> as not affected by the repeal of section 73 of <ref href="/us/act/1895-01-12/ch23">act Jan. 12, 1895, ch. 23</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/28/615">28 Stat. 615</ref>, which related to the same subject matter, see section 56(i) of <ref href="/us/act/1951-10-31/ch655">act Oct. 31, 1951, ch. 655</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/65/729">65 Stat. 729</ref>.</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0c65763-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Written Requests for Documents</heading><p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Copies of United States Treaties and Other International Agreements not available to Senators or Representatives unless specifically requested by them, in writing, see <ref href="/us/pl/94/59/tVIII/s801">Pub. L. 94–59, title VIII, § 801</ref>, <date date="1975-07-25">July 25, 1975</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/89/296">89 Stat. 296</ref>, set out as a note under <ref href="/us/usc/t44/s1317">section 1317 of Title 44</ref>, Public Printing and Documents.</p> +</note> +</notes> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I80" id="ide0c65764-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s112b"><num value="112b">§ 112b.</num><heading> United States international agreements; transmission to Congress</heading><subsection style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0" id="ide0c65765-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s112b/a"><num value="a">(a)</num><content> The Secretary of State shall transmit to the Congress the text of any international agreement (including the text of any oral international agreement, which agreement shall be reduced to writing), other than a treaty, to which the United States is a party as soon as practicable after such agreement has entered into force with respect to the United States but in no event later than sixty days thereafter. However, any such agreement the immediate public disclosure of which would, in the opinion of the President, be prejudicial to the national security of the United States shall not be so transmitted to the Congress but shall be transmitted to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on International Relations of the House of Representatives under an appropriate injunction of secrecy to be removed only upon due notice from the President. Any department or agency of the United States Government which enters into any international agreement on behalf of the United States shall transmit to the Department of State the text of such agreement not later than twenty days after such agreement has been signed.</content> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0" id="ide0c65766-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s112b/b"><num value="b">(b)</num><content> Not later than <date date="1979-03-01">March 1, 1979</date>, and at yearly intervals thereafter, the President shall, under his own signature, transmit to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate a report with respect to each international agreement which, during the preceding year, was transmitted to the Congress after the expiration of the 60-day period referred to in the first sentence of subsection (a), describing fully and completely the reasons for the late transmittal.</content> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0" id="ide0c65767-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s112b/c"><num value="c">(c)</num><content> Notwithstanding any other provision of law, an international agreement may not be signed or otherwise concluded on behalf of the United States without prior consultation with the Secretary of State. Such consultation may encompass a class of agreements rather than a particular agreement.</content> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0" id="ide0c65768-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s112b/d"><num value="d">(d)</num><paragraph style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0" id="ide0c65769-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s112b/d/1"><num value="1">(1)</num><chapeau> The Secretary of State shall annually submit to Congress a report that contains an index of all international agreements, listed by country, date, title, and summary of each such agreement (including a description of the duration of activities under the agreement and the agreement itself), that the United States—</chapeau><subparagraph style="-uslm-lc:I12" class="indent1" id="ide0c6576a-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s112b/d/1/A"><num value="A">(A)</num><content> has signed, proclaimed, or with reference to which any other final formality has been executed, or that has been extended or otherwise modified, during the preceding calendar year; and</content> +</subparagraph> +<subparagraph style="-uslm-lc:I12" class="indent1" id="ide0c6576b-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s112b/d/1/B"><num value="B">(B)</num><content> has not been published, or is not proposed to be published, in the compilation entitled “United States Treaties and Other International Agreements”.</content> +</subparagraph> +</paragraph> +<paragraph style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0" id="ide0c6576c-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s112b/d/2"><num value="2">(2)</num><content> The report described in paragraph (1) may be submitted in classified form.</content> +</paragraph> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0" id="ide0c6576d-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s112b/e"><num value="e">(e)</num><paragraph style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0" id="ide0c8a15e-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s112b/e/1"><num value="1">(1)</num><content> Subject to paragraph (2), the Secretary of State shall determine for and within the executive branch whether an arrangement constitutes an international agreement within the meaning of this section.</content> +</paragraph> +<paragraph style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0" id="ide0c8a15f-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s112b/e/2"><num value="2">(2)</num><subparagraph style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0" id="ide0c8a160-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s112b/e/2/A"><num value="A">(A)</num><content> An arrangement shall constitute an international agreement within the meaning of this section (other than subsection (c)) irrespective of the duration of activities under the arrangement or the arrangement itself.</content> +</subparagraph> +<subparagraph style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0" id="ide0c8a161-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s112b/e/2/B"><num value="B">(B)</num><chapeau> Arrangements that constitute an international agreement within the meaning of this section (other than subsection (c)) include the following:</chapeau><clause style="-uslm-lc:I12" class="indent1" id="ide0c8a162-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s112b/e/2/B/i"><num value="i">(i)</num><content> A bilateral or multilateral counterterrorism agreement.</content> +</clause> +<clause style="-uslm-lc:I12" class="indent1" id="ide0c8a163-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s112b/e/2/B/ii"><num value="ii">(ii)</num><content> A bilateral agreement with a country that is subject to a determination under section 6(j)(1)(A) <ref class="footnoteRef" idref="fn002006">1</ref><note type="footnote" id="fn002006"><num>1</num> See References in Text note below.</note> of the Export Administration Act of 1979 (50 U.S.C. App. 2405(j)(1)(A)), section 620A(a) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (<ref href="/us/usc/t22/s2371/a">22 U.S.C. 2371(a)</ref>), or section 40(d) of the Arms Export Control Act (<ref href="/us/usc/t22/s2780/d">22 U.S.C. 2780(d)</ref>).</content> +</clause> +</subparagraph> +</paragraph> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0" id="ide0c8a164-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s112b/f"><num value="f">(f)</num><content> The President shall, through the Secretary of State, promulgate such rules and regulations as may be necessary to carry out this section.</content> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0" id="ide0c8a165-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s112b/g"><num value="g">(g)</num><content> It is the sense of Congress that the executive branch should not prescribe or otherwise commit to or include specific legislative text in a treaty or executive agreement unless Congress has authorized such action.</content> +</subsection> +<sourceCredit id="ide0c8a166-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c">(Added <ref href="/us/pl/92/403/s1">Pub. L. 92–403, § 1</ref>, <date date="1972-08-22">Aug. 22, 1972</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/86/619">86 Stat. 619</ref>; amended <ref href="/us/pl/95/45/s5">Pub. L. 95–45, § 5</ref>, <date date="1977-06-15">June 15, 1977</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/91/224">91 Stat. 224</ref>; <ref href="/us/pl/95/426/tVII/s708">Pub. L. 95–426, title VII, § 708</ref>, <date date="1978-10-07">Oct. 7, 1978</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/92/993">92 Stat. 993</ref>; <ref href="/us/pl/103/437/s1">Pub. L. 103–437, § 1</ref>, <date date="1994-11-02">Nov. 2, 1994</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/108/4581">108 Stat. 4581</ref>; <ref href="/us/pl/108/458/tVII/s7121/b">Pub. L. 108–458, title VII, § 7121(b)</ref>–(d), <date date="2004-12-17">Dec. 17, 2004</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/118/3807">118 Stat. 3807</ref>, 3808; <ref href="/us/pl/116/260/dFF/tXVII/s1708/b">Pub. L. 116–260, div. FF, title XVII, § 1708(b)</ref>, <date date="2020-12-27">Dec. 27, 2020</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/134/3298">134 Stat. 3298</ref>; <ref href="/us/pl/117/263/dE/tLIX/s5947/a/1">Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LIX, § 5947(a)(1)</ref>, <date date="2022-12-23">Dec. 23, 2022</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/136/3476">136 Stat. 3476</ref>.)</sourceCredit> +<notes type="uscNote" id="ide0c8a167-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I84" topic="prospectiveAmendment" id="ide0c8a168-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered fontsize8 smallCaps">Amendment of Section</heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/117/263/dE/tLIX/s5947/a/1">Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LIX, § 5947(a)(1)</ref>, (c), <date date="2022-12-23">Dec. 23, 2022</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/136/3476">136 Stat. 3476</ref>, 3482, provided that, effective 270 days after <date date="2022-12-22">Dec. 22, 2022</date>, this section is amended to read as follows:<quotedContent> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I68" class="indent2 firstIndent-2 fontsize8 italic">§ 112b. United States international agreements and non-binding instruments; transparency provisions</p> +</quotedContent> +</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0 fontsize8"><i>(a)(1) Not less frequently than once each month, the Secretary shall provide in writing to the Majority Leader of the Senate, the Minority Leader of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the Minority Leader of the House of Representatives, and the appropriate congressional committees the following:</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" class="indent1 fontsize8"><i>(A)(i) A list of all international agreements and qualifying non-binding instruments signed, concluded, or otherwise finalized during the prior month.</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" class="indent1 fontsize8"><i>(ii) The text of all international agreements and qualifying non-binding instruments described in clause (i).</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" class="indent1 fontsize8"><i>(iii) A detailed description of the legal authority that, in the view of the Secretary, provides authorization for each international agreement and that, in the view of the appropriate department or agency, provides authorization for each qualifying non-binding instrument provided under clause (ii) to become operative. If multiple authorities are relied upon in relation to an international agreement, the Secretary shall cite all such authorities, and if multiple authorities are relied upon in relation to a qualifying non-binding instrument, the appropriate department or agency shall cite all such authorities. All citations to the Constitution of the United States, a treaty, or a statute shall include the specific article or section and subsection reference whenever available and, if not available, shall be as specific as possible. If the authority relied upon is or includes article II of the Constitution of the United States, the Secretary or appropriate department or agency shall explain the basis for that reliance.</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" class="indent1 fontsize8"><i>(B)(i) A list of all international agreements that entered into force and qualifying non-binding instruments that became operative for the United States or an agency of the United States during the prior month.</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" class="indent1 fontsize8"><i>(ii) The text of all international agreements and qualifying non-binding instruments described in clause (i) if such text differs from the text of the agreement or instrument previously provided pursuant to subparagraph (A)(ii).</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" class="indent1 fontsize8"><i>(iii) A statement describing any new or amended statutory or regulatory authority anticipated to be required to fully implement each proposed international agreement and qualifying non-binding instrument included in the list described in clause (i).</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0 fontsize8"><i>(2) The information and text required by paragraph (1) shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex.</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0 fontsize8"><i>(b)(1) Not later than 120 days after the date on which an international agreement enters into force, the Secretary shall make the text of the agreement, and the information described in subparagraphs (A)(iii) and (B)(iii) of subsection (a)(1) relating to the agreement, available to the public on the website of the Department of State.</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0 fontsize8"><i>(2) Not less frequently than once every 120 days, the Secretary shall make the text of each qualifying non-binding instrument that became operative during the preceding 120 days, and the information described in subparagraphs (A)(iii) and (B)(iii) of subsection (a)(1) relating to each such instrument, available to the public on the website of the Department of State.</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0 fontsize8"><i>(3) The requirements under paragraphs (1) and (2) shall not apply to the following categories of international agreements or qualifying non-binding instruments, or to information described in subparagraphs (A)(iii) and (B)(iii) of subsection (a)(1) relating to such agreements or qualifying non-binding instruments:</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" class="indent1 fontsize8"><i>(A) International agreements and qualifying non-binding instruments that contain information that has been given a national security classification pursuant to Executive Order 13526 (<ref href="/us/usc/t50/s3161">50 U.S.C. 3161</ref> note; relating to classified national security information) or any predecessor or successor order, or that contain any information that is otherwise exempt from public disclosure pursuant to United States law.</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" class="indent1 fontsize8"><i>(B) International agreements and qualifying non-binding instruments that address military operations, military exercises, acquisition and cross servicing, logistics support, military personnel exchange or education programs, or the provision of health care to military personnel on a reciprocal basis.</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" class="indent1 fontsize8"><i>(C) International agreements and qualifying non-binding instruments that establish the terms of grant or other similar assistance, including in-kind assistance, financed with foreign assistance funds pursuant to the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (<ref href="/us/usc/t22/s2151">22 U.S.C. 2151</ref> et seq.) or the Food for Peace Act (<ref href="/us/usc/t7/s1691">7 U.S.C. 1691</ref> et seq.).</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" class="indent1 fontsize8"><i>(D) International agreements and qualifying non-binding instruments, such as project annexes and other similar instruments, for which the principal function is to establish technical details for the implementation of a specific project undertaken pursuant to another agreement or qualifying non-binding instrument that has been published in accordance with paragraph (1) or (2).</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" class="indent1 fontsize8"><i>(E) International agreements and qualifying non-binding instruments that have been separately published by a depositary or other similar administrative body, except that the Secretary shall make the information described in subparagraphs (A)(iii) and (B)(iii) of subsection (a)(1), relating to such agreements or qualifying non-binding instruments, available to the public on the website of the Department of State within the timeframes required by paragraph (1) or (2).</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0 fontsize8"><i>(c) For any international agreement or qualifying non-binding instrument for which an implementing agreement or arrangement, or any document of similar purpose or function to the aforementioned regardless of the title of the document, is not otherwise required to be submitted to the Majority Leader of the Senate, the Minority Leader of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the Minority Leader of the House of Representatives, and the appropriate congressional committees under subparagraphs (A)(ii) or (B)(ii) of subsection (a)(1), not later than 30 days after the date on which the Secretary receives a written communication from the Chair or Ranking Member of either of the appropriate congressional committees requesting the text of any such implementing agreements or arrangements, whether binding or non-binding, the Secretary shall submit such implementing agreements or arrangements to the Majority Leader of the Senate, the Minority Leader of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the Minority Leader of the House of Representatives, and the appropriate congressional committees.</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0 fontsize8"><i>(d) Any department or agency of the United States Government that enters into any international agreement or qualifying non-binding instrument on behalf of itself or the United States shall—</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" class="indent1 fontsize8"><i>(1) provide to the Secretary the text of each international agreement not later than 15 days after the date on which such agreement is signed or otherwise concluded;</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" class="indent1 fontsize8"><i>(2) provide to the Secretary the text of each qualifying non-binding instrument not later than 15 days after the date on which such instrument is concluded or otherwise becomes finalized;</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" class="indent1 fontsize8"><i>(3) provide to the Secretary a detailed description of the legal authority that provides authorization for each qualifying non-binding instrument to become operative not later than 15 days after such instrument is signed or otherwise becomes finalized; and</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" class="indent1 fontsize8"><i>(4) on an ongoing basis, provide any implementing material to the Secretary for transmittal to the Majority Leader of the Senate, the Minority Leader of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the Minority Leader of the House of Representatives, and the appropriate congressional committees as needed to satisfy the requirements described in subsection (c).</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0 fontsize8"><i>(e)(1) Each department or agency of the United States Government that enters into any international agreement or qualifying non-binding instrument on behalf of itself or the United States shall designate a Chief International Agreements Officer, who shall—</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" class="indent1 fontsize8"><i>(A) be selected from among employees of such department or agency;</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" class="indent1 fontsize8"><i>(B) serve concurrently as the Chief International Agreements Officer; and</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" class="indent1 fontsize8"><i>(C) subject to the authority of the head of such department or agency, have department- or agency-wide responsibility for efficient and appropriate compliance with this section.</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0 fontsize8"><i>(2) There shall be a Chief International Agreements Officer who serves at the Department of State with the title of International Agreements Compliance Officer.</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0 fontsize8"><i>(f) The substance of oral international agreements shall be reduced to writing for the purpose of meeting the requirements of subsections (a) and (b).</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0 fontsize8"><i>(g) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, an international agreement may not be signed or otherwise concluded on behalf of the United States without prior consultation with the Secretary. Such consultation may encompass a class of agreements rather than a particular agreement.</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0 fontsize8"><i>(h)(1) Not later than 3 years after the date of the enactment of this section, and not less frequently than once every 3 years thereafter during the 9-year period beginning on the date of the enactment of this section, the Comptroller General of the United States shall conduct an audit of the compliance of the Secretary with the requirements of this section.</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0 fontsize8"><i>(2) In any instance in which a failure by the Secretary to comply with such requirements is determined by the Comptroller General to have been due to the failure or refusal of another agency to provide information or material to the Department of State, or the failure to do so in a timely manner, the Comptroller General shall engage such other agency to determine—</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" class="indent1 fontsize8"><i>(A) the cause and scope of such failure or refusal;</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" class="indent1 fontsize8"><i>(B) the specific office or offices responsible for such failure or refusal; and</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" class="indent1 fontsize8"><i>(C) recommendations for measures to ensure compliance with statutory requirements.</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0 fontsize8"><i>(3) The Comptroller General shall submit to the Majority Leader of the Senate, the Minority Leader of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the Minority Leader of the House of Representatives, and the appropriate congressional committees in writing the results of each audit required by paragraph (1).</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0 fontsize8"><i>(4) The Comptroller General and the Secretary shall make the results of each audit required by paragraph (1) publicly available on the websites of the Government Accountability Office and the Department of State, respectively.</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0 fontsize8"><i>(i) The President shall, through the Secretary, promulgate such rules and regulations as may be necessary to carry out this section.</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0 fontsize8"><i>(j) It is the sense of Congress that the executive branch should not prescribe or otherwise commit to or include specific legislative text in a treaty, executive agreement, or non-binding instrument unless Congress has authorized such action.</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0 fontsize8"><i>(k) In this section:</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" class="indent1 fontsize8"><i>(1) The term “appropriate congressional committees” means—</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I13" class="indent2 fontsize8"><i>(A) the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate; and</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I13" class="indent2 fontsize8"><i>(B) the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives.</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" class="indent1 fontsize8"><i>(2) The term “appropriate department or agency” means the department or agency of the United States Government that negotiates and enters into a qualifying non-binding instrument on behalf of itself or the United States.</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" class="indent1 fontsize8"><i>(3) The term “intelligence community” has the meaning given that term in section 3(4) of the National Security Act of 1947 (<ref href="/us/usc/t50/s3003/4">50 U.S.C. 3003(4)</ref>).</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" class="indent1 fontsize8"><i>(4) The term “international agreement” includes—</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I13" class="indent2 fontsize8"><i>(A) any treaty that requires the advice and consent of the Senate, pursuant to article II of the Constitution of the United States; and</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I13" class="indent2 fontsize8"><i>(B) any other international agreement to which the United States is a party and that is not subject to the advice and consent of the Senate.</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" class="indent1 fontsize8"><i>(5) The term “qualifying non-binding instrument”—</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I13" class="indent2 fontsize8"><i>(A) except as provided in subparagraph (B), means a non-binding instrument that—</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I14" class="indent3 fontsize8"><i>(i) is or will be under negotiation, is signed or otherwise becomes operative, or is implemented with one or more foreign governments, international organizations, or foreign entities, including non-state actors; and</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I14" class="indent3 fontsize8"><i>(ii)(I) could reasonably be expected to have a significant impact on the foreign policy of the United States; or</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I14" class="indent3 fontsize8"><i>(II) is the subject of a written communication from the Chair or Ranking Member of either of the appropriate congressional committees to the Secretary; and</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I13" class="indent2 fontsize8"><i>(B) does not include any non-binding instrument that is signed or otherwise becomes operative or is implemented pursuant to the authorities relied upon by the Department of Defense, the Armed Forces of the United States, or any element of the intelligence community.</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" class="indent1 fontsize8"><i>(6) The term “Secretary” means the Secretary of State.</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" class="indent1 fontsize8"><i>(7)(A) The term “text” with respect to an international agreement or qualifying non-binding instrument includes—</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I13" class="indent2 fontsize8"><i>(i) any annex, appendix, codicil, side agreement, side letter, or any document of similar purpose or function to the aforementioned, regardless of the title of the document, that is entered into contemporaneously and in conjunction with the international agreement or qualifying non-binding instrument; and</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I13" class="indent2 fontsize8"><i>(ii) any implementing agreement or arrangement, or any document of similar purpose or function to the aforementioned regardless of the title of the document, that is entered into contemporaneously and in conjunction with the international agreement or qualifying non-binding instrument.</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" class="indent1 fontsize8"><i>(B) As used in subparagraph (A), the term “contemporaneously and in conjunction with”—</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I13" class="indent2 fontsize8"><i>(i) shall be construed liberally; and</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I13" class="indent2 fontsize8"><i>(ii) may not be interpreted to require any action to have occurred simultaneously or on the same day.</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0 fontsize8"><i>(l) Nothing in this section may be construed—</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" class="indent1 fontsize8"><i>(1) to authorize the withholding from disclosure to the public of any record if such disclosure is required by law; or</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I12" class="indent1 fontsize8"><i>(2) to require the provision of any implementing agreement or arrangement, or any document of similar purpose or function regardless of its title, which was entered into by the Department of Defense, the Armed Forces of the United States, or any element of the intelligence community or any implementing material originating with the aforementioned agencies, if such implementing agreement, arrangement, document, or material was not required to be provided to the Majority Leader of the Senate, the Minority Leader of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the Minority Leader of the House of Representatives, or the appropriate congressional committees prior to the date of the enactment of the James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023.</i></p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I88" class="indent1 fontsize8 italic">See 2022 Amendment note below.</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" role="crossHeading" topic="editorialNotes" id="ide0c8a169-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered"><b>Editorial Notes</b></heading></note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I75" topic="referencesInText" id="ide0c8a16a-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<heading class="centered smallCaps">References in Text</heading><p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Section 6(j)(1)(A) of the Export Administration Act of 1979, referred to in subsec. (e)(2)(B)(ii), which was classified to section 2405(j)(1)(A) of the former Appendix to Title 50, War and National Defense, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as <ref href="/us/usc/t50/s4605/j/1/A">section 4605(j)(1)(A) of Title 50</ref>, was repealed by <ref href="/us/pl/115/232/dA/tXVII/s1766/a">Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title XVII, § 1766(a)</ref>, <date date="2018-08-13">Aug. 13, 2018</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/132/2232">132 Stat. 2232</ref>.</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="amendments" id="ide0c8a16b-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Amendments</heading><p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">2022—<ref href="/us/pl/117/263">Pub. L. 117–263</ref> amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to requirements for transmitting the text of United States international agreements and various reports to Congress.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">2020—Subsec. (g). <ref href="/us/pl/116/260">Pub. L. 116–260</ref> added subsec. (g).</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">2004—Subsec. (a). <ref href="/us/pl/108/458/s7121/b">Pub. L. 108–458, § 7121(b)</ref>, substituted “Committee on International Relations” for “Committee on Foreign Affairs”.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Subsec. (d). <ref href="/us/pl/108/458/s7121/c">Pub. L. 108–458, § 7121(c)</ref>, added subsec. (d). Former subsec. (d) redesignated (e).</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Subsec. (e). <ref href="/us/pl/108/458/s7121/d">Pub. L. 108–458, § 7121(d)</ref>, designated existing provisions as par. (1), substituted “Subject to paragraph (2), the Secretary of State” for “The Secretary of State”, and added par. (2).</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><ref href="/us/pl/108/458/s7121/c/1">Pub. L. 108–458, § 7121(c)(1)</ref>, redesignated subsec. (d) as (e). Former subsec. (e) redesignated (f).</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Subsec. (f). <ref href="/us/pl/108/458/s7121/c/1">Pub. L. 108–458, § 7121(c)(1)</ref>, redesignated subsec. (e) as (f).</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">1994—Subsec. (a). <ref href="/us/pl/103/437">Pub. L. 103–437</ref> substituted “Committee on Foreign Affairs” for “Committee on International Relations”.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">1978—<ref href="/us/pl/95/426">Pub. L. 95–426</ref> designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted “(including the text of any oral international agreement, which agreement shall be reduced to writing)”, and added subsecs. (b) to (e).</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">1977—<ref href="/us/pl/95/45">Pub. L. 95–45</ref> substituted “Committee on International Relations of the House of Representatives” for “Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives” and inserted requirement that any department or agency of the United States Government which enters into any international agreement on behalf of the United States transmit to the Department of State the text of such agreement not later than twenty days after the agreement has been signed.</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" role="crossHeading" topic="statutoryNotes" id="ide0c8a16c-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered"><b>Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries</b></heading></note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I78" topic="changeOfName" id="ide0c8a16d-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<heading class="centered smallCaps">Change of Name</heading> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Committee on International Relations of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Foreign Affairs of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Tenth Congress, <date date="2007-01-05">Jan. 5, 2007</date>.</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="effectiveDateOfAmendment" id="ide0c8a16e-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Effective Date of 2022 Amendment</heading><p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Amendment by <ref href="/us/pl/117/263">Pub. L. 117–263</ref> effective 270 days after <date date="2022-12-23">Dec. 23, 2022</date>, see <ref href="/us/pl/117/263/s5947/c">section 5947(c) of Pub. L. 117–263</ref>, set out as a note under <ref href="/us/usc/t1/s112a">section 112a of this title</ref>.</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="shortTitle" id="ide0c8a16f-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Short Title</heading><p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">This section is popularly known as the Case-Zablocki Act.</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0c8a170-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Rules and Regulations</heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/117/263/dE/tLIX/s5947/a/5">Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LIX, § 5947(a)(5)</ref>, <date date="2022-12-23">Dec. 23, 2022</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/136/3482">136 Stat. 3482</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/117/263/dE/tLIX/s5947/a/5">“Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [<date date="2022-12-23">Dec. 23, 2022</date>], the President, through the Secretary of State, shall promulgate such rules and regulations as may be necessary to carry out <ref href="/us/usc/t1/s112b">section 112b of title 1</ref>, United States Code, as amended by paragraph (1).”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0c8a171-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Termination of Reporting Requirements</heading><p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">For termination, effective <date date="2000-05-15">May 15, 2000</date>, of provisions of law requiring submittal to Congress of any annual, semiannual, or other regular periodic report listed in House Document No. 103–7 (in which the report required by subsec. (b) of this section is listed on page 38), see <ref href="/us/pl/104/66/s3003">section 3003 of Pub. L. 104–66</ref>, as amended, set out as a note under <ref href="/us/usc/t31/s1113">section 1113 of Title 31</ref>, Money and Finance.</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0c8a172-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Mechanism for Reporting</heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/117/263/dE/tLIX/s5947/a/4">Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LIX, § 5947(a)(4)</ref>, <date date="2022-12-23">Dec. 23, 2022</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/136/3481">136 Stat. 3481</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/117/263/dE/tLIX/s5947/a/4">“Not later than 270 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [<date date="2022-12-23">Dec. 23, 2022</date>], the Secretary of State shall establish a mechanism for personnel of the Department of State who become aware or who have reason to believe that the requirements under <ref href="/us/usc/t1/s112b">section 112b of title 1</ref>, United States Code, as amended by paragraph (1), have not been fulfilled with respect to an international agreement or qualifying non-binding instrument (as such terms are defined in such section) to report such instances to the Secretary.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0c8a173-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Consultation and Briefing Requirement</heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/117/263/dE/tLIX/s5947/a/6">Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LIX, § 5947(a)(6)</ref>, <date date="2022-12-23">Dec. 23, 2022</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/136/3482">136 Stat. 3482</ref>, provided that:<quotedContent origin="/us/pl/117/263/dE/tLIX/s5947/a/6"> +<subparagraph style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="A">“(A)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Consultation</inline>.—</heading><content>The Secretary of State shall consult with the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives on matters related to the implementation of this section [amending this section, <ref href="/us/usc/t1/s112a">section 112a of this title</ref>, and <ref href="/us/usc/t6/s195c">section 195c of Title 6</ref>, Domestic Security, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and <ref href="/us/usc/t1/s112a">section 112a of this title</ref>] and the amendments made by this section before and after the effective date described in subsection (c) [see Effective Date of 2022 Amendment note set out under <ref href="/us/usc/t1/s112a">section 112a of this title</ref>].</content> +</subparagraph> +<subparagraph style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="B">“(B)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Briefing</inline>.—</heading><content>Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [<date date="2022-12-23">Dec. 23, 2022</date>], and once every 90 days thereafter for 1 year, the Secretary shall brief the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate, the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives, and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives regarding the status of efforts to implement this section and the amendments made by this section.”</content> +</subparagraph> +</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0c8a174-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Enforcement</heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/100/204/tI/s139">Pub. L. 100–204, title I, § 139</ref>, <date date="1987-12-22">Dec. 22, 1987</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/101/1347">101 Stat. 1347</ref>, as amended by <ref href="/us/pl/108/458/tVII/s7121/e">Pub. L. 108–458, title VII, § 7121(e)</ref>, <date date="2004-12-17">Dec. 17, 2004</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/118/3808">118 Stat. 3808</ref>, provided that:<quotedContent origin="/us/pl/108/458/tVII/s7121/e"> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="a">“(a)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Restriction on Use of Funds</inline>.—</heading><content>If any international agreement, whose text is required to be transmitted to the Congress pursuant to the first sentence of subsection (a) of <ref href="/us/usc/t1/s112b">section 112b of title 1</ref>, United States Code (commonly referred to as the ‘Case-Zablocki Act’), is not so transmitted within the 60-day period specified in that sentence, then no funds authorized to be appropriated by this or any other Act shall be available after the end of that 60-day period to implement that agreement until the text of that agreement has been so transmitted.</content> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><num value="b">“(b)</num><heading> <inline class="small-caps">Effective Date</inline>.—</heading><content>Subsection (a) shall take effect 60 days after the date of enactment of the 911 [probably means 9/11] Commission Implementation Act of 2004 [<date date="2004-12-17">Dec. 17, 2004</date>] and shall apply during fiscal years 2005, 2006, and 2007.”</content> +</subsection> +</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +</notes> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I80" id="ide0c8a175-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s113"><num value="113">§ 113.</num><heading> “Little and Brown’s” edition of laws and treaties; slip laws; Treaties and Other International Acts Series; admissibility in evidence</heading><content> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0">The edition of the laws and treaties of the United States, published by Little and Brown, and the publications in slip or pamphlet form of the laws of the United States issued under the authority of the Archivist of the United States, and the Treaties and Other International Acts Series issued under the authority of the Secretary of State shall be competent evidence of the several public and private Acts of Congress, and of the treaties, international agreements other than treaties, and proclamations by the President of such treaties and international agreements other than treaties, as the case may be, therein contained, in all the courts of law and equity and of maritime jurisdiction, and in all the tribunals and public offices of the United States, and of the several States, without any further proof or authentication thereof.</p> +</content><sourceCredit id="ide0c8a176-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c">(<ref href="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch388">July 30, 1947, ch. 388</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/61/636">61 Stat. 636</ref>; <ref href="/us/pl/89/497/s1">Pub. L. 89–497, § 1</ref>, <date date="1966-07-08">July 8, 1966</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/80/271">80 Stat. 271</ref>; <ref href="/us/pl/98/497/tI/s107/d">Pub. L. 98–497, title I, § 107(d)</ref>, <date date="1984-10-19">Oct. 19, 1984</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/98/2291">98 Stat. 2291</ref>.)</sourceCredit> +<notes type="uscNote" id="ide0c8a177-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" role="crossHeading" topic="editorialNotes" id="ide0c8a178-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered"><b>Editorial Notes</b></heading></note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="amendments" id="ide0c8a179-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Amendments</heading><p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">1984—<ref href="/us/pl/98/497">Pub. L. 98–497</ref> substituted “Archivist of the United States” for “Administrator of General Services”.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">1966—<ref href="/us/pl/89/497">Pub. L. 89–497</ref> made slip laws and the Treaties and Other International Acts Series competent legal evidence of the several acts of Congress and the treaties and other international agreements contained therein.</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" role="crossHeading" topic="statutoryNotes" id="ide0c8a17a-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered"><b>Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries</b></heading></note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="effectiveDateOfAmendment" id="ide0c8a17b-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Effective Date of 1984 Amendment</heading><p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Amendment by <ref href="/us/pl/98/497">Pub. L. 98–497</ref> effective <date date="1985-04-01">Apr. 1, 1985</date>, see <ref href="/us/pl/98/497/s301">section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497</ref>, set out as a note under <ref href="/us/usc/t44/s2102">section 2102 of Title 44</ref>, Public Printing and Documents.</p> +</note> +</notes> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I80" id="ide0c8a17c-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s114"><num value="114">§ 114.</num><heading> Sealing of instruments</heading><content> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0">In all cases where a seal is necessary by law to any commission, process, or other instrument provided for by the laws of Congress, it shall be lawful to affix the proper seal by making an impression therewith directly on the paper to which such seal is necessary; which shall be as valid as if made on wax or other adhesive substance.</p> +</content><sourceCredit id="ide0c8a17d-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c">(<ref href="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch388">July 30, 1947, ch. 388</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/61/636">61 Stat. 636</ref>.)</sourceCredit> +</section> +</chapter> +<chapter style="-uslm-lc:I81" id="ide0c8a17e-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/ch3"><num value="3">CHAPTER 3—</num><heading>CODE OF LAWS OF UNITED STATES AND SUPPLEMENTS; DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CODE AND SUPPLEMENTS</heading> +<toc role="twoColumnTOC" id="ide0c8a17f-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<layout> +<header style="-uslm-lc:I70" role="tocColumnHeader"> +<column class="tocHeaderLeft">Sec.</column> +</header> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I20" class="twoColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s201">201.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight">Publication and distribution of Code of Laws of United States and Supplements and District of Columbia Code and Supplements.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column/><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight indentTo65ptsHang">(a) Publishing in slip or pamphlet form or in Statutes at Large.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column/><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight indentTo65ptsHang">(b) Curtailing number of copies published.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column/><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight indentTo65ptsHang">(c) Dispensing with publication of more than one Supplement for each Congress.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I20" class="twoColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s202">202.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight">Preparation and publication of Codes and Supplements.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column/><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight indentTo65ptsHang">(a) Cumulative Supplements to Code of Laws of United States for each session of Congress.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column/><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight indentTo65ptsHang">(b) Cumulative Supplement to District of Columbia Code for each session of Congress.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column/><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight indentTo65ptsHang">(c) New editions of Codes and Supplements.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I20" class="twoColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s203">203.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight">District of Columbia Code; preparation and publication; cumulative supplements.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I20" class="twoColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s204">204.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight">Codes and Supplements as evidence of the laws of United States and District of Columbia; citation of Codes and Supplements.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column/><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight indentTo65ptsHang">(a) United States Code.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column/><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight indentTo65ptsHang">(b) District of Columbia Code.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column/><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight indentTo65ptsHang">(c) District of Columbia Code; citation.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column/><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight indentTo65ptsHang">(d) Supplements to Codes; citation.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column/><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight indentTo65ptsHang">(e) New edition of Codes; citation.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I20" class="twoColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s205">205.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight">Codes and Supplement; where printed; form and style; ancillaries.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I20" class="twoColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s206">206.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight">Bills and resolutions of Committee on the Judiciary of House of Representatives; form and style; ancillaries; curtailment of copies.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I20" class="twoColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s207">207.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight">Copies of acts and resolutions in slip form; additional number printed for Committee on the Judiciary of House of Representatives.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I20" class="twoColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s208">208.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight">Delegation of function of Committee on the Judiciary to other agencies; printing, etc., under direction of Joint Committee on Printing.<ref class="footnoteRef" idref="fn002008">1</ref><note type="footnote" id="fn002008"><num>1</num> So in original. Does not conform to section catchline.</note></column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I20" class="twoColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s209">209.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight">Copies of Supplements to Code of Laws of United States and of District of Columbia Code and Supplements; conclusive evidence of original.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I20" class="twoColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s210">210.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight">Distribution of Supplements to Code of Laws of United States and of District of Columbia Code and Supplements; slip and pamphlet copies.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I20" class="twoColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s211">211.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight">Copies to Members of Congress.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I20" class="twoColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s212">212.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight">Additional distribution at each new Congress.</column> +</tocItem> +<tocItem> +<column style="-uslm-lc:I20" class="twoColumnLeft"><ref href="/us/usc/t1/s213">213.</ref></column><column style="-uslm-lc:I46" class="twoColumnRight">Appropriation for preparing and editing supplements.</column> +</tocItem> +</layout> +</toc> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I80" id="ide0c8a180-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s201"><num value="201">§ 201.</num><heading> Publication and distribution of Code of Laws of United States and Supplements and District of Columbia Code and Supplements</heading> +<chapeau style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0">In order to avoid duplication and waste—</chapeau><subsection style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0" id="ide0c8a181-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s201/a"><num value="a">(a)</num><heading> Publishing in slip or pamphlet form or in Statutes at Large.—</heading><content>Publication in slip or pamphlet form or in the Statutes at Large of any of the volumes or publications enumerated in sections 202 and 203 of this title, shall, in event of enactment, be dispensed with whenever the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives so directs the Archivist of the United States;</content> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0" id="ide0c8a182-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s201/b"><num value="b">(b)</num><heading> Curtailing number of copies published.—</heading><content>Curtailment of the number provided by law to be printed and distributed of the volumes or publications enumerated in sections 202 and 203 of this title may be directed by such committee, except that the Director of the Government Publishing Office shall print such numbers as are necessary for depository library distribution and for sale; and</content> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0" id="ide0c8a183-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s201/c"><num value="c">(c)</num><heading> Dispensing with publication of more than one Supplement for each Congress.—</heading><content>Such committee may direct that the printing and distribution of any supplement to the Code of Laws of the United States or to the Code of the District of Columbia be dispensed with entirely, except that there shall be printed and distributed for each Congress at least one supplement to each such code, containing the legislation of such Congress.</content> +</subsection> +<sourceCredit id="ide0cb1184-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c">(<ref href="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch388">July 30, 1947, ch. 388</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/61/637">61 Stat. 637</ref>; <ref href="/us/act/1954-09-03/ch1263/s1">Sept. 3, 1954, ch. 1263, § 1</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/68/1226">68 Stat. 1226</ref>; <ref href="/us/pl/98/497/tI/s107/d">Pub. L. 98–497, title I, § 107(d)</ref>, <date date="1984-10-19">Oct. 19, 1984</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/98/2291">98 Stat. 2291</ref>; <ref href="/us/pl/113/235/dH/tI/s1301/d">Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, § 1301(d)</ref>, <date date="2014-12-16">Dec. 16, 2014</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/128/2537">128 Stat. 2537</ref>.)</sourceCredit> +<notes type="uscNote" id="ide0cb1185-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" role="crossHeading" topic="editorialNotes" id="ide0cb1186-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered"><b>Editorial Notes</b></heading></note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="amendments" id="ide0cb1187-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Amendments</heading><p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">1984—Subsec. (a). <ref href="/us/pl/98/497">Pub. L. 98–497</ref> substituted “Archivist of the United States” for “Administrator of General Services”.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">1954—Subsec. (a). Act <date date="1954-09-03">Sept. 3, 1954</date>, substituted “Administrator of General Services” for “Secretary of State”.</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" role="crossHeading" topic="statutoryNotes" id="ide0cb1188-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered"><b>Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries</b></heading></note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I78" topic="changeOfName" id="ide0cb1189-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<heading class="centered smallCaps">Change of Name</heading> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">“Director of the Government Publishing Office” substituted for “Public Printer” in subsec. (b) on authority of <ref href="/us/pl/113/235/s1301/d">section 1301(d) of Pub. L. 113–235</ref>, set out as a note under <ref href="/us/usc/t44/s301">section 301 of Title 44</ref>, Public Printing and Documents.</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="effectiveDateOfAmendment" id="ide0cb118a-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Effective Date of 1984 Amendment</heading><p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Amendment by <ref href="/us/pl/98/497">Pub. L. 98–497</ref> effective <date date="1985-04-01">Apr. 1, 1985</date>, see <ref href="/us/pl/98/497/s301">section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497</ref>, set out as a note under <ref href="/us/usc/t44/s2102">section 2102 of Title 44</ref>, Public Printing and Documents.</p> +</note> +</notes> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I80" id="ide0cb118b-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s202"><num value="202">§ 202.</num><heading> Preparation and publication of Codes and Supplements</heading> +<chapeau style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0">There shall be prepared and published under the supervision of the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives—</chapeau><subsection style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0" id="ide0cb118c-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s202/a"><num value="a">(a)</num><heading> Cumulative Supplements to Code of Laws of United States for each session of Congress.—</heading><content>A supplement for each session of the Congress to the then current edition of the Code of Laws of the United States, cumulatively embracing the legislation of the then current supplement, and correcting errors in such edition and supplement;</content> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0" id="ide0cb118d-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s202/b"><num value="b">(b)</num><heading> Cumulative Supplement to District of Columbia Code for each session of Congress.—</heading><content>A supplement for each session of the Congress to the then current edition of the Code of the District of Columbia, cumulatively embracing the legislation of the then current supplement, and correcting errors in such edition and supplement;</content> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0" id="ide0cb118e-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s202/c"><num value="c">(c)</num><heading> New editions of Codes and Supplements.—</heading><content>New editions of the Code of Laws of the United States and of the Code of the District of Columbia, correcting errors and incorporating the then current supplement. In the case of each code new editions shall not be published oftener than once in each five years. Copies of each such edition shall be distributed in the same manner as provided in the case of supplements to the code of which it is a new edition. Supplements published after any new edition shall not contain the legislation of supplements published before such new edition.</content> +</subsection> +<sourceCredit id="ide0cb118f-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c">(<ref href="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch388">July 30, 1947, ch. 388</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/61/637">61 Stat. 637</ref>.)</sourceCredit> +<notes type="uscNote" id="ide0cb1190-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" role="crossHeading" topic="statutoryNotes" id="ide0cb1191-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered"><b>Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries</b></heading></note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I87" topic="crossReferences" id="ide0cb1192-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<heading class="centered smallCaps">Cross References</heading> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Council of the District of Columbia, functions respecting, see <ref href="/us/pl/94/386/s2">section 2 of Pub. L. 94–386</ref>, <date date="1976-08-14">Aug. 14, 1976</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/90/1170">90 Stat. 1170</ref>, set out as a note under <ref href="/us/usc/t2/s285b">section 285b of Title 2</ref>, The Congress.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Office of the Law Revision Counsel, functions respecting preparation, revision, publication, etc., see <ref href="/us/usc/t2/s285b">section 285b of Title 2</ref>.</p> +</note> +</notes> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I80" id="ide0cb1193-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s203"><num value="203">§ 203.</num><heading> District of Columbia Code; preparation and publication; cumulative supplements</heading><content> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0">The Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives is authorized to print bills to codify, revise, and reenact the general and permanent laws relating to the District of Columbia and cumulative supplements thereto, similar in style, respectively, to the Code of Laws of the United States, and supplements thereto, and to so continue until final enactment thereof in both Houses of the Congress of the United States.</p> +</content><sourceCredit id="ide0cb1194-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c">(<ref href="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch388">July 30, 1947, ch. 388</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/61/638">61 Stat. 638</ref>.)</sourceCredit> +<notes type="uscNote" id="ide0cb1195-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" role="crossHeading" topic="statutoryNotes" id="ide0cb1196-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered"><b>Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries</b></heading></note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0cb1197-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Commission on Revision of the Criminal Laws of the District of Columbia</heading><p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0"><ref href="/us/pl/90/226/tX">Pub. L. 90–226, title X</ref>, <date date="1967-12-27">Dec. 27, 1967</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/81/742">81 Stat. 742</ref>, provided for creation and operation of a commission to study and make recommendations with reference to a revised code of criminal law and procedure for the District of Columbia, prior to repeal by <ref href="/us/pl/91/358/tVI/s601">Pub. L. 91–358, title VI, § 601</ref>, <date date="1970-07-29">July 29, 1970</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/84/667">84 Stat. 667</ref>, as amended by <ref href="/us/pl/91/530/s2/b/1">Pub. L. 91–530, § 2(b)(1)</ref>, <date date="1970-12-07">Dec. 7, 1970</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/84/1390">84 Stat. 1390</ref>.</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I87" topic="crossReferences" id="ide0cb1198-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<heading class="centered smallCaps">Cross References</heading> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Council of the District of Columbia, functions respecting, see <ref href="/us/pl/94/386/s2">section 2 of Pub. L. 94–386</ref>, <date date="1976-08-14">Aug. 14, 1976</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/90/1170">90 Stat. 1170</ref>, set out as a note under <ref href="/us/usc/t2/s285b">section 285b of Title 2</ref>, The Congress.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Office of the Law Revision Counsel, functions respecting, see <ref href="/us/usc/t2/s285b">section 285b of Title 2</ref>.</p> +</note> +</notes> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I80" id="ide0cb1199-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s204"><num value="204">§ 204.</num><heading> Codes and Supplements as evidence of the laws of United States and District of Columbia; citation of Codes and Supplements</heading> +<chapeau style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0">In all courts, tribunals, and public offices of the United States, at home or abroad, of the District of Columbia, and of each State, Territory, or insular possession of the United States—</chapeau><subsection style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0" id="ide0cb119a-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s204/a"><num value="a">(a)</num><heading> United States Code.—</heading><content>The matter set forth in the edition of the Code of Laws of the United States current at any time shall, together with the then current supplement, if any, establish prima facie the laws of the United States, general and permanent in their nature, in force on the day preceding the commencement of the session following the last session the legislation of which is included: <i>Provided, however</i>, That whenever titles of such Code shall have been enacted into positive law the text thereof shall be legal evidence of the laws therein contained, in all the courts of the United States, the several States, and the Territories and insular possessions of the United States.</content> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0" id="ide0cb119b-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s204/b"><num value="b">(b)</num><heading> District of Columbia Code.—</heading><content>The matter set forth in the edition of the Code of the District of Columbia current at any time shall, together with the then current supplement, if any, establish prima facie the laws, general and permanent in their nature, relating to or in force in the District of Columbia on the day preceding the commencement of the session following the last session the legislation of which is included, except such laws as are of application in the District of Columbia by reason of being laws of the United States general and permanent in their nature.</content> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0" id="ide0cb119c-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s204/c"><num value="c">(c)</num><heading> District of Columbia Code; citation.—</heading><content>The Code of the District of Columbia may be cited as “D.C. Code”.</content> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0" id="ide0cb119d-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s204/d"><num value="d">(d)</num><heading> Supplements to Codes; citation.—</heading><content>Supplements to the Code of Laws of the United States and to the Code of the District of Columbia may be cited, respectively, as “U.S.C., Sup.  ”, and “D.C. Code, Sup.  ”, the blank in each case being filled with Roman figures denoting the number of the supplement.</content> +</subsection> +<subsection style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0" id="ide0cb119e-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s204/e"><num value="e">(e)</num><heading> New edition of Codes; citation.—</heading><content>New editions of each of such codes may be cited, respectively, as “U.S.C.,  ed.”, and “D.C. Code,     ed.”, the blank in each case being filled with figures denoting the last year the legislation of which is included in whole or in part.</content> +</subsection> +<sourceCredit id="ide0cb119f-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c">(<ref href="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch388">July 30, 1947, ch. 388</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/61/638">61 Stat. 638</ref>.)</sourceCredit> +<notes type="uscNote" id="ide0cb11a0-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" role="crossHeading" topic="editorialNotes" id="ide0cb11a1-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered"><b>Editorial Notes</b></heading></note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0cb11a2-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">United States Code Titles as Positive Law</heading><p>The following titles of the United States Code were enacted into positive law by the acts enumerated below:</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Title 1, General Provisions—<ref href="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch388/s1">Act July 30, 1947, ch. 388, § 1</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/61/633">61 Stat. 633</ref>.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Title 3, The President—<ref href="/us/act/1948-06-25/ch644/s1">Act June 25, 1948, ch. 644, § 1</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/62/672">62 Stat. 672</ref>.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Title 4, Flag and Seal, Seat of Government, and the States—<ref href="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch389/s1">Act July 30, 1947, ch. 389, § 1</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/61/641">61 Stat. 641</ref>.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Title 5, Government Organization and Employees—<ref href="/us/pl/89/554/s1">Pub. L. 89–554, § 1</ref>, <date date="1966-09-06">Sept. 6, 1966</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/80/378">80 Stat. 378</ref>.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Title 9, Arbitration—<ref href="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch392/s1">Act July 30, 1947, ch. 392, § 1</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/61/669">61 Stat. 669</ref>.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Title 10, Armed Forces—<ref href="/us/act/1956-08-10/ch1041/s1">Act Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, § 1</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/70A/1">70A Stat. 1</ref>.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Title 11, Bankruptcy—<ref href="/us/pl/95/598/tI/s101">Pub. L. 95–598, title I, § 101</ref>, <date date="1978-11-06">Nov. 6, 1978</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/92/2549">92 Stat. 2549</ref>.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Title 13, Census—<ref href="/us/act/1954-08-31/ch1158">Act Aug. 31, 1954, ch. 1158</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/68/1012">68 Stat. 1012</ref>.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Title 14, Coast Guard—<ref href="/us/act/1949-08-04/ch393/s1">Act Aug. 4, 1949, ch. 393, § 1</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/63/495">63 Stat. 495</ref>.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Title 17, Copyrights—<ref href="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch391/s1">Act July 30, 1947, ch. 391, § 1</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/61/652">61 Stat. 652</ref>, as amended <date date="1976-10-19">Oct. 19, 1976</date>, <ref href="/us/pl/94/553/tI/s101">Pub. L. 94–553, title I, § 101</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/90/2541">90 Stat. 2541</ref>.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure—<ref href="/us/act/1948-06-25/ch645/s1">Act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, § 1</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/62/683">62 Stat. 683</ref>.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Title 23, Highways—<ref href="/us/pl/85/767/s1">Pub. L. 85–767, § 1</ref>, <date date="1958-08-27">Aug. 27, 1958</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/72/885">72 Stat. 885</ref>.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure—<ref href="/us/act/1948-06-25/ch646/s1">Act June 25, 1948, ch. 646, § 1</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/62/869">62 Stat. 869</ref>.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Title 31, Money and Finance—<ref href="/us/pl/97/258/s1">Pub. L. 97–258, § 1</ref>, <date date="1982-09-13">Sept. 13, 1982</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/96/877">96 Stat. 877</ref>.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Title 32, National Guard—<ref href="/us/act/1956-08-10/ch1041/s2">Act Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, § 2</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/70A/596">70A Stat. 596</ref>.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Title 34, Navy—See Title 10, Armed Forces.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Title 35, Patents—<ref href="/us/act/1952-07-19/ch950/s1">Act July 19, 1952, ch. 950, § 1</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/66/792">66 Stat. 792</ref>.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Title 36, Patriotic and National Observances, Ceremonies, and Organizations—<ref href="/us/pl/105/225/s1">Pub. L. 105–225, § 1</ref>, <date date="1998-08-12">Aug. 12, 1998</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/112/1253">112 Stat. 1253</ref>.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Title 37, Pay and Allowances of the Uniformed Services—<ref href="/us/pl/87/649/s1">Pub. L. 87–649, § 1</ref>, <date date="1962-09-07">Sept. 7, 1962</date>. <ref href="/us/stat/76/451">76 Stat. 451</ref>.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Title 38, Veterans’ Benefits—<ref href="/us/pl/85/857/s1">Pub. L. 85–857, § 1</ref>, <date date="1958-09-02">Sept. 2, 1958</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/72/1105">72 Stat. 1105</ref>.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Title 39, Postal Service—<ref href="/us/pl/86/682/s1">Pub. L. 86–682, § 1</ref>, <date date="1960-09-02">Sept. 2, 1960</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/74/578">74 Stat. 578</ref>, as revised <ref href="/us/pl/91/375/s2">Pub. L. 91–375, § 2</ref>, <date date="1970-08-12">Aug. 12, 1970</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/84/719">84 Stat. 719</ref>.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Title 40, Public Buildings, Property, and Works—<ref href="/us/pl/107/217/s1">Pub. L. 107–217, § 1</ref>, <date date="2002-08-21">Aug. 21, 2002</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/116/1062">116 Stat. 1062</ref>.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Title 41, Public Contracts—<ref href="/us/pl/111/350/s3">Pub. L. 111–350, § 3</ref>, <date date="2011-01-04">Jan. 4, 2011</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/124/3677">124 Stat. 3677</ref>.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Title 44, Public Printing and Documents—<ref href="/us/pl/90/620/s1">Pub. L. 90–620, § 1</ref>, <date date="1968-10-22">Oct. 22, 1968</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/82/1238">82 Stat. 1238</ref>.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Title 46, Shipping—<ref href="/us/pl/98/89/s1">Pub. L. 98–89, § 1</ref>, <date date="1983-08-26">Aug. 26, 1983</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/97/500">97 Stat. 500</ref>; <ref href="/us/pl/99/509/tV">Pub. L. 99–509, title V</ref>, subtitle B, § 5101, <date date="1986-10-21">Oct. 21, 1986</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/100/1913">100 Stat. 1913</ref>; <ref href="/us/pl/100/424/s6">Pub. L. 100–424, § 6</ref>, <date date="1988-09-09">Sept. 9, 1988</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/102/1591">102 Stat. 1591</ref>; <ref href="/us/pl/100/710/tI/s102">Pub. L. 100–710, title I, § 102</ref>, <date date="1988-11-23">Nov. 23, 1988</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/102/4738">102 Stat. 4738</ref>; <ref href="/us/pl/109/304">Pub. L. 109–304</ref>, <date date="2006-10-06">Oct. 6, 2006</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/120/1485">120 Stat. 1485</ref>.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Title 49, Transportation—<ref href="/us/pl/95/473/s1">Pub. L. 95–473, § 1</ref>, <date date="1978-10-17">Oct. 17, 1978</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/92/1337">92 Stat. 1337</ref>; <ref href="/us/pl/97/449/s1">Pub. L. 97–449, § 1</ref>, <date date="1983-01-12">Jan. 12, 1983</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/96/2413">96 Stat. 2413</ref>; <ref href="/us/pl/103/272/s1">Pub. L. 103–272, § 1</ref>, <date date="1994-07-05">July 5, 1994</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/108/745">108 Stat. 745</ref>.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Title 51, National and Commercial Space Programs—<ref href="/us/pl/111/314/s3">Pub. L. 111–314, § 3</ref>, <date date="2010-12-18">Dec. 18, 2010</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/124/3328">124 Stat. 3328</ref>.</p> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Title 54, National Park Service and Related Programs—<ref href="/us/pl/113/287/s3">Pub. L. 113–287, § 3</ref>, <date date="2014-12-19">Dec. 19, 2014</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/128/3094">128 Stat. 3094</ref>.</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0cb11a3-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Title 26, Internal Revenue Code</heading><p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">The Internal Revenue Code of 1954 was enacted in the form of a separate code by <ref href="/us/act/1954-08-16/ch736">act Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/68A/1">68A Stat. 1</ref>. <ref href="/us/pl/99/514/s2/a">Pub. L. 99–514, § 2(a)</ref>, <date date="1986-10-22">Oct. 22, 1986</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/100/2095">100 Stat. 2095</ref>, provided that the Internal Revenue Title enacted <date date="1954-08-16">Aug. 16, 1954</date>, as heretofore, hereby, or hereafter amended, may be cited as the “Internal Revenue Code of 1986”. The sections of Title 26, United States Code, are identical to the sections of the Internal Revenue Code.</p> +</note> +</notes> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I80" id="ide0cb11a4-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s205"><num value="205">§ 205.</num><heading> Codes and Supplement; where printed; form and style; ancillaries</heading><content> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0">The publications provided for in sections 202, 203 of this title shall be printed at the Government Publishing Office and shall be in such form and style and with such ancillaries as may be prescribed by the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives. The Librarian of Congress is directed to cooperate with such committee in the preparation of such ancillaries. Such publications shall be furnished with such thumb insets and other devices to distinguish parts, with such facilities for the insertion of additional matter, and with such explanatory and advertising slips, and shall be printed on such paper and bound in such material, as may be prescribed by such committee.</p> +</content><sourceCredit id="ide0cb11a5-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c">(<ref href="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch388">July 30, 1947, ch. 388</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/61/639">61 Stat. 639</ref>; <ref href="/us/pl/113/235/dH/tI/s1301/b">Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, § 1301(b)</ref>, <date date="2014-12-16">Dec. 16, 2014</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/128/2537">128 Stat. 2537</ref>.)</sourceCredit> +<notes type="uscNote" id="ide0cb11a6-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" role="crossHeading" topic="statutoryNotes" id="ide0cb11a7-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered"><b>Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries</b></heading></note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I78" topic="changeOfName" id="ide0cb11a8-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<heading class="centered smallCaps">Change of Name</heading> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">“Government Publishing Office” substituted for “Government Printing Office” in text on authority of <ref href="/us/pl/113/235/s1301/b">section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 113–235</ref>, set out as a note preceding <ref href="/us/usc/t44/s301">section 301 of Title 44</ref>, Public Printing and Documents.</p> +</note> +</notes> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I80" id="ide0cb11a9-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s206"><num value="206">§ 206.</num><heading> Bills and resolutions of Committee on the Judiciary of House of Representatives; form and style; ancillaries; curtailment of copies</heading><content> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0">All bills and resolutions relating to the revision of the laws referred to or reported by the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives shall be printed in such form and style, and with such ancillaries, as such committee may prescribe as being economical and suitable, to so continue until final enactment thereof in both Houses of Congress; and such committee may also curtail the number of copies of such bills to be printed in the various parliamentary stages in the House of Representatives.</p> +</content><sourceCredit id="ide0cb11aa-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c">(<ref href="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch388">July 30, 1947, ch. 388</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/61/639">61 Stat. 639</ref>.)</sourceCredit> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I80" id="ide0cb11ab-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s207"><num value="207">§ 207.</num><heading> Copies of acts and resolutions in slip form; additional number printed for Committee on the Judiciary of House of Representatives</heading><content> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0">The Director of the Government Publishing Office is directed to print, in addition to the number provided by existing law, and, as soon as printed, to distribute in such manner as the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives shall determine, twenty copies in slip form of each public Act and joint resolution.</p> +</content><sourceCredit id="ide0cb11ac-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c">(<ref href="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch388">July 30, 1947, ch. 388</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/61/639">61 Stat. 639</ref>; <ref href="/us/pl/113/235/dH/tI/s1301/d">Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, § 1301(d)</ref>, <date date="2014-12-16">Dec. 16, 2014</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/128/2537">128 Stat. 2537</ref>.)</sourceCredit> +<notes type="uscNote" id="ide0cb11ad-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" role="crossHeading" topic="statutoryNotes" id="ide0cb11ae-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered"><b>Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries</b></heading></note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I78" topic="changeOfName" id="ide0cb11af-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<heading class="centered smallCaps">Change of Name</heading> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">“Director of the Government Publishing Office” substituted for “Public Printer” in text on authority of <ref href="/us/pl/113/235/s1301/d">section 1301(d) of Pub. L. 113–235</ref>, set out as a note under <ref href="/us/usc/t44/s301">section 301 of Title 44</ref>, Public Printing and Documents.</p> +</note> +</notes> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I80" id="ide0cb11b0-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s208"><num value="208">§ 208.</num><heading> Delegation of function of Committee on the Judiciary to other agencies; printing, and so forth, under direction of Joint Committee on Printing</heading><content> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0">The functions vested by sections 201, 202, 204–207 of this title in the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives may from time to time be vested in such other agency as the Congress may by concurrent resolution provide: <i>Provided</i>, That the printing, binding, and distribution of the volumes and publications enumerated in sections 202, 203 of this title shall be done under the direction of the Joint Committee on Printing.</p> +</content><sourceCredit id="ide0cb11b1-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c">(<ref href="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch388">July 30, 1947, ch. 388</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/61/639">61 Stat. 639</ref>.)</sourceCredit> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I80" id="ide0cb11b2-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s209"><num value="209">§ 209.</num><heading> Copies of Supplements to Code of Laws of United States and of District of Columbia Code and Supplements; conclusive evidence of original</heading><content> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0">Copies of the Code of Laws relating to the District of Columbia and copies of the supplements provided for by sections 202 and 203 of this title printed at the Government Publishing Office and bearing its imprint, shall be conclusive evidence of the original of such code and supplements in the custody of the Administrator of General Services.</p> +</content><sourceCredit id="ide0cb11b3-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c">(<ref href="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch388">July 30, 1947, ch. 388</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/61/639">61 Stat. 639</ref>; <ref href="/us/act/1954-09-03/ch1263/s2">Sept. 3, 1954, ch. 1263, § 2</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/68/1226">68 Stat. 1226</ref>; <ref href="/us/pl/113/235/dH/tI/s1301/b">Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, § 1301(b)</ref>, <date date="2014-12-16">Dec. 16, 2014</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/128/2537">128 Stat. 2537</ref>.)</sourceCredit> +<notes type="uscNote" id="ide0cb11b4-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" role="crossHeading" topic="editorialNotes" id="ide0cb11b5-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered"><b>Editorial Notes</b></heading></note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="amendments" id="ide0cb11b6-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Amendments</heading><p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">1954—Act <date date="1954-09-03">Sept. 3, 1954</date>, substituted “Administrator of General Services” for “Secretary of State”.</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" role="crossHeading" topic="statutoryNotes" id="ide0cb11b7-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered"><b>Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries</b></heading></note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I78" topic="changeOfName" id="ide0cb11b8-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<heading class="centered smallCaps">Change of Name</heading> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">“Government Publishing Office” substituted for “Government Printing Office” in text on authority of <ref href="/us/pl/113/235/s1301/b">section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 113–235</ref>, set out as a note preceding <ref href="/us/usc/t44/s301">section 301 of Title 44</ref>, Public Printing and Documents.</p> +</note> +</notes> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I80" id="ide0cb11b9-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s210"><num value="210">§ 210.</num><heading> Distribution of Supplements to Code of Laws of United States and of District of Columbia Code and Supplements; slip and pamphlet copies</heading><content> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0">Copies of the Code of Laws relating to the District of Columbia, and of the supplements provided for by sections 202, 203 of this title shall be distributed by the Superintendent of Documents in the same manner as bound volumes of the Statutes at Large: <i>Provided</i>, That no slip or pamphlet copies of the Code of Laws relating to the District of Columbia, and of the supplements provided for by sections 202, 203 of this title need be printed or distributed.</p> +</content><sourceCredit id="ide0cb11ba-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c">(<ref href="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch388">July 30, 1947, ch. 388</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/61/640">61 Stat. 640</ref>.)</sourceCredit> +<notes type="uscNote" id="ide0cb11bb-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" role="crossHeading" topic="statutoryNotes" id="ide0cb11bc-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered"><b>Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries</b></heading></note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I87" topic="crossReferences" id="ide0cb11bd-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<heading class="centered smallCaps">Cross References</heading> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Distribution of Statutes at Large, see <ref href="/us/usc/t44/s728">section 728 of Title 44</ref>, Public Printing and Documents.</p> +</note> +</notes> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I80" id="ide0cb11be-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s211"><num value="211">§ 211.</num><heading> Copies to Members of Congress</heading><content> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0">In addition to quotas provided for by <ref href="/us/usc/t1/s210">section 210 of this title</ref> there shall be printed, published, and distributed of the Code of Laws relating to the District of Columbia with tables, index, and other ancillaries, suitably bound and with thumb inserts and other convenient devices to distinguish the parts, and of the supplements to both codes as provided for by sections 202, 203 of this title, ten copies of each for each Member of the Senate and House of Representatives of the Congress in which the original authorized publication is made, for his use and distribution, and in addition for the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives and the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate a number of bound copies of each equal to ten times the number of members of such committees, and one bound copy of each for the use of each committee of the Senate and House of Representatives.</p> +</content><sourceCredit id="ide0cb11bf-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c">(<ref href="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch388">July 30, 1947, ch. 388</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/61/640">61 Stat. 640</ref>.)</sourceCredit> +<notes type="uscNote" id="ide0cb11c0-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" role="crossHeading" topic="statutoryNotes" id="ide0cb11c1-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered"><b>Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries</b></heading></note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0cb11c2-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Limitation on Copies of New Editions for House of Representatives</heading><p><ref href="/us/pl/92/342/s101">Pub. L. 92–342, § 101</ref>, <date date="1972-07-10">July 10, 1972</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/86/447">86 Stat. 447</ref>, provided that: <quotedContent origin="/us/pl/92/342/s101">“Hereafter, appropriations for authorized printing and binding for the Congress shall not be available under the authority of the Act of <date date="1947-07-30">July 30, 1947</date> (<ref href="/us/usc/t1/s211">1 U.S.C. 211</ref>) for the printing, publication, and distribution of more than two copies of new editions of the Code of Laws of the United States and of the Code of the District of Columbia for each Member of the House of Representatives.”</quotedContent> +</p> +</note> +<note style="-uslm-lc:I74" topic="miscellaneous" id="ide0cb11c3-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c"><heading class="centered smallCaps">Written Requests for Documents</heading><p style="-uslm-lc:I21" class="indent0">Copies of District of Columbia Code and Supplements not available to Senators or Representatives unless specifically requested by them, in writing, see <ref href="/us/pl/94/59/tVIII/s801">Pub. L. 94–59, title VIII, § 801</ref>, <date date="1975-07-25">July 25, 1975</date>, <ref href="/us/stat/89/296">89 Stat. 296</ref>, set out as a note under <ref href="/us/usc/t44/s1317">section 1317 of Title 44</ref>, Public Printing and Documents.</p> +</note> +</notes> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I80" id="ide0cb11c4-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s212"><num value="212">§ 212.</num><heading> Additional distribution at each new Congress</heading><content> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0">In addition the Superintendent of Documents shall, at the beginning of the first session of each Congress, supply to each Senator and Representative in such Congress, who may in writing apply for the same, one copy each of the Code of Laws of the United States, the Code of Laws relating to the District of Columbia, and the latest supplement to each code: <i>Provided</i>, That such applicant shall certify in his written application for the same that the volume or volumes for which he applies is intended for his personal use exclusively: <i>And provided further</i>, That no Senator or Representative during his term of service shall receive under this section more than one copy each of the volumes enumerated herein.</p> +</content><sourceCredit id="ide0cb11c5-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c">(<ref href="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch388">July 30, 1947, ch. 388</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/61/640">61 Stat. 640</ref>.)</sourceCredit> +</section> +<section style="-uslm-lc:I80" id="ide0cb11c6-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c" identifier="/us/usc/t1/s213"><num value="213">§ 213.</num><heading> Appropriation for preparing and editing supplements</heading><content> +<p style="-uslm-lc:I11" class="indent0">For preparation and editing an annual appropriation of $6,500 is authorized to carry out the purposes of sections 202 and 203 of this title.</p> +</content><sourceCredit id="ide0cb11c7-259a-11ee-829b-a5a403e3639c">(<ref href="/us/act/1947-07-30/ch388">July 30, 1947, ch. 388</ref>, <ref href="/us/stat/61/640">61 Stat. 640</ref>.)</sourceCredit> +</section> +</chapter> + +
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TUBE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4144024.jpg",179 +"75192-1",4144025,12,"Black","Bricks, Special Ø4.85 Hole And Connecting Bush",32531,"4X6 BRICK, Ø 4,85","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4144025.jpg",90 +"75192-1",4162443,6,"Black","Bricks, Special",30414,"BRICK 1X4 W. 4 KNOBS","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4162443.jpg",273 +"75192-1",4181144,1,"Black","Bricks",44237,"BRICK 2X6","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4181144.jpg",250 +"75192-1",4183060,1,"Black","Plates, Special",44302,"PLATE 1X2 W/FORK/VERTICAL/END","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4183060.jpg",158 +"75192-1",4188143,8,"Black","Bricks, Special Ø4.85 Hole And Connecting Bush",32532,"6X8 BRICK, Ø 4,85","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4188143.jpg",81 +"75192-1",4205760,1,"Black","Functional Elements, Gear Wheels And Racks",3743,"TOOTHED BAR M=1, Z=10","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4205760.jpg",74 +"75192-1",4253815,8,"Black","Bricks, Special",52107,"BRICK 1X2 W. 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LATTICE 1x2x2/3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4541191.jpg",299 +"75192-1",4548180,6,"Black","Bricks, With Slope",85984,"ROOF TILE 1 X 2 X 2/3, ABS","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4548180.jpg",639 +"75192-1",4558209,2,"Black","Frames, Windows, Walls And Doors",60581,"WALL ELEMENT 1X4X3, ABS","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4558209.jpg",91 +"75192-1",4558954,1,"Black","Bricks, Special",87087,"BRICK 1X1 W. 1 KNOB","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4558954.jpg",300 +"75192-1",4558957,1,"Black","Bricks, Special Circles And Angles",87081,"BRICK 4X4 ROUND W. Ø4.9 W. KL.","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4558957.jpg",115 +"75192-1",4560182,1,"Black","Plates",87079,"FLAT TILE 2X4","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4560182.jpg",522 +"75192-1",4603646,1,"Black","Plates",90498,"FLAT TILE 8X16","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4603646.jpg",37 +"75192-1",4609050,2,"Black","Figure, Weapons",92738,"BLASTER SMALL","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4609050.jpg",157 +"75192-1",4653087,7,"Black","Bricks, With Slope",92946,"ROOF TILE 1X2 45° W 1/3 PLATE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4653087.jpg",184 +"75192-1",6000650,2,"Black","Plates, Special",99207,"ANGULAR PLATE 1.5 BOT. 1X2 2/2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6000650.jpg",447 +"75192-1",6001494,1,"Black","Plates",91988,"PLATE 2X14","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6001494.jpg",92 +"75192-1",6020193,6,"Black","Plates, Special",99780,"ANGULAR PLATE 1.5 BOT. 1X2 1/2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6020193.jpg",475 +"75192-1",6047276,1,"Black","Bricks With Bows And Arches",11477,"PLATE W. BOW 1X2X2/3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6047276.jpg",449 +"75192-1",6088585,5,"Black","Figure Accessories In Hand",18747,"MINI ROLLER SKATE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6088585.jpg",72 +"75192-1",6093525,1,"Black","Signs, Flags And Poles",17715,"SHAFT 3M Ø3.2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6093525.jpg",268 +"75192-1",6122096,1,"Black","Figure, Wigs",21778,"MINI WIG NO. 104","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6122096.jpg",58 +"75192-1",6127401,1,"Black","Figure Parts",23958,"MINI LOWER PART 'NO. 960'","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6127401.jpg",3 +"75192-1",6146220,2,"Black","Frames, Windows, Walls And Doors",26169,"WALL ELEMENT 1X2X1","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6146220.jpg",97 +"75192-1",6147050,17,"Black","Bricks With Bows And Arches",24201,"PLATE W/ HALF BOW INV. 1X2X2/3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6147050.jpg",192 +"75192-1",6170702,34,"Black","Bricks, Special Ø4.85 Hole And Connecting Bush",28973,"ANG.BRICK 5X5, Ø4,85","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6170702.jpg",47 +"75192-1",6172383,7,"Black","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",25269,"1/4 CIRCLE TILE 1X1","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6172383.jpg",205 +"75192-1",6192346,1,"Black","Plates",33909,"PLATE 2X2, W/ REDUCED KNOBS","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6192346.jpg",188 +"75192-1",6192778,2,"Black","Figure Accessories In Hand",34076,"PAINT ROLLER W. Ø3.2 SHAFT","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6192778.jpg",42 +"75192-1",6196108,1,"Black","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",34538,"ROUND PLATE, DIA. 32X6.4, NO. 26","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod4photo.192x192/6196108.jpg",1 +"75192-1",6245281,1,"Black","Figure Accessories In Hand",29176,"HANDLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6245281.jpg",32 +"75192-1",6278152,3,"Black","Connectors",41005,"STICK Ø 3.2 W. HOLDER","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6278152.jpg",207 +"75192-1",6280168,1,"Black","Plates, Special",50029,"TECHNIC ROTOR, 2 BLADES","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6280168.jpg",104 +"75192-1",6282071,1,"Black","Functional Elements",50391,"MINI SHOOTER W/ DIA. 3.2 SHAFT","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6282071.jpg",17 +"75192-1",6310268,6,"Black","Plates, Special",49563,"PLATE 1X2 W/HOLDER, VERTICAL","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6310268.jpg",208 +"75192-1",6320309,2,"Black","Bricks, Special",65459,"BRICK 1X1 W/ HOLDER, VERTICAL","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6320309.jpg",36 +"75192-1",6330086,4,"Black","Figure Accessories, Upper And Lower Part",49754,"SPACE SKELETON ARM","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6330086.jpg",35 +"75192-1",6335388,16,"Black","Plates, Special",44842,"PLATE 1X1 W. UP RIGHT HOLDER","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6335388.jpg",248 +"75192-1",6336989,2,"Black","Plates, Special",42923,"PLATE 2X1 W/HOLDER,VERTICAL","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6336989.jpg",127 +"75192-1",6338416,2,"Black","Wheel Base",42946,"BEARING PLATE 1X4, DOUBLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6338416.jpg",45 +"75192-1",6347310,1,"Black","Plates, Special",44861,"PLATE 1X2 W. VERTICAL GRIP","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6347310.jpg",221 +"75192-1",370526,4,"Black","Connectors",3705,"CROSS AXLE 4M","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/370526.jpg",1237 +"75192-1",370626,8,"Black","Connectors",3706,"CROSS AXLE 6M","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/370626.jpg",939 +"75192-1",370826,7,"Black","Connectors",3708,"CROSS AXLE 12M","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/370826.jpg",438 +"75192-1",4121715,269,"Black","Connectors",2780,"CONNECTOR PEG W. FRICTION","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4121715.jpg",2211 +"75192-1",4140801,1,"Black","Connectors",32054,"2M FRIC. SNAP W/CROSS HOLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4140801.jpg",131 +"75192-1",4142822,4,"Black","Beams",32523,"TECHNIC 3M BEAM","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4142822.jpg",292 +"75192-1",4198367,1,"Black","Connectors",45590,"DAMPER 2M","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4198367.jpg",201 +"75192-1",6089119,21,"Black","Connectors",18651,"Cross axle 2m w. snap w. fric.","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6089119.jpg",477 +"75192-1",6271825,20,"Black","Beams",42137,"TECHNIC ANG. BEAM 4X2 90 DEG","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6271825.jpg",104 +"75192-1",6271869,2,"Black","Connectors",42134,"ANGLE ELEMENT, 180 DEGREES [2]","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6271869.jpg",105 +"75192-1",6322045,1,"Black","Connectors",53501,"TOGGEL JOINT","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6322045.jpg",24 +"75192-1",6325521,43,"Black","Connectors",46189,"DOUBLE SNAP W/ HOLE, DIA. 4.85","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6325521.jpg",52 +"75192-1",6331716,6,"Black","Connectors",42135,"CATCH W. CROSS HOLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6331716.jpg",69 +"75192-1",6338428,2,"Black","Half Beams",44862,"TECHNIC LEVER 2M","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6338428.jpg",68 +"75192-1",4112982,5,"Brick Yellow","Bricks",3009,"BRICK 1X6","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4112982.jpg",229 +"75192-1",4113916,2,"Brick Yellow","Bricks",3010,"BRICK 1X4","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4113916.jpg",317 +"75192-1",4113993,4,"Brick Yellow","Plates",3795,"PLATE 2X6","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4113993.jpg",329 +"75192-1",4114001,17,"Brick Yellow","Plates",3032,"PLATE 4X6","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4114001.jpg",214 +"75192-1",4114026,19,"Brick Yellow","Plates",3069,"FLAT TILE 1X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4114026.jpg",369 +"75192-1",4114324,57,"Brick Yellow","Plates",3460,"PLATE 1X8","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4114324.jpg",186 +"75192-1",4118790,67,"Brick Yellow","Plates",3021,"PLATE 2X3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4118790.jpg",392 +"75192-1",4118866,4,"Brick Yellow","Bricks, With Slope",3660,"ROOF TILE 2X2/45° INV.","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4118866.jpg",157 +"75192-1",4124455,4,"Brick Yellow","Bricks",2357,"BRICK CORNER 1X2X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4124455.jpg",180 +"75192-1",4129996,1,"Brick Yellow","Bricks, With Slope",4460,"ROOF TILE 1X2X3/73°","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4129996.jpg",49 +"75192-1",4143409,4,"Brick Yellow","Plates",4477,"PLATE 1X10","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4143409.jpg",114 +"75192-1",4161734,1,"Brick Yellow","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",6141,"ROUND PLATE 1X1","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4161734.jpg",317 +"75192-1",4162465,9,"Brick Yellow","Bricks",3622,"BRICK 1X3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4162465.jpg",223 +"75192-1",4185177,6,"Brick Yellow","Plates",3068,"FLAT TILE 2X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4185177.jpg",247 +"75192-1",4201062,9,"Brick Yellow","Bricks, Special",30414,"BRICK 1X4 W. 4 KNOBS","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4201062.jpg",162 +"75192-1",4217562,12,"Brick Yellow","Plates, Special",48336,"PLATE 1X2 W. STICK 3.18","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4217562.jpg",124 +"75192-1",4218749,7,"Brick Yellow","Bricks",30136,"PALISADE BRICK 1X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4218749.jpg",171 +"75192-1",4224793,2,"Brick Yellow","Decoration Elements",49668,"PLATE 1X1 W/TOOTH","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4224793.jpg",43 +"75192-1",4243824,1,"Brick Yellow","Plates",3031,"PLATE 4X4","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4243824.jpg",217 +"75192-1",4278422,12,"Brick Yellow","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",2654,"SLIDE SHOE ROUND 2X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4278422.jpg",141 +"75192-1",4509897,1,"Brick Yellow","Plates",3035,"PLATE 4X8","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4509897.jpg",134 +"75192-1",4523145,5,"Brick Yellow","Bricks, Special Ø4.85 Hole And Connecting Bush",32000,"BRICK 1X2 M. 2 HOLES Ø 4,87","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4523145.jpg",85 +"75192-1",4624086,29,"Brick Yellow","Bricks, With Slope",85984,"ROOF TILE 1 X 2 X 2/3, ABS","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4624086.jpg",198 +"75192-1",6019724,3,"Brick Yellow","Bricks With Bows And Arches",10314,"BRICK 1X4X1 1/3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6019724.jpg",16 +"75192-1",6030980,4,"Brick Yellow","Plates",4282,"PLATE 2X16","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6030980.jpg",68 +"75192-1",6036487,4,"Brick Yellow","Plates",91988,"PLATE 2X14","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6036487.jpg",44 +"75192-1",6058091,2,"Brick Yellow","Bricks, With Slope",60477,"ROOF TILE 1X4X1","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6058091.jpg",22 +"75192-1",6132769,8,"Brick Yellow","Plates, Special",99206,"PLATE 2X2X2/3 W. 2. HOR. KNOB","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6132769.jpg",90 +"75192-1",4666579,6,"Brick Yellow","Connectors",6562,"CONNECTOR PEG/CROSS AXLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4666579.jpg",1027 +"75192-1",6013938,3,"Brick Yellow","Connectors",32002,"1 1/2 M CONNECTING BUSH","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6013938.jpg",272 +"75192-1",242023,2,"Bright Blue","Plates",2420,"CORNER PLATE 1X2X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/242023.jpg",157 +"75192-1",244523,2,"Bright Blue","Plates",2445,"PLATE 2X12","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/244523.jpg",70 +"75192-1",300523,10,"Bright Blue","Bricks",3005,"BRICK 1X1","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/300523.jpg",330 +"75192-1",302023,2,"Bright Blue","Plates",3020,"PLATE 2X4","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/302023.jpg",528 +"75192-1",302223,17,"Bright Blue","Plates",3022,"PLATE 2X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/302223.jpg",534 +"75192-1",370923,2,"Bright Blue","Plates, Special",3709,"PLATE 2X4, 3XØ4.9","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/370923.jpg",45 +"75192-1",389523,2,"Bright Blue","Bricks, Special Ø4.85 Hole And Connecting Bush",3895,"BRICK 1X12, Ø4,9","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/389523.jpg",26 +"75192-1",3000023,8,"Bright Blue","Bricks, Special Ø4.85 Hole And Connecting Bush",30000,"BEARING ELEMENT 2X2 W.D. SNAP","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/3000023.jpg",43 +"75192-1",4583862,2,"Bright Blue","Bricks, Special",87087,"BRICK 1X1 W. 1 KNOB","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4583862.jpg",79 +"75192-1",6033353,4,"Bright Blue","Bricks, Special",11215,"STONE 1X2X1 1/3 W. 2 PLATES 2X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6033353.jpg",19 +"75192-1",4143005,29,"Bright Blue","Connectors",4274,"CONNECTOR PEG W. KNOB","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4143005.jpg",948 +"75192-1",4206482,66,"Bright Blue","Connectors",43093,"CONN.BUSH W.FRIC./CROSSALE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4206482.jpg",1864 +"75192-1",4514553,139,"Bright Blue","Connectors",6558,"CONNECTOR PEG W. FRICTION 3M","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4514553.jpg",823 +"75192-1",6360123,8,"Bright Blue","Half Beams",44862,"TECHNIC LEVER 2M","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6360123.jpg",18 +"75192-1",4157103,2,"Bright Orange","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",6141,"ROUND PLATE 1X1","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4157103.jpg",252 +"75192-1",4158355,2,"Bright Orange","Plates",3020,"PLATE 2X4","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4158355.jpg",248 +"75192-1",4159007,4,"Bright Orange","Plates",3022,"PLATE 2X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4159007.jpg",261 +"75192-1",6240515,1,"Bright Orange","Miscellaneous Elements",31510,"ELEMENT SEPERATOR","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6240515.jpg",702 +"75192-1",300121,4,"Bright Red","Bricks",3001,"BRICK 2X4","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/300121.jpg",587 +"75192-1",301021,2,"Bright Red","Bricks",3010,"BRICK 1X4","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/301021.jpg",515 +"75192-1",303921,2,"Bright Red","Bricks, With Slope",3039,"ROOF TILE 2X2/45°","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/303921.jpg",292 +"75192-1",370221,2,"Bright Red","Bricks, Special Ø4.85 Hole And Connecting Bush",3702,"TECHNIC BRICK 1X8","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/370221.jpg",81 +"75192-1",389421,4,"Bright Red","Bricks, Special Ø4.85 Hole And Connecting Bush",3894,"BRICK 1X6, Ø4,9","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/389421.jpg",80 +"75192-1",403221,2,"Bright Red","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",4032,"PLATE 2X2 ROUND","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/403221.jpg",357 +"75192-1",4514843,4,"Bright Red","Plates",60479,"PLATE 1X12","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4514843.jpg",48 +"75192-1",4569056,2,"Bright Red","Bricks, Special",52107,"BRICK 1X2 W. FOUR KNOBS","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4569056.jpg",49 +"75192-1",4631877,8,"Bright Red","Plates",92593,"PLATE 1X4 W. 2 KNOBS","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4631877.jpg",52 +"75192-1",6099736,8,"Bright Red","Plates, Special",11458,"PLATE 1X2 W. HOR. HOLE Ø 4.8","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6099736.jpg",35 +"75192-1",4140806,20,"Bright Red","Connectors",32054,"2M FRIC. SNAP W/CROSS HOLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4140806.jpg",261 +"75192-1",4142865,11,"Bright Red","Connectors",32062,"2M CROSS AXLE W. GROOVE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4142865.jpg",1629 +"75192-1",4153718,26,"Bright Red","Beams",32523,"TECHNIC 3M BEAM","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4153718.jpg",126 +"75192-1",4495933,4,"Bright Red","Beams",32524,"TECHNIC 7M BEAM","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4495933.jpg",83 +"75192-1",6173126,6,"Bright Red","Connectors",29219,"TUBE, W/ DOUBLE 4.85 HOLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6173126.jpg",83 +"75192-1",6344178,8,"Bright Red","Connectors",42135,"CATCH W. CROSS HOLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6344178.jpg",22 +"75192-1",302224,4,"Bright Yellow","Plates",3022,"PLATE 2X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/302224.jpg",579 +"75192-1",303424,4,"Bright Yellow","Plates",3034,"PLATE 2X8","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/303424.jpg",132 +"75192-1",366024,1,"Bright Yellow","Bricks, With Slope",3660,"ROOF TILE 2X2/45° INV.","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/366024.jpg",189 +"75192-1",371024,6,"Bright Yellow","Plates",3710,"PLATE 1X4","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/371024.jpg",540 +"75192-1",403224,2,"Bright Yellow","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",4032,"PLATE 2X2 ROUND","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/403224.jpg",250 +"75192-1",4141630,6,"Bright Yellow","Plates, Special",32028,"PLATE 1X2 WITH SLIDE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4141630.jpg",98 +"75192-1",6102768,2,"Bright Yellow","Functional Elements",19954,"HINGE PLATE 1X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6102768.jpg",23 +"75192-1",6347284,9,"Bright Yellow","Plates, Special",42923,"PLATE 2X1 W/HOLDER,VERTICAL","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6347284.jpg",25 +"75192-1",4495934,1,"Bright Yellow","Beams",32524,"TECHNIC 7M BEAM","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4495934.jpg",77 +"75192-1",4519010,4,"Bright Yellow","Connectors",59443,"CROSS AXLE, EXTENSION, 2M","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4519010.jpg",147 +"75192-1",6072627,2,"Bright Yellow","Beams",60484,"T-BEAM 3X3 W/HOLE Ø4.8","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6072627.jpg",27 +"75192-1",6130007,28,"Bright Yellow","Connectors",4519,"CROSS AXLE 3M","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6130007.jpg",277 +"75192-1",6271167,4,"Bright Yellow","Connectors",42136,"1/2 BUSH","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6271167.jpg",278 +"75192-1",6327559,8,"Bright Yellow","Half Beams",63782,"LEVER 1X4, WITHOUT NOTCH","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6327559.jpg",20 +"75192-1",4632767,1,"Dark Brown","Figure, Wigs",64807,"MINI WIG NO. 3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4632767.jpg",12 +"75192-1",6058788,1,"Dark Brown","Figure Parts",76382,"MINI UPPER PART NO. 2586","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6058788.jpg",23 +"75192-1",6063666,1,"Dark Brown","Figure, Heads And Masks",16781,"CREATURE NO. 13 'DEC NO 1'","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6063666.jpg",15 +"75192-1",6063675,1,"Dark Brown","Figure Parts",16782,"MINI LOWER PART 'NO. 632'","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6063675.jpg",18 +"75192-1",6122095,1,"Dark Brown","Figure, Wigs",21777,"MINI FIGURE WIG NO. 101","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6122095.jpg",10 +"75192-1",6127399,1,"Dark Brown","Figure Parts",76382,"MINI UPPER PART NO 3175","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6127399.jpg",3 +"75192-1",6195522,1,"Dark Brown","Figure Parts",34480,"MINI LOWER PART, NO. 1323","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6195522.jpg",2 +"75192-1",383228,8,"Dark Green","Plates",3832,"PLATE 2X10","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/383228.jpg",58 +"75192-1",4210631,69,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates",2412,"RADIATOR GRILLE 1X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4210631.jpg",697 +"75192-1",4210633,56,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",6141,"ROUND PLATE 1X1","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4210633.jpg",505 +"75192-1",4210635,13,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates",2420,"CORNER PLATE 1X2X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4210635.jpg",429 +"75192-1",4210636,5,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks",2877,"PROFILE BRICK 1X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4210636.jpg",302 +"75192-1",4210639,6,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks, Special Ø4.85 Hole And Connecting Bush",6541,"TECHNIC BRICK 1X1","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4210639.jpg",218 +"75192-1",4210651,2,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates",6636,"FLAT TILE 1X6","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4210651.jpg",342 +"75192-1",4210660,14,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates, Special",2540,"PLATE 1X2 W. STICK","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4210660.jpg",426 +"75192-1",4210676,20,"Dark Stone Grey","Figure Accessories In Hand",6190,"TELEPHONE RECIVER","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4210676.jpg",59 +"75192-1",4210678,3,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates",3832,"PLATE 2X10","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4210678.jpg",319 +"75192-1",4210695,17,"Dark Stone Grey","Connectors",30553,"FRIC/FORK W. CROSS HOLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4210695.jpg",132 +"75192-1",4210700,2,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks, Special",4733,"BRICK 1X1 W. 4 KNOBS","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4210700.jpg",137 +"75192-1",4210719,63,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates",3024,"PLATE 1X1","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4210719.jpg",423 +"75192-1",4210720,2,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates",3456,"PLATE 6X14","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4210720.jpg",62 +"75192-1",4210724,20,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks, Special",30365,"BRICK 1X2/FRIC/FORK VERT./END","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4210724.jpg",30 +"75192-1",4210726,5,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates, Special",30383,"PLATE 1X2 W/STUB/ALONG/UPPER P","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4210726.jpg",113 +"75192-1",4210762,12,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks, Special Ø4.85 Hole And Connecting Bush",32000,"BRICK 1X2 M. 2 HOLES Ø 4,87","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4210762.jpg",295 +"75192-1",4210782,3,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",41769,"RIGHT PLATE 2X4 W/ANGLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4210782.jpg",153 +"75192-1",4210788,4,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",41770,"LEFT PLATE 2X4 W/ANGLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4210788.jpg",154 +"75192-1",4210796,8,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates",4282,"PLATE 2X16","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4210796.jpg",176 +"75192-1",4210848,2,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates",3070,"FLAT TILE 1X1","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4210848.jpg",301 +"75192-1",4210869,4,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",43722,"RIGHT PLATE 2X3 W/ANGLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4210869.jpg",148 +"75192-1",4210872,1,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",43723,"LEFT PLATE 2X3 W/ANGLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4210872.jpg",151 +"75192-1",4210882,2,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates, Special",44300,"PLATE 1X3 W/STUB/ALONG/U.P.","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4210882.jpg",45 +"75192-1",4210892,14,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates, Special",44567,"PLATE 1X2 W. STUB/VERTICAL","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4210892.jpg",137 +"75192-1",4210917,27,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks, Special Ø4.85 Hole And Connecting Bush",3894,"TECHNIC BRICK 1X6, Ø4,9","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4210917.jpg",163 +"75192-1",4210967,2,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates, Special",4510,"PLATE 1X8 WITH RAIL","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4210967.jpg",87 +"75192-1",4210984,2,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",2419,"CORNER PLATE 3X6","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4210984.jpg",130 +"75192-1",4210997,4,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates",3034,"PLATE 2X8","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4210997.jpg",509 +"75192-1",4210998,8,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates",3460,"PLATE 1X8","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4210998.jpg",438 +"75192-1",4211001,72,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates",3710,"PLATE 1X4","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211001.jpg",860 +"75192-1",4211002,8,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates",3795,"PLATE 2X6","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211002.jpg",797 +"75192-1",4211008,4,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates",4162,"FLAT TILE 1X8","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211008.jpg",289 +"75192-1",4211024,19,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks, Special Ø4.85 Hole And Connecting Bush",30000,"BEARING ELEMENT 2X2 W.D. SNAP","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211024.jpg",114 +"75192-1",4211029,2,"Dark Stone Grey","Figure, Weapons",30132,"REVOLVER","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211029.jpg",58 +"75192-1",4211039,5,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates, Special",2432,"CLAMP 1X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211039.jpg",191 +"75192-1",4211042,24,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",4032,"PLATE 2X2 ROUND","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211042.jpg",493 +"75192-1",4211044,38,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks, Special",4070,"ANGULAR BRICK 1X1","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211044.jpg",267 +"75192-1",4211045,11,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks, With Slope",4286,"ROOF TILE 1X3/25°","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211045.jpg",178 +"75192-1",4211046,12,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks, Special Ø4.85 Hole And Connecting Bush",6232,"BRICK 2X2 W. SNAP AND CROSS","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211046.jpg",107 +"75192-1",4211051,6,"Dark Stone Grey","Figure Accessories In Hand",30162,"PRISMATIC BINOCULARS","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211051.jpg",293 +"75192-1",4211052,25,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates",3069,"FLAT TILE 1X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211052.jpg",513 +"75192-1",4211053,22,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates",2431,"FLAT TILE 1X4","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211053.jpg",472 +"75192-1",4211054,6,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks, With Slope",3039,"ROOF TILE 2X2/45°","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211054.jpg",362 +"75192-1",4211055,15,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates",3068,"FLAT TILE 2X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211055.jpg",402 +"75192-1",4211056,21,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates",3666,"PLATE 1X6","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211056.jpg",626 +"75192-1",4211061,2,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates",3035,"PLATE 4X8","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211061.jpg",287 +"75192-1",4211063,22,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates",3023,"PLATE 1X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211063.jpg",1012 +"75192-1",4211064,2,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks, With Slope",3747,"ROOF TILE 2X3/25° INV.","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211064.jpg",196 +"75192-1",4211065,36,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates",3020,"PLATE 2X4","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211065.jpg",991 +"75192-1",4211066,10,"Dark Stone Grey","Functional Elements",3937,"ROCKER BEARING 1X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211066.jpg",235 +"75192-1",4211067,13,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates",2445,"PLATE 2X12","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211067.jpg",236 +"75192-1",4211081,5,"Dark Stone Grey","Figure Accessories In Hand",30229,"SLIDE HANDLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211081.jpg",40 +"75192-1",4211085,2,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks",3001,"BRICK 2X4","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211085.jpg",401 +"75192-1",4211090,19,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks, Special Circles And Angles",3062,"ROUND BRICK 1X1","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211090.jpg",307 +"75192-1",4211093,2,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks With Bows And Arches",30165,"BRICK 2X2 W. BOW AND KNOBS","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211093.jpg",70 +"75192-1",4211094,20,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates",3022,"PLATE 2X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211094.jpg",863 +"75192-1",4211095,4,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks",30136,"PALISADE BRICK 1X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211095.jpg",183 +"75192-1",4211096,8,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks, With Slope",3665,"ROOF TILE 1X2 INV.","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211096.jpg",295 +"75192-1",4211098,32,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks",3005,"BRICK 1X1","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211098.jpg",366 +"75192-1",4211100,9,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks",3009,"BRICK 1X6","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211100.jpg",289 +"75192-1",4211104,1,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks",3622,"BRICK 1X3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211104.jpg",298 +"75192-1",4211105,3,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks",3002,"BRICK 2X3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211105.jpg",242 +"75192-1",4211106,5,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks, With Slope",3298,"ROOF TILE 2X3/25°","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211106.jpg",139 +"75192-1",4211107,3,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks",6111,"BRICK 1X10","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211107.jpg",102 +"75192-1",4211111,4,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks, Special Ø4.85 Hole And Connecting Bush",3700,"TECHNIC BRICK 1X2, Ø4.9","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211111.jpg",351 +"75192-1",4211114,3,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates",3033,"PLATE 6X10","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211114.jpg",141 +"75192-1",4211115,2,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates",3032,"PLATE 4X6","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211115.jpg",419 +"75192-1",4211122,5,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates",3030,"PLATE 4X10","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211122.jpg",213 +"75192-1",4211127,4,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks, With Slope",3037,"ROOF TILE 2X4/45°","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211127.jpg",89 +"75192-1",4211128,1,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks, Special",30236,"BRICK 1X2 WITH STICK","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211128.jpg",114 +"75192-1",4211133,10,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates",3623,"PLATE 1X3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211133.jpg",521 +"75192-1",4211134,15,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates",3958,"PLATE 6X6","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211134.jpg",215 +"75192-1",4211135,40,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks, With Slope",3040,"ROOF TILE 1X2/45°","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211135.jpg",414 +"75192-1",4212075,2,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",30357,"PLATE 3X3, 1/4 CIRCLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4212075.jpg",77 +"75192-1",4213574,4,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks, Special",47905,"BRICK 1X1 W. 2 KNOBS","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4213574.jpg",88 +"75192-1",4218696,4,"Dark Stone Grey","Decoration Elements",47457,"PLATES W. BOWS 2X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4218696.jpg",208 +"75192-1",4225733,3,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates, Special",3176,"COUPLING PLATE 2X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4225733.jpg",136 +"75192-1",4226358,1,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates",3027,"PLATE 6X16","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4226358.jpg",63 +"75192-1",4243831,2,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates",3031,"PLATE 4X4","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4243831.jpg",429 +"75192-1",4246896,6,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks With Bows And Arches",50950,"Brick w/bow 1/3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4246896.jpg",136 +"75192-1",4256828,50,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks, Special Ø4.85 Hole And Connecting Bush",3703,"TECHNIC BRICK 1X16, Ø4,9","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4256828.jpg",87 +"75192-1",4257526,20,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates",4477,"PLATE 1X10","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4257526.jpg",257 +"75192-1",4261117,1,"Dark Stone Grey","Figure Accessories In Hand",30228,"PNEUMATIC HAMMER","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4261117.jpg",57 +"75192-1",4261908,4,"Dark Stone Grey","Transportation Means, Vehicles",30031,"HANDLE W. 3.18 STICK","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4261908.jpg",214 +"75192-1",4263176,12,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates, Special",3839,"MINI HANDLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4263176.jpg",138 +"75192-1",4290149,1,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",54384,"LEFT PLATE 3X6 W ANGLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4290149.jpg",88 +"75192-1",4290150,1,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",54383,"RIGHT PLATE 3X6 W. ANGLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4290150.jpg",84 +"75192-1",4294180,1,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks, With Slope",52501,"INVERTED ROOF TILE 6X1X1","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4294180.jpg",112 +"75192-1",4504378,56,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks, With Slope",54200,"ROOF TILE 1X1X2/3, ABS","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4504378.jpg",536 +"75192-1",4509911,5,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates",6179,"PLATE 4X4 W. 4 KNOBS","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4509911.jpg",83 +"75192-1",4521512,2,"Dark Stone Grey","Figure Accessories, Upper And Lower Part",30375,"SPACE SKELETON BODY","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4521512.jpg",61 +"75192-1",4521572,2,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",32059,"PLATE 4X6 26 DEGREES","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4521572.jpg",76 +"75192-1",4528323,2,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",60474,"PLATE 4X4 ROUND W. SNAP","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4528323.jpg",199 +"75192-1",4529240,20,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks, Special Circles And Angles",59900,"NOSE CONE SMALL 1X1","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4529240.jpg",252 +"75192-1",4529727,8,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",50304,"RIGHT PLATE 3X8 W/ANGLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4529727.jpg",59 +"75192-1",4529728,8,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",50305,"LEFT PLATE 3X8 W/ANGLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4529728.jpg",59 +"75192-1",4540386,13,"Dark Stone Grey","Decoration Elements",61409,"ROOF TILE W. LATTICE 1x2x2/3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4540386.jpg",388 +"75192-1",4543086,13,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates, Special",32028,"PLATE 1X2 WITH SLIDE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4543086.jpg",229 +"75192-1",4560184,7,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates",87079,"FLAT TILE 2X4","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4560184.jpg",298 +"75192-1",4566028,1,"Dark Stone Grey","Figure, Weapons",86208,"BUTT","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4566028.jpg",61 +"75192-1",4567887,1,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks, With Slope",85984,"ROOF TILE 1 X 2 X 2/3, ABS","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4567887.jpg",430 +"75192-1",4568734,13,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates",63864,"FLAT TILE 1x3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4568734.jpg",228 +"75192-1",4595710,1,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates, Special",92099,"PLATE 4X5 W. SHAFT Ø3.2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4595710.jpg",127 +"75192-1",4598769,10,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates",92593,"PLATE 1X4 W. 2 KNOBS","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4598769.jpg",143 +"75192-1",4620079,1,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",4150,"FLAT TILE 2X2, ROUND","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4620079.jpg",113 +"75192-1",4621917,5,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks, With Slope",92946,"ROOF TILE 1X2 45° W 1/3 PLATE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4621917.jpg",212 +"75192-1",4623236,2,"Dark Stone Grey","Figure, Weapons",95199,"MINI SPACEGUN W.RIB Ø3.2 SHAFT","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4623236.jpg",97 +"75192-1",4648256,2,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks With Bows And Arches",93273,"PLATE W. BOW 1X4X2/3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4648256.jpg",205 +"75192-1",6000606,25,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates, Special",99780,"ANGULAR PLATE 1.5 BOT. 1X2 1/2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6000606.jpg",481 +"75192-1",6008715,3,"Dark Stone Grey","Frames, Windows, Walls And Doors",60581,"WALL ELEMENT 1X4X3, ABS","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6008715.jpg",55 +"75192-1",6019987,3,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates, Special",11458,"PLADE 1X2 M. VAN. HUL Ø 4,8","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6019987.jpg",344 +"75192-1",6037666,1,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks With Bows And Arches",13731,"BRICK WITH BOW 1x10","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6037666.jpg",29 +"75192-1",6039176,14,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates",11212,"PLATE 3X3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6039176.jpg",150 +"75192-1",6042955,16,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks With Bows And Arches",11153,"BRICK WITH BOW 1X4","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6042955.jpg",57 +"75192-1",6047417,5,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates, Special",10247,"PLATE 2X2 + ONE HULE Ø4,8","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6047417.jpg",135 +"75192-1",6051334,1,"Dark Stone Grey","Functional Elements",15392,"TRIGGER FOR MINI SHOOTER","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6051334.jpg",365 +"75192-1",6055313,1,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",15535,"FLAT TILE 2x2 ROUND W. HOLE Ø4.85","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6055313.jpg",336 +"75192-1",6092572,75,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates",15573,"PLATE 1X2 W. 1 KNOB","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6092572.jpg",381 +"75192-1",6092649,3,"Dark Stone Grey","Frames, Windows, Walls And Doors",15207,"WALL ELEMENT 1X4X1 ABS","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6092649.jpg",79 +"75192-1",6102774,2,"Dark Stone Grey","Functional Elements",19954,"HINGE PLATE 1X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6102774.jpg",74 +"75192-1",6117972,16,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates, Special",21712,"ANGLE PLATE 1X2 / 2X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6117972.jpg",327 +"75192-1",6119118,2,"Dark Stone Grey","Transportation Means, Vehicles",18974,"BRICK W/ARCH 2X4X2 1/3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6119118.jpg",4 +"75192-1",6123814,2,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates, Special",22890,"PLATE 1X2 W/5.9 BALL END","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6123814.jpg",187 +"75192-1",6126083,5,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates",23893,"PLATE 2X2 W 1 KNOB","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6126083.jpg",278 +"75192-1",6146225,8,"Dark Stone Grey","Frames, Windows, Walls And Doors",26169,"WALL ELEMENT 1X2X1","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6146225.jpg",77 +"75192-1",6146321,2,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates, Special",48336,"PLATE 1X2 W. STICK 3.18","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6146321.jpg",145 +"75192-1",6152814,4,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks, With Slope",26823,"ROOF TILE 1X2X2/3, ABS NO. 6","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6152814.jpg",96 +"75192-1",6170420,18,"Dark Stone Grey","Signs, Flags And Poles",28921,"STICK 6M W/FLANGE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6170420.jpg",67 +"75192-1",6172811,6,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks With Bows And Arches",18653,"Brick 1x3x2 w. inside bow","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6172811.jpg",25 +"75192-1",6177079,2,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates",27263,"TILE 2X2, DEG. 90, W/ DEG. 45 CUT","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6177079.jpg",73 +"75192-1",6261355,10,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates, Special",43876,"PLATE 1X2 W. VERTICAL SCHAFT","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6261355.jpg",73 +"75192-1",6273322,2,"Dark Stone Grey","Miscellaneous Elements",60572,"BRICK W. SHAFT 1X8X1","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6273322.jpg",4 +"75192-1",6278155,1,"Dark Stone Grey","Connectors",41005,"STICK Ø 3.2 W. HOLDER","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6278155.jpg",118 +"75192-1",6281996,10,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates, Special",41632,"LAMP HOLDER","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6281996.jpg",77 +"75192-1",6296892,2,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates, Special",44860,"PLATE 1X1 W/ HOLDER","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6296892.jpg",120 +"75192-1",6313189,4,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates, Special",49153,"PLATE 2X2 W. VERTICAL SNAP","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6313189.jpg",58 +"75192-1",6315300,1,"Dark Stone Grey","Signs, Flags And Poles",65673,"FOUR-SIDED SIGN WITH SNAP","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6315300.jpg",30 +"75192-1",6319332,5,"Dark Stone Grey","Figure Accessories, Upper And Lower Part",49754,"SPACE SKELETON ARM","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6319332.jpg",33 +"75192-1",6321350,1,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks, Special",65460,"BRICK 1X1 W/HOLDER, H0RIZONTAL","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6321350.jpg",58 +"75192-1",6324639,4,"Dark Stone Grey","Bricks, Special Ø4.85 Hole And Connecting Bush",49132,"2X1 ST.Ø4.9 HOLE W. HALF BEAM","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6324639.jpg",117 +"75192-1",6336970,7,"Dark Stone Grey","Connectors",44873,"HOLDER Ø3.2 W/TUBE Ø3.2 HOLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6336970.jpg",81 +"75192-1",6336990,1,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates, Special",42923,"PLATE 2X1 W/HOLDER,VERTICAL","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6336990.jpg",90 +"75192-1",6344022,139,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates, Special",44842,"PLATE 1X1 W. UP RIGHT HOLDER","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6344022.jpg",163 +"75192-1",6360111,6,"Dark Stone Grey","Plates, Special",52738,"PLATE 1X1 W/HOLDER VERTICAL","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6360111.jpg",79 +"75192-1",4210751,8,"Dark Stone Grey","Beams",32523,"TECHNIC 3M BEAM","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4210751.jpg",178 +"75192-1",4495931,2,"Dark Stone Grey","Beams",32524,"TECHNIC 7M BEAM","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4495931.jpg",134 +"75192-1",4499858,1,"Dark Stone Grey","Connectors",55013,"CROSS AXLE 8M WITH END STOP","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4499858.jpg",388 +"75192-1",4508553,1,"Dark Stone Grey","Connectors",59426,"CROSS AXLE 5,5 WITH STOP 1M.","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4508553.jpg",544 +"75192-1",4516546,15,"Dark Stone Grey","Connectors",59443,"CROSS AXLE, EXTENSION, 2M","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4516546.jpg",235 +"75192-1",4603472,4,"Dark Stone Grey","Beams",64290,"TECHNIC 11M BEAM","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4603472.jpg",110 +"75192-1",6005331,3,"Dark Stone Grey","Connectors",10197,"BEAM 1M W. 2 CROSS AXLES 90°","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6005331.jpg",121 +"75192-1",6015356,1,"Dark Stone Grey","Connectors",11214,"CON. BUSH 2M FR. + CROSS AXLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6015356.jpg",331 +"75192-1",6100030,6,"Dark Stone Grey","Beams",18654,"BEAM 1X1","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6100030.jpg",226 +"75192-1",6135014,2,"Dark Stone Grey","Connectors",22961,"BEAM 1M W/CROSS AXLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6135014.jpg",80 +"75192-1",6296856,7,"Dark Stone Grey","Connectors",42127,"ANGLE ELEMENT, 0 DEGREES [1]","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6296856.jpg",40 +"75192-1",6364452,6,"Dark Stone Grey","Half Beams",65123,"TECHNIC LEVER 3M","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6364452.jpg",34 +"75192-1",4205004,2,"Earth Blue","Plates",3068,"FLAT TILE 2X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4205004.jpg",129 +"75192-1",6132157,5,"Earth Blue","Bricks, Special",18671,"BRICK W. PLATE 2X3X1 1/3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6132157.jpg",17 +"75192-1",6195431,1,"Earth Blue","Figure Parts",76382,"MINI UPPER PART, NO. 3914","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6195431.jpg",3 +"75192-1",6124907,1,"Light Nougat","Figure, Heads And Masks",23783,"MINI HEAD NO '1778'","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6124907.jpg",15 +"75192-1",6194148,1,"Light Nougat","Figure, Heads And Masks",34217,"MINI HEAD, NO. 2290","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6194148.jpg",2 +"75192-1",6195440,1,"Light Nougat","Figure, Heads And Masks",34467,"MINI HEAD, NO. 2307","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6195440.jpg",1 +"75192-1",6195443,1,"Light Nougat","Figure, Heads And Masks",34468,"MINI HEAD, NO. 2308","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6195443.jpg",1 +"75192-1",6344813,6,"Medium Azur","Beams, Special",40147,"BEAM 1X2 W/CROSS AND HOLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6344813.jpg",6 +"75192-1",4201235,1,"Medium Blue","Bricks",3003,"BRICK 2X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4201235.jpg",62 +"75192-1",4569624,15,"Medium Nougat","Bricks",3005,"BRICK 1X1","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4569624.jpg",155 +"75192-1",6058135,6,"Medium Nougat","Bricks, With Slope",3040,"ROOF TILE 1X2/45°","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6058135.jpg",31 +"75192-1",6127357,1,"Medium Nougat","Figure Parts",76382,"MINI UPPER PART NO 3174","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6127357.jpg",4 +"75192-1",4160560,9,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",30503,"CORNER PLATE 45 DEG. 4X4","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4160560.jpg",91 +"75192-1",4166618,9,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",41539,"PLATE 8X8","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4166618.jpg",89 +"75192-1",4180408,1,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks With Slope, Special",43710,"LEFT ROOF TILE 2X4 W/ANGLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4180408.jpg",28 +"75192-1",4180418,1,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks With Slope, Special",43711,"RIGHT ROOF TILE 2X4 W/ANGLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4180418.jpg",34 +"75192-1",4208988,2,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",47397,"LEFT PLATE W. ANGLE 3X12","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4208988.jpg",58 +"75192-1",4209006,2,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",47398,"RIGHT PLATE W. ANGLE 3X12","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4209006.jpg",58 +"75192-1",4211350,20,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",2412,"RADIATOR GRILLE 1X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211350.jpg",696 +"75192-1",4211353,8,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",2420,"CORNER PLATE 1X2X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211353.jpg",437 +"75192-1",4211356,47,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",2431,"FLAT TILE 1X4","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211356.jpg",594 +"75192-1",4211357,2,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special",2432,"CLAMP 1X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211357.jpg",247 +"75192-1",4211361,5,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",2450,"CORNER PLATE 45 DEG. 3X3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211361.jpg",104 +"75192-1",4211366,6,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks",2465,"BRICK 1X16","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211366.jpg",83 +"75192-1",4211376,2,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special",2817,"TECHNIC DOUB. BEARING PL. 2X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211376.jpg",229 +"75192-1",4211383,26,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks",2877,"PROFILE BRICK 1X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211383.jpg",254 +"75192-1",4211385,4,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks",3001,"BRICK 2X4","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211385.jpg",478 +"75192-1",4211387,4,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks",3003,"BRICK 2X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211387.jpg",527 +"75192-1",4211389,4,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks",3005,"BRICK 1X1","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211389.jpg",533 +"75192-1",4211393,2,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks",3009,"BRICK 1X6","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211393.jpg",354 +"75192-1",4211394,15,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks",3010,"BRICK 1X4","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211394.jpg",491 +"75192-1",4211395,63,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",3020,"PLATE 2X4","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211395.jpg",1045 +"75192-1",4211396,105,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",3021,"PLATE 2X3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211396.jpg",815 +"75192-1",4211397,17,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",3022,"PLATE 2X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211397.jpg",983 +"75192-1",4211398,73,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",3023,"PLATE 1X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211398.jpg",1234 +"75192-1",4211399,15,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",3024,"PLATE 1X1","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211399.jpg",578 +"75192-1",4211400,1,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",3028,"PLATE 6X12","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211400.jpg",85 +"75192-1",4211401,8,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",3029,"PLATE 4X12","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211401.jpg",127 +"75192-1",4211402,2,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",3030,"PLATE 4X10","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211402.jpg",111 +"75192-1",4211404,15,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",3032,"PLATE 4X6","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211404.jpg",311 +"75192-1",4211405,1,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",3033,"PLATE 6x10","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211405.jpg",119 +"75192-1",4211406,11,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",3034,"PLATE 2X8","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211406.jpg",472 +"75192-1",4211407,6,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",3035,"PLATE 4X8","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211407.jpg",235 +"75192-1",4211408,6,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",3036,"PLATE 6X8","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211408.jpg",166 +"75192-1",4211409,4,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks, With Slope",3037,"ROOF TILE 2X4/45°","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211409.jpg",108 +"75192-1",4211413,39,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",3068,"FLAT TILE 2X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211413.jpg",458 +"75192-1",4211414,69,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",3069,"FLAT TILE 1X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211414.jpg",626 +"75192-1",4211415,53,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",3070,"FLAT TILE 1X1","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211415.jpg",375 +"75192-1",4211425,35,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",3460,"PLATE 1X8","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211425.jpg",423 +"75192-1",4211428,9,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks",3622,"BRICK 1X3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211428.jpg",362 +"75192-1",4211429,23,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",3623,"PLATE 1X3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211429.jpg",596 +"75192-1",4211437,4,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks, With Slope",3665,"ROOF TILE 1X2 INV.","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211437.jpg",296 +"75192-1",4211438,60,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",3666,"PLATE 1X6","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211438.jpg",658 +"75192-1",4211440,16,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks, Special Ø4.85 Hole And Connecting Bush",3700,"TECHNIC BRICK 1X2, Ø4.9","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211440.jpg",430 +"75192-1",4211441,22,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks, Special Ø4.85 Hole And Connecting Bush",3701,"TECHNIC BRICK 1X4, Ø4,9","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211441.jpg",225 +"75192-1",4211442,18,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks, Special Ø4.85 Hole And Connecting Bush",3702,"TECHNIC BRICK 1X8","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211442.jpg",184 +"75192-1",4211444,31,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special",3709,"PLATE 2X4, 3XØ4.9","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211444.jpg",113 +"75192-1",4211445,31,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",3710,"PLATE 1X4","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211445.jpg",909 +"75192-1",4211450,5,"Medium Stone Grey","Functional Elements, Gear Wheels And Racks",3743,"TOOTHED BAR M=1, Z=10","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211450.jpg",87 +"75192-1",4211452,49,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",3795,"PLATE 2X6","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211452.jpg",678 +"75192-1",4211462,8,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",3832,"PLATE 2X10","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211462.jpg",340 +"75192-1",4211464,2,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special",3839,"MINI HANDLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211464.jpg",128 +"75192-1",4211470,2,"Medium Stone Grey","Functional Elements",3938,"PLATE 1X2 (ROCKING)","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211470.jpg",168 +"75192-1",4211473,8,"Medium Stone Grey","Signs, Flags And Poles",3957,"WHIP/AERIAL","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211473.jpg",236 +"75192-1",4211474,3,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",3958,"PLATE 6X6","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211474.jpg",130 +"75192-1",4211475,4,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",4032,"PLATE 2X2 ROUND","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211475.jpg",452 +"75192-1",4211481,21,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",4162,"FLAT TILE 1X8","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211481.jpg",326 +"75192-1",4211486,4,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",4282,"PLATE 2X16","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211486.jpg",171 +"75192-1",4211487,7,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",4285,"PARABOLA Ø48","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211487.jpg",29 +"75192-1",4211488,15,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks, With Slope",4286,"ROOF TILE 1X3/25°","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211488.jpg",145 +"75192-1",4211494,4,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks, With Slope",4460,"ROOF TILE 1X2X3/73°","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211494.jpg",112 +"75192-1",4211498,6,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special",4510,"PLATE 1X8 WITH RAIL","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211498.jpg",118 +"75192-1",4211502,3,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special",4595,"MOTOR 1X2X2/3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211502.jpg",68 +"75192-1",4211503,29,"Medium Stone Grey","Interior",4599,"TAP Ø4.9/6.4","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211503.jpg",346 +"75192-1",4211512,4,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",4740,"PARABOLA Ø16","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211512.jpg",256 +"75192-1",4211520,15,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",6106,"CORNER PLATE 6X6X45°","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211520.jpg",79 +"75192-1",4211521,9,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks",6111,"BRICK 1X10","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211521.jpg",105 +"75192-1",4211522,5,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks",6112,"BRICK 1X12","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211522.jpg",114 +"75192-1",4211526,5,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks, Special Circles And Angles",6143,"BRICK Ø16 W. CROSS","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211526.jpg",224 +"75192-1",4211541,4,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks, Special Ø4.85 Hole And Connecting Bush",32000,"BRICK 1X2 M. 2 HOLES Ø 4,87","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211541.jpg",268 +"75192-1",4211549,27,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",6636,"FLAT TILE 1X6","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211549.jpg",464 +"75192-1",4211568,33,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special",32028,"PLATE 1X2 WITH SLIDE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211568.jpg",355 +"75192-1",4211614,24,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks, With Slope",3040,"ROOF TILE 1X2/45°","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211614.jpg",395 +"75192-1",4211616,13,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",30355,"LEFT WING 6X12","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211616.jpg",59 +"75192-1",4211617,10,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",30356,"RIGHT WING 6X12","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211617.jpg",60 +"75192-1",4211637,8,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks, Special Circles And Angles",30367,"FINAL BRICK 2X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211637.jpg",77 +"75192-1",4211640,4,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks, Special Ø4.85 Hole And Connecting Bush",32324,"4X4 BRICK, Ø 4,85","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211640.jpg",113 +"75192-1",4211644,13,"Medium Stone Grey","Connectors",4735,"HOLDER 16 MM","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211644.jpg",71 +"75192-1",4211664,2,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",3960,"ROUND PLATE Ø32X6.4","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211664.jpg",58 +"75192-1",4211694,14,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks, Special",30365,"BRICK 1X2/FRIC/FORK VERT./END","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211694.jpg",41 +"75192-1",4211725,3,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",32059,"PLATE 4X6 26 DEGREES","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211725.jpg",46 +"75192-1",4211732,22,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",41769,"RIGHT PLATE 2X4 W/ANGLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211732.jpg",137 +"75192-1",4211733,4,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",3027,"PLATE 6X16","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211733.jpg",44 +"75192-1",4211735,16,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",41770,"LEFT PLATE 2X4 W/ANGLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211735.jpg",134 +"75192-1",4211748,6,"Medium Stone Grey","Transportation Means, Vehicles",41862,"ENGINE 2X4","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211748.jpg",78 +"75192-1",4211773,12,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks, With Slope",3038,"ROOF TILE 2X3/45°","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211773.jpg",49 +"75192-1",4211791,31,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",43722,"RIGHT PLATE 2X3 W/ANGLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211791.jpg",183 +"75192-1",4211794,38,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",43723,"LEFT PLATE 2X3 W/ANGLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211794.jpg",182 +"75192-1",4211795,12,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks",44237,"BRICK 2X6","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211795.jpg",242 +"75192-1",4211803,8,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special",44301,"PLATE 1X2 W/STUB VERTICAL/END","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211803.jpg",87 +"75192-1",4211836,2,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",6178,"PLATE 6X12 W. 22 KNOBS","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211836.jpg",28 +"75192-1",4211837,62,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",6179,"PLATE 4X4 W. 4 KNOBS","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211837.jpg",117 +"75192-1",4211838,30,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",6180,"PLATE 4X6 W. 12 KNOBS","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211838.jpg",78 +"75192-1",4211860,16,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks, Special Ø4.85 Hole And Connecting Bush",3895,"TECHNIC BRICK 1X12, Ø4,9","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211860.jpg",81 +"75192-1",4211881,3,"Medium Stone Grey","Functional Elements",6134,"PLATE 2X2 (ROCKING)","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211881.jpg",365 +"75192-1",4212363,4,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",47919,"FLAT TILE 1X2 'NO. 86'","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4212363.jpg",77 +"75192-1",4215472,8,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks, Special Circles And Angles",48092,"BOW 1/4 4X4X1","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4215472.jpg",59 +"75192-1",4215513,5,"Medium Stone Grey","Frames, Windows, Walls And Doors",6231,"WALL CORNER 1X1X1","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4215513.jpg",140 +"75192-1",4216250,10,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks, With Slope",3045,"CORNER BRICK 2X2/45° OUTSIDE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4216250.jpg",64 +"75192-1",4219913,16,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special",30383,"PLATE 1X2 W/STUB/ALONG/UPPER P","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4219913.jpg",68 +"75192-1",4222019,10,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special",30586,"PLATE 2X8 W/GLIDING GROOVE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4222019.jpg",86 +"75192-1",4222047,5,"Medium Stone Grey","Connectors",30553,"FRIC/FORK W. CROSS HOLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4222047.jpg",77 +"75192-1",4243797,6,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",3031,"PLATE 4X4","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4243797.jpg",344 +"75192-1",4251149,20,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",4477,"PLATE 1X10","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4251149.jpg",271 +"75192-1",4251163,5,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks With Bows And Arches",50950,"Brick w/bow 1/3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4251163.jpg",95 +"75192-1",4258273,1,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",50304,"RIGHT PLATE 3X8 W/ANGLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4258273.jpg",87 +"75192-1",4258275,1,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",50305,"LEFT PLATE 3X8 W/ANGLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4258275.jpg",85 +"75192-1",4258308,4,"Medium Stone Grey","Transportation Means, Vehicles",30031,"HANDLE W. 3.18 STICK","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4258308.jpg",105 +"75192-1",4275673,1,"Medium Stone Grey","Fences And Ladders",6020,"LATTICE 1X4X6 W. SNAP","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4275673.jpg",69 +"75192-1",4282786,40,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",54383,"RIGHT PLATE 3X6 W. ANGLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4282786.jpg",124 +"75192-1",4282789,40,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",54384,"LEFT PLATE 3X6 W ANGLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4282789.jpg",118 +"75192-1",4293831,2,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",3456,"PLATE 6X14","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4293831.jpg",36 +"75192-1",4494475,2,"Medium Stone Grey","Decoration Elements",47457,"PLATES W. BOWS 2X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4494475.jpg",154 +"75192-1",4507056,4,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",51739,"PLATE 2X4X18°","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4507056.jpg",134 +"75192-1",4509914,6,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks, With Slope",4445,"ROOF TILE 2X8/45°","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4509914.jpg",19 +"75192-1",4511007,1,"Medium Stone Grey","Transportation Means, Aviation",60208,"Turbine ø31,37 w.holes ø 4,85","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4511007.jpg",35 +"75192-1",4514195,24,"Medium Stone Grey","Figure Accessories In Hand",60849,"NOZZLE W/Ø3.18, SHAFT","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4514195.jpg",123 +"75192-1",4514846,4,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",60479,"PLATE 1X12","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4514846.jpg",206 +"75192-1",4515341,4,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special",60471,"PLATE 1X2 W/FORK, VERTICAL","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4515341.jpg",125 +"75192-1",4515351,10,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",60474,"PLATE 4X4 ROUND W. SNAP","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4515351.jpg",186 +"75192-1",4515374,16,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks, With Slope",60481,"ROOF TILE 2X1X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4515374.jpg",146 +"75192-1",4521921,46,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks, With Slope",54200,"ROOF TILE 1X1X2/3, ABS","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4521921.jpg",537 +"75192-1",4527174,3,"Medium Stone Grey","Frames, Windows, Walls And Doors",59349,"WALL ELEMENT 1x6x5, ABS","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4527174.jpg",40 +"75192-1",4539481,1,"Medium Stone Grey","Figure, Weapons",64567,"LIGHT SWORD SHAFT","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4539481.jpg",197 +"75192-1",4540203,1,"Medium Stone Grey","Functional Elements",3679,"TURN PLATE 2X2, UPPER PART","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4540203.jpg",552 +"75192-1",4550170,27,"Medium Stone Grey","Figure Accessories In Hand",30162,"PRISMATIC BINOCULARS","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4550170.jpg",82 +"75192-1",4550251,14,"Medium Stone Grey","Connectors",30554,"LINK 1M FRIC/FORK/STUMPF","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4550251.jpg",28 +"75192-1",4558169,31,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",63864,"FLAT TILE 1x3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4558169.jpg",334 +"75192-1",4558953,2,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks, Special",87087,"BRICK 1X1 W. 1 KNOB","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4558953.jpg",321 +"75192-1",4560183,22,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",87079,"FLAT TILE 2X4","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4560183.jpg",441 +"75192-1",4565433,12,"Medium Stone Grey","Signs, Flags And Poles",87618,"Function element MALE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4565433.jpg",90 +"75192-1",4568637,20,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks, With Slope",85984,"ROOF TILE 1 X 2 X 2/3, ABS","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4568637.jpg",429 +"75192-1",4579294,32,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",30565,"PLATE 4X4, 1/4 CIRCLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4579294.jpg",47 +"75192-1",4585429,4,"Medium Stone Grey","Frames, Windows, Walls And Doors",87544,"WALL ELEMENT 1X2X3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4585429.jpg",85 +"75192-1",4593679,1,"Medium Stone Grey","Frames, Windows, Walls And Doors",87552,"WALLELEMENT 1X2X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4593679.jpg",96 +"75192-1",4595836,1,"Medium Stone Grey","Figure, Weapons",86208,"BUTT","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4595836.jpg",44 +"75192-1",4597901,2,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks With Bows And Arches",88930,"PLATE W. BOW 2x4x2/3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4597901.jpg",40 +"75192-1",4599498,14,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",92593,"PLATE 1X4 W. 2 KNOBS","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4599498.jpg",179 +"75192-1",4617170,8,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks, Special",4216,"BRICK 1X2 W. GROOVE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4617170.jpg",42 +"75192-1",4625001,1,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special",4596,"PLATE 1X2X4 W. TUBE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4625001.jpg",20 +"75192-1",4630107,1,"Medium Stone Grey","Figure, Head Clothing",30370,"REBEL PILOT HELMET","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4630107.jpg",2 +"75192-1",4640844,1,"Medium Stone Grey","Figure, Weapons",92690,"Ø3.2 SHAFT W. CORED KNOB","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4640844.jpg",93 +"75192-1",4644102,3,"Medium Stone Grey","Transportation Means, Vehicles",98397,"HANDLEBAR W/3.2 SHAFT/BAR ENDS","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4644102.jpg",114 +"75192-1",4650645,34,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks, Special Circles And Angles",92947,"PROFILE BRICK Ø15.83 W. CROSS","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4650645.jpg",149 +"75192-1",4654577,8,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special",99206,"PLATE 2X2X2/3 W. 2. HOR. KNOB","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4654577.jpg",372 +"75192-1",4654580,13,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special",99207,"ANGULAR PLATE 1.5 BOT. 1X2 2/2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4654580.jpg",537 +"75192-1",4654582,2,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special",99781,"ANGULAR PLATE 1,5 TOP 1X2 1/2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4654582.jpg",455 +"75192-1",4657366,9,"Medium Stone Grey","Figure Accessories In Hand",64644,"STICK Ø3.2 2MM W/KNOB AND TUBE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4657366.jpg",102 +"75192-1",4657459,6,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks, Special",52107,"BRICK 1X2 W. FOUR KNOBS","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4657459.jpg",88 +"75192-1",4666449,18,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special",92582,"Plate 2x2 w. stump/top","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4666449.jpg",109 +"75192-1",6013497,2,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks, With Slope",60477,"ROOF TILE 1X4X1","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6013497.jpg",40 +"75192-1",6015344,16,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks, Special",11211,"BRICK 1X2 W. 2 KNOBS","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6015344.jpg",453 +"75192-1",6015347,13,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",11212,"PLATE 3X3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6015347.jpg",148 +"75192-1",6015349,2,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",11213,"PLATE 6X6 ROUND WITH TUBE SNAP","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6015349.jpg",130 +"75192-1",6028811,3,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks, Special",11215,"STONE 1X2X1 1/3 W. 2 PLATES 2X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6028811.jpg",189 +"75192-1",6028813,16,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks With Bows And Arches",11477,"PLATE W. BOW 1X2X2/3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6028813.jpg",274 +"75192-1",6030235,2,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks With Slope, Special",48933,"ROOF TILE 4X2/18° W/COR.","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6030235.jpg",11 +"75192-1",6042950,12,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks With Bows And Arches",11153,"BRICK WITH BOW 1X4","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6042950.jpg",66 +"75192-1",6043639,2,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special",14418,"PLATE 1X2 BALL CUP / FRICTION END","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6043639.jpg",370 +"75192-1",6044729,5,"Medium Stone Grey","Tyres And Rims For/To Snap Ø4,85 W. Cross",13971,"RIM NARROW Ø18x7 W HOLE Ø4.8","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6044729.jpg",130 +"75192-1",6045718,1,"Medium Stone Grey","Functional Elements",61485,"BOTTOM W. TURNTABLE 4X4","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6045718.jpg",74 +"75192-1",6052200,2,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",14769,"FLAT TILE 2X2, ROUND","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6052200.jpg",224 +"75192-1",6052204,3,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",49039,"FLAT TILE 2X2, ROUND 'UDLUFT'","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6052204.jpg",36 +"75192-1",6065824,15,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",14719,"FLAT TILE CORNER 1X2X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6065824.jpg",128 +"75192-1",6066097,22,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",15573,"PLATE 1X2 W. 1 KNOB","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6066097.jpg",646 +"75192-1",6071299,15,"Medium Stone Grey","Frames, Windows, Walls And Doors",15207,"WALL ELEMENT 1X4X1 ABS","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6071299.jpg",95 +"75192-1",6075237,1,"Medium Stone Grey","Figure, Wigs",62810,"WIG BOY","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6075237.jpg",18 +"75192-1",6079461,37,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",17836,"PLATE 3X4 WITH 4 KNOBS","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6079461.jpg",105 +"75192-1",6092111,36,"Medium Stone Grey","Decoration Elements",61409,"ROOF TILE W. LATTICE 1x2x2/3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6092111.jpg",100 +"75192-1",6092956,3,"Medium Stone Grey","Transportation Means, Vehicles",16091,"STEE.WHEEL Ø16 F/CONSOLE 2X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6092956.jpg",99 +"75192-1",6093527,58,"Medium Stone Grey","Signs, Flags And Poles",17715,"SHAFT 3M Ø3.2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6093527.jpg",176 +"75192-1",6093859,12,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks, With Slope",15672,"ROOF TILE 1X2 45° W 1/3 PLATE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6093859.jpg",132 +"75192-1",6102357,5,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks With Bows And Arches",15068,"PLATE W. BOW 2X2X2/3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6102357.jpg",243 +"75192-1",6116608,6,"Medium Stone Grey","Signs, Flags And Poles",21462,"LIGHT SWORD - BLADE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6116608.jpg",242 +"75192-1",6117967,5,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special",21712,"ANGLE PLATE 1X2 / 2X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6117967.jpg",283 +"75192-1",6123809,18,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks, Special",22885,"BRICK 1X2X1 2/3 W/4 KNOBS","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6123809.jpg",408 +"75192-1",6124903,1,"Medium Stone Grey","Figure Parts",76382,"MINI UPPER PART NO 3145","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6124903.jpg",6 +"75192-1",6126082,12,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",23893,"PLATE 2X2 W 1 KNOB","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6126082.jpg",320 +"75192-1",6129340,26,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks With Bows And Arches",18653,"Brick 1x3x2 w. inside bow","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6129340.jpg",34 +"75192-1",6132207,66,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks With Bows And Arches",24309,"Brick w/half bow 2x3 w/cut","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6132207.jpg",26 +"75192-1",6132886,10,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special",11203,"FLAT TILE 2X2 INV.","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6132886.jpg",56 +"75192-1",6134378,70,"Medium Stone Grey","Miscellaneous Elements",99563,"GOLD INGOT","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6134378.jpg",122 +"75192-1",6144138,9,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks With Bows And Arches",24201,"PLATE W/ HALF BOW INV. 1X2X2/3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6144138.jpg",133 +"75192-1",6146223,10,"Medium Stone Grey","Frames, Windows, Walls And Doors",26169,"WALL ELEMENT 1X2X1","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6146223.jpg",127 +"75192-1",6163989,32,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",27507,"TILE 4X4, W/ BOW","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6163989.jpg",57 +"75192-1",6168615,12,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special",28802,"ANGLE PLATE 1X2/1X4","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6168615.jpg",156 +"75192-1",6168633,33,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special",28809,"PLATE 1x2 W. HORIZONTAL HOLE Ø4,85 REV.","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6168633.jpg",249 +"75192-1",6168647,26,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",28626,"PL.ROUND 1X1 W. THROUGHG. HOLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6168647.jpg",333 +"75192-1",6170418,17,"Medium Stone Grey","Signs, Flags And Poles",28921,"STICK 6M W/FLANGE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6170418.jpg",114 +"75192-1",6170569,4,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks, Special",28917,"BRICK 1X1 W. HANDLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6170569.jpg",65 +"75192-1",6176242,4,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special",26599,"PLATE 2X4, W/ HOLES DIA. 4.85, BOTTOM","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6176242.jpg",88 +"75192-1",6177078,13,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates",27263,"TILE 2X2, DEG. 90, W/ DEG. 45 CUT","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6177078.jpg",73 +"75192-1",6179186,2,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",15535,"FLAT TILE 2x2 ROUND W. HOLE Ø4.85","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6179186.jpg",103 +"75192-1",6181755,1,"Medium Stone Grey","Frames, Windows, Walls And Doors",31959,"WALL ELEMENT 2X2, CORNER","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6181755.jpg",29 +"75192-1",6182203,1,"Medium Stone Grey","Frames, Windows, Walls And Doors",29096,"WALL, CONE 5X10X6","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6182203.jpg",2 +"75192-1",6187170,1,"Medium Stone Grey","Figure, Head Clothing",24458,"FIGURE, HEAD CLOTHING, NO. 7","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6187170.jpg",7 +"75192-1",6195323,2,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks With Bows And Arches",34444,"PLATE, W/ BOW 2X4X2/3, NO. 13","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6195323.jpg",1 +"75192-1",6195330,1,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",34446,"DISH, DIA. 80, NO. 1","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6195330.jpg",1 +"75192-1",6250309,2,"Medium Stone Grey","Figure, Head Clothing",47467,"MINI HAT, NO. 48","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6250309.jpg",5 +"75192-1",6250597,6,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",35399,"FLAT TILE 1X1, 1/2 CIRCLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6250597.jpg",99 +"75192-1",6256117,4,"Medium Stone Grey","Functional Elements",43045,"PLATE 2X4, W/ HINGE 4,85, TOP","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6256117.jpg",61 +"75192-1",6261353,8,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special",43876,"PLATE 1X2 W. VERTICAL SCHAFT","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6261353.jpg",90 +"75192-1",6270046,2,"Medium Stone Grey","Fences And Ladders",47996,"LATTICE 3X28M Ø3.2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6270046.jpg",1 +"75192-1",6275406,2,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",41822,"PLATE 4X4 W/ANGLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6275406.jpg",13 +"75192-1",6277023,3,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special",49546,"PLATE 1X2 W/ SHAFT 12M","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6277023.jpg",19 +"75192-1",6284071,30,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",35381,"FLAT TILE 1X1, ROUND","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6284071.jpg",275 +"75192-1",6296894,16,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special",44860,"PLATE 1X1 W/ HOLDER","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6296894.jpg",163 +"75192-1",6302648,1,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special",42505,"PLATE 1X4 SPLIT-LEVEL","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6302648.jpg",26 +"75192-1",6308012,15,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special",44842,"PLATE 1X1 W. UP RIGHT HOLDER","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6308012.jpg",213 +"75192-1",6313096,1,"Medium Stone Grey","Transportation Means, Vehicles",65571,"EXHAUST PIPE W/ SNAP","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6313096.jpg",24 +"75192-1",6313114,4,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special",65458,"PLATE 1X2 W. 1 HORIZONTAL SNAP","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6313114.jpg",164 +"75192-1",6313188,5,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special",49153,"PLATE 2X2 W. VERTICAL SNAP","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6313188.jpg",50 +"75192-1",6313653,6,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks With Bows And Arches",40296,"BRICK W. BOW 1X8X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6313653.jpg",27 +"75192-1",6319333,10,"Medium Stone Grey","Figure Accessories, Upper And Lower Part",49754,"SPACE SKELETON ARM","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6319333.jpg",30 +"75192-1",6320306,4,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks, Special",65459,"BRICK 1X1 W/ HOLDER, VERTICAL","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6320306.jpg",54 +"75192-1",6326078,18,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special",44861,"PLATE 1X2 W. VERTICAL GRIP","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6326078.jpg",236 +"75192-1",6335378,1,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special",52738,"PLATE 1X1 W/HOLDER VERTICAL","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6335378.jpg",77 +"75192-1",6337268,5,"Medium Stone Grey","Plates, Special",49563,"PLATE 1X2 W/HOLDER, VERTICAL","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6337268.jpg",127 +"75192-1",6343976,8,"Medium Stone Grey","Connectors",49755,"3.2 SHAFT W/3.2 HOLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6343976.jpg",96 +"75192-1",6345426,8,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks, Special",65460,"BRICK 1X1 W/HOLDER, H0RIZONTAL","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6345426.jpg",67 +"75192-1",6347715,2,"Medium Stone Grey","Miscellaneous Elements",42456,"3 w.arch w.knob and shaft ø3.2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6347715.jpg",89 +"75192-1",6372076,2,"Medium Stone Grey","Bricks, Special Circles And Angles",79566,"BRICK 2X2 ROUND W/ HOLE Ø4,85","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6372076.jpg",43 +"75192-1",4211483,30,"Medium Stone Grey","Connectors",4274,"CONNECTOR PEG W. KNOB","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211483.jpg",1043 +"75192-1",4211508,6,"Medium Stone Grey","Functional Elements, Others",4697,"T-PIECE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211508.jpg",286 +"75192-1",4211553,6,"Medium Stone Grey","Connectors",32039,"CATCH W. CROSS HOLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211553.jpg",204 +"75192-1",4211639,4,"Medium Stone Grey","Connectors",32073,"CROSS AXLE 5M","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211639.jpg",729 +"75192-1",4211651,4,"Medium Stone Grey","Beams",32316,"TECHNIC 5M BEAM","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211651.jpg",165 +"75192-1",4211713,12,"Medium Stone Grey","Beams",32526,"TECHNIC ANG. BEAM 3X5 90 DEG.","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211713.jpg",107 +"75192-1",4211805,7,"Medium Stone Grey","Connectors",44294,"CROSS AXLE 7M","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211805.jpg",482 +"75192-1",4211807,2,"Medium Stone Grey","Connectors",3673,"CONNECTOR PEG","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211807.jpg",1120 +"75192-1",4211815,11,"Medium Stone Grey","Connectors",4519,"CROSS AXLE 3M","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211815.jpg",1179 +"75192-1",4211865,75,"Medium Stone Grey","Connectors",32054,"2M FRIC. SNAP W/CROSS HOLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211865.jpg",247 +"75192-1",4211866,4,"Medium Stone Grey","Beams",40490,"TECHNIC 9M BEAM","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211866.jpg",85 +"75192-1",4278756,2,"Medium Stone Grey","Connectors",32187,"MIDDLE RING","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4278756.jpg",83 +"75192-1",4522934,4,"Medium Stone Grey","Beams",41239,"TECHNIC 13M BEAM","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4522934.jpg",65 +"75192-1",4667578,2,"Medium Stone Grey","Miscellaneous Elements",2723,"DISK Ø24","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4667578.jpg",57 +"75192-1",6055519,4,"Medium Stone Grey","Beams, Special",14720,"BEAM I -FRAME 3X5 90 DEGR. HOLE Ø4.85","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6055519.jpg",92 +"75192-1",6112684,1,"Medium Stone Grey","Tubes",85532,"OUTER CABLE 128MM","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod4photo.192x192/6112684.jpg",13 +"75192-1",6123815,5,"Medium Stone Grey","Connectors",22961,"BEAM 1M W/CROSS AXLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6123815.jpg",123 +"75192-1",6173127,35,"Medium Stone Grey","Connectors",29219,"TUBE, W/ DOUBLE 4.85 HOLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6173127.jpg",157 +"75192-1",6190437,4,"Medium Stone Grey","Tyres And Rims, Special",15379,"CHAINS M PLATE M 5 ø3, 2 HOLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6190437.jpg",8 +"75192-1",6191556,8,"Medium Stone Grey","Tubes",60677,"OUTERCABLE 160MM","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod4photo.192x192/6191556.jpg",11 +"75192-1",6268924,10,"Medium Stone Grey","Connectors",42155,"ANGLE ELEMENT, 90 DEGREES [6]","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6268924.jpg",26 +"75192-1",6271165,50,"Medium Stone Grey","Connectors",42136,"1/2 BUSH","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6271165.jpg",247 +"75192-1",6331441,1,"Medium Stone Grey","Beams, Special",42191,"CROSS BLOCK 3X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6331441.jpg",50 +"75192-1",6347700,16,"Multicombination","Bricks, Special Ø4.85 Hole And Connecting Bush",42929,"BRICK 2X2 W. SNAP AND CROSS","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6347700.jpg",13 +"75192-1",6351293,1,"Multicombination","Plates, Special",40687,"WHEEL SUSPENSION 2X4 W. SNAP","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6351293.jpg",28 +"75192-1",4539060,6,"New Dark Red","Plates",2431,"FLAT TILE 1X4","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4539060.jpg",125 +"75192-1",4539061,1,"New Dark Red","Plates",3710,"PLATE 1X4","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4539061.jpg",186 +"75192-1",4539062,29,"New Dark Red","Plates",3666,"PLATE 1X6","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4539062.jpg",120 +"75192-1",4539064,1,"New Dark Red","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",2450,"CORNER PLATE 45 DEG. 3X3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4539064.jpg",45 +"75192-1",4539070,1,"New Dark Red","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",30503,"CORNER PLATE 45 DEG. 4X4","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4539070.jpg",21 +"75192-1",4539071,33,"New Dark Red","Plates",3020,"PLATE 2X4","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4539071.jpg",153 +"75192-1",4539076,10,"New Dark Red","Plates",3623,"PLATE 1X3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4539076.jpg",98 +"75192-1",4539090,7,"New Dark Red","Plates",3069,"FLAT TILE 1X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4539090.jpg",157 +"75192-1",4539097,14,"New Dark Red","Plates",3023,"PLATE 1X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4539097.jpg",283 +"75192-1",4539102,4,"New Dark Red","Bricks",3004,"BRICK 1X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4539102.jpg",144 +"75192-1",4539105,4,"New Dark Red","Plates",3068,"FLAT TILE 2X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4539105.jpg",110 +"75192-1",4541544,4,"New Dark Red","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",51739,"PLATE 2X4X18°","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4541544.jpg",49 +"75192-1",4550169,3,"New Dark Red","Plates",3070,"FLAT TILE 1X1","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4550169.jpg",81 +"75192-1",4583299,1,"New Dark Red","Plates",63864,"FLAT TILE 1x3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4583299.jpg",61 +"75192-1",4585751,4,"New Dark Red","Plates",2420,"CORNER PLATE 1X2X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4585751.jpg",64 +"75192-1",4590811,4,"New Dark Red","Bricks, With Slope",3665,"ROOF TILE 1X2 INV.","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4590811.jpg",34 +"75192-1",4650862,4,"New Dark Red","Bricks, With Slope",4286,"ROOF TILE 1X3/25°","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4650862.jpg",26 +"75192-1",6008593,1,"New Dark Red","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",41770,"LEFT PLATE 2X4 W/ANGLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6008593.jpg",46 +"75192-1",6008595,2,"New Dark Red","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",41769,"RIGHT PLATE 2X4 W/ANGLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6008595.jpg",51 +"75192-1",6042953,4,"New Dark Red","Bricks With Bows And Arches",11153,"BRICK WITH BOW 1X4","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6042953.jpg",52 +"75192-1",6173167,1,"New Dark Red","Plates",6179,"PLATE 4X4 W. 4 KNOBS","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6173167.jpg",9 +"75192-1",6173168,2,"New Dark Red","Bricks With Bows And Arches",11477,"PLATE W. BOW 1X2X2/3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6173168.jpg",62 +"75192-1",6206250,4,"New Dark Red","Bricks, Special Ø4.85 Hole And Connecting Bush",31493,"BRICK 1X2 WITH CROSS HOLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6206250.jpg",26 +"75192-1",6360079,4,"New Dark Red","Plates, Special",44842,"PLATE 1X1 W. UP RIGHT HOLDER","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6360079.jpg",17 +"75192-1",6046903,4,"Olive Green","Plates",63864,"FLAT TILE 1X3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6046903.jpg",16 +"75192-1",4211195,1,"Reddish Brown","Bricks, With Slope",4287,"ROOF TILE 1X3/25° INV.","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211195.jpg",71 +"75192-1",4211214,10,"Reddish Brown","Plates",3832,"PLATE 2X10","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4211214.jpg",141 +"75192-1",4216695,23,"Reddish Brown","Plates",3022,"PLATE 2X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4216695.jpg",501 +"75192-1",4216945,8,"Reddish Brown","Plates",3460,"PLATE 1X8","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4216945.jpg",170 +"75192-1",4225700,1,"Reddish Brown","Plates",2445,"PLATE 2X12","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4225700.jpg",85 +"75192-1",4267994,23,"Reddish Brown","Bricks, Special Ø4.85 Hole And Connecting Bush",3701,"TECHNIC BRICK 1X4, Ø4,9","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4267994.jpg",75 +"75192-1",6127307,1,"Reddish Brown","Figure, Heads And Masks",23952,"MINI HEAD NO '1807'","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6127307.jpg",6 +"75192-1",6159776,1,"Reddish Brown","Figure, Wigs",26139,"MINI WIG NO.117","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6159776.jpg",14 +"75192-1",6186673,1,"Reddish Brown","Plates, Special",31561,"PLATE 1X1, W/ 3.2 SHAFT AND 1.5 HOLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6186673.jpg",92 +"75192-1",6269077,1,"Reddish Brown","Animals And Creatures",13564,"HORN 2,5M Ø3,2 WITH SHAFT","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6269077.jpg",23 +"75192-1",6348057,2,"Reddish Brown","Plates, Special",44842,"PLATE 1X1 W. UP RIGHT HOLDER","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6348057.jpg",97 +"75192-1",4246957,3,"Sand Yellow","Plates",3034,"PLATE 2X8","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4246957.jpg",104 +"75192-1",4267874,14,"Sand Yellow","Plates",3020,"PLATE 2X4","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4267874.jpg",247 +"75192-1",4496699,1,"Sand Yellow","Plates",3069,"FLAT TILE 1X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4496699.jpg",188 +"75192-1",4507047,10,"Sand Yellow","Plates",6636,"FLAT TILE 1X6","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4507047.jpg",105 +"75192-1",4521914,10,"Sand Yellow","Bricks",3004,"BRICK 1X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4521914.jpg",141 +"75192-1",4528604,243,"Sand Yellow","Plates",3023,"PLATE 1X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4528604.jpg",370 +"75192-1",4549436,14,"Sand Yellow","Plates",3024,"PLATE 1X1","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4549436.jpg",171 +"75192-1",4550329,5,"Sand Yellow","Plates",3795,"PLATE 2X6","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4550329.jpg",184 +"75192-1",4595712,2,"Sand Yellow","Plates, Special",92099,"PLATE 4X5 W. SHAFT Ø3.2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4595712.jpg",27 +"75192-1",4616711,1,"Sand Yellow","Plates, Special",32028,"PLATE 1X2 WITH SLIDE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4616711.jpg",83 +"75192-1",4626904,35,"Sand Yellow","Plates",3710,"PLATE 1X4","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4626904.jpg",239 +"75192-1",6002843,1,"Sand Yellow","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",43723,"LEFT PLATE 2X3 W/ANGLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6002843.jpg",50 +"75192-1",6003379,3,"Sand Yellow","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",51739,"PLATE 2X4X18°","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6003379.jpg",49 +"75192-1",6015452,2,"Sand Yellow","Plates",63864,"FLAT TILE 1X3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6015452.jpg",77 +"75192-1",6028018,2,"Sand Yellow","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",50304,"RIGHT PLATE 3X8 W/ANGLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6028018.jpg",36 +"75192-1",6028022,3,"Sand Yellow","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",50305,"LEFT PLATE 3X8 W/ANGLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6028022.jpg",36 +"75192-1",6035540,26,"Sand Yellow","Plates",3021,"PLATE 2X3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6035540.jpg",149 +"75192-1",6055172,38,"Sand Yellow","Plates",3070,"FLAT TILE 1X1","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6055172.jpg",85 +"75192-1",6092591,32,"Sand Yellow","Plates",15573,"PLATE 1X2 W. 1 KNOB","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6092591.jpg",89 +"75192-1",6109751,4,"Sand Yellow","Plates",3027,"PLATE 6X16","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6109751.jpg",11 +"75192-1",6125647,1,"Sand Yellow","Figure Parts",23865,"MINI LOWER PART 'NO. 932'","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6125647.jpg",6 +"75192-1",6126075,1,"Sand Yellow","Plates",23893,"PLATE 2X2 W 1 KNOB","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6126075.jpg",127 +"75192-1",6146234,10,"Sand Yellow","Frames, Windows, Walls And Doors",26169,"WALL ELEMENT 1X2X1","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6146234.jpg",43 +"75192-1",6146462,1,"Sand Yellow","Plates",92593,"PLATE 1X4 W. 2 KNOBS","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6146462.jpg",16 +"75192-1",6151537,10,"Sand Yellow","Plates",2639,"CORNER PLATE 2X4X4","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6151537.jpg",18 +"75192-1",6195496,2,"Sand Yellow","Animals And Creatures",15082,"ANIMAL WING W/SHAFT 4MM","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6195496.jpg",4 +"75192-1",6276849,22,"Sand Yellow","Plates, Special",48241,"PLATE 2X2 INVERTED W. SNAP","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6276849.jpg",47 +"75192-1",6031821,1,"Sand Yellow","Connectors",13670,"CROSSAXLE 3M WITH KNOB","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6031821.jpg",500 +"75192-1",4619636,32,"Silver Metallic","Plates",2412,"RADIATOR GRILLE 1X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4619636.jpg",399 +"75192-1",4633691,21,"Silver Metallic","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",6141,"PLATE 1X1 ROUND","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4633691.jpg",398 +"75192-1",6124928,1,"Silver Metallic","Figure, Weapons",92738,"BLASTER SMALL","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6124928.jpg",15 +"75192-1",6245499,6,"Silver Metallic","Connectors",29219,"TUBE, W/ DOUBLE 4.85 HOLE","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6245499.jpg",43 +"75192-1",6205311,1,"Transparent","Frames, Windows, Walls And Doors",35712,"WALL CONE, NO. 1.","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6205311.jpg",1 +"75192-1",6230175,1,"Transparent","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",34448,"SATELLITE DISH 6X6, NO. 3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6230175.jpg",1 +"75192-1",6230219,2,"Transparent","Windscreens And Cockpits",34447,"COCKPIT DIA. 47.7,W/ SHAFT, NO. 12","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6230219.jpg",1 +"75192-1",6240204,2,"Transparent","Plates",28653,"PLATE 1X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6240204.jpg",171 +"75192-1",6240221,2,"Transparent Green","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",34823,"PLATE 1X1 ROUND","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6240221.jpg",115 +"75192-1",6252046,2,"Transparent Green","Plates",28554,"PLATE 1X1","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6252046.jpg",31 +"75192-1",6190258,6,"Transparent Light Blue","Tubes",33763,"CORRUGATED PIPE 208MM","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod4photo.192x192/6190258.jpg",3 +"75192-1",6248915,1,"Transparent Light Blue","Beams, Special",31520,"WEAPON BARREL","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6248915.jpg",5 +"75192-1",6208450,3,"Transparent Red","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",34823,"PLATE 1X1 ROUND","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6208450.jpg",376 +"75192-1",6258607,2,"Transparent Red","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",35380,"FLAT TILE 1X1, ROUND","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6258607.jpg",292 +"75192-1",4653753,1,"Warm Gold","Figure, Heads And Masks",70194,"C3-PO HEAD DEC","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4653753.jpg",19 +"75192-1",6078373,1,"Warm Gold","Figure Parts",18022,"MINI LOWER PART 'NO. 693'","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6078373.jpg",13 +"75192-1",6138412,1,"Warm Gold","Figure Parts",76382,"MINI UPPER PART NO. 3258","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6138412.jpg",11 +"75192-1",243201,1,"White","Plates, Special",2432,"CLAMP 1X2","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/243201.jpg",187 +"75192-1",245001,4,"White","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",2450,"CORNER PLATE 45 DEG. 3X3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/245001.jpg",103 +"75192-1",300501,1,"White","Bricks",3005,"BRICK 1X1","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/300501.jpg",907 +"75192-1",300901,3,"White","Bricks",3009,"BRICK 1X6","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/300901.jpg",624 +"75192-1",302101,1,"White","Plates",3021,"PLATE 2X3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/302101.jpg",784 +"75192-1",302401,2,"White","Plates",3024,"PLATE 1X1","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/302401.jpg",815 +"75192-1",303401,2,"White","Plates",3034,"PLATE 2X8","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/303401.jpg",442 +"75192-1",303501,1,"White","Plates",3035,"PLATE 4X8","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/303501.jpg",180 +"75192-1",307001,1,"White","Plates",3070,"FLAT TILE 1X1","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/307001.jpg",501 +"75192-1",370001,4,"White","Bricks, Special Ø4.85 Hole And Connecting Bush",3700,"TECHNIC BRICK 1X2, Ø4.9","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/370001.jpg",303 +"75192-1",371001,4,"White","Plates",3710,"PLATE 1X4","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/371001.jpg",1137 +"75192-1",379401,1,"White","Plates",3794,"PLATE 1X2 W. 1 KNOB","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/379401.jpg",796 +"75192-1",416201,1,"White","Plates",4162,"FLAT TILE 1X8","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/416201.jpg",336 +"75192-1",4121932,1,"White","Bricks, With Slope",3040,"ROOF TILE 1X2/45°","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4121932.jpg",461 +"75192-1",4160215,2,"White","Plates, Special Circles And Angles",30503,"CORNER PLATE 45 DEG. 4X4","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4160215.jpg",70 +"75192-1",4501853,1,"White","Plates, Special",4510,"PLATE 1X8 WITH RAIL","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4501853.jpg",70 +"75192-1",4515337,1,"White","Plates, Special",60471,"PLATE 1X2 W/FORK, VERTICAL","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4515337.jpg",54 +"75192-1",4527945,4,"White","Plates, Special",3738,"PLATE 2X8 W. HOLES","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4527945.jpg",28 +"75192-1",4558168,1,"White","Plates",63864,"FLAT TILE 1x3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/4558168.jpg",327 +"75192-1",6047220,2,"White","Bricks With Bows And Arches",15068,"PLATE W. BOW 2X2X2/3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6047220.jpg",418 +"75192-1",6055883,8,"White","Bricks, Special",30541,"BRICK 1X2 W/STUB HORIZ. END","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6055883.jpg",7 +"75192-1",6058177,1,"White","Bricks, Special",11211,"BRICK 1X2 W. 2 KNOBS","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6058177.jpg",285 +"75192-1",6061024,22,"White","Plates, Special",10247,"PLATE 2X2 + ONE HULE Ø4,8","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6061024.jpg",72 +"75192-1",6104805,16,"White","Plates",11212,"PLATE 3X3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6104805.jpg",114 +"75192-1",6188400,8,"White","Figure, Weapons",30166,"PLATE 2X3 W/ HOR. 3,2 SHAFT","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6188400.jpg",30 +"75192-1",6195451,1,"White","Figure Parts",76382,"MINI UPPER PART, NO.3913","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6195451.jpg",3 +"75192-1",6195524,1,"White","Figure Parts",34481,"MINI LOWER PART, NO. 1324","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6195524.jpg",3 +"75192-1",6250308,1,"White","Figure, Head Clothing",47465,"MINI HAT, NO. 8, NO.1","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6250308.jpg",9 +"75192-1",6256089,1,"White","Bricks, Special Circles And Angles",49879,"DOUBLE SPHERE 2X2X1 2/3, W/ KNOB, NO. 3","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6256089.jpg",9 +"75192-1",6347287,8,"White","Plates, Special",49563,"PLATE 1X2 W/HOLDER, VERTICAL","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6347287.jpg",82 +"75192-1",6278132,2,"White","Beams",42165,"TECHNIC ANGULAR BEAM 4X4","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6278132.jpg",10 +"75192-1",6332573,6,"White","Connectors",42127,"ANGLE ELEMENT, 0 DEGREES [1]","https://www.lego.com/cdn/product-assets/element.img.lod5photo.192x192/6332573.jpg",48 + + + + diff --git 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Gazpacho +Spicy pork stew +Kadhi Recipe (Kadhi Pakora) +Shrimp Scampi +Instant Pot Hummus +Slow-Cooker Vegan Pasta +Vegetable Sandwich with Dill Sauce +Salisbury Steak +One-Pan Honey Garlic Chicken Lettuce Wraps +Pork Banh Mi Lettuce Wraps +Pork Belly Asado +Coconut Shrimp +‎Shrimp Scampi +Homemade Pasta Sauce +Creamy Rosé Pasta with Roasted Tomatoes +Air Fryer Fried Chicken +Chipotle Chili and Cornbread Dumplings +Chili Mac and Cheese +Slow Cooker Pulled Pork +Hasselback Chicken +Best-Ever Chorizo +Sloppy Joe Sliders +Eggplant Parmesan +Garlic Butter Shrimp +Ceviche Style Shrimp +Classic Chicken Pot Pie +Sheet Pan Ratatouille +Pork Chops With Bloody Mary Sauce +Baked Pork Chops +Mediterranean Chicken +Ravioli Nudi in Tomato Sauce +Ramen Noodle Salad +Instant Pot Carnitas with Cornbread +Vegan Mac & Cheese +Cheeseburger Soup +Vegetarian Enchiladas +Stuffed Cabbage Rolls +Slow Cooker Pulled Pork +Perfect Chicken Alfredo +Chicken Satay with Spiralized-Carrot Salad +Stir-fried noodles and 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+Grilled Pork Tenderloin with Broccolini +One-Pot Swedish Meatball Pasta +Thanksgiving Leftovers Turkey Club +Asparagus Frittata +Beef Stew +Paneer Jalfrezi Recipe +Coconut Shrimp +Pork Banh Mi Lettuce Wraps +Vegetable Pakora Recipe +All-American Sloppy Joes +Easy Thai Shrimp Soup +Pork Milanese Sandwich With Tomato Salad +Tandoori-Spiced Cauliflower Chicken Flatbreads +Brie Spaghetti +Grilled Bacon BLTs +Classic Lasagna +Grilled Chicken Fajitas +Easiest-Ever Chicken Alfredo +Grilled Pork Chops With Soy Glaze +Overnight Steel Cut Oats +Spicy Pork +Supreme Pizza Casserole +Boeuf en Croûte +Creamy Pumpkin Vodka Sauce & Penne +Quinoa Breakfast Meal Prep +Charred Lemon Shrimp Skewers +Chicken-Bacon Smash Burgers +Low-Carb Burger +Shrimp Tacos with Mango Salsa +Vietnamese Braised Pork Belly +Pan-Roasted Brined Pork Chop +Grilled Pork Tenderloin with Broccolini +Grilled Spatchcock Chicken +Anti-inflammatory Turmeric Smoothie with Pineapple +Gobi Manchurian Recipe +Creole Seafood Jambalaya 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Tacos +Cauliflower Parmesan +Shaking Tofu +Braised Chipotle Sweet Potatoes +Corned Beef +Lemony Risotto With Asparagus and Shrimp +Easy Taco Salad +The BEST Black Bean Chili +Vegan Lentil Burgers +Dumplings +Honey-Garlic Shrimp Chow Mein +Cauliflower Gratin with Manchego and Almond Sauce +One Skillet Ground Beef Stroganoff +Creamy Tortellini Minestrone +Healthy Steel Cut Oats +Seafood Boil With Shrimp, Corn, and Sausage +Easy Enchiladas +Easy Tabbouleh +Chicken Taquitos +Strawberry-Cabernet Barbecue Sauce +Vegan Pho +Shrimp Dumplings +Shrimp Lo Mein +Sheet-Pan Pork Chops With Apples +Cheeseburger Casserole +How to Brine Shrimp +Beet Green and Walnut Pesto +Beef Bourguignon +Classic Pasta Primavera +Easy Hamburger Soup +Spicy Cashew Shrimp +Pot-au-Feu +Szechuan Shrimp +Pesto Shrimp +Corn Chowder With Shrimp +Cincinnati Chili +Grilled Pork Tenderloin +Peanut Sauce Soba with Crispy Tofu +Penne Pasta With Meat Sauce +Tomato and Charred Pepper Farro Salad +Stovetop Taco Soup +Creamy Kale & 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+Crispy Chicken Thighs with Garlic and Rosemary +Cilantro Lime Chicken +Strawberry Jalapeño Chicken +Habanero BBQ Shrimp +Casserole with Bacon Ranch +Air Fryer Brussels Sprouts +Vegan Meatloaf +Chicken & Veggie Stir-Fry +Masala Kheema +Dirty Shrimp in Butter-Beer Sauce +Sheet Pan Spanakopita Quesadillas +Classic Bacon Cheeseburger +Chili con Tofu +Instant Pot Chicken Breast +Air Fryer Tostones with Cilantro Dip +3-Ingredient Teriyaki Chicken +Classic Buffalo Chicken Dip +Shepherd's Pie +Tofu Katsu Curry +Crispy Pork Cutlets with Fennel Salad +Southwestern Tofu Scramble & Breakfast Sweet Potatoes +Stuffed Bell Peppers +Mushroom Stroganoff +Honey Walnut Shrimp +Slow Cooker Chili +Roasted Cauliflower +Buffalo Chicken with Blue Cheese Salad +Green Chili Pork Stew +Creamy Lemon Butter Chicken +Pork Fried Rice +Taco Casserole +Shrimp Cobb Salad +Taco Soup +Taco Stuffed Zucchini Boats +Zucchini "Linguini" with Roasted Shrimp +Cheesy Ham Steak +Chicken Spaghetti +Vegan Wild-Rice-Stuffed Butternut Squash +Beef 'n' Biscuit Bake +Spicy Shrimp Stir-Fry with Zucchini Noodles +Tuscan Butter Shrimp +Spicy pork and vegetables over rice +One-Pan Coconut-Lime Chicken +BBQ Spaghetti Squash Sliders +Bacon-Wrapped Hot Dogs +Air Fryer Pork Chops +Whole Cauliflower Wellington +Curry with Yoghurt +Braised Beef Short Ribs +Baked Spaghetti and Meatballs +Vegetarian Chili +Butter Bean Salad with Herby Vinaigrette +Pork Loin Roast +Buffalo Chicken Meatballs +Butter Chicken +Grilled Pork Chops +Black Eyed Peas Curry Recipe +Ricotta Meatballs +Pork Milanese +Copycat Cheesecake Factory Shrimp Scampi +Creamy Chicken Penne Pasta +Vegetarian Chili +Balsamic Chicken with Veggies +Roasted Corn, Tomato, and Zucchini Tart +Ginger Mushroom +Greek Stuffed Peppers +Shrimp Fried Rice +Lemon Garlic Shrimp Kabobs +Spring Greens With Hot Bacon Vinaigrette +Sheet Pan Shrimp Boil +Shortcut Crispy Chicken Sandwich \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/e14448e9-5243-4b07-86e1-22e657f96bcf.jpg 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EBook of Within an Inch of His Life, by Emile Gaboriau + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Within an Inch of His Life + +Author: Emile Gaboriau + +Release Date: April 6, 2006 [EBook #3336] +Last Updated: September 24, 2016 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WITHIN AN INCH OF HIS LIFE *** + + + + +Produced by Dagny; John Bickers; David Widger + + + + + +WITHIN AN INCH OF HIS LIFE + +by Emile Gaboriau + + PREPARER’S NOTE + + This text was prepared from a 1913 edition, published by Charles + Scribner’s Sons, New York. + + + + +FIRST PART--FIRE AT VALPINSON + + + +These were the facts:-- + + + +I. + +In the night from the 22nd to the 23rd of June, 1871, towards one +o’clock in the morning, the Paris suburb of Sauveterre, the principal +and most densely populated suburb of that pretty town, was startled by +the furious gallop of a horse on its ill-paved streets. + +A number of peaceful citizens rushed to the windows. + +The dark night allowed these only to see a peasant in his shirt sleeves, +and bareheaded, who belabored a large gray mare, on which he rode +bareback, with his heels and a huge stick. + +This man, after having passed the suburbs, turned into National Street, +formerly Imperial Street, crossed New-Market Square, and stopped at last +before the fine house which stands at the corner of Castle Street. + +This was the house of the mayor of Sauveterre, M. Seneschal, a former +lawyer, and now a member of the general council. + +Having alighted, the peasant seized the bell-knob, and began to ring so +furiously, that, in a few moments, the whole house was in an uproar. + +A minute later, a big, stout servant-man, his eyes heavy with sleep, +came and opened the door, and then cried out in an angry voice,-- + +“Who are you, my man? What do you want? Have you taken too much wine? +Don’t you know at whose house you are making such a row?” + +“I wish to see the mayor,” replied the peasant instantly. “Wake him up!” + +M. Seneschal was wide awake. + +Dressed in a large dressing-gown of gray flannel, a candlestick in his +hand, troubled, and unable to disguise his trouble, he had just come +down into the hall, and heard all that was said. + +“Here is the mayor,” he said in an ill-satisfied tone. “What do you want +of him at this hour, when all honest people are in bed?” + +Pushing the servant aside, the peasant came up to him, and said, making +not the slightest attempt at politeness,-- + +“I come to tell you to send the fire-engine.” + +“The engine!” + +“Yes; at once. Make haste!” + +The mayor shook his head. + +“Hm!” he said, according to a habit he had when he was at a loss what to +do; “hm, hm!” + +And who would not have been embarrassed in his place? + +To get the engine out, and to assemble the firemen, he had to rouse the +whole town; and to do this in the middle of the night was nothing less +than to frighten the poor people of Sauveterre, who had heard the drums +beating the alarm but too often during the war with the Germans, and +then again during the reign of the Commune. Therefore M. Seneschal +asked,-- + +“Is it a serious fire?” + +“Serious!” exclaimed the peasant. “How could it be otherwise with such a +wind as this,--a wind that would blow off the horns of our oxen.” + +“Hm!” uttered the mayor again. “Hm, hm!” + +It was not exactly the first time, since he was mayor of Sauveterre, +that he was thus roused by a peasant, who came and cried under his +window, “Help! Fire, fire!” + +At first, filled with compassion, he had hastily called out the firemen, +put himself at their head, and hurried to the fire. + +And when they reached it, out of breath, and perspiring, after having +made two or three miles at double-quick, they found what? A wretched +heap of straw, worth about ten dollars, and almost consumed by the fire. +They had had their trouble for nothing. + +The peasants in the neighborhood had cried, “Wolf!” so often, when there +was no reason for it, that, even when the wolf really was there, the +townspeople were slow in believing it. + +“Let us see,” said M. Seneschal: “what is burning?” + +The peasant seemed to be furious at all these delays, and bit his long +whip. + +“Must I tell you again and again,” he said, “that every thing is on +fire,--barns, outhouses, haystacks, the houses, the old castle, and +every thing? If you wait much longer, you won’t find one stone upon +another in Valpinson.” + +The effect produced by this name was prodigious. + +“What?” asked the mayor in a half-stifled voice, “Valpinson is on fire?” + +“Yes.” + +“At Count Claudieuse’s?” + +“Of course.” + +“Fool! Why did you not say so at once?” exclaimed the mayor. + +He hesitated no longer. + +“Quick!” he said to his servant, “go and get me my clothes. Wait, no! +my wife can help me. There is no time to be lost. You run to Bolton, the +drummer, you know, and tell him from me to beat the alarm instantly all +over town. Then you run to Capt. Parenteau’s, and explain +to him what you have heard. Ask him to get the keys of the +engine-house.--Wait!--when you have done that, come back and put the +horse in.--Fire at Valpinson! I shall go with the engine. Go, run, +knock at every door, cry, ‘Fire! Fire!’ Tell everybody to come to the +New-Market Square.” + +When the servant had run off as fast as he could, the mayor turned to +the peasant, and said,-- + +“And you, my good man, you get on your horse, and reassure the count. +Tell them all to take courage, not to give up; we are coming to help +them.” + +But the peasant did not move. + +“Before going back to Valpinson,” he said, “I have another commission to +attend to in town.” + +“Why? What is it?” + +“I am to get the doctor to go back with me.” + +“The doctor! Why? Has anybody been hurt?” + +“Yes, master, Count Claudieuse.” + +“How imprudent! I suppose he rushed into danger as usually.” + +“Oh, no! He has been shot twice!” + +The mayor of Sauveterre nearly dropped his candlestick. + +“Shot! Twice!” he said. “Where? When? By whom?” + +“Ah! I don’t know.” + +“But”-- + +“All I can tell you is this. They have carried him into a little barn +that was not on fire yet. There I saw him myself lying on the straw, +pale like a linen sheet, his eyes closed, and bloody all over.” + +“Great God! They have not killed him?” + +“He was not dead when I left.” + +“And the countess?” + +“Our lady,” replied the peasant with an accent of profound veneration, +“was in the barn on her knees by the count’s side, washing his wounds +with fresh water. The two little ladies were there too.” + +M. Seneschal trembled with excitement. + +“It is a crime that has been committed, I suppose.” + +“Why, of course!” + +“But who did it? What was the motive?” + +“Ah! that is the question.” + +“The count is very passionate, to be sure, quite violent, in fact; but +still he is the best and fairest of men, everybody knows that.” + +“Everybody knows it.” + +“He never did any harm to anybody.” + +“That is what all say.” + +“As for the countess”-- + +“Oh!” said the peasant eagerly, “she is the saint of saints.” + +The mayor tried to come to some conclusion. + +“The criminal, therefore, must be a stranger. We are overrun with +vagabonds and beggars on the tramp. There is not a day on which a lot of +ill-looking fellows do not appear at my office, asking for help to get +away.” + +The peasant nodded his head, and said,-- + +“That is what I think. And the proof of it is, that, as I came along, I +made up my mind I would first get the doctor, and then report the crime +at the police office.” + +“Never mind,” said the mayor. “I will do that myself. In ten minutes +I shall see the attorney of the Commonwealth. Now go. Don’t spare your +horse, and tell your mistress that we are all coming after you.” + +In his whole official career M. Seneschal had never been so terribly +shocked. He lost his head, just as he did on that unlucky day, when, all +of a sudden, nine hundred militia-men fell upon him, and asked to be +fed and lodged. Without his wife’s help he would never have been able to +dress himself. Still he was ready when his servant returned. + +The good fellow had done all he had been told to do, and at that moment +the beat of the drum was heard in the upper part of the town. + +“Now, put the horse in,” said M. Seneschal: “let me find the carriage at +the door when I come back.” + +In the streets he found all in an uproar. At every window a head popped +out, full of curiosity or terror; on all sides house doors were opened, +and promptly closed again. + +“Great God!” he thought, “I hope I shall find Daubigeon at home!” M. +Daubigeon, who had been first in the service of the empire, and then in +the service of the republic, was one of M. Seneschal’s best friends. +He was a man of about forty years, with a cunning look in his eye, a +permanent smile on his face, and a confirmed bachelor, with no small +pride in his consistency. The good people of Sauveterre thought he did +not look stern and solemn enough for his profession. To be sure he was +very highly esteemed; but his optimism was not popular; they reproached +him for being too kind-hearted, too reluctant to press criminals whom he +had to prosecute, and thus prone to encourage evil-doers. + +He accused himself of not being inspired with the “holy fire,” and, as +he expressed it in his own way, “of robbing Themis of all the time he +could, to devote it to the friendly Muses.” He was a passionate lover of +fine books, rare editions, costly bindings, and fine illustrations; and +much the larger part of his annual income of about ten thousand francs +went to buying books. A scholar of the old-fashioned type, he professed +boundless admiration for Virgil and Juvenal, but, above all, for Horace, +and proved his devotion by constant quotations. + +Roused, like everybody else in the midst of his slumbers, this excellent +man hastened to put on his clothes, when his old housekeeper came in, +quite excited, and told him that M. Seneschal was there, and wanted to +see him. + +“Show him in!” he said, “show him in!” + +And, as soon as the mayor entered, he continued:-- + +“For you will be able to tell me the meaning of all this noise, this +beating of drums,-- + +“‘Clamorque, virum, clangorque tubarum.’” + +“A terrible misfortune has happened,” answered the mayor. From the tone +of his voice one might have imagined it was he himself who had been +afflicted; and the lawyer was so strongly impressed in this way, that he +said,-- + +“My dear friend, what is the matter? _Quid?_ Courage, my friend, keep +cool! Remember that the poet advises us, in misfortune never to lose our +balance of mind:-- + + “‘AEquam, memento, rebus in arduis, + Sevare mentem.’” + +“Incendiaries have set Valpinson on fire!” broke in the mayor. + +“You do not say so? Great God! + + “‘Jupiter, + Quod verbum audio.’” + +“More than that. Count Claudieuse has been shot, and by this time he is +probably dead.” + +“Oh!” + +“You hear the drummer is beating the alarm. I am going to the fire; and +I have only come here to report the matter officially to you, and to ask +you to see to it that justice be done promptly and energetically.” + +There was no need of such a serious appeal to stop at once all the +lawyer’s quotations. + +“Enough!” he said eagerly. “Come, let us take measures to catch the +wretches.” + +When they reached National Street, it was as full as at mid-day; for +Sauveterre is one of those rare provincial towns in which an excitement +is too rare a treat to be neglected. The sad event had by this time +become fully known everywhere. At first the news had been doubted; but +when the doctor’s cab had passed the crowd at full speed, escorted by +a peasant on horseback, the reports were believed. Nor had the firemen +lost time. As soon as the mayor and M. Daubigeon appeared on New-Market +Square, Capt. Parenteau rushed up to them, and, touching his helmet with +a military salute, said,-- + +“My men are ready.” + +“All?” + +“There are hardly ten absentees. When they heard that Count and Countess +Claudieuse were in need--great heavens!--you know, they all were ready +in a moment.” + +“Well, then, start and make haste,” commanded M. Seneschal. “We shall +overtake you on the way: M. Daubigeon and I are going to pick up M. +Galpin, the magistrate.” + +They had not far to go. + +The magistrate had already been looking for them all over town: he was +just appearing on the Square, and saw them at once. + +In striking contrast with the commonwealth attorney, M. Galpin was a +professional man in the full sense of the word, and perhaps a little +more. He was the magistrate all over, from head to foot, and from the +gaiters on his ankles to the light blonde whiskers on his face. Although +he was quite young, yet no one had ever seen him smile, or heard him +make a joke. He was so very stiff that M. Daubigeon suggested he had +been impaled alive on the sword of justice. + +At Sauveterre M. Galpin was looked upon as a superior man. He certainly +believed it himself: hence he was very impatient at being confined to so +narrow a sphere of action, and thought his brilliant ability wasted +upon the prosecution of a chicken-thief or a poacher. But his +almost desperate efforts to secure a better office had always been +unsuccessful. In vain he had enlisted a host of friends in his behalf. +In vain he had thrown himself into politics, ready to serve any party +that would serve him. + +But M. Galpin’s ambition was not easily discouraged, and lately after a +journey to Paris, he had thrown out hints at a great match, which would +shortly procure him that influence in high places which so far he had +been unable to obtain. When he joined M. Daubigeon and the mayor, he +said,-- + +“Well, this is a horrible affair! It will make a tremendous noise.” The +mayor began to give him the details, but he said,-- + +“Don’t trouble yourself. I know all you know. I met the peasant who had +been sent in, and I have examined him.” + +Then, turning to the commonwealth attorney, he added,-- + +“I think we ought to proceed at once to the place where the crime has +been committed.” + +“I was going to suggest it to you,” replied M. Daubigeon. + +“The gendarmes ought to be notified.” + +“M. Seneschal has just sent them word.” + +The magistrate was so much excited, that his cold impassiveness actually +threatened to give way for once. + +“There has been an attempt at murder.” + +“Evidently.” + +“Then we can act in concert, and side by side, each one in his own line +of duty, you examining, and I preparing for the trial.” + +An ironical smile passed over the lips of the commonwealth attorney. + +“You ought to know me well enough,” he said, “to be sure that I have +never interfered with your duties and privileges. I am nothing but a +good old fellow, a friend of peace and of studies. + +“‘Sum piger et senior, Pieridumque comes.’” + +“Then,” exclaimed M. Seneschal, “nothing keeps us here any longer. I am +impatient to be off; my carriage is ready; let us go!” + + + +II. + +In a straight line it is only a mile from Sauveterre to Valpinson; but +that mile is as long as two elsewhere. M. Seneschal, however, had a good +horse, “the best perhaps in the county,” he said, as he got into his +carriage. In ten minutes they had overtaken the firemen, who had left +some time before them. And yet these good people, all of them master +workmen of Sauveterre, masons, carpenters, and tilers, hurried along as +fast as they could. They had half a dozen smoking torches with them to +light them on the way: they walked, puffing and groaning, on the bad +road, and pulling the two engines, together with the heavy cart on which +they had piled up their ladders and other tools. + +“Keep up, my friends!” said the mayor as he passed them,--“keep up!” + Three minutes farther on, a peasant on horseback appeared in the dark, +riding along like a forlorn knight in a romance. M. Daubigeon ordered +him to halt. He stopped. + +“You come from Valpinson?” asked M. Seneschal. + +“Yes,” replied the peasant. + +“How is the count?” + +“He has come to at last.” + +“What does the doctor say?” + +“He says he will live. I am going to the druggist to get some +medicines.” M. Galpin, to hear better, was leaning out of the carriage. +He asked,-- + +“Do they accuse any one?” + +“No.” + +“And the fire?” + +“They have water enough,” replied the peasant, “but no engines: so what +can they do? And the wind is rising again! Oh, what a misfortune!” + +He rode off as fast as he could, while M. Seneschal was whipping his +poor horse, which, unaccustomed as it was to such treatment, instead +of going any faster, only reared, and jumped from side to side. The +excellent man was in despair. He looked upon this crime as if it had +been committed on purpose to disgrace him, and to do the greatest +possible injury to his administration. + +“For after all,” he said, for the tenth time to his companions, “is it +natural, I ask you, is it sensible, that a man should think of attacking +the Count and the Countess Claudieuse, the most distinguished and the +most esteemed people in the whole county, and especially a lady whose +name is synonymous with virtue and charity?” + +And, without minding the ruts and the stones in the road, M. Seneschal +went on repeating all he knew about the owners of Valpinson. + +Count Trivulce Claudieuse was the last scion of one of the oldest +families of the county. At sixteen, about 1829, he had entered the navy +as an ensign, and for many years he had appeared at Sauveterre only +rarely, and at long intervals. In 1859 he had become a captain, and was +on the point of being made admiral, when he had all of a sudden sent in +his resignation, and taken up his residence at the Castle of Valpinson, +although the house had nothing to show of its former splendor but two +towers falling to pieces, and an immense mass of ruin and rubbish. For +two years he had lived here alone, busy with building up the old house +as well as it could be done, and by great energy and incessant labor +restoring it to some of its former splendor. It was thought he would +finish his days in this way, when one day the report arose that he was +going to be married. The report, for once, proved true. + +One fine day Count Claudieuse had left for Paris; and, a few days later, +his friends had been informed by letter that he had married the daughter +of one of his former colleagues, Miss Genevieve de Tassar. The amazement +had been universal. The count looked like a gentleman, and was very well +preserved; but he was at least forty-seven years old, and Miss Genevieve +was hardly twenty. Now, if the bride had been poor, they would have +understood the match, and approved it: it is but natural that a poor +girl should sacrifice her heart to her daily bread. But here it was not +so. The Marquis de Tassar was considered wealthy; and report said that +his daughter had brought her husband fifty thousand dollars. + +Next they had it that the bride was fearfully ugly, infirm, or at least +hunchback, perhaps idiotic, or, at all events, of frightful temper. + +By no means. She had come down; and everybody was amazed at her noble, +quiet beauty. She had conversed with them, and charmed everybody. + +Was it really a love-match, as people called it at Sauveterre? Perhaps +so. Nevertheless there was no lack of old ladies who shook their heads, +and said twenty-seven years difference between husband and wife was too +much, and such a match could not turn out well. + +All these dark forebodings came to nought. The fact was, that, for miles +and miles around, there was not a happier couple to be found than the +Count and the Countess Claudieuse; and two children, girls, who had +appeared at an interval of four years, seemed to have secured the +happiness of the house forever. + +It is true the count retained somewhat of the haughty manners, the +reserve, and the imperious tone, which he had acquired during the time +that he controlled the destinies of certain important colonies. He was, +moreover, naturally so passionate, that the slightest excitement made +him turn purple in his face. But the countess was as gentle and as +sweet as he was violent; and as she never failed to step in between her +husband and the object of his wrath, as both he and she were naturally +just, kind to excess, and generous to all, they were beloved by +everybody. There was only one point on which the count was rather +unmanageable, and that was the game laws. He was passionately fond of +hunting, and watched all the year round with almost painful restlessness +over his preserves, employing a number of keepers, and prosecuting +poachers with such energy, that people said he would rather miss a +hundred napoleons than a single bird. + +The count and the countess lived quite retired, and gave their whole +time, he to agricultural pursuits, and she to the education of her +children. They entertained but little, and did not come to Sauveterre +more than four times a year, to visit the Misses Lavarande, or the old +Baron de Chandore. Every summer, towards the end of July, they went to +Royan, where they had a cottage. When the season opened, and the count +went hunting, the countess paid a visit to her relatives in Paris, with +whom she usually stayed a few weeks. + +It required a storm like that of 1870 to overthrow so peaceful an +existence. When the old captain heard that the Prussians were on French +soil, he felt all the instincts of the soldier and the Frenchman awake +in his heart. He could not be kept at home, and went to headquarters. +Although a royalist at heart, he did not hesitate a moment to offer +his sword to Gambetta, whom he detested. They made him colonel of a +regiment; and he fought like a lion, from the first day to the last, +when he was thrown down and trod under foot in one of those fearful +routs in which a part of Chanzy’s army was utterly destroyed. When the +armistice was signed, he returned to Valpinson; but no one except his +wife ever succeeded in making him say a word about the campaign. He was +asked to become a candidate for the assembly, and would have certainly +been elected; but he refused, saying that he knew how to fight, but not +how to talk. + +The commonwealth attorney and the magistrate listened but very +carelessly to these details, with which they were perfectly familiar. +Suddenly M. Galpin asked,-- + +“Are we not getting near? I look and look; but I see no trace of a +fire.” + +“We are in a deep valley,” replied the mayor. “But we are quite near +now, and, at the top of that hill before us, you will see enough.” + +This hill is well known in the whole province, and is frequently called +the Sauveterre Mountain. It is so steep, and consists of such hard +granite, that the engineers who laid out the great turnpike turned miles +out of their way to avoid it. It overlooks the whole country; and, when +M. Seneschal and his companions had reached the top, they could not +control their excitement. + +“Horresco!” murmured the attorney. + +The burning house itself was hid by high trees; but columns of fire rose +high above the tops, and illumined the whole region with their sombre +light. The whole country was in a state of excitement. The short, square +tower of Brechy sent the alarm from its big bell; and in the deep shade +on all sides was heard the strange sound of the huge shells which +the people here use for signals, and for the summoning of laborers at +mealtimes. Hurried steps were heard on all the high-roads and by-roads; +and peasants were continuously rushing by, with a bucket in each hand. + +“It is too late for help,” said M. Galpin. + +“Such a fine property!” said the mayor, “and so well managed!” And +regardless of danger, he dashed forward, down the hill; for Valpinson +lies in a deep valley, half a mile from the river. Here all was terror, +disorder, and confusion; and yet there was no lack of hands or of +good-will. At the first alarm, all the people of the neighborhood had +hurried up, and there were more coming every moment; but there was no +one there to assume the command. They were mainly engaged in saving the +furniture. The boldest tried to get into the rooms, and in a kind of +rage, threw every thing they could lay hold on out of the window. Thus +the courtyard was already half full of beds and mattresses, chairs and +tables, books, linen, and clothes. + +An immense clamor greeted the mayor and his companions. + +“Here comes the mayor!” cried the peasants, encouraged by his presence, +and all ready to obey him. + +M. Seneschal took in the whole situation at a glance. + +“Yes, here I am, my friends,” he said, “and I thank you for your zeal. +Now we must try not to waste our efforts. The farm buildings and +the workshops are lost: we must give them up. Let us try to save the +dwelling-house. The river is not far. We must form a chain. Everybody in +line,--men and women! And now for water, water! Here come the engines!” + +They really came thundering up: the firemen appeared on the scene. Capt. +Parenteau took the command. At last the mayor was at leisure to inquire +after Count Claudieuse. + +“Master is down there,” replied an old woman, pointing at a little +cottage with a thatched roof. “The doctor has had him carried there.” + +“Let us go and see how he is,” said the mayor to his two companions. +They stopped at the door of the only room of the cottage. It was a large +room with a floor of beaten clay; while overhead the blackened beams +were full of working tools and parcels of seeds. Two beds with twisted +columns and yellow curtains filled one side: on that on the left hand +lay a little girl, four years old, fast asleep, and rolled up in a +blanket, watched over by her sister, who was two or three years older. +On the other bed, Count Claudieuse was lying, or rather sitting; for +they had supported his back by all the pillows that had been saved from +the fire. His chest was bare, and covered with blood; and a man, Dr. +Seignebos, with his coat off, and his sleeves rolled up above the +elbows, was bending over him, and holding a sponge in one hand and a +probe in the other, seemed to be engaged in a delicate and dangerous +operation. + +The countess, in a light muslin dress, was standing at the foot of her +husband’s bed, pale but admirably composed and resigned. She was holding +a lamp, and moved it to and fro as the doctor directed. In a corner two +servant-women were sitting on a box, and crying, their aprons turned +over their heads. + +At last the mayor of Sauveterre overcame his painful impressions, and +entered the room. Count Claudieuse was the first to perceive him, and +said,-- + +“Ah, here is our good M. Seneschal. Come nearer, my friend; come nearer. +You see the year 1871 is a fatal year. It will soon leave me nothing but +a few handfuls of ashes of all I possessed.” + +“It is a great misfortune,” replied the excellent mayor; “but, after +all, it is less than we apprehended. God be thanked, you are safe!” + +“Who knows? I am suffering terribly.” + +The countess trembled. + +“Trivulce!” she whispered in a tone of entreaty. “Trivulce!” + +Never did lover glance at his beloved with more tenderness than Count +Claudieuse did at his wife. + +“Pardon me, my dear Genevieve, pardon me, if I show any want of +courage.” + +A sudden nervous spasm seized him; and then he exclaimed in a loud +voice, which sounded like a trumpet,-- + +“Sir! But sir! Thunder and lightning! You kill me!” + +“I have some chloroform here,” replied the physician coldly. + +“I do not want any.” + +“Then you must make up your mind to suffer, and keep quiet now; for +every motion adds to your pain.” + +Then sponging a jet of blood which spurted out from under his knife, he +added,-- + +“However, you shall have a few minutes rest now. My eyes and my hand are +exhausted. I see I am no longer young.” + +Dr. Seignebos was sixty years old. He was a small, thin man, with a bald +head and a bilious complexion, carelessly dressed, and spending his life +in taking off, wiping, and putting back again his large gold spectacles. +His reputation was widespread; and they told of wonderful cures which +he had accomplished. Still he had not many friends. The common people +disliked his bitterness; the peasants, his strictness in demanding his +fees; and the townspeople, his political views. + +There was a story that one evening, at a public dinner, he had gotten up +and said, “I drink to the memory of the only physician of whose pure and +chaste renown I am envious,--the memory of my countryman, Dr. Guillotin +of Saintes!” + +Had he really offered such a toast? The fact is, he pretended to be a +fierce radical, and was certainly the soul and the oracle of the small +socialistic clubs in the neighborhood. People looked aghast when he +began to talk of the reforms which he thought necessary; and they +trembled when he proclaimed his convictions, that “the sword and the +torch ought to search the rotten foundations of society.” + +These opinions, certain utilitarian views of like eccentricity, and +still stranger experiments which he openly carried on before the whole +world, had led people more than once to doubt the soundness of his mind. +The most charitable said, “He is an oddity.” This eccentric man had +naturally no great fondness for M. Seneschal, the mayor, a former +lawyer, and a legitimist. He did not think much of the commonwealth +attorney, a useless bookworm. But he detested M. Galpin. Still he bowed +to the three men; and, without minding his patient, he said to them,-- + +“You see, gentlemen, Count Claudieuse is in a bad plight. He has been +fired at with a gun loaded with small shot; and wounds made in that way +are very puzzling. I trust no vital part has been injured; but I cannot +answer for any thing. I have often in my practice seen very small +injuries, wounds caused by a small-sized shot, which, nevertheless, +proved fatal, and showed their true character only twelve or fifteen +hours after the accident had happened.” + +He would have gone on in this way, if the magistrate had not suddenly +interrupted him, saying,-- + +“Doctor, you know I am here because a crime has been committed. The +criminal has to be found out, and to be punished: hence I request your +assistance, from this moment, in the name of the Law.” + + + +III. + +By this single phrase M. Galpin made himself master of the situation, +and reduced the doctor to an inferior position, in which, it is true, he +had the mayor and the commonwealth attorney to bear him company. There +was nothing now to be thought of, but the crime that had been committed, +and the judge who was to punish the author. But he tried in vain to +assume all the rigidity of his official air and that contempt for human +feelings which has made justice so hateful to thousands. His whole being +was impregnated with intense satisfaction, up to his beard, cut and +trimmed like the box-hedges of an old-fashioned garden. + +“Well, doctor,” he asked, “first of all, have you any objection to my +questioning your patient?” + +“It would certainly be better for him to be left alone,” growled Dr. +Seignebos. “I have made him suffer enough this last hour; and I shall +directly begin again cutting out the small pieces of lead which have +honeycombed his flesh. But if it must be”-- + +“It must be.” + +“Well, then, make haste; for the fever will set in presently.” + +M. Daubigeon could not conceal his annoyance. He called out,-- + +“Galpin, Galpin!” + +The other man paid no attention. Having taken a note-book and a pencil +from his pocket, he drew up close to the sick man’s bed, and asked him +in an undertone,-- + +“Are you strong enough, count, to answer my questions?” + +“Oh, perfectly!” + +“Then, pray tell me all you know of the sad events of to-night.” + +With the aid of his wife and Dr. Seignebos, the count raised himself on +his pillows, and began thus,-- + +“Unfortunately, the little I know will be of no use in aiding justice to +discover the guilty man. It may have been eleven o’clock, for I am not +even quite sure of the hour, when I had gone to bed, and just blown out +my candle: suddenly a bright light fell upon the window. I was amazed, +and utterly confused; for I was in that state of sleepiness which is not +yet sleep, but very much like it. I said to myself, ‘What can this be?’ +but I did not get up: I only was roused by a great noise, like the crash +of a falling wall; and then I jumped out of bed, and said to myself, +‘The house is on fire!’ What increased my anxiety was the fact, which +I at once recollected, that there were in the courtyard, and all around +the house, some sixteen thousand bundles of dry wood, which had been +cut last year. Half dressed, I rushed downstairs. I was very much +bewildered, I confess, and could hardly succeed in opening the outer +door: still I did open it at last. But I had barely put my foot on +the threshold, when I felt in my right side, a little above the hip, a +fierce pain, and heard at the same time, quite close to me, a shot.” + +The magistrate interrupted him by a gesture. + +“Your statement, count, is certainly remarkably clear. But there is one +point we must try to establish. Were you really fired at the moment you +showed yourself at the door?” + +“Yes, sir.” + +“Then the murderer must have been quite near on the watch. He must have +known that the fire would bring you out; and he was lying in wait for +you.” + +“That was and still is my impression,” declared the count. + +M. Galpin turned to M. Daubigeon. + +“Then,” he said to him, “the murder is the principal fact with which we +have to do; and the fire is only an aggravating circumstance,--the +means which the criminal employed in order to succeed the better in +perpetrating his crime.” + +Then, returning to the count, he said,-- + +“Pray go on.” + +“When I felt I was wounded,” continued Count Claudieuse, “my first +impulse was instinctively to rush forward to the place from which the +gun seemed to have been fired at me. I had not proceeded three yards, +when I felt the same pain once more in the shoulder and in the neck. +This second wound was more serous than the first; for I lost my +consciousness, my head began to swim and I fell.” + +“You had not seen the murderer?” + +“I beg your pardon. At the moment when I fell, I thought I saw a man +rush forth from behind a pile of fagots, cross the courtyard, and +disappear in the fields.” + +“Would you recognize him?” + +“No.” + +“But you saw how he was dressed: you can give me a description?” + +“No, I cannot. I felt as if there was a veil before my eyes; and he +passed me like a shadow.” + +The magistrate could hardly conceal his disappointment. + +“Never mind,” he said, “we’ll find him out. But go on, sir.” + +The count shook his head. + +“I have nothing more to say,” he replied. “I had fainted; and when I +recovered my consciousness, some hours later, I found myself here lying +on this bed.” + +M. Galpin noted down the count’s answers with scrupulous exactness: when +he had done, he asked again,-- + +“We must return to the details of the attack, and examine them minutely. +Now, however, it is important to know what happened after you fell. Who +could tell us that?” + +“My wife, sir.” + +“I thought so. The countess, no doubt, got up when you rose.” + +“My wife had not gone to bed.” + +The magistrate turned suddenly to the countess; and at a glance he +perceived that her costume was not that of a lady who had been suddenly +roused from slumber by the burning of her house. + +“I see,” he said to himself. + +“Bertha,” the count went on to state, “our youngest daughter, who is +lying there on that bed, under the blanket, has the measles, and is +suffering terribly. My wife was sitting up with her. Unfortunately the +windows of her room look upon the garden, on the side opposite to that +where the fire broke out.” + +“How, then, did the countess become aware of the accident?” asked the +magistrate. + +Without waiting for a more direct question, the countess came forward +and said,-- + +“As my husband has just told you, I was sitting up with my little +Bertha. I was rather tired; for I had sat up the night before also, and +I had begun to nod, when a sudden noise aroused me. I was not quite sure +whether I had really heard such a noise; but just then a second shot +was heard. I left the room more astonished than frightened. Ah, sir! The +fire had already made such headway, that the staircase was as light as +in broad day. I went down in great haste. The outer door was open. I +went out; and there, some five or six yards from me, I saw, by the +light of the flames, the body of my husband lying on the ground. I threw +myself upon him; but he did not even hear me; his heart had ceased to +beat. I thought he was dead; I called for help; I was in despair.” + +M. Seneschal and M. Daubigeon trembled with excitement. + +“Well, very well!” said M. Galpin, with an air of satisfaction,--“very +well done!” + +“You know,” continued the countess, “how hard it is to rouse +country-people. It seems to me I remained ever so long alone there, +kneeling by the side of my husband. At last the brightness of the fire +awakened some of the farm-hands, the workmen, and our servants. They +rushed out, crying, ‘Fire!’ When they saw me, they ran up and helped +me carry my husband to a place of safety; for the danger was increasing +every minute. The fire was spreading with terrific violence, thanks to +a furious wind. The barns were one vast mass of fire; the outbuildings +were burning; the distillery was in a blaze; and the roof of the +dwelling-house was flaming up in various places. And there was not one +cool head among them all. I was so utterly bewildered, that I forgot all +about my children; and their room was already in flames, when a brave, +bold fellow rushed in, and snatched them from the very jaws of death. I +did not come to myself till Dr. Seignebos arrived, and spoke to me words +of hope. This fire will probably ruin us; but what matters that, so long +as my husband and my children are safe?” + +Dr. Seignebos had more than once given utterance to his contemptuous +impatience: he did not appreciate these preliminary steps. The others, +however, the mayor, the attorney, and even the servants, had hardly +been able to suppress their excitement. He shrugged his shoulders, and +growled between his teeth,-- + +“Mere formalities! How petty! How childish!” + +After having taken off his spectacles, wiped them and replaced them +twenty times, he had sat down at the rickety table in the corner of the +room, and amused himself with arranging the fifteen or twenty shot he +had extracted from the count’s wounds, in long lines or small circles. +But, when the countess uttered her last words, he rose, and, turning to +M. Galpin, said in a curt tone,-- + +“Now, sir, I hope you will let me have my patient again.” + +The magistrate was not a little incensed: there was reason enough, +surely; and, frowning fiercely, he said,-- + +“I appreciate, sir, the importance of your duties; but mine are, I +think, by no means less solemn nor less urgent.” + +“Oh!” + +“Consequently you will be pleased, sir, to grant me five minutes more.” + +“Ten, if it must be, sir. Only I warn you that every minute henceforth +may endanger the life of my patient.” + +They had drawn near to each other, and were measuring each other with +defiant looks, which betrayed the bitterest animosity. They would surely +not quarrel at the bedside of a dying man? The countess seemed to fear +such a thing; for she said reproachfully,-- + +“Gentlemen, I pray, gentlemen”-- + +Perhaps her intervention would have been of no avail, if M. Seneschal +and M. Daubigeon had not stepped in, each addressing one of the two +adversaries. M. Galpin was apparently the most obstinate of the two; +for, in spite of all, he began once more to question the count, and +said,-- + +“I have only one more question to ask you, sir: Where and how were you +standing, where and how do you think the murderer was standing, at the +moment when the crime was committed?” + +“Sir,” replied the count, evidently with a great effort, “I was +standing, as I told you, on the threshold of my door, facing the +courtyard. The murderer must have been standing some twenty yards off, +on my right, behind a pile of wood.” + +When he had written down the answer of the wounded man, the magistrate +turned once more to the physician, and said,-- + +“You heard what was said, sir. It is for you now to aid justice by +telling us at what distance the murderer must have been when he fired.” + +“I don’t guess riddles,” replied the physician coarsely. + +“Ah, have a care, sir!” said M. Galpin. “Justice, whom I here represent, +has the right and the means to enforce respect. You are a physician, +sir; and your science is able to answer my question with almost +mathematical accuracy.” + +The physician laughed, and said,-- + +“Ah, indeed! Science has reached that point, has it? Which science? +Medical jurisprudence, no doubt,--that part of our profession which is +at the service of the courts, and obeys the judges’ behests.” + +“Sir!” + +But the doctor was not the man to allow himself to be defeated a second +time. He went on coolly,-- + +“I know what you are going to say; there is no handbook of medical +jurisprudence which does not peremptorily settle the question you ask +me. I have studied these handbooks, these formidable weapons which you +gentlemen of the bar know so well how to handle. I know the opinions +of a Devergie and an Orfila, I know even what Casper and Tardieu, and +a host of others teach on that subject. I am fully aware that these +gentlemen claim to be able to tell you by the inch at what distance +a shot has been fired. But I am not so skilful. I am only a poor +country-practitioner, a simple healer of diseases. And before I give an +opinion which may cost a poor devil his life, innocent though he be, I +must have time to reflect, to consult data, and to compare other cases +in my practice.” + +He was so evidently right in reality, if not in form, that even M. +Galpin gave way. + +“It is merely as a matter of information that I request your opinion, +sir,” he replied. “Your real and carefully-considered professional +opinion will, of course, be given in a special statement.” + +“Ah, if that is the case!” + +“Pray, inform me, then unofficially, what you think of the nature of the +wounds of Count Claudieuse.” + +Dr. Seignebos settled his spectacles ceremoniously on his nose, and then +replied,-- + +“My impression, so far as I am now able to judge, is that the count has +stated the facts precisely as they were. I am quite ready to believe +that the murderer was lying in ambush behind one of the piles of wood, +and at the distance which he has mentioned. I am also able to affirm +that the two shots were fired at different distances,--one much nearer +than the other. The proof of it lies in the nature of the wounds, one of +which, near the hip may be scientifically called”-- + +“But we know at what distance a ball is spent,” broke in M. Seneschal, +whom the doctor’s dogmatic tone began to annoy. + +“Ah, do we know that, indeed? You know it, M. Seneschal? Well, I declare +I do not know it. To be sure, I bear in mind, what you seem to forget, +that we have no longer, as in former days, only three or four kinds +of guns. Did you think of the immense variety of fire-arms, French and +English, American and German, which are nowadays found in everybody’s +hands? Do you not see, you who have been a lawyer and a magistrate, that +the whole legal question will be based upon this grave and all-important +point?” + +Thereupon the physician resumed his instruments, resolved to give no +other answer, and was about to go to work once more when fearful +cries were heard without; and the lawyers, the mayor, and the countess +herself, rushed at once to the door. + +These cries were, unfortunately, not uttered without cause. The roof of +the main building had just fallen in, burying under its ruins the +poor drummer who had a few hours ago beaten the alarm, and one of the +firemen, the most respected carpenter in Sauveterre, and a father of +five children. + +Capt. Parenteau seemed to be maddened by this disaster; and all vied +with each other in efforts to rescue the poor fellows, who were uttering +shrieks of horror that rose high above the crash of falling timbers. But +all their endeavors were unavailing. One of the gendarmes and a farmer, +who had nearly succeeded in reaching the sufferers, barely escaped being +burnt themselves, and were only rescued after having been dangerously +injured. Then only it seemed as if all became fully aware of the +abominable crime committed by the incendiary. Then only the clouds +of smoke and the columns of fire, which rose high into the air, were +accompanied by fierce cries of vengeance rising heavenwards. + +“Death to the incendiary! Death!” + +At the moment M. Seneschal felt himself inspired with a sudden thought. +He knew how cautious peasants are, and how difficult it is to make them +tell what they know. He climbed, therefore, upon a heap of fallen beams, +and said in a clear, loud voice,-- + +“Yes, my friends, you are right: death to the incendiary! Yes, the +unfortunate victims of the basest of all crimes must be avenged. We must +find out the incendiary; we must! You want it to be done, don’t you? +Well, it depends only on you. There must be some one among you who knows +something about this matter. Let him come forward and tell us what he +has seen or heard. Remember that the smallest trifle may be a clew +to the crime. You would be as bad as the incendiary himself, if you +concealed him. Just think it over, consider.” + +Loud voices were heard in the crowd; then suddenly a voice said,-- + +“There is one here who can tell.” + +“Who?” + +“Cocoleu. He was there from the beginning. It was he who went and +brought the children of the countess out of their room. What has become +of him?--Cocoleu, Cocoleu!” + +One must have lived in the country, among these simple-minded peasants, +to understand the excitement and the fury of all these men and women as +they crowded around the ruins of Valpinson. People in town do not mind +brigands, in general: they have their gas, their strong doors, and +the police. They are generally little afraid of fire. They have their +fire-alarms; and at the first spark the neighbor cries, “Fire!” The +engines come racing up; and water comes forth as if by magic. But it +is very different in the country: here every man is constantly under +a sense of his isolation. A simple latch protects his door; and no one +watches over his safety at night. If a murderer should attack him, his +cries could bring no help. If fire should break out, his house would be +burnt down before the neighbors could reach it; and he is happy who can +save his own life and that of his family. Hence all these good people, +whom the mayor’s words had deeply excited, were eager to find out the +only man who knew anything about this calamity, Cocoleu. + +He was well known among them, and for many years. + +There was not one among them who had not given him a piece of bread, or +a bowl of soup, when he was hungry; not one of them had ever refused +him a night’s rest on the straw in his barn, when it was raining or +freezing, and the poor fellow wanted a shelter. + +For Cocoleu was one of those unfortunate beings who labor under a +grievous physical or moral deformity. + +Some twenty years ago, a wealthy land-owner in Brechy had sent to the +nearest town for half a dozen painters, whom he kept at his house nearly +a whole summer, painting and decorating his newly-built house. One of +these men had seduced a girl in the neighborhood, whom he had bewitched +by his long white blouse, his handsome brown mustache, his good spirits, +gay songs, and flattering speeches. But, when the work was done, the +tempter had flown away with the others, without thinking any more of the +poor girl than of the last cigar which he had smoked. + +And yet she was expecting a child. When she could no longer conceal +her condition, she was turned out of the house in which she had been +employed; and her family, unable to support themselves, drove her away +without mercy. Overcome with grief, shame, and remorse, poor Colette +wandered from farm to farm, begging, insulted, laughed at, beaten even +at times. Thus it came about, that in a dark wood, one dismal winter +evening, she gave life to a male child. No one ever understood how +mother and child managed to survive. But both lived; and for many a year +they were seen in and around Sauveterre, covered with rags, and living +upon the dear-bought generosity of the peasants. + +Then the mother died, utterly forsaken by human help, as she had lived. +They found her body, one morning, in a ditch by the wayside. + +The child survived alone. He was then eight years old, quite strong +and tall for his age. A farmer took pity on him, and took him home. +The little wretch was not fit for anything: he could not even keep +his master’s cows. During his mother’s lifetime, his silence, his wild +looks, and his savage appearance, had been attributed to his wretched +mode of life. But when people began to be interested in him, they found +out that his intellect had never been aroused. He was an idiot, and, +besides, subject to that terrible nervous affection which at times +shakes the whole body and disfigures the face by the violence of +uncontrollable convulsions. He was not a deaf-mute; but he could +only stammer out with intense difficulty a few disjointed syllables. +Sometimes the country people would say to him,-- + +“Tell us your name, and you shall have a cent.” + +Then it took him five minutes’ hard work to utter, amid a thousand +painful contortions, the name of his mother. + +“Co-co-co-lette.” + +Hence came his name Cocoleu. It had been ascertained that he was utterly +unable to do anything; and people ceased to interest themselves in his +behalf. The consequence was, that he became a vagabond as of old. + +It was about this time that Dr. Seignebos, on one of his visits, met him +one day on the public road. + +This excellent man had, among other extraordinary notions, the +conviction that idiocy is nothing more than a defective state of +the brains, which may be remedied by the use of certain well-known +substances, such as phosphorus, for instance. He lost no time in seizing +upon this admirable opportunity to test his theory. Cocoleu was sent +for, and installed in his house. He subjected him to a treatment which +he kept secret; and only a druggist at Sauveterre, who was also +well known as entertaining very extraordinary notions, knew what +had happened. At the end of eighteen months, Cocoleu had fallen off +terribly: he talked perhaps, a little more fluently; but his intellect +had not been perceptibly improved. + +Dr. Seignebos was discouraged. He made up a parcel of things which he +had given to his patient, put it into his hands, pushed him out of his +door, and told him never to come back again. + +The doctor had rendered Cocoleu a sad service. The poor idiot had lost +the habit of privation: he had forgotten how to go from door to door, +asking for alms; and he would have perished, if his good fortune had not +led him to knock at the door of the house at Valpinson. + +Count Claudieuse and his wife were touched by his wretchedness, and +determined to take charge of him. They gave him a room and a bed at one +of the farmhouses; but they could never induce him to stay there. He +was by nature a vagabond; and the instinct was too strong for him. In +winter, frost and snow kept him in for a little while; but as soon as +the first leaves came out, he went wandering again through forest and +field, remaining absent often for weeks altogether. + +At last, however, something seemed to have been aroused in him, which +looked like the instinct of a domesticated animal. His attachment to +the countess resembled that of a dog, even in the capers and cries with +which he greeted her whenever he saw her. Often, when she went out, he +accompanied her, running and frolicking around her just like a dog. He +was also very fond of little girls, and seemed to resent it when he was +kept from them: for people were afraid his nervous attacks might affect +the children. + +With time he had also become capable of performing some simple service. +He could be intrusted with certain messages: he could water the flowers, +summon a servant, or even carry a letter to the post-office at Brechy. +His progress in this respect was so marked, that some of the more +cunning peasants began to suspect that Cocoleu was not so “innocent,” + after all, as he looked, and that he was cleverly playing the fool in +order to enjoy life easily. + +“We have him at last,” cried several voices at once. “Here he is; here +he is!” + +The crowd made way promptly; and almost immediately a young man +appeared, led and pushed forward by several persons. Cocoleu’s clothes, +all in disorder, showed clearly that he had offered a stout resistance. +He was a youth of about eighteen years, very tall, quite beardless, +excessively thin, and so loosely jointed, that he looked like a +hunchback. A mass of reddish hair came down his low, retreating +forehead. His small eyes, his enormous mouth bristling with sharp teeth, +his broad flat nose, and his immense ears, gave to his face a strange +idiotic expression, and to his whole appearance a most painful brutish +air. + +“What must we do with him?” asked the peasants of the mayor. + +“We must take him before the magistrate, my friends,” replied M. +Seneschal,--“down there in that cottage, where you have carried the +count.” + +“And we’ll make him talk,” threatened his captors. “You hear! Go on, +quick!” + + + +IV. + +M. Galpin and the doctor had both considered it a point of honor who +should show the most perfect indifference; and thus they had betrayed +by no sign their curiosity to know what was going on out doors. Dr. +Seignebos was on the point of resuming the operation; and, as coolly as +if he had been in his own rooms at home, he was washing the sponge which +he had just used, and wiping his instruments. The magistrate, on the +other hand, was standing in the centre of the room, his arms crossed, +his eyes fixed upon the infinite, apparently. It may be he was thinking +of his star which had at last brought him that famous criminal case for +which he had ardently longed many a year. + +Count Claudieuse, however, was very far from sharing their reserve. He +was tossing about on his bed; and as soon as the mayor and his friend +reappeared, looking quite upset, he exclaimed,-- + +“What does that uproar mean?” + +And, when he had heard of the calamity, he added,-- + +“Great God! And I was complaining of my losses. Two men killed! That is +a real misfortune. Poor men! to die because they were so brave,--Bolton +hardly thirty years old; Guillebault, a father of a family, who leaves +five children, and not a cent!” + +The countess, coming in at that moment, heard his last words. + +“As long as we have a mouthful of bread,” she said in a voice full of +deep emotion, “neither Bolton’s mother, nor Guillebault’s children, +shall ever know what want is.” + +She could not say another word; for at that moment the peasants crowded +into the room, pushing the prisoner before them. + +“Where is the magistrate?” they asked. “Here is a witness!” + +“What, Cocoleu!” exclaimed the count. + +“Yes, he knows something: he said so himself. We want him to tell it to +the magistrate. We want the incendiary to be caught.” + +Dr. Seignebos had frowned fiercely. He execrated Cocoleu, whose sight +recalled to him that great failure which the good people of Sauveterre +were not likely to forget soon. + +“You do not really mean to examine him?” he asked, turning to M. Galpin. + +“Why not?” answered the magistrate dryly. + +“Because he is an imbecile, sir, an idiot. Because he cannot possibly +understand your questions, or the importance of his answers.” + +“He may give us a valuable hint, nevertheless.” + +“He? A man who has no sense? You don’t really think so. The law cannot +attach any importance to the evidence of a fool.” + +M. Galpin betrayed his impatience by an increase of stiffness, as he +replied,-- + +“I know my duty, sir.” + +“And I,” replied the physician,--“I also know what I have to do. You +have summoned me to assist you in this investigation. I obey; and I +declare officially, that the mental condition of this unfortunate man +makes his evidence utterly worthless. I appeal to the commonwealth +attorney.” + +He had hoped for a word of encouragement from M. Daubigeon; but nothing +came. Then he went on,-- + +“Take care, sir, or you may get yourself into trouble. What would you do +if this poor fellow should make a formal charge against any one? Could +you attach any weight to his word?” + +The peasants were listening with open mouths. One of them said,-- + +“Oh! Cocoleu is not so innocent as he looks.” + +“He can say very well what he wants to say, the scamp!” added another. + +“At all events, I am indebted to him for the life of my children,” said +the count gently. “He thought of them when I was unconscious, and when +no one else remembered them. Come, Cocoleu, come nearer, my friend, +don’t be afraid: there is no one here to hurt you.” + +It was very well the count used such kind words; for Cocoleu was +thoroughly terrified by the brutal treatment he had received, and was +trembling in all his limbs. + +“I am--not--a--afraid,” he stammered out. + +“Once more I protest,” said the physician. + +He had found out that he stood not alone in his opinion. Count +Claudieuse came to his assistance, saying,-- + +“I really think it might be dangerous to question Cocoleu.” + +But the magistrate was master of the situation, and conscious of all the +powers conferred upon him by the laws of France in such cases. + +“I must beg, gentlemen,” he said, in a tone which did not allow of any +reply,--“I must beg to be permitted to act in my own way.” + +And sitting down, he asked Cocoleu,-- + +“Come, my boy, listen to me, and try to understand what I say. Do you +know what has happened at Valpinson?” + +“Fire,” replied the idiot. + +“Yes, my friend, fire, which burns down the house of your +benefactor,--fire, which has killed two good men. But that is not all: +they have tried to murder the count. Do you see him there in his bed, +wounded, and covered with blood? Do you see the countess, how she +suffers?” + +Did Cocoleu follow him? His distorted features betrayed nothing of what +might be going on within him. + +“Nonsense!” growled the doctor, “what obstinacy! What folly!” + +M. Galpin heard him, and said angrily,-- + +“Sir, do not force me to remind you that I have not far from here, men +whose duty it is to see that my authority is respected here.” + +Then, turning again to the poor idiot, he went on,-- + +“All these misfortunes are the work of a vile incendiary. You hate him, +don’t you; you detest him, the rascal!” + +“Yes,” said Cocoleu. + +“You want him to be punished, don’t you?” + +“Yes, yes!” + +“Well, then you must help me to find him out, so that the gendarmes may +catch him, and put him in jail. You know who it is; you have told these +people and”-- + +He paused, and after a moment, as Cocoleu kept silent, he asked,-- + +“But, now I think of it, whom has this poor fellow talked to?” + +Not one of the peasants could tell. They inquired; but no answer came. +Perhaps Cocoleu had never said what he was reported to have said. + +“The fact is,” said one of the tenants at Valpinson, “that the poor +devil, so to say, never sleeps, and that he is roaming about all night +around the house and the farm buildings.” + +This was a new light for M. Galpin; suddenly changing the form of his +interrogatory, he asked Cocoleu,-- + +“Where did you spend the night?” + +“In--in--the--court--yard.” + +“Were you asleep when the fire broke out?” + +“No.” + +“Did you see it commence?” + +“Yes.” + +“How did it commence?” + +The idiot looked fixedly at the Countess Claudieuse with the timid and +abject expression of a dog who tries to read something in his master’s +eyes. + +“Tell us, my friend,” said the Countess gently,--“tell us.” + +A flash of intelligence shone in Cocoleu’s eyes. + +“They--they set it on fire,” he stammered. + +“On purpose?” + +“Yes.” + +“Who?” + +“A gentleman.” + +There was not a person present at this extraordinary scene who did not +anxiously hold his breath as the word was uttered. The doctor alone kept +cool, and exclaimed,-- + +“Such an examination is sheer folly!” + +But the magistrate did not seem to hear his words; and, turning to +Cocoleu, he asked him, in a deeply agitated tone of voice-- + +“Did you see the gentleman?” + +“Yes.” + +“Do you know who he is?” + +“Very--very--well.” + +“What is his name?” + +“Oh, yes!” + +“What is his name? Tell us.” + +Cocoleu’s features betrayed the fearful anguish of his mind. +He hesitated, and at last he answered, making a violent +effort,--“Bois--Bois--Boiscoran!” + +The name was received with murmurs of indignation and incredulous +laughter. There was not a shadow of doubt or of suspicion. The peasants +said,-- + +“M. de Boiscoran an incendiary! Who does he think will believe that +story?” + +“It is absurd!” said Count Claudieuse. + +“Nonsense!” repeated the mayor and his friend. + +Dr. Siegnebos had taken off his spectacles, and was wiping them with an +air of intense satisfaction. + +“What did I tell you?” he exclaimed. “But the gentleman did not +condescend to attach any importance to my suggestions.” + +The magistrate was by far the most excited man in the crowd. He had +turned excessively pale, and made, visibly, the greatest efforts to +preserve his equanimity. The commonwealth attorney leaned over towards +him, and whispered,-- + +“If I were in your place, I would stop here, and consider the answer as +not given.” + +But M. Galpin was one of those men who are blinded by self-conceit, +and who would rather be cut to pieces than admit that they have been +mistaken. He answered,-- + +“I shall go on.” + +Then turning once more to Cocoleu, in the midst of so deep a silence +that the buzzing of a fly would have been distinctly heard, he asked,-- + +“Do you know, my boy, what you say? Do you know that you are accusing a +man of a horrible crime?” + +Whether Cocoleu understood, or not, he was evidently deeply agitated. +Big drops of perspiration rolled slowly down his temples; and nervous +shocks agitated his limbs, and convulsed his features. + +“I, I--am--telling the--truth!” he said at last. + +“M. de. Boiscoran has set Valpinson on fire?” + +“Yes.” + +“How did he do it?” + +Cocoleu’s restless eyes wandered incessantly from the count, who looked +indignant, to the countess, who seemed to listen with painful surprise. +The magistrate repeated,-- + +“Speak!” + +After another moment’s hesitation, the idiot began to explain what +he had seen; and it took him many minutes to state, amid countless +contortions, and painful efforts to speak, that he had seen M. de +Boiscoran pull out some papers from his pocket, light them with a +match, put them under a rick of straw near by, and push the burning mass +towards two enormous piles of wood which were in close contact with a +vat full of spirits. + +“This is sheer nonsense!” cried the doctor, thus giving words to what +they all seemed to feel. + +But M. Galpin had mastered his excitement. He said solemnly,-- + +“At the first sign of applause or of displeasure, I shall send for the +gendarmes, and have the room cleared.” + +Then, turning once more to Cocoleu, he said,-- + +“Since you saw M. de Boiscoran so distinctly, tell us how he was +dressed.” + +“He had light trousers on,” replied the idiot, stammering still most +painfully, “a dark-brown shooting-jacket, and a big straw hat. His +trousers were stuffed into his boots.” + +Two or three peasants looked at each other, as if they had at last hit +upon a suspicious fact. The costume which Cocoleu had so accurately +described was well known to them all. + +“And when he had kindled the fire,” said the magistrate again, “what did +he do next?” + +“He hid behind the woodpile.” + +“And then?” + +“He loaded his gun, and, when master came out, he fired.” + +Count Claudieuse was so indignant that he forgot the pain which his +wounds caused him, and raised himself on his bed. + +“It is monstrous,” he exclaimed, “to allow an idiot to charge an +honorable man with such a crime! If he really saw M. de Boiscoran set +the house on fire, and hide himself in order to murder me, why did he +not come and warn me?” + +Mr. Galpin repeated the question submissively, to the great amazement of +the mayor and M. Daubigeon. + +“Why did you not give warning?” he asked Cocoleu. + +But the efforts which the unfortunate man had made during the last +half-hour had exhausted his little strength. He broke out into stupid +laughter; and almost instantly one of his fearful nervous attacks +overcame him: he fell down yelling, and had to be carried away. + +The magistrate had risen, pale and deeply excited, but evidently +meditating on what was to be done next. The commonwealth attorney asked +him in an undertone what he was going to do; and the lawyer replied,-- + +“Prosecute!” + +“What?” + +“Can I do otherwise in my position? God is my witness that I tried +my best, by urging this poor idiot, to prove the absurdity of his +accusation. But the result has disappointed me.” + +“And now?” + +“Now I can no longer hesitate. There have been ten witnesses present at +the examination. My honor is at stake. I must establish either the guilt +or the innocence of the man whom Cocoleu accuses.” Immediately, walking +up to the count’s bed, he asked,-- + +“Will you have the kindness, Count Claudieuse, to tell me what your +relations are to M. de Boiscoran?” + +Surprise and indignation caused the wounded man to blush deeply. + +“Can it be possible, sir, that you believe the words of that idiot?” + +“I believe nothing,” answered the magistrate. “My duty is to unravel the +truth; and I mean to do it.” + +“The doctor has told you what the state of Cocoleu’s mind is?” + +“Count, I beg you will answer my question.” + +Count Claudieuse looked angry; but he replied promptly,-- + +“My relations with M. de Boiscoran are neither good nor bad. We have +none.” + +“It is reported, I have heard it myself, that you are on bad terms.” + +“On no terms at all. I never leave Valpinson, and M. de Boiscoran spends +nine months of the year in Paris. He has never called at my house, and I +have never been in his.” + +“You have been overheard speaking of him in unmeasured terms.” + +“That may be. We are neither of the same age, nor have we the same +tastes or the same opinions. He is young: I am old. He likes Paris and +the great world: I am fond of solitude and hunting. I am a Legitimist: +he used to be an Orleanist, and now he is a Republican. I believe that +the descendant of our old kings alone can save the country; and he +is convinced that the happiness of France is possible only under a +Republic. But two men may be enemies, and yet esteem each other. M. de +Boiscoran is an honorable man; he has done his duty bravely in the war, +he has fought well, and has been wounded.” + +M. Galpin noted down these answers with extreme care. When he had done +so, he continued,-- + +“The question is not one of political opinions only. You have had +personal difficulties with M. de Boiscoran.” + +“Of no importance.” + +“I beg pardon: you have been at law.” + +“Our estates adjoin each other. There is an unlucky brook between us, +which is a source of constant trouble to the neighbors.” + +M. Galpin shook his head, and added,-- + +“These are not the only difficulties you have had with each other. +Everybody in the country knows that you have had violent altercations.” + +Count Claudieuse seemed to be in great distress. + +“It is true: we have used hard words. M. de Boiscoran had two wretched +dogs that were continually escaping from his kennels, and came hunting +in my fields. You cannot imagine how much game they destroyed.” + +“Exactly so. And one day you met M. de Boiscoran, and you warned him +that you would shoot his dogs.” + +“I must confess I was furious. But I was wrong, a thousand times wrong: +I did threaten”-- + +“That is it. You were both of you armed. You threatened one another: he +actually aimed at you. Don’t deny it. A number of persons have seen it; +and I know it. He has told me so himself.” + + + +V. + +There was not a person in the whole district who did not know of what +a fearful disease poor Cocoleu was suffering; and everybody knew, also, +that it was perfectly useless to try and help him. The two men who had +taken him out had therefore laid him simply on a pile of wet straw, and +then they had left him to himself, eager as they were to see and hear +what was going on. + +It must be said, in justice to the several hundred peasants who were +crowding around the smoking ruins of Valpinson, that they treated the +madman who had accused M. de Boiscoran of such a crime, neither with +cruel jokes nor with fierce curses. Unfortunately, first impulses, +which are apt to be good impulses, do not last long. One of those idle +good-for-nothings, drunkards, envious scamps who are found in every +community, in the country as well as in the city, cried out,-- + +“And why not?” + +These few words opened at once a door to all kinds of bold guesses. + +Everybody had heard something about the quarrel between Count Claudieuse +and M. de Boiscoran. It was well known, moreover, that the provocation +had always come from the count, and that the latter had invariably given +way in the end. Why, therefore, might not M. de Boiscoran, impatient at +last, have resorted to such means in order to avenge himself on a man +whom they thought he must needs hate, and whom he probably feared at the +same time? + +“Perhaps he would not do it, because he is a nobleman, and because he is +rich?” they added sneeringly. + +The next step was, of course, to look out for circumstances which might +support such a theory; and the opportunity was not lacking. Groups were +formed; and soon two men and a woman declared aloud that they could +astonish the world if they chose to talk. They were urged to tell what +they knew; and, of course, they refused. But they had said too much +already. Willing or not willing, they were carried up to the house, +where, at that very moment, M. Galpin was examining Count Claudieuse. +The excited crowd made such a disturbance, that M. Seneschal, trembling +at the idea of a new accident, rushed out to the door. + +“What is it now?” he asked. + +“More witnesses,” replied the peasants. “Here are some more witnesses.” + +The mayor turned round, and, after having exchanged glances with M. +Daubigeon, he said to the magistrate,-- + +“They are bringing you some more witnesses, sir.” + +No doubt M. Galpin was little pleased at the interruption; but he knew +the people well enough to bear in mind, that, unless he took them at the +moment when they were willing to talk, he might never be able to get any +thing out of them at any other time. + +“We shall return some other time to our conversation,” he said to Count +Claudieuse. + +Then, replying to M. Seneschal, he said,-- + +“Let the witnesses come in, but one by one.” + +The first who entered was the only son of a well-to-do farmer in +the village of Brechy, called Ribot. He was a young fellow of about +twenty-five, broad-shouldered, with a very small head, a low brow, and +formidable crimson ears. For twenty miles all around, he was reputed to +be an irresistible beau,--a reputation of which he was very proud. +After having asked him his name, his first names, and his age, M. Galpin +said,-- + +“What do you know?” + +The young man straightened himself, and with a marvellously conceited +air, which set all the peasants a-laughing, he replied,-- + +“I was out that night on some little private business of my own. I was +on the other side of the chateau of Boiscoran. Somebody was waiting for +me, and I was behind time: so I cut right across the marsh. I knew the +rains of the last days would have filled all the ditches; but, when a +man is out on such important business as mine was, he can always find +his way”-- + +“Spare us those tedious details,” said the magistrate coldly. The +handsome fellow looked surprised, rather than offended, by the +interruption, and then went on,-- + +“As your Honor desires. Well, it was about eight o’clock, or a little +more, and it was growing dark, when I reached the Seille swamps. They +were overflowing; and the water was two inches above the stones of +the canal. I asked myself how I should get across without spoiling my +clothes, when I saw M. de Boiscoran coming towards me from the other +side.” + +“Are you quite sure it was he?” + +“Why, I should think so! I talked to him. But stop, he was not afraid of +getting wet. Without much ado, he rolled up his trousers, stuffed them +into the tops of his tall boots, and went right through. Just then he +saw me, and seemed to be surprised. I was as much so as he was. ‘Why, +is it you, sir?’ I said. He replied ‘Yes: I have to see somebody at +Brechy.’ That was very probably so; still I said again, ‘But you +have chosen a queer way.’ He laughed. ‘I did not know the swamps were +overflowed,’ he answered, ‘and I thought I would shoot some snipes.’ As +he said this, he showed me his gun. At that moment I had nothing to say; +but now, when I think it over, it looks queer to me.” + +M. Galpin had written down the statement as fast as it was given. Then +he asked,-- + +“How was M. de Boiscoran dressed?” + +“Stop. He had grayish trousers on, a shooting-jacket of brown velveteen, +and a broad-brimmed panama hat.” + +The count and the countess looked distressed and almost overcome; nor +did the mayor and his friend seem to be less troubled. One circumstance +in Ribot’s evidence seemed to have struck them with peculiar force,--the +fact that he had seen M. de Boiscoran push his trousers inside his +boots. + +“You can go,” said M. Galpin to the young man. “Let another witness come +in.” + +The next one was an old man of bad reputation, who lived alone in an old +hut two miles from Valpinson. He was called Father Gaudry. Unlike young +Ribot, who had shown great assurance, the old man looked humble and +cringing in his dirty, ill-smelling rags. After having given his name, +he said,-- + +“It might have been eleven o’clock at night, and I was going through the +forest of Rochepommier, along one of the little by-paths”-- + +“You were stealing wood!” said the magistrate sternly. + +“Great God, what an idea!” cried the old man, raising his hands to +heaven. “How can you say such a thing! I steal wood! No, my dear sir, +I was very quietly going to sleep in the forest, so as to be up +with daylight, and gather champignons and other mushrooms to sell at +Sauveterre. Well, I was trotting along, when, all of a sudden, I hear +footsteps behind me. Naturally, I was frightened.” + +“Because you were stealing!” + +“Oh, no! my dear sir; only, at night, you understand. Well, I hid behind +a tree; and almost at the same moment I saw M. de Boiscoran pass by. I +recognized him perfectly in spite of the dark; for he seemed to be in +a great rage, talked loud to himself, swore, gesticulated, and tore +handfuls of leaves from the branches.” + +“Did he have a gun?” + +“Yes, my dear sir; for that was the very thing that frightened me so. I +thought he was a keeper.” + +The third and last witness was a good old woman, Mrs. Courtois, whose +little farm lay on the other side of the forest of Rochepommier. When +she was asked, she hesitated a moment, and then she said,-- + +“I do not know much; but I will tell you all I do know. As we expected +to have a house full of workmen a few days hence, and as I was going to +bake bread to-morrow, I was going with my ass to the mill on Sauveterre +Mountain to fetch flour. The miller had not any ready; but he told me, +if I could wait, he would let me have some: and so I staid to supper. +About ten o’clock, they gave me a bag full of flour. The boys put it +on my ass, and I went home. I was about half-way, and it was, perhaps, +eleven o’clock, when, just at the edge of the forest of Rochepommier, my +ass stumbled, and the bag fell off. I had a great deal of trouble, for I +was not strong enough to lift it alone; and just then a man came out +of the woods, quite near me. I called to him, and he came. It was M. de +Boiscoran: I ask him to help me; and at once, without losing a moment, +he puts his gun down, lifts the bag from the ground, and puts it on my +ass. I thank him. He says, ‘Welcome,’ and--that is all.” + +The mayor had been all this time standing in the door of the chamber, +performing the humble duty of a doorkeeper, and barring the entrance to +the eager and curious crowd outside. When Mrs. Courtois retired, quite +bewildered by her own words, and regretting what she had said, he called +out,-- + +“Is there any one else who knows any thing?” + +As nobody appeared, he closed the door, and said curtly,-- + +“Well, then, you can go home now, my friends. Let the law have free +course.” + +The law, represented by the magistrate, was a prey at that moment to the +most cruel perplexity. M. Galpin was utterly overcome by consternation. +He sat at the little table, on which he had been writing, his head +resting on his hands, thinking, apparently, how he could find a way out +of this labyrinth. + +All of a sudden he rose, and forgetting, for a moment, his customary +rigidity, he let his mask of icy impassiveness drop off his face, and +said,-- + +“Well?” as if, in his despair, he had hoped for some help or advice in +his troubles,--“well?” + +No answer came. + +All the others were as much troubled as he was. They all tried to shake +off the overwhelming impression made by this accumulation of evidence; +but in vain. At last, after a moment’s silence, the magistrate said with +strange bitterness,-- + +“You see, gentlemen, I was right in examining Cocoleu. Oh! don’t attempt +to deny it: you share my doubts and my suspicions, I see it. Is there +one among you who would dare assert that the terrible excitement of this +poor man has not restored to him for a time the use of his reason? When +he told you that he had witnessed the crime, and when he gave the name +of the criminal, you looked incredulous. But then other witnesses +came; and their united evidence, corresponding without a missing link, +constitutes a terrible presumption.” + +He became animated again. Professional habits, stronger than every thing +else, obtained once more the mastery. + +“M. de Boiscoran was at Valpinson to-night: that is clearly established. +Well, how did he get here? By concealing himself. Between his own house +and Valpinson there are two public roads,--one by Brechy, and another +around the swamps. Does M. de Boiscoran take either of the two? No. +He cuts straight across the marshes, at the risk of sinking in, or of +getting wet from head to foot. On his return he chooses, in spite of the +darkness, the forest of Rochepommier, unmindful of the danger he runs to +lose his way, and to wander about in it till daybreak. What was he doing +this for? Evidently, in order not to be seen. And, in fact, whom does +he meet?--a loose fellow, Ribot, who is himself in hiding on account +of some love-intrigue; a wood-stealer, Gaudry, whose only anxiety is to +avoid the gendarmes; an old woman, finally, Mrs. Courtois, who has +been belated by an accident. All his precautions were well chosen; but +Providence was watching.” + +“O Providence!” growled Dr. Seignebos,--“Providence!” + +But M. Galpin did not even hear the interruption. Speaking faster and +faster, he went on,-- + +“Would it at least be possible to plead in behalf of M. de Boiscoran a +difference in time? No. At what time was he seen to come to this +place? At nightfall. ‘It was half-past eight,’ says Ribot, ‘when M. de +Boiscoran crossed the canal at the Seille swamps.’ He might, therefore, +have easily reached Valpinson at half-past nine. At that hour the crime +had not yet been committed. When was he seen returning home? Gaudry and +the woman Courtois have told you the hour,--after eleven o’clock. At +that time Count Claudieuse had been shot, and Valpinson was on fire. Do +we know any thing of M. de Boiscoran’s temper at that time? Yes, we do. +When he came this way he was quite cool. He is very much surprised at +meeting Ribot; but he explains to him very fully how he happens to be at +that place, and also why he has a gun. + +“He says he is on his way to meet somebody at Brechy, and he thought he +would shoot some birds. Is that admissible? Is it even likely? However, +let us look at him on his way back. Gaudry says he was walking very +fast: he seemed to be furious, and was pulling handfuls of leaves from +the branches. What does Mrs. Courtois say? Nothing. When she calls him, +he does not venture to run; that would have been a confession, but he is +in a great hurry to help her. And then? His way for a quarter of an hour +is the same as the woman’s: does he keep her company? No. He leaves her +hastily. He goes ahead, and hurries home; for he thinks Count Claudieuse +is dead; he knows Valpinson is in flames; and he fears he will hear the +bells ring, and see the fire raging.” + +It is not often that magistrates allow themselves such familiarity; for +judges, and even lawyers, generally fancy they are too high above common +mortals, on such occasions, to explain their views, to state their +impressions, and to ask, as it were, for advice. Still, when the inquiry +is only begun, there are, properly speaking, no fixed rules prescribed. +As soon as a crime has been reported to a French magistrate, he is at +liberty to do any thing he chooses in order to discover the guilty one. +Absolutely master of the case, responsible only to his conscience, and +endowed with extraordinary powers, he proceeds as he thinks best. But, +in this affair at Valpinson, M. Galpin had been carried away by the +rapidity of the events themselves. Since the first question addressed to +Cocoleu, up to the present moment, he had not had time to consider. +And his proceedings had been public; thus he felt naturally tempted to +explain them. + +“And you call this a legal inquiry?” asked Dr. Seignebos. + +He had taken off his spectacles, and was wiping them furiously. + +“An inquiry founded upon what?” he went on with such vehemence that no +one dared interrupt him,--“founded upon the evidence of an unfortunate +creature, whom I, a physician, testify to be not responsible for what he +says. Reason does not go out and become lighted again, like the gas in +a street-lamp. A man is an idiot, or he is not an idiot. He has always +been one; and he always will be one. But you say the other statements +are conclusive. Say, rather, that you think they are. Why? Because you +are prejudiced by Cocoleu’s accusation. But for it, you would never +have troubled yourselves about what M. De Boiscoran did, or did not. He +walked about the whole evening. He has a right to do so. He crossed the +marsh. What hindered him? He went through the woods. Why should he not? +He is met with by people. Is not that quite natural? But no: an idiot +accuses him, and forthwith all he does looks suspicious. He talks. It is +the insolence of a hardened criminal. He is silent. It is the remorse +of a guilty man trembling with fear. Instead of naming M. de Boiscoran, +Cocoleu might just as well have named me, Dr. Seignebos. At once, all +my doings would have appeared suspicious; and I am quite sure a thousand +evidences of my guilt would have been discovered. It would have been an +easy matter. Are not my opinions more radical even than those of M. de +Boiscoran? For there is the key to the whole matter. M. de Boiscoran is +a Republican; M. de Boiscoran acknowledges no sovereignty but that of +the people”-- + +“Doctor,” broke in the commonwealth attorney,--“doctor, you are not +thinking of what you say.” + +“I do think of it, I assure you”-- + +But he was once more interrupted, and this time by Count Claudieuse, who +said,-- + +“For my part, I admit all the arguments brought up by the magistrate. +But, above all probabilities, I put a fact,--the character of the +accused. M. de Boiscoran is a man of honor and an excellent man. He is +incapable of committing a mean and odious crime.” + +The others assented. M. Seneschal added,-- + +“And I, I will tell you another thing. What would have been the purpose +of such a crime? Ah, if M. de Boiscoran had nothing to lose! But do you +know among all your friends a happier man than he is?--young, handsome, +in excellent health, immensely wealthy, esteemed and popular with +everybody. Finally, there is another fact, which is a family secret, but +which I may tell you, and which will remove at once all suspicions,--M. +de Boiscoran is desperately in love with Miss Dionysia de Chandore. She +returns his love; and the day before yesterday the wedding-day was fixed +on the 20th of the next month.” + +In the meantime the hours had sped on. It was half-past three by the +clock of the church in Brechy. Day was breaking; and the light of the +lamps was turning pale. The morning mists began to disappear; and the +sunlight fell upon the window-panes. But no one noticed this: all these +men gathered around the bed of the wounded man were too deeply excited. +M. Galpin had listened to the objection made by the others, without a +word or a gesture. He had so far recovered his self-control, that it +would have been difficult to see what impressions they made upon his +mind. At last, shaking his head gravely, he said,-- + +“More than you, gentlemen, I feel a desire to believe M. de Boiscoran +innocent. M. Daubigeon, who knows what I mean, will tell you so. In my +heart I pleaded his cause long before you. But I am the representative +of the law; and my duty is above my affections. Does it depend on me to +set aside Cocoleu’s accusation, however stupid, however absurd, it +may be? Can I undo the three statements made by the witnesses, and +confirming so strongly the suspicions aroused by the first charge?” + +Count Claudieuse was distressed beyond expression. At last he said,-- + +“The worst thing about it is, that M. de Boiscoran thinks I am his +enemy. I should not wonder if he went and imagined that these charges +and vile suspicions have been suggested by my wife or by myself. If I +could only get up! At least, let M. de Boiscoran know distinctly that I +am ready to answer for him, as I would answer for myself. Cocoleu, the +wretched idiot! Ah, Genevieve, my darling wife! Why did you induce him +to talk? If you had not insisted, he would have kept silent forever.” + +The countess succumbed at last to the anxieties of this terrible night. +At first she had been supported by that exaltation which is apt to +accompany a great crisis; but latterly she had felt exhausted. She had +sunk upon a stool, near the bed on which her two daughters were lying; +and, her head hid in the pillow, she seemed to sleep. But she was not +asleep. When her husband reproached her thus, she rose, pale, with +swollen eyes and distorted features, and said in a piercing voice,-- + +“What? They have tried to kill my Trivulce; our children have been near +unto death in the flames; and I should have allowed any means to be +unused by which the guilty one may be found out? No! I have only done +what it was my duty to do. Whatever may come of it, I regret nothing.” + +“But, Genevieve, M. de Boiscoran is not guilty: he cannot possibly be +guilty. How could a man who has the happiness of being loved by Dionysia +de Chandore, and who counts the days to his wedding,--how could he +devise such a hideous crime?” + +“Let him prove his innocence,” replied the countess mercilessly. + +The doctor smacked his lips in the most impertinent manner. + +“There is a woman’s logic for you,” he murmured. + +“Certainly,” said M. Seneschal, “M. de Boiscoran’s innocence will be +promptly established. Nevertheless, the suspicion will remain. And our +people are so constituted, that this suspicion will overshadow his whole +life. Twenty years hence, they will meet him, and they will say, ‘Oh, +yes! the man who set Valpinson on fire!’” + +It was not M. Galpin this time who replied, but the commonwealth +attorney. He said sadly,-- + +“I cannot share your views; but that does not matter. After what has +passed, our friend, M. Galpin cannot retrace his steps: his duty makes +that impossible, and, even more so, what is due to the accused. What +would all these people say, who have heard Cocoleu’s deposition, and the +evidence given by the witnesses, if the inquiry were stopped? They +would certainly say M. de Boiscoran was guilty, but that he was not held +responsible because he was rich and noble. Upon my honor I believe him +to be innocent. But precisely because this is my conviction, I maintain +that his innocence must be clearly established. No doubt he has the +means of doing so. When he met Ribot, he told him he was on his way to +see somebody at Brechy.” + +“But suppose he never went there?” objected M. Seneschal. “Suppose he +did not see anybody there? Suppose it was only a pretext to satisfy +Ribot’s impertinent curiosity?” + +“Well, then, he would only have to tell the truth in court. And +look! Here’s an important proof which almost by itself relieves M. de +Boiscoran. Would he not have loaded his gun with a ball, if he should +ever have really thought of murdering the count? But it was loaded with +nothing but small-shot.” + +“And he would never have missed me at ten yards’ distance,” said the +count. + +Suddenly somebody was heard knocking furiously at the door. + +“Come in!” cried M. Seneschal. + +The door opened and three peasants appeared, looking bewildered, but +evidently well pleased. + +“We have just,” said one of them, “found something curious.” + +“What?” asked M. Galpin. + +“It looks very much like a case; but Pitard says it is the paper of a +cartridge.” + +Count Claudieuse raised himself on his pillows, and said eagerly,-- + +“Let me see! I have during these last days fired several times quite +near to the house to frighten the birds away that eat my fruit. I want +to see if the paper is mine.” + +The peasant gave it to him. + +It was a very thin lead form, such as contain the cartridges used +in American breech-loading guns. What was singular was that it was +blackened by burnt powder; but it had not been torn, nor had it blazed +up in the discharge. It was so perfectly uninjured, that one could read +the embossed letters of the name of the manufacturer, Clebb. + +“That cartridge never belonged to me,” said the count. + +But as he uttered these words he turned deadly pale, so pale, that his +wife came close to him, and looked at him with a glance full of terrible +anguish. + +“Well?” + +He made no reply. + +But at that moment such silence was so eloquent, that the countess felt +sickened, and whispered to him,-- + +“Then Cocoleu was right, after all!” + +Not one feature of this dramatic scene had escaped M. Galpin’s eye. +He had seen on every face signs of a kind of terror; still he made no +remark. He took the metal case from the count’s hands, knowing that it +might become an important piece of evidence; and for nearly a minute he +turned it round and round, looking at it from all sides, and examining +it in the light with the utmost attention. + +Then turning to the peasants, who were standing respectfully and +uncovered close by the door, he asked them,-- + +“Where did you find this cartridge, my friends?” + +“Close by the old tower, where they keep the tools, and where the ivy is +growing all over the old castle.” + +M. Seneschal had in the meantime succeeded in recovering his +self-control, and said now,-- + +“Surely the murderer cannot have fired from there. You cannot even see +the door of the house from the old tower.” + +“That may be,” replied the magistrate; “but the cartridge-case does not +necessarily fall to the ground at the place where the gun is discharged. +It falls as soon as the gun is cocked to reload.” + +This was so true, that even Dr. Seignebos had nothing to say. + +“Now, my friends,” said M. Galpin, “which of you has found the +cartridge-case?” + +“We were all together when we saw it, and picked it up.” + +“Well, then, all three of you must give me your names and your domicile, +so that I can send for you when you are wanted.” + +This was done; and, when all formalities were attended to, they went +off with numberless bows and doffings of hats. Just at that moment the +furious gallop of a horse was heard approaching the house; the next +moment the man who had been sent to Sauveterre for medicines came in. He +was furious. + +“That rascal of a druggist!” he said. “I thought he would never open his +shop!” + +Dr. Seignebos had eagerly seized the things that were sent him, then, +bowing with mock respect to the magistrate, he said,-- + +“I know very well, sir, how pressing the necessity is to have the head +of the culprit cut off; but I think it is almost as pressing to save the +life of the murdered man. I have probably delayed the binding up of the +count’s wounds longer than I ought to have done; and I beg you will now +leave me alone, so as to enable me to do my duty to him.” + + + +VI. + +There was nothing more to be done for the magistrate, the commonwealth +attorney, or the mayor. The doctor might assuredly have used more polite +language; but people were accustomed to his brutal ways; for it is +surprising with what readiness men are tolerated in France, under the +pretext that they are as they are, and that they must be taken as they +are. The three gentlemen, therefore, left the room, after having bid +farewell to the countess, and after having promised to send the count +news of all that might be discovered. + +The fire was going out for want of fuel. A few hours had sufficed to +destroy all that the hard work and incessant cares of many years had +accomplished. This charming and much envied estate presented now nothing +but a few half calcined walls, heaps of black and gray ashes, and still +glowing timbers, from which columns of smoke were slowly rising upward. +Thanks to Capt. Parenteau, all that they had been able to save had been +carried to a distance, and safely stored away under the shelter of the +ruins of the old castle. There, furniture and other articles were piled +up pell-mell. There, carts and agricultural machines were standing +about, empty casks, and sacks of oats and rye. There, also, the cattle +were gathered, that had been drawn from their stalls with infinite +labor, and at great risk of life,--horses, oxen, some sheep, and a +dozen cows, who lowed piteously. Few of the people had left as yet. With +greater zeal than ever the firemen, aided by the peasants, deluged the +remains of the dwelling-house with water. They had nothing to fear +from the fire; but they desired to keep the bodies of their unfortunate +companions from being entirely consumed. + +“What a terrible scourge fire is!” said M. Seneschal. + +Neither M. Galpin nor the mayor made any answer. They also felt their +hearts oppressed by the sad sight before them, in spite of all the +intense excitement before; for a fire is nothing as long as the feverish +excitement, and the hope of saving something, continue to keep us up, +and as long as the red flames illumine the horizon; but the next day, +when all is over, then we realize the extent of the misfortune. + +The firemen recognized the mayor, and greeted him with cheers. He went +rapidly towards them; and, for the first time since the alarm had been +raised, the magistrate and the attorney were alone. They were standing +close by each other, and for a moment kept silent, while each one tried +to read in the other’s eyes the secret of his thoughts. At last M. +Daubigeon asked,-- + +“Well?” + +M. Galpin trembled. + +“This is a fearful calamity,” he said. + +“What is your opinion?” + +“Ah! do I know it myself? I have lost my head: the whole thing looks to +me like a nightmare.” + +“You cannot really believe that M. de Boiscoran is guilty?” + +“I believe nothing. My reason tells me he is innocent. I feel he must be +innocent; and yet I see terrible evidence rising against him.” + +The attorney was overwhelmed. + +“Alas!” he said, “why did you, contrary to everybody’s opinion, insist +upon examining Cocoleu, a poor idiotic wretch?” + +But the magistrate remonstrated-- + +“You do not mean to reproach me, sir, for having followed the impulses +of my conscience?” + +“I reproach you for nothing.” + +“A horrible crime has been committed; and my duty compelled me to do all +that lies in the power of man to discover the culprit.” + +“Yes; and the man who is accused of the crime is your friend, and only +yesterday you spoke of his friendship as your best chance of success in +life.” + +“Sir?” + +“Are you surprised to find me so well informed? Ah, you do not know +that nothing escapes the idle curiosity of a village. I know that your +dearest hope was to become a member of M. de Boiscoran’s family, and +that you counted upon him to back you in your efforts to obtain the hand +of one of his cousins.” + +“I do not deny that.” + +“Unfortunately, you have been tempted by the prestige you might gain +in a great and famous trial. You have laid aside all prudence; and your +projects are forgotten. Whether M. de Boiscoran is innocent or guilty, +his family will never forgive you your interference. If he is guilty, +they will blame you for having handed him over to justice: if he is +innocent, they will blame you even more for having suspected him.” + +M. Galpin hung his head as if to conceal his trouble. Then he asked,-- + +“And what would you do in my place?” + +“I would withdraw from the case, although it is rather late.” + +“If I did so, I should risk my career.” + +“Even that would be better for you than to engage in an affair in which +you cannot feel the calmness nor the impartiality which are the first +and indispensable virtues of an upright magistrate.” + +The latter was becoming impatient. He exclaimed,-- + +“Sir, do you think I am a man to be turned aside from my duty by +considerations of friendship or personal interest?” + +“I said nothing of the kind.” + +“Did you not see just now how I carried on the inquiry? Did you see me +start when Cocoleu first mentioned M. de Boiscoran’s name? If he had +denounced any one else, I should probably have let the matter rest +there. But precisely because M. de Boiscoran is a friend of mine, +and because I have great expectations from him, I have insisted and +persisted, and I do so still.” + +The commonwealth attorney shrugged his shoulders. + +“That is it exactly,” he said. “Because M. de Boiscoran is a friend of +yours, you are afraid of being accused of weakness; and you are going +to be hard, pitiless, unjust even, against him. Because you had great +expectations from him, you will insist upon finding him guilty. And you +call yourself impartial?” + +M. Galpin assumed all his usual rigidity, and said solemnly,-- + +“I am sure of myself!” + +“Have a care!” + +“My mind is made up, sir.” + +It was time for M. Seneschal to join them again: he returned, +accompanied by Capt. Parenteau. + +“Well, gentlemen,” he asked, “what have you resolved?” + +“We are going to Boiscoran,” replied the magistrate. + +“What! Immediately?” + +“Yes: I wish to find M. de Boiscoran in bed. I am so anxious about it, +that I shall do without my clerk.” + +Capt. Parenteau bowed, and said,-- + +“Your clerk is here, sir: he was but just inquiring for you.” Thereupon +he called out as loud as he could,-- + +“Mechinet, Mechinet!” + +A small gray-haired man, jovial and cheerful, came running up, and at +once proceeded to tell at full length how a neighbor had told him what +had happened, and how the magistrate had left town, whereupon he, also, +had started on foot, and come after him as fast as he could. + +“Now will you go to Boiscoran?” asked the mayor. + +“I do not know yet. Mechinet will have to look for some conveyance.” + +Quick like lightning, the clerk was starting off, when M. Seneschal held +him back, saying,-- + +“Don’t go. I place my horse and my carriage at your disposal. Any one of +these peasants can drive you. Capt. Parenteau and I will get into some +farmer’s wagon, and thus get back to Sauveterre; for we ought to be back +as soon as possible. I have just heard alarming news. There may be some +disorder. The peasant-women who attend the market have brought in most +exciting reports, and exaggerated the calamities of last night. They +have started reports that ten or twelve men have been killed, and that +the incendiary, M. de Boiscoran, has been arrested. The crowd has gone +to poor Guillebault’s widow; and there have been demonstrations before +the houses of several of the principal inhabitants of Sauveterre.” + +In ordinary times, M. Seneschal would not have intrusted his famous +horse, Caraby, for any thing in the world, to the hands of a stranger. +He considered it the best horse in the province. But he was evidently +terribly upset, and betrayed it in his manner, and by the very efforts +he made to regain his official dignity and self-possession. + +He made a sign, and his carriage was brought up, all ready. But, when he +asked for somebody to drive, no one came forward. All these good people +who had spent the night abroad were in great haste to return home, where +their cattle required their presence. When young Ribot saw the others +hesitate, he said,-- + +“Well, I’ll drive the justice.” + +And, taking hold of the whip and the reins, he took his seat on the +front-bench, while the magistrate, the commonwealth attorney, and the +clerk filled the vehicle. + +“Above all, take care of Caraby,” begged M. Seneschal, who at the last +moment felt almost overcome with anxiety for his favorite. + +“Don’t be afraid, sir,” replied the young man, as he started the horse. +“If I strike too hard, M. Mechinet will stop me.” + +This Mechinet, the magistrate’s clerk, was almost a power in Sauveterre; +and the greatest personages there paid their court to him. His official +duties were of very humble nature, and ill paid; but he knew how to eke +out his income by other occupations, of which the court took no notice; +and these added largely both to his importance in the community and to +his modest income. + +As he was a skilful lithographer, he printed all the visiting-cards +which the people of Sauveterre ordered at the principal printing-office +of Sauveterre, where “The Independent” was published. An able +accountant, he kept books and made up accounts for some of the +principal merchants in town. Some of the country people who were fond of +litigation came to him for legal advice; and he drew up all kinds of law +papers. For many years now, he had been director of the firemen’s band, +and manager of the Orpheon. He was a correspondent of certain Paris +societies, and thus obtained free admission to the theatre not only, but +also to the sacred precincts behind the scenes. Finally he was always +ready to give writing-lessons, French lessons to little girls, or +music-lessons on the flute and the horn, to amateurs. + +These varied talents had drawn upon him the hostility of all the other +teachers and public servants of the community, especially that of the +mayor’s clerk, and the clerks of the bank and great institutions of +Sauveterre. But all these enemies he had gradually conquered by the +unmistakable superiority of his ability; so that they fell in with the +universal habit, and, when any thing special happened, said to each +other,-- + +“Let us go and consult Mechinet.” + +He himself concealed, under an appearance of imperturbable good nature, +the ambition by which he was devoured: he wanted to become rich, and to +rise in the world. In fact, Mechinet was a diplomat, working in secret, +but as cunning as Talleyrand. He had succeeded already in making himself +the one great personage of Sauveterre. The town was full of him; nothing +was done without him; and yet he had not an enemy in the place. + +The fact is, people were afraid of him, and dreaded his terrible tongue. +Not that he had ever injured anybody, he was too wise for that; but +they knew the harm he might do, if he chose, as he was master of every +important secret in Sauveterre, and the best informed man in town as +regarded all their little intrigues, their private foibles, and their +dark antecedents. + +This gave him quite an exceptional position. As he was unmarried, +he lived with his sisters, the Misses Mechinet, who were the best +dressmakers in town, and, moreover, devout members of all kinds of +religious societies. Through them he heard all that was going on in +society, and was able to compare the current gossip with what he heard +in court, or at the newspaper office. Thus he could say pleasantly,-- + +“How could any thing escape me, when I have the church and the press, +the court and the theatre, to keep me informed?” + +Such a man would have considered himself disgraced if he had not known +every detail of M. de Boiscoran’s private affairs. He did not hesitate, +therefore, while the carriage was rolling along on an excellent road, in +the fresh spring morning, to explain to his companions the “case,” as he +called it, of the accused nobleman. + +M. de Boiscoran, called Jacques by his friends, was rarely on his +estate, and then only staid a month or so there. He was living in Paris, +where his family owned a comfortable house in University Street. His +parents were still alive. + +His father, the Marquis de Boiscoran, the owner of a large landed +estate, a deputy under Louis Philippe, a representative in 1848, had +withdrawn from public life when the Second Empire was established, +and spent, since that time, all his money, and all his energies, in +collecting rare old books, and especially costly porcelain, on which he +had written a monograph. + +His mother, a Chalusse by birth, had enjoyed the reputation of being one +of the most beautiful and most gifted ladies at the court of the Citizen +King. At a certain period in her life, unfortunately, slander had +attacked her; and about 1845 or 1846, it was reported that she had had +a remarkable affair with a young lawyer of distinction, who had since +become one of the austerest and most renowned judges. As she grew old, +the marchioness devoted herself more and more to politics, as other +women become pious. While her husband boasted that he had not read +a newspaper for ten years, she had made her _salon_ a kind of +parliamentary centre, which had its influence on political affairs. + +Although Jacques de Boiscoran’s parents were still alive, he possessed +a considerable fortune of his own--five or six thousand dollars a year. +This fortune, which consisted of the Chateau of Boiscoran, the farms, +meadows, and forests belonging to it, had been left to him by one of his +uncles, the oldest brother of his father, who had died a widower, and +childless, in 1868. M. de Boiscoran was at this moment about twenty-six +or twenty-seven years old, dark complexion, tall, strong, well made, not +exactly a handsome man, but having, what was worth more, one of those +frank, intelligent faces which prepossess one at first sight. + +His character was less well known at Sauveterre than his person. Those +who had had any business with him described him as an honorable, upright +man: his companions spoke of him as cheerful and gay, fond of pleasure, +and always in good humor. At the time of the Prussian invasion, he had +been made a captain of one of the volunteer companies of the district. +He had led his men bravely under fire, and conducted himself so well on +the battlefield, that Gen. Chanzy had rewarded him, when wounded, with +the cross of the legion of honor. + +“And such a man should have committed such a crime at Valpinson,” said +M. Daubigeon to the magistrate. “No, it is impossible! And no doubt he +will very easily scatter all our doubts to the four winds.” + +“And that will be done at once,” said young Ribot; “for here we are.” + +In many of the provinces of France the name of _chateau_ is given to +almost any little country-house with a weathercock on its pointed roof. +But Boiscoran was a real chateau. It had been built towards the end +of the seventeenth century, in wretched taste, but massively, like a +fortress. Its position is superb. It is surrounded on all sides by woods +and forests; and at the foot of the sloping garden flows a little river, +merrily splashing over its pebbly bed, and called the Magpie on account +of its perpetual babbling. + + + +VII. + +It was seven o’clock when the carriage containing the justice drove into +the courtyard at Boiscoran,--a vast court, planted with lime-trees, and +surrounded by farm buildings. The chateau was wide awake. Before her +house-door, the farmer’s wife was cleaning the huge caldron in which she +had prepared the morning soup; the maids were going and coming; and at +the stable a groom was rubbing down with great energy a thorough-bred +horse. + +On the front-steps stood Master Anthony, M. de Boiscoran’s own man, +smoking his cigar in the bright sunlight, and overlooking the farm +operations. He was a man of nearly fifty, still very active, who had +been bequeathed to his new master by his uncle, together with his +possessions. He was a widower now; and his daughter was in the +marchioness’ service. + +As he had been born in the family, and never left it afterwards, he +looked upon himself as one of them, and saw no difference between his +own interests and those of his master. In fact, he was treated less like +a servant than like a friend; and he fancied he knew every thing about +M. de Boiscoran’s affairs. + +When he saw the magistrate and the commonwealth attorney come up to the +door, he threw away his cigar, came down quickly, and, bowing deeply, +said to them with his most engaging smile,-- + +“Ah, gentlemen! What a pleasant surprise! My master will be delighted.” + +With strangers, Anthony would not have allowed himself such familiarity, +for he was very formal; but he had seen M. Daubigeon more than once at +the chateau; and he knew the plans that had been discussed between +M. Galpin and his master. Hence he was not a little amazed at the +embarrassed stiffness of the two gentlemen, and at the tone of voice in +which the magistrate asked him,-- + +“Has M. de Boiscoran gotten up yet?” + +“Not yet,” he replied; “and I have orders not to wake him. He came home +late last night, and wanted to make up this morning.” + +Instinctively the magistrate and the attorney looked away, each fearing +to meet the other’s eyes. + +“Ah! M. de Boiscoran came home late last night?” repeated M. Galpin. + +“Towards midnight, rather after midnight than before.” + +“And when had he gone out?” + +“He left here about eight.” + +“How was he dressed?” + +“As usually. He had light gray trousers, a shooting-jacket of brown +velveteen, and a large straw hat.” + +“Did he take his gun?” + +“Yes, sir.” + +“Do you know where he went?” + +But for the respect which he felt for his master’s friends, Anthony +would not have answered these questions, which he thought were extremely +impertinent. But this last question seemed to him to go beyond all fair +limits. He replied, therefore, in a tone of injured self-respect,-- + +“I am not in the habit of asking my master where he goes when he leaves +the house, nor where he has been when he comes back.” + +M. Daubigeon understood perfectly well the honorable feelings +which actuated the faithful servant. He said to him with an air of +unmistakable kindness,-- + +“Do not imagine, my friend, that I ask you these questions from idle +curiosity. Tell me what you know; for your frankness may be more useful +to your master than you imagine.” + +Anthony looked with an air of perfect stupefaction, by turns at the +magistrate and the commonwealth attorney, at Mechinet, and finally at +Ribot, who had taken the lines, and tied Caraby to a tree. + +“I assure you, gentlemen, I do not know where M. de Boiscoran has spent +the evening.” + +“You have no suspicion?” + +“No.” + +“Perhaps he went to Brechy to see a friend?” + +“I do not know that he has any friends in Brechy.” + +“What did he do after he came home?” + +The old servant showed evident signs of embarrassment. + +“Let me think,” he said. “My master went up to his bedroom, and remained +there four or five minutes. Then he came down, ate a piece of a pie, and +drank a glass of wine. Then he lit a cigar, and told me to go to bed, +adding that he would take a little walk, and undress without my help.” + +“And then you went to bed?” + +“Of course.” + +“So that you do not know what your master may have done?” + +“I beg your pardon. I heard him open the garden door.” + +“He did not appear to you different from usual?” + +“No: he was as he always is,--quite cheerful: he was singing.” + +“Can you show me the gun he took with him?” + +“No. My master probably took it to his room.” + +M. Daubigeon was about to make a remark, when the magistrate stopped him +by a gesture, and eagerly asked,-- + +“How long is it since your master and Count Claudieuse have ceased +seeing each other?” + +Anthony trembled, as if a dark presentiment had entered his mind. He +replied,-- + +“A long time: at least I think so.” + +“You are aware that they are on bad terms?” + +“Oh!” + +“They have had great difficulties between them?” + +“Something unpleasant has happened, I know; but it was not much. As they +do not visit each other, they cannot well hate each other. Besides, +I have heard master say a hundred times, that he looked upon Count +Claudieuse as one of the best and most honorable men; that he respected +him highly, and”-- + +For a minute or so M. Galpin kept silent, thinking whether he had +forgotten any thing. Then he asked suddenly,-- + +“How far is it from here to Valpinson?” + +“Three miles, sir,” replied Anthony. + +“If you were going there, what road would you take?” + +“The high road which passes Brechy.” + +“You would not go across the marsh?” + +“Certainly not.” + +“Why not?” + +“Because the Seille is out of its banks, and the ditches are full of +water.” + +“Is not the way much shorter through the forest?” + +“Yes, the way is shorter; but it would take more time. The paths are +very indistinct, and overgrown with briers.” + +The commonwealth attorney could hardly conceal his disappointment. +Anthony’s answers seemed to become worse and worse. + +“Now,” said the magistrate again, “if fire should break out at +Valpinson, would you see it from here?” + +“I think not, sir. There are hills and tall woods between.” + +“Can you hear the Brechy bells from here?” + +“When the wind is north, yes, sir.” + +“And last night, how was it?” + +“The wind was from the west, as it always is when we have a storm.” + +“So that you have heard nothing? You do not know what a terrible +calamity”-- + +“A calamity? I do not understand you, sir.” + +This conversation had taken place in the court-yard: and at this moment +there appeared two gendarmes on horseback, whom M. Galpin had sent for +just before he left Valpinson. + +When old Anthony saw them, he exclaimed,-- + +“Great God! what is the meaning of this? I must wake master.” + +The magistrate stopped him, saying harshly,-- + +“Not a step! Don’t say a word!” + +And pointing out Ribot to the gendarmes, he said,-- + +“Keep that lad under your eyes, and let him have no communication with +anybody.” + +Then, turning again to Anthony, he said,-- + +“Now show us to M. de Boiscoran’s bedroom.” + + + +VIII. + +In spite of its grand feudal air, the chateau at Boiscoran was, after +all, little more than a bachelor’s modest home, and in a very bad state +of preservation. Of the eighty or a hundred rooms which it contained, +hardly more than eight or ten were furnished, and this only in the +simplest possible manner,--a sitting-room, a dining-room, a few +guest-chambers: this was all M. de Boiscoran required during his rare +visits to the place. He himself used in the second story a small room, +the door of which opened upon the great staircase. + +When they reached this door, guided by old Anthony, the magistrate said +to the servant,-- + +“Knock!” + +The man obeyed: and immediately a youthful, hearty voice replied from +within,-- + +“Who is there?” + +“It is I,” said the faithful servant. “I should like”-- + +“Go to the devil!” broke in the voice. + +“But, sir”-- + +“Let me sleep, rascal. I have not been able to close an eye till now.” + The magistrate, becoming impatient, pushed the servant aside, and, +seizing the door-knob tried to open it; it was locked inside. But he +lost no time in saying,-- + +“It is I, M. de Boiscoran: open, if you please!” + +“Ah, dear M. Galpin!” replied the voice cheerfully. + +“I must speak to you.” + +“And I am at your service, illustrious jurist. Just give me time to veil +my Apollonian form in a pair of trousers, and I appear.” + +Almost immediately, the door opened; and M. de Boiscoran presented +himself, his hair dishevelled, his eyes heavy with sleep, but looking +bright in his youth and full health, with smiling lips and open hands. + +“Upon my word!” he said. “That was a happy inspiration you had, my dear +Galpin. You come to join me at breakfast?” + +And, bowing to M. Daubigeon, he added,-- + +“Not to say how much I thank you for bringing our excellent commonwealth +attorney with you. This is a veritable judicial visit”-- + +But he paused, chilled as he was by M. Daubigeon’s icy face, and amazed +at M. Galpin’s refusal to take his proffered hand. + +“Why,” he said, “what is the matter, my dear friend?” + +The magistrate had never been stiffer in his life, when he replied,-- + +“We shall have to forget our relations, sir. It is not as a friend I +come to-day, but as a magistrate.” + +M. de Boiscoran looked confounded; but not a shadow of trouble appeared +on his frank and open face. + +“I’ll be hanged,” he said, “if I understand”-- + +“Let us go in,” said M. Galpin. + +They went in; and, as they passed the door, Mechinet whispered into the +attorney’s ear,-- + +“Sir, that man is certainly innocent. A guilty man would never have +received us thus.” + +“Silence, sir!” said the commonwealth attorney, however much he was +probably of his clerk’s opinion. “Silence!” + +And grave and sad he went and stood in one of the window embrasures. M. +Galpin remained standing in the centre of the room, trying to see every +thing in it, and to fix it in his memory, down to the smallest details. +The prevailing disorder showed clearly how hastily M. de Boiscoran had +gone to bed the night before. His clothes, his boots, his shirt, his +waistcoat, and his straw hat lay scattered about on the chairs and +on the floor. He wore those light gray trousers, which had been +succcessively seen and recognized by Cocoleu, by Ribot, by Gaudry, and +by Mrs. Courtois. + +“Now, sir,” began M. de Boiscoran, with that slight angry tone of voice +which shows that a man thinks a joke has been carried far enough, “will +you please tell me what procures for me the honor of this early visit?” + +Not a muscle in M. Galpin’s face was moving. As if the question had been +addressed to some one else, he said coldly,-- + +“Will you please show us your hands, sir?” + +M. de Boiscoran’s cheeks turned crimson; and his eyes assumed an +expression of strange perplexity. + +“If this is a joke,” he said, “it has perhaps lasted long enough.” + +He was evidently getting angry. M. Daubigeon thought it better to +interfere, and thus he said,-- + +“Unfortunately, sir, the question is a most serious one. Do what the +magistrate desires.” + +More and more amazed, M. de Boiscoran looked rapidly around him. In the +door stood Anthony, his faithful old servant, with anguish on his face. +Near the fireplace, the clerk had improvised a table, and put his paper, +his pens, and his horn inkstand in readiness. Then with a shrug of his +shoulders, which showed that he failed to understand, M. de Boiscoran +showed his hands. + +They were perfectly clean and white: the long nails were carefully +cleaned also. + +“When did you last wash your hands?” asked M. Galpin, after having +examined them minutely. + +At this question, M. de Boiscoran’s face brightened up; and, breaking +out into a hearty laugh, he said,-- + +“Upon my word! I confess you nearly caught me. I was on the point of +getting angry. I almost feared”-- + +“And there was good reason for fear,” said M. Galpin; “for a terrible +charge has been brought against you. And it may be, that on your answer +to my question, ridiculous as it seems to you, your honor may depend, +and perhaps your liberty.” + +This time there was no mistake possible. M. de Boiscoran felt that kind +of terror which the law inspires even in the best of men, when they find +themselves suddenly accused of a crime. He turned pale, and then he said +in a troubled voice,-- + +“What! A charge has been brought against me, and you, M. Galpin, come to +my house to examine me?” + +“I am a magistrate, sir.” + +“But you were also my friend. If anyone should have dared in my presence +to accuse you of a crime, of a mean act, of something infamous, I should +have defended you, sir, with all my energy, without hesitation, and +without a doubt. I should have defended you till absolute, undeniable +evidence should have been brought forward of your culpability; and even +then I should have pitied you, remembering that I had esteemed you so +highly as to favor your alliance with my family. But you--I am accused, +I do not know of what, falsely, wrongly; and at once you hasten hither, +you believe the charge, and consent to become my judge. Well, let it be +so! I washed my hands last night after coming home.” + +M. Galpin had not boasted too much in praising his self-possession and +his perfect control over himself. He did not move when the terrible +words fell upon his ear; and he asked again in the same calm tone,-- + +“What has become of the water you used for that purpose?” + +“It is probably still there, in my dressing-room.” + +The magistrate at once went in. On the marble table stood a basin full +of water. That water was black and dirty. At the bottom lay particles +of charcoal. On the top, mixed with the soapsuds, were swimming some +extremely slight but unmistakable fragments of charred paper. With +infinite care the magistrate carried the basin to the table at +which Mechinet had taken a seat; and, pointing at it, he asked M. de +Boiscoran,-- + +“Is that the water in which you washed your hands last night after +coming home?” + +“Yes,” replied the other with an air of careless indifference. + +“You had been handling charcoal, or some inflammable material.” + +“Don’t you see?” + +Standing face to face, the commonwealth attorney and clerk exchanged +rapid glances. They had had the same feeling at that moment. If M. +de Boiscoran was innocent, he was certainly a marvellously cool and +energetic man, or he was carrying out a long-premeditated plan of +action; for every one of his answers seemed to tighten the net in which +he was taken. The magistrate himself seemed to be struck by this; but it +was only for a moment, and then, turning to the clerk, he said,-- + +“Write that down!” + +He dictated to him the whole evidence, most minutely and accurately, +correcting himself every now and then to substitute a better word, or to +improve his style. When he had read it over he said,-- + +“Let us go on, sir. You were out last night?” + +“Yes, sir.” + +“Having left the house at eight, you returned only around midnight.” + +“After midnight.” + +“You took your gun?” + +“Yes, sir.” + +“Where is it?” + +With an air of indifference, M. de Boiscoran pointed at it in the corner +of the fireplace, and said,-- + +“There it is!” + +M. Galpin took it up quickly. It was a superb weapon, double-barrelled, +of unusually fine make, and very elegant. On the beautifully carved +woodwork the manufacturer’s name, Clebb, was engraven. + +“When did you last fire this gun?” asked the magistrate. + +“Some four or five days ago.” + +“What for?” + +“To shoot some rabbits who infested my woods.” + +M. Galpin raised and lowered the cock with all possible care: he noticed +that it was the Remington patent. Then he opened the chamber, and found +that the gun was loaded. Each barrel had a cartridge in it. Then he +put the gun back in its place, and, pulling from his pocket the leaden +cartridge-case which Pitard had found, he showed it to M. de Boiscoran, +and asked him,-- + +“Do you recognize this?” + +“Perfectly!” replied the other. “It is a case of one of the cartridges +which I have probably thrown away as useless.” + +“Do you think you are the only one in this country who has a gun by this +maker?” + +“I do not think it: I am quite sure of it.” + +“So that you must, as a matter of course, have been at a spot where such +a cartridge-case as this has been found?” + +“Not necessarily. I have often seen children pick up these things, and +play with them.” + +The clerk, while he made his pen fly across his paper, could not resist +the temptation of making all kinds of faces. He was too well acquainted +with lawyers’ tactics not to understand M. Galpin’s policy perfectly +well, and to see how cunningly it was devised to make every fact +strengthen the suspicion against M. de Boiscoran. + +“It is a close game,” he said to himself. + +The magistrate had taken a seat. + +“If that is so,” he began again, “I beg you will give me an account of +how you spent the evening after eight o’clock: do not hurry, consider, +take your time; for your answers are of the utmost importance.” + +M. de Boiscoran had so far remained quite cool; but his calmness +betrayed one of those terrible storms within, which may break forth, no +one knows when. This warning, and, even more so, the tone in which it +was given, revolted him as a most hideous hypocrisy. And, breaking out +all of a sudden, he cried,-- + +“After all, sir, what do you want of me? What am I accused of?” + +M. Galpin did not stir. He replied,-- + +“You will hear it at the proper time. First answer my question, and +believe me in your own interest. Answer frankly. What did you do last +night?” + +“How do I know? I walked about.” + +“That is no answer.” + +“Still it is so. I went out with no specific purpose: I walked at +haphazard.” + +“Your gun on your shoulder?” + +“I always take my gun: my servant can tell you so.” + +“Did you cross the Seille marshes?” + +“No.” + +The magistrate shook his head gravely. He said,-- + +“You are not telling the truth.” + +“Sir!” + +“Your boots there at the foot of the bed speak against you. Where does +the mud come from with which they are covered?” + +“The meadows around Boiscoran are very wet.” + +“Do not attempt to deny it. You have been seen there.” + +“But”-- + +“Young Ribot met you at the moment when you were crossing the canal.” + +M. de Boiscoran made no reply. + +“Where were you going?” asked the magistrate. + +For the first time a real embarrassment appeared in the features of the +accused,--the embarrassment of a man who suddenly sees an abyss opening +before him. He hesitated; and, seeing that it was useless to deny, he +said,-- + +“I was going to Brechy.” + +“To whom?” + +“To my wood-merchant, who has bought all this year’s wood. I did not +find him at home, and came back on the high road.” + +M. Galpin stopped him by a gesture. + +“That is not so,” he said severely. + +“Oh!” + +“You never went to Brechy.” + +“I beg your pardon.” + +“And the proof is, that, about eleven o’clock, you were hurriedly +crossing the forest of Rochepommier.” + +“I?” + +“Yes, you! And do not say No; for there are your trousers torn to pieces +by the thorns and briers through which you must have made your way.” + +“There are briers elsewhere as well as in the forest.” + +“To be sure; but you were seen there.” + +“By whom?” + +“By Gaudry the poacher. And he saw so much of you, that he could tell +us in what a bad humor you were. You were very angry. You were talking +loud, and pulling the leaves from the trees.” + +As he said so, the magistrate got up and took the shooting-jacket, which +was lying on a chair not far from him. He searched the pockets, and +pulled out of one a handful of leaves. + +“Look here! you see, Gaudry has told the truth.” + +“There are leaves everywhere,” said M. de Boiscoran half aloud. + +“Yes; but a woman, Mrs. Courtois, saw you come out of the forest of +Rochepommier. You helped her to put a sack of flour on her ass, which +she could not lift alone. Do you deny it? No, you are right; for, look +here! on the sleeve of your coat I see something white, which, no doubt, +is flour from her bag.” + +M. de Boiscoran hung his head. The magistrate went on,-- + +“You confess, then, that last night, between ten and eleven you were at +Valpinson?” + +“No, sir, I do not.” + +“But this cartridge-case which I have just shown you was picked up at +Valpinson, close by the ruins of the old castle.” + +“Well, sir, have I not told you before that I have seen a hundred times +children pick up these cases to play with? Besides, if I had really been +at Valpinson, why should I deny it?” + +M. Galpin rose to his full height, and said in the most solemn manner,-- + +“I am going to tell you why! Last night, between ten and eleven, +Valpinson was set on fire; and it has been burnt to the ground.” + +“Oh!” + +“Last night Count Claudieuse was fired at twice.” + +“Great God!” + +“And it is thought, in fact there are strong reasons to think, that you, +Jacques de Boiscoran, are the incendiary and the assassin.” + + + +IX. + +M. de Boiscoran looked around him like a man who has suddenly been +seized with vertigo, pale, as if all his blood had rushed to his heart. + +He saw nothing but mournful, dismayed faces. + +Anthony, his old trusted servant, was leaning against the doorpost, as +if he feared to fall. The clerk was mending his pen in the air, overcome +with amazement. M. Daubigeon hung his head. + +“This is horrible!” he murmured: “this is horrible!” + +He fell heavily into a chair, pressing his hands on his heart, as if to +keep down the sobs that threatened to rise. M. Galpin alone seemed to +remain perfectly cool. The law, which he imagined he was representing in +all its dignity, knows nothing of emotions. His thin lips even trembled +a little, as if a slight smile was about to burst forth: it was the cold +smile of the ambitious man, who thinks he has played his little part +well. + +Did not every thing tend to prove that Jacques de Boiscoran was the +guilty man, and that, in the alternative between a friend, and an +opportunity of gaining high distinction, he had chosen well? After the +silence of a minute, which seemed to be a century, he went and stood, +with arms crossed on his chest, before the accused, and asked him,-- + +“Do you confess?” + +M. de Boiscoran sprang up as if moved by a spring, and said,-- + +“What? What do you want me to confess?” + +“That you have committed the crime at Valpinson.” + +The young man pressed his hands convulsively on his brow, and cried +out,-- + +“But I am mad! I should have committed such a fearful, cowardly crime? +Is that possible? Is that likely? I might confess, and you would not +believe me. No! I am sure you would not believe my own words.” + +He would have moved the marble on his mantelpiece sooner than M. Galpin. +The latter replied in icy tones,-- + +“I am not part of the question here. Why will you refer to relations +which must be forgotten? It is no longer the friend who speaks to you, +not even the man, but simply the magistrate. You were seen”-- + +“Who is the wretch?” + +“Cocoleu!” + +M. de Boiscoran seemed to be overwhelmed. He stammered,-- + +“Cocoleu? That poor epileptic idiot whom the Countess Claudieuse has +picked up?” + +“The same.” + +“And upon the strength of the senseless words of a poor imbecile I am +charged with incendiarism, with murder?” + +Never had the magistrate made such efforts to assume an air of impassive +dignity and icy solemnity, as when he replied,-- + +“For an hour, at least, poor Cocoleu has been in the full enjoyment of +his faculties. The ways of Providence are inscrutable.” + +“But sir”-- + +“And what does Cocoleu depose? He says he saw you kindle the fire with +your own hands, then conceal yourself behind a pile of wood, and fire +twice at Count Claudieuse.” + +“And all that appears quite natural to you?” + +“No! At first it shocked me as it shocked everybody. You seem to be +far above all suspicion. But a moment afterwards they pick up the +cartridge-case, which can only have belonged to you. Then, upon my +arrival here, I surprise you in bed, and find the water in which you +have washed your hands black with coal, and little pieces of charred +paper swimming on top of it.” + +“Yes,” said M. de Boiscoran in an undertone: “it is fate.” + +“And that is not all,” continued the magistrate, raising his voice, “I +examine you, and you admit having been out from eight o’clock till after +midnight. I ask what you have been doing, and you refuse to tell me. I +insist, and you tell a falsehood. In order to overwhelm you, I am forced +to quote the evidence of young Ribot, of Gaudry, and Mrs. Courtois, +who have seen you at the very places where you deny having been. That +circumstance alone condemns you. Why should you not be willing to tell +me what you have been doing during those four hours? You claim to be +innocent. Help me, then, to establish your innocence. Speak, tell me +what you were doing between eight and midnight.” + +M. de Boiscoran had no time to answer. + +For some time already, half-suppressed cries, and the sound of a large +crowd, had come up from the courtyard. A gendarme came in quite excited; +and, turning to the magistrate and the commonwealth attorney, he said,-- + +“Gentlemen, there are several hundred peasants, men and women, in the +yard, who clamor for M. de Boiscoran. They threaten to drag him down to +the river. Some of the men are armed with pitchforks; but the women are +the maddest. My comrade and I have done our best to keep them quiet.” + +And just then, as if to confirm what he said, the cries came nearer, +growing louder and louder; and one could distinctly hear,-- + +“Drown Boiscoran! Let us drown the incendiary!” + +The attorney rose, and told the gendarme,-- + +“Go down and tell these people that the authorities are this moment +examining the accused; that they interrupt us; and that, if they keep +on, they will have to do with me.” + +The gendarme obeyed his orders. M. de Boiscoran had turned deadly pale. +He said to himself,-- + +“These unfortunate people believe my guilt!” + +“Yes,” said M. Galpin, who had overheard the words; “and you would +comprehend their rage, for which there is good reason, if you knew all +that has happened.” + +“What else?” + +“Two Sauveterre firemen, one the father of five children, have perished +in the flames. Two other men, a farmer from Brechy, and a gendarme who +tried to rescue them, have been so seriously burned that their lives are +in danger.” + +M. de Boiscoran said nothing. + +“And it is you,” continued the magistrate, “who is charged with all +these calamities. You see how important it is for you to exculpate +yourself.” + +“Ah! how can I?” + +“If you are innocent, nothing is easier. Tell us how you employed +yourself last night.” + +“I have told you all I can say.” + +The magistrate seemed to reflect for a full minute; then he said,-- + +“Take care, M. de Boiscoran: I shall have to have you arrested.” + +“Do so.” + +“I shall be obliged to order your arrest at once, and to send you to +jail in Sauveterre.” + +“Very well.” + +“Then you confess?” + +“I confess that I am the victim of an unheard-of combination of +circumstances; I confess that you are right, and that certain fatalities +can only be explained by the belief in Providence: but I swear by all +that is holy in the world, I am innocent.” + +“Prove it.” + +“Ah! would I not do it if I could?” + +“Be good enough, then, to dress, sir, and to follow the gendarmes.” + +Without a word, M. de Boiscoran went into his dressing-room, followed +by his servant, who carried him his clothes. M. Galpin was so busy +dictating to the clerk the latter part of the examination, that he +seemed to forget his prisoner. Old Anthony availed himself of this +opportunity. + +“Sir,” he whispered into his master’s ear while helping him to put on +his clothes. + +“What?” + +“Hush! Don’t speak so loud! The other window is open. It is only about +twenty feet to the ground: the ground is soft. Close by is one of the +cellar openings; and in there, you know, there is the old hiding-place. +It is only five miles to the coast, and I will have a good horse ready +for you to-night, at the park-gate.” + +A bitter smile rose on M. de Boiscoran’s lips, as he said,-- + +“And you too, my old friend: you think I am guilty?” + +“I conjure you,” said Anthony, “I answer for any thing. It is barely +twenty feet. In your mother’s name”-- + +But, instead of answering him, M. de Boiscoran turned round, and called +M. Galpin. When he had come in, he said to him, “Look at that window, +sir! I have money, fast horses; and the sea is only five miles off. A +guilty man would have escaped. I stay here; for I am innocent.” + +In one point, at least, M. de Boiscoran had been right. Nothing would +have been easier for him than to escape, to get into the garden, and to +reach the hiding-place which his servant had suggested to him. But after +that? He had, to be sure, with old Anthony’s assistance, some chance of +escaping altogether. But, after all, he might have been found out in his +hiding-place, or he might have been overtaken in his ride to the coast. +Even if he had succeeded, what would have become of him? His flight +would necessarily have been looked upon as a confession of his guilt. + +Under such circumstances, to resist the temptation to escape, and to +make this resistance well known, was in fact not so much an evidence +of innocence as a proof of great cleverness. M. Galpin, at all events, +looked upon it in that light; for he judged others by himself. Carefully +and cunningly calculating every step he took in life, he did not believe +in sudden inspirations. He said, therefore, with an ironical smile, +which was to show that he was not so easily taken in,-- + +“Very well, sir. This circumstance shall be mentioned, as well as the +others, at the trial.” + +Very differently thought the commonwealth attorney and the clerk. If +the magistrate had been too much engaged in his dictation to notice any +thing, they had been perfectly able to notice the great excitement under +which the accused had naturally labored. Perfectly amazed at first, and +thinking, for a moment, that the whole was a joke, he had next become +furiously angry; then fear and utter dejection had followed one another. +But in precise proportion as the charges had accumulated, and the +evidence had become overwhelming, he had, so far from becoming +demoralized, seemed to recover his assurance. + +“There is something curious about it,” growled Mechinet. M. Daubigeon, +on the other hand, said nothing; but when M. de Boiscoran came out of +his dressing-room, fully dressed and ready, he said,-- + +“One more question, sir.” + +The poor man bowed. He was pale, but calm and self-possessed. + +“I am ready to reply,” he said. + +“I’ll be brief. You seemed to be surprised and indignant at any one’s +daring to accuse you. That was weakness. Justice is but the work of man, +and must needs judge by appearances. If you reflect, you will see that +the appearances are all against you.” + +“I see it but too clearly.” + +“If you were on a jury, you would not hesitate to pronounce a man guilty +upon such evidence.” + +“No, sir, no!” + +The commonwealth attorney bounded from his chair. He said,-- + +“You are not sincere!” + +M. de Boiscoran sadly shook his head, and replied,-- + +“I speak to you without the slightest hope of convincing you, but in all +sincerity. No, I should not condemn a man, as you say, if he asserted +his innocence, and if I did not see any reason for his crime. For, after +all, unless a man is mad, he does not commit a crime for nothing. Now I +ask you, how could I, upon whom fortune has always smiled; I who am on +the eve of marrying one whom I love passionately,--how could I have set +Valpinson on fire, and tried to murder Count Claudieuse?” + +M. Galpin had scarcely been able to disguise his impatience, when he +saw the attorney take part in the affair. Seizing, therefore, the +opportunity to interfere, he said,-- + +“Your reason, sir, was hatred. You hated the count and the countess +mortally. Do not protest: it is of no use. Everybody knows it; and you +yourself have told me so.” + +M. de Boiscoran looked as if he were growing still more pale, and then +replied in a tone of crushing disdain,-- + +“Even if that were so, I do not see what right you have to abuse the +confidence of a friend, after having declared, upon your arrival here, +that all friendship between us had ceased. But that is not so. I never +told you any such thing. As my feelings have never changed, I can +repeat literally what I have said. I have told you that the count was +a troublesome neighbor, a stickler for his rights, and almost absurdly +attached to his preserves. I have also told you, that, if he declared +my public opinions to be abominable, I looked upon his as ridiculous and +dangerous. As for the countess, I have simply said, half in jest, that +so perfect a person was not to my taste; and that I should be very +unhappy if my wife were a Madonna, who hardly ever deigned to put her +foot upon the ground.” + +“And that was the only reason why you once pointed your gun at Count +Claudieuse? A little more blood rushing to your head would have made you +a murderer on that day.” + +A terrible spasm betrayed M. de Boiscoran’s fury; but he checked +himself, and said,-- + +“My passion was less fiery than it may have looked. I have the most +profound respect for the count’s character. It is an additional grief to +me that he should have accused me.” + +“But he has not accused you!” broke in M. Daubigeon. “On the contrary, +he was the first and the most eager to defend you.” + +And, in spite of the signs which M. Galpin made, he continued,-- + +“Unfortunately that has nothing to do with the force of the evidence +against you. If you persist in keeping silence, you must look for a +criminal trial for the galleys. If you are innocent, why not explain the +matter? What do you wait for? What do you hope?” + +“Nothing.” + +Mechinet had, in the meantime, completed the official report. + +“We must go,” said M. Galpin + +“Am I at liberty,” asked M. de Boiscoran, “to write a few lines to my +father and my mother? They are old: such an event may kill them.” + +“Impossible!” said the magistrate. + +Then, turning to Anthony, he said,-- + +“I am going to put the seals on this room, and I shall leave it in the +meanwhile in your keeping. You know your duty, and the penalties to +which you would be subject, if, at the proper time, every thing is not +found in the same condition in which it is left now. Now, how shall we +get back to Sauveterre?” + +After mature deliberation it was decided that M. de Boiscoran should +go in one of his own carriages, accompanied by one of the gendarmes. +M. Daubigeon, the magistrate, and the clerk would return in the +mayor’s carriage, driven by Ribot, who was furious at being kept under +surveillance. + +“Let us be off,” said the magistrate, when the last formalities had been +fulfilled. + +M. de Boiscoran came down slowly. He knew the court was full of furious +peasants; and he expected to be received with hootings. It was not so. +The gendarme whom the attorney had sent down had done his duty so +well, that not a cry was heard. But when he had taken his seat in the +carriage, and the horse went off at a trot, fierce curses arose, and a +shower of stones fell, one of which wounded a gendarme. + +“Upon my word, you bring ill luck, prisoner,” said the man, a friend of +the other gendarme who had been so much injured at the fire. + +M. de Boiscoran made no reply. He sank back into the corner, and seemed +to fall into a kind of stupor, from which he did not rouse himself till +the carriage drove into the yard of the prison at Sauveterre. On the +threshold stood Master Blangin, the jailer, smiling with delight at the +idea of receiving so distinguished a prisoner. + +“I am going to give you my best room,” he said, “but first I have to +give a receipt to the gendarme, and to enter you in my book.” Thereupon +he took down his huge, greasy register, and wrote the name of Jacques +de Boiscoran beneath that of Trumence Cheminot, a vagabond who had just +been arrested for having broken into a garden. + +It was all over. Jacques de Boiscoran was a prisoner, to be kept in +close confinement. + + + + +SECOND PART--THE BOISCORAN TRIAL + + + +I. + +The Paris house of the Boiscoran family, No. 216 University Street, is +a house of modest appearance. The yard in front is small; and the few +square yards of damp soil in the rear hardly deserve the name of a +garden. But appearances are deceptive. The inside is marvellously +comfortable; careful and painstaking hands have made every provision for +ease; and the rooms display that solid splendor for which our age has +lost the taste. The vestibule contains a superb mosaic, brought home +from Venice, in 1798, by one of the Boiscorans, who had degenerated, and +followed the fortunes of Napoleon. The balusters of the great staircase +are a masterpiece of iron work; and the wainscoting in the dining-room +has no rival in Paris. + +All this, however, is a mere nothing in comparison with the marquis’s +cabinet of curiosities. It fills the whole depth, and half the width, of +the upper story; is lighted from above like a huge _atelier_; and would +fill the heart of an artist with delight. Immense glass cases, +which stand all around against the walls, hold the treasures of the +marquis,--priceless collections of enamels, ivories, bronzes, unique +manuscripts, matchless porcelains, and, above all, his _faiences_, his +dear _faiences_, the pride and the torment of his old age. + +The owner was well worthy of such a setting. + +Though sixty-one years old at that time, the marquis was as straight +as ever, and most aristocratically lean. He had a perfectly magnificent +nose, which absorbed immense quantities of snuff; his mouth was large, +but well furnished; and his brilliant eyes shone with that restless +cunning which betrayed the amateur, who has continually to deal with +sharp and eager dealers in curiosities and second-hand articles of +_vertu_. + +In the year 1845 he had reached the summit of his renown by a great +speech on the question of public meetings; but at that hour his watch +seemed to have stopped. All his ideas were those of an Orleanist. His +appearance, his costume, his high cravat, his whiskers, and the way he +brushed his hair, all betrayed the admirer and friend of the citizen +king. But for all that, he did not trouble himself about politics; in +fact, he troubled himself about nothing at all. With the only condition +that his inoffensive passion should be respected, the marchioness was +allowed to rule supreme in the house, administering her large fortune, +ruling her only son, and deciding all questions without the right of +appeal. It was perfectly useless to ask the marquis any thing: his +answer was invariably,-- + +“Ask my wife.” + +The good man had, the evening before, purchased a little at haphazard, +a large lot of _faiences_, representing scenes of the Revolution; and +at about three o’clock, he was busy, magnifying-glass in hand, examining +his dishes and plates, when the door was suddenly opened. + +The marchioness came in, holding a blue paper in her hand. Six or seven +years younger than her husband, she was the very companion for such an +idle, indolent man. In her walk, in her manner, and in her voice, +she showed at once the woman who stands at the wheel, and means to be +obeyed. Her once celebrated beauty had left remarkable traces enough +to justify her pretensions. She denied having any claims to being +considered handsome, since it was impossible to deny or conceal the +ravages of time, and hence by far her best policy was to accept old age +with good grace. Still, if the marchioness did not grow younger, she +pretended to be older than she really was. She had her gray hair puffed +out with considerable affectation, so as to contrast all the more +forcibly with her ruddy, blooming cheeks, which a girl might have envied +and she often thought of powdering her hair. + +She was so painfully excited, and almost undone, when she came into her +husband’s cabinet, that even he, who for many a year had made it a rule +of his life to show no emotion, was seriously troubled. Laying aside the +dish which he was examining, he said with an anxious voice,-- + +“What is the matter? What has happened?” + +“A terrible misfortune.” + +“Is Jacques dead?” cried the old collector. + +The marchioness shook her head. + +“No! It is something worse, perhaps”-- + +The old man, who has risen at the sight of his wife, sank slowly back +into his chair. + +“Tell me,” he stammered out,--“tell me. I have courage.” + +She handed him the blue paper which she had brought in, and said +slowly,-- + +“Here. A telegram which I have just received from old Anthony, our son’s +valet.” + +With trembling hands the old marquis unfolded the paper, and read,-- + +“Terrible misfortune! Master Jacques accused of having set the chateau +at Valpinson on fire, and murdered Count Claudieuse. Terrible evidence +against him. When examined, hardly any defence. Just arrested and +carried to jail. In despair. What must I do?” + +The marchioness had feared lest the marquis should have been crushed +by this despatch, which in its laconic terms betrayed Anthony’s abject +terror. But it was not so. He put it back on the table in the calmest +manner, and said, shrugging his shoulders,-- + +“It is absurd!” + +His wife did not understand it. She began again,-- + +“You have not read it carefully, my friend”-- + +“I understand,” he broke in, “that our son is accused of a crime which +he has not and can not have committed. You surely do not doubt his +innocence? What a mother you would be! On my part, I assure you I am +perfectly tranquil. Jacques an incendiary! Jacques a murderer! That is +nonsense!” + +“Ah! you did not read the telegram,” exclaimed the marchioness. + +“I beg your pardon.” + +“You did not see that there was evidence against him.” + +“If there had been none, he could not have been arrested. Of course, the +thing is disagreeable: it is painful.” + +“But he did not defend himself.” + +“Upon my word! Do you think that if to-morrow somebody accused me of +having robbed the till of some shopkeeper, I would take the trouble to +defend myself?” + +“But do you not see that Anthony evidently thinks our son is guilty?” + +“Anthony is an old fool!” declared the marquis. + +Then pulling out his snuffbox, and stuffing his nose full of snuff, he +said,-- + +“Besides, let us consider. Did you not tell me that Jacques is in love +with that little Dionysia Chandore?” + +“Desperately. Like a real child.” + +“And she?” + +“She adores Jacques.” + +“Well. And did you not also tell me that the wedding-day was fixed?” + +“Yes, three days ago.” + +“Has Jacques written to you about the matter?” + +“An excellent letter.” + +“In which he tells you he is coming up?” + +“Yes: he wanted to purchase the wedding-presents himself.” With a +gesture of magnificent indifference the marquis tapped the top of his +snuffbox, and said,-- + +“And you think a boy like our Jacques, a Boiscoran, in love, and +beloved, who is about to be married, and has his head full of +wedding-presents, could have committed such a horrible crime? Such +things are not worth discussing, and, with your leave, I shall return to +my occupation.” + +If doubt is contagious, confidence is still more so. Gradually the +marchioness felt reassured by the perfect assurance of her husband. The +blood came back to her cheeks; and smiles reappeared on pale lips. She +said in a stronger voice,-- + +“In fact, I may have been too easily frightened.” + +The marquis assented by a gesture. + +“Yes, much too easily, my dear. And, between us, I would not say much +about it. How could the officers help accusing our Jacques if his own +mother suspects him?” + +The marchioness had taken up the telegram, and was reading it over once +more. + +“And yet,” she said, answering her own objections, “who in my place +would not have been frightened? This name of Claudieuse especially”-- + +“Why? It is the name of an excellent and most honorable gentleman,--the +best man in the world, in spite of his sea-dog manners.” + +“Jacques hates him, my dear.” + +“Jacques does not mind him any more than that.” + +“They have repeatedly quarrelled.” + +“Of course. Claudieuse is a furious legitimist; and as such he always +talks with the utmost contempt of all of us who have been attached to +the Orleans family.” + +“Jacques has been at law with him.” + +“And he has done right, only he ought to have carried the matter +through. Claudieuse has claims on the Magpie, which divides our +lands,--absurd claims. He wants at all seasons, and according as he may +desire, to direct the waters of the little stream into his own channels, +and thus drown the meadows at Boiscoran, which are lower than his own. +Even my brother, who was an angel in patience and gentleness, had his +troubles with this tyrant.” + +But the marchioness was not convinced yet. + +“There was another trouble,” she said. + +“What?” + +“Ah! I should like to know myself.” + +“Has Jacques hinted at any thing?” + +“No. I only know this. Last year, at the Duchess of Champdoce’s, I met +by chance the Countess Claudieuse and her children. The young woman is +perfectly charming; and, as we were going to give a ball the week after, +it occurred to me to invite her at once. She refused, and did so in such +an icy, formal manner, that I did not insist.” + +“She probably does not like dancing,” growled the marquis. + +“That same evening I mentioned the matter to Jacques. He seemed to be +very angry, and told me, in a manner that was hardly compatible with +respect, that I had been very wrong, and that he had his reasons for not +desiring to come in contact with those people.” + +The marquis felt so secure, that he only listened with partial +attention, looking all the time aside at his precious _faiences_. + +“Well,” he said at last, “Jacques detests the Claudieuses. What does +that prove? God be thanked, we do not murder all the people we detest!” + +His wife did not insist any longer. She only asked,-- + +“Well, what must we do?” + +She was so little in the habit of consulting her husband, that he was +quite surprised. + +“The first thing is to get Jacques out of jail. We must see--we ought to +ask for advice.” + +At this moment a light knock was heard at the door. + +“Come in!” he said. + +A servant came in, bringing a large envelope, marked “Telegraphic +Despatch. Private.” + +“Upon my word!” cried the marquis. “I thought so. Now we shall be all +right again.” + +The servant had left the room. He tore open the envelope; but at the +first glance at the contents the smile vanished, he turned pale, and +just said,-- + +“Great God!” + +Quick as lightning, the marchioness seized the fatal paper. She read at +a glance,-- + +“Come quick. Jacques in prison; close confinement; accused of horrible +crime. The whole town says he is guilty, and that he has confessed. +Infamous calumny! His judge is his former friend, Galpin, who was +to marry his cousin Lavarande. Know nothing except that Jacques is +innocent. Abominable intrigue! Grandpa Chandore and I will do what can +be done. Your help indispensable. Come, come! + +“DIONYSIA CHANDORE.” + +“Ah, my son is lost!” cried the marchioness with tears in her eyes. The +marquis, however, had recovered already from the shock. + +“And I--I say more than ever, with Dionysia, who is a brave girl, +Jacques is innocent. But I see he is in danger. A criminal prosecution +is always an ugly affair. A man in close confinement may be made to say +any thing.” + +“We must do something,” said the mother, nearly mad with grief. + +“Yes, and without losing a minute. We have friends: let us see who among +them can help us.” + +“I might write to M. Margeril.” + +The marquis, who had turned quite pale, became livid. + +“What!” he cried. “You dare utter that name in my presence?” + +“He is all powerful; and my son is in danger.” + +The marquis stopped her with a threatening gesture, and cried with an +accent of bitter hatred,-- + +“I would a thousand times rather my son should die innocent on the +scaffold than owe his safety to that man!” + +His wife seemed to be on the point of fainting. + +“Great God! And yet you know very well that I was only a little +indiscreet.” + +“No more!” said the marquis harshly. + +Then, recovering his self-control by a powerful effort, he went on,-- + +“Before we attempt any thing, we must know how the matter stands. You +will leave for Sauveterre this evening.” + +“Alone?” + +“No. I will find some able lawyer,--a reliable jurist, who is not a +politician,--if such a one can be found nowadays. He will tell you what +to do, and will write to me, so that I can do here whatever may be +best. Dionysia is right. Jacques must be the victim of some abominable +intrigue. Nevertheless, we shall save him; but we must keep cool, +perfectly cool.” + +And as he said this he rang the bell so violently, that a number of +servants came rushing in at once. + +“Quick,” he said; “send for my lawyer, Mr. Chapelain. Take a carriage.” + +The servant who took the order was so expeditious, that, in less than +twenty minutes, M. Chapelain arrived. + +“Ah! we want all your experience, my friend,” said the marquis to him. +“Look here. Read these telegrams.” + +Fortunately, the lawyer had such control over himself, that he did not +betray what he felt; for he believed Jacques guilty, knowing as he did +how reluctant courts generally are to order the arrest of a suspected +person. + +“I know the man for the marchioness,” he said at last. + +“Ah!” + +“A young man whose modesty alone has kept him from distinguishing +himself so far, although I know he is one of the best jurists at the +bar, and an admirable speaker.” + +“What is his name?” + +“Manuel Folgat. I shall send him to you at once.” + +Two hours later, M. Chapelain’s _protégé_ appeared at the house of +the Boiscorans. He was a man of thirty-one or thirty-two, with large, +wide-open eyes, whose whole appearance was breathing intelligence and +energy. + +The marquis was pleased with him, and after having told him all he knew +about Jacques’s position, endeavored to inform him as to the people +down at Sauveterre,--who would be likely to be friends, and who enemies, +recommending to him, above all, to trust M. Seneschal, an old friend of +the family, and a most influential man in that community. + +“Whatever is humanly possible shall be done, sir,” said the lawyer. + +That same evening, at fifteen minutes past eight, the Marchioness of +Boiscoran and Manuel Folgat took their seats in the train for Orleans. + + + +II. + +The railway which connects Sauveterre with the Orleans line enjoys a +certain celebrity on account of a series of utterly useless curves, +which defy all common sense, and which would undoubtedly be the source +of countless accidents, if the trains were not prohibited from going +faster than eight or ten miles an hour. + +The depot has been built--no doubt for the greater convenience of +travellers--at a distance of two miles from town, on a place where +formerly the first banker of Sauveterre had his beautiful gardens. +The pretty road which leads to it is lined on both sides with inns and +taverns, on market-days full of peasants, who try to rob each other, +glass in hand, and lips overflowing with protestations of honesty. +On ordinary days even, the road is quite lively; for the walk to the +railway has become a favorite promenade. People go out to see the +trains start or come in, to examine the new arrivals, or to exchange +confidences as to the reasons why Mr. or Mrs. So-and-so have made up +their mind to travel. + +It was nine o’clock in the morning when the train which brought the +marchioness and Manuel Folgat at last reached Sauveterre. The former +was overcome by fatigue and anxiety, having spent the whole night +in discussing the chances for her son’s safety, and was all the more +exhausted as the lawyer had taken care not to encourage her hopes. + +For he also shared, in secret at least, M. Chapelain’s doubts. He, also, +had said to himself, that a man like M. de Boiscoran is not apt to +be arrested, unless there are strong reasons, and almost overwhelming +proofs of his guilt in the hands of the authorities. + +The train was slackening speed. + +“If only Dionysia and her father,” sighed the marchioness, “have thought +of sending a carriage to meet us.” + +“Why so?” asked Manuel Folgat. + +“Because I do not want all the world to see my grief and my tears.” + +The young lawyer shook his head, and said,-- + +“You will certainly not do that, madame, if you are disposed to follow +my advice.” + +She looked at him quite amazed; but he insisted. + +“I mean you must not look as if you wished not to be seen: that would be +a great, almost irreparable mistake. What would they think if they saw +you in tears and great distress? They would say you were sure of your +son’s guilt; and the few who may still doubt will doubt no longer. You +must control public opinion from the beginning; for it is absolute +in these small communities, where everybody is under somebody else’s +immediate influence. Public opinion is all powerful; and say what you +will, it controls even the jurymen in their deliberations.” + +“That is true,” said the marchioness: “that is but too true.” + +“Therefore, madame, you must summon all your energy, conceal your +maternal anxiety in your innermost heart, dry your tears, and show +nothing but the most perfect confidence. Let everybody say, as he sees +you, ‘No mother could look so who thinks her son guilty.’” + +The marchioness straightened herself, and said,-- + +“You are right, sir; and I thank you. I must try to impress public +opinion as you say; and, so far from wishing to find the station +deserted, I shall be delighted to see it full of people. I will show you +what a woman can do who thinks of her son’s life.” + +The Marchioness of Boiscoran was a woman of rare power. + +Drawing her comb from her dressing-case, she repaired the disorder of +her coiffure; with a few skilful strokes she smoothed her dress; her +features, by a supreme effort of will, resumed their usual serenity; she +forced her lips to smile without betraying the effort it cost her; and +then she said in a clear, firm voice,-- + +“Look at me, sir. Can I show myself now?” + +The train stopped at the station. Manuel Folgat jumped out lightly; and, +offering the marchioness his hand to assist her, he said,-- + +“You will be pleased with yourself, madam. Your courage will not be +useless. All Sauveterre seems to be here.” + +This was more than half true. Ever since the night before, a report had +been current,--no one knew how it had started,--that the “murderer’s +mother,” as they charitably called her, would arrive by the nine o’clock +train; and everybody had determined to happen to be at the station at +that hour. In a place where gossip lives for three days upon the last +new dress from Paris, such an opportunity for a little excitement was +not to be neglected. No one thought for a moment of what the poor old +lady would probably feel upon being compelled thus to face a whole +town; for at Sauveterre curiosity has at least the merit, that it is not +hypocritical. Everybody is openly indiscreet, and by no means ashamed +of it. They place themselves right in front of you, and look at you, and +try to find out the secret of your joy or your grief. + +It must be borne in mind, however, that public opinion was running +strongly against M. de Boiscoran. If there had been nothing against him +but the fire at Valpinson, and the attempts upon Count Claudieuse, +that would have been a small matter. But the fire had had terrible +consequences. Two men had perished in it; and two others had been so +severely wounded as to put their lives in jeopardy. Only the evening +before, a sad procession had passed through the streets of Sauveterre. +In a cart covered with a cloth, and followed by two priests, the almost +carbonized remains of Bolton the drummer, and of poor Guillebault, had +been brought home. The whole city had seen the widow go to the mayor’s +office, holding in her arms her youngest child, while the four others +clung to her dress. + +All these misfortunes were traced back to Jacques, who was loaded +with curses; and the people now thought of receiving his mother, the +marchioness, with fierce hootings. + +“There she is, there she is!” they said in the crowd, when she appeared +in the station, leaning upon M. Folgat’s arm. + +But they did not say another word, so great was their surprise at her +appearance. Immediately two parties were formed. “She puts a bold face +on it,” said some; while others declared, “She is quite sure of her +son’s innocence.” + +At all events, she had presence of mind enough to see what an impression +she produced, and how well she had done to follow M. Folgat’s advice. +It gave her additional strength. As she distinguished in the crowd some +people whom she knew, she went up to them, and, smiling, said,-- + +“Well, you know what has happened to us. It is unheard of! Here is the +liberty of a man like my son at the mercy of the first foolish notion +that enters the head of a magistrate. I heard the news yesterday by +telegram, and came down at once with this gentleman, a friend of ours, +and one of the first lawyers of Paris.” + +M. Folgat looked embarrassed: he would have liked more considerate +words. Still he could not help supporting the marchioness in what she +had said. + +“These gentlemen of the court,” he said in measured tones, “will perhaps +be sorry for what they have done.” + +Fortunately a young man, whose whole livery consisted in a gold-laced +cap, came up to them at this moment. + +“M. de Chandore’s carriage is here,” he said. + +“Very well,” replied the marchioness. + +And bowing to the good people of Sauveterre, who were quite dumfounded +by her assurance, she said,-- + +“Pardon me if I leave you so soon; but M. de Chandore expects us. I +shall, however, be happy to call upon you soon, on my son’s arm.” + +The house of the Chandore family stands on the other side of the +New-Market Place, at the very top of the street, which is hardly more +than a line of steps, which the mayor persistently calls upon the +municipal council to grade, and which the latter as persistently refuse +to improve. The building is quite new, massive but ugly, and has at the +side a pretentious little tower with a peaked roof, which Dr. Seignebos +calls a perpetual menace of the feudal system. + +It is true the Chandores once upon a time were great feudal lords, and +for a long time exhibited a profound contempt for all who could not +boast of noble ancestors and a deep hatred of revolutionary ideas. But +if they had ever been formidable, they had long since ceased to be so. +Of the whole great family,--one of the most numerous and most powerful +of the province,--only one member survived, the Baron de Chandore, and a +girl, his granddaughter, betrothed to Jacques de Boiscoran. Dionysia was +an orphan. She was barely three years old, when within five months, she +lost her father, who fell in a duel, and her mother, who had not the +strength to survive the man whom she had loved. This was certainly for +the child a terrible misfortune; but she was not left uncared for nor +unloved. Her grandfather bestowed all his affections upon her; and the +two sisters of her mother, the Misses Lavarande, then already no longer +young, determined never to marry, so as to devote themselves exclusively +to their niece. From that day the two good ladies had wished to live +in the baron’s house; but from the beginning he had utterly refused +to listen to their propositions, asserting that he was perfectly able +himself to watch over the child, and wanted to have her all to himself. +All he would grant was, that the ladies might spend the day with +Dionysia whenever they chose. + +Hence arose a certain rivalry between the aunts and the grandfather, +which led both parties to most amazing exaggerations. Each one did what +could be done to engage the affections of the little girl; each one was +willing to pay any price for the most trifling caress. At five years +Dionysia had every toy that had ever been invented. At ten she was +dressed like the first lady of the land, and had jewelry in abundance. + +The grandfather, in the meantime, had been metamorphosed from head to +foot. Rough, rigid, and severe, he had suddenly become a “love of a +father.” The fierce look had vanished from his eyes, the scorn from his +lips; and both had given way to soft glances and smooth words. He was +seen daily trotting through the streets, and going from shop to shop +on errands for his grandchild. He invited her little friends, arranged +picnics for her, helped her drive her hoops, and if needs be, led in a +cotillion. + +If Dionysia looked displeased, he trembled. If she coughed, he turned +pale. Once she was sick: she had the measles. He staid up for twelve +nights in succession, and sent to Paris for doctors, who laughed in his +face. + +And yet the two old ladies found means to exceed his folly. + +If Dionysia learned any thing at all, it was only because she herself +insisted upon it: otherwise the writing-master and the music-master +would have been sent away at the slightest sign of weariness. + +Sauveterre saw it, and shrugged its shoulders. + +“What a wretched education!” the ladies said. “Such weakness is +absolutely unheard of. They tender the child a sorry service.” + +There was no doubt that such almost incredible spoiling, such blind +devotion, and perpetual worship, came very near making of Dionysia the +most disagreeable little person that ever lived. But fortunately she had +one of those happy dispositions which cannot be spoiled; and besides, +she was perhaps saved from the danger by its very excess. As she grew +older she would say with a laugh,-- + +“Grandpapa Chandore, my aunts Lavarande, and I, we do just what we +choose.” + +That was only a joke. Never did a young girl repay such sweet affection +with rarer and nobler qualities. + +She was thus leading a happy life, free from all care, and was just +seventeen years old, when the great event of her life took place. M. de +Chandore one morning met Jacques de Boiscoran, whose uncle had been +a friend of his, and invited him to dinner. Jacques accepted the +invitation, and came. Dionysia saw him, and loved him. + +Now, for the first time in her life, she had a secret unknown to +Grandpapa Chandore and to her aunts; and for two years the birds and the +flowers were the only confidants of this love of hers, which grew up in +her heart, sweet like a dream, idealized by absence, and fed by memory. + +For Jacques’s eyes remained blind for two years. + +But the day on which they were opened he felt that his fate was sealed. +Nor did he hesitate a moment; and in less than a month after that, the +Marquis de Boiscoran came down to Sauveterre, and in all form asked +Dionysia’s hand for his son. + +Ah! that was a heavy blow for Grandpapa Chandore. + +He had, of course, often thought of the future marriage of his +grandchild; he had even at times spoken of it, and told her that he +was getting old, and should feel very much relieved when he should have +found her a good husband. But he talked of it as a distant thing, very +much as we speak of dying. M. de Boiscoran brought his true feelings +out. He shuddered at the idea of giving up Dionysia, of seeing her +prefer another man to himself, and of loving her children best of all. +He was quite inclined to throw the ambassador out of the window. + +Still he checked his feelings, and replied that he could give no reply +till he had consulted his granddaughter. + +Poor grandpapa! At the very first words he uttered, she exclaimed,-- + +“Oh, I am so happy! But I expected it.” + +M. de Chandore bent his head to conceal a tear which burned in his eyes. +Then he said very low,-- + +“Then the thing is settled.” + +At once, rather comforted by the joy that was sparkling in his +grandchild’s eyes, he began reproaching himself for his selfishness, and +for being unhappy, when his Dionysia seemed to be so happy. Jacques had, +of course, been allowed to visit the house as a lover; and the very day +before the fire at Valpinson, after having long and carefully counted +the days absolutely required for all the purchases of the trousseau, +and all the formalities of the event, the wedding-day had been finally +fixed. + +Thus Dionysia was struck down in the very height of her happiness, when +she heard, at the same time, of the terrible charges brought against M. +de Boiscoran, and of his arrest. + +At first, thunderstruck, she had lain nearly ten minutes unconscious +in the arms of her aunts, who, like the grandfather, were themselves +utterly overcome with terror. But, as soon as she came to, she +exclaimed,-- + +“Am I mad to give way thus? Is it not evident that he is innocent?” + +Then she had sent her telegram to the marquis, knowing well, that, +before taking any measures, it was all important to come to an +understanding with Jacques’s family. Then she had begged to be left +alone; and she had spent the night in counting the minutes that must +pass till the hour came when the train from Paris would bring her help. + +At eight o’clock she had come down to give orders herself that a +carriage should be sent to the station for the marchioness, adding that +they must drive back as fast as they could. Then she had gone into the +sitting-room to join her grandfather and her aunts. They talked to her; +but her thoughts were elsewhere. + +At last a carriage was heard coming up rapidly, and stopping before the +house. She got up, rushed into the hall, and cried,-- + +“Here is Jacques’s mother!” + + + +III. + +We cannot do violence to our natural feelings without paying for it. The +marchioness had nearly fainted when she could at last take refuge in the +carriage: she was utterly overcome by the great effort she had made +to present to the curious people of Sauveterre a smiling face and calm +features. + +“What a horrible comedy!” she murmured, as she sank back on the +cushions. + +“Admit, at least, madam,” said the lawyer, “that it was necessary. You +have won over, perhaps, a hundred persons to your son’s side.” + +She made no reply. Her tears stifled her. What would she not have given +for a few moments’ solitude, to give way to all the grief of her heart, +to all the anxiety of a mother! The time till she reached the house +seemed to her an eternity; and, although the horse was driven at a +furious rate, she felt as if they were making no progress. At last the +carriage stopped. + +The little servant had jumped down, and opened the door, saying,-- + +“Here we are.” + +The marchioness got out with M. Folgat’s assistance; and her foot was +hardly on the ground, when the house-door opened, and Dionysia threw +herself into her arms, too deeply moved to speak. At last she broke +forth,-- + +“Oh, my mother, my mother! what a terrible misfortune!” + +In the passage M. de Chandore was coming forward. He had not been able +to follow his granddaughter’s rapid steps. + +“Let us go in,” he said to the two ladies: “don’t stand there!” + +For at all the windows curious eyes were peeping through the blinds. + +He drew them into the sitting-room. Poor M. Folgat was sorely +embarrassed what to do with himself. No one seemed to be aware of his +existence. He followed them, however. He entered the room, and standing +by the door, sharing the general excitement, he was watching by turns, +Dionysia, M. de Chandore, and the two spinsters. + +Dionysia was then twenty years old. It could not be said that she was +uncommonly beautiful; but no one could ever forget her again who had +once seen her. Small in form, she was grace personified; and all her +movements betrayed a rare and exquisite perfection. Her black hair fell +in marvellous masses over her head, and contrasted strangely with her +blue eyes and her fair complexion. Her skin was of dazzling whiteness. +Every thing in her features spoke of excessive timidity. And yet, from +certain movements of her lips and her eyebrows, one might have suspected +no lack of energy. + +Grandpapa Chandore looked unusually tall by her side. His massive frame +was imposing. He did not show his seventy-two years, but was as straight +as ever, and seemed to be able to defy all the storms of life. What +struck strangers most, perhaps, was his dark-red complexion, which gave +him the appearance of an Indian chieftain, while his white beard and +hair brought the crimson color still more prominently out. In spite +of his herculean frame and his strange complexion, his face bore the +expression of almost child-like goodness. But the first glance at his +eyes proved that the gentle smile on his lips was not to be taken alone. +There were flashes in his gray eyes which made people aware that a man +who should dare, for instance, to offend Dionysia, would have to pay for +it pretty dearly. + +As to the two aunts, they were as tall and thin as a couple of +willow-rods, pale, discreet, ultra-aristocratic in their reserve and +their coldness; but they bore in their faces an expression of happy +peace and sentimental tenderness, such as is often seen in old maids +whose temper has not been soured by celibacy. They dressed absolutely +alike, as they had done now for forty years, preferring neutral colors +and modest fashions, such as suited their simple taste. + +They were crying bitterly at that moment; and M. Folgat felt +instinctively that there was no sacrifice of which they were not capable +for their beloved niece’s sake. + +“Poor Dionysia!” they whispered. + +The girl heard them, however; and, drawing herself up, she said,-- + +“But we are behaving shamefully. What would Jacques say, if he could see +us from his prison! Why should we be so sad? Is he not innocent?” + +Her eyes shone with unusual brilliancy: her voice had a ring which moved +Manuel Folgat deeply. + +“I can at least, in justice to myself,” she went on saying, “assure you +that I have never doubted him for a moment. And how should I ever have +dared to doubt? The very night on which the fire broke out, Jacques +wrote me a letter of four pages, which he sent me by one of his tenants, +and which reached me at nine o’clock. I showed it to grandpapa. He read +it, and then he said I was a thousand times right, because a man who had +been meditating such a crime could never have written that letter.” + +“I said so, and I still think so,” added M. de Chandore; “and every +sensible man will think so too; but”-- + +His granddaughter did not let him finish. + +“It is evident therefore, that Jacques is the victim of an abominable +intrigue; and we must unravel it. We have cried enough: now let us act!” + +Then, turning to the marchioness, she said,-- + +“And my dear mother, I sent for you, because we want you to help us in +this great work.” + +“And here I am,” replied the old lady, “not less certain of my son’s +innocence than you are.” + +Evidently M. de Chandore had been hoping for something more; for he +interrupted her, asking,-- + +“And the marquis?” + +“My husband remained in Paris.” + +The old gentleman’s face assumed a curious expression. + +“Ah, that is just like him,” he said. “Nothing can move him. His only +son is wickedly accused of a crime, arrested, thrown into prison. They +write to him; they hope he will come at once. By no means. Let his son +get out of trouble as he can. He has his _faiences_ to attend to. Oh, if +I had a son!” + +“My husband,” pleaded the marchioness, “thinks he can be more useful to +Jacques in Paris than here. There will be much to be done there.” + +“Have we not the railway?” + +“Moreover,” she went on, “he intrusted me to this gentleman.” She +pointed out M. Folgat. + +“M. Manuel Folgat, who has promised us the assistance of his experience, +his talents, and his devotion.” + +When thus formally introduced, M. Folgat bowed, and said,-- + +“I am all hope. But I think with Miss Chandore, that we must go to work +without losing a second. Before I can decide, however, upon what is to +be done, I must know all the facts.” + +“Unfortunately we know nothing,” replied M. de Chandore,--“nothing, +except that Jacques is kept in close confinement.” + +“Well, then, we must try to find out. You know, no doubt, all the law +officers of Sauveterre?” + +“Very few. I know the commonwealth attorney.” + +“And the magistrate before whom the matter has been brought.” + +The older of the two Misses Lavarande rose, and exclaimed,-- + +“That man, M. Galpin, is a monster of hypocrisy and ingratitude. He +called himself Jacques’s friend; and Jacques liked him well enough +to induce us, my sister and myself, to give our consent to a marriage +between him and one of our cousins, a Lavarande. Poor child. When she +learned the sad truth, she cried, ‘Great God! God be blessed that I +escaped the disgrace of becoming the wife of such a man!’” + +“Yes,” added the other old lady, “if all Sauveterre thinks Jacques +guilty, let them also say, ‘His own friend has become his judge.’” + +M. Folgat shook his head, and said,-- + +“I must have more minute information. The marquis mentioned to me a M. +Seneschal, mayor of Sauveterre.” + +M. de Chandore looked at once for his hat, and said,-- + +“To be sure! He is a friend of ours; and, if any one is well informed, +he is. Let us go to him. Come.” + +M. Seneschal was indeed a friend of the Chandores, the Lavarandes, and +also of the Boiscorans. Although he was a lawyer he had become attached +to the people whose confidential adviser he had been for more than +twenty years. Even after having retired from business, M. Seneschal had +still retained the full confidence of his former clients. They never +decided on any grave question, without consulting him first. His +successor did the business for them; but M. Seneschal directed what was +to be done. + +Nor was the assistance all on one side. The example of great people +like M. de Chandore and Jacques’s uncle had brought many a peasant on +business into M. Seneschal’s office; and when he was, at a later period +of his life, attacked by the fever of political ambition, and offered to +“sacrifice himself for his country” by becoming mayor of Sauveterre, and +a member of the general council, their support had been of great service +to him. + +Hence he was well-nigh overcome when he returned, on that fatal morning, +to Sauveterre. He looked so pale and undone, that his wife was seriously +troubled. + +“Great God, Augustus! What has happened?” she asked. + +“Something terrible has happened,” he replied in so tragic a manner, +that his wife began to tremble. + +To be sure, Mrs. Seneschal trembled very easily. She was a woman of +forty-five or fifty years, very dark, short, and fat, trying hard to +breathe in the corsets which were specially made for her by the Misses +Mechinet, the clerk’s sisters. When she was young, she had been rather +pretty: now she still kept the red cheeks of her younger days, a forest +of jet black hair, and excellent teeth. But she was not happy. Her life +had been spent in wishing for children, and she had none. + +She consoled herself, it is true, by constantly referring to all the +most delicate details on the subject, mentioning not to her +intimate friends only, but to any one who would listen, her constant +disappointments, the physicians she had consulted, the pilgrimages she +had undertaken, and the quantities of fish she had eaten, although she +abominated fish. All had been in vain, and as her hopes fled with her +years, she had become resigned, and indulged now in a kind of romantic +sentimentality, which she carefully kept alive by reading novels and +poems without end. She had a tear ready for every unfortunate being, and +some words of comfort for every grief. Her charity was well known. Never +had a poor woman with children appealed to her in vain. In spite of all +that, she was not easily taken in. She managed her household with her +hand as well as with her eye; and no one surpassed her in the extent of +her washings, or the excellence of her dinners. + +She was quite ready, therefore, to sigh and to sob when her husband told +her what had happened during the night. When he had ended, she said,-- + +“That poor Dionysia is capable of dying of it. In your place, I would go +at once to M. de Chandore, and inform him in the most cautious manner of +what has happened.” + +“I shall take good care not to do so,” replied M. Seneschal; “and I tell +you expressly not to go there yourself.” + +For he was by no means a philosopher; and, if he had been his own +master, he would have taken the first train, and gone off a hundred +miles, so as not to see the grief of the Misses Lavarande and Grandpapa +Chandore. He was exceedingly fond of Dionysia: he had been hard at work +for years to settle and to add to her fortune, as if she had been his +own daughter, and now to witness her grief! He shuddered at the idea. +Besides, he really did not know what to believe, and influenced by M. +Galpin’s assurance, misled by public opinion, he had come to ask himself +if Jacques might not, after all, have committed the crimes with which he +was charged. + +Fortunately his duties were on that day so numerous and so troublesome, +that he had no time to think. He had to provide for the recovery and +the transportation of the remains of the two unfortunate victims of the +fire; he had to receive the mother of one, and the widow and children of +the other, and to listen to their complaints, and try to console them +by promising the former a small pension, and the latter some help in the +education of their children. Then he had to give directions to have the +wounded men brought home; and, after that, he had gone out in search +of a house for Count Claudieuse and his wife, which had given him much +trouble. Finally, a large part of the afternoon had been taken up by an +angry discussion with Dr. Seignebos. The doctor, in the name of outraged +society, as he called it, and in the name of justice and humanity, +demanded the immediate arrest of Cocoleu, that wretch whose unconscious +statement formed the basis of the accusation. He demanded with a furious +oath that the epileptic idiot should be sent to the hospital, and kept +there so as to be professionally examined by experts. The mayor had +for some time refused to grant the request, which seemed to him +unreasonable; but he doctor had talked so loud and insisted so strongly, +that at last he had sent two gendarmes to Brechy with orders to bring +back Cocoleu. + +They had returned several hours later with empty hands. The idiot had +disappeared; and no one in the whole district had been able to give any +information as to this whereabouts. + +“And you think that is natural?” exclaimed Dr. Seignebos, whose eyes +were glaring at the mayor from under his spectacles. “To me that looks +like an absolute proof that a plot has been hatched to ruin M. de +Boiscoran.” + +“But can’t you be quiet?” M. Seneschal said angrily. “Do you think +Cocoleu is lost? He will turn up again.” + +The doctor had left him without insisting any longer; but before going +home, he had dropped in at his club, and there, in the presence of +twenty people he had declared that he had positive proof of a plot +formed against M. de Boiscoran, whom the Monarchists had never forgiven +for having left them; and that the Jesuits were certainly mixed up with +the business. + +This interference was more injurious than useful to Jacques; and the +consequences were soon seen. That same evening, when M. Galpin crossed +the New-Market Place, he was wantonly insulted. Very naturally he went, +almost in a fury, to call upon the mayor, to hold him responsible for +this insult offered to Justice in his person, and asking for energetic +punishment. M. Seneschal promised to take the proper measures, and +went to the commonwealth attorney to act in concert with him. There he +learned what had happened at Boiscoran, and the terrible result of the +examination. + +So he had come home, quite sorrowful, distressed at Jacques’s situation, +and very much disturbed by the political aspect which the matter was +beginning to wear. He had spent a bad night, and in the morning had +displayed such fearful temper, that his wife had hardly dared to say a +word to him. But even that was not all. At two o’clock precisely, the +funeral of Bolton and Guillebault was to take place; and he had promised +Capt. Parenteau that he would be present in his official costume, and +accompanied by the whole municipal council. He had already given +orders to have his uniform gotten ready, when the servant announced +visitors,--M. de Chandore and friend. + +“That was all that was wanting!” he exclaimed + +But, thinking it over, he added,-- + +“Well, it had to come sooner or later. Show them in!” + +M. Seneschal was too good to be so troubled in advance, and to prepare +himself for a heart-rending scene. He was amazed at the easy, almost +cheerful manner with which M. de Chandore presented to him his +companion. + +“M. Manuel Folgat, my dear Seneschal, a famous lawyer from Paris, who +has been kind enough to come down with the Marchioness de Boiscoran.” + +“I am a stranger here, M. Seneschal,” said Folgat: “I do not know the +manner of thinking, the customs, the interests, the prejudices, of this +country; in fact, I am totally ignorant, and I know I would commit many +a grievous blunder, unless I could secure the assistance of an able and +experienced counsellor. M. de Boiscoran and M. de Chandore have both +encouraged me to hope that I might find such a man in you.” + +“Certainly, sir, and with all my heart,” replied M. Seneschal, bowing +politely, and evidently flattered by this deference on the part of a +great Paris lawyer. + +He had offered his guests seats. He had sat down himself, and resting +his elbow on the arm of his big office-chair, he rubbed his clean-shaven +chin with his hand. + +“This is a very serious matter, gentlemen,” he said at last. + +“A criminal charge is always serious,” replied M. Folgat. + +“Upon my word,” cried M. de Chandore, “you are not in doubt about +Jacques’s innocence?” + +M. Seneschal did not say, No. He was silent, thinking of the wise +remarks made by his wife the evening before. + +“How can we know,” he began at last, “what may be going on in young +brains of twenty-five when they are set on fire by the remembrance of +certain insults! Wrath is a dangerous counsellor.” + +Grandpapa Chandore refused to hear any more. + +“What! do you talk to me of wrath?” he broke in; “and what do you see +of wrath in this Valpinson affair? I see nothing in it, for my part, but +the very meanest crime, long prepared and coolly carried out.” + +The mayor very seriously shook his head, and said,-- + +“You do not know all that has happened.” + +“Sir,” added M. Folgat, “it is precisely for the purpose of hearing what +has happened that we come to you.” + +“Very well,” said M. Seneschal. + +Thereupon he went to work to describe the events which he had witnessed +at Valpinson, and those, which, as he had learned from the commonwealth +attorney, had taken place at Boiscoran; and this he did with all the +lucidity of an experienced old lawyer who is accustomed to unravel the +mysteries of complicated suits. He wound up by saying,-- + +“Finally, do you know what Daubigeon said to me, whose evidence you +will certainly know how to appreciate? He said in so many words, ‘Galpin +could not but order the arrest of M. de Boiscoran. Is he guilty? I do +not know what to think of it. The accusation is overwhelming. He swears +by all the gods that he is innocent; but he will not tell how he spent +the night.’” + +M. de Chandore, in spite of his vigor, was near fainting, although his +face remained as crimson as ever. Nothing on earth could make him turn +pale. + +“Great God!” he murmured, “what will Dionysia say?” + +Then, turning to M. Folgat, he said aloud,-- + +“And yet Jacques had something in his mind for that evening.” + +“Do you think so?” + +“I am sure of it. But for that, he would certainly have come to the +house, as he has done every evening for a month. Besides, he said so +himself in the letter which he sent Dionysia by one of his tenants, and +which she mentioned to you. He wrote, ‘I curse from the bottom of my +heart the business which prevents me from spending the evening with you; +but I cannot possibly defer it any longer. To-morrow!’” + +“You see,” said M. Seneschal. + +“The letter is of such a nature,” continued the old gentleman, “that I +repeat, No man who premeditated such a hideous crime could possibly have +written it. Nevertheless, I confess to you, that, when I heard the +fatal news, this very allusion to some pressing business impressed me +painfully.” + +But the young lawyer seemed to be far from being convinced. + +“It is evident,” he said, “that M. de Boiscoran will on no account let +it be known where he went.” + +“He told a falsehood, sir,” insisted M. Seneschal. “He commenced by +denying that he had gone the way on which the witnesses met him.” + +“Very naturally, since he desires to keep the place unknown to which he +went.” + +“He did not say any more when he was told that he was under arrest.” + +“Because he hopes he will get out of this trouble without betraying his +secret.” + +“If that were so, it would be very strange.” + +“Stranger things than that have happened.” + +“To allow himself to be accused of incendiarism and murder when he is +innocent!” + +“To be innocent, and to allow one’s self to be condemned, is still +stranger; and yet there are instances”-- + +The young lawyer spoke in that short, imperious tone which is, so +to say, the privilege of his profession, and with such an accent of +assurance, that M. de Chandore felt his hopes revive. M. Seneschal was +sorely troubled. + +“And what do you think, sir?” he asked. + +“That M. de Boiscoran must be innocent,” replied the young advocate. +And, without leaving time for objections, he continued,-- + +“That is the opinion of a man who is not influenced by any +consideration. I come here without any preconceived notions. I do not +know Count Claudieuse any more than M. de Boiscoran. A crime has been +committed: I am told the circumstances; and I at once come to the +conclusion that the reasons which led to the arrest of the accused would +lead me to set him at liberty.” + +“Oh!” + +“Let me explain. If M. de Boiscoran is guilty, he has shown, in the +way in which he received M. Galpin at the house, a perfectly unheard-of +self-control, and a matchless genius for comedy. Therefore, if he is +guilty, he is immensely clever”-- + +“But.” + +“Allow me to finish. If he is guilty, he has in the examination shown a +marvellous want of self-control, and, to be brief, a nameless stupidity: +therefore, if he is guilty, he is immensely stupid”-- + +“But.” + +“Allow me to finish. Can one and the same person be at once so unusually +clever and so unusually stupid? Judge yourself. But again: if M. de +Boiscoran is guilty, he ought to be sent to the insane asylum, and not +to prison; for any one else but a madman would have poured out the dirty +water in which he had washed his blackened hands, and would have buried +anywhere that famous breech-loader, of which the prosecution makes such +good use.” + +“Jacques is safe!” exclaimed M. de Chandore. + +M. Seneschal was not so easily won over. + +“That is specious pleading,” he said. “Unfortunately, we want something +more than a logic conclusion to meet a jury with an abundance of +witnesses on the other side.” + +“We will find more on our side.” + +“What do you propose to do?” + +“I do not know. I have just told you my first impression. Now I must +study the case, and examine the witnesses, beginning with old Anthony.” + +M. de Chandore had risen. He said,-- + +“We can reach Boiscoran in an hour. Shall I send for my carriage?” + +“As quickly as possible,” replied the young lawyer. + +M. de Chandore’s servant was back in a quarter of an hour, and announced +that the carriage was at the door. M. de Chandore and M. Folgat took +their seats; and, while they were getting in, the mayor warned the young +Paris lawyer,-- + +“Above all, be prudent and circumspect. The public mind is already but +too much inflamed. Politics are mixed up with the case. I am afraid of +some disturbance at the burial of the firemen; and they bring me word +that Dr. Seignebos wants to make a speech at the graveyard. Good-by and +good luck!” + +The driver whipped the horse, and, as the carriage was going down +through the suburbs, M. de Chandore said,-- + +“I cannot understand why Anthony did not come to me immediately after +his master had been arrested. What can have happened to him?” + + + +IV. + +M. Seneschal’s horse was perhaps one of the very best in the whole +province; but M. de Chandore’s was still better. In less than fifty +minutes they had driven the whole distance to Boiscoran; and during this +time M. de Chandore and M. Folgat had not exchanged fifty words. + +When they reached Boiscoran, the courtyard was silent and deserted. +Doors and windows were hermetically closed. On the steps of the porch +sat a stout young peasant, who, at the sight of the newcomers, rose, and +carried his hand to his cap. + +“Where is Anthony?” asked M. de Chandore. + +“Up stairs, sir.” + +The old gentleman tried to open the door: it resisted. + +“O sir! Anthony has barricaded the door from the inside.” + +“A curious idea,” said M. de Chandore, knocking with the butt-end of his +whip. + +He was knocking fiercer and fiercer, when at last Anthony’s voice was +heard from within,-- + +“Who is there?” + +“It is I, Baron Chandore.” + +The bars were removed instantly, and the old valet showed himself in the +door. He looked pale and undone. The disordered condition of his beard, +his hair, and his dress, showed that he had not been to bed. And this +disorder was full of meaning in a man who ordinarily prided himself upon +appearing always in the dress of an English gentleman. + +M. de Chandore was so struck by this, that he asked, first of all,-- + +“What is the matter with you, my good Anthony?” + +Instead of replying, Anthony drew the baron and his companion inside; +and, when he had fastened the door again, he crossed his arms, and +said,-- + +“The matter is--well, I am afraid.” + +The old gentleman and the lawyer looked at each other. They evidently +both thought the poor man had lost his mind. Anthony saw it, and said +quickly,-- + +“No, I am not mad, although, certainly, there are things passing here +which could make one doubtful of one’s own senses. If I am afraid, it is +for good reasons.” + +“You do not doubt your master?” asked M. Folgat. + +The servant cast such fierce, threatening glances at the lawyer, that M. +de Chandore hastened to interfere. + +“My dear Anthony,” he said, “this gentleman is a friend of mine, a +lawyer, who has come down from Paris with the marchioness to defend +Jacques. You need not mistrust him, nay, more than that, you must tell +him all you know, even if”-- + +The trusty old servant’s face brightened up, and he exclaimed,-- + +“Ah! If the gentleman is a lawyer. Welcome, sir. Now I can say all that +weighs on my heart. No, most assuredly I do not think Master Jacques +guilty. It is impossible he should be so: it is absurd to think of it. +But what I believe, what I am sure of, is this,--there is a plot to +charge him with all the horrors of Valpinson.” + +“A plot?” broke in M. Folgat, “whose? how? and what for?” + +“Ah! that is more than I know. But I am not mistaken; and you would +think so too, if you had been present at the examination, as I was. It +was fearful, gentlemen, it was unbearable, so that even I was stupefied +for a moment, and thought my master was guilty, and advised him to flee. +The like has never been heard of before, I am sure. Every thing went +against him. Every answer he made sounded like a confession. A crime +had been committed at Valpinson; he had been seen going there and coming +back by side paths. A fire had been kindled; his hands bore traces of +charcoal. Shots had been fired; they found one of his cartridge-cases +close to the spot where Count Claudieuse had been wounded. There it +was I saw the plot. How could all these circumstances have agreed so +precisely if they had not been pre-arranged, and calculated beforehand? +Our poor M. Daubigeon had tears in his eyes; and even that meddlesome +fellow, Mechinet, the clerk, was quite overcome. M. Galpin was the only +one who looked pleased; but then he was the magistrate, and he put the +questions. He, my master’s friend!--a man who was constantly coming +here, who ate our bread, slept in our beds, and shot our game. Then it +was, ‘My dear Jacques,’ and ‘My dear Boiscoran’ always, and no end of +compliments and caresses; so that I often thought one of these days I +should find him blackening my master’s boots. Ah! he took his revenge +yesterday; and you ought to have seen with what an air he said to +master, ‘We are friends no longer.’ The rascal! No, we are friends no +longer; and, if God was just, you ought to have all the shot in your +body that has wounded Count Claudieuse.” + +M. de Chandore was growing more and more impatient. As soon, therefore, +as Anthony’s breath gave out a moment, he said,-- + +“Why did you not come and tell me all that immediately?” + +The old servant ventured to shrug his shoulders slightly, and replied,-- + +“How could I? When the examination was over, that man, Galpin, put the +seals everywhere,--strips of linen, fastened on with sealing-wax, as +they do with dead people. He put one on every opening, and on some +of them two. He put three on the outer door. Then he told me that he +appointed me keeper of the house, that I would be paid for it, but that +I would be sent to the galleys if any one touched the seals with the +tip of the finger. When he had handed master over to the gendarmes, that +man, Galpin, went away, leaving me here alone, dumfounded, like a man +who has been knocked in the head. Nevertheless, I should have come to +you, sir, but I had an idea, and that gave me the shivers.” + +Grandpapa Chandore stamped his foot, and said,-- + +“Come to the point, to the point!” + +“It was this: you must know, gentlemen, that, in the examination, that +breech-loading gun played a prominent part. That man, Galpin looked at +it carefully, and asked master when he had last fired it off. Master +said, ‘About five days ago. You hear, I say, five days.’ Thereupon, that +man, Galpin, puts the gun down, without looking at the barrels.” + +“Well?” asked M. Folgat. + +“Well, sir, I--Anthony--I had the evening before--I say the evening +before--cleaned the gun, washed it, and”-- + +“Upon my word,” cried M. de Chandore, “why did you not say so at once? +If the barrels are clean, that is an absolute proof that Jacques is +innocent.” + +The old servant shook his head, and said,-- + +“To be sure, sir. But are they clean?” + +“Oh!” + +“Master may have been mistaken as to the time when he last fired the +gun, and then the barrels would be soiled; and, instead of helping him, +my evidence might ruin him definitely. Before I say any thing, I ought +to be sure.” + +“Yes,” said Folgat, approvingly, “and you have done well to keep +silence, my good man, and I cannot urge you too earnestly not to say a +word of it to any one. That fact may become a decisive argument for the +_defence_.” + +“Oh! I can keep my tongue, sir. Only you may imagine how impatient it +has made me to see these accursed seals which prevent me from going to +look at the gun. Oh, if I had dared to break one of them!” + +“Poor fellow!” + +“I thought of doing it; but I checked myself. Then it occurred to me +that other people might think of the same thing. The rascals who have +formed this abominable plot against Master Jacques are capable of any +thing, don’t you think so? Why might not they come some night, and +break the seals? I put the steward on guard in the garden, beneath the +windows. I put his son as a sentinel into the courtyard; and I have +myself stood watch before the seals with arms in my hands all the time. +Let the rascals come on; they will find somebody to receive them.” + +In spite of all that is said, lawyers are better than their reputation. +Lawyers, accused of being sceptics above all men, are, on the contrary, +credulous and simple-minded. Their enthusiasm is sincere; and, when we +think they play a part, they are in earnest. In the majority of cases, +they fancy their own side the just one, even though they should be +beaten. Hour by hour, ever since his arrival at Sauveterre, M. Folgat’s +faith in Jacques’s innocence had steadily increased. Old Anthony’s +tale was not made to shake his growing conviction. He did not admit the +existence of a plot, however; but he was not disinclined to believe +in the cunning calculations of some rascal, who, availing himself of +circumstances known to him alone, tried to let all suspicion fall upon +M. de Boiscoran, instead of himself. + +But there were many more questions to be asked; and Anthony was in such +a state of feverish excitement, that it was difficult to induce him to +answer. For it is not so easy to examine a man, however inclined he may +be to answer. It requires no small self-possession, much care, and an +imperturbable method, without which the most important facts are apt to +be overlooked. M. Folgat began, therefore, after a moment’s pause, once +more, saying,-- + +“My good Anthony, I cannot praise your conduct in this matter too +highly. However, we have not done with it yet. But as I have eaten +nothing since I left Paris last night, and as I hear the bell strike +twelve o’clock”-- + +M. de Chandore seemed to be heartily ashamed, and broke in,-- + +“Ah, forgetful old man that I am! Why did I not think of it? But you +will pardon me, I am sure. I am so completely upset. Anthony, what can +you let us have?” + +“The housekeeper has eggs, potted fowl, ham”-- + +“Whatever can be made ready first will be the best,” said the young +lawyer. + +“In a quarter of an hour the table shall be set,” replied the servant. + +He hurried away, while M. de Chandore invited M. Folgat into the +sitting-room. The poor grandfather summoned all his energy to keep up +appearances. + +“This fact about the gun will save him, won’t it?” he asked. + +“Perhaps so,” replied the famous advocate. + +And they were silent,--the grandfather thinking of the grief of his +grandchild, and cursing the day on which he had opened his house +to Jacques, and with him to such heart-rending anguish; the lawyer +arranging in his mind the facts he had learned, and preparing the +questions he was going to ask. They were both so fully absorbed by their +thoughts, that they started when Anthony reappeared, and said,-- + +“Gentlemen, breakfast is ready!” + +The table had been set in the dining-room; and, when the two gentlemen +had taken their seats, old Anthony placed himself, his napkin over his +arm, behind them; but M. de Chandore called him, saying,-- + +“Put another plate, Anthony, and breakfast with us.” + +“Oh, sir,” protested the old servant,--“sir”-- + +“Sit down,” repeated the baron: “if you eat after us, you will make us +lose time, and an old servant like you is a member of the family.” + +Anthony obeyed, quite overcome, but blushing with delight at the honor +that was done him; for the Baron de Chandore did not usually distinguish +himself to familiarity. When the ham and eggs of the housekeeper had +been disposed of, M. Folgat said,-- + +“Now let us go back to business. Keep cool, my dear Anthony, and +remember, that, unless we get the court to say that there is no case, +your answers may become the basis of our defence. What were M. de +Boiscoran’s habits when he was here?” + +“When he was here, sir, he had, so to say, no habits. We came here very +rarely, and only for a short time.” + +“Never mind: what was he doing here?” + +“He used to rise late; he walked about a good deal; he sometimes went +out hunting; he sketched; he read, for master is a great reader, and is +as fond of his books as the marquis, his father, is of his porcelains.” + +“Who came here to see him?” + +“M. Galpin most frequently, Dr. Seignebos, the priest from Brechy, M. +Seneschal, M. Daubigeon.” + +“How did he spend his evenings?” + +“At M. de Chandore’s, who can tell you all about it.” + +“He had no other relatives in this country?” + +“No.” + +“You do not know that he had any lady friend?” + +Anthony looked as if he would have blushed. + +“Oh, sir!” he said, “you do not know, I presume, that master is engaged +to Miss Dionysia?” + +The Baron de Chandore was not a baby, as he liked to call it. Deeply +interested as he was, he got up, and said,-- + +“I want to take a little fresh air.” + +And he went out, understanding very well that his being Dionysia’s +grandfather might keep Anthony from telling the truth. + +“That is a sensible man,” thought M. Folgat. + +Then he added aloud,-- + +“Now we are alone, my dear Anthony, you can speak frankly. Did M. de +Boiscoran keep a mistress?” + +“No, sir.” + +“Did he ever have one?” + +“Never. They will tell you, perhaps, that once upon a time he was rather +pleased with a great, big red-haired woman, the daughter of a miller in +the neighborhood, and that the gypsy of a woman came more frequently to +the chateau than was needful,--now on one pretext, and now on another. +But that was mere childishness. Besides, that was five years ago, +and the woman has been married these three years to a basket-maker at +Marennes.” + +“You are quite sure of what you say?” + +“As sure as I am of myself. And you would be as sure of it yourself, if +you knew the country as I know it, and the abominable tongues the people +have. There is no concealing any thing from them. I defy a man to talk +three times to a woman without their finding it out, and making a story +of it. I say nothing of Paris”-- + +M. Folgat listened attentively. He asked,-- + +“Ah! was there any thing of the kind in Paris?” + +Anthony hesitated; at last he said,-- + +“You see, master’s secrets are not my secrets, and, after the oath I +have sworn,”-- + +“It may be, however, that his safety depends upon your frankness in +telling me all,” said the lawyer. “You may be sure he will not blame you +for having spoken.” + +For several seconds the old servant remained undecided; then he said,-- + +“Master, they say, has had a great love-affair.” + +“When?” + +“I do not know when. That was before I entered his service. All I know +is, that, for the purpose of meeting the person, master had bought at +Passy, at the end of Vine Street, a beautiful house, in the centre of a +large garden, which he had furnished magnificently.” + +“Ah!” + +“That is a secret, which, of course, neither master’s father nor his +mother knows to this day; and I only know it, because one day master +fell down the steps, and dislocated his foot, so that he had to send for +me to nurse him. He may have bought the house under his own name; but he +was not known by it there. He passed for an Englishmen, a Mr. Burnett; +and he had an English maid-servant.” + +“And the person?” + +“Ah, sir! I not only do not know who she is, but I cannot even guess +it, she took such extraordinary precautions! Now that I mean to tell you +every thing, I will confess to you that I had the curiosity to question +the English maid. She told me that she was no farther than I was, that +she knew, to be sure, a lady was coming there from time to time; but +that she had never seen even the end of her nose. Master always arranged +it so well, that the girl was invariably out on some errand or other +when the lady came and when she went away. While she was in the house, +master waited upon her himself. And when they wanted to walk in the +garden, they sent the servant away, on some fool’s errand, to Versailles +or to Fontainebleau; and she was mad, I tell you.” + +M. Folgat began to twist his mustache, as he was in the habit of doing +when he was specially interested. For a moment, he thought he saw the +woman--that inevitable woman who is always at the bottom of every great +event in man’s life; and just then she vanished from his sight; for +he tortured his mind in vain to discover a possible if not probable +connection between the mysterious visitor in Vine Street and the +events that had happened at Valpinson. He could not see a trace. Rather +discouraged, he asked once more,-- + +“After all, my dear Anthony, this great love-affair of your master’s has +come to an end?” + +“It seems so, sir, since Master Jacques was going to marry Miss +Dionysia.” + +That reason was perhaps not quite as conclusive as the good old servant +imagined; but the young advocate made no remark. + +“And when do you think it came to an end?” + +“During the war, master and the lady must have been parted; for master +did not stay in Paris. He commanded a volunteer company; and he was even +wounded in the head, which procured him the cross.” + +“Does he still own the house in Vine Street?” + +“I believe so.” + +“Why?” + +“Because, some time ago, when master and I went to Paris for a week, +he said to me one day, ‘The War and the commune have cost me dear. +My cottage has had more than twenty shells, and it has been in turn +occupied by _Francs-tireurs_, Communists and Regulars. The walls are +broken; and there is not a piece of furniture uninjured. My architect +tells me, that all in all, the repairs will cost me some ten thousand +dollars.’” + +“What? Repairs? Then he thought of going back there?” + +“At that time, sir, master’s marriage had not been settled. Yet”-- + +“Still that would go to prove that he had at that time met the +mysterious lady once more, and that the war had not broken off their +relations.” + +“That may be.” + +“And has he never mentioned the lady again?” + +“Never.” + +At this moment M. de Chandore’s cough was heard in the hall,--that cough +which men affect when they wish to announce their coming. Immediately +afterwards he reappeared; and M. Folgat said to him, to show that his +presence was no longer inconvenient,-- + +“Upon my word, sir, I was just on the point of going in search of you, +for fear that you felt really unwell.” + +“Thank you,” replied the old gentleman, “the fresh air has done me +good.” + +He sat down; and the young advocate turned again to Anthony, saying,-- + +“Well, let us go on. How was he the day before the fire?” + +“Just as usual.” + +“What did he do before he went out?” + +“He dined as usual with a good appetite; then he went up stairs and +remained there for an hour. When he came down, he had a letter in his +hand, which he gave to Michael, our tenant’s son, and told him to carry +it to Sauveterre, to Miss Chandore.” + +“Yes. In that letter, M. de Boiscoran told Miss Dionysia that he was +retained here by a matter of great importance.” + +“Ah!” + +“Have you any idea what that could have been?” + +“Not at all, sir, I assure you.” + +“Still let us see. M. de Boiscoran must have had powerful reasons +to deprive himself of the pleasure of spending the evening with Miss +Dionysia?” + +“Yes, indeed.” + +“He must also have had his reasons for taking to the marshes, on his way +out, instead of going by the turnpike, and for coming back through the +woods.” + +Old Anthony was literally tearing his hair, as he exclaimed,-- + +“Ah, sir! These are the very words M. Galpin said.” + +“Unfortunately every man in his senses will say so.” + +“I know, sir: I know it but too well. And Master Jacques himself knew +it so well that at first he tried to find some pretext; but he has +never told a falsehood. And he who is such a clever man could not find +a pretext that had any sense in it. He said he had gone to Brechy to see +his wood-merchant”-- + +“And why should he not?” + +Anthony shook his head, and said,-- + +“Because the wood-merchant at Brechy is a thief, and everybody knows +that master has kicked him out of the house some three years ago. We +sell all our wood at Sauveterre.” + +M. Folgat had taken out a note-book, and wrote down some of Anthony’s +statements, preparing thus the outline of his defence. This being done, +he commenced again,-- + +“Now we come to Cocoleu.” + +“Ah the wretch!” cried Anthony. + +“You know him?” + +“How could I help knowing him, when I lived all my life here at +Boiscoran in the service of master’s uncle?” + +“Then what kind of a man is he?” + +“An idiot, sir or, as they here call it, an innocent, who has Saint +Vitus dance into the bargain, and epilepsy moreover.” + +“Then it is perfectly notorious that he is imbecile?” + +“Yes, sir, although I have heard people insist that he is not quite +so stupid as he looks, and that, as they say here, he plays the ass in +order to get his oats”-- + +M. de Chandore interrupted him, and said,-- + +“On this subject Dr. Seignebos can give you all the information you may +want: he kept Cocoleu for nearly two years at his own house.” + +“I mean to see the doctor,” replied M. Folgat. “But first of all we must +find this unfortunate idiot.” + +“You heard what M. Seneschal said: he has put the gendarmes on his +track.” + +Anthony made a face, and said,-- + +“If the gendarmes should take Cocoleu, Cocoleu must have given himself +up voluntarily.” + +“Why so?” + +“Because, gentlemen, there is no one who knows all the by-ways and +out-of-the-way corners of the country so well as that idiot; for he +has been hiding all his life like a savage in all the holes and +hiding-places that are about here; and, as he can live perfectly well on +roots and berries, he may stay away three months without being seen by +any one.” + +“Is it possible?” exclaimed M. Folgat angrily. + +“I know only one man,” continued Anthony, “who could find out Cocoleu, +and that is our tenant’s son Michael,--the young man you saw down +stairs.” + +“Send for him,” said M. de Chandore. + +Michael appeared promptly, and, when he had heard what he was expected +to do, he replied,-- + +“The thing can be done, certainly; but it is not very easy. Cocoleu +has not the sense of a man; but he has all the instincts of a brute. +However, I’ll try.” + +There was nothing to keep either M. de Chandore or M. Folgat any longer +at Boiscoran; hence, after having warned Anthony to watch the seals +well, and get a glimpse, if possible, of Jacques’s gun, when the +officers should come for the different articles, they left the chateau. +It was five o’clock when they drove into town again. Dionysia was +waiting for them in the sitting-room. She rose as they entered, looking +quite pale, with dry, brilliant eyes. + +“What? You are alone here!” said M. de Chandore. “Why have they left you +alone?” + +“Don’t be angry, grandpapa. I have just prevailed on the marchioness, +who was exhausted with fatigue to lie down for an hour or so before +dinner.” + +“And your aunts?” + +“They have gone out, grandpapa. They are probably, by this time at M. +Galpin’s.” + +M. Folgat started, and said,-- + +“Oh!” + +“But that is foolish in them!” exclaimed the old gentleman. + +The young girl closed his lips by a single word. She said,-- + +“I asked them to go.” + + + +V. + +Yes, the step taken by the Misses Lavarande was foolish. At the point +which things had reached now, their going to see M. Galpin was perhaps +equivalent to furnishing him the means to crush Jacques. But whose fault +was it, but M. de Chandore’s and M. Folgat’s? Had they not committed an +unpardonable blunder in leaving Sauveterre without any other precaution +than to send word through M. Seneschal’s servant, that they would be +back for dinner, and that they need not be troubled about them? + +Not be troubled? And that to the Marchioness de Boiscoran and Dionysia, +to Jacques’s mother and Jacques’s betrothed. + +Certainly, at first, the two wretched women preserved their self-control +in a manner, trying to set each other an example of courage and +confidence. But, as hour after hour passed by, their anxiety became +intolerable; and gradually, as they confided their apprehensions to +each other, their grief broke out openly. They thought of Jacques being +innocent, and yet treated like one of the worst criminals, alone in +the depth of his prison, given up to the most horrible inspirations of +despair. What could have been his feelings during the twenty-four +hours which had brought him no news from his friends? Must he not fancy +himself despised and abandoned. + +“That is an intolerable thought!” exclaimed Dionysia at lat. “We must +get to him at any price.” + +“How?” asked the marchioness. + +“I do not know; but there must be some way. There are things which I +would not have ventured upon as long as I was alone; but, with you by my +side, I can risk any thing. Let us go to the prison.” + +The old lady promptly put a shawl around her shoulders, and said,-- + +“I am ready; let us go.” + +They had both heard repeatedly that Jacques was kept in close +confinement; but neither of them realized fully what that meant. They +had no idea of this atrocious measure, which is, nevertheless, rendered +necessary by the peculiar forms of French law-proceedings,--a measure +which, so to say, immures a man alive, and leaves him in his cell alone +with the crime with which he is charged, and utterly at the mercy of +another man, whose duty it is to extort the truth from him. The two +ladies only saw the want of liberty, a cell with its dismal outfittings, +the bars at the window, the bolts at the door, the jailer shaking his +bunch of keys at his belt, and the tramp of the solitary sentinel in the +long passages. + +“They cannot refuse me permission,” said the old lady, “to see my son.” + +“They cannot,” repeated Dionysia. “And, besides, I know the jailer, +Blangin: his wife was formerly in our service.” + +When the young girl, therefore, raised the heavy knocker at the +prison-door, she was full of cheerful confidence. Blangin himself came +to the door; and, at the sight of the two poor ladies, his broad face +displayed the utmost astonishment. + +“We come to see M. de Boiscoran,” said Dionysia boldly. + +“Have you a permit, ladies?” asked the keeper. + +“From whom?” + +“From M. Galpin.” + +“We have no permit.” + +“Then I am very sorry to have to tell you, ladies, that you cannot +possibly see M. de Boiscoran. He is kept in close confinement, and I +have the strictest orders.” + +Dionysia looked threatening, and said sharply,-- + +“Your orders cannot apply to this lady, who is the Marchioness de +Boiscoran.” + +“My orders apply to everybody, madam.” + +“You would not, I am sure, keep a poor, distressed mother from seeing +her son!” + +“Ah! but--madam--it does not rest with me. I? Who am I? Nothing more +than one of the bolts, drawn or pushed at will.” + +For the first time, it entered the poor girl’s head that her effort +might fail: still she tried once more, with tears in her eyes,-- + +“But I, my dear M. Blangin, think of me! You would not refuse me? Don’t +you know who I am? Have you never heard your wife speak of me?” + +The jailer was certainly touched. He replied,-- + +“I know how much my wife and myself are indebted to your kindness, +madam. But--I have my orders, and you surely would not want me to lose +my place, madam?” + +“If you lose your place, M. Blangin, I, Dionysia de Chandore, promise +you another place twice as good.” + +“Madame!” + +“You do not doubt my word, M. Blangin, do you?” + +“God forbid, madam! But it is not my place only. If I did what you want +me to do, I should be severely punished.” + +The marchioness judged from the jailer’s tone that Dionysia was not +likely to prevail over him, and so she said,-- + +“Don’t insist, my child. Let us go back.” + +“What? Without finding out what is going on behind these pitiless walls; +without knowing even whether Jacques is dead or alive?” + +There was evidently a great struggle going on in the jailer’s heart. All +of a sudden he cast a rapid glance around, and then said, speaking very +hurriedly,-- + +“I ought not to tell you--but never mind--I cannot let you go away +without telling you that M. de Boiscoran is quite well.” + +“Ah!” + +“Yesterday, when they brought him here, he was, so to say, overcome. He +threw himself upon his bed, and he remained there without stirring for +over two hours. I think he must have been crying.” + +A sob, which Dionysia could not suppress, made Blangin start. + +“Oh, reassure yourself, madame!” he added quickly. “That state of things +did not last long. Soon M. de Boiscoran got up, and said, ‘Why, I am a +fool to despair!’” + +“Did you hear him say so?” asked the old lady. + +“Not I. It was Trumence who heard it.” + +“Trumence?” + +“Yes, one of our jail-birds. Oh! he is only a vagabond, not bad at all; +and he has been ordered to stand guard at the door of M. de Boiscoran’s +cell, and not for a moment to lose sight of it. It was M. Galpin who had +that idea, because the prisoners sometimes in their first despair,--a +misfortune happens so easily,--they become weary of life--Trumence would +be there to prevent it.” + +The old lady trembled with horror. This precautionary measure, more than +any thing else, gave her the full measure of her son’s situation. + +“However,” M. Blangin went on, “there is nothing to fear. M. de +Boiscoran became quite calm again, and even cheerful, if I may say +so. When he got up this morning, after having slept all night like a +dormouse, he sent for me, and asked me for paper, ink, and pen. All the +prisoners ask for that the second day. I had orders to let him have it, +and so I gave it to him. When I carried him his breakfast, he handed me +a letter for Miss Chandore.” + +“What?” cried Dionysia, “you have a letter for me, and you don’t give it +to me?” + +“I do not have it now, madam. I had to hand it, as is my duty, to M. +Galpin, when he came accompanied by his clerk, Mechinet, to examine M. +de Boiscoran.” + +“And what did he say?” + +“He opened the letter, read it, put it into his pocket, and said, +‘Well.’” + +Tears of anger this time sprang from Dionysia’s eyes; and she cried,-- + +“What a shame? This man reads a letter written by Jacques to me! That is +infamous!” + +And, without thinking of thanking Blangin, she drew off the old lady, +and all the way home did not say a word. + +“Ah, poor child, you did not succeed,” exclaimed the two old aunts, when +they saw their niece come back. + +But, when they had heard every thing, they said,-- + +“Well, we’ll go and see him, this little magistrate, who but the day +before yesterday was paying us abject court to obtain the hand of our +cousin. And we’ll tell him the truth; and, if we cannot make him give us +back Jacques, we will at least trouble him in his triumph, and take down +his pride.” + +How could poor Dionysia help adopting the notions of the old ladies, +when their project offered such immediate satisfaction to her +indignation, and at the same time served her secret hopes? + +“Oh, yes! You are right, dear aunts,” she said. “Quick, don’t lose any +time; go at once!” + +Unable to resist her entreaties, they started instantly, without +listening to the timid objections made by the marchioness. But the good +ladies were sadly mistaken as to the state of mind of M. Galpin. The +ex-lover of one of their cousins was not bedded on roses by any means. +At the beginning of this extraordinary affair he had taken hold of it +with eagerness, looking upon it as an admirable opportunity, long looked +for, and likely to open wide the doors to his burning ambition. Then +having once begun, and the investigation being under way, he had been +carried away by the current, without having time to reflect. He had even +felt a kind of unhealthy satisfaction at seeing the evidence increasing, +until he felt justified and compelled to order his former friend to +be sent to prison. At that time he was fairly dazzled by the most +magnificent expectations. This preliminary inquiry, which in a few hours +already had led to the discovery of a culprit the most unlikely of all +men in the province, could not fail to establish his superior ability +and matchless skill. + +But, a few hours later, M. Galpin looked no longer with the same eye +upon these events. Reflection had come; and he had begun to doubt his +ability, and to ask himself, if he had not, after all, acted rashly. +If Jacques was guilty, so much the better. He was sure, in that case, +immediately after the verdict, to obtain brilliant promotion. Yes, but +if Jacques should be innocent? When that thought occurred to M. Galpin +for the first time, it made him shiver to the marrow of his bones. +Jacques innocent!--that was his own condemnation, his career ended, his +hopes destroyed, his prospects ruined forever. Jacques innocent!--that +was certain disgrace. He would be sent away from Sauveterre, where he +could not remain after such a scandal. He would be banished to some +out-of-the-way village, and without hope of promotion. + +In vain he tried to reason that he had only done his duty. People would +answer, if they condescended at all to answer, that there are flagrant +blunders, scandalous mistakes, which a magistrate must not commit; and +that for the honor of justice, and in the interest of the law, it is +better, under certain circumstances, to let a guilty man escape, than to +punish an innocent one. + +With such anxiety on his mind, the most cruel that can tear the heart of +an ambitious man, M. Galpin found his pillow stuffed with thorns. He +had been up since six o’clock. At eleven, he had sent for his clerk, +Mechinet; and they had gone together to the jail to recommence the +examination. It was then that the jailer had handed him the prisoner’s +letter for Dionysia. It was a short note, such as a sensible man would +write who knows full well that a prisoner cannot count upon the secrecy +of his correspondence. It was not even sealed, a fact which M. Blangin +had not noticed. + +“Dionysia, my darling,” wrote the prisoner, “the thought of the terrible +grief I cause you is my most cruel, and almost my only sorrow. Need I +stoop to assure you that I am innocent? I am sure it is not needed. I am +the victim of a fatal combination of circumstances, which could not but +mislead justice. But be reassured, be hopeful. When the time comes, I +shall be able to set matters right. + +“JACQUES.” + +“Well,” M. Galpin had really said after reading this letter. +Nevertheless it had stung him to the quick. + +“What assurance!” he had said to himself. + +Still he had regained courage while ascending the steps of the prison. +Jacques had evidently not thought it likely that his note would reach +its destination directly, and hence it might be fairly presumed that he +had written for the eyes of justice as well as for his lady-love. The +fact that the letter was not sealed even, gave some weight to this +presumption. + +“After all we shall see,” said M. Galpin, while Blangin was unlocking +the door. + +But he found Jacques as calm as if he had been in his chateau at +Boiscoran, haughty and even scornful. It was impossible to get any thing +out of him. When he was pressed, he became obstinately silent, or said +that he needed time to consider. The magistrate had returned home more +troubled than ever. The position assumed by Jacques puzzled him. Ah, if +he could have retraced his steps! + +But it was too late. He had burnt his vessels, and condemned himself +to go on to the end. For his own safety, for his future life, it was +henceforth necessary that Jacques de Boiscoran should be found guilty; +that he should be tried in open court, and there be sentenced. It must +be. It was a question of life or death for him. + +He was in this state of mind when the two Misses Lavarande called at +his house, and asked to see him. He shook himself; and in an instant +his over-excited mind presented to him all possible contingencies. What +could the two old ladies want of him? + +“Show them in,” he said at last. + +They came in, and haughtily declined the chairs that were offered. + +“I hardly expected to have the honor of a visit from you, ladies,” he +commenced. + +The older of the two, Miss Adelaide, cut him short, saying,-- + +“I suppose not, after what has passed.” + +And thereupon, speaking with all the eloquence of a pious woman who +is trying to wither an impious man, she poured upon him a stream of +reproaches for what she called his infamous treachery. What? How could +he appear against Jacques, who was his friend, and who had actually +aided him in obtaining the promise of a great match. By that one hope +he had become, so to say, a member of the family. Did he not know that +among kinsmen it was a sacred duty to set aside all personal feelings +for the purpose of protecting that sacred patrimony called family honor? + +M. Galpin felt like a man upon whom a handful of stones falls from the +fifth story of a house. Still he preserved his self-control, and even +asked himself what advantage he might obtain from this extraordinary +scene. Might it open a door for reconciliation? + +As soon, therefore, as Miss Adelaide stopped, he began justifying +himself, painting in hypocritical colors the grief it had given him, +swearing that he was able to control the events, and that Jacques was as +dear to him now as ever. + +“If he is so dear to you,” broke in Miss Adelaide, “why don’t you set +him free?” + +“Ah! how can I?” + +“At least give his family and his friends leave to see him.” + +“The law will not let me. If he is innocent, he has only to prove it. If +he is guilty, he must confess. In the first case, he will be set free; +in the other case, he can see whom he wishes.” + +“If he is so dear to you, how could you dare read the letter he had +written to Dionysia?” + +“It is one of the most painful duties of my profession to do so.” + +“Ah! And does that profession also prevent you from giving us that +letter after having read it?” + +“Yes. But I may tell you what is in it.” + +He took it out of a drawer, and the younger of the two sisters, Miss +Elizabeth, copied it in pencil. Then they withdrew, almost without +saying good-by. + +M. Galpin was furious. He exclaimed,-- + +“Ah, old witches! I see clearly you do not believe in Jacques’s +innocence. Why else should his family be so very anxious to see him? No +doubt they want to enable him to escape by suicide the punishment of his +crime. But, by the great God, that shall not be, if I can help it!” + +M. Folgat was, as we have seen, excessively annoyed at this step taken +by the Misses Lavarande; but he did not let it be seen. It was very +necessary that he at least should retain perfect presence of mind and +calmness in this cruelly tried family. M. de Chandore, on the other +hand, could not conceal his dissatisfaction so well; and, in spite of +his deference to his grandchild’s wishes, he said,-- + +“I am sure, my dear child, I don’t wish to blame you. But you know your +aunts, and you know, also, how uncompromising they are. They are quite +capable of exasperating M. Galpin.” + +“What does it matter?” asked the young girl haughtily. “Circumspection +is all very well for guilty people; but Jacques is innocent.” + +“Miss Chandore is right,” said M. Folgat, who seemed to succumb to +Dionysia like the rest of the family. “Whatever the ladies may have +done, they cannot make matters worse. M. Galpin will be none the less +our bitter enemy.” + +Grandpapa Chandore started. He said,-- + +“But”-- + +“Oh! I do not blame him,” broke in the young lawyer; “but I blame +the laws which make him act as he does. How can a magistrate remain +perfectly impartial in certain very important cases, like this one, when +his whole future career depends upon his success? A man may be a most +upright magistrate, incapable of unfairness, and conscientious in +fulfilling all his duties, and yet he is but a man. He has his interest +at stake. He does not like the court to find that that there is no case. +The great rewards are not always given to the lawyer who has taken most +pains to find out the truth.” + +“But M. Galpin was a friend of ours, sir.” + +“Yes; and that is what makes me fear. What will be his fate on the day +when M. Jacques’s innocence is established?” + +They were just coming home, quite proud of their achievement, and waving +in triumph the copy of Jacques’s letter. Dionysia seized upon it; and, +while she read it aside, Miss Adelaide described the interview, stating +how haughty and disdainful she had been, and how humble and repentant M. +Galpin had seemed to be. + +“He was completely undone,” said the two old ladies with one voice: “he +was crushed, annihilated.” + +“Yes, you have done a nice thing,” growled the old baron; “and you have +much reason to boast, forsooth.” + +“My aunts have done well,” declared Dionysia. “Just see what Jacques +has written! It is clear and precise. What can we fear when he says, ‘Be +reassured: when the time comes, I shall be able to set matters right’?” + +M. Folgat took the letter, read it, and shook his head. Then he said,-- + +“There was no need of this letter to confirm my opinion. At the bottom +of this affair there is a secret which none of us have found out yet. +But M. de Boiscoran acts very rashly in playing in this way with a +criminal prosecution. Why did he not explain at once? What was easy +yesterday may be less easy to-morrow, and perhaps impossible in a week.” + +“Jacques, sir, is a superior man,” cried Dionysia, “and whatever he says +is perfectly sure to be the right thing.” + +His mother’s entrance prevented the young lawyer from making any reply. +Two hours’ rest had restored to the old lady a part of her energy, and +her usual presence of mind; and she now asked that a telegram should be +sent to her husband. + +“It is the least we can do,” said M. de Chandore in an undertone, +“although it will be useless, I dare say. Boiscoran does not care that +much for his son. Pshaw! Ah! if it was a rare _faience_, or a plate that +is wanting in his collection, then would it be a very different story.” + +Still the despatch was drawn up and sent, at the very moment when a +servant came in, and announced that dinner was ready. The meal was less +sad than they had anticipated. Everybody, to be sure, felt a heaviness +at heart as he thought that at the same hour a jailer probably brought +Jacques his meal to his cell; nor could Dionysia keep from dropping a +tear when she saw M. Folgat sitting in her lover’s place. But no one, +except the young advocate, thought that Jacques was in real danger. + +M. Seneschal, however, who came in just as coffee was handed round, +evidently shared M. Folgat’s apprehensions. The good mayor came to hear +the news, and to tell his friends how he had spent the day. The funeral +of the firemen had passed off quietly, although amid deep emotion. No +disturbance had taken place, as was feared; and Dr. Seignebos had not +spoken at the graveyard. Both a disturbance and a row would have been +badly received, said M. Seneschal; for he was sorry to say, the immense +majority of the people of Sauveterre did not doubt M. de Boiscoran’s +guilt. In several groups he had heard people say, “And still you will +see they will not condemn him. A poor devil who should commit such a +horrible crime would be hanged sure enough; but the son of the Marquis +de Boiscoran--you will see, he’ll come out of it as white as snow.” + +The rolling of a carriage, which stopped at the door, fortunately +interrupted him at this point. + +“Who can that be?” asked Dionysia, half frightened. + +They heard in the passage the noise of steps and voices, something like +a scuffle; and almost instantly the tenant’s son Michael pushed open the +door of the sitting-room, crying out,-- + +“I have gotten him! Here he is!” + +And with these words he pushed in Cocoleu, all struggling, and looking +around him, like a wild beast caught in a trap. + +“Upon my word, my good fellow,” said M. Seneschal, “you have done better +than the gendarmes!” + +The manner in which Michael winked with his eye showed that he had not a +very exalted opinion of the cleverness of the gendarmes. + +“I promised the baron,” he said, “I would get hold of Cocoleu somehow or +other. I knew that at certain times he went and buried himself, like the +wild beast that he is, in a hole which he has scratched under a rock in +the densest part of the forest of Rochepommier. I had discovered this +den of his one day by accident; for a man might pass by a hundred times, +and never dream of where it was. But, as soon as the baron told me that +the innocent had disappeared, I said to myself, ‘I am sure he is in his +hole: let us go and see.’ So I gathered up my legs; I ran down to the +rocks: and there was Cocoleu. But it was not so easy to pull him out of +his den. He would not come; and, while defending himself, he bit me in +the hand, like the mad dog that he is.” + +And Michael held up his left hand, wrapped up in a bloody piece of +linen. + +“It was pretty hard work to get the madman here. I was compelled to tie +him hand and foot, and to carry him bodily to my father’s house. There +we put him into the little carriage, and here he is. Just look at the +pretty fellow!” + +He was hideous at that moment, with his livid face spotted all over with +red marks, his hanging lips covered with white foam, and his brutish +glances. + +“Why would you not come?” asked M. Seneschal. + +The idiot looked as if he did not hear. + +“Why did you bite Michael?” continued the mayor. + +Cocoleu made no reply. + +“Do you know that M. de Boiscoran is in prison because of what you have +said?” + +Still no reply. + +“Ah!” said Michael, “it is of no use to question him. You might beat him +till to-morrow, and he would rather give up the ghost than say a word.” + +“I am--I am hungry,” stammered Cocoleu. + +M. Folgat looked indignant. + +“And to think,” he said, “that, upon the testimony of such a thing, a +capital charge has been made!” + +Grandpapa Chandore seemed to be seriously embarrassed. He said,-- + +“But now, what in the world are we to do with the idiot?” + +“I am going to take him,” said M. Seneschal, “to the hospital. I will +go with him myself, and let Dr. Seignebos know, and the commonwealth +attorney.” + +Dr. Seignebos was an eccentric man, beyond doubt; and the absurd stories +which his enemies attributed to him were not all unfounded. But he had, +at all events, the rare quality of professing for his art, as he called +it, a respect very nearly akin to enthusiasm. According to his views, +the faculty were infallible, as much so as the pope, whom he denied. He +would, to be sure, in confidence, admit that some of his colleagues were +amazing donkeys; but he would never have allowed any one else to say so +in his presence. From the moment that a man possessed the famous diploma +which gives him the right over life and death, that man became in his +eyes an august personage for the world at large. It was a crime, he +thought, not to submit blindly to the decision of a physician. Hence +his obstinacy in opposing M. Galpin, hence the bitterness of his +contradictions, and the rudeness with which he had requested the +“gentlemen of the law” to leave the room in which _his_ patient was +lying. + +“For these devils,” he said, “would kill one man in order to get the +means of cutting off another man’s head.” + +And thereupon, resuming his probes and his sponge, he had gone to work +once more, with the aid of the countess, digging out grain by grain the +lead which had honeycombed the flesh of the count. At nine o’clock the +work was done. + +“Not that I fancy I have gotten them all out,” he said modestly, “but, +if there is any thing left, it is out of reach, and I shall have to wait +for certain symptoms which will tell me where they are.” + +As he had foreseen, the count had grown rather worse. His first +excitement had given way to perfect prostration; and he seemed to be +insensible to what was going on around him. Fever began to show itself; +and, considering the count’s constitution, it was easily to be foreseen +that delirium would set in before the day was out. + +“Nevertheless, I think there is hardly any danger,” said the doctor to +the countess, after having pointed out to her all the probable symptoms, +so as to keep her from being alarmed. Then he recommended to her to let +no one approach her husband’s bed, and M. Galpin least of all. + +This recommendation was not useless; for almost at the same moment a +peasant came in to say that there was a man from Sauveterre at the door +who wished to see the count. + +“Show him in,” said the doctor; “I’ll speak to him.” + +It was a man called Tetard, a former constable, who had given up his +place, and become a dealer in stones. But besides being a former officer +of justice and a merchant, as his cards told the world, he was also +the agent of a fire insurance company. It was in this capacity that he +presumed, as he told the countess, to present himself in person. He had +been informed that the farm buildings at Valpinson, which were insured +in his company, had been destroyed by fire; that they had been purposely +set on fire by M. de Boiscoran; and that he wished to confer with +Count Claudieuse on the subject. Far from him, he added, to decline the +responsibility of his company: he only wished to establish the facts +which would enable him to fall back upon M. de Boiscoran, who was a man +of fortune, and would certainly be condemned to make compensation +for the injury done. For this purpose, certain formalities had to +be attended to; and he had come to arrange with Count Claudieuse the +necessary measures. + +“And I,” said Dr. Seignebos,--“I request you to take to your heels.” He +added with a thundering voice,-- + +“I think you are very bold to dare to speak in that way of M. de +Boiscoran.” + +M. Tetard disappeared without saying another word; and the doctor, +very much excited by this scene, turned to the youngest daughter of the +countess, the one with whom she was sitting up when the fire broke out, +and who was now decidedly better: after that nothing could keep him at +Valpinson. He carefully pocketed the pieces of lead which he had taken +from the count’s wounds, and then, drawing the countess out to the door, +he said,-- + +“Before I go away, madam, I should like to know what you think of these +events.” + +The poor lady, who looked as pale as death itself, could hardly hold up +any longer. There seemed to be nothing alive in her but her eyes, which +were lighted up with unusual brilliancy. + +“Ah! I do not know, sir,” she replied in a feeble voice. “How can I +collect my thoughts after such terrible shocks?” + +“Still you questioned Cocoleu.” + +“Who would not have done so, when the truth was at stake?” + +“And you were not surprised at the name he mentioned?” + +“You must have seen, sir.” + +“I saw; and that is exactly why I ask you, and why I want to know what +you really think of the state of mind of the poor creature.” + +“Don’t you know that he is idiotic?” + +“I know; and that is why I was so surprised to see you insist upon +making him talk. Do you really think, that, in spite of his habitual +imbecility, he may have glimpses of sense?” + +“He had, a few moments before, saved my children from death.” + +“That proves his devotion for you.” + +“He is very much attached to me indeed, just like a poor animal that I +might have picked up and cared for.” + +“Perhaps so. And still he showed more than mere animal instinct.” + +“That may well be so. I have more than once noticed flashes of +intelligence in Cocoleu.” + +The doctor had taken off his spectacles, and was wiping them furiously. + +“It is a great pity that one of these flashes of intelligence did not +enlighten him when he saw M. de Boiscoran make a fire and get ready to +murder Count Claudieuse.” + +The countess leaned against the door-posts, as if about to faint. + +“But it is exactly to his excitement at the sight of the flames, and at +hearing the shots fired, that I ascribe Cocoleu’s return to reason.” + +“May be,” said the doctor, “may be.” + +Then putting on his spectacles again, he added,-- + +“That is a question to be decided by the professional men who will have +to examine the poor imbecile creature.” + +“What! Is he going to be examined?” + +“Yes, and very thoroughly, madam, I tell you. And now I have the honor +of wishing you good-bye. However, I shall come back to-night, unless +you should succeed during the day in finding lodgings in Sauveterre,--an +arrangement which would be very desirable for myself, in the first +place, and not less so for your husband and your daughter. They are not +comfortable in this cottage.” + +Thereupon he lifted his hat, returned to town, and immediately asked +M. Seneschal in the most imperious manner to have Cocoleu arrested. +Unfortunately the gendarmes had been unsuccessful; and Dr. Seignebos, +who saw how unfortunate all this was for Jacques, began to get terribly +impatient, when on Saturday night, towards ten o’clock, M. Seneschal +came in, and said,-- + +“Cocoleu is found.” + +The doctor jumped up, and in a moment his hat on his head, and stick in +hand, asked,-- + +“Where is he?” + +“At the hospital. I have seen him myself put into a separate room.” + +“I am going there.” + +“What, at this hour?” + +“Am I not one of the hospital physicians? And is it not open to me by +night and by day?” + +“The sisters will be in bed.” + +The doctor shrugged his shoulders furiously; then he said,-- + +“To be sure, it would be a sacrilege to break the slumbers of these good +sisters, these dear sisters, as you say. Ah, my dear mayor! When shall +we have laymen for our hospitals? And when will you put good stout +nurses in the place of these holy damsels?” + +M. Seneschal had too often discussed that subject with the doctor, to +open it anew. He kept silent, and that was wise; for Dr. Seignebos sat +down, saying,-- + +“Well, I must wait till to-morrow.” + + + +VI. + +“The hospital in Sauveterre,” says the guide book, “is, in spite of +its limited size, one of the best institutions of the kind in the +department. The chapel and the new additions were built at the expense +of the Countess de Maupaison, the widow of one of the ministers of Louis +Philippe.” + +But what the guide book does not say is, that the hospital was endowed +with three free beds for pregnant women, by Mrs. Seneschal, or that the +two wings on both sides of the great entrance-gate have also been built +by her liberality. One of these wings, the one on the right, is used +by the janitor, a fine-looking old man, who formerly was beadle at the +cathedral, and who loves to think of the happy days when he added to the +splendor of the church by his magnificent presence, his red uniform, his +gold bandelaire, his halbert, and his gold-headed cane. + +This janitor was, on Sunday morning, a little before eight o’clock, +smoking his pipe in the yard, when he saw Dr. Seignebos coming in. The +doctor was walking faster than usual, his hat over his face, and his +hands thrust deep into his pockets, evident signs of a storm. Instead of +coming, as he did every day before making the rounds, into the office +of the sister-druggist, he went straight up to the room of the lady +superior. There, after the usual salutations, he said,-- + +“They have no doubt brought you, my sister, last night, a patient, an +idiot, called Cocoleu?” + +“Yes, doctor.” + +“Where has he been put?” + +“The mayor saw him himself put into the little room opposite the linen +room.” + +“And how did he behave?” + +“Perfectly well: the sister who kept the watch did not hear him stir.” + +“Thanks, my sister!” said Dr. Seignebos. + +He was already in the door, when the lady superior recalled him. + +“Are you going to see the poor man, doctor?” she asked. + +“Yes, my sister; why?” + +“Because you cannot see him.” + +“I cannot?” + +“No. The commonwealth attorney has sent us orders not to let any one, +except the sister who nurses him, come near Cocoleu,--no one, doctor, +not even the physician, a case of urgency, of course, excepted.” + +Dr. Seignebos smiled ironically. Then he said, laughing scornfully,-- + +“Ah, these are your orders, are they? Well, I tell you that I do not +mind them in the least. Who can prevent me from seeing my patient? +Tell me that! Let the commonwealth attorney give his orders in his +court-house as much as he chooses: that is all right. But in my +hospital! My sister, I am going to Cocoleu’s room.” + +“Doctor, you cannot go there. There is a gendarme at the door.” + +“A gendarme?” + +“Yes, he came this morning with the strictest orders.” + +For a moment the doctor was overcome. Then he suddenly broke out with +unusual violence, and a voice that made the windows shake,-- + +“This is unheard of! This is an abominable abuse of power! I’ll have my +rights, and justice shall be done me, if I have to go to Thiers!” + +Then he rushed out without ceremony, crossed the yard, and disappeared +like an arrow, in the direction of the court-house. At that very moment +M. Daubigeon was getting up, feeling badly because he had had a bad, +sleepless night, thanks to this unfortunate affair of M. de Boiscoran, +which troubled him sorely; for he was almost of M. Galpin’s opinion. In +vain he recalled Jacques’s noble character, his well-known uprightness, +his keen sense of honor, the evidence was so strong, so overwhelming! +He wanted to doubt; but experience told him that a man’s past is +no guarantee for his future. And, besides, like many great criminal +lawyers, he thought, what he would never have ventured to say openly, +that some great criminals act while they are under the influence of a +kind of vertigo, and that this explains the stupidity of certain crimes +committed by men of superior intelligence. + +Since his return from Boiscoran, he had kept close in his house; and he +had just made up his mind not to leave the house that day, when some one +rang his bell furiously. A moment later Dr. Seignebos fell into the room +like a bombshell. + +“I know what brings you, doctor,” said M. Daubigeon. “You come about +that order I have given concerning Cocoleu.” + +“Yes, indeed, sir! That order is an insult.” + +“I have been asked to give it as a matter of necessity, by M. Galpin.” + +“And why did you not refuse? You alone are responsible for it in my +eyes. You are commonwealth attorney, consequently the head of the bar, +and superior to M. Galpin.” + +M. Daubigeon shook his head and said,-- + +“There you are mistaken, doctor. The magistrate in such a case is +independent of myself and of the court. He is not even bound to obey the +attorney-general, who can make suggestions to him, but cannot give him +orders. M. Galpin, in his capacity as examining magistrate, has his +independent jurisdiction, and is armed with almost unlimited power. No +one in the world can say so well as an examining magistrate what the +poet calls,-- + +“‘Such is my will, such are my orders, and my will is sufficient.’ + +“‘Hoc volo, hoc jubeo, sit pro ratione voluntas.’” + +For once Dr. Seignebos seemed to be convinced by M. Daubigeon’s words. +He said,-- + +“Then, M. Galpin has even the right to deprive a sick man of his +physician’s assistance.” + +“If he assumes the responsibility, yes. But he does not mean to go so +far. He was, on the contrary, about to ask you, although it is Sunday, +to come and be present at a second examination of Cocoleu. I am +surprised that you have not received his note, and that you did not meet +him at the hospital.” + +“Well, I am going at once.” + +And he went back hurriedly, and was glad he had done so; for at the door +of the hospital he came face to face against M. Galpin, who was just +coming in, accompanied by his faithful clerk, Mechinet. + +“You came just in time, doctor,” began the magistrate, with his usual +solemnity. + +But, short and rapid as the doctor’s walk had been, it had given +him time to reflect, and to grow cool. Instead of breaking out into +recriminations, he replied in a tone of mock politeness,-- + +“Yes, I know. It is that poor devil to whom you have given a gendarme +for a nurse. Let us go up: I am at your service.” + +The room in which Cocoleu had been put was large, whitewashed, and +empty, except that a bed, a table and two chairs, stood about. The bed +was no doubt a good one; but the idiot had taken off the mattress and +the blankets, and lain down in his clothes on the straw bed. Thus the +magistrate and the physician found him as they entered. He rose at their +appearance; but, when he saw the gendarme, he uttered a cry, and tried +to hide under the bed. M. Galpin ordered the gendarme to pull him out +again. Then he walked up to him, and said,-- + +“Don’t be afraid, Cocoleu. We want to do you no harm; only you must +answer our questions. Do you recollect what happened the other night at +Valpinson?” + +Cocoleu laughed,--the laugh of an idiot,--but he made no reply. And +then, for a whole hour, begging, threatening, and promising by turns, +the magistrate tried in vain to obtain one word from him. Not even +the name of the Countess Claudieuse had the slightest effect. At last, +utterly out of patience, he said,-- + +“Let us go. The wretch is worse than a brute.” + +“Was he any better,” asked the doctor, “when he denounced M. de +Boiscoran?” + +But the magistrate pretended not to hear; and, when they were about to +leave the room, he said to the doctor,-- + +“You know that I expect your report, doctor?” + +“In forty-eight hours I shall have the honor to hand it to you,” replied +the latter. + +But as he went off, he said half aloud,-- + +“And that report is going to give you some trouble, my good man.” + +The report was ready then, and his reason for not giving it in, was +that he thought, the longer he could delay it, the more chance he would +probably have to defeat the plan of the prosecution. + +“As I mean to keep it two days longer,” he thought on his way home, “why +should I not show it to this Paris lawyer who has come down with the +marchioness? Nothing can prevent me, as far as I see, since that poor +Galpin, in his utter confusion, has forgotten to put me under oath.” + +But he paused. According to the laws of medical jurisprudence, had he +the right, or not, to communicate a paper belonging to the case to the +counsel of the accused? This question troubled him; for, although +he boasted that he did not believe in God, he believed firmly in +professional duty, and would have allowed himself to be cut in pieces +rather than break its laws. + +“But I have clearly the right to do so,” he growled. “I can only be +bound by my oath. The authorities are clear on that subject. I have in +my favor the decisions of the Court of Appeals of 27 November, and 27 +December, 1828; those of the 13th June, 1835; of the 3d May, 1844; of +the 26th June, 1866.” + +The result of this mediation was, that, as soon as he had breakfasted, +he put his report in his pocket, and went by side streets to M. de +Chandore’s house. The marchioness and the two aunts were still at +church, where they had thought it best to show themselves; and there was +no one in the sitting-room but Dionysia, the old baron, and M. Folgat. +The old gentleman was very much surprised to see the doctor. The latter +was his family physician, it is true; but, except in cases of sickness, +the two never saw each other, their political opinions were so very +different. + +“If you see me here,” said the physician, still in the door, “it is +simply because, upon my honor and my conscience, I believe M. Boiscoran +is innocent.” + +Dionysia would have liked to embrace the doctor for these words of his; +and with the greatest eagerness she pushed a large easy-chair towards +him, and said in her sweetest voice,-- + +“Pray sit down, my dear doctor.” + +“Thanks,” he answered bruskly. “I am very much obliged to you.” Then +turning to M. Folgat, he said, according to his odd notion,-- + +“I am convinced that M. Boiscoran is the victim of his republican +opinions which he has so boldly professed; for, baron, your future +son-in-law is a republican.” + +Grandpapa Chandore did not move. If they had come and told him Jacques +had been a member of the Commune, he would not have been any more moved. +Dionysia loved Jacques. That was enough for him. + +“Well,” the doctor went on, “I am a Radical, I, M.”-- + +“Folgat,” supplied the young lawyer. + +“Yes, M. Folgat, I am a Radical; and it is my duty to defend a man whose +political opinions so closely resemble mine. I come, therefore, to show +you my medical report, if you can make any use of it in your defence of +M. Boiscoran, or suggest to me any ideas.” + +“Ah!” exclaimed the young man. “That is a very valuable service.” + +“But let us understand each other,” said the physician earnestly. “If I +speak of listening to your suggestions, I take it for granted that they +are based upon facts. If I had a son, and he was to die on the scaffold +I would not use the slightest falsehood to save him.” + +He had, meanwhile, drawn the report from a pocket in his long coat, and +now put in on the table with these words,-- + +“I shall call for it again to-morrow morning. In the meantime you can +think it over. I should like, however, to point out to you the main +point, the culminating point, if I may say so.” + +At all events he was “saying so” with much hesitation, and looking +fixedly at Dionysia as if to make her understand that he would like her +to leave the room. Seeing that she did not take the hint, he added,-- + +“A medical and legal discussion would hardly interest the young lady.” + +“Why, sir, why, should I not be deeply, passionately, interested in any +thing that regards the man who is to be my husband?” + +“Because ladies are generally very sensational,” said the doctor +uncivilly, “very sensitive.” + +“Don’t think so, doctor. For Jacques’s sake, I promise you I will show +you quite masculine energy.” + +The doctor knew Dionysia well enough to see that she did not mean to go: +so he growled,-- + +“As you like it.” + +Then, turning again to M. Folgat, he said,-- + +“You know there were two shots fired at Count Claudieuse. One, which hit +him in the side, nearly missed him; the other, which struck his shoulder +and his neck, hit well.” + +“I know,” said the advocate. + +“The difference in the effect shows that the two shots were fired from +different distances, the second much nearer than the first.” + +“I know, I know!” + +“Excuse me. If I refer to these details, it is because they are +important. When I was sent for in the middle of the night to come and +see Count Claudieuse, I at once set to work extracting the particles +of lead that had lodged in his flesh. While I was thus busy, M. Galpin +arrived. I expected he would ask me to show him the shot: but no, he did +not think of it; he was too full of his own ideas. He thought only of +the culprit, of _his_ culprit. I did not recall to him the A B C of his +profession: that was none of my business. The physician has to obey the +directions of justice, but not to anticipate them.” + +“Well, then?” + +“Then M. Galpin went off to Boiscoran, and I completed my work. I have +extracted fifty-seven shot from the count’s wound in the side, and a +hundred and nine from the wound on the shoulder and the neck; and, when +I had done that, do you know what I found out?” + +He paused, waiting to see the effect of his words; and, when everybody’s +attention seemed to him fully roused, he went on,-- + +“I found out that the shot in the two wounds was not alike.” + +M. de Chandore and M. Folgat exclaimed at one time,-- + +“Oh!” + +“The shot that was first fired,” continued Dr. Seignebos, “and which +has touched the side, is the very smallest sized ‘dust.’ That in the +shoulder, on the other hand, is quite large sized, such as I think is +used in shooting hares. However, I have some samples.” + +And with these words, he opened a piece of white paper, in which were +ten or twelve pieces of lead, stained with coagulated blood, and showing +at once a considerable difference in size. M. Folgat looked puzzled. + +“Could there have been two murderers?” he asked half aloud. + +“I rather think,” said M. de Chandore, “that the murderer had, like +many sportsmen, one barrel ready for birds, and another for hares or +rabbits.” + +“At all events, this fact puts all premeditation out of question. A man +does not load his gun with small-shot in order to commit murder.” + +Dr. Seignebos thought he had said enough about it, and was rising to +take leave, when M. de Chandore asked him how Count Claudieuse was +doing. + +“He is not doing well,” replied the doctor. “The removal, in spite of +all possible precautions, has worn him out completely; for he is here in +Sauveterre since yesterday, in a house which M. Seneschal has rented for +him provisionally. He has been delirious all night through; and, when I +came to see him this morning, I do not think he knew me.” + +“And the countess?” asked Dionysia. + +“The countess, madam, is quite as sick as her husband, and, if she had +listened to me, she would have gone to bed, too. But she is a woman +of uncommon energy, who derives from her affection for her husband an +almost incomprehensible power of resistance. As to Cocoleu,” he added, +standing already near the door, “an examination of his mental condition +might produce results which no one seems to expect now. But we will talk +of that hereafter. And now, I must bid you all good-by.” + +“Well?” asked Dionysia and M. de Chandore, as soon as they had heard the +street door close behind Dr. Seignebos. + +But M. Folgat’s enthusiasm had cooled off very rapidly. + +“Before giving an opinion,” he said cautiously, “I must study the report +of this estimable doctor.” + +Unfortunately, the report contained nothing that the doctor had not +mentioned. In vain did the young advocate try all the afternoon to +find something in it that might be useful for the defence. There were +arguments in it, to be sure, which might be very valuable when the trial +should come on, but nothing that could be used to make the prosecution +give up the case. + +The whole house was, therefore, cruelly disappointed and dejected, when, +about five o’clock, old Anthony came in from Boiscoran. He looked very +sad, and said,-- + +“I have been relieved of my duties. At two o’clock M. Galpin came +to take off the seals. He was accompanied by his clerk Mechinet, and +brought Master Jacques with him, who was guarded by two gendarmes in +citizen’s clothes. When the room was opened, that unlucky man Galpin +asked Master Jacques if those were the clothes which he wore the night +of the fire, his boots, his gun, and the water in which he washed his +hands. When he had acknowledged every thing, the water was carefully +poured into a bottle, which they sealed, and handed to one of the +gendarmes. Then they put master’s clothes in a large trunk, his gun, +several parcels of cartridge, and some other articles, which the +magistrate said were needed for the trial. That trunk was sealed like +the bottle, and put on the carriage; then that man Galpin went off, and +told me that I was free.” + +“And Jacques,” Dionysia asked eagerly,--“how did he look?” + +“Master, madam, laughed contemptuously.” + +“Did you speak to him?” asked M. Folgat. + +“Oh, no, sir! M. Galpin would not allow me.” + +“And did you have time to look at the gun?” + +“I could but just glance at the lock.” + +“And what did you see?” + +The brow of the old servant grew still darker, as he replied sadly,-- + +“I saw that I had done well to keep silent. The lock is black. Master +must have used his gun since I cleaned it.” + +Grandpapa Chandore and M. Folgat exchanged looks of distress. One more +hope was lost. + +“Now,” said the young lawyer, “tell me how M. de Boiscoran usually +charged his gun.” + +“He used cartridges, sir, of course. They sent him, I think, two +thousand with the gun,--some for balls, some with large shot, and others +with shot of every size. At this season, when hunting is prohibited, +master could shoot nothing but rabbits, or those little birds, you know, +which come to our marshes: so he always loaded one barrel with tolerably +large shot, and the other with small-shot.” + +But he stopped suddenly, shocked at the impression which his statement +seemed to produce. Dionysia cried,-- + +“That is terrible! Every thing is against us!” + +M. Folgat did not give her time to say any more. He asked,-- + +“My dear Anthony, did M. Galpin take all of your master’s cartridges +away with him?” + +“Oh, no! certainly not.” + +“Well, you must instantly go back to Boiscoran, and bring me three or +four cartridges of every number of shot.” + +“All right,” said the old man. “I’ll be back in a short time.” + +He started immediately; and, thanks to his great promptness, he +reappeared at seven o’clock, at the moment when the family got up from +dinner, and put a large package of cartridges on the table. + +M. de Chandore and M. Folgat had quickly opened some of them; and, +after a few failures, they found two numbers of shot which seemed to +correspond exactly to the samples left them by the doctor. + +“There is an incomprehensible fatality in all this,” said the old +gentleman in an undertone. + +The young lawyer, also, looked discouraged. + +“It is madness,” he said, “to try to establish M. de Boiscoran’s +innocence without having first communicated with him.” + +“And if you could do so to-morrow?” asked Dionysia. + +“Then, madam, he might give us the key to this mystery, which we are in +vain trying to solve; or, at least, he might tell us the way to find it +all out. But that is not to be thought of. M. de Boiscoran is held in +close confinement, and you may rest assured M. Galpin will see to it +that no communication is held with his prisoner.” + +“Who knows?” said the young girl. + +And immediately she drew M. de Chandore aside into one of the little +card-rooms adjoining the parlor, and asked him,-- + +“Grandpapa, am I rich?” + +Never in her life had she thought of that, and she was to a certain +extent utterly ignorant of the value of money. + +“Yes, you are rich, my child,” replied the old gentleman. + +“How much do I have?” + +“You have in your own right, as coming to you from your poor father and +from your mother, twenty-five thousand francs a year, or a capital of +about five hundred and fifty thousand francs.” + +“And is that a good deal?” + +“It is so much, that you are one of the richest heiresses of the +district; but you have, besides, considerable expectations.” + +Dionysia was so preoccupied, that she did not even protest. She went on +asking,-- + +“What do they call here to be well off?” + +“That depends, my child. If you will tell me”-- + +She interrupted him, putting down her foot impatiently, saying,-- + +“Nothing. Please answer me!” + +“Well, in our little town, an income of eight hundred or a thousand +francs makes anybody very well off.” + +“Let us say a thousand.” + +“Well, a thousand would make a man very comfortable.” + +“And what capital would produce such an income?” + +“At five per cent, it would take twenty thousand francs.” + +“That is to say, about the income of a year.” + +“Exactly.” + +“Never mind. I presume that is quite a large sum, and it would be rather +difficult for you, grandpapa, to get it together by to-morrow morning?” + +“Not at all. I have that much in railway coupon-bonds; and they are just +as good as current money.” + +“Ah! Do you mean to say, that, if I gave anybody twenty thousand francs +in such bonds, it would be just the same to him as if I gave him twenty +thousand francs in bank-notes?” + +“Just so.” + +Dionysia smiled. She thought she saw light. Then she went on,-- + +“If that is so, I must beg you, grandpapa, to give me twenty thousand +francs in coupon-bonds.” + +The old gentleman started. + +“You are joking,” he said. “What do you want with so much money? You are +surely joking.” + +“Not at all. I have never in my life been more serious,” replied the +young girl in a tone of voice which could not be mistaken. “I beseech +you, grandpapa, if you love me, give me these twenty thousand francs +this evening, right now. You hesitate? O God! You may kill me if you +refuse.” + +No, M. de Chandore was hesitating no longer. + +“Since you will have it so,” he said, “I am going up stairs to get it.” + +She clapped her hands with joy. + +“That’s it,” she said. “Make haste and dress; for I have to go out, and +you must go with me.” + +Then going up to her aunts and the marchioness, she said to them,-- + +“I hope you will excuse me, if I leave you; but I must go out.” + +“At this hour?” cried Aunt Elizabeth. “Where are you going?” + +“To my dressmakers, the Misses Mechinet. I want a dress.” + +“Great God!” cried Aunt Adelaide, “the child is losing her mind!” + +“I assure you I am not, aunt.” + +“Then let me go with you.” + +“Thank you, no. I shall go alone; that is to say, alone with dear +grandpapa.” + +And as M. de Chandore came back, his pockets full of bonds, his hat on +his head, and his cane in his hand, she carried him off, saying,-- + +“Come, quick, dear grandpapa, we are in a great hurry.” + + + +VII. + +Although M. de Chandore was literally worshipping his grandchild on his +knees, and had transferred all his hopes and his affections to her who +alone survived of his large family, he had still had his thoughts when +he went up stairs to take from his money-box so large a sum of money. As +soon, therefore, as they were outside of the house, he said,-- + +“Now that we are alone, my dear child, will you tell me what you mean to +do with all this money?” + +“That is my secret,” she replied. + +“And you have not confidence enough in your old grandfather to tell him +what it is, darling?” + +He stopped a moment; but she drew him on, saying,-- + +“You shall know it all, and in less than an hour. But, oh! You must not +be angry, grandpapa. I have a plan, which is no doubt very foolish. If I +told you, I am afraid you would stop me; and if you succeeded, and then +something happened to Jacques, I should not survive the misery. And +think of it, what you would feel, if you were to think afterwards, ‘If I +had only let her have her way!’” + +“Dionysia, you are cruel!” + +“On the other hand, if you did not induce me to give up my project, you +would certainly take away all my courage; and I need it all, I tell you, +grandpapa, for what I am going to risk.” + +“You see, my dear child, and you must pardon me for repeating it once +more, twenty thousand francs are a big sum of money; and there are many +excellent and clever people who work hard, and deny themselves every +thing, a whole life long, without laying up that much.” + +“Ah, so much the better!” cried the young girl. “So much the better. I +do hope there will be enough so as to meet with no refusal!” + +Grandpapa Chandore began to comprehend. + +“After all,” he said, “you have not told me where we are going.” + +“To my dressmakers.” + +“To the Misses Mechinet?” + +“Yes.” + +M. de Chandore was sure now. + +“We shall not find them at home,” he said. “This is Sunday; and they are +no doubt at church.” + +“We shall find them, grandpapa; for they always take tea at half-past +seven, for their brother’s, the clerk’s sake. But we must make haste.” + +The old gentleman did make haste; but it is a long way from the +New-Market Place to Hill Street; for the sisters Mechinet lived on the +Square, and, if you please, in a house of their own,--a house which was +to be the delight of their days, and which had become the trouble of +their nights. + +They bought the house the year before the war, upon their brother’s +advice, and going halves with him, paying a sum of forty-seven thousand +francs, every thing included. It was a capital bargain; for they rented +out the basement and the first story to the first grocer in Sauveterre. +The sisters did not think they were imprudent in paying down ten +thousand francs in cash, and in binding themselves to pay the rest in +three yearly instalments. The first year all went well; but then came +the war and numerous disasters. The income of the sisters and of the +brother was much reduced, and they had nothing to live upon but his pay +as clerk; so that they had to use the utmost economy, and even contract +some debts, in order to pay the second instalment. When peace came, +their income increased again, and no one doubted in Sauveterre but that +they would manage to get out of their difficulties, as the brother was +one of the hardest working men, and the sisters were patronized by “the +most distinguished” ladies of the whole country. + +“Grandpapa, they are at home,” said Dionysia, when they reached the +Square. + +“Do you think so?” + +“I am sure. I see light in their windows.” + +M. de Chandore stopped. + +“What am I to do next?” he asked. + +“You are going to give me the bonds, grandpapa, and to wait for me here, +walking up and down, whilst I am going to the Misses Mechinet. I would +ask you to come up too; but they would be frightened at seeing you. +Moreover, if my enterprise does not succeed, it would not matter much as +long as it concerned only a little girl.” + +The old gentleman’s last doubts began to vanish. + +“You won’t succeed, my poor girl,” he said. + +“O God!” she replied, checking her tears with difficulty, “why will you +discourage me?” + +He said nothing. Suppressing a sigh, he pulled the papers out of his +pockets, and helped Dionysia to stuff them, as well as she could, into +her pocket and a little bag she had in her hand. When she had done, she +said,-- + +“Well, good-bye, grandpapa. I won’t be long.” + +And lightly, like a bird, she crossed the street, and ran up to her +dressmakers. The old ladies and their brother were just finishing their +supper, which consisted of a small piece of pork and a light salad, with +an abundance of vinegar. At the unexpected entrance of Miss Chandore +they all started up. + +“You, miss,” cried the elder of the two,--“you!” + +Dionysia understood perfectly well what that simple “you” meant. It +meant, with the help of the tone of voice, “What? your betrothed is +charged with an abominable crime; there is overwhelming evidence against +him; he is in jail, in close confinement; everybody knows he will be +tried at the assizes, and he will be condemned--and you are here?” + +But Dionysia kept on smiling, as she had entered. + +“Yes,” she replied, “it is I. I must have two dresses for next week; and +I come to ask you to show me some samples.” + +The Misses Mechinet, always acting upon their brother’s advice, had made +an arrangement with a large house in Bordeaux, by which they received +samples of all their goods, and were allowed a discount on whatever they +sold. + +“I will do so with pleasure,” said the older sister. “Just allow me to +light a lamp. It is almost dark.” + +While she was wiping the chimney, and trimming the wick, she asked her +brother,-- + +“Are you not going to the Orpheon?” + +“Not to-night,” he replied. + +“Are you not expected to be there?” + +“No: I sent them word I would not come. I have to lithograph two plates +for the printer, and some very urgent copying to do for the court.” + +While he was thus replying, he had folded up his napkin, and lighted a +candle. + +“Good-night!” he said to his sisters. “I won’t see you again to-night,” + and, bowing deeply to Miss Chandore, he went out, his candle in his +hand. + +“Where is your brother going?” Dionysia asked eagerly. + +“To his room, madam. His room is just opposite on the other side of the +staircase.” + +Dionysia was as red as fire. Was she thus to let her opportunity +slip,--an opportunity such as she had never dared hope for? Gathering up +all her courage, she said,-- + +“But, now I think of it, I want to say a few words to your brother, my +dear ladies. Wait for me a moment. I shall be back in a moment.” And +she rushed out, leaving the dressmakers stupefied, gazing after her with +open mouths, and asking themselves if the grand calamity had bereft the +poor lady of reason. + +The clerk was still on the landing, fumbling in his pocket for the key +of his room. + +“I want to speak to you instantly,” said Dionysia. + +Mechinet was so utterly amazed, that he could not utter a word. He made +a movement as if he wanted to go back to his sisters; but the young girl +said,-- + +“No, in your room. We must not be overheard. Open sir, please. Open, +somebody might come.” + +The fact is, he was so completely overcome, that it took him half a +minute to find the keyhole, and put the key in. At last, when the door +was opened, he moved aside to let Dionysia pass: but she said, “No, go +in!” + +He obeyed. She followed him, and, as soon as she was in the room, she +shut the door again, pushing even a bolt which she had noticed. Mechinet +the clerk was famous in Sauveterre for his coolness. Dionysia was +timidity personified, and blushed for the smallest trifle, remaining +speechless for some time. At this moment, however, it was certainly not +the young girl who was embarrassed. + +“Sit down, M. Mechinet,” she said, “and listen to me.” + +He put his candlestick on a table, and sat down. + +“You know me, don’t you?” asked Dionysia. + +“Certainly I do, madam.” + +“You have surely heard that I am to be married to M. de Boiscoran?” + +The clerk started up, as if he had been moved by a spring, beat his +forehead furiously with his hand, and said,-- + +“Ah, what a fool I was! Now I see.” + +“Yes, you are right,” replied the girl. “I come to talk to you about M. +de Boiscoran, my betrothed, my husband.” + +She paused; and for a minute Mechinet and the young girl remained there +face to face, silent and immovable, looking at each other, he asking +himself what she could want of him, and she trying to guess how far she +might venture. + +“You can no doubt imagine, M. Mechinet, what I have suffered, since M. +de Boiscoran has been sent to prison, charged with the meanest of all +crimes!” + +“Oh, surely, I do!” replied Mechinet. + +And, carried away by his emotion, he added,-- + +“But I can assure you, madam, that I, who have been present at all +the examinations, and who have no small experience in criminal +matters,--that I believe M. de Boiscoran innocent. I know M. Galpin does +not think so, nor M. Daubigeon, nor any of the gentlemen of the bar, nor +the town; but, nevertheless, that is my conviction. You see, I was there +when they fell upon M. de Boiscoran, asleep in his bed. Well, the very +tone of his voice, as he cried out, ‘Oh, my dear Galpin!’ told me that +the man is not guilty.” + +“Oh, sir,” stammered Dionysia, “thanks, thanks!” + +“There is nothing to thank me for, madam; for time has only confirmed +my conviction. As if a guilty man ever bore himself as M. de Boiscoran +does! You ought to have seen him just now, when we had gone to remove +the seals, calm, dignified, answering coldly all the questions that were +asked. I could not help telling M. Galpin what I thought. He said I was +a fool. Well, I maintain, on the contrary, that he is. Ah! I beg your +pardon, I mean that he is mistaken. The more I see of M. de Boiscoran, +the more he gives me the impression that he has only a word to say to +clear up the whole matter.” + +Dionysia listened to him with such absorbing interest, that she +well-nigh forgot why she had come. + +“Then,” she asked, “you think M. de Boiscoran is not much overcome?” + +“I should lie if I said he did not look sad, madam,” was the reply. “But +he is not overcome. After the first astonishment, his presence of mind +returned; and M. Galpin has in vain tried these three days by all his +ingenuity and his cleverness”-- + +Here he stopped suddenly, like a drunken man who recovers his +consciousness for a moment, and becomes aware that he has said too much +in his cups. He exclaimed,-- + +“Great God! what am I talking about? For Heaven’s sake, madam, do not +let anybody hear what I was led by my respectful sympathy to tell you +just now.” + +Dionysia felt that the decisive moment had come. She said,-- + +“If you knew me better, sir, you would know that you can rely upon my +discretion. You need not regret having given me by your confidence some +little comfort in my great sorrow. You need not; for”-- + +Her voice nearly failed her, and it was only with a great effort she +could add,-- + +“For I come to ask you to do even more than that for me, oh! yes, much +more.” + +Mechinet had turned painfully pale. He broke in vehemently,-- + +“Not another word, madam: your hope already is an insult to me. You +ought surely to know that by my profession, as well as by my oath, I am +bound to be as silent as the very cell in which the prisoners are kept. +If I, the clerk, were to betray the secret of a criminal prosecution”-- + +Dionysia trembled like an aspen-leaf; but her mind remained clear and +decided. She said,-- + +“You would rather let an innocent man perish.” + +“Madam!” + +“You would let an innocent man be condemned, when by a single word you +could remove the mistake of which he is the victim? You would say to +yourself, ‘It is unlucky; but I have sworn not to speak’? And you would +see him with quiet conscience mount the scaffold? No, I cannot believe +that! No, that cannot be true!” + +“I told you, madam, I believe in M. de Boiscoran’s innocence.” + +“And you refuse to aid me in establishing his innocence? O God! what +ideas men form of their duty! How can I move you? How can I convince +you? Must I remind you of the torture this man suffers, whom they charge +with being an assassin? Must I tell you what horrible anguish we suffer, +we, his friends, his relatives?--how his mother weeps, how I weep, I, +his betrothed! We know he is innocent; and yet we cannot establish his +innocence for want of a friend who would aid us, who would pity us!” + +In all his life the clerk had not heard such burning words. He was moved +to the bottom of his heart. At last he asked, trembling,-- + +“What do you want me to do, madam?” + +“Oh! very little, sir, very little,--just to send M. de Boiscoran ten +lines, and to bring us his reply.” + +The boldness of the request seemed to stun the clerk. He said,-- + +“Never!” + +“You will not have pity?” + +“I should forfeit my honor.” + +“And, if you let an innocent one be condemned, what would that be?” + +Mechinet was evidently suffering anguish. Amazed, overcome, he did +not know what to say, what to do. At last he thought of one reason for +refusing, and stammered out,-- + +“And if I were found out? I should lose my place, ruin my sisters, +destroy my career for life.” + +With trembling hands, Dionysia drew from her pocket the bonds which her +grandfather had given her, and threw them in a heap on the table. She +began,-- + +“There are twenty thousand francs.” + +The clerk drew back frightened. He cried,-- + +“Money! You offer me money!” + +“Oh, don’t be offended!” began the young girl again, with a voice that +would have moved a stone. “How could I want to offend you, when I ask of +you more than my life? There are services which can never be paid. But, +if the enemies of M. de Boiscoran should find out that you have aided +us, their rage might turn against you.” + +Instinctively the clerk unloosed his cravat. The struggle within him, no +doubt, was terrible. He was stifled. + +“Twenty thousand francs!” he said in a hoarse voice. + +“Is it not enough?” asked the young girl. “Yes, you are right: it is +very little. But I have as much again for you, twice as much.” + +With haggard eyes, Mechinet had approached the table, and was +convulsively handling the pile of papers, while he repeated,-- + +“Twenty thousand francs! A thousand a year!” + +“No, double that much, and moreover, our gratitude, our devoted +friendship, all the influence of the two families of Boiscoran and +Chandore; in a word, fortune, position, respect.” + +But by this time, thanks to a supreme effort of will, the clerk had +recovered his self-control. + +“No more, madam, say no more!” + +And with a determined, though still trembling voice, he went on,-- + +“Take your money back again, madam. If I were to do what you want me to +do, if I were to betray my duty for money, I should be the meanest of +men. If, on the other hand, I am actuated only by a sincere conviction +and an interest in the truth, I may be looked upon as a fool; but I +shall always be worthy of the esteem of honorable men. Take back that +fortune, madam, which has made an honest man waver for a moment in his +conscience. I will do what you ask, but for nothing.” + +If grandpapa was getting tired of walking up and down in the Square, the +sisters of Mechinet found time pass still more slowly in their workroom. +They asked each other,-- + +“What can Miss Dionysia have to say to brother?” + +At the end of ten minutes, their curiosity, stimulated by the most +absurd suppositions, had become such martyrdom to them, that they made +up their minds to knock at the clerk’s door. + +“Ah, leave me alone!” he cried out, angry at being thus interrupted. But +then he considered a moment, opened hastily, and said quite gently,-- + +“Go back to your room, my dear sisters, and, if you wish to spare me a +very serious embarrassment, never tell anybody in this world that Miss +Chandore has had a conversation with me.” + +Trained to obey, the two sisters went back, but not so promptly that +they should have not seen the bonds which Dionysia had thrown upon the +table, and which were quite familiar in their appearance to them, as +they had once owned some of them themselves. Their burning desire to +know was thus combined with vague terror; and, when they got back to +their room, the younger asked,-- + +“Did you see?” + +“Yes, those bonds,” replied the other. + +“There must have been five or six hundred.” + +“Even more, perhaps.” + +“That is to say, a very big sum of money.” + +“An enormous one.” + +“What can that mean, Holy Virgin! And what have we to expect?” + +“And brother asking us to keep his secret!” + +“He looked as pale as his shirt, and terribly distressed.” + +“Miss Dionysia was crying like a Magdalen.” + +It was so. Dionysia, as long as she had been uncertain of the result, +had felt in her heart that Jacques’s safety depended on her courage and +her presence of mind. But now, assured of success, she could no longer +control her excitement; and, overcome by the effort, she had sunk down +on a chair and burst out into tears. + +The clerk shut the door, and looked at her for some time; then, having +overcome his own emotions, he said to her,-- + +“Madame.” + +But, as she heard his voice, she jumped up, and taking his hands into +hers, she broke out,-- + +“O sir! How can I thank you! How can I ever make you aware of the depth +of my gratitude!” + +“Don’t speak of that,” he said almost rudely, trying to conceal his deep +feeling. + +“I will say nothing more,” she replied very gently; “but I must tell you +that none of us will ever forget the debt of gratitude which we owe you +from this day. You say the great service which you are about to render +us is not free from danger. Whatever may happen, you must remember, +that, from this moment, you have in us devoted friends.” + +The interruption caused by his sisters had had the good effect of +restoring to Mechinet a good portion of his habitual self-possession. He +said,-- + +“I hope no harm will come of it; and yet I cannot conceal from you, +madam, that the service which I am going to try to render you presents +more difficulties than I thought.” + +“Great God!” murmured Dionysia. + +“M. Galpin,” the clerk went on saying, “is, perhaps, not exactly a +superior man; but he understands his profession; he is cunning, and +exceedingly suspicious. Only yesterday he told me that he knew the +Boiscoran family would try every thing in the world to save M. de +Boiscoran from justice. Hence he is all the time on the watch, and takes +all kinds of precautions. If he dared to it, he would have his bed put +across his cell in the prison.” + +“That man hates me, M. Mechinet!” + +“Oh, no, madam! But he is ambitious: he thinks his success in his +profession depends upon his success in this case; and he is afraid the +accused might escape or be carried off.” + +Mechinet was evidently in great perplexity, and scratched his ear. Then +he added,-- + +“How am I to go about to let M. de Boiscoran have your note? If he knew +beforehand, it would be easy. But he is unprepared. And then he is just +as suspicious as M. Galpin. He is always afraid lest they prepare him a +trap; and he is on the lookout. If I make him a sign, I fear he will +not understand me; and, if I make him a sign, will not M. Galpin see it? +That man is lynx-eyed.” + +“Are you never alone with M. de Boiscoran?” + +“Never for an instant, madam. I only go in with the magistrate, and +I come out with him. You will say, perhaps, that in leaving, as I am +behind, I might drop the note cleverly. But, when we leave, the jailer +is there, and he has good eyes. I should have to dread, besides, M. de +Boiscoran’s own suspicions. If he saw a letter coming to him in that +way, from me, he is quite capable of handing it at once to M. Galpin.” + +He paused, and after a moment’s meditation he went on,-- + +“The safest way would probably be to win the confidence of M. Blangin, +the keeper of the jail, or of some prisoner, whose duty it is to wait on +M. de Boiscoran, and to watch him.” + +“Trumence!” exclaimed Dionysia. + +The clerk’s face expressed the most startled surprise. He said,-- + +“What! You know his name?” + +“Yes, I do; for Blangin mentioned him to me; and the name struck me the +day when M. de Boiscoran’s mother and I went to the jail, not knowing +what was meant by ‘close confinement.’” + +The clerk was disappointed. + +“Ah!” he said, “now I understand M. Galpin’s great trouble. He has, no +doubt, heard of your visit, and imagined that you wanted to rob him of +his prisoner.” + +He murmured some words, which Dionysia could not hear; and then, coming +to some decision, apparently, he said,-- + +“Well, never mind! I’ll see what can be done. Write your letter, madam: +here are pens and ink.” + +The young girl made no reply, but sat down at Mechinet’s table; but, at +the moment when she was putting pen to paper she asked,-- + +“Has M. de Boiscoran any books in his prison?” + +“Yes, madam. At his request M. Galpin himself went and selected, in M. +Daubigeon’s library, some books of travels and some of Cooper’s novels +for him.” + +Dionysia uttered a cry of delight. + +“O Jacques!” she said, “how glad I am you counted upon me!” and, without +noticing how utterly Mechinet seemed to be surprised, she wrote,-- + +“We are sure of your innocence, Jacques, and still we are in despair. +Your mother is here, with a Paris lawyer, a M. Folgat, who is devoted +to your interests. What must we do? Give us your instructions. You can +reply without fear, as you have _our_ book. + +“DIONYSIA.” + +“Read this,” she said to the clerk, when she had finished. But he did +not avail himself of the permission. He folded the paper, and slipped it +into an envelope, which he sealed. + +“Oh, you are very kind!” said the young girl, touched by his delicacy. + +“Not at all, madam. I only try to do a dishonest thing in the most +honest way. To-morrow, madam, you shall have your answer.” + +“I will call for it.” + +Mechinet trembled. + +“Take care not to do so,” he said. “The good people of Sauveterre are +too cunning not to know that just now you are not thinking much of +dress; and your calls here would look suspicious. Leave it to me to see +to it that you get M. de Boiscoran’s answer.” + +While Dionysia was writing, the clerk had made a parcel of the bonds +which she had brought. He handed it to her, and said,-- + +“Take it, madam. If I want money for Blangin, or for Trumence, I will +ask you for it. And now you must go: you need not go in to my sisters. I +will explain your visit to them.” + + + +VIII. + +“What can have happened to Dionysia, that she does not come back?” + murmured Grandpapa Chandore, as he walked up and down the Square, and +looked, for the twentieth time, at his watch. For some time the fear of +displeasing his grandchild, and of receiving a scolding, kept him at +the place where she had told him to wait for her; but at last it was too +much for him, and he said,-- + +“Upon my word, this is too much! I’ll risk it.” + +And, crossing the road which separates the Square from the houses, he +entered the long, narrow passage in the house of the sisters Mechinet. +He was just putting his foot on the first step of the stairs, when he +saw a light above. He distinguished the voice of his granddaughter, and +then her light step. + +“At last!” he thought. + +And swiftly, like a schoolboy who hears his teacher coming, and fears +to be caught in the act, he slipped back into the Square. Dionysia was +there almost at the same moment, and fell on his neck, saying,-- + +“Dear grandpapa, I bring you back your bonds,” and then she rained a +shower of kisses upon the old gentleman’s furrowed cheeks. + +If any thing could astonish M. de Chandore, it was the idea that there +should exist in this world a man with a heart hard, cruel, and barbarous +enough, to resist his Dionysia’s prayers and tears, especially if +they were backed by twenty thousand francs. Nevertheless, he said +mournfully,-- + +“Ah! I told you, my dear child, you would not succeed.” + +“And you were mistaken, dear grandpapa, and you are still mistaken; for +I have succeeded!” + +“But--you bring back the money?” + +“Because I have found an honest man, dearest grandpapa,--a most +honorable man. Poor fellow, how I must have tempted his honesty! For he +is very much embarrassed, I know it from good authority, ever since he +and his sisters bought that house. It was more than comfort, it was a +real fortune, I offered him. Ah! you ought to have seen how his eyes +brightened up, and how his hands trembled, when he took up the bonds! +Well, he refused to take them, after all; and the only reward he asks +for the very good service which he is going to render us”-- + +M. de Chandore expressed his assent by a gesture, and then said,-- + +“You are right, darling: that clerk is a good man, and he has won our +eternal gratitude.” + +“I ought to add,” continued Dionysia, “that I was ever so brave. I +should never have thought that I could be so bold. I wish you had been +hid in some corner, grandpapa, to see me and hear me. You would not have +recognized your grandchild. I cried a little, it is true, when I had +carried my point.” + +“Oh, dear, dear child!” murmured the old gentleman, deeply moved. + +“You see, grandpapa, I thought of nothing but of Jacques’s danger, and +of the glory of proving myself worthy of him, who is so brave himself. I +hope he will be satisfied with me.” + +“He would be hard to please, indeed, if he were not!” exclaimed M. de +Chandore. + +The grandfather and his child were standing all the while under the +trees in the great Square while they were thus talking to each other; +and already a number of people had taken the opportunity of passing +close by them, with ears wide open, and all eagerness, to find out +what was going on: it is a way people have in small towns. Dionysia +remembered the clerk’s kindly warnings; and, as soon as she became aware +of it, she said to her grandfather,-- + +“Come, grandpapa. People are listening. I will tell you the rest as we +are going home.” + +And so, on their way, she told him all the little details of her +interview; and the old gentleman declared, in all earnest, that he did +not know which to admire most,--her presence of mind, or Mechinet’s +disinterestedness. + +“All the more reason,” said the young girl, “why we should not add to +the dangers which the good man is going to run for us. I promised him +to tell nobody, and I mean to keep my promise. If you believe me, dear +grandpapa, we had better not speak of it to anybody, not even to my +aunts.” + +“You might just as well declare at once, little scamp, that you want to +save Jacques quite alone, without anybody’s help.” + +“Ah, if I could do that! Unfortunately, we must take M. Folgat into our +confidence; for we cannot do without his advice.” + +Thus it was done. The poor aunts, and even the marchioness, had to be +content with Dionysia’s not very plausible explanation of her visit. +And a few hours afterwards M. de Chandore, the young girl, and M. Folgat +held a council in the baron’s study. The young lawyer was even more +surprised by Dionysia’s idea, and her bold proceedings, then her +grandfather; he would never have imagined that she was capable of such a +step, she looked so timid and innocent, like a mere child. He was about +to compliment her; but she interrupted him eagerly, saying,-- + +“There is nothing to boast of. I ran no risk.” + +“A very substantial risk, madam, I assure you.” + +“Pshaw!” exclaimed M. de Chandore. + +“To bribe an official,” continued M. Folgat, “is a very grave offence. +The Criminal Code has a certain paragraph, No. 179, which does not +trifle, and punishes the man who bribes, as well as the man who is +bribed.” + +“Well, so much the better!” cried Dionysia. “If poor M. Mechinet has to +go to prison, I’ll go with him!” + +And, without noticing the dissatisfaction expressed in her grandfather’s +features, she added, turning to M. Folgat,-- + +“After all, sir, you see that your wishes have been fulfilled. We +shall be able to communicate with M. de Boiscoran: he will give us his +instructions.” + +“Perhaps so, madam.” + +“How? Perhaps? You said yourself”-- + +“I told you, madam, it would be useless, perhaps even imprudent, to take +any steps before we know the truth. But will we know it? Do you think +that M. de Boiscoran, who has good reasons for being suspicious of +every thing, will at once tell us all in a letter which must needs pass +through several hands before it can reach us?” + +“He will tell us all, sir, without reserve, without fear, and without +danger.” + +“Oh!” + +“I have taken my precautions. You will see.” + +“Then we have only to wait.” + +Alas, yes! They had to wait, and that was what distressed Dionysia. She +hardly slept that night. The next day was one unbroken torment. At each +ringing of the bell, she trembled, and ran to see. + +At last, towards five o’clock, when nothing had come, she said,-- + +“It is not to be to-day, provided, O God! that poor Mechinet has not +been caught.” + +And, perhaps in order to escape for a time the anguish of her fears, she +agreed to accompany Jacques’s mother, who wanted to pay some visits. + +Ah, if she had but known! She had not left the house ten minutes, when +one of those street-boys, who abound at all hours of the day on the +great Square, appeared, bringing a letter to her address. They took it +to M. de Chandore, who, while waiting for dinner, was walking in the +garden with M. Folgat. + +“A letter for Dionysia!” exclaimed the old gentleman, as soon as the +servant had disappeared. “Here is the answer we have been waiting for!” + +He boldly tore it open. Alas! It was useless. The note within the +envelope ran thus,-- + +“31:9, 17, 19, 23, 25, 28, 32, 101, 102, 129, 137, 504, 515--37:2, 3, 4, +5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 24, 27, 52, 54, 118, 119, 120, 200, 201--41:7, +9, 17, 21, 22, 44, 45, 46”-- + +And so on, for two pages. + +“Look at this, and try to make it out,” said M. de Chandore, handing the +letter to M. Folgat. + +The young man actually tried it; but, after five minutes’ useless +efforts, he said,-- + +“I understand now why Miss Chandore promised us that we should know +the truth. M. de Boiscoran and she have formerly corresponded with each +other in cipher.” + +Grandpapa Chandore raised his hands to heaven. + +“Just think of these little girls! Here we are utterly helpless without +her, as she alone can translate those hieroglyphics for you.” + +If Dionysia had hoped, by accompanying the marchioness on her visits, +to escape from the sad presentiments that oppressed her, she was cruelly +disappointed. They went to M. Seneschal’s house first; but the mayor’s +wife was by no means calculated to give courage to others in an hour of +peril. She could do nothing but embrace alternately Jacques’s mother and +Dionysia, and, amid a thousand sobs, tell them over and over again, that +she looked upon one as the most unfortunate of mothers, and upon the +other as the most unfortunate of betrothed maidens. + +“Does the woman think Jacques is guilty?” thought Dionysia, and felt +almost angry. + +And that was not all. As they returned home, and passed the house which +had been provisionally taken for Count Claudieuse and his family, they +heard a little boy calling out,-- + +“O mamma, come quick! Here are the murderer’s mother and his +sweetheart.” + +Thus the poor girl came home more downcast than before. Immediately, +however, her maid, who had evidently been on the lookout for her return, +told her that her grandfather and the lawyer from Paris were waiting for +her in the baron’s study. She hastened there without stopping to take +off her bonnet; and, as soon as she came in, M. de Chandore handed her +Jacques’s letter, saying,-- + +“Here is your answer.” + +She could not repress a little cry of delight, and rapidly touched the +letter with her lips, repeating,-- + +“Now we are safe, we are safe!” + +M. de Chandore smiled at the happiness of his granddaughter. + +“But, Miss Hypocrite,” he said, “it seems you had great secrets to +communicate to M. de Boiscoran, since you resorted to cipher, like arch +conspirators. M. Folgat and I tried to read it; but it was all Greek to +us.” + +Now only the young lady remembered M. Folgat’s presence, and, blushing +deeply, she said,-- + +“Latterly Jacques and I had been discussing the various methods to which +people resort who wish to carry on a secret correspondence: this led +him to teach me one of the ways. Two correspondents choose any book they +like, and each takes a copy of the same edition. The writer looks in his +volume for the words he wants, and numbers them; his correspondent +finds them by the aid of these numbers. Thus, in Jacques’s letters, the +numbers followed by a colon refer to the pages, and the others to the +order in which the words come.” + +“Ah, ah!” said Grandpapa Chandore, “I might have looked a long time.” + +“It is a very simple method,” replied Dionysia, “very well known, +and still quite safe. How could an outsider guess what book the +correspondents have chosen? Then there are other means to mislead +indiscreet people. It may be agreed upon, for instance, that the numbers +shall never have their apparent value, or that they shall vary according +to the day of the month or the week. Thus, to-day is Monday, the second +day of the week. Well, I have to deduct one from each number of a page, +and add one to each number of a word.” + +“And you will be able to make it all out?” asked M. de Chandore. + +“Certainly, dear grandpapa. Ever since Jacques explained it to me, I +have tried to learn it as a matter of course. We have chose a book which +I am very fond of, Cooper’s ‘Spy;’ and we amused ourselves by writing +endless letters. Oh! it is very amusing, and it takes time, because one +does not always find the words that are needed, and then they have to be +spelled letter by letter.” + +“And M. de Boiscoran has a copy of Cooper’s novels in his prison?” asked +M. Folgat. + +“Yes, sir. M. Mechinet told me so. As soon as Jacques found he was to be +kept in close confinement, he asked for some of Cooper’s novels, and M. +Galpin, who is so cunning, so smart, and so suspicious, went himself and +got them for him. Jacques was counting upon me.” + +“Then, dear child, go and read your letter, and solve the riddle,” said +M. de Chandore. + +When she had left, he said to his companion,-- + +“How she loves him! How she loves this man Jacques! Sir, if any thing +should happen to him, she would die.” + +M. Folgat made no reply; and nearly an hour passed, before Dionysia, +shut up in her room, had succeeded in finding all the words of which +Jacques’s letter was composed. But when she had finished, and came +back to her grandfather’s study, her youthful face expressed the most +profound despair. + +“This is horrible!” she said. + +The same idea crossed, like a sharp arrow, the minds of M. de Chandore +and M. Folgat. Had Jacques confessed? + +“Look, read yourself!” said Dionysia, handing them the translation. + +Jacques wrote,-- + +“Thanks for your letter, my darling. A presentiment had warned me, and I +had asked for a copy of Cooper. + +“I understand but too well how grieved you must be at seeing me kept +in prison without my making an effort to establish my innocence. I +kept silence, because I hoped the proof of my innocence would come from +outside. I see that it would be madness to hope so any longer, and that +I must speak. I shall speak. But what I have to say is so very serious, +that I shall keep silence until I shall have had an opportunity of +consulting with some one in whom I can feel perfect confidence. Prudence +alone is not enough now: skill also is required. Until now I felt +secure, relying on my innocence. But the last examination has opened my +eyes, and I now see the danger to which I am exposed. + +“I shall suffer terribly until the day when I can see a lawyer. Thank +my mother for having brought one. I hope he will pardon me, if I address +myself first to another man. I want a man who knows the country and its +customs. + +“That is why I have chosen M. Magloire; and I beg you will tell him +to hold himself ready for the day on which, the examination being +completed, I shall be relieved from close confinement. + +“Until then, nothing can be done, nothing, unless you can obtain that +the case be taken out of M. G-----‘s hands, and be given to some one +else. That man acts infamously. He wants me to be guilty. He would +himself commit a crime in order to charge me with it, and there is no +kind of trap he does not lay for me. I have the greatest difficulty in +controlling myself every time I see this man enter my cell, who was my +friend, and now is my accuser. + +“Ah, my dear ones! I pay a heavy price for a fault of which I have been, +until now, almost unconscious. + +“And you, my only friend, will you ever be able to forgive me the +terrible anxiety I cause you? + +“I should like to say much more; but the prisoner who has handed me your +note says I must be quick, and it takes so much time to pick out the +words! + +“J.” + +When the letter had been read, M. Folgat and M. de Chandore sadly turned +their heads aside, fearing lest Dionysia should read in their eyes the +secret of their thoughts. But she felt only too well what it meant. + +“You cannot doubt Jacques, grandpapa!” she cried. + +“No,” murmured the old gentleman feebly, “no.” + +“And you, M. Folgat--are you so much hurt by Jacques’s desire to consult +another lawyer?” + +“I should have been the first, madam, to advise him to consult a +native.” + +Dionysia had to summon all her energy to check her tears. + +“Yes,” she said, “this letter is terrible; but how can it be otherwise? +Don’t you see that Jacques is in despair, that his mind wanders after +all these fearful shocks?” + +Somebody knocked gently at the door. + +“It is I,” said the marchioness. + +Grandpapa Chandore, M. Folgat, and Dionysia looked at each other for a +moment; and then the advocate said,-- + +“The situation is too serious: we must consult the marchioness.” He rose +to open the door. Since the three friends had been holding the council +in the baron’s study, a servant had come five times in succession to +knock at the door, and tell them that the soup was on the table. + +“Very well,” they had replied each time. + +At last, as they did not come down yet, Jacques’s mother had come to the +conclusion that something extraordinary had occurred. + +“Now, what could this be, that they should keep it from her?” she +thought. If it were something good, they would not have concealed it +from her. She had come up stairs, therefore, with the firm resolution to +force them to let her come in. When M. Folgat opened the door, she said +instantly,-- + +“I mean to know all!” + +Dionysia replied to her,-- + +“Whatever you may hear, my dear mother, pray remember, that if you allow +a single word to be torn from you, by joy or by sorrow, you cause the +ruin of an honest man, who has put us all under such obligations as can +never be fully discharged. I have been fortunate enough to establish a +correspondence between Jacques and us.” + +“O Dionysia!” + +“I have written to him, and I have received his answer. Here it is.” + +The marchioness was almost beside herself, and eagerly snatched at the +letter. But, as she read on, it was fearful to see how the blood receded +from her face, how her eyes grew dim, her lips turned pale, and at last +her breath failed to come. The letter slipped from her trembling hands; +she sank into a chair, and said, stammering,-- + +“It is no use to struggle any longer: we are lost!” + +There was something grand in Dionysia’s gesture and the admirable accent +of her voice, as she said,-- + +“Why don’t you say at once, my mother, that Jacques is an incendiary and +an assassin?” + +Raising her head with an air of dauntless energy, with trembling lips, +and fierce glances full of wrath and disdain, she added,-- + +“And do I really remain the only one to defend him,--him, who, in his +days of prosperity, had so many friends? Well, so be it!” + +Naturally, M. Folgat had been less deeply moved than either the +marchioness or M. de Chandore; and hence he was also the first to +recover his calmness. + +“We shall be two, madam, at all events,” he said; “for I should never +forgive myself, if I allowed myself to be influenced by that letter. +It would be inexcusable, since I know by experience what your heart +has told you instinctively. Imprisonment has horrors which affect the +strongest and stoutest of minds. The days in prison are interminable, +and the nights have nameless terrors. The innocent man in his lonely +cell feels as if he were becoming guilty, as the man of soundest +intellect would begin to doubt himself in a madhouse”-- + +Dionysia did not let him conclude. She cried,-- + +“That is exactly what I felt, sir; but I could not express it as clearly +as you do.” + +Ashamed at their lack of courage, M. de Chandore and the marchioness +made an effort to recover from the doubts which, for a moment, had +well-nigh overcome them. + +“But what is to be done?” asked the old lady. + +“Your son tells us, madam, we have only to wait for the end of the +preliminary examination.” + +“I beg your pardon,” said M. de Chandore, “we have to try to get the +case handed over to another magistrate.” + +M. Folgat shook his head. + +“Unfortunately, that is not to be dreamt of. A magistrate acting in his +official capacity cannot be rejected like a simple juryman.” + +“However”-- + +“Article 542 of the Criminal Code is positive on the subject.” + +“Ah! What does it say?” asked Dionysia. + +“It says, in substance, madam, that a demand for a change of magistrate, +on the score of well-founded suspicion, can only be entertained by a +court of appeals, because the magistrate, within his legitimate sphere, +is a court in himself. I do not know if I express myself clearly?” + +“Oh, very clearly!” said M. de Chandore. “Only, since Jacques wishes +it”-- + +“To be sure; but M. de Boiscoran does not know”-- + +“I beg your pardon. He knows that the magistrate is his mortal enemy.” + +“Be it so. But how would that help us? Do you think that a demand for +a change of venue would prevent M. Galpin from carrying on the +proceedings? Not at all. He would go on until the decision comes from +the Court of Appeals. He could, it is true, issue no final order; but +that is the very thing M. de Boiscoran ought to desire, since such an +order would make an end to his close confinement, and enable him to see +an advocate.” + +“That is atrocious!” murmured M. de Chandore. + +“It is atrocious, indeed; but such are the laws of France.” + +In the meantime Dionysia had been meditating; and now she said to the +young advocate,-- + +“I have understood you perfectly, and to-morrow your objections shall be +known to M. de Boiscoran.” + +“Above all,” said the lawyer, “explain to him clearly that any such +steps as he proposes to take will turn to his disadvantage. M. Galpin +is our enemy; but we can make no specific charge against him. They would +always reply, ‘If M. de Boiscoran is innocent, why does he not speak?’” + +This is what Grandpapa Chandore would not admit. + +“Still,” he said, “if we could bring influential men to help us?” + +“Can you?” + +“Certainly. Boiscoran has old friends, who, no doubt, are all-powerful +still under the present government. He was, in former years, very +intimate with M. de Margeril.” + +M. Folgat’s expression was very encouraging. + +“Ah!” he said, “if M. de Margeril could give us a lift! But he is not +easily approached.” + +“We might send Boiscoran to see him, at least. Since he remained +in Paris for the purpose of assisting us there, now he will have an +opportunity. I will write to him to-night.” + +Since the name of Margeril had been mentioned, the marchioness had +become, if possible, paler than ever. At the old gentleman’s last words +she rose, and said anxiously,-- + +“Do not write, sir: it would be useless. I do not wish it.” + +Her embarrassment was so evident, that the others were quite surprised. + +“Have Boiscoran and M. de Margeril had any difficulty?” asked M. de +Chandore. + +“Yes.” + +“But,” cried Dionysia, “it is a matter of life and death for Jacques.” + +Alas! The poor woman could not speak of the suspicions which had +darkened the whole life of the Marquis de Boiscoran, nor of the +cruel penalty which the wife was now called upon to pay for a slight +imprudence. + +“If it is absolutely necessary,” she said with a half-stifled voice, +“if that is our very last hope, then I will go and see M. de Margeril +myself.” + +M. Folgat was the only one who suspected what painful antecedents there +might be in the life of the marchioness, and how she was harassed by +their memory now. He interposed, therefore, saying,-- + +“At all events, my advice is to await the end of the preliminary +investigation. I may be mistaken, however, and, before any answer is +sent to M. Jacques, I desire that the lawyer to whom he alludes should +be consulted.” + +“That is certainly the wisest plan,” said M. de Chandore. And, ringing +for a servant, he sent him at once to M. Magloire, to ask him to call +after dinner. Jacques de Boiscoran had chosen wisely. M. Magloire was +looked upon in Sauveterre as the most eloquent and most skilful lawyer, +not only of the district, but of the whole province. And what is rarer +still, and far more glorious, he had, besides, the reputation of being +unsurpassed in integrity and a high sense of honor. It was well known +that he would never have consented to plead a doubtful cause; and they +told of him a number of heroic stories, in which he had thrown clients +out of the window, who had been so ill-advised to come to him, money in +hand, to ask him to undertake an unclean case. He was naturally not +a rich man, and preserved, at fifty-four or five, all the habits of a +frugal and thrifty young man. + +After having married quite young, M. Magloire had lost his wife after a +few months, and had never recovered from the loss. Although thirty years +old, the wound had never healed; and regularly, on certain days, he was +seen wending his way to the cemetery, to place flowers on a modest grave +there. Any other man would have been laughed at for such a thing at +Sauveterre; but with him they dared not do so, for they all respected +him highly. Young and old knew and reverenced the tall man with the +calm, serene face, the clear, bright eyes, and the eloquent lips, which, +in their well-cut, delicate lines, by turns glowed with scorn, with +tenderness, or with disdain. + +Like Dr. Seignebos, M. Magloire also was a Republican; and, at the last +Imperial elections, the Bonapartists had had the greatest trouble, aided +though they were by the whole influence of the government, and shrinking +from no unfair means, to keep him out of the Chamber. Nor would +they have been successful after all, but for the influence of Count +Claudieuse, who had prevailed upon a number of electors to abstain from +voting. + +This was the man, who, towards nine o’clock, presented himself, upon +the invitation of M. de Chandore, at his house, where he was anxiously +expected by all the inmates. His greeting was affectionate, but at the +same time so sad, that it touched Dionysia’s heart most painfully. She +thought she saw that M. Magloire was not far from believing Jacques +guilty. + +And she was not mistaken; for M. Magloire let them see it clearly, in +the most delicate manner, to be sure, but still so as to leave no doubt. +He had spent the day in court, and there had heard the opinions of the +members of the court, which was by no means favorable to the accused. +Under such circumstances, it would have evidently been a grave blunder +to yield to Jacques’s wishes, and to apply for a change of venue from M. +Galpin to some other magistrate. + +“The investigation will last a year,” cried Dionysia, “since M. Galpin +is determined to obtain from Jacques the confession of a crime which he +has not committed.” + +M. Magloire shook his head, and replied,-- + +“I believe, on the contrary, madam, that the investigation will be very +soon concluded.” + +“But if Jacques keeps silent?” + +“Neither the silence of an accused, nor any other caprice or obstinacy +of his, can interfere with the regular process. Called upon to produce +his justification, if he refuses to do so, the law proceeds without +him.” + +“Still, sir, if an accused person has reasons”-- + +“There are no reasons which can force a man to let himself be accused +unjustly. But even that case has been foreseen. The accused is at +liberty not to answer a question which may inculpate him. _Nemo tenetur +prodere se ipsum_. But you must admit that such a refusal to answer +justifies a judge in believing that the charges are true which the +accused does not refute.” + +The great calmness of the distinguished lawyer of Sauveterre terrified +his listeners more and more, except M. Folgat. When they heard him use +all those technical terms, they felt chilled through and through like +the friends of a wounded man who hear the grating noise of the surgeon’s +knife. + +“My son’s situation appears to you very serious, sir?” asked the +marchioness in a feeble voice. + +“I said it was dangerous, madam.” + +“You think, as M. Folgat does, that every day adds to the danger to +which he is exposed?” + +“I am but too sure of that. And if M. de Boiscoran is really innocent”-- + +“Ah, M. Magloire!” broke in Dionysia, “how can you, who are a friend of +Jacques’s, say so?” + +M. Magloire looked at the young girl with an air of deep and sincere +pity, and then said,-- + +“It is precisely because I am his friend, madam, that I am bound to +tell you the truth. Yes, I know and I appreciate all the noble qualities +which distinguish M. de Boiscoran. I have loved him, and I love him +still. But this is a matter which we have to look at with the mind, +and not with the heart. Jacques is a man; and he will be judged by men. +There is clear, public, and absolute evidence of his guilt on hand. What +evidence has he to offer of his innocence? Moral evidence only.” + +“O God!” murmured Dionysia. + +“I think, therefore, with my honorable brother”-- + +And M. Magloire bowed to M. Folgat. + +“I think, that, if M. de Boiscoran is innocent, he has adopted an +unfortunate system. Ah! if luckily there should be an _alibi_. He ought +to make haste, great haste, to establish it. He ought not to allow +matters to go on till he is sent up into court. Once there, an accused +is three-fourths condemned already.” + +For once it looked as if the crimson in M. de Chandore’s cheeks was +growing pale. + +“And yet,” he exclaimed, “Jacques will not change his system: any one +who knows his mulish obstinacy might be quite sure of that.” + +“And unfortunately he has made up his mind,” said Dionysia, “as M. +Magloire, who knows him so well, will see from this letter of his.” + +Until now nothing had been said to let the Sauveterre lawyer suspect +that communications had been opened with the prisoner. Now that the +letter had been alluded to, it became necessary to take him into +confidence. At first he was astonished, then he looked displeased; and, +when he had been told every thing, he said,-- + +“This is great imprudence! This is too daring!” + +Then looking at M. Folgat, he added,-- + +“Our profession has certain rules which cannot be broken without causing +trouble. To bribe a clerk, to profit by his weakness and his sympathy”-- + +The Paris lawyer had blushed imperceptibly. He said,-- + +“I should never have advised such imprudence; but, when it was once +committed, I did not feel bound to insist upon its being abandoned: and +even if I should be blamed for it, or more, I mean to profit by it.” + +M. Magloire did not reply; but, after having read Jacques’s letter, he +said,-- + +“I am at M. de Boiscoran’s disposal; and I shall go to him as soon as he +is no longer in close confinement. I think, as Miss Dionysia does, that +he will insist upon saying nothing. However, as we have the means of +reaching him by letter,--well, here I am myself ready to profit by the +imprudence that has been committed!--beseech him, in the name of his own +interest, in the name of all that is dear to him, to speak, to explain, +to prove his innocence.” + +Thereupon M. Magloire bowed, and withdrew suddenly, leaving his audience +in consternation, so very evident was it, that he left so suddenly +in order to conceal the painful impression which Jacques’s letter had +produced upon him. + +“Certainly,” said M. de Chandore, “we will write to him; but we might +just as well whistle. He will wait for the end of the investigation.” + +“Who knows?” murmured Dionysia. + +And, after a moment’s reflection, she added,-- + +“We can try, however.” + +And, without vouchsafing any further explanation, she left the room, and +hastened to her chamber to write the following letter:-- + +“I must speak to you. There is a little gate in our garden which opens +upon Charity Lane, I will wait for you there. However late it may be +when you get these lines, come! + +“DIONYSIA.” + +Then having put the note into an envelope, she called the old nurse, +who had brought her up, and, with all the recommendations which extreme +prudence could suggest, she said to her,-- + +“You must see to it that M. Mechinet the clerk gets this note to-night. +Go! make haste!” + + + +IX. + +During the last twenty-four hours, Mechinet had changed so much, that +his sisters recognized him no longer. Immediately after Dionysia’s +departure, they had come to him, hoping to hear at last what was meant +by that mysterious interview; but at the first word he had cried out +with a tone of voice which frightened his sisters to death,-- + +“That is none of your business! That is nobody’s business!” and he had +remained alone, quite overcome by his adventure, and dreaming of the +means to make good his promise without ruining himself. That was no easy +matter. + +When the decisive moment arrived, he discovered that he would never be +able to get the note into M. de Boiscoran’s hands, without being caught +by that lynx-eyed M. Galpin: as the letter was burning in his pocket, he +saw himself compelled, after long hesitation, to appeal for help to the +man who waited on Jacques,--to Trumence, in fine. The latter was, after +all, a good enough fellow; his only besetting sin being unconquerable +laziness, and his only crime in the eyes of the law perpetual vagrancy. +He was attached to Mechinet, who upon former occasions, when he was in +jail, had given him some tobacco, or a little money to buy a glass of +wine. He made therefore no objection, when the clerk asked him to give +a letter to M. de Boiscoran, and to bring back an answer. He acquitted +himself, moreover, faithfully and honestly of his commission. But, +because every thing had gone well once, it did not follow that Mechinet +felt quite at peace. Besides being tormented by the thought that he +had betrayed his duty, he felt wretched in being at the mercy of an +accomplice. How easily might he not be betrayed! A slight indiscretion, +an awkward blunder, an unlucky accident, might do it. What would become +of him then? + +He would lose his place and all his other employments, one by one. +He would lose confidence and consideration. Farewell to all ambitious +dreams, all hopes of wealth, all dreams of an advantageous marriage. +And still, by an odd contradiction, Mechinet did not repent what he had +done, and felt quite ready to do it over again. He was in this state of +mind when the old nurse brought him Dionysia’s letter. + +“What, again?” he exclaimed. + +And when he had read the few lines, he replied,-- + +“Tell your mistress I will be there!” But in his heart he thought some +untoward event must have happened. + +The little garden-gate was half-open: he had only to push it to enter. +There was no moon; but the night was clear, and at a short distance from +him, under the trees, he recognized Dionysia, and went towards her. + +“Pardon me, sir,” she said, “for having dared to send for you.” + +Mechinet’s anxiety vanished instantly. He thought no longer of his +strange position. His vanity was flattered by the confidence which this +young lady put in him, whom he knew very well as the noblest, the most +beautiful, and the richest heiress in the whole country. + +“You were quite right to send for me, madam,” he replied, “if I can be +of any service to you.” + +In a few words she had told him all; and, when she asked his advice, he +replied,-- + +“I am entirely of M. Folgat’s opinion, and think that grief and +isolation begin to have their effect upon M. de Boiscoran’s mind.” + +“Oh, that thought is maddening!” murmured the poor girl. + +“I think, as M. Magloire does, that M. de Boiscoran, by his silence, +only makes his situation much worse. I have a proof of that. M. Galpin, +who, at first, was all doubt and anxiety, is now quite reassured. The +attorney-general has written him a letter, in which he compliments his +energy.” + +“And then.” + +“Then we must induce M. de Boiscoran to speak. I know very well that he +is firmly resolved not to speak; but if you were to write to him, since +you can write to him”-- + +“A letter would be useless.” + +“But”-- + +“Useless, I tell you. But I know a means.” + +“You must use it promptly, madam: don’t lose a moment. There is no +time.” + +The night was clear, but not clear enough for the clerk to see how very +pale Dionysia was. + +“Well, then, I must see M. de Boiscoran: I must speak to him.” + +She expected the clerk to start, to cry out, to protest. Far from it: he +said in the quietest tone,-- + +“To be sure; but how?” + +“Blangin the keeper, and his wife, keep their places only because +they give them a support. Why might I not offer them, in return for +an interview with M. de Boiscoran, the means to go and live in the +country?” + +“Why not?” said the clerk. + +And in a lower voice, replying to the voice of his conscience, he went +on,-- + +“The jail in Sauveterre is not at all like the police-stations and +prisons of larger towns. The prisoners are few in number; they are +hardly guarded. When the doors are shut, Blangin is master within.” + +“I will go and see him to-morrow,” declared Dionysia. + +There are certain slopes on which you must glide down. Having once +yielded to Dionysia’s suggestions, Mechinet had, unconsciously, bound +himself to her forever. + +“No: do not go there, madam,” he said. “You could not make Blangin +believe that he runs no danger; nor could you sufficiently arouse his +cupidity. I will speak to him myself.” + +“O sir!” exclaimed Dionysia, “how can I ever?”-- + +“How much may I offer him?” asked the clerk. + +“Whatever you think proper--any thing.” + +“Then, madam, I will bring you an answer to-morrow, here, and at the +same hour.” + +And he went away, leaving Dionysia so buoyed up by hope, that all the +evening, and the next day, the two aunts and the marchioness, neither of +whom was in the secret, asked each other incessantly,-- + +“What is the matter with the child?” + +She was thinking, that, if the answer was favorable, ere twenty-four +hours had gone by, she would see Jacques; and she kept saying to +herself,-- + +“If only Mechinet is punctual!” + +He was so. At ten o’clock precisely, he pushed open the little gate, +just as the night before, and said at once,-- + +“It is all right!” + +Dionysia was so terribly excited, that she had to lean against a tree. + +“Blangin agrees,” the clerk went on. “I promised him sixteen thousand +francs. Perhaps that is rather much?” + +“It is very little.” + +“He insists upon having them in gold.” + +“He shall have it.” + +“Finally, he makes certain conditions with regard to the interview, +which will appear rather hard to you.” + +The young girl had quite recovered by this time. + +“What are they?” + +“Blangin is taking all possible precautions against detection, although +he is quite prepared for the worst. He has arranged it this way: +To-morrow evening, at six o’clock, you will pass by the jail. The door +will stand open, and Blangin’s wife, whom you know very well, as she has +formerly been in your service, will be standing in the door. If she does +not speak to you, you keep on: something has happened. If she does speak +to you, go up to her, you, quite alone, and she will show you into a +small room which adjoins her own. There you will stay till Blangin, +perhaps at a late hour, thinks he can safely take you to M. de +Boiscoran’s cell. When the interview is over, you come back into the +little room, where a bed will be ready for you, and you spend the night +there; for this is the hardest part of it: you cannot leave the prison +till next day.” + +This was certainly terrible; still, after a moment’s reflection, +Dionysia said,-- + +“Never mind! I accept. Tell Blangin, M. Mechinet, that it is all right.” + +That Dionysia should accept all the conditions of Blangin the jailer +was perfectly natural; but to obtain M. de Chandore’s consent was a much +more difficult task. The poor girl understood this so well, that, for +the first time in her life, she felt embarrassed in her grandfather’s +presence. She hesitated, she prepared her little speech, and she +selected carefully her words. But in spite of all her skill, in spite of +all the art with which she managed to present her strange request, M. de +Chandore had no sooner understood her project than he exclaimed,-- + +“Never, never, never!” + +Perhaps in his whole life the old gentleman had never expressed himself +in so positive a manner. His brow had never looked so dark. Usually, +when his granddaughter had a petition, his lips might say, “No;” but his +eyes always said, “Yes.” + +“Impossible!” he repeated, and in a tone of voice which seemed to admit +of no reply. + +Surely, in all these painful events, he had not spared himself, and he +had so far done for Dionysia all that she could possibly expect of him. +Her will had been his will. As she had prompted, he had said, “Yes,” or +“No.” What more could he have said or done? + +Without telling him what she was going to do with it, Dionysia had asked +him for twenty thousand francs, and he had given them to her, however +big the sum might be everywhere, however immense in a small town like +Sauveterre. He was quite ready to give her as much again, or twice as +much, without asking any more questions. + +But for Dionysia to leave her home one evening at six o’clock, and not +to return to it till the next morning-- + +“That I cannot permit,” he repeated. + +But for Dionysia to spend a night in the Sauveterre jail, in order to +have an interview with her betrothed, who was accused of incendiarism +and murder; to remain there all night, alone, absolutely at the mercy of +the jailer, a hard, coarse, covetous man-- + +“That I will never permit,” exclaimed the old gentleman once more. + +Dionysia remained calm, and let the storm pass. When her grandfather +became silent, she said,-- + +“But if I must?” + +M. de Chandore shrugged his shoulders. She repeated in a louder tone,-- + +“If I must, in order to decide Jacques to abandon this system that will +ruin him, to induce him to speak before the investigation is completed?” + +“That is not your business, my child,” said the old gentleman. + +“Oh!” + +“That is the business of his mother, the Marchioness of Boiscoran. +Whatever Blangin agrees to venture for your sake, he will do as well +for her sake. Let the marchioness go and spend the night at the jail. I +agree to that. Let her see her son. That is her duty.” + +“But surely she will never shake Jacques’s resolution.” + +“And you think you have more influence over him than his mother?” + +“It is not the same thing, dear papa.” + +“Never mind!” + +This “never mind” of Grandpapa Chandore was as positive as his +“impossible;” but he had begun to discuss the question, and to discuss +means to listen to arguments on the other side. + +“Do not insist, my dear child,” he said again. “My mind is made up; and +I assure you”-- + +“Don’t say so, papa,” said the young girl. + +And her attitude was so determined, and her voice so firm, that the old +gentleman was quite overwhelmed for a moment. + +“But, if I am not willing,” he said. + +“You will consent, dear papa, you will certainly not force your little +granddaughter, who loves you so dearly, to the painful necessity of +disobeying you for the first time in her life.” + +“Because, for the first time in her life I am not doing what my +granddaughter wants me to do?” + +“Dear papa, let me tell you.” + +“Rather listen to me, poor child, and let me show you to what dangers, +to what misfortunes, you expose yourself. To go and spend a night at +this prison would be risking, understand me well, your honor,--that +tender, delicate honor which is tarnished by a breath, which involves +the happiness and the peace of your whole life.” + +“But Jacques’s honor and life are at stake.” + +“Poor imprudent girl! How do you know but he would be the very first to +blame you cruelly for such a step?” + +“He?” + +“Men are made so: the most perfect devotion irritates them at times.” + +“Be it so. I would rather endure Jacques’s unjust reproaches than the +idea of not having done my duty.” + +M. de Chandore began to despair. + +“And if I were to beg you, Dionysia, instead of commanding. If your +old grandfather were to beseech you on his knees to abandon your fatal +project.” + +“You would cause me fearful pain, dear papa: but it would be all in +vain; for I must resist your prayers, as I must resist your orders.” + +“Inexorable!” cried the old gentleman. “She is immovable!” And suddenly +changing his tone, he cried,-- + +“But, after all, I am master here.” + +“Dear papa, pray!” + +“And since nothing can move you, I will speak to Mechinet, I will let +Blangin know my will.” + +Dionysia, turning as pale as death, but with burning eyes, drew back a +step, and said,-- + +“If you do that, grandpapa, if you destroy my last hope”-- + +“Well?” + +“I swear to you by the sacred memory of my mother, I will be in a +convent to-morrow, and you will never see me again in your life, not +even if I should die, which would certainly soon”-- + +M. de Chandore, raising his hands to heaven, and with an accent of +genuine despair, exclaimed,-- + +“Ah, my God! Are these our children? And is this what is in store for +us old people? We have spent a lifetime in watching over them; we have +submissively gratified all their fancies; they have been our greatest +anxiety, and our sweetest hope; we have given them our life day by day, +and we would not hesitate to give them our life’s blood drop by drop; +they are every thing to us, and we imagine they love us--poor fools that +we are! One fine day, a man goes by, a careless, thoughtless man, with +a bright eye and a ready tongue, and it is all over. Our child is no +longer our own; our child no longer knows us. Go, old man, and die in +your corner.” + +Overwhelmed by his grief, the old man staggered and sank into a chair, +as an old oak, cut by the woodman’s axe, trembles and falls. + +“Ah, this is fearful!” murmured Dionysia. “What you say, grandpapa, is +too fearful. How can you doubt me?” + +She had knelt down. She was weeping; and her hot tears fell upon the old +gentleman’s hands. He started up as he felt them on his icy-cold hand; +and, making one more effort, he said,-- + +“Poor, poor child! And suppose Jacques is guilty, and, when he sees you, +confesses his crime, what then?” + +Dionysia shook her head. + +“That is impossible,” she said; “and still, even if it were so, I ought +to be punished as much as he is; for I know, if he had asked me, I +should have acted in concert with him.” + +“She is mad!” exclaimed M. de Chandore, falling back into his chair. +“She is mad!” + +But he was overcome; and the next day, at five in the afternoon, his +heart torn by unspeakable grief, he went down the steep street with +his daughter on his arm. Dionysia had chosen her simplest and plainest +dress; and the little bag she carried on her arm contained not sixteen +but twenty thousand francs. As a matter of course, it had been necessary +to take the marchioness into their confidence; but neither she, nor the +Misses Lavarande, nor M. Folgat, had raised an objection. Down to the +prison, grandfather and grandchild had not exchanged a word; but, when +they reached it, Dionysia said,-- + +“I see Mrs. Blangin at the door: let us be careful.” + +They came nearer. Mrs. Blangin saluted them. + +“Come, it is time,” said the young girl. “Till to-morrow, dear papa! Go +home quickly, and be not troubled about me.” + +Then joining the keeper’s wife, she disappeared inside the prison. + + + +X. + +The prison of Sauveterre is in the castle at the upper end of town, in a +poor and almost deserted suburb. This castle, once upon a time of great +importance, had been dismantled at the time of the siege of Rochelle; +and all that remains are a few badly-repaired ruins, ramparts with +fosses that have been filled up, a gate surmounted by a small belfry, a +chapel converted into a magazine, and finally two huge towers connected +by an immense building, the lower rooms in which are vaulted. + +Nothing can be more mournful than these ruins, enclosed within an +ivy-covered wall; and nothing would indicate the use that is made +of them, except the sentinel which stands day and night at the gate. +Ancient elm-trees overshadow the vast courts; and on the old walls, as +well as in every crevice, there grow and bloom enough flowers to rejoice +a hundred prisoners. But this romantic prison is without prisoners. + +“It is a cage without birds,” says the jailer often in his most +melancholy voice. + +He takes advantage of this to raise his vegetables all along the +slopes; and the exposure is so excellent, that he is always the first in +Sauveterre who had young peas. He has also taken advantage of this--with +leave granted by the authorities--to fit up very comfortable lodgings +for himself in one of the towers. He has two rooms below, and a chamber +up stairs, which you reach by a narrow staircase in the thickness of the +wall. It was to this chamber that the keeper’s wife took Dionysia with +all the promptness of fear. The poor girl was out of breath. Her heart +was beating violently; and, as soon as she was in the room, she sank +into a chair. + +“Great God!” cried the woman. “You are not sick, my dear young lady? +Wait, I’ll run for some vinegar.” + +“Never mind,” replied Dionysia in a feeble voice. “Stay here, my dear +Colette: don’t go away!” + +For Colette was her name, though she was as dark as gingerbread, nearly +forty-five years old, and boasted of a decided mustache on her upper +lip. + +“Poor young lady!” she said. “You feel badly at being here.” + +“Yes,” replied Dionysia. “But where is your husband?” + +“Down stairs, on the lookout, madam. He will come up directly.” Very +soon afterwards, a heavy step was heard on the stairs; and Blangin came +in, looking pale and anxious, like a man who feels that he is running a +great risk. + +“Neither seen nor known,” he cried. “No one is aware of your presence +here. I was only afraid of that dog of a sentinel; and, just as you came +by, I had managed to get him round the corner, offering him a drop of +something to drink. I begin to hope I shall not lose my place.” + +Dionysia accepted these words as a summons to speak out. + +“Ah!” she said, “don’t mind your place: don’t you know I have promised +you a better one?” + +And, with a gayety which was very far from being real, she opened her +little bag, and put upon the table the rolls which it contained. + +“Ah, that is gold!” said Blangin with eager eyes. + +“Yes. Each one of these rolls contains a thousand francs; and here are +sixteen.” + +An irresistible temptation seized the jailer. + +“May I see?” he asked. + +“Certainly!” replied the young girl. “Look for yourself and count.” + +She was mistaken. Blangin did not think of counting, not he. What he +wanted was only to gratify his eye by the sight of the gold, to hear its +sound, to handle it. + +With feverish eagerness he tore open the wrappings, and let the pieces +fall in cascades upon the table; and, as the heap increased, his lips +turned white, and perspiration broke out on his temples. + +“And all that is for me?” he said with a stupid laugh. + +“Yes, it is yours,” replied Dionysia. + +“I did not know how sixteen thousand francs would look. How beautiful +gold is! Just look, wife.” + +But Colette turned her head away. She was quite as covetous as her +husband, and perhaps even more excited; but she was a woman, and she +knew how to dissemble. + +“Ah, my dear young lady!” she said, “never would my old man and myself +have asked you for money, if we had only ourselves to think of. But we +have children.” + +“Your duty is to think of your children,” replied Dionysia. + +“I know sixteen thousand francs is a big sum. Perhaps you will be sorry +to give us so much money.” + +“I am not sorry at all: I would even add to it willingly.” And she +showed them one of the other four rolls in her bag. + +“Then, to be sure, what do I care for my place!” cried Blangin. And, +intoxicated by the sight and the touch of the gold, he added,-- + +“You are at home here, madam; and the jail and the jailer are at your +disposal. What do you desire? Just speak. I have nine prisoners, not +counting M. de Boiscoran and Trumence. Do you want me to set them all +free?” + +“Blangin!” said his wife reprovingly. + +“What? Am I not free to let the prisoners go?” + +“Before you play the master, wait, at least, till you have rendered our +young lady the service which she expects from you.” + +“Certainly.” + +“Then go and conceal this money,” said the prudent woman; “or it might +betray us.” + +And, drawing from her cupboard a woollen stocking, she handed it to +her husband, who slipped the sixteen thousand francs into it, retaining +about a dozen gold-pieces, which he kept in his pocket so as always to +have in his hands some tangible evidence of his new fortune. When this +was done, and the stocking, full to overflowing, had been put back in +the cupboard under a pile of linen, she ordered her husband,-- + +“Now, you go down. Somebody might be coming; and, if you were not there +to open when they knock, that might look suspicious.” + +Like a well-trained husband, Blangin obeyed without saying a word; and +then his wife bethought herself how to entertain Dionysia. She hoped, +she said, her dear young lady would do her the honor to take something. +That would strengthen her, and, besides, help her to pass the time; +for it was only seven o’clock, and Blangin could not take her to M. de +Boiscoran’s cell before ten, without great danger. + +“But I have dined,” Dionysia objected. “I do not want any thing.” + +The woman insisted only the more. She remembered (God be thanked!) her +dear young lady’s taste; and she had made her an admirable broth, and +some beautiful dessert. And, while thus talking, she set the table, +having made up her mind that Dionysia must eat at all hazards; at least, +so says the tradition of the place. + +The eager zeal of the woman had, at least, this advantage,--that it +prevented Dionysia from giving way to her painful thoughts. + +Night had come. It was nine o’clock; then it struck ten. At last, the +watch came round to relieve the sentinels. A quarter of an hour after +that, Blangin reappeared, holding a lantern and an enormous bunch of +keys in his hands. + +“I have seen Trumence to bed,” he said. “You can come now, madam.” + +Dionysia was all ready. + +“Let us go,” she said simply. + +Then she followed the jailer along interminable passages, through a +vast vaulted hall, in which their steps resounded as in a church, then +through a long gallery. At last, pointing at a massive door, through the +cracks of which the light was piercing, he said,-- + +“Here we are.” + +But Dionysia seized his arm, and said in an almost inaudible voice,-- + +“Wait a moment.” + +She was almost overcome by so many successive emotions. She felt her +legs give way under her, and her eyes become dim. In her heart she +preserved all her usual energy; but the flesh escaped from her will and +failed her at the last moment. + +“Are you sick?” asked the jailer. “What is the matter?” + +She prayed to God for courage and strength: when her prayer was +finished, she said,-- + +“Now, let us go in.” + +And, making a great noise with the keys and the bolts, Blangin opened +the door to Jacques de Boiscoran’s cell. + +Jacques counted no longer the days, but the hours. He had been +imprisoned on Friday morning, June 23, and this was Wednesday night, +June 28, He had been a hundred and thirty-two hours, according to the +graphic description of a great writer, “living, but struck from the roll +of the living, and buried alive.” + +Each one of these hundred and thirty-two hours had weighed upon him +like a month. Seeing him pale and haggard, with his hair and beard +in disorder, and his eyes shining brightly with fever, like +half-extinguished coals, one would hardly have recognized in him the +happy lord of Boiscoran, free from care and trouble, upon whom fortune +had ever smiled,--that haughty sceptical young man, who from the height +of the past defied the future. + +The fact is, that society, obliged to defend itself against criminals, +has invented no more fearful suffering than what is called “close +confinement.” There is nothing that will sooner demoralize a man, crush +his will, and utterly conquer the most powerful energy. There is no +struggle more distressing than the struggle between an innocent man +accused of some crime, and the magistrate,--a helpless being in the +hands of a man armed with unlimited power. + +If great sorrow was not sacred, to a certain degree, Dionysia might have +heard all about Jacques. Nothing would have been easier. She would have +been told by Blangin, who was watching M. de Boiscoran like a spy, and +by his wife, who prepared his meals, through what anguish he had passed +since his imprisonment. + +Stunned at first, he had soon recovered; and on Friday and Saturday he +had been quiet and confident, talkative, and almost cheerful. But Sunday +had been a fatal day. Two gendarmes had carried him to Boiscoran to take +off the seals; and on his way out he had been overwhelmed with insults +and curses by the people who had recognized him. He had come back +terribly distressed. + +On Tuesday, he had received Dionysia’s letter, and answered it. This +had excited him fearfully, and, during a part of the night, Trumence +had seen him walk up and down in his cell with all the gestures and +incoherent imprecations of a madman. + +He had hoped for a letter on Wednesday. When none came, he had sunk into +a kind of stupor, during which M. Galpin had been unable to draw a word +from him. He had taken nothing all day long but a little broth and a cup +of coffee. When the magistrate left him, he had sat down, leaning his +head on his elbows, facing the window; and there he had remained, never +moving, and so deeply absorbed in his reveries, that he had taken no +notice when they brought him light. He was still in this state, when, a +little after ten o’clock, he heard the grating of the bolts of his cell. +He had become so well acquainted with the prison that he knew all its +regulations. He knew at what hours his meals were brought, at what +time Trumence came to clean up his room, and when he might expect +the magistrate. After night, he knew he was his own master till next +morning. So late a visit therefore, must needs bring him some unexpected +news, his liberty, perhaps,--that visitor for whom all prisoners look so +anxiously. + +He started up. As soon as he distinguished in the darkness the jailer’s +rugged face, he asked eagerly,-- + +“Who wants me?” + +Blangin bowed. He was a polite jailer. Then he replied,-- + +“Sir, I bring you a visitor.” + +And, moving aside, he made way for Dionysia, or, rather, he pushed her +into the room; for she seemed to have lost all power to move. + +“A visitor?” repeated M. de Boiscoran. + +But the jailer had raised his lantern, and the poor man could recognize +his betrothed. + +“You,” he cried, “you here!” + +And he drew back, afraid of being deceived by a dream, or one of those +fearful hallucinations which announce the coming of insanity, and take +hold of the brains of sick people in times of over-excitement. + +“Dionysia!” he barely whispered, “Dionysia!” + +If not her own life (for she cared nothing for that), but Jacques’s +life, had at that moment depended on a single word, Dionysia could not +have uttered it. Her throat was parched, and her lips refused to move. +The jailer took it upon himself to answer,-- + +“Yes,” he said, “Miss Chandore.” + +“At this hour, in my prison!” + +“She had something important to communicate to you. She came to me”-- + +“O Dionysia!” stammered Jacques, “what a precious friend”-- + +“And I agreed,” said Blangin in a paternal tone of voice, “to bring her +in secretly. It is a great sin I commit; and if it ever should become +known--But one may be ever so much a jailer, one has a heart, after all. +I tell you so merely because the young lady might not think of it. If +the secret is not kept carefully, I should lose my place, and I am a +poor man, with wife and children.” + +“You are the best of men!” exclaimed M. de Boiscoran, far from +suspecting the price that had been paid for Blangin’s sympathy, “and, on +the day on which I regain my liberty, I will prove to you that we whom +you have obliged are not ungrateful.” + +“Quite at your service,” replied the jailer modestly. + +Gradually, however, Dionysia had recovered her self-possession. She said +gently to Blangin,-- + +“Leave us now, my good friend.” + +As soon as he had disappeared, and without allowing M. de Boiscoran to +say a word, she said, speaking very low,-- + +“Jacques, grandpapa has told me, that by coming thus to you at night, +alone, and in secret, I run the risk of losing your affection, and of +diminishing your respect.” + +“Ah, you did not think so!” + +“Grandpapa has more experience than I have, Jacques. Still I did not +hesitate. Here I am; and I should have run much greater risks; for your +honor is at stake, and your honor is my honor, as your life is my life. +Your future is at stake, _our_ future, our happiness, all our hopes here +below.” + +Inexpressible joy had illumined the prisoner’s face. + +“O God!” he cried, “one such moment pays for years of torture.” + +But Dionysia had sworn to herself, as she came, that nothing should turn +her aside from her purpose. So she went on,-- + +“By the sacred memory of my mother, I assure you, Jacques, that I have +never for a moment doubted your innocence.” + +The unhappy man looked distressed. + +“You,” he said; “but the others? But M. de Chandore?” + +“Do you think I would be here, if he thought you were guilty? My aunts +and your mother are as sure of it as I am.” + +“And my father? You said nothing about him in your letter.” + +“Your father remained in Paris in case some influence in high quarters +should have to be appealed to.” + +Jacque shook his head, and said,-- + +“I am in prison at Sauveterre, accused of a fearful crime, and my father +remains in Paris! It must be true that he never really loved me. And yet +I have always been a good son to him down to this terrible catastrophe. +He has never had to complain of me. No, my father does not love me.” + +Dionysia could not allow him to go off in this way. + +“Listen to me, Jacques,” she said: “let me tell you why I ran the risk +of taking this serious step, that may cost me so dear. I come to you +in the name of all your friends, in the name of M. Folgat, the great +advocate whom your mother has brought down from Paris and in the name of +M. Magloire, in whom you put so much confidence. They all agree you have +adopted an abominable system. By refusing obstinately to speak, you rush +voluntarily into the gravest danger. Listen well to what I tell you. +If you wait till the examination is over, you are lost. If you are once +handed over to the court, it is too late for you to speak. You will +only, innocent as you are, make one more on the list of judicial +murders.” + +Jacques de Boiscoran had listened to Dionysia in silence, his head bowed +to the ground, as if to conceal its pallor from her. As soon as she +stopped, all out of breath, he murmured,-- + +“Alas! Every thing you tell me I have told myself more than once.” + +“And you did not speak?” + +“I did not.” + +“Ah, Jacques, you are not aware of the danger you run! You do not +know”-- + +“I know,” he said, interrupting her in a harsh, hoarse voice,--“I know +that the scaffold, or the galleys, are at the end.” + +Dionysia was petrified with horror. + +Poor girl! She had imagined that she would only have to show herself +to triumph over Jacques’s obstinacy, and that, as soon as she had heard +what he had to say, she would feel reassured. And instead of that-- + +“What a misfortune!” she cried. “You have taken up these fearful +notions, and you will not abandon them!” + +“I must keep silent.” + +“You cannot. You have not considered!--” + +“Not considered,” he repeated. + +And in a lower tone he added,-- + +“And what do you think I have been doing these hundred and thirty mortal +hours since I have been alone in this prison,--alone to confront a +terrible accusation, and a still more terrible emergency?” + +“That is the difficulty, Jacques: you are the victim of your own +imagination. And who could help it in your place? M. Folgat said so +only yesterday. There is no man living, who, after four days’ close +confinement, can keep his mind cool. Grief and solitude are bad +counsellors. Jacques, come to yourself; listen to your dearest friends +who speak to you through me. Jacques, your Dionysia beseeches you. +Speak!” + +“I cannot.” + +“Why not?” + +She waited for some seconds; and, as he did not reply, she said, not +without a slight accent of bitterness in her voice,-- + +“Is it not the first duty of an innocent man to establish his +innocence?” + +The prisoner, with a movement of despair, clasped his hands over his +brow. Then bending over Dionysia, so that she felt his breath in her +hair, he said,-- + +“And when he cannot, when he cannot, establish his innocence?” + +She drew back, pale unto death, tottering so that she had to lean +against the wall, and cast upon Jacques de Boiscoran glances in which +the whole horror of her soul was clearly expressed. + +“What do you say?” she stammered. “O God!” + +He laughed, the wretched man! with that laugh which is the last +utterance of despair. And then he replied,-- + +“I say that there are circumstances which upset our reason; unheard-of +circumstances, which could make one doubt of one’s self. I say that +every thing accuses me, that every thing overwhelms me, that every thing +turns against me. I say, that if I were in M. Galpin’s place, and if he +were in mine, I should act just as he does.” + +“That is insanity!” cried Dionysia. + +But Jacques de Boiscoran did not hear her. All the bitterness of the +last days rose within him: he turned red, and became excited. At last, +with gasping vice, he broke forth,-- + +“Establish my innocence! Ah! that is easily said. But how? No, I am not +guilty: but a crime has been committed; and for this crime justice will +have a culprit. If it is not I who fired at Count Claudieuse, and set +Valpinson on fire, who is it? ‘Where were you,’ they ask me, ‘at the +time of the murder?’ Where was I? Can I tell it? To clear myself is to +accuse others. And if I should be mistaken? Or if, not being mistaken, +I should be unable to prove the truthfulness of my accusation? The +murderer and the incendiary, of course, took all possible precautions to +escape detection, and to let the punishment fall upon me. I was warned +beforehand. Ah, if we could always foresee, could know beforehand! How +can I defend myself? On the first day I said, ‘Such a charge cannot +reach me: it is a cloud that a breath will scatter.’ Madman that I was! +The cloud has become an avalanche, and I may be crushed. I am neither a +child nor a coward; and I have always met phantoms face to face. I have +measured the danger, and I know it is fearful.” + +Dionysia shuddered. She cried,-- + +“What will become of us?” + +This time M. de Boiscoran heard her, and was ashamed of his weakness. +But, before he could master his feelings, the young girl went on, +saying,-- + +“But never mind. These are idle thoughts. Truth soars invincible, +unchangeable, high above all the ablest calculations and the most +skilful combinations. Jacques, you must tell the truth, the whole truth, +without subterfuge or concealment.” + +“I can do so no longer,” murmured he. + +“Is it such a terrible secret?” + +“It is improbable.” + +Dionysia looked at him almost with fear. She did not recognize his old +face, nor his eye, nor the tone of his voice. She drew nearer to him, +and taking his hand between her own small white hands, she said,-- + +“But you can tell it to me, your friend, your”-- + +He trembled, and, drawing back, he said,-- + +“To you less than anybody else.” + +And, feeling how mortifying such an answer must be, he added,-- + +“Your mind is too pure for such wretched intrigues. I do not want your +wedding-dress to be stained by a speck of that mud into which they have +thrown me.” + +Was she deceived? No; but she had the courage to seem to be deceived. +She went on quietly,-- + +“Very well, then. But the truth will have to be told sooner or later.” + +“Yes, to M. Magloire.” + +“Well, then, Jacques, write down at once what you mean to tell him. Here +are pen and ink: I will carry it to him faithfully.” + +“There are things, Dionysia, which cannot be written.” + +She felt she was beaten; she understood that nothing would ever bend +that iron will, and yet she said once more,-- + +“But if I were to beseech you, Jacques, by our past and our future, by +that great and eternal love which you have sworn?” + +“Do you really wish to make my prison hours a thousand times harder than +they are? Do you want to deprive me of my last remnant of strength and +of courage? Have you really no confidence in me any longer? Could you +not believe me a few days more?” + +He paused. Somebody knocked at the door; and almost at the same time +Blangin the jailer called out through the wicket,-- + +“Time is passing. I want to be down stairs when they relieve guard. I am +running a great risk. I am a father of a family.” + +“Go home now, Dionysia,” said Jacques eagerly, “go home. I cannot think +of your being seen here.” + +Dionysia had paid dear enough to know that she was quite safe; still she +did not object. She offered her brow to Jacques, who touched it with +his lips; and half dead, holding on to the walls, she went back to the +jailer’s little room. They had made up a bed for her, and she threw +herself on it, dressed as she was, and remained there, immovable, as if +she had been dead, overcome by a kind of stupor which deprived her even +of the faculty of suffering. + +It was bright daylight, it was eight o’clock, when she felt somebody +pulling her sleeve. The jailer’s wife said to her,-- + +“My dear young lady, this would be a good time for you to slip away. +Perhaps they will wonder to see you alone in the street; but they will +think you are coming home from seven o’clock mass.” + +Without saying a word, Dionysia jumped down, and in a moment she had +arranged her hair and her dress. Then Blangin came, rather troubled at +not seeing her leave the house; and she said to him, giving him one of +the thousand-franc rolls that were still in her bag,-- + +“This is for you: I want you to remember me, if I should need you +again.” + +And, dropping her veil over her face, she went away. + + + +XI. + +Baron Chandore had had one terrible night in his life, every minute of +which he had counted by the ebbing pulse of his only son. + +The evening before, the physicians had said,-- + +“If he lives this night, he may be saved.” + +At daybreak he had expired. + +Well, the old gentleman had hardly suffered more during that fatal night +than he did this night, during which Dionysia was away from the house. +He knew very well that Blangin and his wife were honest people, in +spite of their avarice and their covetousness; he knew that Jacques de +Boiscoran was an honourable man. + +But still, during the whole night, his old servant heard him walk up and +down his room; and at seven o’clock in the morning he was at the door, +looking anxiously up and down the street. Towards half-past seven, M. +Folgat came up; but he hardly wished him good-morning, and he certainly +did not hear a word of what the lawyer told him to reassure him. At +last, however, the old man cried,-- + +“Ah, there she is!” + +He was not mistaken. Dionysia was coming round the corner. She came up +to the house in feverish haste, as if she had known that her strength +was at an end, and would barely suffice to carry her to the door. + +Grandpapa Chandore met her with a kind of fierce joy, pressed her in his +arms, and said over and over again,-- + +“O Dionysia! Oh, my darling child, how I have suffered! How long you +have been! But it is all over now. Come, come, come!” + +And he almost carried her into the parlor, and put her down tenderly +into a large easy-chair. He knelt down by her, smiling with happiness; +but, when he had taken her hands in his, he said,-- + +“Your hands are burning. You have a fever!” + +He looked at her: she had raised her veil. + +“You are pale as death!” he went on. “Your eyes are red and swollen!” + +“I have cried, dear papa,” she replied gently. + +“Cried! Why?” + +“Alas, I have failed!” + +As if moved by a sudden shock, M. de Chandore started up, and cried,-- + +“By God’s holy name the like has not been heard since the world was +made! What! you went, you Dionysia de Chandore, to him in his prison; +you begged him”-- + +“And he remained inflexible. Yes, dear papa. He will say nothing till +after the preliminary investigation is over.” + +“We were mistaken in the man: he has no courage and no feeling.” + +Dionysia had risen painfully, and said feebly,-- + +“Ah, dear papa! Do not blame him, do not accuse him! he is so unhappy!” + +“But what reasons does he give?” + +“He says the facts are so very improbable that he should certainly not +be believed; and that he should ruin himself if he were to speak as long +as he is kept in close confinement, and has no advocate. He says his +position is the result of a wicked conspiracy. He says he thinks he +knows the guilty one, and that he will denounce the person, since he is +forced to do so in self-defence.” + +M. Folgat, who had until now remained a silent witness of the scene, +came up, and asked,-- + +“Are you quite sure, madam, that that was what M. de Boiscoran said?” + +“Oh, quite sure, sir! And, if I lived a thousand years, I should never +forget the look of his eyes, or the tone of his voice.” + +M. de Chandore did not allow her to be interrupted again. + +“But surely, my dear child, Jacques told you--you--something more +precise?” + +“No.” + +“You did not ask him even what those improbable facts were?” + +“Oh, yes!” + +“Well?” + +“He said that I was the very last person who could be told.” + +“That man ought to be burnt over a slow fire,” said M. de Chandore to +himself. Then he added in a louder voice,-- + +“And you do not think all this very strange, very extraordinary?” + +“It seems to me horrible!” + +“I understand. But what do you think of Jacques?” + +“I think, dear papa, that he cannot act otherwise, or he would not do +it. Jacques is too intelligent and too courageous to deceive himself +easily. As he alone knows every thing, he alone can judge. I, of course, +am bound to respect his will more than anybody else.” + +But the old gentleman did not think himself bound to respect it; and, +exasperated as he was by this resignation of his grandchild, he was +on the point of telling her his mind fully, when she got up with some +effort, and said, in an almost inaudible voice,-- + +“I am broken to pieces! Excuse me, grandpapa, if I go to my room.” She +left the parlor. M. de Chandore accompanied her to the door, remained +there till he had seen her get up stairs, where her maid was waiting for +her, and then came back to M. Folgat. + +“They are going to kill me, sir!” he cried, with an explosion of wrath +and despair which was almost frightful in a man of his age. “She had in +her eyes the same look that her mother had when she told me, after her +husband’s death, ‘I shall not survive him.’ And she did not survive my +poor son. And then I, old man, was left alone with that child; and who +knows but she may have in her the germ of the same disease which killed +her mother? Alone! And for these twenty years I have held my breath to +listen if she is still breathing as naturally and regularly”-- + +“You are needlessly alarmed,” began the advocate. + +But Grandpapa Chandore shook his head, and said,-- + +“No, no. I fear my child has been hurt in her heart’s heart. Did you not +see how white she looked, and how faint her voice was? Great God! wilt +thou leave me all alone here upon earth? O God! for which of my sins +dost thou punish me in my children? For mercy’s sake, call me home +before she also leaves me, who is the joy of my life. And I can do +nothing to turn aside this fatality--stupid inane old man that I am! And +this Jacques de Boiscoran--if he were guilty, after all? Ah the wretch! +I would hang him with my own hands!” + +Deeply moved, M. Folgat had watched the old gentleman’s grief. Now he +said,-- + +“Do not blame M. de Boiscoran, sir, now that every thing is against him! +Of all of us, he suffers, after all, most; for he is innocent.” + +“Do you still think so?” + +“More than ever. Little as he has said, he has told Miss Dionysia enough +to confirm me in my conjecture, and to prove to me that I have guessed +right.” + +“When?” + +“The day we went to Boiscoran.” + +The baron tried to remember. + +“I do not recollect,” he said. + +“Don’t you remember,” said the lawyer, “that you left us, so as to +permit Anthony to answer my questions more freely?” + +“To be sure!” cried M. de Chandore, “to be sure! And then you thought”-- + +“I thought I had guessed right, yes, sir; but I am not going to do any +thing now. M. de Boiscoran tells us that the facts are improbable. I +should, therefore, in all probability, soon be astray; but, since we +are now bound to be passive till the investigation is completed, I shall +employ the time in examining the country people, who will, probably, +tell me more than Anthony did. You have, no doubt, among your friends, +some who must be well informed,--M. Seneschal, Dr. Seignebos.” + +The latter did not keep M. Folgat waiting long; for his name had hardly +been mentioned, when he himself repeated it in the passage, telling a +servant,-- + +“Say it is I, Dr. Seignebos, Dr. Seignebos.” + +He fell like a bombshell into the room. It was four days now since he +had last presented himself there; for he had not come himself for his +report and the shot he had left in M. Folgat’s hands. He had sent for +them, excusing himself on the score of his many engagements. The fact +was, however, that he had spent nearly the whole of these four days at +the hospital, in company with one of his brother-practitioners, who had +been sent for by the court to proceed, “jointly with Dr. Seignebos,” to +an examination of Cocoleu’s mental condition. + +“And this is what brings me here,” he cried, still in the door; “for +this opinion, if it is not put into proper order, will deprive M. de +Boiscoran of his best and surest chance of escape.” + +After what Dionysia had told them, neither M. de Chandore nor M. Folgat +attached much importance to the state of Cocoleu’s mind: still this word +“escape” attracted their attention. There is nothing unimportant in a +criminal trial. + +“Is there any thing new?” asked the advocate. + +The doctor first went to close the doors carefully, and then, putting +his cane and broad-brimmed hat upon the table, he said,-- + +“No, there is nothing new. They still insist, as before, upon ruining M. +de Boiscoran; and, in order to do that, they shrink from nothing.” + +“They! Who are they?” asked M. de Chandore. + +The doctor shrugged his shoulders contemptuously. + +“Are you really in doubt, sir?” he replied. “And yet the facts speak +clearly enough. In this department, there is a certain number of +physicians who are not very keenly alive to the honor of their +profession, and who are, to tell the truth, consummate apes.” + +Grave as the situation was, M. Folgat could hardly suppress a smile, the +doctor’s manner was so very extraordinary. + +“But there is one of these apes,” he went on, “who, in length of ears +and thickness of skin, surpasses all the others. Well, he is the very +one whom the court has chosen and associated with me.” + +Upon this subject it was desirable to put a check upon the doctor. M. de +Chandore therefore interrupted him, saying,-- + +“In fine”-- + +“In fine, my learned brother is fully persuaded that his mission as a +physician employed by a court of justice is to say ‘Amen’ to all the +stories of the prosecution. ‘Cocoleu is an idiot,’ says M. Galpin +peremptorily. ‘He is an idiot, or ought to be one,’ reechoes my learned +brother. ‘He spoke on the occasion of the crime by an inspiration from +on high,’ the magistrate goes on to say. ‘Evidently,’ adds the brother, +‘there was an inspiration from on high.’ For this is the conclusion at +which my learned brother arrives in his report: ‘Cocoleu is an idiot who +had been providentially inspired by a flash of reason.’ He does not say +it in these words; but it amounts to the same thing.” + +He had taken off his spectacles, and was wiping them industriously. + +“But what do you think, doctor?” asked M. Folgat. + +Dr. Seignebos solemnly put on again his spectacles, and replied +coldly,-- + +“My opinion, which I have fully developed in my report, is, that Cocoleu +is not idiotic at all.” + +M. Chandore started: the proposition seemed to him monstrous. He +knew Cocoleu very well; he had seen him wander through the streets of +Sauveterre during the eighteen months which the poor creature had spent +under the doctor’s treatment. + +“What! Cocoleu not idiotic?” he repeated. + +“No!” Dr. Seignebos declared peremptorily; “and you have only to look at +him to be convinced. Has he a large flat face, disproportionate mouth, +a yellow, tanned complexion, thick lips, defective teeth, and squinting +eyes? Does his deformed head sway from side to side, being too heavy to +be supported by his neck? Is his body deformed, and his spine crooked? +Do you find that his stomach is big and pendent, that his hands drop +upon his thighs, that his legs are awkward, and the joints unusually +large? These are the symptoms of idiocy, gentleman, and you do not find +them in Cocoleu. I, for my part, see in him a scamp, who has an iron +constitution, who uses his hands very cleverly, climbs trees like a +monkey, and leaps ditches ten feet wide. To be sure, I do not pretend +that his intellect is normal; but I maintain that he is one of those +imbeciles who have certain faculties very fully developed, while others, +more essential, are missing.” + +While M. Folgat listened with the most intense interest, M. de Chandore +became impatient, and said,-- + +“The difference between an idiot and an imbecile”-- + +“There is a world between them,” cried the doctor. + +And at once he went on with overwhelming volubility,-- + +“The imbecile preserves some fragments of intelligence. He can speak, +make known his wants, and express his feelings. He associates ideas, +compares impressions, remembers things, and acquires experience. He is +capable of cunning and dissimulation. He hates and likes and fears. +If he is not always sociable, he is susceptible of being influenced +by others. You can easily obtain perfect control over him. His +inconsistency is remarkable; and still he shows, at times, invincible +obstinacy. Finally, imbeciles are, on account of this semi-lucidity, +often very dangerous. You find among them almost all those monomaniacs +whom society is compelled to shut up in asylums, because they cannot +master their instincts.” + +“Very well said,” repeated M. Folgat, who found here some elements of a +plea,--“very well said.” + +The doctor bowed. + +“Such a creature is Cocoleu. Does it follow that I hold him responsible +for his actions? By no means! But it follows that I look upon him as a +false witness brought forth to ruin an honest man.” + +It was evident that such views did not please M. de Chandore. + +“Formerly,” he said, “you did not think so.” + +“No, I even said the contrary,” replied Dr. Seignebos, not without +dignity. “I had not studied Cocoleu sufficiently, and I was taken in by +him: I confess it openly. But this avowal of mine is an evidence of the +cunning and the astute obstinacy of these wretched creatures, and of +their capacity to carry out a design. After a year’s experience, I sent +Cocoleu away, declaring, and certainly believing, that he was incurable. +The fact is, he did not want to be cured. The country-people, who +observe carefully and shrewdly, were not taken in; they will tell you, +almost to a man, that Cocoleu is bad, but not an idiot. That is the +truth. He has found out, that, by exaggerating his imbecility, he could +live without work; and he has done it. When he was taken in by Count +Claudieuse, he was clever enough to show just so much intelligence as +was necessary to make him endurable, without being compelled to do any +work.” + +“In a word,” said M. de Chandore incredulously, “Cocoleu is a great +actor.” + +“Great enough to have deceived me,” replied the doctor: “yes, sir.” + +Then turning to M. Folgat, he went on,-- + +“All this I had told my learned brother, before taking him to the +hospital. There we found Cocoleu more obstinate than ever in his +silence, which even M. Galpin had not induced him to break. All our +efforts to obtain a word from him were fruitless, although it was very +evident to me that he understood very well. I proposed to resort to +quite legitimate means, which are employed to discover feigned defects +and diseases; but my learned brother refused and was encouraged in his +resistance by M. Galpin: I do not know upon what ground. Then I asked +that the Countess Claudieuse should be sent for, as she has a talent of +making him talk. M. Galpin would not permit it--and there we are.” + +It happens almost daily, that two physicians employed as experts differ +in their opinions. The courts would have a great deal to do, if they +had to force them to agree. They appoint simply a third expert, whose +opinion is decisive. This was necessarily to be done in Cocoleu’s case. + +“And as necessarily,” continued Dr. Seignebos, “the court, having +appointed a first ass, will associate with me a second ass. They will +agree with each other, and I shall be accused and convicted of ignorance +and presumption.” + +He came, therefore, as he now said, to ask M. de Chandore to render him +a little service. He wanted the two families, Chandore and Boiscoran, +to employ all their influence to obtain that a commission of physicians +from outside--if possible, from Paris--should be appointed to examine +Cocoleu, and to report on his mental condition. + +“I undertake,” he said, “to prove to really enlightened men, that +this poor creature is partly pretending to be imbecile, and that his +obstinate speechlessness is only adopted in order to avoid answers which +would compromise him.” + +At first, however, neither M. de Chandore nor M. Folgat gave any answer. +They were considering the question. + +“Mind,” said the doctor again, shocked at their silence, “mind, I pray, +that if my view is adopted, as I have every reason to hope, a new turn +will be given to the whole case.” + +Why yes! The ground of the accusation might be taken from under the +prosecution; and that was what kept M. Folgat thinking. + +“And that is exactly,” he commenced at last, “what makes me ask myself +whether the discovery of Cocoleu’s rascality would not be rather +injurious than beneficial to M. de Boiscoran.” + +The doctor was furious. He cried,-- + +“I should like to know”-- + +“Nothing can be more simple,” replied the advocate. “Cocoleu’s idiocy +is, perhaps the most serious difficulty in the way of the prosecution, +and the most powerful argument for the defence. What can M. Galpin say, +if M. de Boiscoran charges him with basing a capital charge upon the +incoherent words of a creature void of intelligence, and, consequently, +irresponsible.” + +“Ah! permit me,” said Dr. Seignebos. + +But M. de Chandore heard every syllable. + +“Permit yourself, doctor,” he said. “This argument of Cocoleu’s +imbecility is one which you have pleaded from the beginning, and which +appeared to you, you said, so conclusive, that there was no need of +looking for any other.” + +Before the doctor could find an answer, M. Folgat went on,-- + +“Let it be, on the contrary, established that Cocoleu really knows what +he says, and all is changed. The prosecution is justified, by an opinion +of the faculty, in saying to M. de Boiscoran, ‘You need not deny any +longer. You have been seen; here is a witness.’” + +These arguments must have struck Dr. Seignebos very forcibly; for +he remained silent for at least ten long seconds, wiping his gold +spectacles with a pensive air. Had he really done harm to Jacques de +Boiscoran, while he meant to help him? But he was not the man to be long +in doubt. He replied in a dry tone,-- + +“I will not discuss that, gentlemen. I will ask you, only one question: +‘Yes or no, do you believe in M. de Boiscoran’s innocence?’” + +“We believe in it fully,” replied the two men. + +“Then, gentlemen, it seems to me we are running no risk in trying to +unmask an impostor.” + +That was not the young lawyer’s opinion. + +“To prove that Cocoleu knows what he says,” he replied, “would be fatal, +unless we can prove at the same time that he has told a falsehood, and +that his evidence has been prompted by others. Can we prove that? +Have we any means to prove that his obstinacy in not replying to any +questions arises from his fear that his answers might convict him of +perjury?” + +The doctor would hear nothing more. He said rather uncourteously,-- + +“Lawyer’s quibbles! I know only one thing; and that is truth.” + +“It will not always do to tell it,” murmured the lawyer. + +“Yes, sir, always,” replied the physician,--“always, and at all hazards, +and whatever may happen. I am M. de Boiscoran’s friend; but I am still +more the friend of truth. If Cocoleu is a wretched impostor, as I am +firmly convinced, our duty is to unmask him.” + +Dr. Seignebos did not say--and he probably did not confess it to +himself--that it was a personal matter between Cocoleu and himself. He +thought Cocoleu had taken him in, and been the cause of a host of small +witticisms, under which he had suffered cruelly, though he had allowed +no one to see it. To unmask Cocoleu would have given him his revenge, +and return upon his enemies the ridicule with which they had overwhelmed +him. + +“I have made up my mind,” he said, “and, whatever you may resolve, +I mean to go to work at once, and try to obtain the appointment of a +commission.” + +“It might be prudent,” M. Folgat said, “to consider before doing any +thing, to consult with M. Magloire.” + +“I do not want to consult with Magloire when duty calls.” + +“You will grant us twenty-four hours, I hope.” + +Dr. Seignebos frowned till he looked formidable. + +“Not an hour,” he replied; “and I go from here to M. Daubigeon, the +commonwealth attorney.” + +Thereupon, taking his hat and cane, he bowed and left, as dissatisfied +as possible, without stopping even to answer M. de Chandore, who asked +him how Count Claudieuse was, who was, according to reports in town, +getting worse and worse. + +“Hang the old original!” cried M. de Chandore before the doctor had left +the passage. + +Then turning to M. Folgat, he added,-- + +“I must, however, confess that you received the great news which he +brought rather coldly.” + +“The very fact of the news being so very grave,” replied the advocate, +“made me wish for time to consider. If Cocoleu pretends to be imbecile, +or, at least, exaggerates his incapacity, then we have a confirmation +of what M. de Boiscoran last night told Miss Dionysia. It would be the +proof of an odious trap of a long-premeditated vengeance. Here is the +turning-point of the affair evidently.” + +M. de Chandore was bitterly undeceived. + +“What!” he said, “you think so, and you refuse to support Dr. Seignebos, +who is certainly an honest man?” + +The young lawyer shook his head. + +“I wanted to have twenty-four hours’ delay, because we must absolutely +consult M. de Boiscoran. Could I tell the doctor so? Had I a right to +take him into Miss Dionysia’s secret?” + +“You are right,” murmured M. de Chandore, “you are right.” + +But, in order to write to M. de Boiscoran, Dionysia’s assistance was +necessary; and she did not reappear till the afternoon, looking very +pale, but evidently armed with new courage. + +M. Folgat dictated to her certain questions to ask the prisoner. + +She hastened to write them in cipher; and about four o’clock the letter +was sent to Mechinet, the clerk. + +The next evening the answer came. + +“Dr. Seignebos is no doubt right, my dear friends,” wrote Jacques. “I +have but too good reasons to be sure that Cocoleu’s imbecility is partly +assumed, and that his evidence has been prompted by others. Still I +must beg you will take no steps that would lead to another medical +investigation. The slightest imprudence may ruin me. For Heaven’s sake +wait till the end of the preliminary investigation, which is now near at +hand, from what M. Galpin tells me.” + +The letter was read in the family circle; and the poor mother uttered a +cry of despair as she heard those words of resignation. + +“Are we going to obey him,” she said, “when we all know that he is +ruining himself by his obstinacy?” + +Dionysia rose, and said,-- + +“Jacques alone can judge his situation, and he alone, therefore, has the +right to command. Our duty is to obey. I appeal to M. Folgat.” + +The young advocate nodded his head. + +“Every thing has been done that could be done,” he said. “Now we can +only wait.” + + + +XII. + +The famous night of the fire at Valpinson had been a godsend to the +good people of Sauveterre. They had henceforth an inexhaustible topic +of discussion, ever new and ever rich in unexpected conjectures,--the +Boiscoran case. When people met in the streets, they simply asked,-- + +“What are they doing now?” + +Whenever, therefore, M. Galpin went from the court-house to the prison, +or came striding up National Street with his stiff, slow step, twenty +good housewives peeped from behind their curtains to read in his face +some of the secrets of the trial. They saw, however, nothing there but +traces of intense anxiety, and a pallor which became daily more marked. +They said to each other,-- + +“You will see poor M. Galpin will catch the jaundice from it.” + +The expression was commonplace; but it conveyed exactly the feelings of +the ambitious lawyer. This Boiscoran case had become like a festering +wound to him, which irritated him incessantly and intolerably. + +“I have lost my sleep by it,” he told the commonwealth attorney. +Excellent M. Daubigeon, who had great trouble in moderating his zeal, +did not pity him particularly. He would say in reply,-- + +“Whose fault is it? But you want to rise in the world; and increasing +fortune is always followed by increasing care. + +“Ah!” said the magistrate. “I have only done my duty, and, if I had to +begin again, I would do just the same.” + +Still every day he saw more clearly that he was in a false position. +Public opinion, strongly arrayed against M. de Boiscoran, was not, on +that account, very favorable to him. Everybody believed Jacques guilty, +and wanted him to be punished with all the rigor of the law; but, on the +other hand, everybody was astonished that M. Galpin should choose to +act as magistrate in such a case. There was a touch of treachery in this +proceeding against a former friend, in looking everywhere for evidence +against him, in driving him into court, that is to say, towards the +galleys or the scaffold; and this revolted people’s consciences. + +The very way in which people returned his greeting, or avoided him +altogether, made the magistrate aware of the feelings they entertained +for him. This only increased his wrath against Jacques, and, with it his +trouble. He had been congratulated, it is true, by the attorney-general; +but there is no certainty in a trial, as long as the accused refuses to +confess. The charges against Jacques, to be sure, were so overwhelming, +that his being sent before the court was out of question. But by the +side of the court there is still the jury. + +“And in fine, my dear,” said the commonwealth attorney, “you have not +a single eye-witness. And from time immemorial an eye-witness has been +looked upon as worth a hundred hearsays.” + +“I have Cocoleu,” said M. Galpin, who was rather impatient of all these +objections. + +“Have the doctors decided that he is not an idiot?” + +“No: Dr. Seignebos alone maintains that doctrine.” + +“Well, at least Cocoleu is willing to repeat his evidence?” + +“No.” + +“Why, then you have virtually no witness!” + +Yes, M. Galpin understood it but too well, and hence his anxiety. The +more he studied _his_ accused, the more he found him in an enigmatic and +threatening position, which was ominous of evil. + +“Can he have an _alibi_?” he thought. “Or does he hold in reserve one of +those unforeseen revelations, which at the last moment destroy the whole +edifice of the prosecution, and cover the prosecuting attorney with +ridicule?” + +Whenever these thoughts occurred to him, they made big drops of +perspiration run down his temples; and then he treated his poor clerk +Mechinet like a slave. And that was not all. Although he lived more +retired than ever, since this case had begun, many a report reached him +from the Chandore family. + +To be sure, he was a thousand miles from imagining that they had +actually opened communications with the prisoner, and, what is more, +that this intercourse was carried on by Mechinet, his own clerk. He +would have laughed if one had come and told him that Dionysia had spent +a night in prison, and paid Jacques a visit. But he heard continually +of the hopes and the plans of the friends and relations of his prisoner; +and he remembered, not without secret fear and trembling that they were +rich and powerful, supported by relations in high places, beloved and +esteemed by everybody. He knew that Dionysia was surrounded by devoted +and intelligent men, by M. de Chandore, M. Seneschal, Dr. Seignebos, M. +Magloire, and, finally, that advocate whom the Marchioness de Boiscoran +had brought down with her from Paris, M. Folgat. + +“And Heaven knows what they would not try,” he thought, “to rescue the +guilty man from the hands of justice!” + +It may well be said, therefore, that never was prosecution carried on +with as much passionate zeal or as much minute assiduity. Every one of +the points upon which the prosecution relied became, for M. Galpin, +a subject of special study. In less than a fortnight he examined +sixty-seven witnesses in his office. He summoned the fourth part of the +population of Brechy. He would have summoned the whole country, if he +had dared. + +But all his efforts were fruitless. After weeks of furious +investigations, the inquiry was still at the same point, the mystery was +still impenetrable. The prisoner had not refuted any of the charges +made against him; but the magistrate had, also, not obtained a single +additional piece of evidence after those he had secured on the first +day. + +There must be an end of this, however. + +One warm afternoon in July, the good ladies in National Street thought +they noticed that M. Galpin looked even more anxious than usual. They +were right. After a long conference with the commonwealth attorney +and the presiding judge, the magistrate had made up his mind. When he +reached the prison, he went to Jacques’s cell and there, concealing his +embarrassment under the greatest stiffness, he said,-- + +“My painful duty draws to an end, sir: the inquiry with which I have +been charged will be closed. To-morrow the papers, with a list of the +objects to be used as evidence, will be sent to the attorney-general, to +be submitted to the court.” + +Jacques de Boiscoran did not move. + +“Well,” he said simply. + +“Have you nothing to add, sir?” asked M. Galpin. + +“Nothing, except that I am innocent.” + +M. Galpin found it difficult to repress his impatience. He said,-- + +“Well, then, prove it. Refute the charges which have been brought +against you, which overwhelm you, which induce me, the court, and +everybody else, to consider you guilty. Speak, and explain your +conduct.” + +Jacques kept obstinately silent. + +“Your resolution is fixed,” said the magistrate once more, “you refuse +to say any thing?” + +“I am innocent.” + +M. Galpin saw clearly that it was useless to insist any longer. + +“From this moment,” he said, “you are no longer in close confinement. +You can receive the visits of your family in the prison parlor. The +advocate whom you will choose will be admitted to your cell to consult +with you.” + +“At last!” exclaimed Jacques with explosive delight; and then he +added,-- + +“Am I at liberty to write to M. de Chandore?” + +“Yes,” replied M. Galpin, “and, if you choose to write at once, my clerk +will be happy to carry your letter this evening to its destination.” + +Jacques de Boiscoran availed himself on the spot of this permission; +and he had done very soon, for the note which he wrote, and handed to M. +Mechinet, contained only the few words,-- + +“I shall expect M. Magloire to-morrow morning at nine. + +“J.” + +Ever since the day on which they had come to the conclusion that a false +step might have the most fatal consequences, Jacques de Boiscoran’s +friends had abstained from doing anything. Besides, what would have been +the use of any efforts? Dr. Seignebos’s request, though unsupported, had +been at least partially granted; and the court had summoned a physician +from Paris, a great authority on insanity, to determine Cocoleu’s mental +condition. It was on a Saturday that Dr. Seignebos came triumphantly +to announce the good news. It was the following Tuesday that he had to +report his discomfiture. In a furious passion he said,-- + +“There are asses in Paris as well as elsewhere! Or, rather, in these +days of trembling egotism and eager servility, an independent man is +as difficult to find in Paris as in the provinces. I was looking for +a _savant_ who would be inaccessible to petty considerations; and they +send me a trifling fellow, who does not dare to be disagreeable to the +gentlemen of the bar. Ah, it was a cruel disappointment!” + +And all the time worrying his spectacles, he went on,-- + +“I had been informed of the arrival of my learned brother; and I went +to receive him myself at the railway station. The train comes in; and +at once I make out my man in the crowd: a fine head, well set in grizzly +hair, a noble eye, eloquent lips. ‘There he is!’ I say to myself. ‘Hm!’ +He looked rather dandyish, to be sure, a lot of decorations in his +buttonhole, whiskers trimmed as carefully as the box in my garden, +and, instead of honest spectacles, a pair of eye-glasses. But no man is +perfect. I go up to him, I give him my name, we shake hands, I ask him +to breakfast, he accepts; and here we are at table, he doing justice to +my Bordeaux, and I explaining to him the case systematically. When we +have done, he wishes to see Cocoleu. We go to the hospital; and there, +after merely glancing at the creature, he says, ‘That man is simply the +most complete idiot I have ever seen in my life!’ I was a little taken +aback, and tried to explain the matter to him; but he refuses to listen +to me. I beseech him to see Cocoleu once more: he laughs at me. I feel +hurt, and ask him how he explains the evidence which this idiot gave +on the night of the fire. He laughs again, and replies that he does +not explain it. I begin to discuss the question; and he marches off to +court. And do you know where he dined that day? At the hotel with my +other learned brother of the commission; and there they drew up a report +which makes of Cocoleu the most perfect imbecile that was ever dreamed +of.” + +He was walking up and down in the room with long strides, and, unwilling +to listen, he went on,-- + +“But Master Galpin need not think of crowing over us yet. The end is not +yet; they will not get rid of Dr. Seignebos so easily. I have said that +Cocoleu was a wretched cheat, a miserable impostor, a false witness, and +I shall prove it. Boiscoran can count upon me.” + +He broke off here, and, placing himself before M. Folgat, he added,-- + +“And I say M. de Boiscoran may count upon me, because I have my reasons. +I have formed very singular suspicions, sir,--very singular.” + +M. Folgat, Dionysia, and the marchioness urged him to explain; but he +declared that the moment had not come yet, that he was not perfectly +sure yet. + +And he left again, vowing that he was overworked, that he had forsaken +his patients for forty-eight hours, and that the Countess Claudieuse was +waiting for him, as her husband was getting worse and worse. + +“What can the old man suspect?” Grandpapa Chandore asked again, an hour +after the doctor had left. + +M. Folgat might have replied that these probable suspicions were no +doubt his own suspicions, only better founded, and more fully developed. +But why should he say so, since all inquiry was prohibited, and a single +imprudent word might ruin every thing? Why, also, should he excite new +hopes, when they must needs wait patiently till it should seem good to +M. Galpin to make an end to this melancholy suspense? + +They heard very little nowadays of Jacques de Boiscoran. The +examinations took place only at long intervals; and it was sometimes +four or five days before Mechinet brought another letter. + +“This is intolerable agony,” repeated the marchioness over and over +again. + +The end was, however, approaching. + +Dionysia was alone one afternoon in the sitting-room, when she thought +she heard the clerk’s voice in the hall. She went out at once and found +him there. + +“Ah!” she cried, “the investigation is ended!” For she knew very well +that nothing less would have emboldened Mechinet to show himself openly +at their house. + +“Yes, indeed, madam!” replied the good man; “and upon M. Galpin’s own +order I bring you this letter from M. de Boiscoran.” + +She took it, read it at a single glance, and forgetting every thing, +half delirious with joy, she ran to her grandfather and M. Folgat, +calling upon a servant at the same time to run and fetch M. Magloire. + +In less than an hour, the eminent advocate of Sauveterre arrived; +and when Jacques’s letter had been handed to him, he said with some +embarrassment,-- + +“I have promised M. de Boiscoran my assistance, and he shall certainly +have it. I shall be at the prison to-morrow morning as soon as the doors +open, and I will tell you the result of our interview.” + +He would say nothing more. It was very evident that he did not believe +in the innocence of his client, and, as soon as he had left, M. de +Chandore exclaimed,-- + +“Jacques is mad to intrust his defence to a man who doubts him.” + +“M. Magloire is an honorable man, papa,” said Dionysia; “and, if he +thought he could compromise Jacques, he would resign.” + +Yes, indeed, M. Magloire was an honorable man, and quite accessible +to tender sentiments; for he felt very reluctant to go and see the +prisoner, charged as he was with an odious crime, and, as he thought, +justly charged,--a man who had been his friend, and whom, in spite of +all, he could not help loving still. + +He could not sleep for it that night; and noticed his anxious air as +he crossed the street next morning on his way to the jail. Blangin the +keeper was on the lookout for him, and cried,-- + +“Ah, come quick, sir! The accused is devoured with impatience.” + +Slowly, and his heart beating furiously, the famous advocate went up the +narrow stairs. He crossed the long passage; Blangin opened a door; he +was in Jacques de Boiscoran’s cell. + +“At last you are coming,” exclaimed the unhappy young man, throwing +himself on the lawyer’s neck. “At last I see an honest face, and hold +a trusty hand. Ah! I have suffered cruelly, so cruelly, that I am +surprised my mind has not given way. But now you are here, you are by my +side, I am safe.” + +The lawyer could not speak. He was terrified by the havoc which grief +had made of the noble and intelligent face of his friend. He was shocked +at the distortion of his features, the unnatural brilliancy of his eyes, +and the convulsive laugh on his lips. + +“Poor man!” he murmured at last. + +Jacques misunderstood him: he stepped back, as white as the walls of his +cell. + +“You do not think me guilty?” he exclaimed. + +An inexpressibly sad expression convulsed his features. + +“To be sure,” he went on with his terrible convulsive laughter, “the +charges must be overwhelming indeed, if they have convinced my best +friends. Alas! why did I refuse to speak that first day? My honor!--what +a phantom! And still, victimized as I am by an infamous conspiracy, I +should still refuse to speak, if my life alone were at stake. But my +honor is at stake. Dionysia’s honor, the honor of the Boiscorans. I +shall speak. You, M. Magloire, shall know the truth, you shall see my +innocence in a word.” + +And, seizing M. Magloire’s hand, he pressed it almost painfully, as he +added in a hoarse voice,-- + +“One word will explain the whole thing to you: I was the lover of the +Countess Claudieuse!” + + + +XIII. + +If he had been less distressed, Jacques de Boiscoran would have seen how +wisely he had acted in choosing for his defender the great advocate of +Sauveterre. A stranger, M. Folgat, for instance, would have heard him +silently, and would have seen in the revelation nothing but the fact +without giving it a personal value. In M. Magloire, on the contrary, he +saw what the whole country would feel. And M. Magloire, when he heard +him declare that the Countess Claudieuse had been his mistress, looked +indignant, and exclaimed,-- + +“That is impossible.” + +At least Jacques was not surprised. He had been the first to say +that they would refuse to believe him when he should speak; and this +conviction had largely influenced him in keeping silence so long. + +“It is impossible, I know,” he said; “and still it is so.” + +“Give me proofs!” said M. Magloire. + +“I have no proofs.” + +The melancholy and sympathizing expression of the great lawyer changed +instantly. He sternly glanced at the prisoner, and his eye spoke of +amazement and indignation. + +“There are things,” he said, “which it is rash to affirm when one is not +able to support them with proof. Consider”-- + +“My situation forces me to tell all.” + +“Why, then, did you wait so long?” + +“I hoped I should be spared such a fearful extremity.” + +“By whom?” + +“By the countess.” + +M. Magloire’s face became darker and darker. + +“I am not often accused of partiality,” he said. “Count Claudieuse is, +perhaps, the only enemy I have in this country; but he is a bitter, +fierce enemy. To keep me out of the chamber, and to prevent my obtaining +many votes, he stooped to acts unworthy of a gentleman. I do not like +him. But in justice I must say that I look upon the countess as the +loftiest, the purest, and noblest type of the woman, the wife, and the +mother.” + +A bitter smile played on Jacques’s lips. + +“And still I have been her lover,” he said. + +“When? How? The countess lived at Valpinson: you lived in Paris.” + +“Yes; but every year the countess came and spent the month of September +in Paris; and I came occasionally to Boiscoran.” + +“It is very singular that such an intrigue should never have been +suspected even.” + +“We managed to take our precautions.” + +“And no one ever suspected any thing?” + +“No one.” + +But Jacques was at last becoming impatient at the attitude assumed by M. +Magloire. He forgot that he had foreseen all the suspicions to which he +found now he was exposed. + +“Why do you ask all these questions?” he said. “You do not believe me. +Well, be it so! Let me at least try to convince you. Will you listen to +me?” + +M. Magloire drew up a chair, and sitting down, not as usually, but +across the chair, and resting his arms on the back, he said,-- + +“I listen.” + +Jacques de Boiscoran, who had been almost livid, became crimson with +anger. His eyes flashed wrath. That he, he should be treated thus! Never +had all the haughtiness of M. Galpin offended him half as much as this +cool, disdainful condescension on the part of M. Magloire. It occurred +to him to order him out of his room. But what then? He was condemned +to drain the bitter cup to the very dregs: for he must save himself; he +must get out of this abyss. + +“You are cruel, Magloire,” he said in a voice of ill-suppressed +indignation, “and you make me feel all the horrors of my situation to +the full. Ah, do not apologize! It does not matter. Let me speak.” + +He walked up and down a few times in his cell, passing his hand +repeatedly over his brow, as if to recall his memory. Then he began, in +a calmer tone of voice,-- + +“It was in the first days of the month of August, in 1866, and at +Boiscoran, where I was on a visit to my uncle, that I saw the Countess +Claudieuse for the first time. Count Claudieuse and my uncle were, at +that time, on very bad terms with each other, thanks to that unlucky +little stream which crosses our estates; and a common friend, M. de +Besson, had undertaken to reconcile them at a dinner to which he had +invited both. My uncle had taken me with him. The countess had come with +her husband. I was just twenty years old; she was twenty-six. When I saw +her, I was overcome. It seemed to me that I had never in all my life met +a woman so perfectly beautiful and graceful; that I had never seen so +charming a face, such beautiful eyes, and such a sweet smile. + +“She did not seem to notice me. I did not speak to her; and still I felt +within me a kind of presentiment that this woman would play a great, a +fatal part in my life. + +“This impression was so strong, that, as we left the house, I could not +keep from mentioning it to my uncle. He only laughed, and said that +I was a fool, and that, if my existence should ever be troubled by a +woman, it would certainly not be by the Countess Claudieuse. + +“He was apparently right. It was hard to imagine that any thing should +ever again bring me in contact with the countess. M. de Besson’s attempt +at reconciliation had utterly failed; the countess lived at Valpinson; +and I went back to Paris. + +“Still I was unable to shake off the impression; and the memory of the +dinner at M. de Besson’s house was still in my mind, when a month +later, at a party at my mother’s brother’s, M. de Chalusse, I thought +I recognized the Countess Claudieuse. It was she. I bowed, and, seeing +that she recognized me, I went up to her, trembling, and she allowed me +to sit down by her. + +“She told me then that she had come up to Paris for a month, as she did +every year, and that she was staying at her father’s, the Marquis de +Tassar. She had come to this party much against her inclination, as she +disliked going out. She did not dance; and thus I talked to her till the +moment when she left. + +“I was madly in love when we parted; and still I made no effort to see +her again. It was mere chance again which brought us together. + +“One day I had business at Melun, and, reaching the station rather late, +I had but just time to jump into the nearest car. In the compartment +was the countess. She told me--and that is all I ever recollected of the +conversation--that she was on her way to Fontainebleau to see a friend, +with whom she spent every Tuesday and Saturday. Usually she took the +nine o’clock train. + +“This was on a Tuesday; and during the next three days a great struggle +went on in my heart. I was desperately in love with the countess, and +still I was afraid of her. But my evil star conquered; and the next +Saturday, at nine o’clock, I was at the station again. + +“The countess has since confessed to me that she expected me. When she +saw me, she made a sign; and, when they opened the doors, I managed to +find a place by her side.” + +M. Magloire had for some minutes given signs of great impatience; now he +broke forth,-- + +“This is too improbable!” + +At first Jacques de Boiscoran made no reply. It was no easy task for +a man, tried as he had been of late, to stir up thus the ashes of the +past; and it made him shudder. He was amazed at seeing on his lips this +secret which he had so long buried in his innermost heart. Besides, he +had loved, loved in good earnest; and his love had been returned. And +there are certain sensations which come to us only once in life, and +which can never again be effaced. He was moved to tears. But as the +eminent advocate of Sauveterre repeated his words, and even added,-- + +“No, it is not credible!” + +“I do not ask you to believe me,” he said gently: “I only ask you to +hear me.” + +And, overcoming with all his energy the kind of torpor which was +mastering him, he continued,-- + +“This trip to Fontainebleau decided our fate. Other trips followed. The +countess spent her days with her friend, and I passed the long hours +in roaming through the woods. But in the evening we met again at the +station. We took a _coupe_, which I had engaged beforehand, and I +accompanied her in a carriage to her father’s house. + +“Finally, one evening, she left her friend’s house at the usual hour; +but she did not return to her father’s house till the day after.” + +“Jacques!” broke in M. Magloire, shocked, as if he had heard a +curse,--“Jacques!” + +M. de Boiscoran remained unmoved. + +“Oh!” he said, “I know you must think it strange. You fancy that there +is no excuse for the man who betrays the confidence of a woman who has +once given herself to him. Wait, before you judge me.” + +And he went on, in a firmer tone of voice,-- + +“At that time I thought I was the happiest man on earth; and my heart +was full of the most absurd vanity at the thought that she was mine, +this beautiful woman, whose purity was high above all calumny. I had +tied around my neck one of those fatal ropes which death alone can +sever, and, fool that I was, I considered myself happy. + +“Perhaps she really loved me at that time. At least she did not +hesitate, and, overcome by the only real great passion of her life, she +told me all that was in her innermost heart. At that time she did not +think yet of protecting herself against me, and of making me her slave. +She told me the secret of her marriage, which had at one time created +such a sensation in the whole country. + +“When her father, the Marquis de Brissac, had given up his place, he had +soon begun to feel his inactivity weigh upon him, and at the same time +he had become impatient at the narrowness of his means. He had ventured +upon hazardous speculations. He had lost every thing he had; and even +his honor was at stake. In his despair he was thinking of suicide, when +chance brought to his house a former comrade, Count Claudieuse. In a +moment of confidence, the marquis confessed every thing; and the other +had promised to rescue him, and save him from disgrace. That was noble +and grand. It must have cost an immense sum. And the friends of our +youth who are capable of rendering us such services are rare in our day. +Unfortunately, Count Claudieuse could not all the time be the hero he +had been at first. He saw Genevieve de Tassar. He was struck with +her beauty; and overcome by a sudden passion--forgetting that she was +twenty, while he was nearly fifty--he made his friend aware that he was +still willing to render him all the services in his power, but that he +desired to obtain Genevieve’s hand in return. + +“That very evening the ruined nobleman entered his daughter’s room, and, +with tears in his eyes, explained to her his terrible situation. She did +not hesitate a moment. + +“‘Above all,’ she said to her father, ‘let us save our honor, which +even your death would not restore. Count Claudieuse is cruel to forget +that he is thirty years older than I am. From this moment I hate and +despise him. Tell him I am willing to be his wife.’ + +“And when her father, overcome with grief, told her that the count would +never accept her hand in this form, she replied,-- + +“‘Oh, do not trouble yourself about that! I shall do the thing +handsomely, and your friend shall have no right to complain. But I know +what I am worth; and you must remember hereafter, that, whatever service +he may render you, you owe him nothing.’ + +“Less than a fortnight after this scene, Genevieve had allowed the count +to perceive that he was not indifferent to her and a month later she +became his wife. + +“The count, on his side, had acted with the utmost delicacy and tact; +so that no one suspected the cruel position of the Marquis de Tassar. He +had placed two hundred thousand francs in his hands to settle his most +pressing debts. In his marriage-contract he had acknowledged having +received with his wife a dower of the same amount; and finally, he had +bound himself to pay to his father-in-law and his wife an annual income +of ten thousand francs. This had absorbed more than half of all he +possessed.” + +M. Magloire no longer thought of protesting. Sitting stiffly on his +chair, his eyes wide open, like a man who asks himself whether he is +asleep or awake, he murmured,-- + +“That is incomprehensible! That is unheard of!” + +Jacques was becoming gradually excited. He went on,-- + +“This is, at least, what the countess told me in her first hours of +enthusiasm. But she told it to me calmly, coldly, like a thing that was +perfectly natural. ‘Certainly,’ she said, ‘Count Claudieuse has never +had to regret the bargain he made. If he has been generous, I have been +faithful. My father owes his life to him; but I have given him years of +happiness to which he was not entitled. If he has received no love, he +has had all the appearance of it, and an appearance far more pleasant +than the reality.’ + +“When I could not conceal my astonishment, she added, laughing +heartily,-- + +“‘Only I brought to the bargain a mental reservation. I reserved to +myself the right to claim my share of earthly happiness whenever it +should come within my reach. That share is yours, Jacques; and do not +fancy that I am troubled by remorse. As long as my husband thinks he is +happy, I am within the terms of the contract.’ + +“That was the way she spoke at that time, Magloire; and a man of more +experience would have been frightened. But I was a child; I loved her +with all my heart. I admired her genius; I was overcome by her sophisms. + +“A letter from Count Claudieuse aroused us from our dreams. + +“The countess had committed the only and the last imprudence of her +whole life: she had remained three weeks longer in Paris than was agreed +upon; and her impatient husband threatened to come for her. + +“‘I must go back to Valpinson,’ she said; ‘for there is nothing I would +not do to keep up the reputation I have managed to make for myself. +My life, your life, my daughter’s life--I would give them all, without +hesitation, to protect my reputation.” + +“This happened--ah! the dates have remained fixed in my mind as if +engraven on bronze--on the 12th October. + +“‘I cannot remain longer than a month,’ she said to me, ‘without seeing +you. A month from to-day, that is to say, on 12th November, at three +o’clock precisely, you must be in the forest of Rochepommier, at the Red +Men’s Cross-roads. I will be there.’ + +“And she left Paris. I was in such a state of depression, that I +scarcely felt the pain of parting. The thought of being loved by such a +woman filled me with extreme pride, and, no doubt, saved me from many +an excess. Ambition was rising within me whenever I thought of her. I +wanted to work, to distinguish myself, to become eminent in some way. + +“‘I want her to be proud of me,’ I said to myself, ashamed at being +nothing at my age but the son of a rich father.” + +Ten times, at least, M. Magloire had risen from his chair, and moved his +lips, as if about to make some objection. But he had pledged himself, in +his own mind, not to interrupt Jacques, and he did his best to keep his +pledge. + +“In the meantime,” Jacques went on, “the day fixed by the countess was +drawing near. I went down to Boiscoran; and on the appointed day, at the +precise hour, I was in the forest at the Red Men’s Cross-roads. I was +somewhat behind time, and I was extremely sorry for it: but I did not +know the forest very well, and the place chosen by the countess for the +rendezvous is in the very thickest part of the old wood. The weather +was unusually severe for the season. The night before, a heavy snow had +fallen: the paths were all white; and a sharp wind blew the flakes +from the heavily-loaded branches. From afar off, I distinguished +the countess, as she was walking, up and down in a kind of feverish +excitement, confining herself to a narrow space, where the ground was +dry, and where she was sheltered from the wind by enormous masses of +stone. She wore a dress of dark-red silk, very long, a cloak trimmed +with fur, and a velvet hat to match her dress. In three minutes I was by +her side. But she did not draw her hand from her muff to offer it to me; +and, without giving me time to apologize for the delay, she said in a +dry tone,-- + +“‘When did you reach Boiscoran?’ + +“‘Last night.’ + +“‘How childish you are!’ she exclaimed, stamping her foot. ‘Last night! +And on what pretext?’ + +“‘I need no pretext to visit my uncle.’ + +“‘And was he not surprised to see you drop from the clouds at this time +of the year?’ + +“‘Why, yes, a little,’ I answered foolishly, incapable as I was of +concealing the truth. + +“Her dissatisfaction increased visibly. + +“‘And how did you get here?’ she commenced again. ‘Did you know this +cross-road?’ + +“‘No, I inquired about it.’ + +“‘From whom?’ + +“‘From one of my uncle’s servants; but his information was so +imperfect, that I lost my way.’ + +“She looked at me with such a bitter, ironical smile, that I stopped. + +“‘And all that, you think, is very simple,’ she broke in. ‘Do you +really imagine people will think it very natural that you should thus +fall like a bombshell upon Boiscoran, and immediately set out for +the Red Men’s Cross-roads in the forest? Who knows but you have been +followed? Who knows but behind one of these trees there may be eyes even +now watching us?’ + +“And as she looked around with all the signs of genuine fear, I +answered,-- + +“‘And what do you fear? Am I not here?’ + +“I think I can even now see the look in her eyes as she said,-- + +“‘I fear nothing in the world--do you hear me? nothing in the world, +except being suspected; for I cannot be compromised. I like to do as I +do; I like to have a lover. But I do not want it to be known; because, +if it became known, there would be mischief. Between my reputation and +my life I have no choice. If I were to be surprised here by any one, I +would rather it should be my husband than a stranger. I have no love for +the count, and I shall never forgive him for having married me; but +he has saved my father’s honor, and I owe it to him to keep his honor +unimpaired. He is my husband, besides, and the father of my child: I +bear his name, and I want it to be respected. I should die with grief +and shame and rage, if I had to give my arm to a man at whom people +might look and smile. Wives are absurdly stupid when they do not feel +that all the scorn with which their unfortunate husbands are received +in the great world falls back upon them. No. I do not love the count, +Jacques, and I love you. But remember, that, between him and you, I +should not hesitate a moment, and that I should sacrifice your life and +your honor, with a smile on my lips, even though my heart should break, +if I could, by doing so, spare him the shadow of a suspicion.’ + +“I was about to reply; but she said,-- + +“‘No more! Every minute we stay here increases the danger. What pretext +will you plead for your sudden appearance at Boiscoran?’ + +“‘I do not know,’ I replied. + +“‘You must borrow some money from your uncle, a considerable sum, to +pay your debts. He will be angry, perhaps; but that will explain your +sudden fancy for travelling in the month of November. Good-by, good-by!’ + +“All amazed, I cried,-- + +“‘What! You will not let me see you again, at least from afar?’ + +“‘During this visit that would be the height of imprudence. But, stop! +Stay at Boiscoran till Sunday. Your uncle never stays away from high +mass: go with him to church. But be careful, control yourself. A single +imprudence, one blunder, and I should despise you. Now we must part. You +will find in Paris a letter from me.’” + +Jacques paused here, looking to read in M. Magloire’s face what +impression his recital had produced so far. But the famous lawyer +remained impassive. He sighed, and continued,-- + +“I have entered into all these details, Magloire, because I want you to +know what kind of a woman the countess is, so that you may understand +her conduct. You see that she did not treat me like a traitor: she had +given me fair warning, and shown me the abyss into which I was going +to fall. Alas! so far from being terrified, these dark sides of her +character only attracted me the more. I admired her imperious air, +her courage, and her prudence, even her total lack of principle, which +contrasted so strangely with her fear of public opinion. I said to +myself with foolish pride,-- + +“‘She certainly is a superior woman!’ + +“She must have been pleased with my obedience at church; for I managed +to check even a slight trembling which seized me when I saw her and +bowed to her as she passed so close to me that my hand touched her +dress. I obeyed her in other ways also. I asked my uncle for six +thousand francs, and he gave them to me, laughing; for he was the most +generous man on earth: but he said at the same time,-- + +“‘I thought you had not come to Boiscoran merely for the purpose of +exploring the forest of Rochepommier.’ + +“This trifling circumstance increased my admiration for the Countess +Claudieuse. How well she had foreseen my uncle’s astonishment, when I +had not even dreamed of it! + +“‘She has a genius for prudence,’ I thought. + +“Yes, indeed she had a genius for it, and a genius for calculation also, +as I soon found out. When I reached Paris, I found a letter from her +waiting for me; but it was nothing more than a repetition of all she +had told me at our meeting. This letter was followed by several others, +which she begged me to keep for her sake, and which all had a number in +the upper corner. + +“The first time I saw her again, I asked her,-- + +“‘What are these numbers?’ + +“‘My dear Jacques,’ she replied, ‘a woman ought always to know how +many letters she has written to her lover. Up to now, you must have had +nine.’ + +“This occurred in May, 1867, at Rochefort, where she had gone to be +present at the launching of a frigate, and where I had followed her, +at her suggestion, with a view to spending a few hours in each +other’s company. Like a fool, I laughed at the idea of this epistolary +responsibility, and then I thought no more of it. I was at that time too +busy otherwise. She had recalled to me the fact that time was passing, +in spite of the sadness of our separation, and that the month of +September, the month of her freedom, was drawing near. Should we be +compelled again, like the year before, to resort to these perilous trips +to Fontainebleau? Why not get a house in a remote quarter of town? + +“Every wish of hers was an order for me. My uncle’s liberality knew no +end. I bought a house.” + +At last in the midst of all of Jacques’s perplexities, there appeared a +circumstance which might furnish tangible evidence. + +M. Magloire started, and asked eagerly,-- + +“Ah, you bought a house?” + +“Yes, a nice house with a large garden, in Vine Street, Passy.” + +“And you own it still?” + +“Yes.” + +“Of course you have the title-papers?” + +Jacques looked in despair. + +“Here, again, fate is against me. There is quite a tale connected with +that house.” + +The features of the Sauveterre lawyer grew dark again, much quicker than +they had brightened up just now. + +“Ah!” he said,--“a tale, ah!” + +“I was scarcely of age,” resumed Jacques, “when I wanted to purchase +this house. I dreaded difficulties. I was afraid my father might hear +of it; in fine, I wanted to be as prudent as the countess was. I asked, +therefore, one of my English friends, Sir Francis Burnett, to purchase +it in his name. He agreed; and he handed me, with the necessary bills of +sale, also a paper in which he acknowledged my right as proprietor.” + +“But then”-- + +“Oh! wait a moment. I did not take these papers to my rooms in my +father’s house. I put them into a drawer of a bureau in my house at +Passy. When the war broke out, I forgot them. I had left Paris before +the siege began, you know, being in command of a company of volunteers +from this department. During the two sieges, my house was successively +occupied by the National Guards, the soldiers of the Commune, and the +regular troops. When I got back there, I found the four walls pierced +with holes by the shells; but all the furniture had disappeared, and +with it the papers.” + +“And Sir Francis Burnett?” + +“He left France at the beginning of the invasion; and I do not know +what has become of him. Two friends of his in England, to whom I wrote, +replied,--the one that he was probably in Australia; the other that he +was dead.” + +“And you have taken no other steps to secure your rights to a piece of +property which legally belongs to you?” + +“No, not till now.” + +“You mean to say virtually that there is in Paris a house which has no +owner, is forgotten by everybody, and unknown even to the tax-gatherer?” + +“I beg your pardon! The taxes have always been regularly paid; and the +whole neighborhood knows that I am the owner. But the individuality is +not the same. I have unceremoniously assumed the identity of my friend. +In the eyes of the neighbors, the small dealers near by, the workmen and +contractors whom I have employed, for the servants and the gardener, I +am Sir Francis Burnett. Ask them about Jacques de Boiscoran, and they +will tell you, ‘Don’t know.’ Ask them about Sir Francis Burnett, and +they will answer, ‘Oh, very well!’ and they will give you my portrait.” + +M. Magloire shook his head as if he were not fully convinced. + +“Then,” he asked again, “you declare that the Countess Claudieuse has +been at this house?” + +“More than fifty times in three years.” + +“If that is so, she must be known there.” + +“No.” + +“But”-- + +“Paris is not like Sauveterre, my dear friend; and people are not solely +occupied with their neighbors’ doings. Vine Street is quite a deserted +street; and the countess took the greatest precautions in coming and +going.” + +“Well, granted, as far as the outside world is concerned. But within? +You must have had somebody to stay in the house and keep it in order +when you were away, and to wait upon you when you were there?” + +“I had an English maid-servant.” + +“Well, this girl must know the countess?” + +“She has never caught a glimpse of her even.” + +“Oh!” + +“When the countess was coming down, or when she was going away, or when +we wanted to walk in the garden, I sent the girl on some errand. I have +sent her as far as Orleans to get rid of her for twenty-four hours. The +rest of the time we staid up stairs, and waited upon ourselves.” + +Evidently M. Magloire was suffering. He said,-- + +“You must be under a mistake. Servants are curious, and to hide from +them is only to make them mad with curiosity. That girl has watched you. +That girl has found means to see the countess when she came there. She +must be examined. Is she still in your service?” + +“No, she left me when the war broke out.” + +“Why?” + +“She wanted to return to England.” + +“Then we cannot hope to find her again?” + +“I believe not.” + +“We must give it up, then. But your man-servant? Old Anthony was in your +confidence. Did you never tell him any thing about it?” + +“Never. Only once I sent for him to come to Vine Street when I had +sprained my foot in coming down stairs.” + +“So that it is impossible for you to prove that the Countess Claudieuse +ever came to your house in Passy? You have no evidence of it, and no +eye-witness?” + +“I used to have evidence. She had brought a number of small articles for +her private use; but they have disappeared during the war.” + +“Ah, yes!” said M. Magloire, “always the war! It has to answer for every +thing.” + +Never had any of M. Galpin’s examinations been half as painful to +Jacques de Boiscoran as this series of quick questions, which betrayed +such distressing incredulity. + +“Did I not tell you, Magloire,” he resumed, “that the countess had a +genius for prudence? You can easily conceal yourself when you can spend +money without counting it. Would you blame me for not having any proofs +to furnish? Is it not the duty of every man of honor to do all he can to +keep even a shadow of suspicion from her who has confided herself to +his hands? I have done my duty, and whatever may come of it, I shall not +regret it. Could I foresee such unheard-of emergencies? Could I foresee +that a day might come when I, Jacques de Boiscoran, should have to +denounce the Countess Claudieuse, and should be compelled to look for +evidence and witnesses against her?” + +The eminent advocate of Sauveterre looked aside; and, instead of +replying, he said in a somewhat changed voice,-- + +“Go on, Jacques, go on!” + +Jacques de Boiscoran tried to overcome the discouragement which +well-nigh mastered him, and said,-- + +“It was on the 2d September, 1867, that the Countess Claudieuse for +the first time entered this house in Passy, which I had purchased and +furnished for her; and during the five weeks which she spent in Paris, +she came almost every day, and spent several hours there. + +“At her father’s house she enjoyed absolute and almost uncontrolled +independence. She left her daughter--for she had at that time but one +child--with her mother, the Marchioness de Tassar; and she was free to +go and to come as she liked. + +“When she wanted still greater freedom, she went to see her friend in +Fontainebleau; and every time she did this she secured twenty-four or +forty-eight hours over and above the time for the journey. I, for my +part, was as perfectly free from all control. Ostensibly, I had gone to +Ireland; in reality, I lived in Vine Street. + +“These five weeks passed like a dream; and yet I must confess, the +parting was not as painful as might have been supposed. Not that the +bright prism was broken; but I always felt humiliated by the necessity +of being concealed. I began to be tired of these incessant precautions; +and I was quite ready to give up being Sir Francis Burnett, and to +resume my identity. + +“We had, besides, promised each other never to remain a month without +seeing each other, at least for a few hours; and she had invented a +number of expedients by which we could meet without danger. + +“A family misfortune came just then to our assistance. My father’s +eldest brother, that kind uncle who had furnished me the means to +purchase my house in Passy, died, and left me his entire fortune. As +owner of Boiscoran, I could, henceforth, live as much as I chose in +the province; and at all events come there whenever I liked, without +anybody’s inquiring for my reasons.” + + + +XIV. + +Jacques de Boiscoran was evidently anxious to have done with his +recital, to come to that night of the fire at Valpinson, and to learn at +last from the eminent advocate of Sauveterre what he had to fear or to +hope. After a moment’s silence, for his breath was giving out, and after +a few steps across his cell, he went on in a bitter tone of voice,-- + +“But why trouble you with all these details, Magloire? Would you believe +me any more than you do now, if I were to enumerate to you all my +meetings with the Countess Claudieuse, or if I were to repeat all her +most trifling words? + +“We had gradually learnt to calculate all our movements, and made +our preparations so accurately, that we met constantly, and feared no +danger. We said to each other at parting, or she wrote to me, ‘On such a +day, at such an hour, at such a place;’ and however distant the day, or +the hour, or the place, we were sure to meet. I had soon learned to know +the country as well as the cleverest of poachers; and nothing was so +useful to us as this familiarity with all the unknown hiding-places. +The countess, on her side, never let three months pass by without +discovering some urgent motive which carried her to Rochelle, to +Angouleme, or to Paris; and I was there to meet her. Nothing kept her +from these excursions; even when indisposed, she braved the fatigues of +the journey. It is true, my life was well-nigh spent in travelling; and +at any moment, when least expected, I disappeared for whole weeks. This +will explain to you that restlessness at which my father sneered, and +for which you, yourself, Magloire, used to blame me.” + +“That is true,” replied the latter. “I remember.” + +Jacques de Boiscoran did not seem to notice the encouragement. + +“I should not tell the truth if I were to say that this kind of life was +unpleasant to me. Mystery and danger always add to the charms of love. +The difficulties only increased my passion. I saw something sublime +in this success with which two superior beings devoted all their +intelligence and cleverness to the carrying-on of a secret intrigue. The +more fully I became aware of the veneration with which the countess was +looked up to by the whole country, the more I learned to appreciate her +ability in dissembling and her profound perversity; and I was all the +more proud of her. I felt the pride setting my cheeks aglow when I saw +her at Brechy; for I came there every Sunday for her sake alone, to +see her pass calm and serene in the imposing security of her lofty +reputation. I laughed at the simplicity of all these honest, good +people, who bowed so low to her, thinking they saluted a saint; and I +congratulated myself with idiotic delight at being the only one who knew +the true Countess Claudieuse,--she who took her revenge so bravely in +our house in Passy! + +“But such delights never last long. + +“It had not taken me long to find out that I had given myself a master, +and the most imperious and exacting master that ever lived. I had almost +ceased to belong to myself. I had become her property; and I lived and +breathed and thought and acted for her alone. She did not mind my tastes +and my dislikes. She wished a thing, and that was enough. She wrote to +me, ‘Come!’ and I had to be instantly on the spot: she said to me, ‘Go!’ +an I had to leave at once. At first I accepted these evidences of her +despotism with joy; but gradually I became tired of this perpetual +abdication of my own will. I disliked to have no control over myself, +to be unable to dispose of twenty-four hours in advance. I began to feel +the pressure of the halter around my neck. I thought of flight. One of +my friends was to set out on a voyage around the world, which was to +last eighteen months or two years, and I had an idea of accompanying +him. There was nothing to retain me. I was, by fortune and position, +perfectly independent. Why should I not carry out my plan? + +“Ah, why? The prism was not broken yet. I cursed the tyranny of the +countess; but I still trembled when I heard her name mentioned. I +thought of escaping from her; but a single glance moved me to the bottom +of my heart. I was bound to her by the thousand tender threads of habit +and of complicity,--those threads which seem to be more delicate than +gossamer, but which are harder to break than a ship’s cable. + +“Still, this idea which had occurred to me brought it about that I +uttered for the first time the word ‘separation’ in her presence, asking +her what she would do if I should leave her. She looked at me with a +strange air and asked me, after a moment’s hesitation,-- + +“‘Are you serious? Is it a warning?’ + +“I dared not carry matters any farther, and, making an effort to smile, +I said,-- + +“‘It is only a joke.’ + +“‘Then,’ she said, ‘let us not say any thing more about it. If you +should ever come to that, you would soon see what I would do.’ + +“I did not insist; but that look remained long in my memory, and made me +feel that I was far more closely bound than I had thought. From that day +it became my fixed idea to break with her.” + +“Well, you ought to have made an end of it,” said Magloire. + +Jacques de Boiscoran shook his head. + +“That is easily said,” he replied. “I tried it; but I could not do +it. Ten times I went to her, determined to say, ‘Let us part;’ and ten +times, at the last moment, my courage failed me. She irritated me. I +almost began to hate her; but I could not forget how much I had loved +her, and how much she had risked for my sake. Then--why should I not +confess it?--I was afraid of her. + +“This inflexible character, which I had so much admired, terrified me; +and I shuddered, seized with vague and sombre apprehensions, when +I thought what she was capable of doing. I was thus in the utmost +perplexity, when my mother spoke to me of a match which she had long +hoped for. This might be the pretext which I had so far failed to find. +At all events, I asked for time to consider; and, the first time I saw +the countess again, I gathered all my courage, and said to her,-- + +“‘Do you know what has happened? My mother wants me to marry.’ + +“She turned as pale as death; and looking me fixedly in the eyes, as if +wanting to read my innermost thoughts, she asked,-- + +“‘And you, what do you want?’ + +“‘I,’ I replied with a forced laugh,--‘I want nothing just now. But +the thing will have to be done sooner or later. A man must have a home, +affections which the world acknowledges’-- + +“‘And I,’ she broke in; ‘what am I to you?’ + +“‘You,’ I exclaimed, ‘you, Genevieve! I love you with all the strength +of my heart. But we are separated by a gulf: you are married.’ + +“She was still looking at me fixedly. + +“‘In other words,’ she said, ‘you have loved me as a pastime. I have +been the amusement of your youth, the poetry of twenty years, that +love-romance which every man wants to have. But you are becoming +serious; you want sober affections, and you leave me. Well, be it so. +But what is to become of me when you are married?’ + +“I was suffering terribly. + +“‘You have your husband,’ I stammered, ‘your children’-- + +“She stopped me. + +“‘Yes,’ she said. ‘I shall go back go live at Valpinson, in that +country full of associations, where every place recalls a rendezvous. I +shall live with my husband, whom I have betrayed; with daughters, one of +whom--That cannot be, Jacques.’ + +“I had a fit of courage. + +“‘Still,’ I said, ‘I may have to marry. What would you do?’ + +“‘Oh! very little,’ she replied. ‘I should hand all your letters to +Count Claudieuse.’” + +During the thirty years which he had spent at the bar, M. Magloire had +heard many a strange confession; but never in his life had all his ideas +been overthrown as in this case. + +“That is utterly confounding,” he murmured. + +But Jacques went on,-- + +“Was this threat of the countess meant in earnest? I did not doubt it; +but affecting great composure, I said,-- + +“‘You would not do that.’ + +“‘By all that I hold dear and sacred in this world,’ she replied, ‘I +would do it.’ + +“Many months have passed by since that scene, Magloire, many events have +happened; and still I feel as if it had taken place yesterday. I see the +countess still, whiter than a ghost. I still hear her trembling voice; +and I can repeat to you her words almost literally,-- + +“‘Ah! you are surprised at my determination, Jacques. I understand +that. Wives who have betrayed their husbands have not accustomed their +lovers to be held responsible by them. When they are betrayed, they +dare not cry out; when they are abandoned, they submit; when they are +sacrificed, they hide their tears, for to cry would be to avow their +wrong. Who would pity them, besides? Have they not received their +well-known punishment? Hence it is that all men agree, and there are +some of them cynical enough to confess it, that a married woman is a +convenient lady-love, because she can never be jealous, and she may be +abandoned at any time. Ah! we women are great cowards. If we had more +courage, you men would look twice before you would dare speak of love to +a married woman. But what no one dares I will dare. It shall not be said +that in our common fault there are two parts, and that you shall have +had all the benefit of it, and that I must bear all the punishment. +What? You might be free to-morrow to console yourself with a new love; +and I--I should have to sink under my shame and remorse. No, no! Such +bonds as those that bind us, riveted by long years of complicity, are +not broken so easily. + +“‘You belong to me; you are mine; and I shall defend you against all +and every one, with such arms as I possess. I told you that I valued my +reputation more than my life; but I never told you that I valued life. +On the eve of your wedding-day, my husband shall know all. I shall not +survive the loss of my honor; but at least I shall have my revenge. If +you escape the hatred of Count Claudieuse, your name will be bound up +with such a tragic affair that your life will be ruined forever.’ + +“That was the way she spoke, Magloire, and with a passion of which I can +give you no idea. It was absurd, it was insane, I admit. But is not +all passion absurd and insane? Besides, it was by no means a sudden +inspiration of her pride, which made her threaten me with such +vengeance. The precision of her phrases, the accuracy of her words, +all made me feel that she had long meditated such a blow, and carefully +calculated the effect of every word. + +“I was thunderstruck. + +“And as I kept silence for some time, she asked me coldly,-- + +“‘Well?’ + +“I had to gain time, first of all. + +“‘Well,’ I said, ‘I cannot understand your passion. This marriage +which I mentioned has never existed as yet, except in my mother’s +imagination.’ + +“‘True?’ she asked. + +“‘I assure you.’ + +“She examined me with suspicious eyes. At last she said,-- + +“‘Well, I believe you. But now you are warned: let us think no more of +such horrors.’ + +“She might think no more of them, but I could not. + +“I left her with fury in my heart. + +“She had evidently settled it all. I had for lifetime this halter around +my neck, which held me tighter day by day and, at the slightest effort +to free myself, I must be prepared for a terrible scandal; for one of +those overwhelming adventures which destroy a man’s whole life. Could +I ever hope to make her listen to reason? No, I was quite sure I could +not. + +“I knew but too well that I should lose my time, if I were to recall to +her that I was not quite as guilty as she would make me out; if I were +to show her that her vengeance would fall less upon myself than upon her +husband and her children; and that, although she might blame the count +for the conditions of their marriage, her daughters, at least, were +innocent. + +“I looked in vain for an opening out of this horrible difficulty. Upon +my honor, Magloire, there were moments when I thought I would pretend +getting married, for the purpose of inducing the countess to act, and of +bringing upon myself these threats which were hanging over me. I fear no +danger; but I cannot bear to know it to exist, and to wait for it with +folded hands: I must go forth and meet it. + +“The thought that the countess should use her husband for the purpose of +keeping me bound shocked me. It seemed to me ridiculous and ignoble that +she should make her husband the guardian of her love. Did she think I +was afraid of her? + +“In the meantime, my mother had asked me what was the result of my +reflections on the subject of marriage; and I blushed with shame as I +told her that I was not disposed to marry as yet, as I felt too young +to accept the responsibility of a family. It was so; but, under other +circumstances, I should hardly have put in that plea. I was thus +hesitating, and thinking how and when I should be able to make an end of +it, when the war broke out. I felt naturally bound to offer my services. +I hastened to Boiscoran. They had just organized the volunteers of the +district; and they made me their captain. With them I joined the army +of the Loire. In my state of mind, war had nothing fearful for me: +every excitement was welcome that made me forget the past. There was, +consequently, no merit in my courage. Nevertheless, as the weeks passed, +and then the months, without my hearing a word about the Countess +Claudieuse, I began secretly to hope that she had forgotten me; and +that, time and absence doing their work, she was giving me up. + +“When peace was made, I returned to Boiscoran; and the countess gave no +more signs of life now than before. I began to feel reassured, and to +recover possession of myself, when one day M. de Chandore invited me to +dinner. I went. I saw Miss Dionysia. + +“I had known her already for some time; and the recollection of her had, +perhaps, had its influence upon my desire to quit the countess. Still I +had always had self-control enough to avoid her lest I should draw some +fatal vengeance upon her. When I was brought in contact with her by her +grandfather, I had no longer the heart to avoid her; and, on the day on +which I thought I read in her eyes that she loved me I made up my mind, +and I resolved to risk every thing. + +“But how shall I tell you what I suffered, Magloire, and with what +anxiety I asked every evening when I returned to Boiscoran,-- + +“‘No letter yet?’ + +“None came; and still it was impossible that the Countess Claudieuse +should not have heard of my marriage. My father had called on M. de +Chandore, and asked him for the hand of his grand-daughter for me. I had +been publicly acknowledged as her betrothed; and nothing was now to be +done but to fix the wedding-day. + +“This silence frightened me.” + +Exhausted and out of breath, Jacque de Boiscoran paused here, pressing +both of his hands on his chest, as if to check the irregular beating of +his heart. + +He was approaching the catastrophe. + +And yet he looked in vain to the advocate for a word or a sign of +encouragement. M. Magloire remained impenetrable: his face remained as +impassive as an iron mask. + +At last, with a great effort, Jacques resumed,-- + +“Yes, this calm frightened me more than a storm would have done. To +win Dionysia’s love was too great happiness. I expected a catastrophe, +something terrible. I expected it with such absolute certainty, that I +had actually made up my mind to confess every thing to M. de Chandore. +You know him, Magloire. The old gentleman is the purest and brightest +type of honor itself. I could intrust my secrets to him with as perfect +safety as I formerly intrusted Genevieve’s name to the night winds. + +“Alas! why did I hesitate? why did I delay? + +“One word might have saved me; and I should not be here, charged with +an atrocious crime, innocent, and yet condemned to see how you doubt the +truth of my words. + +“But fate was against me. + +“After having for a week postponed my confession every day to the next, +one evening, after Dionysia and I had been talking of presentiments, I +said to myself, ‘To-morrow it shall be done.’ + +“The next morning, I went to Boiscoran much earlier than usual, and on +foot, because I wanted to give some orders to a dozen workmen whom I +employed in my vineyards. I took a short cut through the fields. Alas! +not a single detail has escaped from my memory. When I had given my +orders, I returned to the high road, and there met the priest from +Brechy, who is a friend of mine. + +“‘You must,’ he said, ‘keep me company for a little distance. As you +are on your way to Sauveterre, it will not delay you much to take the +cross-road which passes by Valpinson and the forest of Rochepommier.’ + +“On what trifles our fate depends! + +“I accompanied the priest, and only left him at the point where the +high-road and the cross-road intersect. As soon as I was alone, I +hastened on; and I was almost through the wood, when, all of a sudden, +some twenty yards before me, I saw the Countess Claudieuse coming +towards me. In spite of my emotion, I kept on my way, determined to bow +to her, but to pass her without speaking. I did so, and had gone on a +little distance, when I heard her call me,-- + +“‘Jacques!’ + +“I stopped; or, rather, I was nailed to the spot by that voice which for +a long time had held such entire control over my heart. She came up to +me, looking even more excited than I was. Her lips trembled, and her +eyes wandered to and fro. + +“‘Well,’ she said, ‘it is no longer a fancy: this time you marry Miss +Chandore.’ + +“The time for half-measures had passed. + +“‘Yes,’ I replied. + +“‘Then it is really true,’ she said again. ‘It is all over now. I +suppose it would be in vain to remind you of those vows of eternal love +which you used to repeat over and over again. Look down there under that +old oak. They are the same trees, this is the same landscape, and I am +still the same woman; but your heart has changed.’ + +“I made no reply. + +“‘You love her very much, do you?’ she asked me. + +“I kept obstinately silent. + +“‘I understand,’ she said, ‘I understand you but too well. And +Dionysia? She loves you so much she cannot keep it to herself. She stops +her friends to tell them all about her marriage, and to assure them +of her happiness. Oh, yes, indeed, very happy! That love which was my +disgrace is her honor. I was forced to conceal it like a crime: she can +display it as a virtue. Social forms are, after all, very absurd and +unjust; but a fool is he who tries to defy them.’ + +“Tears, the very first tears I had ever seen her shed, glittered in her +long silky eyelashes. + +“‘And to be nothing more to you,--nothing at all! Ah, I was too +cautious! Do you recollect the morning after your uncle’s death, when +you, now a rich man, proposed that we should flee? I refused; I clung to +my reputation. I wanted to be respected. I thought it possible to divide +life into two parts,--one to be devoted to pleasure; the other, to the +hypocrisy of duty. Poor fool that I was! And still I discovered long ago +that you were weary of me. I knew you so well! Your heart was like an +open book to me, in which I read your most secret thoughts. Then I might +have retained you. I ought to have been humble, obliging, submissive. +Instead of that, I tried to command. + +“‘And you,’ she said after a short pause,--‘are you happy?’ + +“‘I cannot be completely happy as long as I know that you are unhappy. +But there is no sorrow which time does not heal. You will forget’-- + +“‘Never!’ she cried. + +“And, lowering her voice, she added,-- + +“‘Can I forget you? Alas! my crime is fearful; but the punishment is +still more so.’ + +“People were coming down the road. + +“‘Compose yourself,’ I said. + +“She made an effort to control her emotion. The people passed us, +saluting politely. And after a moment she said again,-- + +“‘Well, and when is the wedding?’ + +“I trembled. She herself insisted upon an explanation. + +“‘No day has as yet been fixed,’ I replied. ‘Had I not to see you +first? You uttered once grave threats.’ + +“‘And you were afraid?’ + +“‘No: I was sure I knew you too well to fear that you would punish me +for having loved you, as if that had been a crime. So many things have +happened since the day when you made those threats!’ + +“‘Yes,’ she replied, ‘many things indeed! My poor father is +incorrigible. Once more he has committed himself fearfully; and once +more my husband has been compelled to sacrifice a large sum to save him. +Ah, Count Claudieuse has a noble heart; and it is a great pity I should +be the only one towards whom he has failed to show generosity. Every +kindness which he shows me is a new grievance for me; but, having +accepted them all, I have forfeited the right to strike him, as I had +intended to do. You may marry Dionysia, Jacques; you have nothing to +fear from me.’ + +“Ah! I had not hoped for so much, Magloire. Overcome with joy, I seized +her hand, and raising it to my lips, I said,-- + +“‘You are the kindest of friends.’ + +“But promptly, as if my lips had burnt her hand, she drew it back, and +said, turning very pale,-- + +“‘No, don’t do that!’ + +“Then, overcoming her emotion to a certain degree, she added,-- + +“‘But we must meet once more. You have my letters, I dare say.’ + +“‘I have them all.’ + +“‘Well, you must bring them to me. But where? And how? I can hardly +absent myself at this time. My youngest daughter--our daughter, +Jacques--is very ill. Still, an end must be made. Let us see, on +Thursday--are you free then? Yes. Very well, then come on Thursday +evening, towards nine o’clock, to Valpinson. You will find me at the +edge of the wood, near the towers of the old castle, which my husband +has repaired.’ + +“‘Is that quite prudent?’ I asked. + +“‘Have I ever left any thing to chance?’ she replied, ‘and would I +be apt, at this time, to be imprudent? Rely on me. Come, we must part, +Jacques. Thursday, and be punctual!’ + +“Was I really free? Was the chain really broken? And had I become once +more my own master? + +“I thought so, and in my almost delirious joy I forgave the countess all +the anxieties of the last year. What do I say? I began to accuse myself +of injustice and cruelty. I admired her for sacrificing herself to my +happiness. I felt, in the fulness of my gratitude, like kneeling down, +and kissing the hem of her dress. + +“It had become useless now to confide my secret to M. de Chandore. I +might have gone back to Boiscoran. But I was more than half-way; I kept +on; and, when I reached Sauveterre, my face bore such evident trances of +my relief, that Dionysia said to me,-- + +“‘Something very pleasant must have happened to you, Jacques.’ + +“Oh, yes, very pleasant! For the first time, I breathed freely as I sat +by her side. I could love her now, without fearing that my love might be +fatal to her. + +“This security did not last long. As I considered the matter, I thought +it very singular that the countess should have chosen such a place for +our meeting. + +“‘Can it be a trap?’ I asked, as the day drew nearer. + +“All day long on Thursday I had the most painful presentiments. If I had +known how to let the countess know, I should certainly not have gone. +But I had no means to send her word; and I knew her well enough to be +sure that breaking my word would expose me to her full vengeance. I +dined at the usual hour; and, when I had finished, I went up to my room, +where I wrote to Dionysia not to expect me that evening, as I should be +detained by a matter of the utmost importance. + +“I handed the note to Michael, the son of one of my tenants, and told +him to carry it to town without losing a minute. Then I tied up all of +the countess’s letters in a parcel, put it in my pocket, took my gun, +and went out. It might have been eight o’clock; but it was still broad +daylight.” + +Whether M. Magloire accepted every thing that the prisoner said as +truth, or not, he was evidently deeply interested. He had drawn up his +chair, and at every statement he uttered half-loud exclamations. + +“Under any other circumstances,” said Jacques, “I should have taken one +of the two public roads in going to Valpinson. But troubled, as I was, +by vague suspicions, I thought only of concealing myself and cut across +the marshes. They were partly overflowed; but I counted upon my intimate +familiarity with the ground, and my agility. I thought, moreover, that +here I should certainly not be seen, and should meet no one. In this +I was mistaken. When I reached the Seille Canal, and was just about to +cross it, I found myself face to face with young Ribot, the son of a +farmer at Brechy. He looked so very much surprised at seeing me in such +a place, that I thought to give him some explanation; and, rendered +stupid by my troubles, I told him I had business at Brechy, and was +crossing the marshes to shoot some birds. + +“‘If that is so,’ he replied, laughing, ‘we are not after the same kind +of game.’ + +“He went his way; but this accident annoyed me seriously. I continued on +my way, swearing, I fear, at young Ribot, and found that the path became +more and more dangerous. It was long past nine when I reached Valpinson +at last. But the night was clear, and I became more cautious than ever. + +“The place which the countess had chosen for our meeting was about two +hundred yards from the house and the farm buildings, sheltered by other +buildings, and quite close to the wood. I approached it through this +wood. + +“Hid among the trees, I was examining the ground, when I noticed the +countess standing near one of the old towers: she wore a simple costume +of light muslin, which could be seen at a distance. Finding every thing +quiet, I went up to her; and, as soon as she saw me, she said,-- + +“‘I have been waiting for you nearly an hour.’ + +“I explained to her the difficulties I had met with on my way there; and +then I asked her,-- + +“‘But where is your husband?’ + +“‘He is laid up with rheumatism,’ she replied. + +“‘Will he not wonder at your absence?’ + +“‘No: he knows I am sitting up with my youngest daughter. I left the +house through the little door of the laundry.’ + +“And, without giving me time to reply, she asked,-- + +“‘Where are my letters?’ + +“‘Here they are,’ I said, handing them to her. + +“She took them with feverish haste, saying in an undertone,-- + +“‘There ought to be twenty-four.’ + +“And, without thinking of the insult, she went to work counting them. + +“‘They are all here,’ she said when she had finished. + +“Then, drawing a little package from her bosom, she added,-- + +“‘And here are yours.’ + +“But she did not give them to me. + +“‘We’ll burn them,’ she said. + +“I started with surprise. + +“‘You cannot think of it,’ I cried, ‘here, and at this hour. The fire +would certainly be seen.’ + +“‘What? Are you afraid? However, we can go into the wood. Come, give me +some matches.’ + +“I felt in my pockets; but I had none. + +“‘I have no matches,’ I said. + +“‘Oh, come!--you who smoke all day long,--you who, even in my presence, +could never give up your cigars.’ + +“‘I left my match-box, yesterday, at M. de Chandore’s.’ + +“She stamped her foot vehemently. + +“‘Since that is so, I’ll go in and get some.’ + +“This would have delayed us, and thus would have been an additional +imprudence. I saw that I must do what she wanted, and so I said,-- + +“‘That is not necessary. Wait!’ + +“All sportsmen know that there is a way to replace matches. I employed +the usual means. I took a cartridge out of my gun, emptied it and its +shot, and put in, instead a piece of paper. Then, resting my gun on the +ground, so as to prevent a loud explosion, I made the powder flash up. + +“We had fire, and put the letters to the flame. + +“A few minutes later, and nothing was left of them but a few blackened +fragments, which I crumbled in my hands, and scattered to the winds. +Immovable, like a statue, the Countess Claudieuse had watched my +operations. + +“‘And that is all,’ she said, ‘that remains of five years of our life, +of our love, and of your vows,--ashes.’ + +“I replied by a commonplace remark. I was in a hurry to be gone. + +“She felt this, and cried with great vehemence,-- + +“‘Ah! I inspire you with horror.’ + +“‘We have just committed a marvellous imprudence,’ I said. + +“‘Ah! what does it matter?’ + +“Then, in a hoarse voice, she added,-- + +“‘Happiness awaits you, and a new life full of intoxicating hopes: it +is quite natural that you should tremble. I, whose life is ended, and +who have nothing to look for,--I, in whom you have killed every hope,--I +am not afraid.’ + +“I saw her anger rising within her, and said very quietly,-- + +“‘I hope you do not repent of your generosity, Genevieve.’ + +“‘Perhaps I do,’ she replied, in an accent which made me tremble. ‘How +you must laugh at me! What a wretched thing a woman is who is abandoned, +who resigns, and sheds tears!’ + +“Then she went on fiercely,-- + +“‘Confess that you have never loved me really!’ + +“‘Ah, you know very well the contrary!’ + +“‘Still you abandon me for another,--for that Dionysia!’ + +“‘You are married: you cannot be mine.’ + +“‘Then if I were free--if I had been a widow’-- + +“‘You would be my wife you know very well.’ + +“She raised her arms to heaven, like a drowning person; and, in a voice +which I thought they could hear at the house, she cried,-- + +“‘His wife! If I were a widow, I would be his wife! O God! Luckily, +that thought, that terrible thought, never occurred to me before.’” + +All of a sudden, at these words, the eminent advocate of Sauveterre rose +from his chair, and, placing himself before Jacques de Boiscoran, he +asked, looking at him with one of those glances which seem to pierce our +innermost heart,-- + +“And then?” + +Jacques had to summon all the energy that was left him to be able to +continue with a semblance of calmness, at least,-- + +“Then I tried every thing in the world to quiet the countess, to move +her, and bring her back to the generous feelings of former days. I was +so completely upset that I hardly knew what I was saying. I hated her +bitterly, and still I could not help pitying her. I am a man; and there +is no man living who would not feel deeply moved at seeing himself the +object of such bitter regrets and such terrible despair. Besides, my +happiness and Dionysia’s honor were at stake. How do I know what I said? +I am not a hero of romance. No doubt I was mean. I humbled myself, I +besought her, I told falsehoods, I vowed to her that it was my family, +mainly, who made me marry. I hoped I should be able, by great kindness +and caressing words, to soften the bitterness of the parting. She +listened to me, remaining as impassive as a block of ice; and, when I +paused, she said with a sinister laugh,-- + +“‘And you tell me all that! Your Dionysia! Ah! if I were a woman like +other women, I would say nothing to-day, and, before the year was over, +you would again be at my feet.’ + +“She must have been thinking of our meeting at the cross-roads. Or was +this the last outburst of passion at the moment when the last ties were +broken off? I was going to speak again; but she interrupted me bruskly, +saying,-- + +“‘Oh, that is enough! Spare me, at least, the insult of your pity! I’ll +see. I promise nothing. Good-by!’ + +“And she escaped toward the house, while I remained rooted to the spot, +almost stupefied, and asking myself if she was not, perhaps at that +moment, telling Count Claudieuse every thing. It was at that moment that +I drew from my gun, almost mechanically, the burnt cartridge and put in +a fresh one. Then, as nothing stirred, I went off with rapid strides.” + +“What time was it?” asked M. Magloire. + +“I could not tell you precisely. My state of mind was such, that I had +lost all idea of time. I went back through the forest of Rochepommier.” + +“And you saw nothing?” + +“No.” + +“Heard nothing?” + +“Nothing.” + +“Still, from your statement, you could not have been far from Valpinson +when the fire broke out.” + +“That is true, and, in the open country, I should certainly have seen +the fire; but I was in a dense wood: the trees cut off all view.” + +“And these same trees prevented the sound of the two shots fired at +Count Claudieuse from reaching your ear?” + +“They might have helped to prevent it; but there was no need for that. +I was walking against the wind, which was very high; and it is an +established fact, that, under such circumstances, the sound of a gun is +not heard beyond fifty yards.” + +M. Magloire once more could hardly restrain his impatience; and, utterly +unconscious that he was even harsher than the magistrate, he said,-- + +“And you think your statement explains every thing?” + +“I believe that my statement, which is founded upon the most exact +truth, explains the charges brought against me by M. Galpin. It explains +how I tried to keep my visit to Valpinson secret; how I was met in going +and in coming back, and at hours which correspond with the time of the +fire. It explains, finally, how I came at first to deny. It explains +how one of my cartridge-cases was found near the ruins, and why I had to +wash my hands when I reached home.” + +Nothing seemed to be able to shake the lawyer’s conviction. He asked,-- + +“And the day after, when they came to arrest you, what was your first +impression?” + +“I thought at once of Valpinson.” + +“And when you were told that a crime had been committed?” + +“I said to myself, ‘The countess wants to be a widow.’” + +All of M. Magloire’s blood seemed to rise in his face. He cried,-- + +“Unhappy man! How can you dare accuse the Countess Claudieuse of such a +crime?” + +Indignation gave Jacques strength to reply,-- + +“Whom else should I accuse? A crime has been committed, and under such +circumstances that it cannot have been committed by any one except by +her or by myself. I am innocent: consequently she is guilty.” + +“Why did you not say so at once?” + +Jacques shrugged his shoulders, and replied in a tone of bitter irony,-- + +“How many times, and in how many ways, do you want me to give you my +reasons? I kept silent the first day, because I did not then know the +circumstances of the crime, and because I was reluctant to accuse +a woman who had given me her love, and who had become criminal from +passion; because, in fine, I did not think at that time that I was in +danger. After that I kept silent because I hoped justice would be able +to discover the truth, or the countess would be unable to bear the idea +that I, the innocent one, should be accused. Still later, when I saw my +danger, I was afraid.” + +The advocates’ feelings seemed to be revolted. He broke in,-- + +“You do not tell the truth, Jacques; and I will tell you why you kept +silent. It is very difficult to make up a story which is to account for +every thing. But you are a clever man: you thought it over, and you made +out a story. There is nothing lacking in it, except probability. You +might tell me that the Countess Claudieuse has unfairly enjoyed the +reputation of a saint, and that she has given you her love; perhaps I +might be willing to believe it. But when you say she has set her own +house on fire, and taken up a gun to shoot her husband, that I can +never, never admit.” + +“Still it is the truth.” + +“No; for the evidence of Count Claudieuse is precise. He has seen his +murderer; it was a man who fired at him.” + +“And who tells you that Count Claudieuse does not know all, and wants to +save his wife, and ruin me? There would be a vengeance for him.” + +The objection took the advocate by surprise; but he rejected it at once, +and said,-- + +“Ah! be silent, or prove.” + +“All the letters are burned.” + +“When one has been a woman’s lover for five years, there are always +proofs.” + +“But you see there are none.” + +“Do not insist,” repeated M. Magloire. + +And, in a voice full of pity and emotion, he added,-- + +“Unhappy man! Do you not feel, that, in order to escape from one crime, +you are committing another which is a thousand times worse?” + +Jacques stood wringing his hand, and said-- + +“It is enough to drive me mad.” + +“And even if I, your friend,” continued M. Magloire, “should believe +you, how would that help you? Would any one else believe it? Look here I +will tell you exactly what I think. Even if I were perfectly sure of all +the facts you mention, I should never plead them in my defence, unless I +had proofs. To plead them, understand me well, would be to ruin yourself +inevitably.” + +“Still they must be pleaded; for they are the truth.” + +“Then,” said M. Magloire, “you must look for another advocate.” + +And he went toward the door. He was on the point of leaving, when +Jacques cried out, almost in agony,-- + +“Great God, he forsakes me!” + +“No,” replied the advocate; “but I cannot discuss matters with you in +the state of excitement in which you now are. You will think it over, +and I will come again to-morrow.” + +He left; and Jacques de Boiscoran fell, utterly undone, on one of the +prison chairs. + +“It is all over,” he stammered: “I am lost.” + + + +XV. + +During all this time, they were suffering intense anxiety at M. de +Chandore’s house. Ever since eight o’clock in the morning the two aunts, +the old gentleman, the marchioness, and M. Folgat had been assembled in +the dining-room, and were there waiting for the result of the interview. +Dionysia had only come down later; and her grandfather could not help +noticing that she had dressed more carefully than usual. + +“Are we not going to see Jacques again?” she replied with a smile full +of confidence and joy. + +She had actually persuaded herself that one word from Jacques would +suffice to convince the celebrated lawyer, and that he would reappear +triumphant on M. Magloire’s arm. The others did not share these +expectations. The two aunts, looking as yellow as their old laces, sat +immovable in a corner. The marchioness was trying to hide her tears; and +M. Folgat endeavored to look absorbed in a volume of engravings. M. de +Chandore, who possessed less self-control, walked up and down in the +room, repeating every ten minutes,-- + +“It is wonderful how long time seems when you are waiting!” + +At ten o’clock no news had come. + +“Could M. Magloire have forgotten his promise?” said Dionysia, becoming +anxious. + +“No, he has not forgotten it,” replied a newcomer, M. Seneschal. It +was really the excellent mayor, who had met M. Magloire about an hour +before, and who now came to hear the news, for his own sake, as he said, +but especially for his wife’s sake, who was actually ill with anxiety. + +Eleven o’clock, and no news. The marchioness got up, and said,-- + +“I cannot stand this uncertainty a minute longer. I am going to the +prison.” + +“And I will go with you, dear mother,” declared Dionysia. + +But such a proceeding was hardly suitable. M. de Chandore opposed it, +and was supported by M. Folgat, as well as by M. Seneschal. + +“We might at least send somebody,” suggested the two aunts timidly. + +“That is a good idea,” replied M. de Chandore. + +He rang the bell; and old Anthony came in. He had established himself +the evening before in Sauveterre, having heard that the preliminary +investigation was finished. + +As soon as he had been told what they wanted him to do, he said,-- + +“I shall be back in half an hour.” + +He nearly ran down the steep street, hastened along National Street, and +then climbed up more slowly Castle Street. When M. Blangin, the keeper, +saw him appear, he turned very pale; for M. Blangin had not slept since +Dionysia had given him the seventeen thousand francs. He, once upon a +time the special friend of all gendarmes, now trembled when one of them +entered the jail. Not that he felt any remorse about having betrayed his +duty; oh, no! but he feared discovery. + +More than ten times he had changed the hiding-place of his precious +stocking; but, wherever he put it, he always fancied that the eyes of +his visitors were riveted upon that very spot. He recovered, however, +from his fright when Anthony told him his errand, and replied in the +most civil manner,-- + +“M. Magloire came here at nine o’clock precisely. I took him immediately +to M. de Boiscoran’s cell; and ever since they have been talking, +talking.” + +“Are you quite sure?” + +“Of course I am. Must I not know every thing that happens in my jail? I +went and listened. You can hear nothing from the passage: they have shut +the wicket, and the door is massive.” + +“That is strange,” murmured the old servant. + +“Yes, and a bad sign,” declared the keeper with a knowing air. “I have +noticed that the prisoners who take so long to state their case to their +advocate always catch the maximum of punishment.” + +Anthony, of course, did not report to his masters the jailer’s mournful +anticipations; but what he told them about the length of the interview +did not tend to relieve their anxiety. + +Gradually the color had faded from Dionysia’s cheeks; and the clear ring +of her voice was half drowned in tears, when she said, that it would +have been better, perhaps, if she had put on mourning, and that seeing +the whole family assembled thus reminded her of a funeral. + +The sudden arrival of Dr. Seignebos cut short her remarks. He was in a +great passion, as usual; and as soon as he entered, he cried,-- + +“What a stupid town Sauveterre is! Nothing but gossip and idle reports! +The people are all of them old women. I feel like running away, and +hiding myself. On my way here, twenty curious people have stopped me to +ask me what M. de Boiscoran is going to do now. For the town is full of +rumors. They know that Magloire is at the jail now; and everybody wants +to be the first to hear Jacques’s story.” + +He had put his immense broad brimmed hat on the table, and, looking +around the room at all the sad faces he asked,-- + +“And you have no news yet?” + +“Nothing,” replied M. Seneschal and M. Folgat at the same breath. + +“And we are frightened by this delay,” added Dionysia. + +“And why?” asked the physician. + +Then taking down his spectacles, and wiping them diligently, he said,-- + +“Did you think, my dear young lady, that Jacques de Boiscoran’s affair +could be settled in five minutes? If they let you believe that, they did +wrong. I, who despise all concealment, I will tell you the truth. At the +bottom of all these occurrences at Valpinson, there lies, I am perfectly +sure, some dark intrigue. Most assuredly we shall put Jacques out of his +trouble; but I fear it will be hard work.” + +“M. Magloire!” announced old Anthony. + +The eminent advocate of Sauveterre entered. He looked so undone, and +bore so evidently the traces of his excitement, that all had the same +terrible thought which Dionysia expressed. + +“Jacques is lost!” + +M. Magloire did not say no. + +“I believe he is in danger.” + +“Jacques,” murmured the old marchioness,--“my son!” + +“I said in danger,” repeated the advocate; “but I ought to have said, he +is in a strange, almost incredible, unnatural position.” + +“Let us hear,” said the marchioness. + +The lawyer was evidently very much embarrassed; and he looked with +unmistakable distress, first at Dionysia, and then at the two old aunts. +But nobody noticed this, and so he said,-- + +“I must ask to be left alone with these gentlemen.” + +In the most docile manner the Misses Lavarande rose, and took their +niece and Jacques’s mother with them: the latter was evidently near +fainting. As soon as the door was shut, Grandpapa Chandore, half mad +with grief, exclaimed,-- + +“Thanks, M. Magloire, thanks for having given me time to prepare my poor +child for the terrible blow. I see but too well what you are going to +say. Jacques is guilty.” + +“Stop,” said the advocate: “I have said nothing of the kind. M. de +Boiscoran still protests energetically that he is innocent; but he +states in his defence a fact which is so entirely improbable, so utterly +inadmissible”-- + +“But what does he say?” asked M. Seneschal. + +“He says that the Countess Claudieuse has been his mistress.” + +Dr. Seignebos started, and, readjusting his spectacles, he cried +triumphantly,-- + +“I said so! I have guessed it!” + +M. Folgat had, on this occasion, very naturally, no deliberative voice. +He came from Paris, with Paris ideas; and, whatever he might have been +told, the name of the Countess Claudieuse revealed to him nothing. But, +from the effect which it produced upon the others, he could judge what +Jacques’s accusation meant. Far from being of the doctor’s opinion M. +de Chandore and M. Seneschal both seemed to be as much shocked as M. +Magloire. + +“That is incredible,” said one. + +“That is impossible,” added the other. + +M. Magloire shook his head, and said,-- + +“That is exactly what I told Jacques.” + +But the doctor was not the man to be surprised at what public opinion +said, much less to fear it. He exclaimed,-- + +“Don’t you hear what I say? Don’t you understand me? The proof that +the thing is neither so incredible nor so impossible is, that I had +suspected it. And there were signs of it, I should think. Why on earth +should a man like Jacques, young, rich, well made, in love with a +charming girl, and beloved by her, why should he amuse himself with +setting houses on fire, and killing people? You tell me he did not +like Count Claudieuse. Upon my word! If everybody who does not like Dr. +Seignebos were to come and fire at him forthwith, do you know my body +would look like a sieve! Among you all, M. Folgat is the only one who +has not been struck with blindness.” + +The young lawyer tried modestly to protest. + +“Sir”-- + +But the other cut him short, and went on,-- + +“Yes, sir, you saw it all; and the proof of it is, that you at once went +to work in search of the real motive, the heart,--in fine, the woman at +the bottom of the riddle. The proof of it is, that you went and asked +everybody,--Anthony, M. de Chandore, M. Seneschal, and myself,--if M. de +Boiscoran had not now, or had not had, some love-affair in the country. +They all said No, being far from suspecting the truth. I alone, without +giving you a positive answer, told you that I thought as you did, and +told you so in M. de Chandore’s presence.” + +“That is so!” replied the old gentleman and M. Folgat. + +Dr. Seignebos was triumphant. Gesticulating, and continually handling +his spectacles, he added,-- + +“You see I have learnt to mistrust appearances; and hence I had my +misgivings from the beginning. I watched the Countess Claudieuse the +night of the fire; and I saw that she looked embarrassed, troubled, +suspicious. I wondered at her readiness to yield to M. Galpin’s whim, +and to allow Cocoleu to be examined; for I knew that she was the only +one who could ever make that so-called idiot talk. You see I have good +eyes, gentlemen, in spite of my spectacles. Well, I swear by all I hold +most sacred, on my Republican faith, I am ready to affirm upon oath, +that, when Cocoleu uttered Jacques de Boiscoran’s name, the countess +exhibited no sign of surprise.” + +Never before, in their life, had the mayor of Sauveterre and Dr. +Seignebos been able to agree on any subject. This question was not +likely to produce such an effect all of a sudden: hence M. Seneschal +said,-- + +“I was present at Cocoleu’s examination, and I noticed, on the contrary, +the amazement of the countess.” + +The doctor raised his shoulders, and said,-- + +“Certainly she said, ‘Ah!’ But that is no proof. I, also, could very +easily say, ‘Ah!’ if anybody should come and tell me that the mayor of +Sauveterre was in the wrong; and still I should not be surprised.” + +“Doctor!” said M. de Chandore, anxious to conciliate,--“doctor!” + +But Dr. Seignebos had already turned to M. Magloire, whom he was anxious +to convert, and went on,-- + +“Yes, the face of the Countess Claudieuse, expressed amazement; but her +eyes spoke of bitter, fierce hatred, of joy, and of vengeance. And that +is not all. Will you please tell me, Mr. Mayor, when Count Claudieuse +was roused by the fire, was the countess by him? No, she was nursing her +youngest daughter, who had the measles. Hm! What do you think of measles +which make sitting up at night necessary? And when the two shots were +fired, where was the countess then? Still with her daughter, and on the +other side of the house from where the fire was.” + +The mayor of Sauveterre was no less obstinate than the doctor. He at +once objected,-- + +“I beg you will notice, doctor, that Count Claudieuse himself deposed +how, when he ran to the fire, he found the door shut from within, just +as he had left it a few hours before.” + +Dr. Seignebos returned a most ironical bow, and then asked,-- + +“Is there really only one door in the chateau at Valpinson?” + +“To my knowledge,” said M. de Chandore, “there are at least three.” + +“And I must say,” added M. Magloire, “that according to M. de +Boiscoran’s statement, the countess, on that evening, had gone out by +the laundry-door when she came to meet him.” + +“What did I say?” exclaimed the doctor. + +And, wiping his glasses in a perfect rage, he added,-- + +“And the children! Does Mr. Mayor think it natural that the Countess +Claudieuse, this incomparable mother in his estimation, should forget +her children in the height of the fire?” + +“What! The poor woman is called out by the discharge of fire-arms; +she sees her house on fire; she stumbles over the lifeless body of her +husband: and you blame her for not having preserved all her presence of +mind.” + +“That is one view of it; but it is not the one I take. I rather think +that the countess, having been delayed out of doors, was prevented by +the fire from getting in again. I think, also, that Cocoleu came very +opportunely; and that it was very lucky Providence should inspire his +mind with that sublime idea of saving the children at the risk of his +life.” + +This time M. Seneschal made no reply. + +“Supported by all these facts,” continued the doctor, “my suspicions +became so strong that I determined to ascertain the truth, if I could. +The next day I questioned the countess, and, I must confess, rather +treacherously. Her replies and her looks were not such as to modify +my views. When I asked her, looking straight into her eyes, what she +thought of Cocoleu’s mental condition, she nearly fainted; and she +could hardly make me hear her when she said that she occasionally caught +glimpses of intelligence in him. When I asked her if Cocoleu was fond of +her, she said, in a most embarrassed manner, that his devotion was that +of an animal which is grateful for the care taken of him. What do you +think of that, gentlemen? To me it appeared that Cocoleu was at the +bottom of the whole affair; that he knew the truth; and that I should +be able to save Jacques, if I could prove Cocoleu’s imbecility to be +assumed, and his speechlessness to be an imposture. And I would have +proved it, if they had associated with me any one else but this ass and +this jackanapes from Paris.” + +He paused for a few seconds; but, without giving anybody time to reply, +he went on,-- + +“Now, let us go back to our point of departure, and draw our +conclusions. Why do you think it so improbable and impossible that the +countess Claudieuse should have betrayed her duties? Because she has a +world-wide reputation for purity and prudence. Well. But was not Jacques +de Boiscoran’s reputation as a man of honor also above all doubt? +According to your views, it is absurd to suspect the countess of having +had a lover. According to my notions, it is absurd that Jacques should, +overnight, have become a scoundrel.” + +“Oh! that is not the same thing,” said M. Seneschal. + +“Certainly not!” replied the doctor; “and there you are right, for once. +If M. de Boiscoran had committed this crime, it would be one of those +absurd crimes which are revolting to us; but, if committed by the +countess, it is only the catastrophe prepared by Count Claudieuse on the +day when he married a woman thirty years younger than he was.” + +The great wrath of Dr. Seignebos was not always as formidable as it +looked. Even when he appeared to be almost beside himself, he never +said more than he intended to say, possessed as he was of that admirable +southern quality, which enabled him to pour forth fire and flames, and +to remain as cold as ice within, But in this case he showed what he +thought fully. He had said quite enough, too, and had presented the +whole affair under such a new aspect, that his friends became very +thoughtful. + +“You would have converted me, doctor,” said M. Folgat, “if I had not +been of your opinion before.” + +“I am sure,” added M. de Chandore, after hearing the doctor, “the thing +no longer looks impossible.” + +“Nothing is impossible,” said M. Seneschal, like a philosopher. + +The eminent advocate of Sauveterre alone remained unmoved. + +“Well,” said he, “I had rather admit one hour of utter insanity even +than five years of such monstrous hypocrisy. Jacques may have committed +the crime, and be nothing but a madman; but, if the countess is guilty, +one might despair of mankind, and renounce all faith in this world. I +have seen her, gentlemen, with her husband and her children. No one can +feign such looks of tenderness and affection.” + +“He will never give her up!” growled Dr. Seignebos,-- + +And touching his friend on the shoulder,--for M. Magloire had been his +friend for many years, and they were quite intimate,--he said,-- + +“Ah! There I recognize my friend, the strange lawyer, who judges others +by himself, and refuses to believe any thing bad. Oh, do not protest! +For we love and honor you for that very faith, and are proud to see you +among us Republicans. But I must confess you are not the man to bring +light into such a dark intrigue. At twenty-eight you married a girl +whom you loved dearly: you lost her, and ever since you have remained +faithful to her memory, and lived so far from all passions that you no +longer believe in their existence. Happy man! Your heart is still at +twenty; and with your grey hair you still believe in the smiles and +looks of woman.” + +There was much truth in this; but there are certain truths which we are +not overfond of hearing. + +“My simplicity has nothing to do with the matter,” said M. Magloire. “I +affirm and maintain that a man who has been for five years the lover of +a woman must have some proof of it.” + +“Well, there you are mistaken, master,” said the physician, arranging +his spectacles with an air of self-conceit, which, under other +circumstances, would have been irresistibly ludicrous. + +“When women determine to be prudent and suspicious,” remarked M. de +Chandore, “they never are so by halves.” + +“It is evident, besides,” added M. Folgat, “that the Countess Claudieuse +would never have determined upon so bold a crime, if she had not been +quite sure, that after the burning of her letters, no proof could be +brought against her.” + +“That is it!” cried the doctor. + +M. Magloire did not conceal his impatience. He said dryly,-- + +“Unfortunately, gentlemen, it does not depend on you to acquit or +condemn M. de Boiscoran. I am not here to convince you, or to be +convinced: I came to discuss with M. de Boiscoran’s friends our line of +conduct, and the basis of our defence.” + +And M. Magloire was evidently right in this estimate of his duty. He +went and leaned against the mantelpiece; and, when the others had taken +their seats around him, he began,-- + +“In the first place, I will admit the allegations made by M. de +Boiscoran. He is innocent. He has been the lover of Countess Claudieuse; +but he has no proof. This being granted, what is to be done? Shall I +advise him to send for the magistrate, and to confess it all?” + +No one replied at first. It was only after a long silence that Dr. +Seignebos said,-- + +“That would be very serious.” + +“Very serious, indeed,” repeated the famous lawyer. “Our own feelings +give us the measure of what M. Galpin will think. First of all, he, +also, will ask for proof, the evidence of a witness, any thing, in fact. +And, when Jacques tells him that he has nothing to give but his word, M. +Galpin will tell him that he does not speak the truth.” + +“He might, perhaps, consent to extend the investigation,” said M. +Seneschal. “He might possibly summon the countess.” + +M. Magloire nodded, and said,-- + +“He would certainly summon her. But, then, would she confess? It +would be madness to expect that. If she is guilty, she is far too +strong-minded to let the truth escape her. She would deny every thing, +haughtily, magnificently, and in such a manner as not to leave a shadow +of doubt.” + +“That is only too probable,” growled the doctor. “That poor Galpin is +not the strongest of men.” + +“What would be the result of such a step?” asked M. Magloire. “M. de +Boiscoran’s case would be a hundred times worse; for to his crime would +now be added the odium of the meanest, vilest calumny.” + +M. Folgat was following with the utmost attention. He said,-- + +“I am very glad to hear my honorable colleague give utterance to that +opinion. We must give up all hope of delaying the proceedings, and let +M. de Boiscoran go into court at once.” + +M. de Chandore raised his hands to heaven, as if in sheer despair. + +“But Dionysia will die of grief and shame,” he exclaimed. + +M. Magloire, absorbed in his own views, went on,-- + +“Well, here we are now before the court at Sauveterre, before a jury +composed of people from this district, incapable of prevarication, I +am sure, but, unfortunately, under the influence of that public opinion +which has long since condemned M. de Boiscoran. The proceedings begin; +the judge questions the accused. Will he say what he told me,--that, +after having been the lover of the Countess Claudieuse, he had gone to +Valpinson to carry her back her letters, and to get his own, and that +they are all burnt? Suppose he says so. Immediately then there will +arise a storm of indignation; and he will be overwhelmed with curses +and with contempt. Well, thereupon, the president of the court uses his +discretionary powers, suspends the trial, and sends for the Countess +Claudieuse. Since we look upon her as guilty, we must needs endow her +with supernatural energy. She had foreseen what is coming, and has read +over her part. When summoned, she appears, pale, dressed in black; and +a murmur of respectful sympathy greets her at her entrance. You see her +before you, don’t you? The president explains to her why she has been +sent for, and she does not comprehend. She cannot possibly comprehend +such an abominable calumny. But when she has comprehended it? Do you see +the lofty look by which she crushes Jacques, and the grandeur with which +she replies, ‘When this man had failed in trying to murder my husband, +he tried to disgrace his wife. I intrust to you my honor as a mother +and a wife, gentlemen. I shall not answer the infamous charges of this +abject calumniator.’” + +“But that means the galleys for Jacques,” exclaimed M. de Chandore, “or +even the scaffold!” + +“That would be the maximum, at all events,” replied the advocate of +Sauveterre. “But the trial goes on; the prosecuting attorney demands an +overwhelming punishment; and at last the prisoner’s council is called +upon to speak. Gentlemen, you were impatient at my persistence. I do not +credit, I confess, the statement made by M. de Boiscoran. But my young +colleague here does credit it. Well, let him tell us candidly. Would he +dare to plead this statement, and assert that the Countess Claudieuse +had been Jacques’s mistress?” + +M. Folgat looked annoyed. + +“I don’t know,” he said in an undertone. + +“Well, I know you would not,” exclaimed M. Magloire; “and you would be +right, for you would risk your reputation without the slightest chance +of saving Jacques. Yes, no chance whatever! For after all, let us +suppose, what can hardly be even supposed, you should prove that Jacques +has told the truth, that he has been the lover of the countess. What +would happen then? They arrest the countess. Do they release M. de +Boiscoran on that account? Certainly not! They keep him in prison, and +say to him. ‘This woman has attempted her husband’s life; but she had +been your mistress, and you are her accomplice.’ + +“That is the situation, gentlemen!” + +M. Magloire had stripped it of all unnecessary comments, of idle +conjecture, and all sentimental phraseology, and placed it before them +as it had to be looked at, in all its fearful simplicity. + +Grandpapa Chandore was terrified. He rose, and said in an almost +inaudible voice,-- + +“Ah, all is over indeed! Innocent, or guilty, Jacques de Boiscoran will +be condemned.” + +M. Magloire made no reply. + +“And that is,” continued the old gentleman, “what you call justice!” + +“Alas!” sighed M. Seneschal, “it is useless to deny it: trials by jury +are a lottery.” + +M. de Chandore, driven nearly to madness by his despair, interrupted +him,-- + +“In other words, Jacques’s honor and life depend at this hour on a +chance,--on the weather on the day of the trial, or the health of a +juror. And if Jacques was the only one! But there is Dionysia’s life, +gentlemen, my child’s life, also at stake. If you strike Jacques, you +strike Dionysia!” + +M. Folgat could hardly restrain a tear. M. Seneschal, and even the +doctor, shuddered at such grief in an old man, who was threatened in all +that was dearest to him,--in his one great love upon earth. He had +taken the hand of the great advocate of Sauveterre, and, pressing it +convulsively, he went on,-- + +“You will save him, Magloire, won’t you? What does it matter whether he +be innocent or guilty, since Dionysia loves him? You have saved so many +in your life! It is well known the judges cannot resist the weight of +your words. You will find means to save a poor, unhappy man who once was +your friend.” + +The eminent lawyer looked cast-down, as if he had been guilty himself. +When Dr. Seignebos saw this, he exclaimed,-- + +“What do you mean, friend Magloire? Are you no longer the man whose +marvellous eloquence is the pride of our country? Hold your head up: for +shame! Never was a nobler cause intrusted to you.” + +But he shook his head, and murmured,-- + +“I have no faith in it; and I cannot plead when my conscience does not +furnish the arguments.” + +And becoming more and more embarrassed, he added,-- + +“Seignebos was right in saying just now, I am not the man for such a +cause. Here all my experience would be of no use. It will be better to +intrust it to my young brother here.” + +For the first time in his life, M. Folgat came here upon a case such +as enables a man to rise to eminence, and to open a great future before +him. For the first time, he came upon a case in which were united all +the elements of supreme interest,--greatness of crime, eminence +of victim, character of the accused, mystery, variety of opinions, +difficulty of defence, and uncertainty of issue,--one of those causes +for which an advocate is filled with enthusiasm, which he seizes upon +with all his energies, and in which he shares all the anxiety and all +the hopes with his client. + +He would readily have given five years’ income to be offered the +management of this case; but he was, above all, an honest man. He said, +therefore,-- + +“You would not think of abandoning M. de Boiscoran, M. Magloire?” + +“You will be more useful to him than I can be,” was the reply. + +Perhaps M. Folgat was inwardly of the same opinion. Still he said,-- + +“You have not considered what an effect this would have.” + +“Oh!” + +“What would the public think if they heard all of a sudden that you +had withdrawn? ‘This affair of M. de Boiscoran must be a very bad one +indeed,’ they would say, ‘that M. Magloire should refuse to plead in +it.’ And that would be an additional burden laid upon the unfortunate +man.” + +The doctor gave his friend no time to reply. + +“Magloire is not at liberty to withdraw,” he said, “but he has the right +to associate a brother-lawyer with himself. He must remain the +advocate and counsel of M. de Boiscoran; but M. Folgat can lend him the +assistance of his advice, the support of his youth and his activity, and +even of his eloquence.” + +A passing blush colored the cheeks of the young lawyer. + +“I am entirely at M. Magloire’s service,” he said. + +The famous advocate of Sauveterre considered a while. After a few +moments he turned to his young colleague, and asked him,-- + +“Have you any plan? Any idea? What would you do?” + +To the astonishment of all, M. Folgat now revealed his true character +to some extent. He looked taller, his face brightened up, his eyes shone +brightly, and he said in a full, sonorous voice,--a voice which by its +metallic ring made all hearts vibrate,-- + +“First of all, I should go and see M. de Boiscoran. He alone should +determine my final decision. But my plan is formed now. I, gentlemen, +I have faith, as I told you before. The man whom Miss Dionysia loves +cannot be a criminal. What would I do? I would prove the truth of M. +de Boiscoran’s statement. Can that be done? I hope so. He tells us +that there are no proofs or witnesses of his intimacy with the +Countess Claudieuse. I am sure he is mistaken. She has shown, he says, +extraordinary care and prudence. That may be. But mistrust challenges +suspicion; and, when you take the greatest precautions, you are most +likely to be watched. You want to hide, and you are discovered. You see +nobody; but they see you. + +“If I were charged with the defence, I should commence to-morrow a +counter-investigation. We have money, the Marquis de Boiscoran has +influential connections; and we should have help everywhere. Before +forty-eight hours are gone, I should have experienced agents at work. +I know Vine Street in Passy: it is a lonely street; but it has eyes, +as all streets have. Why should not some of these eyes have noticed the +mysterious visits of the countess? My agents would inquire from house +to house. Nor would it be necessary to mention names. They would not +be charged with a search after the Countess Claudieuse, but after an +unknown lady, dressed so and so; and, if they should discover any one +who had seen her, and who could identify her, that man would be our +first witness. + +“In the meantime, I should go in search of this friend of M. de +Boiscoran’s, this Englishman, whose name he assumed; and the London +police would aid me in my efforts. If that Englishman is dead, we would +hear of it, and it would be a misfortune. If he is only at the other end +of the world, the transatlantic cable enables us to question him, and to +be answered in a week. + +“I should, at the same time, have sent detectives after that English +maid-servant who attended to the house in Vine Street. M. de Boiscoran +declares that she has never even caught a glimpse of the countess. I do +not believe it. It is out of question that a servant should not wish for +the means, and find them, of seeing the face of the woman who comes to +see her master. + +“And that is not all. There were other people who came to the house in +Vine Street. I should examine them one by one,--the gardener and his +help, the water-carrier, the upholsterer, the errand-boys of all the +merchants. Who can say whether one of them is not in possession of this +truth which we are seeking? + +“Finally, when a woman has spent so many days in a house, it is almost +impossible that she should not have left some traces of her passage +behind her. Since then, you will say, there has been the war, and then +the commune. Nevertheless, I should examine the ruins, every tree in the +garden, every pane in the windows: I should compel the very mirrors that +have escaped destruction to give me back the image which they have so +often reflected.” + +“Ah, I call that speaking!” cried the doctor, full of enthusiasm. + +The others trembled with excitement. They felt that the struggle was +commencing. But, unmindful of the impression he had produced, M. Folgat +went on,-- + +“Here in Sauveterre, the task would be more difficult; but, in case of +success, the result, also, would be more decided. I should bring down +from Paris one of those keen, subtle detectives who have made an art of +their profession, and I should know how to stimulate his vanity. He, of +course, would have to know every thing, even the names; but there would +be no danger in that. His desire to succeed, the splendor of the reward, +even his professional habits, would be our security. He would come down +secretly, concealed under whatever disguise would appear to him most +useful for his purpose; and he would begin once more, for the benefit of +the defence, the investigation carried on by M. Galpin for the benefit +of the prosecution. Would he find out any thing? We can but hope so. I +know detectives, who, by the aid of smaller material, have unravelled +far deeper mysteries.” + +Grandpapa Chandore, excellent M. Seneschal, Dr. Seignebos, and even M. +Magloire, were literally drinking in the words of the Paris lawyer. + +“Is that all, gentlemen?” he continued. “By no means! Thanks to +his great experience, Dr. Seignebos had, on the very first day, +instinctively guessed who was the most important personage of this +mysterious drama.” + +“Cocoleu!” + +“Exactly, Cocoleu. Whether he be actor, confident, or eye-witness, +Cocoleu has evidently the key to this mystery. This key we must make +every effort to obtain from him. Medical experts have just declared him +idiotic; nevertheless, we protest. We claim that the imbecility of this +wretch is partly assumed. We maintain that his obstinate silence is +a vile imposture. What! he should have intelligence enough to testify +against us, and yet not have left enough of it now to explain, or even +to repeat his evidence? That is inadmissible. We maintain that he keeps +silent now just as he spoke that night,--by order. If his silence was +less profitable for the prosecution, they would soon find means to break +it. We demand that such means should be employed. We demand that the +person who has before been able to loosen his tongue should be sent +for, and ordered to try the experiment over again. We call for a +new examination by experts: we cannot judge all of a sudden, and +in forty-eight hours, what is the true mental condition of a man, +especially when that man is suspected of being an impostor. And we +require, above all, that these new experts should be qualified by +knowledge and experience.” + +Dr. Seignebos was quivering with excitement. He heard all his own ideas +repeated in a concise, energetic manner. + +“Yes,” he cried, “that is the way to do it! Let me have full power, and +in less than a fortnight Cocoleu is unmasked.” + +Less expansive, the eminent advocate of Sauveterre simply shook hands +with M. Folgat, and said,-- + +“You see, M. de Boiscoran’s case ought to be put in your hands.” + +The young lawyer made no effort to protest. When he began to speak, his +determination was already formed. + +“Whatever can humanly be done,” he replied, “I will do. If I accept the +task, I shall devote myself body and soul to it. But I insist upon it, +it is understood, and must be publicly announced, that M. Magloire does +not withdraw from the case, and that I act only as his junior.” + +“Agreed,” said the old advocate. + +“Well. When shall we go and see M. de Boiscoran?” + +“To-morrow morning.” + +“I can, of course, take no steps till I have seen him.” + +“Yes, but you cannot be admitted, except by a special permission from M. +Galpin; and I doubt if we can procure that to-day.” + +“That is provoking.” + +“No, since we have our work all cut out for to-day. We have to go over +all the papers of the proceedings, which the magistrate has placed in my +hands.” + +Dr. Seignebos was boiling over with impatience. He broke in,-- + +“Oh, what words! Go to work, Mr. Advocate, to work, I say. Come, shall +we go?” + +They were leaving the room when M. de Chandore called them back by a +gesture. He said,-- + +“So far, gentlemen, we have thought of Jacques alone. And Dionysia?” + +The others looked at him, full of surprise. + +“What am I to say if she asks me what the result of M. Magloire’s +interview with Jacques has been, and why you would say nothing in her +presence?” + +Dr. Seignebos had confessed it more than once: he was no friend of +concealment. + +“You will tell her the truth,” was his advice. + +“What? How can I tell her that Jacques has been the lover of the +Countess Claudieuse?” + +“She will hear of it sooner or later. Miss Dionysia is a sensible, +energetic girl.” + +“Yes; but Miss Dionysia is as ignorant as a holy angel,” broke in M. +Folgat eagerly, “and she loves M. de Boiscoran. Why should we trouble +the purity of her thoughts and her happiness? Is she not unhappy enough? +M. de Boiscoran is no longer kept in close confinement. He will see his +betrothed, and, if he thinks proper, he can tell her. He alone has the +right to do so. I shall, however, dissuade him. From what I know of Miss +Chandore’s character, it would be impossible for her to control herself, +if she should meet the Countess Claudieuse.” + +“M. de Chandore ought not to say any thing,” said M. Magloire +decisively. “It is too much already, to have to intrust the marchioness +with the secret; for you must not forget, gentlemen, that the slightest +indiscretion would certainly ruin all of M. Folgat’s delicate plans.” + +Thereupon all went out; and M. de Chandore, left alone, said to +himself,-- + +“Yes, they are right; but what am I to say?” + +He was thinking it over almost painfully, when a maid came in, and told +him that Miss Dionysia wanted to see him. + +“I am coming,” he said. + +And he followed her with heavy steps, and trying to compose his features +so as to efface all traces of the terrible emotions through which he +had passed. The two aunts had taken Dionysia and the marchioness to +the parlor in the upper story. Here M. de Chandore found them all +assembled,--the marchioness, pale and overcome, extended in an +easy-chair; but Dionysia, walking up and down with burning cheeks and +blazing eyes. As soon as he entered, she asked him in a sharp, sad +voice,-- + +“Well? There is no hope, I suppose.” + +“More hope than ever, on the contrary,” he replied, trying to smile. + +“Then why did M. De Magloire send us all out?” + +The old gentleman had had time to prepare a fib. + +“Because M. Magloire had to tell us a piece of bad news. There is no +chance of no true bill being found. Jacques will have to appear in +court.” + +The marchioness jumped up like a piece of mechanism, and cried,-- + +“What! Jacques before the assizes? My son? A Boiscoran?” And she fell +back into her chair. Not a muscle in Dionysia’s face had moved. She said +in a strange tone of voice,-- + +“I was prepared for something worse. One may avoid the court.” + +With these words she left the room, shutting the door so violently, that +both the Misses Lavarande hastened after her. Now M. de Chandore thought +he might speak freely. He stood up before the marchioness, and gave vent +to that fearful wrath which had been rising within him for a long time. + +“Your son,” he cried, “your Jacques, I wish he were dead a thousand +times! The wretch who is killing my child, for you see he is killing +her.” + +And, without pity, he told her the whole story of Jacques and the +Countess Claudieuse. The marchioness was overcome. She had even ceased +to sob, and had not strength enough left to ask him to have pity on her. +And, when he had ended, she whispered to herself with an expression of +unspeakable suffering,-- + +“Adultery! Oh, my God! what punishment!” + + + +XVI. + +M. Folgat and M. Magloire went to the courthouse; and, as they descended +the steep street from M. de Chandore’s house, the Paris lawyer said,-- + +“M. Galpin must fancy himself wonderfully safe in his position, that +he should grant the defence permission to see all the papers of the +prosecution.” + +Ordinarily such leave is given only after the court has begun +proceedings against the accused, and the presiding judge has questioned +him. This looks like crying injustice to the prisoner; and hence +arrangements can be made by which the rigor of the law is somewhat +mitigated. With the consent of the commonwealth attorney, and upon +his responsibility, the magistrate who had carried on the preliminary +investigation may inform the accused, or his counsel, by word of mouth, +or by a copy of all or of part, of what has happened during the first +inquiry. That is what M. Galpin had done. + +And on the part of a man who was ever ready to interpret the law in its +strictest meaning, and who no more dared proceed without authority for +every step than a blind man without his staff,--or on the part of such +a man, an enemy, too, of M. de Boiscoran, this permission granted to +the defence was full of meaning. But did it really mean what M. Folgat +thought it did? + +“I am almost sure you are mistaken,” said M. Magloire. “I know the +good man, having practiced with him for many years. If he were sure +of himself, he would be pitiless. If he is kind, he is afraid. This +concession is a door which he keeps open, in case of defeat.” + +The eminent counsel was right. However well convinced M. Galpin might be +of Jacques’s guilt, he was still very much troubled about his means of +defence. Twenty examinations had elicited nothing from his prisoner but +protestations of innocence. When he was driven to the wall, he would +reply,-- + +“I shall explain when I have seen my counsel.” + +This is often the reply of the most stupid scamp, who only wants to gain +time. But M. Galpin knew his former friend, and had too high an opinion +of his mind, not to fear that there was something serious beneath his +obstinate silence. + +What was it? A clever falsehood? a cunningly-devised _alibi_? Or +witnesses bribed long beforehand? + +M. Galpin would have given much to know. And it was for the purpose +of finding it out sooner, that he had given the permission. Before he +granted it, however, he had conferred with the commonwealth attorney. +Excellent M. Daubigeon, whom he found, as usual, admiring the beautiful +gilt edging of his beloved books, had treated him badly. + +“Do you come for any more signatures?” he had exclaimed. “You shall have +them. If you want any thing else, your servant. + +“‘When the blunder is made, +It is too late, I tell thee, to come for advice.’” + +However discouraging such a welcome might be, M. Galpin did not give up +his purpose. He said in his bitterest tone,-- + +“You still insist that it is a blunder to do one’s duty. Has not a crime +been committed? Is it not my duty to find out the author, and to have +him punished? Well? Is it my fault if the author of this crime is an old +friend of mine, and if I was once upon a time on the point of marrying +a relation of his? There is no one in court who doubts M. de Boiscoran’s +guilt; there is no one who dares blame me: and yet they are all as cold +as ice towards me.” + +“Such is the world,” said M. Daubigeon with a face full of irony. “They +praise virtue; but they hate it.” + +“Well, yes! that is so,” cried M. Galpin in his turn. “Yes, they blame +people who have done what they had not the courage to do. The attorney +general has congratulated me, because he judges things from on high +and impartially. Here cliques are all-powerful. Even those who ought +to encourage and support me, cry out against me. My natural ally, the +commonwealth attorney, forsakes me and laughs at me. The president +of the court, my immediate superior, said to me this morning with +intolerable irony, ‘I hardly know any magistrate who would be able as +you are to sacrifice his relations and his friends to the interests of +truth and justice. You are one of the ancients: you will rise high.’” + +His friend could not listen any further. He said,-- + +“Let us break off there: we shall never understand each other. Is +Jacques de Boiscoran innocent, or guilty? I do not know. But I do know +that he was the pleasantest man in the world, an admirable host, a good +talker, a scholar, and that he owned the finest editions of Horace and +Juvenal that I have ever seen. I liked him. I like him still; and it +distresses me to think of him in prison. I know that we had the most +pleasant relations with each other, and that now they are broken off. +And you, you complain! Am I the ambitious man? Do I want to have my +name connected with a world-famous trial? M. de Boiscoran will in all +probability be condemned. You ought to be delighted. And still you +complain? Why, one cannot have everything. Who ever undertook a great +enterprise, and never repented of it?” + +After that there was nothing left for M. Galpin but to go away. He did +go in a fury, but at the same time determined to profit by the rude +truths which M. Daubigeon had told him; for he knew very well that his +friend represented in his views nearly the whole community. He was +fully prepared to carry out his plan. Immediately after his return, he +communicated the papers of the prosecution to the defence, and directed +his clerk to show himself as obliging as he could. M. Mechinet was not +a little surprised at these orders. He knew his master thoroughly,--this +magistrate, whose shadow he had been now for so many years. + +“You are afraid, dear sir,” he had said to himself. + +And as M. Galpin repeated the injunction, adding that the honor of +justice required the utmost courtesy when rigor was not to be employed, +the old clerk replied very gravely,-- + +“Oh! be reassured, sir. I shall not be wanting in courtesy.” + +But, as soon as the magistrate turned his back, Mechinet laughed aloud. + +“He would not recommend me to be obliging,” he thought, “if he suspected +the truth, and knew how far I am devoted to the defence. What a fury +he would be in, if he should ever find out that I have betrayed all the +secrets of the investigation, that I have carried letters to and from +the prisoner, that I have made of Trumence an accomplice, and of Blangin +the jailer an agent, that I have helped Miss Dionysia to visit her +betrothed in jail!” + +For he had done all this four times more than enough to be dismissed +from his place, and even to become, at least for some months, one of +Blangin’s boarders. He shivered all down his back when he thought of +this; and he had been furiously angry, when, one evening, his sisters, +the devout seamstresses, had taken it into their heads to say to him,-- + +“Certainly, Mechinet, you are a different man ever since that visit of +Miss Chandore.” + +“Abominable talkers!” he had exclaimed, in a tone of voice which +frightened them out of their wits. “Do you want to see me hanged?” + +But, if he had these attacks of rage, he felt not a moment’s remorse. +Miss Dionysia had completely bewitched him; and he judged M. Galpin’s +conduct as severely as she did. + +To be sure, M. Galpin had done nothing contrary to law; but he had +violated the spirit of the law. Having once summoned courage to +begin proceedings against his friend, he had not been able to remain +impartial. Afraid of being charged with timidity, he had exaggerated his +severity. And, above all, he had carried on the inquiry solely in the +interests of a conviction, as if the crime had been proved, and the +prisoner had not protested his innocence. + +Now, Mechinet firmly believed in this innocence; and he was fully +persuaded that the day on which Jacques de Boiscoran saw his counsel +would be the day of his justification. This will show with what +eagerness he went to the court-house to wait for M. Magloire. + +But at noon the great lawyer had not yet come. He was still consulting +with M. de Chandore. + +“Could any thing amiss have happened?” thought the clerk. + +And his restlessness was so great, that, instead of going home to +breakfast with his sisters, he sent an office-boy for a roll and a glass +of water. At last, as three o’clock struck, M. Magloire and M. Folgat +arrived; and Mechinet saw at once in their faces, that he had been +mistaken, and that Jacques had not explained. Still, before M. Magloire, +he did not dare inquire. + +“Here are the papers,” he said simply, putting upon the table an immense +box. + +Then, drawing M. Folgat aside, he asked,-- + +“What is the matter, pray?” + +The clerk had certainly acted so well, that they could have no secret +from him; and he so was fully committed, that there was no danger in +relying upon his discretion. Still M. Folgat did not dare to mention the +name of the Countess Claudieuse; and he replied evasively,-- + +“This is the matter: M. de Boiscoran explains fully; but he had no +proofs for his statement, and we are busy collecting proofs.” + +Then he went and sat down by M. Magloire, who was already deep in the +papers. With the help of those documents, it was easy to follow step by +step M. Galpin’s work, to see the efforts he had made, and to comprehend +his strategy. + +First of all, the two lawyers looked for the papers concerning Cocoleu. +They found none. Of the statement of the idiot on the night of the +fire, of the efforts made since to obtain from him a repetition of this +evidence, of the report of the experts,--of all this there was not a +trace to be found. + +M. Galpin dropped Cocoleu. He had a right to do so. The prosecution, of +course, only keeps those witnesses which it thinks useful, and drops all +the others. + +“Ah, the scamp is clever!” growled M. Magloire in his disappointment. + +It was really very well done. M. Galpin deprived by this step the +defence of one of their surest means, of one of those incidents in a +trial which are apt to affect the mind of the jury so powerfully. + +“We can, however, summon him at any time,” said M. Magloire. + +They might do so, it is true; but what a difference it would make! If +Cocoleu appeared for M. Galpin, he was a witness for the prosecution, +and the defence could exclaim with indignation,-- + +“What! You suspect the prisoner upon the evidence of such a creature?” + +But, if he had to be summoned by the defence, he became prisoner’s +evidence, that is to say, one of those witnesses whom the jury always +suspect; and then the prosecution would exclaim,-- + +“What do you hope for from a poor idiot, whose mental condition is such, +that we refused his evidence when it might have been most useful to us?” + +“If we have to go into court,” murmured M. Folgat, “here is certainly a +considerable chance of which we are deprived. The whole character of the +case is changed. But, then, how can M. Galpin prove the guilt?” + +Oh! in the simplest possible manner. He started from the fact that Count +Claudieuse was able to give the precise hour at which the crime was +committed. Thence he passed on immediately to the deposition of young +Ribot, who had met M. de Boiscoran on his way to Valpinson, crossing the +marshes, before the crime, and to that of Gaudry, who had seen him come +back from Valpinson through the woods, after the crime. Three other +witnesses who had turned up during the investigation confirmed this +evidence; and by these means alone, and by comparing the hours, M. +Galpin succeeded in proving, almost beyond doubt, that the accused had +gone to Valpinson, and nowhere else, and that he had been there at the +time the crime was committed. + +What was he doing there? + +To this question the prosecution replied by the evidence taken on the +first day of the inquiry, by the water in which Jacques had washed his +hands, the cartridge-case found near the house, and the identity of the +shot extracted from the count’s wounds with those seized with the gun at +Boiscoran. + +Every thing was plain, precise, and formidable, admitting of no +discussion, no doubt, no suggestion. It looked like a mathematical +deduction. + +“Whether he be innocent or guilty,” said M. Magloire to his young +colleague, “Jacques is lost, if we cannot get hold of some evidence +against the Countess Claudieuse. And even in that case, even if it +should be established that she is guilty, Jacques will always be looked +upon as her accomplice.” + +Nevertheless, they spent a part of the night in going over all the +papers carefully, and in studying every point made by the prosecution. + +Next morning, about nine o’clock, having had only a few hours’ sleep, +they went together to the prison. + + + +XVII. + +The night before, the jailer of Sauveterre had said to his wife, at +supper,-- + +“I am tired of the life I am leading here. They have paid me for my +place, have not they? Well, I mean to go.” + +“You are a fool!” his wife had replied. “As long as M. de Boiscoran is +a prisoner there is a chance of profit. You don’t know how rich those +Chandores are. You ought to stay.” + +Like many other husbands, Blangin fancied he was master in his own +house. + +He remonstrated. He swore to make the ceiling fall down upon him. He +demonstrated by the strength of his arm that he was master. But-- + +But, notwithstanding all this, Mrs. Blangin having decided that he +should stay, he did stay. Sitting in front of his jail, and given up to +the most dismal presentiments, he was smoking his pipe, when M. Magloire +and M. Folgat appeared at the prison, and handed him M. Galpin’s permit. +He rose as they came in. He was afraid of them, not knowing whether they +were in Miss Dionysia’s secret or not. He therefore politely doffed his +worsted cap, took his pipe from his mouth, and said,-- + +“Ah! You come to see M. de Boiscoran, gentlemen? I will show you in: +just give me time to go for my keys.” + +M. Magloire held him back. + +“First of all,” he said, “how is M. de Boiscoran?” + +“Only so-so,” replied the jailer. + +“What is the matter?” + +“Why, what is the matter with all prisoners when they see that things +are likely to turn out badly for them?” + +The two lawyers looked at each other sadly. + +It was clear that Blangin thought Jacques guilty, and that was a bad +omen. The persons who stand guard over prisoners have generally a very +keen scent; and not unfrequently lawyers consult them, very much as +an author consults the actors of the theatre on which his piece is to +appear. + +“Has he told you any thing?” asked M. Folgat. + +“Me personally, nothing,” replied the jailer. + +And shaking his head, he added,-- + +“But you know we have our experience. When a prisoner has been with +his counsel, I almost always go up to see him, and to offer him +something,--a little trifle to set him up again. So yesterday, after M. +Magloire had been here, I climbed up”-- + +“And you found M. de Boiscoran sick?” + +“I found him in a pitiful condition, gentlemen. He lay on his stomach on +his bed, his head in the pillow, and stiff as a corpse. I was some time +in his cell before he heard me. I shook my keys, I stamped, I coughed. +No use. I became frightened. I went up to him, and took him by the +shoulder. ‘Eh, sir!’ Great God! he leaped up as if shot and, sitting +up, he said, ‘What to you want?’ Of course, I tried to console him, to +explain to him that he ought to speak out; that it is rather unpleasant +to appear in court, but that people don’t die of it; that they even come +out of it as white as snow, if they have a good advocate. I might just +as well have been singing, ‘O sensible woman.’ The more I said, the +fiercer he looked; and at last he cried, without letting me finish, ‘Get +out from here! Leave me!’” + +He paused a moment to take a whiff at his pipe; but it had gone out: he +put it in his pocket, and went on,-- + +“I might have told him that I had a right to come into the cells +whenever I liked, and to stay there as long as it pleases me. But +prisoners are like children: you must not worry them. But I opened the +wicket, and I remained there, watching him. Ah, gentlemen, I have been +here twenty years, and I have seen many desperate men; but I never saw +any despair like this young man’s. He had jumped up as soon as I turned +my back, and he was walking up and down, sobbing aloud. He looked +as pale as death; and the big tears were running down his cheeks in +torrents.” + +M. Magloire felt each one of these details like a stab at his heart. His +opinion had not materially changed since the day before; but he had had +time to reflect, and to reproach himself for his harshness. + +“I was at my post for an hour at least,” continued the jailer, “when all +of a sudden M. de Boiscoran throws himself upon the door, and begins +to knock at it with his feet, and to call as loud as he can. I keep him +waiting a little while, so he should not know I was so near by, and then +I open, pretending to have hurried up ever so fast. As soon as I show +myself he says, ‘I have the right to receive visitors, have I not? And +nobody has been to see me?’--‘No one.’--‘Are you sure?’--‘Quite sure.’ I +thought I had killed him. He put his hands to his forehead this way; and +then he said, ‘No one!--no mother, no betrothed, no friend! Well, it +is all over. I am no longer in existence. I am forgotten, abandoned, +disowned.’ He said this in a voice that would have drawn tears from +stones; and I, I suggested to him to write a letter, which I would send +to M. de Chandore. But he became furious at once, and cried, ‘No, never! +Leave me. There is nothing left for me but death.’” + +M. Folgat had not uttered a word; but his pallor betrayed his emotions. + +“You will understand, gentlemen,” Blangin went on, “that I did not +feel quite reassured. It is a bad cell that in which M. de Boiscoran is +staying. Since I have been at Sauveterre, one man has killed himself +in it, and one man has tried to commit suicide. So I called Trumence, a +poor vagrant who assists me in the jail; and we arranged it that one of +us would always be on guard, never losing the prisoner out of sight for +a moment. But it was a useless precaution. At night, when they carried +M. de Boiscoran his supper, he was perfectly calm; and he even said he +would try to eat something to keep his strength. Poor man! If he has no +other strength than what his meal would give him, he won’t go far. He +had not swallowed four mouthfuls, when he was almost smothered; and +Trumence and I at one time thought he would die on our hands: I almost +thought it might be fortunate. However, about nine o’clock he was a +little better; and he remained all night long at his window.” + +M. Magloire could stand it no longer. + +“Let us go up,” he said to his colleague. + +They went up. But, as they entered the passage, they noticed Trumence, +who was making signs to them to step lightly. + +“What is the matter?” they asked in an undertone. + +“I believe he is asleep,” replied the prisoner. “Poor man! Who knows but +he dreams he is free, and in his beautiful chateau?” + +M. Folgat went on tiptoe to the wicket. But Jacques had waked up. He +had heard steps and voices, and he had just risen. Blangin, therefore, +opened the door; and at once M. Magloire said the prisoner,-- + +“I bring you reenforcements,--M. Folgat, my colleague, who has come down +from Paris, with your mother.” + +Coolly, and without saying a word, M. de Boiscoran bowed. + +“I see you are angry with me,” continued M. Magloire. “I was too quick +yesterday, much too quick.” + +Jacques shook his head, and said in an icy tone,-- + +“I was angry; but I have reflected since, and now I thank you for your +candor. At least, I know my fate. Innocent though I be, if I go into +court, I shall be condemned as an incendiary and a murderer. I shall +prefer not going into court at all.” + +“Poor man! But all hope is not lost.” + +“Yes. Who would believe me, if you, my friend, cannot believe me?” + +“I would,” said M. Folgat promptly, “I, who, without knowing you, from +the beginning believed in your innocence,--I who, now that I have seen +you, adhere to my conviction.” + +Quicker than thought, M. de Boiscoran had seized the young advocate’s +hand, and, pressing it convulsively, said,-- + +“Thanks, oh, thanks for that word alone! I bless you, sir, for the faith +you have in me!” + +This was the first time that the unfortunate man, since his arrest, felt +a ray of hope. Alas! it passed in a second. His eye became dim again; +his brow clouded over; and he said in a hoarse voice,-- + +“Unfortunately, nothing can be done for me now. No doubt M. Magloire has +told you my sad history and my statement. I have no proof; or at least, +to furnish proof, I would have to enter into details which the court +would refuse to admit; or if by a miracle they were admitted, I should +be ruined forever by them. They are confidences which cannot be spoken +of, secrets which are never betrayed, veils which must not be lifted. +It is better to be condemned innocent than to be acquitted infamous and +dishonored. Gentlemen, I decline being defended.” + +What was his desperate purpose that he should have come to such a +decision? + +His counsel trembled as they thought they guessed it. + +“You have no right,” said M. Folgat, “to give yourself up thus.” + +“Why not?” + +“Because you are not alone in your trouble, sir. Because you have +relations, friends, and”-- + +A bitter, ironical smile appeared on the lips of Jacques de Boiscoran as +he broke in,-- + +“What do I owe to them, if they have not even the courage to wait for +the sentence to be pronounced before they condemn me? Their merciless +verdict has actually anticipated that of the jury. It was to an unknown +person, to you, M. Folgat, that I had to be indebted for the first +expression of sympathy.” + +“Ah, that is not so,” exclaimed M. Magloire, “you know very well.” + +Jacques did not seem to hear him. He went on,-- + +“Friends? Oh, yes! I had friends in my days of prosperity. There was M. +Galpin and M. Daubigeon: they were my friends. One has become my +judge, the most cruel and pitiless of judges; and the other, who +is commonwealth attorney, has not even made an effort to come to my +assistance. M. Magloire also used to be a friend of mine, and told me a +hundred times, that I could count upon him as I count upon myself, and +that was my reason to choose him as my counsel; and, when I endeavored +to convince him of my innocence, he told me I lied.” + +Once more the eminent advocate of Sauveterre tried to protest; but it +was in vain. + +“Relations!” continued Jacques with a voice trembling with +indignation--“oh, yes! I have relations, a father and a mother. +Where are they when their son, victimized by unheard-of fatality, is +struggling in the meshes of a most odious and infamous plot? + +“My father stays quietly in Paris, devoted to his pursuits and usual +pleasures. My mother has come down to Sauveterre. She is here now; and +she has been told that I am at liberty to receive visitors: but in vain. +I was hoping for her yesterday; but the wretch who is accused of a crime +is no longer her son! She never came. No one came. Henceforth I stand +alone in the world; and now you see why I have a right to dispose of +myself.” + +M. Folgat did not think for a moment of discussing the point. It would +have been useless. Despair never reasons. He only said,-- + +“You forget Miss Chandore, sir.” + +Jacques turned crimson all over, and he murmured, trembling in all his +limbs,-- + +“Dionysia!” + +“Yes, Dionysia,” said the young advocate. “You forget her courage, her +devotion, and all she has done for you. Can you say that she abandons +and denies you,--she who set aside all her reserve and her timidity +for your sake, and came and spent a whole night in this prison? She was +risking nothing less than her maidenly honor; for she might have been +discovered or betrayed. She knew that very well, nevertheless she did +not hesitate.” + +“Ah! you are cruel, sir,” broke in Jacques. + +And pressing the lawyer’s arm hard, he went on,-- + +“And do you not understand that her memory kills me, and that my misery +is all the greater as I know but too well what bliss I am losing? Do you +not see that I love Dionysia as woman never was loved before? Ah, if my +life alone was at stake! I, at least, I have to make amends for a great +wrong; but she--Great God, why did I ever come across her path?” + +He remained for a moment buried in thought; then he added,-- + +“And yet she, also, did not come yesterday. Why? Oh! no doubt they have +told her all. They have told her how I came to be at Valpinson the night +of the crime.” + +“You are mistaken, Jacques,” said M. Magloire. “Miss Chandore knows +nothing.” + +“Is it possible?” + +“M. Magloire did not speak in her presence,” added M. Folgat; “and we +have bound over M. de Chandore to secrecy. I insisted upon it that you +alone had the right to tell the truth to Miss Dionysia.” + +“Then how does she explain it to herself that I am not set free?” + +“She cannot explain it.” + +“Great God! she does not also think I am guilty?” + +“If you were to tell her so yourself, she would not believe you.” + +“And still she never came here yesterday.” + +“She could not. Although they told her nothing, your mother had to be +told. The marchioness was literally thunderstruck. She remained for more +than an hour unconscious in Miss Dionysia’s arms. When she recovered her +consciousness, her first words were for you; but it was then too late to +be admitted here.” + +When M. Folgat mentioned Miss Dionysia’s name, he had found the surest, +and perhaps the only means to break Jacques’s purpose. + +“How can I ever sufficiently thank you, sir?” asked the latter. + +“By promising me that you will forever abandon that fatal resolve which +you had formed,” replied the young advocate. “If you were guilty, I +should be the first to say, ‘Be it so!’ and I would furnish you with the +means. Suicide would be an expiation. But, as you are innocent, you have +no right to kill yourself: suicide would be a confession.” + +“What am I to do?” + +“Defend yourself. Fight.” + +“Without hope?” + +“Yes, even without hope. When you faced the Prussians, did you ever +think of blowing out your brains? No! and yet you knew that they were +superior in numbers, and would conquer, in all probability. Well, you +are once more in face of the enemy; and even if you were certain of +being conquered, that is to say, of being condemned, and it was the +day before you should have to mount the scaffold, I should still say, +‘Fight. You must live on; for up to that hour something may happen which +will enable us to discover the guilty one.’ And, if no such event +should happen, I should repeat, nevertheless, ‘You must wait for the +executioner in order to protest from the scaffold against the judicial +murder, and once more to affirm your innocence.’” + +As M. Folgat uttered these words, Jacques had gradually recovered his +bearing; and now he said,-- + +“Upon my honor, sir, I promise you I will hold out to the bitter end.” + +“Well!” said M. Magloire,--“very well!” + +“First of all,” replied M. Folgat, “I mean to recommence, for our +benefit the investigation which M. Galpin has left incomplete. To-night +your mother and I will leave for Paris. I have come to ask you for the +necessary information, and for the means to explore your house in Vine +Street, to discover the friend whose name you assumed, and the servant +who waited upon you.” + +The bolts were drawn as he said this; and at the open wicket appeared +Blangin’s rubicund face. + +“The Marchioness de Boiscoran,” he said, “is in the parlor, and begs you +will come down as soon as you have done with these gentlemen.” + +Jacques turned very pale. + +“My mother,” he murmured. Then he added, speaking to the jailer,-- + +“Do not go yet. We have nearly done.” + +His agitation was too great: he could not master it. He said to the two +lawyers,-- + +“We must stop here for to-day. I cannot think now.” + +But M. Folgat had declared he would leave for Paris that very night; and +he was determined to do so. He said, therefore,-- + +“Our success depends on the rapidity of our movements. I beg you will +let me insist upon your giving me at once the few items of information +which I need for my purposes.” + +Jacques shook his head sadly. He began,-- + +“The task is out of your power, sir.” + +“Nevertheless, do what my colleague asks you,” urged M. Magloire. +Without any further opposition, and, who knows? Perhaps with a secret +hope which he would not confess to himself, Jacques informed the young +advocate of the most minute details about his relations to the Countess +Claudieuse. He told him at what hour she used to come to the house, what +roads she took, and how she was most commonly dressed. The keys of the +house were at Boiscoran, in a drawer which Jacques described. He had +only to ask Anthony for them. Then he mentioned how they might find +out what had become of that Englishman whose name he had borrowed. +Sir Francis Burnett had a brother in London. Jacques did not know his +precise address; but he knew he had important business-relations with +India, and had, once upon a time, been cashier in the great house of +Gilmour and Benson. + +As to the English servant-girl who had for three years attended to +his house in Vine Street, Jacques had taken her blindly, upon the +recommendation of an agency in the suburbs; and he had had nothing to +do with her, except to pay her her wages, and, occasionally, some little +gratuity besides. All he could say, and even that he had learned by mere +chance, was, that the girl’s name was Suky Wood; that she was a native +of Folkstone, where her parents kept a sailor’s tavern; and that, +before coming to France, she had been a chambermaid at the Adelphi in +Liverpool. + +M. Folgat took careful notes of all he could learn. Then he said,-- + +“This is more than enough to begin the campaign. Now you must give me +the name and address of your tradesmen in Passy.” + +“You will find a list in a small pocket-book which is in the same drawer +with the keys. In the same drawer are also all the deeds and other +papers concerning the house. Finally, you might take Anthony with you: +he is devoted to me.” + +“I shall certainly take him, if you permit me,” replied the lawyer. Then +putting up his notes, he added,-- + +“I shall not be absent more than three or four days; and, as soon as I +return, we will draw up our plan of defence. Till then, my dear client, +keep up your courage.” + +They called Blangin to open the door for them; and, after having shaken +hands with Jacques de Boiscoran, M. Folgat and M. Magloire went away. + +“Well, are we going down now?” asked the jailer. + +But Jacques made no reply. + +He had most ardently hoped for his mother’s visit; and now, when he +was about to see her, he felt assailed by all kinds of vague and sombre +apprehensions. The last time he had kissed her was in Paris, in the +beautiful parlor of their family mansion. He had left her, his heart +swelling with hopes and joy, to go to his Dionysia; and his mother, he +remembered distinctly, had said to him, “I shall not see you again till +the day before the wedding.” + +And now she was to see him again, in the parlor of a jail, accused of an +abominable crime. And perhaps she was doubtful of his innocence. + +“Sir, the marchioness is waiting for you,” said the jailer once more. At +the man’s voice, Jacques trembled. + +“I am ready,” he replied: “let us go!” And, while descending the stairs, +he tried his best to compose his features, and to arm himself with +courage and calmness. + +“For,” he said, “She must not become aware of it, how horrible my +position is.” + +At the foot of the steps, Blangin pointed at a door, and said,-- + +“That is the parlor. When the marchioness wants to go, please call me.” + +On the threshold, Jacques paused once more. + +The parlor of the jail at Sauveterre is an immense vaulted hall, lighted +up by two narrow windows with close, heavy iron gratings. There is no +furniture save a coarse bench fastened to the damp, untidy wall; and on +this bench, in the full light of the sun, sat, or rather lay, apparently +bereft of all strength, the Marchioness of Boiscoran. + +When Jacques saw her, he could hardly suppress a cry of horror and +grief. Was that really his mother,--that thin old lady with the sallow +complexion, the red eyes, and trembling hands? + +“O God, O God!” he murmured. + +She heard him, for she raised her head; and, when she recognized him, +she wanted to rise; but her strength forsook her, and she sank back upon +the bench, crying,-- + +“O Jacques, my child!” + +She, also, was terrified when she saw what two months of anguish and +sleeplessness had done for Jacques. But he was kneeling at her feet upon +the muddy pavement, and said in a barely intelligible voice,-- + +“Can you pardon me the great grief I cause you?” + +She looked at him for a moment with a bewildered air; and then, all of +a sudden, she took his head in her two hands, kissed him with passionate +vehemence, and said,-- + +“Will I pardon you? Alas, what have I to pardon? If you were guilty, I +should love you still; and you are innocent.” + +Jacques breathed more freely. In his mother’s voice he felt that she, at +least, was sure of him. + +“And father?” he asked. + +There was a faint blush on the pale cheeks of the marchioness. + +“I shall see him to-morrow,” she replied; “for I leave to-night with M. +Folgat.” + +“What! In this state of weakness?” + +“I must.” + +“Could not father leave his collections for a few days? Why did he not +come down? Does he think I am guilty?” + +“No; it is just because he is so sure of your innocence, that he remains +in Paris. He does not believe you in danger. He insists upon it that +justice cannot err.” + +“I hope so,” said Jacques with a forced smile. + +Then changing his tone,-- + +“And Dionysia? Why did she not come with you?” + +“Because I would not have it. She knows nothing. It has been agreed upon +that the name of the Countess Claudieuse is not to be mentioned in her +presence; and I wanted to speak to you about that abominable woman. +Jacques, my poor child, where has that unlucky passion brought you!” + +He made no reply. + +“Did you love her?” asked the marchioness. + +“I thought I did.” + +“And she?” + +“Oh, she! God alone knows the secret of that strange heart.” + +“There is nothing to hope from her, then, no pity, no remorse?” + +“Nothing. I have given her up. She has had her revenge. She had +forewarned me.” + +The marchioness sighed. + +“I thought so,” she said. “Last Sunday, when I knew as yet of nothing, +I happened to be close to her at church, and unconsciously admired +her profound devotion, the purity of her eye, and the nobility of her +manner. Yesterday, when I heard the truth, I shuddered. I felt how +formidable a woman must be who can affect such calmness at a time when +her lover lies in prison accused of the crime which she has committed.” + +“Nothing in the world would trouble her, mother.” + +“Still she ought to tremble; for she must know that you have told us +every thing. How can we unmask her?” + +But time was passing; and Blangin came to tell the marchioness that she +had to withdraw. She went, after having kissed her son once more. + +That same evening, according to their arrangement, she left for Paris, +accompanied by M. Folgat and old Anthony. + + + +XVIII. + +At Sauveterre, everybody, M. de Chandore as much as Jacques himself, +blamed the Marquis de Boiscoran. He persisted in remaining in Paris, it +is true: but it was certainly not from indifference; for he was dying +with anxiety. He had shut himself up, and refused to see even his oldest +friends, even his beloved dealers in curiosities. He never went out; the +dust accumulated on his collections; and nothing could arouse him from +this state of prostration, except a letter from Sauveterre. + +Every morning he received three or four,--from the marchioness or M. +Folgat, from M. Seneschal or M. Magloire, from M. de Chandore, Dionysia, +or even from Dr. Seignebos. Thus he could follow at a distance all the +phases, and even the smallest changes, in the proceedings. Only one +thing he would not do: he would not come down, however important his +coming might be for his son. He did not move. + +Once only he had received, through Dionysia’s agency, a letter from +Jacques himself; and then he ordered his servant to get ready his +trunks for the same evening. But at the last moment he had given +counter-orders, saying that he had reconsidered, and would not go. + +“There is something extraordinary going on in the mind of the marquis,” + said the servants to each other. + +The fact is, he spent his days, and a part of his nights, in his +cabinet, half-buried in an arm-chair, resting little, and sleeping still +less, insensible to all that went on around him. On his table he had +arranged all his letters from Sauveterre in order; and he read and +re-read them incessantly, examining the phrases, and trying, ever in +vain, to disengage the truth from this mass of details and statements. +He was no longer as sure of his son as at first: far from it! Every day +had brought him a new doubt; every letter, additional uncertainty. Hence +he was all the time a prey to most harassing apprehensions. He put them +aside; but they returned, stronger and more irresistible than before +like the waves of the rising tide. + +He was thus one morning in his cabinet. It was very early yet; but he +was more than ever suffering from anxiety, for M. Folgat had written, +“To-morrow all uncertainty will end. To-morrow the close confinement +will be raised, and M. Jacques will see M. Magloire, the counsel whom he +has chosen. We will write immediately.” + +It was for this news the marquis was waiting now. Twice already he had +rung to inquire if the mail had not come yet, when all of a sudden his +valet appeared and with a frightened air said,-- + +“The marchioness. She has just come with Anthony, M. Jacques’s own man.” + +He hardly said so, when the marchioness herself entered, looking even +worse than she had done in the prison parlor; for she was overcome by +the fatigue of a night spent on the road. + +The marquis had started up suddenly. As soon as the servant had left +the room, and shut the door again, he said with trembling voice, as if +wishing for an answer, and still fearing to hear it,-- + +“Has any thing unusual happened?” + +“Yes.” + +“Good or bad?” + +“Sad.” + +“Great God! Jacques has not confessed?” + +“How could he confess when he is innocent?” + +“Then he has explained?” + +“As far as I am concerned, and M. Folgat, Dr. Seignebos, and all who +know him and love him, yes, but not for the public, for his enemies, or +the law. He has explained every thing; but he has no proof.” + +The mournful features of the marquis settled into still deeper gloom. + +“In other words, he has to be believed on his own word?” he asked. + +“Don’t you believe him?” + +“I am not the judge of that, but the jury.” + +“Well, for the jury he will find proof. M. Folgat, who has come in the +same train with me, and whom you will see to-day, hopes to discover +proof.” + +“Proof of what?” + +Perhaps the marchioness was not unprepared for such a reception. She +expected it, and still she was disconcerted. + +“Jacques,” she began, “has been the lover of the Countess Claudieuse.” + +“Ah, ah!” broke in the marquis. + +And, in a tone of offensive irony, he added,-- + +“No doubt another story of adultery; eh?” + +The marchioness did not answer. She quietly went on,-- + +“When the countess heard of Jacques’s marriage, and that he abandoned +her, she became exasperated, and determined to be avenged.” + +“And, in order to be avenged, she attempted to murder her husband; eh?” + +“She wished to be free.” + +The Marquis de Boiscoran interrupted his wife with a formidable oath. +Then he cried,-- + +“And that is all Jacques could invent! And to come to such an abortive +story--was that the reason of his obstinate silence?” + +“You do not let me finish. Our son is the victim of unparalleled +coincidences.” + +“Of course! Unparalleled coincidences! That is what every one of the +thousand or two thousand rascals say who are sentenced every year. Do +you think they confess? Not they! Ask them, and they will prove to you +that they are the victims of fate, of some dark plot, and, finally, of +an error of judgment. As if justice could err in these days of ours, +after all these preliminary examinations, long inquiries, and careful +investigations.” + +“You will see M. Folgat. He will tell you what hope there is.” + +“And if all hope fails?” + +The marchioness hung her head. + +“All would not be lost yet. But then we should have to endure the pain +of seeing our son brought up in court.” + +The tall figure of the old gentleman had once more risen to its full +height; his face grew red; and the most appalling wrath flashed from his +eyes. + +“Jacques brought up in court?” he cried, with a formidable voice. “And +you come and tell me that coolly, as if it were a very simple and quite +natural matter! And what will happen then, if he is in court? He will be +condemned; and a Boiscoran will go to the galleys. But no, that cannot +be! I do not say that a Boiscoran may not commit a crime, passion makes +us do strange things; but a Boiscoran, when he regains his senses, knows +what becomes him to do. Blood washes out all stains. Jacques prefers the +executioner; he waits; he is cunning; he means to plead. If he but save +his head, he is quite content. A few years at hard labor, I suppose, +will be a trifle to him. And that coward should be a Boiscoran: my blood +should flow in his veins! Come, come, madam, Jacques is no son of mine.” + +Crushed as the marchioness had seemed to be till now, she rose under +this atrocious insult. + +“Sir!” she cried. + +But M. de Boiscoran was not in a state to listen to her. + +“I know what I am saying,” he went on. “I remember every thing, if you +have forgotten every thing. Come, let us go back to your past. Remember +the time when Jacques was born, and tell me what year it was when M. de +Margeril refused to meet me.” + +Indignation restored to the marchioness her strength. She cried,-- + +“And you come and tell me this to-day, after thirty years, and God knows +under what circumstances!” + +“Yes, after thirty years. Eternity might pass over these recollections, +and it would not efface them. And, but for these circumstances to which +you refer, I should never have said any thing. At the time to which I +allude, I had to choose between two evils,--either to be ridiculous, or +to be hated. I preferred to keep silence, and not to inquire too far. +My happiness was gone; but I wished to save my peace. We have lived +together on excellent terms; but there has always been between us this +high wall, this suspicion. As long as I was doubtful, I kept silent. But +now, when the facts confirm my doubts, I say again, ‘Jacques is no son +of mine!’” + +Overcome with grief, shame, and indignation, the Marchioness de +Boiscoran was wringing her hands; then she cried,-- + +“What a humiliation! What you are saying is too horrible. It is unworthy +of you to add this terrible suffering to the martyrdom which I am +enduring.” + +M. de Boiscoran laughed convulsively. + +“Have I brought about this catastrophe?” + +“Well then yes! One day I was imprudent and indiscreet. I was young; I +knew nothing of life; the world worshipped me; and you, my husband, my +guide, gave yourself up to your ambition, and left me to myself. I could +not foresee the consequences of a very inoffensive piece of coquetry.” + +“You see, then, now these consequences. After thirty years, I disown the +child that bears my name; and I say, that, if he is innocent, he suffers +for his mother’s sins. Fate would have it that your son should covet his +neighbor’s wife, and, having taken her, it is but justice that he should +die the death of the adulterer.” + +“But you know very well that I have never forgotten my duty.” + +“I know nothing.” + +“You have acknowledged it, because you refused to hear the explanation +which would have justified me.” + +“True, I did shrink from an explanation, which, with your unbearable +pride, would necessarily have led to a rupture, and thus to a fearful +scandal.” + +The marchioness might have told her husband, that, by refusing to hear +her explanation, he had forfeited all right to utter a reproach; but she +felt it would be useless, and thus he went on,-- + +“All I do know is, that there is somewhere in this world a man whom I +wanted to kill. Gossiping people betrayed his name to me. I went to him, +and told him that I demanded satisfaction, and that I hoped he would +conceal the real reason for our encounter even from our seconds. He +refused to give me satisfaction, on the ground that he did not owe me +any, that you had been calumniated, and that he would meet me only if I +should insult him publicly.” + +“Well?” + +“What could I do after that? Investigate the matter? You had no doubt +taken your precautions, and it would have amounted to nothing. Watch +you? I should only have demeaned myself uselessly; for you were no doubt +on your guard. Should I ask for a divorce? The law afforded me that +remedy. I might have dragged you into court, held you up to the sarcasms +of my counsel, and exposed you to the jests of your own. I had a right +to humble you, to dishonor my name, to proclaim your disgrace, to +publish it in the newspapers. Ah, I would have died rather!” + +The marchioness seemed to be puzzled. + +“That was the explanation of your conduct?” + +“Yes, that was my reason for giving up public life, ambitious as I +was. That was the reason why I withdrew from the world; for I thought +everybody smiled as I passed. That is why I gave up to you the +management of our house and the education of your son, why I became a +passionate collector, a half-mad original. And you find out only to-day +that you have ruined my life?” + +There was more compassion than resentment in the manner in which the +marchioness looked at her husband. + +“You had mentioned to me your unjust suspicions,” she replied; “but I +felt strong in my innocence, and I was in hope that time and my conduct +would efface them.” + +“Faith once lost never comes back again.” + +“The fearful idea that you could doubt of your paternity had never even +occurred to me.” + +The marquis shook his head. + +“Still it was so,” he replied. “I have suffered terribly. I loved +Jacques. Yes, in spite of all, in spite of myself, I loved him. Had he +not all the qualities which are the pride and the joy of a family? +Was he not generous and noble-hearted, open to all lofty sentiments, +affectionate, and always anxious to please me? I never had to complain +of him. And even lately, during this abominable war, has he not again +shown his courage, and valiantly earned the cross which they gave him? +At all times, and from all sides, I have been congratulated on his +account. They praised his talents and his assiduity. Alas! at the very +moment when they told me what a happy father I was, I was the most +wretched of men. How many times would I have drawn him to my heart! But +immediately that terrible doubt rose within me, if he should not be my +son; and I pushed him back, and looked in his features for a trace of +another man’s features.” + +His wrath had cooled down, perhaps by its very excess. + +He felt a certain tenderness in his heart, and sinking into his chair, +and hiding his face in his hands, he murmured,-- + +“If he should be my son, however; if he should be innocent! Ah, this +doubt is intolerable! And I who would not move from here,--I who have +done nothing for him,--I might have done every thing at first. It would +have been easy for me to obtain a change of venue to free him from this +Galpin, formerly his friend, and now his enemy.” + +M. de Boiscoran was right when he said that his wife’s pride was +unmanageable. And still, as cruelly wounded as woman well could be, she +now suppressed her pride, and, thinking only of her son, remained quite +humble. Drawing from her bosom the letter which Jacques had sent to +her the day before she left Sauveterre, she handed it to her husband, +saying,-- + +“Will you read what our son says?” + +The marquis’s hand trembled as he took the letter; and, when he had torn +it open, he read,-- + +“Do you forsake me too, father, when everybody forsakes me? And yet I +have never needed your love as much as now. The peril is imminent. Every +thing is against me. Never has such a combination of fatal circumstances +been seen before. I may not be able to prove my innocence; but you,--you +surely cannot think your son guilty of such an absurd and heinous crime! +Oh, no! surely not. My mind is made up. I shall fight to the bitter end. +To my last breath I shall defend, not my life, but my honor. Ah, if you +but knew! But there are things which cannot be written, and which only +a father can be told. I beseech you come to me, let me see you, let me +hold your hand in mine. Do not refuse this last and greatest comfort to +your unhappy son.” + +The marquis had started up. + +“Oh, yes, very unhappy indeed!” he cried. + +And, bowing to his wife, he said,-- + +“I interrupted you. Now, pray tell me all.” + +Maternal love conquered womanly resentment. Without a shadow of +hesitation, and as if nothing had taken place, the marchioness gave +her husband the whole of Jacques’s statement as he had made it to M. +Magloire. + +The marquis seemed to be amazed. + +“That is unheard of!” he said. + +And, when his wife had finished, he added,-- + +“That was the reason why Jacques was so very angry when you spoke of +inviting the Countess Claudieuse, and why he told you, that, if he +saw her enter at one door, he would walk out of the other. We did not +understand his aversion.” + +“Alas! it was not aversion. Jacques only obeyed at that time the cunning +lessons given him by the countess.” + +In less than one minute the most contradictory resolutions seemed to +flit across the marquis’s face. He hesitated, and at last he said,-- + +“Whatever can be done to make up for my inaction, I will do. I will go +to Sauveterre. Jacques must be saved. M. de Margeril is all-powerful. Go +to him. I permit it. I beg you will do it.” + +The eyes of the marchioness filled with tears, hot tears, the first she +had shed since the beginning of this scene. + +“Do you not see,” she asked, “that what you wish me to do is now +impossible? Every thing, yes, every thing in the world but that. But +Jacques and I--we are innocent. God will have pity on us. M. Folgat will +save us.” + + + +XIX. + +M. Folgat was already at work. He had confidence in his cause, a +firm conviction of the innocence of his client, a desire to solve the +mystery, a love of battle, and an intense thirst for success: all these +motives combined to stimulate the talents of the young advocate, and to +increase his activity. + +And, above all this, there was a mysterious and indefinable sentiment +with which Dionysia had inspired him; for he had succumbed to her +charms, like everybody else. It was not love, for he who says love says +hope; and he knew perfectly well that altogether and forever Dionysia +belonged to Jacques. It was a sweet and all-powerful sentiment, which +made him wish to devote himself to her, and to count for something in +her life and in her happiness. + +It was for her sake that he had sacrificed all his business, and +forgotten his clients, in order to stay at Sauveterre. It was for her +sake, above all, that he wished to save Jacques. + +He had no sooner arrived at the station, and left the Marchioness de +Boiscoran in old Anthony’s care, than he jumped into a cab, and had +himself driven to his house. He had sent a telegram the day before; and +his servant was waiting for him. In less than no time he had changed his +clothes. Immediately he went back to his carriage, and went in search +of the man, who, he thought, was most likely to be able to fathom this +mystery. + +This was a certain Goudar, who was connected with the police department +in some capacity or other, and at all events received an income large +enough to make him very comfortable. He was one of those agents for +every thing whom the police keep employed for specially delicate +operations, which require both tact and keen scent, an intrepidity +beyond all doubt, and imperturbable self-possession. M. Folgat had had +opportunities of knowing and appreciating him in the famous case of the +Mutual Discount Society. + +He was instructed to track the cashier who had fled, having a deficit +of several millions. Goudar had caught him in Canada, after pursuing him +for three months all over America; but, on the day of his arrest, this +cashier had in his pocket-book and his trunk only some forty thousand +francs. + +What had become of the millions? + +When he was questioned, he said he had spent them. He had gambled in +stocks, he had become unfortunate, etc. + +Everybody believed him except Goudar. + +Stimulated by the promise of a magnificent reward, he began his campaign +once more; and, in less than six weeks, he had gotten hold of sixteen +hundred thousand francs which the cashier had deposited in London with a +woman of bad character. + +The story is well known; but what is not known is the genius, the +fertility of resources, and the ingenuity of expedients, which Goudar +displayed in obtaining such a success. M. Folgat, however, was fully +aware of it; for he had been the counsel of the stockholders of the +Mutual Discount Society; and he had vowed, that, if ever the opportunity +should come, he would employ this marvellously able man. + +Goudar, who was married, and had a child, lived out of the world on the +road to Versailles, not far from the fortifications. He occupied with +his family a small house which he owned,--a veritable philosopher’s +home, with a little garden in front, and a vast garden behind, in which +he raised vegetables and admirable fruit, and where he kept all kinds of +animals. + +When M. Folgat stepped out of his carriage before this pleasant home, +a young woman of twenty-five or twenty-six, of surpassing beauty, young +and fresh, was playing in the front garden with a little girl of three +or four years, all milk and roses. + +“M. Goudar, madam?” asked M. Folgat, raising his hat. + +The young woman blushed slightly, and answered modestly, but without +embarrassment, and in a most pleasing voice,-- + +“My husband is in the garden; and you will find him, if you will walk +down this path around the house.” + +The young man followed the direction, and soon saw his man at a +distance. His head covered with an old straw hat, without a coat, and +in slippers, with a huge blue apron such as gardeners wear, Goudar had +climbed up a ladder, and was busy dropping into a horsehair bag the +magnificent Chasselas grapes of his trellises. When he heard the sand +grate under the footsteps of the newcomer, he turned his head, and at +once said,-- + +“Why, M. Folgat? Good morning, sir!” + +The young advocate was not a little surprised to see himself recognized +so instantaneously. He should certainly never have recognized the +detective. It was more than three years since they had seen each other; +and how often had they seen each other then? Twice, and not an hour each +time. + +It is true that Goudar was one of those men whom nobody remembers. Of +middle height, he was neither stout nor thin, neither dark nor light +haired, neither young nor old. A clerk in a passport office would +certainly have written him down thus: Forehead, ordinary; nose, +ordinary; mouth, ordinary, eyes, neutral color; special marks, none. + +It could not be said that he looked stupid; but neither did he +look intelligent. Every thing in him was ordinary, indifferent, and +undecided. Not one marked feature. He would necessarily pass unobserved, +and be forgotten as soon as he had passed. + +“You find me busy securing my crops for the winter,” he said to M. +Folgat. “A pleasant job. However, I am at your service. Let me put these +three bunches into their three bags, and I’ll come down.” + +This was the work of an instant; and, as soon as he had reached the +ground, he turned round, and asked,-- + +“Well, and what do you think of my garden?” + +And at once he begged M. Folgat to visit his domain, and, with all +the enthusiasm of the land-owner, he praised the flavor of his duchess +pears, the bright colors of his dahlias, the new arrangements in his +poultry-yard, which was full of rabbit-houses, and the beauty of his +pond, with its ducks of all colors and all possible varieties. + +In his heart, M. Folgat swore at this enthusiasm. What time he was +losing! But, when you expect a service from a man, you must, at least, +flatter his weak side. He did not spare praise, therefore. He even +pulled out his cigar-case, and, still with a view to win the great man’s +good graces, he offered it to him, saying,-- + +“Can I offer you one?” + +“Thanks! I never smoke,” replied Goudar. + +And, when he saw the astonishment of the advocate, he explained,-- + +“At least not at home. I am disposed to think the odor is unpleasant to +my wife.” + +Positively, if M. Folgat had not known the man, he would have taken him +for some good and simple retired grocer, inoffensive, and any thing but +bright, and, bowing to him politely, he would have taken his leave. +But he had seen him at work; and so he followed him obediently to his +greenhouse, his melon-house, and his marvellous asparagus-beds. + +At last Goudar took his guest to the end of the garden, to a bower in +which were some chairs and a table, saying,-- + +“Now let us sit down, and tell me your business; for I know you did not +come solely for the pleasure of seeing my domain.” + +Goudar was one of those men who have heard in their lives more +confessions than ten priests, ten lawyers, and ten doctors all +together. You could tell him every thing. Without a moment’s hesitation, +therefore, and without a break, M. Folgat told him the whole story of +Jacques and the Countess Claudieuse. He listened, without saying a word, +without moving a muscle in his face. When the lawyer had finished, he +simply said,-- + +“Well?” + +“First of all,” replied M. Folgat, “I should like to hear your opinion. +Do you believe the statement made by M. de Boiscoran?” + +“Why not? I have seen much stranger cases than that.” + +“Then you think, that, in spite of the charges brought against him, we +must believe in his innocence?” + +“Pardon me, I think nothing at all. Why, you must study a matter before +you can have an opinion.” + +He smiled; and, looking at the young advocate, he said,-- + +“But why all these preliminaries? What do you want of me?” + +“Your assistance to get at the truth.” + +The detective evidently expected something of the kind. After a minute’s +reflection, he looked fixedly at M. Folgat, and said,-- + +“If I understand you correctly, you would like to begin a +counter-investigation for the benefit of the defence?” + +“Exactly.” + +“And unknown to the prosecution?” + +“Precisely.” + +“Well, I cannot possibly serve you.” + +The young advocate knew too well how such things work not to be prepared +for a certain amount of resistance; and he had thought of means to +overcome it. + +“That is not your final decision, my dear Goudar?” he said. + +“Pardon me. I am not my own master. I have my duty to fulfil, and my +daily occupation.” + +“You can at any time obtain leave of absence for a month.” + +“So I might; but they would certainly wonder at such a furlough at +headquarters. They would probably have me watched; and, if they found +out that I was doing police work for private individuals, they would +scold me grievously, and deprive themselves henceforth of my services.” + +“Oh!” + +“There is no ‘oh!’ about it. They would do what I tell you, and they +would be right; for, after all, what would become of us, and what would +become of the safety and liberty of us all, if any one could come and +use the agents of the police for his private purposes? And what would +become of me if I should lose my place?” + +“M. de Boiscoran’s family is very rich, and they would prove their +gratitude magnificently to the man who would save him.” + +“And if I did not save him? And if, instead of gathering proof of his +innocence, I should only meet with more evidence of his guilt?” + +The objection was so well founded, that M. Folgat preferred not to +discuss it. + +“I might,” he said, “hand you at once, and as a retainer, a considerable +sum, which you could keep, whatever the result might be.” + +“What sum? A hundred Napoleons? Certainly a hundred Napoleons are not to +be despised; but what would they do for me if I were turned out? I have +to think of somebody else besides myself. I have a wife and a child; +and my whole fortune consists in this little cottage, which is not even +entirely paid for. My place is not a gold-mine; but, with the special +rewards which I receive, it brings me, good years and bad years, seven +or eight thousand francs, and I can lay by two or three thousand.” + +The young lawyer stopped him by a friendly gesture, and said,-- + +“If I were to offer you ten thousand francs?” + +“A year’s income.” + +“If I offered you fifteen thousand!” + +Goudar made no reply; but his eyes spoke. + +“It is a most interesting case, this case of M. de Boiscoran,” continued +M. Folgat, “and such as does not occur often. The man who should expose +the emptiness of the accusation would make a great reputation for +himself.” + +“Would he make friends also at the bar?” + +“I admit he would not.” + +The detective shook his head. + +“Well, I confess,” he said, “I do not work for glory, nor from love of +my art. I know very well that vanity is the great motive-power with +some of my colleagues; but I am more practical. I have never liked my +profession; and, if I continue to practise it, it is because I have not +the money to go into any other. It drives my wife to despair, besides: +she is only half alive as long as I am away; and she trembles every +morning for fear I may be brought home with a knife between my +shoulders.” + +M. Folgat had listened attentively; but at the same time he had pulled +out a pocket-book, which looked decidedly plethoric, and placed it on +the table. + +“With fifteen thousand francs,” he said, “a man may do something.” + +“That is true. There is a piece of land for sale adjoining my garden, +which would suit me exactly. Flowers bring a good price in Paris, and +that business would please my wife. Fruit, also yields a good profit.” + +The advocate knew now that he had caught his man. + +“Remember, too, my dear Goudar, that, if you succeed, these fifteen +thousand francs would only be a part payment. They might, perhaps, +double the sum. M. de Boiscoran is the most liberal of men, and he would +take pleasure in royally rewarding the man who should have saved him.” + +As he spoke, he opened the pocket-book, and drew from it fifteen +thousand-franc notes, which he spread out on the table. + +“To any one but to you,” he went on, “I should hesitate to pay such +a sum in advance. Another man might take the money, and never trouble +himself about the affair. But I know your uprightness; and, if you give +me your word in return for the notes, I shall be satisfied. Come, shall +it be so?” + +The detective was evidently not a little excited; for, self-possessed +as he was, he had turned somewhat pale. He hesitated, handled the +bank-notes, and then, all of a sudden, said,-- + +“Wait two minutes.” + +He got up instantly, and ran towards the house. + +“Is he going to consult his wife?” M. Folgat asked himself. + +He did so; for the next moment they appeared at the other end of the +walk, engaged in a lively discussion. However, the discussion did not +last long. Goudar came back to the bower, and said,-- + +“Agreed! I am your man!” + +The advocate was delighted, and shook his hand. + +“Thank you!” he cried; “for, with your assistance, I am almost sure +of success. Unfortunately, we have no time to lose. When can you go to +work?” + +“This moment. Give me time to change my costume; and I am at your +service. You will have to give me the keys of the house in Passy.” + +“I have them here in my pocket.” + +“Well, then let us go there at once; for I must, first of all, +reconnoitre the ground. And you shall see if it takes me long to dress.” + +In less than fifteen minutes he reappeared in a long overcoat, with +gloves on, looking, for all the world, like one of those retired +grocers who have made a fortune, and settled somewhere outside of the +corporation of Paris, displaying their idleness in broad daylight, and +repenting forever that they have given up their occupation. + +“Let us go,” he said to the lawyer. + +After having bowed to Mrs. Goudar, who accompanied them with a radiant +smile, they got into the carriage, calling out to the driver,-- + +“Vine Street, Passy, No. 23.” + +This Vine Street is a curious street, leading nowhere, little known, and +so deserted, that the grass grows everywhere. It stretches out long and +dreary, is hilly, muddy, scarcely paved, and full of holes, and looks +much more like a wretched village lane than like a street belonging +to Paris. No shops, only a few homes, but on the right and the left +interminable walls, overtopped by lofty trees. + +“Ah! the place is well chosen for mysterious rendezvouses,” growled +Goudar. “Too well chosen, I dare say; for we shall pick up no +information here.” + +The carriage stopped before a small door, in a thick wall, which bore +the traces of the two sieges in a number of places. + +“Here is No. 23,” said the driver; “but I see no house.” + +It could not be seen from the street; but, when they got in, Mr. Folgat +and Goudar saw it, rising in the centre of an immense garden, simple and +pretty, with a double porch, a slate roof, and newly-painted blinds. + +“Great God!” exclaimed the detective, “what a place for a gardener!” + +And M. Folgat felt so keenly the man’s ill-concealed desire, that he at +once said,-- + +“If we save M. de Boiscoran, I am sure he will not keep this house.” + +“Let us go in,” cried the detective, in a voice which revealed all his +intense desire to succeed. + +Unfortunately, Jacques de Boiscoran had spoken but too truly, when he +said that no trace was left of former days. Furniture, carpets, all +was new; and Goudar and M. Folgat in vain explored the four rooms down +stairs, and the four rooms up stairs, the basement, where the kitchen +was, and finally the garret. + +“We shall find nothing here,” declared the detective. “To satisfy my +conscience, I shall come and spend an afternoon here; but now we have +more important business. Let us go and see the neighbors!” + +There are not many neighbors in Vine Street. + +A teacher and a nurseryman, a locksmith and a liveryman, five or +six owners of houses, and the inevitable keeper of a wine-shop and +restaurant, these were the whole population. + +“We shall soon make the rounds,” said Goudar, after having ordered the +coachman to wait for them at the end of the street. + +Neither the head master nor his assistants knew any thing. The +nurseryman had heard it said that No. 23 belonged to an Englishman; but +he had never seen him, and did not even know his name. + +The locksmith knew that he was called Francis Burnett. He had done +some work for him, for which he had been well paid, and thus he had +frequently seen him; but it was so long since, that he did not think he +would recognize him. + +“We are unlucky,” said M. Folgat, after this visit. + +The memory of the liveryman was more trustworthy. He said he knew the +Englishman of No. 23 very well, having driven him three or four +times; and the description he gave of him answered fully to Jacques de +Boiscoran. He also remembered that one evening, when the weather was +wretched, Sir Burnett had come himself to order a carriage. It was for +a lady, who had got in alone, and who had been driven to the Place de la +Madeleine. But it was a dark night; the lady wore a thick veil; he had +not been able to distinguish her features, and all he could say was that +she looked above medium height. + +“It is always the same story,” said Goudar. “But the wine-merchant ought +to be best informed. If I were alone I would breakfast there.” + +“I shall breakfast with you,” said M. Folgat. + +They did so, and they did wisely. + +The wine-merchant did not know much; but his waiter, who had been +with him five or six years, knew Sir Burnett, as everybody called +the Englishman, by sight, and was quite well acquainted with the +servant-girl, Suky Wood. While he was bringing in breakfast, he told +them all he knew. + +Suky, he said, was a tall, strapping girl, with hair red enough to set +her bonnets on fire, and graceful enough to be mistaken for a heavy +dragoon in female disguise. He had often had long talks with her when +she came to fetch some ready-made dish, or to buy some beer, of which +she was very fond. She told him she was very pleased with her place, as +she got plenty of money, and had, so to say, nothing to do, being left +alone in the house for nine months in the year. From her the waiter had +also learned that Sir Burnett must have another house, and that he came +to Vine Street only to receive visits from a lady. + +This lady troubled Suky very much. She declared she had never been able +to see the end of her nose even, so very cautious was she in all her +movements; but she intended to see her in spite of all. + +“And you may be sure she managed to do it some time or other,” Goudar +whispered into M. Folgat’s ear. + +Finally they learned from this waiter, that Suky had been very intimate +with the servant of an old gentleman who lived quite alone in No. 27. + +“We must see her,” said Goudar. + +Luckily the girl’s master had just gone out, and she was alone in the +house. At first she was a little frightened at being called upon and +questioned by two unknown men; but the detective knew how to reassure +her very quickly, and, as she was a great talker, she confirmed all the +waiter at the restaurant had told them, and added some details. + +Suky had been very intimate with her; she had never hesitated to tell +her that Burnett was not an Englishman; that his name was not Burnett, +and that he was concealing himself in Vine Street under a false name, +for the purpose of meeting there his lady-love, who was a grand, fine +lady, and marvellously beautiful. Finally, at the outbreak of the war, +Suky had told her that she was going back to England to her relations. +When they left the old bachelor’s house, Goudar said to the young +advocate,-- + +“We have obtained but little information, and the jurymen would pay +little attention to it; but there is enough of it to confirm, at least +in part, M. de Boiscoran’s statement. We can prove that he met a lady +here who had the greatest interest in remaining unknown. Was this, as he +says, the Countess Claudieuse? We might find this out from Suky; for she +has seen her, beyond all doubt. Hence we must hunt up Suky. And now, let +us take our carriage, and go to headquarters. You can wait for me at the +café near the Palais de Justice. I shall not be away more than a quarter +of an hour.” + +It took him, however, a good hour and a half; M. Folgat was beginning to +be troubled, when he at last reappeared, looking very well pleased. + +“Waiter, a glass of beer!” he said. + +And, sitting down so as to face the advocate, he said,-- + +“I stayed away rather long; but I did not lose any time. In the first +place, I procured a month’s leave of absence; then I put my hand upon +the very man whom I wanted to send after Sir Burnett and Miss Suky. +He is a good fellow, called Barousse, fine like a needle, and speaks +English like a native. He demands twenty-five francs a day, his +travelling-expenses, and a gratuity of fifteen hundred francs if he +succeeds. I have agreed to meet him at six to give him a definite +answer. If you accept the conditions, he will leave for England +to-night, well drilled by me.” + +Instead of any answer, M. Folgat drew from his pocket-book a +thousand-franc note, and said,-- + +“Here is something to begin with.” + +Goudar had finished his beer, and said,-- + +“Well, then, I must leave you. I am going to hang abut M. de Tassar’s +house, and make my inquiries. Perhaps I may pick up something there. +To-morrow I shall spend my day in searching the house in Vine Street and +in questioning all the tradesmen on your list. The day after to-morrow +I shall probably have finished here. So that in four or five days there +will arrive in Sauveterre a somebody, who will be myself.” And as he got +up, he added,-- + +“For I must save M. de Boiscoran. I will and I must do it. He has too +nice a house. Well, we shall see each other at Sauveterre.” + +It struck four o’clock. M. Folgat left the café immediately after +Goudar, and went down the river to University Street. He was anxious to +see the marquis and the marchioness. + +“The marchioness is resting,” said the valet; “but the marquis is in his +cabinet.” + +M. Folgat was shown in, and found him still under the effects of the +terrible scene he had undergone in the morning. He had said nothing to +his wife that he did not really think; but he was distressed at having +said it under such circumstances. And yet he felt a kind of relief; for, +to tell the truth, he felt as if the horrible doubts which he had kept +secret so many years had vanished as soon as they were spoken out. When +he saw M. Folgat, he asked in a sadly-changed voice,-- + +“Well?” + +The young advocate repeated in detail the account given by the +marchioness; but he added what the latter had not been able to mention, +because she did not know it, the desperate resolution which Jacques had +formed. At this revelation the marquis looked utterly overcome. + +“The unhappy man!” he cried. “And I accused him of--He thought of +killing himself!” + +“And we had a great trouble, M. Magloire, and myself,” added M. Folgat, +“to overcome his resolution, great trouble to make him understand, +that never, under any circumstances, ought an innocent man to think of +committing suicide.” + +A big tear rolled down the furrowed cheek of the old gentleman; and he +murmured,-- + +“Ah! I have been cruelly unjust. Poor, unhappy child!” + +Then he added aloud,-- + +“But I shall see him. I have determined to accompany the marchioness to +Sauveterre. When will you leave?” + +“Nothing keeps me here in Paris. I have done all that could be done, and +I might return this evening. But I am really too tired. I think I shall +to-morrow take the train at 10.45.” + +“If you do so, we shall travel in company; you understand? To-morrow +at ten o’clock at the Orleans station. We shall reach Sauveterre by +midnight.” + + + +XX. + +When the Marchioness de Boiscoran, on the day of her departure for +Paris, had gone to see her son, Dionysia had asked her to let her go +with her. She resisted, and the young girl did not insist. + +“I see they are trying to conceal something from me,” she said simply; +“but it does not matter.” + +And she had taken refuge in the sitting-room; and there, taking her +usual seat, as in the happy days when Jacques spent all his evenings by +her side, she had remained long hours immovable, looking as if, with her +mind’s eye, she was following invisible scenes far away. + +Grandpapa Chandore and the two aunts were indescribably anxious. They +knew their Dionysia, their darling child, better than she knew herself, +having nursed and watched her for twenty years. They knew every +expression of her face, every gesture, every intonation of voice, and +could almost read her thoughts in her features. + +“Most assuredly Dionysia is meditating upon something very serious,” + they said. “She is evidently calculating and preparing for a great +resolution.” + +The old gentleman thought so too, and asked her repeatedly,-- + +“What are you thinking of, dear child?” + +“Of nothing, dear papa,” she replied. + +“You are sadder than usual: why are you so?” + +“Alas! How do I know? Does anybody know why one day we have sunshine in +our hearts, and another day dismal clouds?” + +But the next day she insisted upon being taken to her seamstresses, and +finding Mechinet, the clerk, there, she remained a full half-hour in +conference with him. Then, in the evening, when Dr. Seignebos, after a +short visit, was leaving the room, she lay in wait for him, and kept him +talking a long time at the door. Finally, the day after, she asked once +more to be allowed to go and see Jacques. They could no longer refuse +her this sad satisfaction; and it was agreed that the older of the two +Misses Lavarande, Miss Adelaide, should accompany her. + +About two o’clock on that day they knocked at the prison-door, and asked +the jailer, who had come to open the door, to let them see Jacques. + +“I’ll go for him at once, madam,” replied Blangin. “In the meantime pray +step in here: the parlor is rather damp, and the less you stay in it, +the better it will be.” + +Dionysia did so, or rather, she did a great deal more; for, leaving +her aunt down stairs, she drew Mrs. Blangin to the upper room, having +something to say to her, as she pretended. + +When they came down again, Blangin told them that M. de Boiscoran was +waiting for them. + +“Come!” said the young girl to her aunt. + +But she had not taken ten steps in the long narrow passage which led +to the parlor, when she stopped. The damp which fell from the vaulted +ceiling like a pall upon her, and the emotions which were agitating her +heart, combined to overwhelm her. She tottered, and had to lean against +the wall, reeking as it was with wet and with saltpetre. + +“O Lord, you are ill!” cried Miss Adelaide. + +Dionysia beckoned to her to be silent. + +“Oh, it is nothing!” she said. “Be quiet!” + +And gathering up all her strength, and putting her little hand upon the +old lady’s shoulder, she said,-- + +“My darling aunty, you must render us an immense service. It is all +important that I should speak to Jacques alone. It would be very +dangerous for us to be overheard. I know they often set spies to listen +to prisoners’ talk. Do please, dear aunt, remain here in the passage, +and give us warning, if anybody should come.” + +“You do not think of it, dear child. Would it be proper?” + +The young girl stopped her again. + +“Was it proper when I came and spent a night here? Alas! in our +position, every thing is proper that may be useful.” + +And, as Aunt Lavarande made no reply, she felt sure of her perfect +submission, and went on towards the parlor. + +“Dionysia!” cried Jacques as soon as she entered,--“Dionysia!” + +He was standing in the centre of this mournful hall, looking whiter than +the whitewash on the wall, but apparently calm, and almost smiling. The +violence with which he controlled himself was horrible. But how could he +allow his betrothed to see his despair? Ought he not, on the contrary, +do every thing to reassure her? + +He came up to her, took her hands in his, and said,-- + +“Ah, it is so kind in you to come! and yet I have looked for you ever +since the morning. I have been watching and waiting, and trembling at +every noise. But will you ever forgive me for having made you come to +a place like this, untidy and ugly, without the fatal poetry of horror +even?” + +She looked at him with such obstinate fixedness, that the words expired +on his lips. + +“Why will you tell me a falsehood?” she said sadly. + +“I tell you a falsehood!” + +“Yes. Why do you affect this gayety and tranquillity, which are so far +from your heart? Have you no longer confidence in me? Do you think I am +a child, from whom the truth must be concealed, or so feeble and good +for nothing, that I cannot bear my share of your troubles? Do not smile, +Jacques; for I know you have no hope.” + +“You are mistaken, Dionysia, I assure you.” + +“No, Jacques. They are concealing something from me, I know, and I do +not ask you to tell me what it is. I know quite enough. You will have to +appear in court.” + +“I beg your pardon. That question has not yet been decided.” + +“But it will be decided, and against you.” + +Jacques knew very well it would be so, and dreaded it; but he still +insisted upon playing his part. + +“Well,” he said, “if I appear in court, I shall be acquitted.” + +“Are you quite sure of that?” + +“I have ninety-nine chances out of a hundred for me.” + +“There is one, however, against you,” cried the young girl. And seizing +Jacques’s hands, and pressing them with a force of which he would never +have suspected her, she added,-- + +“You have no right to run that one chance.” + +Jacques trembled in all his limbs. Was it possible? Did he understand +her? Did Dionysia herself come and suggest to him that act of supreme +despair, from which his counsel had so strongly dissuaded him? + +“What do you mean?” he said with trembling voice. + +“You must escape.” + +“Escape?” + +“Nothing so easy. I have considered the whole matter thoroughly. The +jailers are in our pay. I have just come to an understanding with +Blangin’s wife. One evening, as soon as night falls, they will open the +doors to you. A horse will be ready for you outside of town, and relays +have been prepared. In four hours you can reach Rochelle. There, one +of those pilot-boats which can stand any storm takes you on board, and +carries you to England.” + +Jacques shook his head. + +“That cannot be,” he replied. “I am innocent. I cannot abandon all I +hold dear,--you, Dionysia.” + +A deep flush covered the young girl’s cheeks. She stammered,-- + +“I have expressed myself badly. You shall not go alone.” + +He raised his hands to heaven, as if in utter despair. + +“Great God! Thou grantest me this consolation!” + +But Dionysia went on speaking in a firmer voice. + +“Did you think I would be mean enough to forsake the friend who +is betrayed by everybody else? No, no! Grandpapa and my aunts will +accompany me, and we will meet you in England. You will change your +name, and go across to America; and we will look out, far in the West, +for some new country where we can establish ourselves. It won’t be +France, to be sure. But our country, Jacques, is the country where we +are free, where we are beloved, where we are happy.” + +Jacques de Boiscoran was moved to the last fibre of his innermost heart, +and in a kind of ecstasy which did not allow him to keep up any longer +his mask of impassive indifference. Was there a man upon earth who could +receive a more glorious proof of love and devotion? And from what a +woman! From a young girl, who united in herself all the qualities of +which a single one makes others proud,--intelligence and grace, high +rank and fortune, beauty and angelic purity. + +Ah! she did not hesitate like that other one; she did not think of +asking for securities before she granted the first favor; she did not +make a science of duplicity, nor hypocrisy her only virtue. She gave +herself up entirely, and without the slightest reserve. + +And all this at the moment when Jacques saw every thing else around him +crumbled to pieces, when he was on the very brink of utter despair, just +then this happiness came to him, this great and unexpected happiness, +which well-nigh broke his heart. + +For a moment he could not move, he could not think. + +Then all of a sudden, drawing his betrothed to him, pressing her +convulsively to his bosom, and covering her hair with a thousand kisses, +he cried,-- + +“I bless you, oh, my darling! I bless you, my well beloved! I shall +mourn no longer. Whatever may happen, I have had my share of heavenly +bliss.” + +She thought he consented. Palpitating like the bird in the hand of a +child, she drew back, and looking at Jacques with ineffable love and +tenderness, she said,-- + +“Let us fix the day!” + +“What day?” + +“The day for your flight.” + +This word alone recalled Jacques to a sense of his fearful position. He +was soaring in the supreme heights of the ether, and he was plunged down +into the vile mud of reality. His face, radiant with celestial joy, grew +dark in an instant, and he said hoarsely,-- + +“That dream is too beautiful to be realized.” + +“What do you say?” she stammered. + +“I can not, I must not, escape!” + +“You refuse me, Jacques?” + +He made no reply. + +“You refuse me, when I swear to you that I will join you, and share your +exile? Do you doubt my word? Do you fear that my grandfather or my aunts +might keep me here in spite of myself?” + +As this suppliant voice fell upon his ears, Jacques felt as if all his +energy abandoned him, and his will was shaken. + +“I beseech you, Dionysia,” he said, “do not insist, do not deprive me of +my courage.” + +She was evidently suffering agonies. Her eyes shone with unbearable +fire. Her dry lips were trembling. + +“You will submit to being brought up in court?” she asked. + +“Yes!” + +“And if you are condemned?” + +“I may be, I know.” + +“This is madness!” cried the young girl. + +In her despair she was wringing her hands; and then the words escaped +from her lips, almost unconsciously,-- + +“Great God,” she said, “inspire me! How can I bend him? What must I say? +Jacques, do you love me no longer? For my sake, if not for your own, I +beseech you, let us flee! You escape disgrace; you secure liberty. Can +nothing touch you? What do you want? Must I throw myself at your feet?” + +And she really let herself fall at his feet. + +“Flee!” she repeated again and again. “Oh, flee!” + +Like all truly energetic men, Jacques recovered in the very excess of +his emotion all his self-possession. Gathering his bewildered thoughts +by a great effort of mind, he raised Dionysia, and carried her, almost +fainting, to the rough prison bench; then, kneeling down by her side, +and taking her hands he said,-- + +“Dionysia, for pity’s sake, come to yourself and listen to me. I am +innocent; and to flee would be to confess that I am guilty.” + +“Ah! what does that matter?” + +“Do you think that my escape would stop the trial? No. Although absent, +I should still be tried, and found guilty without any opposition: I +should be condemned, disgraced, irrevocably dishonored.” + +“What does it matter?” + +Then he felt that such arguments would never bring her back to reason. +He rose, therefore, and said in a firm voice,-- + +“Let me tell you what you do not know. To flee would be easy, I agree. +I think, as you do, we could reach England readily enough, and we might +even take ship there without trouble. But what then? The cable is faster +than the fastest steamer; and, upon landing on American soil, I should, +no doubt, be met by agents with orders to arrest me. But suppose even I +should escape this first danger. Do you think there is in all this world +an asylum for incendiaries and murderers? There is none. At the extreme +confines of civilization I should still meet with police-agents and +soldiers, who, an extradition treaty in hand, would give me up to the +government of my country. If I were alone, I might possibly escape all +these dangers. But I should never succeed if I had you near me, and +Grandpapa Chandore, and your two aunts.” + +Dionysia was forcibly struck by these objections, of which she had had +no idea. She said nothing. + +“Still, suppose we might possibly escape all such dangers. What would +our life be! Do you know what it would mean to have to hide and to +run incessantly, to have to avoid the looks of every stranger, and to +tremble, day by day, at the thought of discovery? With me, Dionysia, +your existence would be that of the wife of one of those banditti whom +the police are hunting down in his dens. And you ought to know that such +a life is so intolerable, that hardened criminals have been unable to +endure it, and have given up their life for the boon of a night’s quiet +sleep.” + +Big tears were silently rolling down the poor girl’s cheeks. She +murmured,-- + +“Perhaps you are right, Jacques. But, O Jacques, if they should condemn +you!” + +“Well, I should at least have done my duty. I should have met fate, +and defended my honor. And, whatever the sentence may be, it will not +overthrow me; for, as long as my heart beats within me, I mean to defend +myself. And, if I die before I succeed in proving my innocence, I +shall leave it to you, Dionysia, to your kindred, and to my friends, to +continue the struggle, and to restore my honor.” + +She was worthy of comprehending and of appreciating such sentiments. + +“I was wrong, Jacques,” she said, offering him her hand: “you must +forgive me.” + +She had risen, and, after a few moments’ hesitation, was about to leave +the room, when Jacques retained her, saying,-- + +“I do not mean to escape; but would not the people who have agreed to +favor my evasion be willing to furnish me the means for passing a few +hours outside of my prison?” + +“I think they would,” replied the young girl; “And, if you wish it, I +will make sure of it.” + +“Yes. That might be a last resort.” + +With these words they parted, exhorting each other to keep up their +courage, and promising each other to meet again during the next days. + +Dionysia found her poor aunt Lavarande very tired of the long watch; and +they hastened home. + +“How pale you are!” exclaimed M. de Chandore, when he saw his +grand-daughter; “and how red your eyes are! What has happened?” + +She told him every thing; and the old gentleman felt chilled to the +marrow of his bones, when he found that it had depended on Jacques alone +to carry off his grandchild. But he had not done so. + +“Ah, he is an honest man!” he said. + +And, pressing his lips on Dionysia’s brow, he added,-- + +“And you love him more than ever?” + +“Alas!” she replied, “is he not more unhappy than ever?” + + + +XXI. + +“Have you heard the news?” + +“No: what is it?” + +“Dionysia de Chandore has been to see M. de Boiscoran in prison.” + +“Is it possible?” + +“Yes, indeed! Twenty people have seen her come back from there, leaning +on the arm of the older Miss Lavarande. She went in at ten minutes past +ten, and she did not come out till a quarter-past three.” + +“Is the young woman mad?” + +“And the aunt--what do you think of the aunt?” + +“She must be as mad as the niece.” + +“And M. de Chandore?” + +“He must have lost his senses to allow such a scandal. But you know very +well, grandfather and aunts never had any will but Dionysia’s.” + +“A nice training!” + +“And nice fruits of such an education! After such a scandal, no man will +be bold enough to marry her.” + +Such were the comments on Dionysia’s visit to Jacques, when the news +became known. It flew at once all over town. The ladies “in society” + could not recover from it; for people are exceedingly virtuous at +Sauveterre, and hence they claim the right of being exceedingly strict +in their judgment. There is no trifling permitted on the score of +propriety. + +The person who defies public opinion is lost. Now, public opinion was +decidedly against Jacques de Boiscoran. He was down, and everybody was +ready to kick him. + +“Will he get out of it?” + +This problem, which was day by day discussed at the “Literary Club,” had +called forth torrents of eloquence, terrible discussions, and even one +or two serious quarrels, one of which had ended in a duel. But nobody +asked any longer,-- + +“Is he innocent?” + +Dr. Seignebos’s eloquence, the influence of M. Seneschal, and the +cunning plots of Mechinet, had all failed. + +“Ah, what an interesting trial it will be!” said many people, who were +all eagerness to know who would be the presiding judge, in order to +ask him for tickets of admission. Day by day the interest in the trial +became deeper; and all who were in any way connected with it were +watched with great curiosity. Everybody wanted to know what they were +doing, what they thought, and what they had said. + +They saw in the absence of the Marquis de Boiscoran an additional proof +of Jacques’s guilt. The continued presence of M. Folgat also created no +small wonder. His extreme reserve, which they ascribed to his excessive +and ill-placed pride, had made him generally disliked. And now they +said,-- + +“He must have hardly any thing to do in Paris, that he can spend so many +months in Sauveterre.” + +The editor of “The Sauveterre Independent” naturally found the affair +a veritable gold-mine for his paper. He forgot his old quarrel with the +editor of “The Impartial Journal,” whom he accused of Bonapartism, and +who retaliated by calling him a Communist. Each day brought, in addition +to the usual mention under the “local” head, some article on the +“Boiscoran Case.” He wrote,-- + +“The health of Count C., instead of improving, is declining visibly. He +used to get up occasionally when he first came to Sauveterre; and now he +rarely leaves his bed. The wound in the shoulder, which at first seemed +to be the least dangerous, has suddenly become much inflamed, owing +to the tropical heat of the last days. At one time gangrene was +apprehended, and it was feared that amputation would become necessary. +Yesterday Dr. S. seemed to be much disturbed. + +“And, as misfortunes never come singly, the youngest daughter of Count +C. is very ill. She had the measles at the time of the fire; and the +fright, the cold, and the removal, have brought on a relapse, which may +be dangerous. + +“Amid all these cruel trials, the Countess C. is admirable in her +devotion, her courage, and her resignation. Whenever she leaves the +bedside of her dear patients to pray at church for them, she is received +with the most touching sympathy and the most sincere admiration by the +whole population.” + +“Ah, that wretch Boiscoran!” cried the good people of Sauveterre when +they read such an article. + +The next day, they found this,-- + +“We have sent to the hospital to inquire from the lady superior how the +poor idiot is, who has taken such a prominent part in the bloody drama +at Valpinson. His mental condition remains unchanged since he has been +examined by experts. The spark of intelligence which the crime had +elicited seems to be extinguished entirely and forever. It is impossible +to obtain a word from him. He is, however, not locked up. Inoffensive +and gentle, like a poor animal that has lost its master, he wanders +mournfully through the courts and gardens of the hospital. Dr. S., who +used to take a lively interest in him, hardly ever sees him now. + +“It was thought at one time, that C. would be summoned to give evidence +in the approaching trial. We are informed by high authority, that such +a dramatic scene must not be expected to take place. C. will not appear +before the jury.” + +“Certainly, Cocoleu’s deposition must have been an interposition of +Providence,” said people who were not far from believing that it was a +genuine miracle. + +The next day the editor took M. Galpin in hand. + +“M. G., the eminent magistrate, is very unwell just now, and very +naturally so after an investigation of such length and importance as +that which preceded the Boiscoran trial. We are told that he only awaits +the decree of the court, to ask for a furlough and to go to one of the +rural stations of the Pyrenees.” + +Then came Jacques’s turn,-- + +“M. J. de B. stands his imprisonment better than could be expected. +According to direct information, his health is excellent, and his +spirits do not seem to have suffered. He reads much, and spends part of +the night in preparing his defence, and making notes for his counsel.” + +Then came, from day to day, smaller items,-- + +“M. J. de B. is no longer in close confinement.” + +Or,-- + +“M. de B. had this morning an interview with his counsel, M. M., the +most eminent member of our bar, and M. F., a young but distinguished +advocate from Paris. The conference lasted several hours. We abstain +from giving details; but our readers will understand the reserve +required in the case of an accused who insists upon protesting +energetically that he is innocent.” + +And, again,-- + +“M. de B. was yesterday visited by his mother.” + +Or, finally,-- + +“We hear at the last moment that the Marchioness de B. and M. Folgat +have left for Paris. Our correspondent in P. writes us that the decree +of the court will not be delayed much longer.” + +Never had “The Sauveterre Independent” been read with so much interest. +And, as everybody endeavored to be better informed than his neighbor, +quite a number of idle men had assumed the duty of watching Jacques’s +friends, and spent their days in trying to find out what was going on +at M. de Chandore’s house. Thus it came about, that, on the evening +of Dionysia’s visit to Jacques, the street was full of curious people. +Towards half-past ten, they saw M. de Chandore’s carriage come out of +the courtyard, and draw up at the door. At eleven o’clock M. de Chandore +and Dr. Seignebos got in, the coachman whipped the horse, and they drove +off. + +“Where can they be going?” asked they. + +They followed the carriage. The two gentlemen drove to the station. +They had received a telegram, and were expecting the return of the +marchioness and M. Folgat, accompanied, this time, by the old marquis. + +They reached there much too soon. The local branch railway which goes to +Sauveterre is not famous for regularity, and still reminds its patrons +occasionally of the old habits of stage-coaches, when the driver or the +conductor had, at the last moment, to stop to pick up something they +had forgotten. At a quarter-past midnight the train, which ought to +have been there twenty minutes before, had not yet been signalled. +Every thing around was silent and deserted. Through the windows the +station-master might be seen fast asleep in his huge leather chair. +Clerks and porters all were asleep, stretched out on the benches of the +waiting-room. But people are accustomed to such delays at Sauveterre; +they are prepared for being kept waiting: and the doctor and M. de +Chandore were walking up and down the platform, being neither astonished +nor impatient at the irregularity. Nor would they have been much +surprised if they had been told that they were closely watched all the +time: they knew their good town. Still it was so. Two curious men, +more obstinate than the others, had jumped into the omnibus which runs +between the station and the town; and now, standing a little aside, they +said to each other,-- + +“I say, what can they be waiting for?” + +At last towards one o’clock, a bell rang, and the station seemed +to start into life. The station-master opened his door, the porters +stretched themselves and rubbed their eyes, oaths were heard, doors +slammed, and the large hand-barrows came in sight. + +Then a low thunder-like noise came nearer and nearer; and almost +instantly a fierce red light at the far end of the track shone out +in the dark night like a ball of fire. M. de Chandore and the doctor +hastened to the waiting-room. + +The train stopped. A door opened, and the marchioness appeared, leaning +on M. Folgat’s arm. The marquis, a travelling-bag in hand, followed +next. + +“That was it!” said the volunteer spies, who had flattened their noses +against the window-panes. + +And, as the train brought no other passengers, they succeeded in making +the omnibus conductor start at once, eager as they were to proclaim the +arrival of the prisoner’s father. + +The hour was unfavorable: everybody was asleep; but they did not give up +the hope of finding somebody yet at the club. People stay up very late +at the club, for there is play going on there, and at times pretty heavy +play: you can lose your five hundred francs quite readily there. Thus +the indefatigable news-hunters had a fair chance of finding open ears +for their great piece of news. And yet, if they had been less eager to +spread it, they might have witnessed, perhaps not entirely unmoved, this +first interview between M. de Chandore and the Marquis de Boiscoran. + +By a natural impulse they had both hastened forward, and shook hands in +the most energetic manner. Tears stood in their eyes. They opened their +lips to speak; but they said nothing. Besides, there was no need of +words between them. That close embrace had told Jacques’s father clearly +enough what Dionysia’s grandfather must have suffered. They remained +thus standing motionless, looking at each other, when Dr. Seignebos, who +could not be still for any length of time, came up, and asked,-- + +“The trunks are on the carriage: shall we go?” + +They left the station. The night was clear; and on the horizon, above +the dark mass of the sleeping town, there rose against the pale-blue +sky the two towers of the old castle, which now served as prison to +Sauveterre. + +“That is the place where my Jacques is kept,” murmured the marquis. +“There my son is imprisoned, accused of horrible crimes.” + +“We will get him out of it,” said the doctor cheerfully, as he helped +the old gentleman into the carriage. + +But in vain did he try, during the drive, to rouse, as he called it, the +spirits of his companions. His hopes found no echo in their distressed +hearts. + +M. Folgat inquired after Dionysia, whom he had been surprised not to see +at the station. M. de Chandore replied that she had staid at home with +the Misses Lavarande, to keep M. Magloire company; and that was all. + +There are situations in which it is painful to talk. The marquis had +enough to do to suppress the spasmodic sobs which now and then +would rise in his throat. He was upset by the thought that he was at +Sauveterre. Whatever may be said to the contrary, distance does not +weaken our emotions. Shaking hands with M. de Chandore in person had +moved him more deeply than all the letters he had received for a month. +And when he saw Jacques’s prison from afar, he had the first clear +notion of the horrible tortures endured by his son. The marchioness was +utterly exhausted: she felt as if all the springs in her system were +broken. + +M. de Chandore trembled when he looked at them, and saw how they all +were on the point of succumbing. If they despaired, what could he +hope for,--he, who knew how indissolubly Dionysia’s fate in life was +connected with Jacques? + +At length the carriage stopped before his house. The door opened +instantly, and the marchioness found herself in Dionysia’s arms, and +soon after comfortably seated in an easy-chair. The others had followed +her. It was past two o’clock; but every minute now was valuable. +Arranging his spectacles, Dr. Seignebos said,-- + +“I propose that we exchange our information. I, for my part, I am still +at the same point. But you know my views. I do not give them up. Cocoleu +is an impostor, and it shall be proved. I appear to notice him no +longer; but, in reality, I watch him more closely than ever.” + +Dionysia interrupted him, saying,-- + +“Before any thing is decided, there is one fact which you all ought to +know. Listen.” + +Pale like death, for it cost her a great struggle to reveal thus the +secret of her heart, but with a voice full of energy, and an eye full of +fire, she told them what she had already confessed to her grandfather; +viz., the propositions she had made to Jacques, and his obstinate +refusal to accede to them. + +“Well done, madame!” said Dr. Seignebos, full of enthusiasm. “Well done! +Jacques is very unfortunate, and still he is to be envied.” + +Dionysia finished her recital. Then, turning with a triumphant air to M. +Magloire, she added,-- + +“After that, is there any one yet who could believe that Jacques is a +vile assassin?” + +The eminent advocate of Sauveterre was not one of those men who prize +their opinions more highly than truth itself. + +“I confess,” he said, “that, if I were to go and see Jacques to-morrow +for the first time, I should not speak to him as I did before.” + +“And I,” exclaimed the Marquis de Boiscoran,--“I declare that I answer +for my son as for myself, and I mean to tell him so to-morrow.” + +Then turning towards his wife, and speaking so low, that she alone could +hear him, he added,-- + +“And I hope you will forgive me those suspicions which now fill me with +horror.” + +But the marchioness had no strength left: she fainted, and had to be +removed, accompanied by Dionysia and the Misses Lavarande. As soon as +they were out of the room, Dr. Seignebos locked the door, rested his +elbow on the chimney, and, taking off his spectacles to wipe them, said +to M. Folgat,-- + +“Now we can speak freely. What news do you bring us?” + + + +XXII. + +It had just struck eleven o’clock, when the jailer, Blangin, entered +Jacques’s cell in great excitement, and said,-- + +“Sir, your father is down stairs.” + +The prisoner jumped up, thunderstruck. + +The night before he had received a note from M. de Chandore, informing +him of the marquis’s arrival; and his whole time had since been spent in +preparing himself for the interview. How would it be? He had nothing by +which to judge. He had therefore determined to be quite reserved. And, +whilst he was following Blangin along the dismal passage and down the +interminable steps, he was busily composing respectful phrases, and +trying to look self-possessed. + +But, before he could utter a single word, he was in his father’s arms. +He felt himself pressed against his heart, and heard him stammer,-- + +“Jacques, my dear son, my unfortunate child!” + +In all his life, long and stormy as it had been, the marquis had not +been tried so severely. Drawing Jacques to one of the parlor-windows, +and leaning back a little, so as to see him better, he was amazed how he +could ever have doubted his son. It seemed to him that he was standing +there himself. He recognized his own feature and carriage, his own frank +but rather haughty expression, his own clear, bright eye. + +Then, suddenly noticing details, he was shocked to see Jacques so much +reduced. He found him looking painfully pale, and he actually discovered +at the temples more than one silvery hair amid his thick black curls. + +“Poor child!” he said. “How you must have suffered!” + +“I thought I should lose my senses,” replied Jacques simply. + +And with a tremor in his voice, he asked,-- + +“But, dear father, why did you give me no sign of life? Why did you stay +away so long?” + +The marquis was not unprepared for such a question. But how could he +answer it? Could he ever tell Jacques the true secret of his hesitation? +Turning his eyes aside, he answered,-- + +“I hoped I should be able to serve you better by remaining in Paris.” + But his embarrassment was too evident to escape Jacques. + +“You did not doubt your own child, father?” he asked sadly. + +“Never!” cried the marquis, “I never doubted a moment. Ask your mother, +and she will tell you that it was this proud assurance I felt which kept +me from coming down with her. When I heard of what they accused you, I +said ‘It is absurd!’” + +Jacques shook his head, and said,-- + +“The accusation was absurd; and yet you see what it has brought me to.” + +Two big tears, which he could no longer retain, burnt in the eyes of the +old gentleman. + +“You blame me, Jacques,” he said. “You blame your father.” + +There is not a man alive who could see his father shed tears, and not +feel his heart melt within him. All the resolutions Jacques had formed +vanished in an instant. Pressing his father’s hand in his own, he +said,-- + +“No, I do not blame you, father. And still I have no words to tell +you how much your absence has added to my sufferings. I thought I was +abandoned, disowned.” + +For the first time since his imprisonment, the unfortunate man found a +heart to whom he could confide all the bitterness that overflowed in his +own heart. With his mother and with Dionysia, honor forbade him to +show despair. The incredulity of M. Magloire had made all confidence +impossible; and M. Folgat, although as sympathetic as man could be was, +after all, a perfect stranger. + +But now he had near him a friend, the dearest and most precious friend +that a man can ever have,--his father: now he had nothing to fear. + +“Is there a human being in this world,” he said, “whose misfortunes +equal mine? To be innocent, and not to be able to prove it! To know the +guilty one, and not to dare mention the name. Ah! at first I did not +take in the whole horror of my situation. I was frightened, to be sure; +but I had recovered, thinking that surely justice would not be slow in +discovering the truth. Justice! It was my friend Galpin who represented +it, and he cared little enough for truth: his only aim was to prove that +the man whom he accused was the guilty man. Read the papers, father, +and you will see how I have been victimized by the most unheard-of +combination of circumstances. Every thing is against me. Never has that +mysterious, blind, and absurd power manifested itself so clearly,--that +awful power which we call fate. + +“First I was kept by a sense of honor from mentioning the name of the +Countess Claudieuse, and then by prudence. The first time I mentioned +it to M. Magloire, he told me I lied. Then I thought every thing lost. I +saw no other end but the court, and, after the trial, the galleys or the +scaffold. I wanted to kill myself. My friends made me understand that I +did not belong to myself, and that, as long as I had a spark of energy +and a ray of intelligence left me, I had no right to dispose of my +life.” + +“Poor, poor child!” said the marquis. “No, you have no such right.” + +“Yesterday,” continued Jacques, “Dionysia came to see me. Do you +know what brought her here? She offered to flee with me. Father, that +temptation was terrible. Once free, and Dionysia by my side, what cared +I for the world? She insisted, like the matchless girl that she is; and +look there, there, on the spot where you now stand, she threw herself at +my feet, imploring me to flee. I doubt whether I can save my life; but I +remain here.” + +He felt deeply moved, and sank upon the rough bench, hiding his face in +his hands, perhaps to conceal his tears. + +Suddenly, however, he was seized with one of those attacks of rage +which had come to him but too often during his imprisonment, and he +exclaimed,-- + +“But what have I done to deserve such fearful punishment?” + +The brow of the marquis suddenly darkened; and he replied solemnly,-- + +“You have coveted your neighbor’s wife, my son.” + +Jacques shrugged his shoulders. He said,-- + +“I loved the Countess Claudieuse, and she loved me.” + +“Adultery is a crime, Jacques.” + +“A crime? Magloire said the same thing. But, father, do you really think +so? Then it is a crime which has nothing appalling about it, to which +every thing invites and encourages, of which everybody boasts, and at +which the world smiles. The law, it is true, gives the husband the right +of life and death; but, if you appeal to the law, it gives the guilty +man six months’ imprisonment, or makes him pay a few thousand francs.” + +Ah, if he had known, the unfortunate man! + +“Jacques,” said the marquis, “the Countess Claudieuse hints, as you say, +that one of her daughters, the youngest, is your child?” + +“That may be so.” + +The Marquis de Boiscoran shuddered. Then he exclaimed bitterly,-- + +“That may be so! You say that carelessly, indifferently, madman! Did you +never think of the grief Count Claudieuse would feel if he should learn +the truth? And even if he merely suspected it! Can you not comprehend +that such a suspicion is quite sufficient to embitter a whole life, to +ruin the life of that girl? Have you never told yourself that such a +doubt inflicts a more atrocious punishment than any thing you have yet +suffered?” + +He paused. A few words more, and he would have betrayed his secret. +Checking his excitement by an heroic effort, he said,-- + +“But I did not come here to discuss this question; I came to tell you, +that, whatever may happen, your father will stand by you, and that, if +you must undergo the disgrace of appearing in court, I will take a seat +by your side.” + +In spite of his own great trouble, Jacques had not been able to avoid +seeing his father’s unusual excitement and his sudden vehemence. For +a second, he had a vague perception of the truth; but, before the +suspicion could assume any shape, it had vanished before this promise +which his father made, to face by his side the overwhelming humiliation +of a judgment in court,--a promise full of divine self-abnegation and +paternal love. His gratitude burst forth in the words,-- + +“Ah, father! I ought to ask your pardon for ever having doubted your +heart for a moment.” + +M. de Boiscoran tried his best to recover his self-possession. At last +he said in an earnest voice,-- + +“Yes, I love you, my son; and still you must not make me out more of a +hero than I am. I still hope we may be spared the appearance in court.” + +“Has any thing new been discovered?” + +“M. Folgat has found some traces which justify legitimate hopes, +although, as yet, no real success has been achieved.” + +Jacques looked rather discouraged. + +“Traces?” he asked. + +“Be patient. They are feeble traces, I admit, and such as could not be +produced in court; but from day to day they may become decisive. And +already they have had one good effect: they have brought us back M. +Magloire.” + +“O God! Could I really be saved?” + +“I shall leave to M. Folgat,” continued the marquis, “the satisfaction +of telling you the result of his efforts. He can explain their bearing +better than I could. And you will not have long to wait; for last night, +or rather this morning, when we separated, he and M. Magloire agreed to +meet here at the prison, before two o’clock.” + +A few minutes later a rapid step approached in the passage; and Trumence +appeared, the prisoner of whom Blangin had made an assistant, and whom +Mechinet had employed to carry Jacques’s letters to Dionysia. He was a +tall well-made man of twenty-five or six years, whose large mouth and +small eyes were perpetually laughing. A vagabond without hearth or home, +Trumence had once been a land-owner. At the death of his parents, when +he was only eighteen years old, Trumence had come into possession of a +house surrounded by a yard, a garden, several acres of land, and a salt +meadow; all worth about fifteen thousand francs. Unfortunately the time +for the conscription was near. Like many young men of that district, +Trumence believed in witchcraft, and had gone to buy a charm, which cost +him fifty francs. It consisted of three tamarind-branches gathered on +Christmas Eve, and tied together by a magic number of hairs drawn from +a dead man’s head. Having sewed this charm into his waistcoat, Trumence +had gone to town, and, plunging his hand boldly into the urn, had drawn +number three. This was unexpected. But as he had a great horror of +military service, and, well-made as he was, felt quite sure that he +would not be rejected, he determined to employ a chance much more +certain to succeed; namely, to borrow money in order to buy a +substitute. + +As he was a land-owner, he found no difficulty in meeting with an +obliging person, who consented to lend him for two years thirty-five +hundred francs, in return for a first mortgage on his property. When the +papers were signed, and Trumence had the money in his pocket, he set out +for Rochefort, where dealers in substitutes abounded; and for the sum of +two thousand francs, exclusive of some smaller items, they furnished him +a substitute of the best quality. + +Delighted with the operation, Trumence was about to return home, when +his evil star led him to sup at his inn with a countryman, a former +schoolmate, who was now a sailor on board a coal-barge. Of course, +countrymen when they meet must drink. They did drink; and, as the sailor +very soon scented the twelve hundred francs which remained in Trumence’s +pockets, he swore that he was going to have a jolly time, and would +not return on board his barge as long as there remained a cent in his +friend’s pocket. So it happened, that, after a fortnight’s carouse, +the sailor was arrested and put in jail; and Trumence was compelled to +borrow five francs from the stage-driver to enable him to get home. + +This fortnight was decisive for his life. During these days he had lost +all taste for work, and acquired a real passion for taverns where they +played with greasy cards. After his return he tried to continue this +jolly life; and, to do so, he made more debts. He sold, piece after +piece, all he possessed that was salable, down to his mattress and his +tools. This was not the way to repay the thirty-five hundred francs +which he owed. When pay-day came, the creditor, seeing that his security +was diminishing every day, lost no time. Before Trumence was well aware +of what was going on, an execution was in the house; his lands were +sold; and one fine day he found himself in the street, possessing +literally nothing in the world but the wretched clothes on his back. + +He might easily have found employment; for he was a good workman, and +people were fond of him in spite of all. But he was even more afraid +of work than he was fond of drink. Whenever want pressed too hard, he +worked a few days; but, as soon as he had earned ten francs, good-by! +Off he went, lounging by the road-side, talking with the wagoners, or +loafing about the villages, and watching for one of those kind topers, +who, rather than drink alone, invite the first-comer. Trumence +boasted of being well known all along the coast, and even far into the +department. And what was most surprising was that people did not blame +him much for his idleness. Good housewives in the country would, it is +true, greet him with a “Well, what do you want here, good-for-nothing?” + But they would rarely refuse him a bowl of soup or a glass of white +wine. His unchanging good-humor, and his obliging disposition, explained +this forbearance. This man, who would refuse a well-paid job, was ever +ready to lend a hand for nothing. And he was handy at every thing, by +land and by water, he called it, so that the farmer whose business was +pressing, and the fisherman in his boat who wanted help, appealed alike +to Trumence. + +The mischief, however, is, that this life of rural beggary, if it has +its good days, also has its evil times. On certain days, Trumence could +not find either kind-hearted topers or hospitable housewives. Hunger, +however, was ever on hand; then he had to become a marauder; dig some +potatoes, and cook them in a corner of a wood, or pilfer the orchards. +And if he found neither potatoes in the fields, nor apples in the +orchards, what could he do but climb a fence, or scale a wall? + +Relatively speaking, Trumence was an honest man, and incapable of +stealing a piece of money; but vegetables, fruits, chickens-- + +Thus it had come about that he had been arrested twice, and condemned to +several days’ imprisonment; and each time he had vowed solemnly that he +would never be caught at it again, and that he was going to work hard. +And yet he had been caught again. + +The poor fellow had told his misfortunes to Jacques; and Jacques, +who owed it to him that he could, when still in close confinement, +correspond with Dionysia, felt very kindly towards him. Hence, when he +saw him come up very respectful, and cap in hand, he asked,-- + +“What is it, Trumence?” + +“Sir,” replied the vagrant, “M. Blangin sends you word that the two +advocates are coming up to your room.” + +Once more the marquis embraced his son, saying,-- + +“Do not keep them waiting, and keep up your courage.” + + + +XXIII. + +The Marquis de Boiscoran had not been mistaken about M. Magloire. Much +shaken by Dionysia’s statement, he had been completely overcome by M. +Folgat’s explanations; and, when he now came to the jail, it was with a +determination to prove Jacques’s innocence. + +“But I doubt very much whether he will ever forgive me for my +incredulity,” he said to M. Folgat while they were waiting for the +prisoner in his cell. + +Jacques came in, still deeply moved by the scene with his father. M. +Magloire went up to him, and said,-- + +“I have never been able to conceal my thoughts, Jacques. When I thought +you guilty, and felt sure that you accused the Countess Claudieuse +falsely, I told you so with almost brutal candor. I have since found out +my error, and am now convinced of the truth of your statement: so I come +and tell you as frankly, Jacques, I was wrong to have had more faith in +the reputation of a woman than in the words of a friend. Will you give +me your hand?” + +The prisoner grasped his hand with a profusion of joy, and cried,-- + +“Since you believe in my innocence, others may believe in me too, and my +salvation is drawing near.” + +The melancholy faces of the two advocates told him that he was rejoicing +too soon. His features expressed his grief; but he said with a firm +voice,-- + +“Well, I see that the struggle will be a hard one, and that the result +is still uncertain. Never mind. You may be sure I will not give way.” + +In the meantime M. Folgat had spread out on the table all the papers +he had brought with him,--copies furnished by Mechinet, and notes taken +during his rapid journey. + +“First of all, my dear client,” he said, “I must inform you of what has +been done.” + +And when he had stated every thing, down to the minutest details of what +Goudar and he had done, he said,-- + +“Let us sum up. We are able to prove three things: 1. That the house in +Vine Street belongs to you, and that Sir Francis Burnett, who is known +there, and you are one; 2. That you were visited in this house by a +lady, who, from all the precautions she took, had powerful reasons to +remain unknown; 3. That the visits of this lady took place at certain +epochs every year, which coincided precisely with the journeys which the +Countess Claudieuse yearly made to Paris.” + +The great advocate of Sauveterre expressed his assent. + +“Yes,” he said, “all this is fully established.” + +“For ourselves, we have another certainty,--that Suky Wood, the servant +of the false Sir Francis Burnett, has watched the mysterious lady; that +she has seen her, and consequently would know her again.” + +“True, that appears from the deposition of the girl’s friend.” + +“Consequently, if we discover Suky Wood, the Countess Claudieuse is +unmasked.” + +“If we discover her,” said M. Magloire. “And here, unfortunately, we +enter into the region of suppositions.” + +“Suppositions!” said M. Folgat. “Well, call them so; but they are based +upon positive facts, and supported by a hundred precedents. Why should +we not find this Suky Wood, whose birthplace and family we know, and who +has no reason for concealment? Goudar has found very different people; +and Goudar is on our side. And you may be sure he will not be asleep. +I have held out to him a certain hope which will make him do +miracles,--the hope of receiving as a reward, if he succeeds, the +house in Vine Street. The stakes are too magnificent: he must win the +game,--he who has won so many already. Who knows what he may not have +discovered since we left him? Has he not done wonders already?” + +“It is marvellous!” cried Jacques, amazed at these results. + +Older than M. Folgat and Jacques, the eminent advocate of Sauveterre was +less ready to feel such enthusiasm. + +“Yes,” he said, “it is marvellous; and, if we had time, I would say +as you do, ‘We shall carry the day!’ But there is no time for Goudar’s +investigations: the sessions are on hand, and it seems to me it would be +very difficult to obtain a postponement.” + +“Besides, I do not wish it to be postponed,” said Jacques. + +“But”-- + +“On no account, Magloire, never! What? I should endure three months more +of this anguish which tortures me? I could not do it: my strength is +exhausted. This uncertainty has been too much for me. I could bear no +more suspense.” + +M. Folgat interrupted him, saying,-- + +“Do not trouble yourself about that: a postponement is out of the +question. On what pretext could we ask for it? The only way would be to +introduce an entirely new element in the case. We should have to summon +the Countess Claudieuse.” + +The greatest surprise appeared on Jacques’s face. + +“Will we not summon her anyhow?” he asked. + +“That depends.” + +“I do not understand you.” + +“It is very simple, however. If Goudar should succeed, before the trial, +in collecting sufficient evidence against her, I should summon her +certainly; and then the case would naturally change entirely; the whole +proceeding would begin anew; and you would probably appear only as a +witness. If, on the contrary, we obtain, before the trial begins, no +other proof but what we have now, I shall not mention her name even; for +that would, in my opinion, and in M. Magloire’s opinion, ruin your cause +irrevocably.” + +“Yes,” said the great advocate, “that is my opinion.” + +Jacques’s amazement was boundless. + +“Still,” he said, “in self-defence, I must, if I am brought up in court, +speak of my relations to the Countess Claudieuse.” + +“No.” + +“But that is my only explanation.” + +“If it were credited.” + +“And you think you can defend me, you think you can save me, without +telling the truth?” + +M. Folgat shook his head, and said,-- + +“In court the truth is the last thing to be thought of.” + +“Oh!” + +“Do you think the jury would credit allegations which M. Magloire did +not credit? No. Well, then, we had better not speak of them any more, +and try to find some explanation which will meet the charges brought +against you. Do you think we should be the first to act thus? By no +means. There are very few cases in which the prosecution says all it +knows, and still fewer in which the defence calls for every thing it +might call for. Out of ten criminal trials, there are at least three in +which side-issues are raised. What will be the charge in court against +you? The substance of the romance which the magistrate has invented in +order to prove your guilt. You must meet him with another romance which +proves your innocence.” + +“But the truth.” + +“Is dependent on probability, my dear client. Ask M. Magloire. The +prosecution only asks for probability: hence probability is all the +defence has to care for. Human justice is feeble, and limited in its +means; it cannot go down to the very bottom of things; it cannot judge +of motives, and fathom consciences. It can only judge from appearances, +and decide by plausibility; there is hardly a case which has not some +unexplored mystery, some undiscovered secret. The truth! Ah! do you +think M. Galpin has looked for it? If he did, why did he not summon +Cocoleu? But no, as long as he can produce a criminal, who may be +responsible for the crime, he is quite content. The truth! Which of us +knows the real truth? Your case, M. de Boiscoran, is one of those in +which neither the prosecution, nor the defence, nor the accused himself, +knows the truth of the matter.” + +There followed a long silence, so deep a silence, that the step of +the sentinel could be heard, who was walking up and down under the +prison-windows. M. Folgat had said all he thought proper to say: he +feared, in saying more, to assume too great a responsibility. It was, +after all, Jacques’s life and Jacques’s honor which were at stake. He +alone, therefore, ought to decide the nature of his defence. If his +judgment was too forcibly controlled by his counsel, he would have had +a right hereafter to say, “Why did you not leave me free to choose? I +should not have been condemned.” + +To show this very clearly, M. Folgat went on,-- + +“The advice I give you, my dear client, is, in my eyes, the best; it is +the advice I would give my own brother. But, unfortunately, I cannot say +it is infallible. You must decide yourself. Whatever you may resolve, I +am still at your service.” + +Jacques made no reply. His elbows resting on the table, his face in his +hands, he remained motionless, like a statue, absorbed in his thoughts. +What should he do? Should he follow his first impulse, tear the veil +aside, and proclaim the truth? That was a doubtful policy, but also, +what a triumph if he succeeded! + +Should he adopt the views of his counsel, employ subterfuges and +falsehoods? That was more certain of success; but to be successful in +this way--was that a real victory? + +Jacques was in a terrible perplexity. He felt it but too clearly. The +decision he must form now would decide his fate. Suddenly he raised his +head, and said,-- + +“What is your advice, M. Magloire?” + +The great advocate of Sauveterre frowned angrily; and said, in a +somewhat rough tone of voice,-- + +“I have had the honor to place before your mother all that my young +colleague has just told you. M. Folgat has but one fault,--he is too +cautious. The physician must not ask what his patient thinks of his +remedies: he must prescribe them. It may be that our prescriptions do +not meet with success; but, if you do not follow them, you are most +assuredly lost.” + +Jacques hesitated for some minutes longer. These prescriptions, as M. +Magloire called them, were painfully repugnant to his chivalrous and +open character. + +“Would it be worth while,” he murmured, “to be acquitted on such terms? +Would I really be exculpated by such proceedings? Would not my whole +life thereafter be disgraced by suspicions? I should not come out +from the trial with a clear acquittal: I should have escaped by a mere +chance.” + +“That would still better than to go, by a clear judgment, to the +galleys,” said M. Magloire brutally. + +This word, “the galleys,” made Jacques bound. He rose, walked up and +down a few times in his room, and then, placing himself in front of his +counsel, said,-- + +“I put myself in your hands, gentlemen. Tell me what I must do.” + +Jacques had at least this merit, if he once formed a resolution, he was +sure to adhere to it. Calm now, and self-possessed, he sat down, and +said, with a melancholy smile,-- + +“Let us hear the plan of battle.” + +This plan had been for a month now the one great thought of M. Folgat. +All his intelligence, all his sagacity and knowledge of the world, had +been brought to bear upon this case, which he had made his own, so +to say, by his almost passionate interest. He knew the tactics of the +prosecution as well as M. Galpin himself, and he knew its weak and its +strong side even better than M. Galpin. + +“We shall go on, therefore,” he began, “as if there was no such person +as the Countess Claudieuse. We know nothing of her. We shall say nothing +of the meeting at Valpinson, nor of the burned letters.” + +“That is settled.” + +“That being so, we must next look, not for the manner in which we spent +our time, but for our purpose in going out the evening of the crime. +Ah! If we could suggest a plausible, a very probable purpose, I should +almost guarantee our success; for we need not hesitate to say there is +the turning-point of the whole case, on which all the discussions will +turn.” + +Jacques did not seem to be fully convinced of this view. He said,-- + +“You think that possible?” + +“Unfortunately, it is but too certain; and, if I say unfortunately, it +is because here we have to meet a terrible charge, the most decisive, by +all means, that has been raised, one on which M. Galpin has not insisted +(he is much too clever for that), but one which, in the hands of the +prosecution, may become a terrible weapon.” + +“I must confess,” said Jacques, “I do not very well see”-- + +“Have you forgotten the letter you wrote to Miss Dionysia the evening of +the crime?” broke in M. Magloire. + +Jacques looked first at one, and then at the other of his counsel. + +“What,” he said, “that letter?” + +“Overwhelms us, my dear client,” said M. Folgat. “Don’t you remember it? +You told your betrothed in that note, that you would be prevented +from enjoying the evening with her by some business of the greatest +importance, and which could not be delayed? Thus, you see, you had +determined beforehand, and after mature consideration, to spend that +evening in doing a certain thing. What was it? ‘The murder of Count +Claudieuse,’ says the prosecution. What can we say?” + +“But, I beg your pardon--that letter. Miss Dionysia surely has not +handed it over to them?” + +“No; but the prosecution is aware of its existence. M. de Chandore and +M. Seneschal have spoken of it in the hope of exculpating you, and have +even mentioned the contents. And M. Galpin knows it so well, that he had +repeatedly mentioned it to you, and you have confessed all that he could +desire.” + +The young advocate looked among his papers; and soon he had found what +he wanted. + +“Look here,” he said, “in your third examination, I find this,--” + +“‘QUESTION.--You were shortly to marry Miss Chandore? + +ANSWER.--Yes. + +Q--For some time you had been spending your evenings with her? + +A.--Yes, all. + +Q.--Except the one of the crime? + +A.--Unfortunately. + +Q.--Then your betrothed must have wondered at your absence? + +A.--No: I had written to her.’” + +“Do you hear, Jacques?” cried M. Magloire. “Notice that M. Galpin takes +care not to insist. He does not wish to rouse your suspicions. He has +got you to confess, and that is enough for him.” + +But, in the meantime, M. Folgat had found another paper. + +“In your sixth examination,” he went on, “I have noticed this,-- + +“‘Q.--You left your house with your gun on your shoulder, without any +definite aim? + +A.--I shall explain that when I have consulted with counsel. + +Q.--You need no consultation to tell the truth. + +A.--I shall not change my resolution. + +Q.--Then you will not tell me where you were between eight and midnight? + +A.--I shall answer that question at the same time with the other. + +Q.--You must have had very strong reasons to keep you out, as you were +expected by your betrothed, Miss Chandore? + +A.--I had written to her not to expect me.’” + +“Ah! M. Galpin is a clever fellow,” growled M. Magloire. + +“Finally,” said M. Folgat, “here is a passage from your last but one +examination,-- + +“‘Q.--When you wanted to send anybody to Sauveterre, whom did you +usually employ? + +A.--The son of one of my tenants, Michael. + +Q.--It was he, I suppose, who, on the evening of the crime, carried the +letter to Miss Chandore, in which you told her not to expect you? + +A.--Yes. + +Q.--You pretended you would be kept by some important business? + +A.--That is the usual pretext. + +Q.--But in your case it was no pretext. Where had you to go? and where +did you go? + +A.--As long as I have not seen counsel I shall say nothing. + +Q.--Have a care: the system of negation and concealment is dangerous. + +A.--I know it, and I accept the consequences.’” + +Jacques was dumfounded. And necessarily every accused person is equally +surprised when he hears what he has stated in the examination. There is +not one who does not exclaim,-- + +“What, I said that? Never!” + +He has said it, and there is no denying it; for there it is written, and +signed by himself. How could he ever say so? + +Ah! that is the point. However clever a man may be, he cannot for many +months keep all his faculties on the stretch, and all his energy up to +its full power. He has his hours of prostration and his hours of hope, +his attacks of despair and his moments of courage; and the impassive +magistrate takes advantage of them all. Innocent or guilty, no prisoner +can cope with him. However powerful his memory may be, how can he +recall an answer which he may have given weeks and weeks before? The +magistrate, however, remembers it; and twenty times, if need be, +he brings it up again. And as the small snowflake may become an +irresistible avalanche, so an insignificant word, uttered at haphazard, +forgotten, then recalled, commented upon, and enlarged may become +crushing evidence. + +Jacques now experienced this. These questions had been put to him so +skilfully, and at such long intervals of time, that he had totally +forgotten them; and yet now, when he recalled his answers, he had to +acknowledge that he had confessed his purpose to devote that evening to +some business of great importance. + +“That is fearful!” he cried. + +And, overcome by the terrible reality of M. Folgat’s apprehension, he +added,-- + +“How can we get out of that?” + +“I told you,” replied M. Folgat, “we must find some plausible +explanation.” + +“I am sure I am incapable of that.” + +The young lawyer seemed to reflect a moment, and then he said,-- + +“You have been a prisoner while I have been free. For a month now I have +thought this matter over.” + +“Ah!” + +“Where was your wedding to be?” + +“At my house at Boiscoran.” + +“Where was the religious ceremony to take place?” + +“At the church at Brechy.” + +“Have you ever spoken of that to the priest?” + +“Several times. One day especially, when we discussed it in a pleasant +way, he said jestingly to me, ‘I shall have you, after all in my +confessional.’” + +M. Folgat almost trembled with satisfaction, and Jacques saw it. + +“Then the priest at Brechy was your friend?” + +“An intimate friend. He sometimes came to dine with me quite +unceremoniously, and I never passed him without shaking hands with him.” + +The young lawyer’s joy was growing perceptibly. + +“Well,” he said, “my explanation is becoming quite plausible. Just hear +what I have positively ascertained to be the fact. In the time from nine +to eleven o’clock, on the night of the crime, there was not a soul at +the parsonage in Brechy. The priest was dining with M. Besson, at his +house; and his servant had gone out to meet him with a lantern.” + +“I understand,” said M. Magloire. + +“Why should you not have gone to see the priest at Brechy, my dear +client? In the first place, you had to arrange the details of the +ceremony with him; then, as he is your friend, and a man of experience, +and a priest, you wanted to ask him for his advice before taking so +grave a step, and, finally, you intended to fulfil that religious duty +of which he spoke, and which you were rather reluctant to comply with.” + +“Well said!” approved the eminent lawyer of Sauveterre,--“very well +said!” + +“So, you see, my dear client, it was for the purpose of consulting the +priest at Brechy that you deprived yourself of the pleasure of spending +the evening with your betrothed. Now let us see how that answers +the allegations of the prosecution. They ask you why you took to the +marshes. Why? Because it was the shortest way, and you were afraid of +finding the priest in bed. Nothing more natural; for it is well known +that the excellent man is in the habit of going to bed at nine o’clock. +Still you had put yourself out in vain; for, when you knocked at the +door of the parsonage, nobody came to open.” + +Here M. Magloire interrupted his colleague, saying,-- + +“So far, all is very well. But now there comes a very great +improbability. No one would think of going through the forest of +Rochepommier in order to return from Brechy to Boiscoran. If you knew +the country”-- + +“I know it; for I have carefully explored it. And the proof of it is, +that, having foreseen the objection, I have found an answer. While M. de +Boiscoran knocked at the door, a little peasant-girl passed by, and told +him that she had just met the priest at a place called the Marshalls’ +Cross-roads. As the parsonage stands quite isolated, at the end of the +village, such an incident is very probable. As for the priest, chance +led me to learn this: precisely at the hour at which M. de Boiscoran +would have been at Brechy, a priest passed the Marshalls’ Cross-roads; +and this priest, whom I have seen, belongs to the next parish. He also +dined at M. Besson’s, and had just been sent for to attend a dying +woman. The little girl, therefore, did not tell a story; she only made a +mistake.” + +“Excellent!” said M. Magloire. + +“Still,” continued M. Folgat, “after this information, what did M. de +Boiscoran do? He went on; and, hoping every moment to meet the priest, +he walked as far as the forest of Rochepommier. Finding, at last, that +the peasant-girl had--purposely or not--led him astray, he determined to +return to Boiscoran through the woods. But he was in very bad humor +at having thus lost an evening which he might have spent with his +betrothed; and this made him swear and curse, as the witness Gaudry has +testified.” + +The famous lawyer of Sauveterre shook his head. + +“That is ingenious, I admit; and I confess, in all humility, that +I could not have suggested any thing as good. But--for there is a +but--your story sins by its very simplicity. The prosecution will say, +‘If that is the truth, why did not M. de Boiscoran say so at once? And +what need was there to consult his counsel?’” + +M. Folgat showed in his face that he was making a great effort to meet +the objection. After a while, he replied,-- + +“I know but too well that that is the weak spot in our armor,--a very +weak spot, too; for it is quite clear, that, if M. de Boiscoran had +given this explanation on the day of his arrest, he would have been +released instantly. But what better can be found? What else can be +found? However, this is only a rough sketch of my plan, and I have never +put it into words yet till now. With your assistance, M. Magloire, with +the aid of Mechinet, to whom I am already indebted for very valuable +information, with the aid of all our friends, in fine, I cannot help +hoping that I may be able to improve my plan by adding some mysterious +secret which may help to explain M. de Boiscoran’s reticence. I thought, +at one time, of calling in politics, and to pretend, that, on account of +the peculiar views of which he is suspected, M. de Boiscoran preferred +keeping his relations with the priest at Brechy a secret.” + +“Oh, that would have been most unfortunate!” broke in M. Magloire. +“We are not only religious at Sauveterre, we are devout, my good +colleague,--excessively devout.” + +“And I have given up that idea.” + +Jacques, who had till now kept silent and motionless, now raised himself +suddenly to his full height, and cried, in a voice of concentrated +rage,-- + +“Is it not too bad, is it not atrocious, that we should be compelled +to concoct a falsehood? And I am innocent! What more could be done if I +were a murderer?” + +Jacques was perfectly right: it was monstrous that he should be +absolutely forced to conceal the truth. But his counsel took no notice +of his indignation: they were too deeply absorbed in examining minutely +their system of defence. + +“Let us go on to the other points of the accusation,” said M. Magloire. + +“If my version is accepted,” replied M. Folgat, “the rest follows as a +matter of course. But will they accept it? On the day on which he was +arrested, M. de Boiscoran, trying to find an excuse for having been +out that night, has said that he had gone to see his wood-merchant at +Brechy. That was a disastrous imprudence. And here is the real danger. +As to the rest, that amounts to nothing. There is the water in which M. +de Boiscoran washed his hands when he came home, and in which they +have found traces of burnt paper. We have only to modify the facts very +slightly to explain that. We have only to state that M. de Boiscoran is +a passionate smoker: that is well known. He had taken with him a goodly +supply of cigarettes when he set out for Brechy; but he had taken +no matches. And that is a fact. We can furnish proof, we can produce +witnesses, we had no matches; for we had forgotten our match-box, the +day before, at M. de Chandore’s,--the box which we always carry about +on our person, which everybody knows, and which is still lying on the +mantelpiece in Miss Dionysia’s little boudoir. Well, having no matches, +we found that we could go no farther without a smoke. We had gone quite +far already; and the question was, Shall we go on without smoking, or +return? No need of either! There was our gun; and we knew very well what +sportsmen do under such circumstances. We took the shot out of one of +our cartridges, and, in setting the powder on fire, we lighted a piece +of paper. This is an operation in which you cannot help blackening your +fingers. As we had to repeat it several times, our hands were very much +soiled and very black, and the nails full of little fragments of burnt +paper.” + +“Ah! now you are right,” exclaimed M. Magloire. “Well done!” + +His young colleague became more and more animated; and always employing +the profession “we,” which his brethren affect, he went on,-- + +“This water, which you dwell upon so much, is the clearest evidence of +our innocence. If we had been an incendiary, we should certainly +have poured it out as hurriedly as the murderer tries to wash out the +blood-stains on his clothes, which betray him.” + +“Very well,” said M. Magloire again approvingly. + +“And your other charges,” continued M. Folgat, as if he were standing in +court, and addressing the jury,--“your other charges have all the same +weight. Our letter to Miss Dionysia--why do you refer to that? Because, +you say, it proves our premeditation. Ah! there I hold you. Are we +really so stupid and bereft of common sense? That is not our reputation. +What! we premeditate a crime, and we do not say to ourselves that we +shall certainly be convicted unless we prepare an _alibi_! What! we +leave home with the fixed purpose of killing a man, and we load our gun +with small-shot! Really, you make the defence too easy; for your charges +do not stand being examined.” + +It was Jacques’s turn, this time, to testify his approbation. + +“That is,” he said, “what I have told Galpin over and over again; and he +never had any thing to say in reply. We must insist on that point.” + +M. Folgat was consulting his notes. + +“I now come to a very important circumstance, and one which I should, +at the trial, make a decisive question, if it should be favorable to our +side. Your valet, my dear client,--your old Anthony,--told me that he +had cleaned and washed your breech-loader the night before the crime.” + +“Great God!” exclaimed Jacques. + +“Well, I see you appreciate the importance of the fact. Between that +cleaning and the time when you set a cartridge on fire, in order to burn +the letters of the Countess Claudieuse, did you fire your gun? If you +did, we must say nothing more about it. If you did not, one of the +barrels of the breech-loader must be clean, and then you are safe.” + +For more than a minute, Jacques remained silent, trying to recall the +facts; at last he replied,-- + +“It seems to me, I am sure, I fired at a rabbit on the morning of the +fatal day.” + +M. Magloire looked disappointed. + +“Fate again!” he said. + +“Oh, wait!” cried Jacques. “I am quite sure, at all events, that I +killed that rabbit at the first shot. Consequently, I can have fouled +only one barrel of the gun. If I have used the same barrel at Valpinson, +to get a light, I am safe. With a double gun, one almost instinctively +first uses the right-hand barrel.” + +M. Magloire’s face grew darker. + +“Never mind,” he said, “we cannot possibly make an argument upon such +an uncertain chance,--a chance which, in case of error, would almost +fatally turn against us. But at the trial, when they show you the gun, +examine it, so that you can tell me how that matter stands.” + +Thus they had sketched the outlines of their plan of defence. There +remained nothing now but to perfect the details; and to this task the +two lawyers were devoting themselves still, when Blangin, the jailer, +called to them through the wicket, that the doors of the prison were +about to be closed. + +“Five minutes more, my good Blangin!” cried Jacques. + +And drawing his two friends aside, as far from the wicket as he could, +he said to them in a low and distressed voice,-- + +“A thought has occurred to me, gentlemen, which I think I ought to +mention to you. It cannot be but that the Countess Claudieuse must be +suffering terribly since I am in prison. However, sure she may be of +having left no trace behind her that could betray her, she must tremble +at the idea that I may, after all, tell the truth in self-defence. She +would deny, I know, and she is so sure of her prestige, that she knows +my accusation would not injure her marvellous reputation. Nevertheless, +she cannot but shrink from the scandal. Who knows if she might not give +us the means to escape from the trial, to avoid such exposure? Why might +not one of you gentleman make the attempt?” + +M. Folgat was a man of quick resolution. + +“I will try, if you will give me a line of introduction.” + +Jacque immediately sat down, and wrote,-- + +“I have told my counsel, M. Folgat, every thing. Save me, and I swear to +you eternal silence. Will you let me perish, Genevieve, when you know I +am innocent? + +“JACQUES.” “Is that enough?” he asked, handing the lawyer the note. + +“Yes; and I promise you I will see the Countess Claudieuse within the +next forty-eight hours.” + +Blangin was becoming impatient; and the two advocates had to leave the +prison. As they crossed the New-Market Square, they noticed, not far +from them, a wandering musician, who was followed by a number of boys +and girls. + +It was a kind of minstrel, dressed in a sort of garment which was no +longer an overcoat and had not yet assumed the shape of a shortcoat. +He was strumming on a wretched fiddle; but his voice was good, and the +ballad he sang had the full flavor of the local accent:-- + + “In the spring, mother Redbreast + Made her nest in the bushes, + The good lady! + Made her nest in the bushes, + The good lady!” + +Instinctively M. Folgat was fumbling in his pocket for a few cents, when +the musician came up to him, held out his hat as if to ask alms, and +said,-- + +“You do not recognize me?” + +The advocate started. + +“You here!” he said. + +“Yes, I myself. I came this morning. I was watching for you; for I +must see you this evening at nine o’clock. Come and open the little +garden-gate at M. de Chandore’s for me.” + +And, taking up his fiddle again, he wandered off listlessly, singing +with his clear voice,-- + + “And a few, a few weeks later, + She had a wee, a wee bit birdy.” + + + +XXIV. + +The great lawyer of Sauveterre had been far more astonished at the +unexpected and extraordinary meeting than M. Folgat. As soon as the +wandering minstrel had left them, he asked his young colleague,-- + +“You know that individual?” + +“That individual,” replied M. Folgat, “is none other than the agent +whose services I have engaged, and whom I mentioned to you.” + +“Goudar?” + +“Yes, Goudar.” + +“And did you not recognize him?” + +The young advocate smiled. + +“Not until he spoke,” he replied. “The Goudar whom I know is tall, thin, +beardless, and wears his hair cut like a brush. This street-musician is +low, bearded, and has long, smooth hair falling down his back. How could +I recognize my man in that vagabond costume, with a violin in his hand, +and a provincial song set to music?” + +M. Magloire smiled too, as he said,-- + +“What are, after all, professional actors in comparison with these men! +Here is one who pretends having reached Sauveterre only this morning, +and who knows the country as well as Trumence himself. He has not been +here twelve hours, and he speaks already of M. de Chandore’s little +garden-gate.” + +“Oh! I can explain that circumstance now, although, at first, it +surprised me very much. When I told Goudar the whole story, I no doubt +mentioned the little gate in connection with Mechinet.” + +Whilst they were chatting thus, they had reached the upper end of +National Street. Here they stopped; and M. Magloire said,-- + +“One word before we part. Are you quite resolved to see the Countess +Claudieuse?” + +“I have promised.” + +“What do you propose telling her?” + +“I do not know. That depends upon how she receives me.” + +“As far as I know her, she will, upon looking at the note, merely order +you out.” + +“Who knows! At all events, I shall not have to reproach myself for +having shrunk from a step which in my heart I thought it my duty to +take.” + +“Whatever may happen, be prudent, and do not allow yourself to get +angry. Remember that a scene with her would compel us to change our +whole line of defence, and that that is the only one which promises any +success.” + +“Oh, do not fear!” + +Thereupon, shaking hands once more, they parted, M. Magloire returning +to his house, and M. Folgat going up the street. It struck half-past +five, and the young advocate hurried on for fear of being too late. He +found them waiting for him to go to dinner; but, as he entered the room, +he forgot all his excuses in his painful surprise at the mournful and +dejected appearance of the prisoner’s friends and relatives. + +“Have we any bad news?” he asked with a hesitating voice. + +“The worst we had to fear,” replied the Marquis de Boiscoran. “We had +all foreseen it; and still, as you see, it has surprised us all, like a +clap of thunder.” + +The young lawyer beat his forehead, and cried,-- + +“The court has ordered the trial!” + +The marquis only bent his head, as if his voice, had failed him to +answer the question. + +“It is still a great secret,” said Dionysia; “and we only know it, +thanks to the indiscretion of our kind, our devoted Mechinet. Jacques +will have to appear before the Assizes.” + +She was interrupted by a servant, who entered to announce that dinner +was on the table. + +They all went into the dining-room; but the last event made it well-nigh +impossible for them to eat. Dionysia alone, deriving from feverish +excitement an amazing energy, aided M. Folgat in keeping up the +conversation. From her the young advocate learned that Count Claudieuse +was decidedly worse, and that he would have received, in the day, the +last sacrament, but for the decided opposition of Dr. Seignebos, who had +declared that the slightest excitement might kill his patient. + +“And if he dies,” said M. de Chandore, “that is the finishing +stroke. Public opinion, already incensed against Jacques, will become +implacable.” + +However, the meal came to an end; and M. Folgat went up to Dionysia, +saying,-- + +“I must beg of you, madam, to trust me with the key to the little +garden-gate.” + +She looked at him quite astonished. + +“I have to see a detective secretly, who has promised me his +assistance.” + +“Is he here?” + +“He came this morning.” + +When Dionysia had handed him the key, M. Folgat hastened to reach +the end of the garden; and, at the third stroke of nine o’clock, the +minstrel of the New-Market Square, Goudar, pushed the little gate, and, +his violin under his arm, slipped into the garden. + +“A day lost!” he exclaimed, without thinking of saluting the young +lawyer,--“a whole day; for I could do nothing till I had seen you.” + +He seemed to be so angry, that M. Folgat tried to soothe him. + +“Let me first of all compliment you on your disguise,” he said. But +Goudar did not seem to be open to praise. + +“What would a detective be worth if he could not disguise himself! A +great merit, forsooth! And I tell you, I hate it! But I could not think +of coming to Sauveterre in my own person, a detective. Ugh! Everybody +would have run away; and what a pack of lies they would have told me! So +I had to assume that hideous masquerade. To think that I once took +six months’ lessons from a music-teacher merely to fit myself for that +character! A wandering musician, you see, can go anywhere, and nobody is +surprised; he goes about the streets, or he travels along the high-road; +he enters into yards, and slips into houses; he asks alms: and in so +doing, he accosts everybody, speaks to them, follows them. And as to my +precious dialect, you must know I have been down here once for half a +year, hunting up counterfeiters; and, if you don’t catch a provincial +accent in six months, you don’t deserve belonging to the police. And +I do belong to it, to the great distress of my wife, and to my own +disgust.” + +“If your ambition is really what you say, my dear, Goudar,” said M. +Folgat, interrupting him, “you may be able to leave your profession very +soon--if you succeed in saving M. de Boiscoran.” + +“He would give me his house in Vine Street?” + +“With all his heart!” + +The detective looked up, and repeated slowly,-- + +“The house in Vine Street, the paradise of this world. An immense +garden, a soil of marvellous beauty. And what an exposure! There are +walls there on which I could raise finer peaches than they have at +Montreuil, and richer Chasselas than those of Fontainebleau!” + +“Did you find any thing there?” asked M. Folgat. + +Goudar, thus recalled to business, looked angry again. + +“Nothing at all,” he replied. “Nor did I learn any thing from the +tradesmen. I am no further advanced than I was the first day.” + +“Let us hope you will have more luck here.” + +“I hope so; but I need your assistance to commence operations. I must +see Dr. Seignebos, and Mechinet the clerk. Ask them to meet me at the +place I shall assign in a note which I will send them.” + +“I will tell them.” + +“Now, if you want my _incognito_ to be respected, you must get me a +permit from the mayor, for Goudar, street-musician. I keep my name, +because here nobody knows me. But I must have the permit this evening. +Wherever I might present myself, asking for a bed, they would call for +my papers.” + +“Wait here for a quarter of an hour, there is a bench,” said M. Folgat, +“and I’ll go at once to the mayor.” + +A quarter of an hour later, Goudar had his permit in his pocket, +and went to take lodgings at the Red Lamb, the worst tavern in all +Sauveterre. + +When a painful and inevitable duty is to be performed, the true +character of a man is apt to appear in its true light. Some people +postpone it as long as they can, and delay, like those pious persons +who keep the biggest sin for the end of their confession: others, on the +contrary, are in a hurry to be relieved of their anxiety, and make an +end of it as soon as they can. M. Folgat belonged to this latter class. + +Next morning he woke up at daylight, and said to himself,-- + +“I will call upon the Countess Claudieuse this morning.” + +At eight o’clock, he left the house, dressed more carefully than usual, +and told the servant that he did not wish to be waited for if he should +not be back for breakfast. + +He went first to the court-house, hoping to meet the clerk there. He +was not disappointed. The waiting-rooms were quite deserted yet; but +Mechinet was already at work in his office, writing with the feverish +haste of a man who has to pay for a piece of property that he wants to +call his own. + +When he saw Folgat enter, he rose, and said at once,-- + +“You have heard the decision of the court?” + +“Yes, thanks to your kindness; and I must confess it has not surprised +me. What do they think of it here?” + +“Everybody expects a condemnation.” + +“Well, we shall see!” said the young advocate. + +And, lowering his voice, he added,-- + +“But I came for another purpose. The agent whom I expected has come, and +he wishes to see you. He will write to you to make an appointment, and I +hope you will consent.” + +“Certainly, with all my heart,” replied the clerk. “And God grant that +he may succeed in extricating M. de Boiscoran from his difficulties, +even if it were only to take the conceit out of my master.” + +“Ah! is M. Galpin so triumphant?” + +“Without the slightest reserve. He sees his old friend already at the +galleys. He has received another letter of congratulation from the +attorney general, and came here yesterday, when the court had +adjourned, to read it to any one who would listen. Everybody, of course, +complimented him, except the president, who turned his back upon him, +and the commonwealth attorney, who told him in Latin that he was selling +the bear’s skin before he had killed him.” + +In the meantime steps were heard coming down the passages; and M. Folgat +said hurriedly,-- + +“One more suggestion. Goudar desires to remain unknown. Do not speak of +him to any living soul, and especially show no surprise at the costume +in which you see him.” + +The noise of a door which was opened interrupted him. One of the judges +entered, who, after having bowed very civilly, asked the clerk a number +of questions about a case which was to come on the same day. + +“Good-bye, M. Mechinet,” said the young advocate. + +And his next visit was to Dr. Seignebos. When he rang the bell, a +servant came to the door, and said,-- + +“The doctor is gone out; but he will be back directly, and has told me +to beg you to wait for him in his study.” + +Such an evidence of perfect trust was unheard of. No one was ever +allowed to remain alone in his sanctuary. It was an immense room, quite +full of most varied objects, which at a glance revealed the opinions, +tastes, and predilections of the owner. The first thing to strike the +visitor as he entered was an admirable bust of Bichat, flanked on either +side by smaller busts of Robespierre and Rousseau. A clock of the time +of Louis XIV. stood between the windows, and marked the seconds with a +noise which sounded like the rattling of old iron. One whole side was +filled with books of all kinds, unbound or bound, in a way which would +have set M. Daubigeon laughing very heartily. A huge cupboard adapted +for collections of plants bespoke a passing fancy for botany; while an +electric machine recalled the time when the doctor believed in cures by +electricity. + +On the table in the centre of the room vast piles of books betrayed the +doctor’s recent studies. All the authors who have spoken of insanity +or idiocy were there, from Apostolides to Tardien. M. Folgat was still +looking around when Dr. Seignebos entered, always like a bombshell, but +far more cheerful than usual. + +“I knew I should find you here!” he cried still in the door. “You come +to ask me to meet Goudar.” + +The young advocate started, and said, all amazed,-- + +“Who can have told you?” + +“Goudar himself. I like that man. I am sure no one will suspect me of +having a fancy for any thing that is connected with the police. I have +had too much to do all my life with spies and that ilk. But your man +might almost reconcile me with that department.” + +“When did you see him?” + +“This morning at seven. He was so prodigiously tired of losing his +time in his garret at the Red Lamb, that it occurred to him to +pretend illness, and to send for me. I went, and found a kind of +street-minstrel, who seemed to me to be perfectly well. But, as soon +as we were alone, he told me all about it, asking me my opinion, and +telling me his ideas. M. Folgat, that man Goudar is very clever: I tell +you so; and we understand each other perfectly.” + +“Has he told you what he proposes to do?” + +“Nearly so. But he has not authorized me to speak of it. Have patience; +let him go to work, wait, and you will see if old Seignebos has a keen +scent.” + +Saying this with an air of sublime conceit, he took off his spectacles, +and set to work wiping them industriously. + +“Well, I will wait,” said the young advocate. “And, since that makes an +end to my business here, I beg you will let me speak to you of another +matter. M. de Boiscoran has charged me with a message to the Countess +Claudieuse.” + +“The deuce!” + +“And to try to obtain from her the means for our discharge.” + +“Do you expect she will do it?” + +M. Folgat could hardly retain an impatient gesture. + +“I have accepted the mission,” he said dryly, “and I mean to carry it +out.” + +“I understand, my dear sir. But you will not see the countess. The count +is very ill. She does not leave his bedside, and does not even receive +her most intimate friends.” + +“And still I must see her. I must at any hazard place a note which my +client has confided to me, in her own hands. And look here, doctor, I +mean to be frank with you. It was exactly because I foresaw there would +be difficulties, that I came to you to ask your assistance in overcoming +or avoiding them.” + +“To me?” + +“Are you not the count’s physician?” + +“Ten thousand devils!” cried Dr. Seignebos. “You do not mince matters, +you lawyers!” + +And then speaking in a lower tone, and replying apparently to his own +objections rather than to M. Folgat, he said,-- + +“Certainly, I attend Count Claudieuse, whose illness, by the way, upsets +all my theories, and defies all my experience: but for that very reason +I can do nothing. Our profession has certain rules which cannot be +infringed upon without compromising the whole medical profession.” + +“But it is a question of life and death with Jacques, sir, with a +friend.” + +“And a fellow Republican, to be sure. But I cannot help you without +abusing the confidence of the Countess Claudieuse.” + +“Ah, sir! Has not that woman committed a crime for which M. de +Boiscoran, though innocent, will be arraigned in court?” + +“I think so; but still”-- + +He reflected a moment, and then suddenly snatched up his broad-brimmed +hat, drew it over his head, and cried,-- + +“In fact, so much the worse for her! There are sacred interests which +override every thing. Come!” + + + +XXV. + +Count Claudieuse and his wife had installed themselves, the day after +the fire, in Mautrec Street. The house which the mayor had taken for +them had been for more than a century in the possession of the great +Julias family, and is still considered one of the finest and most +magnificent mansions in Sauveterre. + +In less than ten minutes Dr. Seignebos and M. Folgat had reached the +house. From the street, nothing was visible but a tall wall, as old as +the castle, according to the claims of archaeologists, and covered +all over with a mass of wild flowers. In this wall there is a huge +entrance-gate with folding-doors. During the day one-half is opened, and +a light, low open-work railing put in, which rings a bell as soon as it +is pushed open. + +You then cross a large garden, in which a dozen statues, covered with +green moss, are falling to pieces on their pedestals, overshadowed by +magnificent old linden-trees. The house has only two stories. A large +hall extends from end to end of the lower story; and at the end a wide +staircase with stone steps and a superb iron railing leads up stairs. +When they entered the hall, Dr. Seignebos opened a door on the right +hand. + +“Step in here and wait,” he said to M. Folgat. “I will go up stairs and +see the count, whose room is in the second story, and I will send you +the countess.” + +The young advocate did as he was bid, and found himself in a large +room, brilliantly lighted up by three tall windows that went down to the +ground, and looked out upon the garden. This room must have been superb +formerly. The walls were wainscoted with arabesques and lines in gold. +The ceiling was painted, and represented a number of fat little angels +sporting in a sky full of golden stars. + +But time had passed its destroying hand over all this splendor of the +past age, had half effaced the paintings, tarnished the gold of the +arabesques, and faded the blue of the ceiling and the rosy little loves. +Nor was the furniture calculated to make compensation for this decay. +The windows had no curtains. On the mantelpiece stood a worn-out clock +and half-broken candelabra; then, here and there, pieces of furniture +that would not match, such as had been rescued from the fire at +Valpinson,--chairs, sofas, arm-chairs, and a round table, all battered +and blackened by the flames. + +But M. Folgat paid little attention to these details. He only thought of +the grave step on which he was venturing, and which he now only looked +at in its full strangeness and extreme boldness. Perhaps he would have +fled at the last moment if he could have done so; and he was only able +by a supreme effort to control his excitement. + +At last he heard a rapid, light step in the hall; and almost immediately +the Countess Claudieuse appeared. He recognized her at once, such as +Jacques had described her to him, calm, serious, and serene, as if her +soul were soaring high above all human passions. Far from diminishing +her exquisite beauty, the terrible events of the last months had only +surrounded her, as it were, with a divine halo. She had fallen off +a little, however. And the dark semicircle under her eyes, and the +disorder of her hair, betrayed the fatigue and the anxiety of the long +nights which she had spent by her husband’s bedside. + +As M. Folgat was bowing, she asked,-- + +“You are M. de Boiscoran’s counsel?” + +“Yes, madam,” replied the young advocate. + +“The doctor tells me you wish to speak to me.” + +“Yes, madam.” + +With a queenly air, she pointed to a chair, and, sitting down herself, +she said,-- + +“I hear, sir.” + +M. Folgat began with beating heart, but a firm voice,-- + +“I ought, first of all, madam, to state to you my client’s true +position.” + +“That is useless, sir. I know.” + +“You know, madam, that he has been summoned to trial, and that he may be +condemned?” + +She shook her head with a painful movement, and said very softly,-- + +“I know, sir, that Count Claudieuse has been the victim of a most +infamous attempt at murder; that he is still in danger, and that, unless +God works a miracle, I shall soon be without a husband, and my children +without a father.” + +“But M. de Boiscoran is innocent, madam.” + +The features of the countess assumed an expression of profound surprise; +and, looking fixedly at M. Folgat, she said,-- + +“And who, then, is the murderer?” + +Ah! It cost the young advocate no small effort to prevent his lips from +uttering the fatal word, “You,” prompted by his indignant conscience. +But he thought of the success of his mission; and, instead of replying, +he said,-- + +“To a prisoner, madam, to an unfortunate man on the eve of judgment, an +advocate is a confessor, to whom he tells every thing. I must add that +the counsel of the accused is like a priest: he must forget the secrets +which have been confided to him.” + +“I do not understand, sir.” + +“My client, madam, had a very simple means to prove his innocence. +He had only to tell the truth. He has preferred risking his own honor +rather than to betray the honor of another person.” + +The countess looked impatient, and broke in, saying,-- + +“My moments are counted, sir. May I beg you will be more explicit?” + +But M. Folgat had gone as far as he well could go. + +“I am desired by M. de Boiscoran, madam, to hand you a letter.” + +The Countess Claudieuse seemed to be overwhelmed with surprise. + +“To me?” she said. “On what ground?” + +Without saying a word, M. Folgat drew Jacques’s letter from his +portfolio, and handed it to her. + +“Here it is!” he said. + +She took it with a perfectly steady hand, and opened it slowly. But, +as soon as she had run her eye over it, she rose, turned crimson in her +face, and said with flaming eyes,-- + +“Do you know, sir, what this letter contains?” + +“Yes.” + +“Do you know that M. de Boiscoran dares call me by my first name, +Genevieve, as my husband does, and my father?” + +The decisive moment had come, and M. Folgat had all his self-possession. + +“M. de Boiscoran, madame, claims that he used to call you so in former +days,--in Vine Street,--in days when you called him Jacques.” + +The countess seemed to be utterly bewildered. + +“But that is sheer infamy, sir,” she stammered. “What! M. de Boiscoran +should have dared tell you that I, the countess Claudieuse, have been +his--mistress?” + +“He certainly said so, madam; and he affirms, that a few moments +before the fire broke out, he was near you, and that, if his hands were +blackened, it was because he had burned your letters and his.” + +She rose at these words, and said in a penetrating voice,-- + +“And you could believe that,--you? Ah! M. de Boiscoran’s other crimes +are nothing in comparison with this! He is not satisfied with having +burnt our house, and ruined us: he means to dishonor us. He is not +satisfied with having murdered my husband: he must ruin the honor of his +wife also.” + +She spoke so loud, that her voice must have been distinctly heard in the +vestibule. + +“Lower, madam, I pray you speak lower,” said M. Folgat. + +She cast upon him a crushing glance; and, raising her voice still +higher, she went on,-- + +“Yes, I understand very well that you are afraid of being heard. But +I--what have I to fear? I could wish the whole world to hear us, and to +judge between us. Lower, you say? Why should I speak less loud? Do you +think that if Count Claudieuse were not on his death-bed, this letter +would not have long since been in his hands? Ah, he would soon have +satisfaction for such an infamous letter, he! But I, a poor woman! I +have never seen so clearly that the world thinks my husband is lost +already, and that I am alone in this world, without a protector, without +friends.” + +“But, madam, M. de Boiscoran pledges himself to the most perfect +secrecy.” + +“Secrecy in what? In your cowardly insults, your abominable plots, of +which this, no doubt, is but a beginning?” + +M. Folgat turned livid under this insult. + +“Ah, take care, madam,” he said in a hoarse voice: “we have proof, +absolute, overwhelming proof.” + +The countess stopped him by an imperious gesture, and with the +haughtiest disdain, grief, and wrath, she said,-- + +“Well, then, produce your proof. Go, hasten, act as you like. We shall +see if the vile calumnies of an incendiary can stain the pure reputation +of an honest woman. We shall see if a single speck of this mud in which +you wallow can reach up to me.” + +And, throwing Jacques’s letter at M. Folgat’s feet, she went to the +door. + +“Madam,” said M. Folgat once more,--“madam!” + +She did not even condescend to turn round: she disappeared, leaving him +standing in the middle of the room, so overcome with amazement, that he +could not collect his thoughts. Fortunately Dr. Seignebos came in. + +“Upon my word!” he said, “I never thought the countess would take my +treachery so coolly. When she came out from you just now, she asked me, +in the same tone as every day, how I had found her husband, and what was +to be done. I told her”-- + +But the rest of the sentence remained unspoken: the doctor had become +aware of M. Folgat’s utter consternation. + +“Why, what on earth is the matter?” he asked. + +The young advocate looked at him with an utterly bewildered air. + +“This is the matter: I ask myself whether I am awake or dreaming. This +is the matter: that, if this woman is guilty, she possesses an audacity +beyond all belief.” + +“How, if? Have you changed your mind about her guilt?” + +M. Folgat looked altogether disheartened. + +“Ah!” he said, “I hardly know myself. Do you not see that I have lost my +head, that I do not know what to think, and what to believe?” + +“Oh!” + +“Yes, indeed! And yet, doctor, I am not a simpleton. I have now been +pleading five years in criminal courts: I have had to dive down into +the lowest depths of society; I have seen strange things, and met with +exceptional specimens, and heard fabulous stories”-- + +It was the doctor’s turn, now, to be amazed; and he actually forgot to +trouble his gold spectacles. + +“Why? What did the countess say?” he asked. + +“I might tell you every word,” replied M. Folgat, “and you would be none +the wiser. You ought to have been here, and seen her, and heard her! +What a woman! Not a muscle in her face was moving; her eye remained +limpid and clear; no emotion was felt in her voice. And with what an air +she defied me! But come, doctor, let us be gone!” + +They went out, and had already gone about a third down the long avenue +in the garden, when they saw the oldest daughter of the countess coming +towards them, on her way to the house, accompanied by her governess. +Dr. Seignebos stopped, and pressing the arm of the young advocate, and +bending over to him, he whispered into his ear,-- + +“Mind!” he said. “You know the truth is in the lips of children.” + +“What do you expect?” murmured M. Folgat. + +“To settle a doubtful point. Hush! Let me manage it.” + +By this time the little girl had come up to them. It was a very graceful +girl of eight or nine years, light haired, with large blue eyes, tall +for her age, and displaying all the intelligence of a young girl, +without her timidity. + +“How are you, little Martha?” said the doctor to her in his gentlest +voice, which was very soft when he chose. + +“Good-morning, gentlemen!” she replied with a nice little courtesy. + +Dr. Seignebos bent down to kiss her rosy cheeks, and them, looking at +her, he said,-- + +“You look sad, Martha?” + +“Yes, because papa and little sister are sick,” she replied with a deep +sigh. + +“And also because you miss Valpinson?” + +“Oh, yes!” + +“Still it is very pretty here, and you have a large garden to play in.” + +She shook her head, and, lowering her voice, she said,-- + +“It is certainly very pretty here; but--I am afraid.” + +“And of what, little one?” + +She pointed to the statues, and all shuddering, she said,-- + +“In the evening, when it grows dark, I fancy they are moving. I think +I see people hiding behind the trees, like the man who wanted to kill +papa.” + +“You ought to drive away those ugly notions, Miss Martha,” said M. +Folgat. + +But Dr. Seignebos did not allow him to go on. + +“What, Martha? I did not know you were so timid. I thought, on the +contrary, you were very brave. Your papa told me the night of the fire +you were not afraid of any thing.” + +“Papa was right.” + +“And yet, when you were aroused by the flames, it must have been +terrible.” + +“Oh! it was not the flames which waked me, doctor.” + +“Still the fire had broken out.” + +“I was not asleep at that time, doctor. I had been roused by the +slamming of the door, which mamma had closed very noisily when she came +in.” + +One and the same presentiment made M. Folgat tremble and the doctor. + +“You must be mistaken, Martha,” the doctor went on. “Your mamma had not +come back at the time of the fire.” + +“Oh, yes, sir!” + +“No, you are mistaken.” + +The little girl drew herself up with that solemn air which children are +apt to assume when their statements are doubted. She said,-- + +“I am quite sure of what I say, and I remember every thing perfectly. +I had been put to bed at the usual hour, and, as I was very tired with +playing, I had fallen asleep at once. While I was asleep, mamma had gone +out; but her coming back waked me up. As soon as she came in, she bent +over little sister’s bed, and looked at her for a moment so sadly, that +I thought I should cry. Then she went, and sat down by the window; and +from my bed, where I lay silently watching her, I saw the tears running +down her cheeks, when all of a sudden a shot was fired.” + +M. Folgat and Dr. Seignebos looked anxiously at each other. + +“Then, my little one,” insisted Dr. Seignebos, “you are quite sure your +mamma was in your room when the first shot was fired?” + +“Certainly, doctor. And mamma, when she heard it, rose up straight, and +lowered her head, like one who listens. Almost immediately, the second +shot was fired. Mamma raised her hands to heaven, and cried out, ‘Great +God!’ And then she went out, running fast.” + +Never was a smile more false than that which Dr. Seignebos forced +himself to retain on his lips while the little girl was telling her +story. + +“You have dreamed all that, Martha,” he said. + +The governess here interposed, saying,-- + +“The young lady has not dreamed it, sir. I, also, heard the shots fired; +and I had just opened the door of my room to hear what was going on, +when I saw madame cross the landing swiftly, and rush down stairs. + +“Oh! I do not doubt it,” said the doctor, in the most indifferent tone +he could command: “the circumstance is very trifling.” + +But the little girl was bent on finishing her story. + +“When mamma had left,” she went on, “I became frightened, and raised +myself on my bed to listen. Soon I heard a noise which I did not +know,--cracking and snapping of wood, and then cries at a distance. I +got more frightened, jumped down, and ran to open the door. But I nearly +fell down, there was such a cloud of smoke and sparks. Still I did +not lose my head. I waked my little sister, and tried to get on the +staircase, when Cocoleu rushed in like a madman, and took us both out.” + +“Martha,” called a voice from the house, “Martha!” + +The child cut short her story, and said,-- + +“Mamma is calling me.” + +And, dropping again her nice little courtesy, she said,-- + +“Good-by, gentlemen!” + +Martha had disappeared; and Dr. Seignebos and M. Folgat, still standing +on the same spot, looked at each other in utter distress. + +“We have nothing more to do here,” said M. Folgat. + +“No, indeed! Let us go back and make haste; for perhaps they are waiting +for me. You must breakfast with me.” + +They went away very much disheartened, and so absorbed in their defeat, +that they forgot to return the salutations with which they were greeted +in the street,--a circumstance carefully noticed by several watchful +observers. + +When the doctor reached home, he said to his servant,-- + +“This gentleman will breakfast with me. Give us a bottle of medis.” + +And, when he had shown the advocate into his study, he asked,-- + +“And now what do you think of your adventure?” + +M. Folgat looked completely undone. + +“I cannot understand it,” he murmured. + +“Could it be possible that the countess should have tutored the child to +say what she told us?” + +“No.” + +“And her governess?” + +“Still less. A woman of that character trusts nobody. She struggles; she +triumphs or succumbs alone.” + +“Then the child and the governess have told us the truth?” + +“I am convinced of that.” + +“So am I. Then she had no share in the murder of her husband?” + +“Alas!” + +M. Folgat did not notice that his “Alas!” was received by Dr. Seignebos +with an air of triumph. He had taken off his spectacles, and, wiping +them vigorously, he said,-- + +“If the countess is innocent, Jacques must be guilty, you think? Jacques +must have deceived us all, then?” + +M. Folgat shook his head. + +“I pray you, doctor, do not press me just now. Give me time to collect +my thoughts. I am bewildered by all these conjectures. No, I am sure +M. de Boiscoran has not told a falsehood, and the countess has been his +mistress. No, he has not deceived us; and on the night of the crime he +really had an interview with the countess. Did not Martha tell us that +her mother had gone out? And where could she have gone, except to meet +M. de Boiscoran?” + +He paused a moment. + +“Oh, come, come!” said the physician, “you need not be afraid of me.” + +“Well, it might possibly be, that, after the countess had left M. de +Boiscoran, Fate might have stepped in. Jacques has told us how the +letters which he was burning had suddenly blazed up, and with such +violence that he was frightened. Who can tell whether some burning +fragments may not have set a straw-rick on fire? You can judge yourself. +On the point of leaving the place, M. de Boiscoran sees this beginning +of a fire. He hastens to put it out. His efforts are unsuccessful. +The fire increases step by step: it lights up the whole front of the +chateau. At that moment Count Claudieuse comes out. Jacques thinks he +has been watched and detected; he sees his marriage broken off, his life +ruined, his happiness destroyed; he loses his head, aims, fires, and +flees instantly. And thus you explain his missing the count, and also +this fact which seemed to preclude the idea of premeditated murder, that +the gun was loaded with small-shot.” + +“Great God!” cried the doctor. + +“What, what have I said?” + +“Take care never to repeat that! The suggestion you make is so fearfully +plausible, that, if it becomes known, no one will ever believe you when +you tell the real truth.” + +“The truth? Then you think I am mistaken?” + +“Most assuredly.” + +Then fixing his spectacles on his nose, Dr. Seignebos added,-- + +“I never could admit that the countess should have fired at her husband. +I now see that I was right. She has not committed the crime directly; +but she has done it indirectly.” + +“Oh!” + +“She would not be the first woman who has done so. What I imagine is +this: the countess had made up her mind, and arranged her plan, before +meeting Jacques. The murderer was already at his post. If she had +succeeded in winning Jacques back, her accomplice would have put away +his gun, and quietly gone to bed. As she could not induce Jacques to +give up his marriage, she made a sign, and the fire was lighted, and the +count was shot.” + +The young advocate did not seem to be fully convinced. + +“In that case, there would have been premeditation,” he objected; “and +how, then, came the gun to be loaded with small-shot?” + +“The accomplice had not sense enough to know better.” + +Although he saw very well the doctor’s drift, M. Folgat started up,-- + +“What?” he said, “always Cocoleu?” + +Dr. Seignebos tapped his forehead with the end of his finger, and +replied,-- + +“When an idea has once made its way in there, it remains fixed. Yes, the +countess has an accomplice; and that accomplice is Cocoleu; and, if he +has no sense, you see the wretched idiot at least carries his devotion +and his discretion very far.” + +“If what you say is true, doctor, we shall never get the key of this +affair; for Cocoleu will never confess.” + +“Don’t swear to that. There is a way.” + +He was interrupted by the sudden entrance of his servant. + +“Sir,” said the latter, “there is a gendarme below who brings you a man +who has to be sent to the hospital at once.” + +“Show them up,” said the doctor. + +“And, while the servant was gone to do his bidding, the doctor said,-- + +“And here is the way. Now mind!” + +A heavy step was heard shaking the stairs; and almost immediately a +gendarme appeared, who in one hand held a violin, and with the other +aided a poor creature, who seemed unable to walk alone. + +“Goudar!” was on M. Folgat’s lips. + +It was Goudar, really, but in what a state! His clothes muddy, and torn, +pale, with haggard eyes, his beard and his lips covered with a white +foam. + +“The story is this,” said the gendarme. “This individual was playing +the fiddle in the court of the barrack, and we were looking out of +the window, when all of a sudden he fell on the ground, rolled about, +twisted and writhed, while he uttered fearful howls, and foamed like a +mad dog. We picked him up; and I bring him to you.” + +“Leave us alone with him,” said the physician. + +The gendarme went out; and, as soon as the door was shut, Goudar cried +with a voice full of intense disgust,-- + +“What a profession! Just look at me! What a disgrace if my wife should +see me in this state! Phew!” + +And, pulling a handkerchief from his pocket, he wiped his face, and drew +from his mouth a small piece of soap. + +“But the point is,” said the doctor, “that you have played the epileptic +so well, that the gendarmes have been taken in.” + +“A fine trick indeed, and very creditable.” + +“An excellent trick, since you can now quite safely go to the hospital. +They will put you in the same ward with Cocoleu, and I shall come and +see you every morning. You are free to act now.” + +“Never mind me,” said the detective. “I have my plan.” + +Then turning to M. Folgat, he added,-- + +“I am a prisoner now; but I have taken my precautions. The agent whom I +have sent to England will report to you. I have, besides, to ask a favor +at your hands. I have written to my wife to send her letters to you: +you can send them to me by the doctor. And now I am ready to become +Cocoleu’s companion, and I mean to earn the house in Vine Street.” + +Dr. Seignebos signed an order of admission. He recalled the gendarme; +and, after having praised his kindness, he asked him to take “that poor +devil” to the hospital. When he was alone once more with M. Folgat, he +said,-- + +“Now, my dear friend, let us consult. Shall we speak of what Martha has +told us and of Goudar’s plan. I think not; for M. Galpin is watching us; +and, if a mere suspicion of what is going on reaches the prosecution, +all is lost. Let us content ourselves, then, with reporting to Jacques +your interview with the countess; and as to the rest, Silence!” + + + +XXVI. + +Like all very clever men, Dr. Seignebos made the mistake of thinking +other people as cunning as he was himself. M. Galpin was, of course, +watching him, but by no means with the energy which one would have +expected from so ambitious a man. He had, of course, been the first to +be notified that the case was to be tried in open court, and from that +moment he felt relieved of all anxiety. + +As to remorse, he had none. He did not even regret any thing. He did not +think of it, that the prisoner who was thus to be tried had once been +his friend,--a friend of whom he was proud, whose hospitality he had +enjoyed, and whose favor he had eagerly sought in his matrimonial +aspirations. No. He only saw one thing,--that he had engaged in a +dangerous affair, on which his whole future was depending, and that he +was going to win triumphantly. + +Evidently his responsibility was by no means gone; but his zeal in +preparing the case for trial was no longer required. He need not appear +at the trial. Whatever must be the result, he thought he should escape +the blame, which he should surely have incurred if no true bill had been +found. He did not disguise it from himself that he should be looked +at askance by all Sauveterre, that his social relations were well-nigh +broken off, and that no one would henceforth heartily shake hands with +him. But that gave him no concern. Sauveterre, a miserable little town +of five thousand inhabitants! He hoped with certainty he would not +remain there long; and a brilliant preferment would amply repay him for +his courage, and relieve him from all foolish reproaches. + +Besides, once in the large city to which he would be promoted, he +could hope that distance would aid in attenuating and even effacing the +impression made by his conduct. All that would be remembered after +a time would be his reputation as one of those famous judges, who, +according to the stereotyped phrase, “sacrifice every thing to the +sacred interests of justice, who put inflexible duty high above all the +considerations that trouble and disturb the vulgar mind, and whose heart +is like a rock, against which all human passions are helplessly broken +to pieces.” + +With such a reputation, with his knowledge of the world, and his +eagerness to succeed, opportunities would not be wanting to put himself +forward, to make himself known, to become useful, indispensable even. He +saw himself already on the highest rungs of the official ladder. He was +a judge in Bordeaux, in Lyons, in Paris itself! + +With such rose-colored dreams he fell asleep at night. The next morning, +as he crossed the streets, his carriage haughtier and stiffer than ever, +his firmly-closed lips, and the cold and severe look of his eyes, told +the curious observers that there must be something new. + +“M. de Boiscoran’s case must be very bad indeed,” they said, “or M. +Galpin would not look so very proud.” + +He went first to the commonwealth attorney. The truth is, he was still +smarting under the severe reproaches of M. Daubigeon, and he thought he +would enjoy his revenge now. He found the old book-worm, as usual, among +his beloved books, and in worse humor than ever. He ignored it, handed +him a number of papers to sign; and when his business was over, and +while he was carefully replacing the documents in his bag with his +monogram on the outside, he added with an air of indifference,-- + +“Well, my dear sir, you have heard the decision of the court? Which of +us was right?” + +M. Daubigeon shrugged his shoulders, and said angrily,-- + +“Of course I am nothing but an old fool, a maniac: I give it up; and I +say, like Horace’s man,-- + + ‘Stultum me fateor, liceat concedere vires + Atque etiam insanum.’” + +“You are joking. But what would have happened if I had listened to you?” + +“I don’t care to know.” + +“M. de Boiscoran would none the less have been sent to a jury.” + +“May be.” + +“Anybody else would have collected the proofs of his guilt just as well +as I.” + +“That is a question.” + +“And I should have injured my reputation very seriously; for they would +have called me one of those timid magistrates who are frightened at a +nothing.” + +“That is as good a reputation as some others,” broke in the commonwealth +attorney. + +He had vowed he would answer only in monosyllables; but his anger made +him forget his oath. He added in a very severe tone,-- + +“Another man would not have been bent exclusively upon proving that M. +de Boiscoran was guilty.” + +“I certainly have proved it.” + +“Another man would have tried to solve the mystery.” + +“But I have solved it, I should think.” + +M. Daubigeon bowed ironically, and said,-- + +“I congratulate you. It must be delightful to know the secret of all +things, only you may be mistaken. You are an excellent hand at such +investigations; but I am an older man than you in the profession. The +more I think in this case, the less I understand it. If you know every +thing so perfectly well, I wish you would tell me what could have been +the motive for the crime, for, after all, we do not run the risk of +losing our head without some very powerful and tangible purpose. Where +was Jacques’s interest? You will tell me he hated Count Claudieuse. But +is that an answer. Come, go for a moment to your own conscience. But +stop! No one likes to do that.” + +M. Galpin was beginning to regret that he had ever come. He had hoped to +find M. Daubigeon quite penitent, and here he was worse than ever. + +“The Court of Inquiry has felt no such scruples,” he said dryly. + +“No; but the jury may feel some. They are, occasionally, men of sense.” + +“The jury will condemn M. de Boiscoran without hesitation.” + +“I would not swear to that.” + +“You would if you knew who will plead.” + +“Oh!” + +“The prosecution will employ M. Gransiere!” + +“Oh, oh!” + +“You will not deny that he is a first-class man?” + +The magistrate was evidently becoming angry; his ears reddened up; and +in the same proportion M. Daubigeon regained his calmness. + +“God forbid that I should deny M. Gransiere’s eloquence. He is a +powerful speaker, and rarely misses his man. But then, you know, cases +are like books: they have their luck or ill luck. Jacques will be well +defended.” + +“I am not afraid of M. Magloire.” + +“But Mr. Folgat?” + +“A young man with no weight. I should be far more afraid of M. Lachant.” + +“Do you know the plan of the defence?” + +This was evidently the place where the shoe pinched; but M. Galpin took +care not to let it be seen, and replied,-- + +“I do not. But that does not matter. M. de Boiscoran’s friends at first +thought of making capital out of Cocoleu; but they have given that up. +I am sure of that! The police-agent whom I have charged to keep his eyes +on the idiot tells me that Dr. Seignebos does not trouble himself about +the man any more.” + +M. Daubigeon smiled sarcastically, and said, much more for the purpose +of teasing his visitor than because he believed it himself,-- + +“Take care! do not trust appearances. You have to do with very clever +people. I always told you Cocoleu is probably the mainspring of the +whole case. The very fact that M. Gransiere will speak ought to make you +tremble. If he should not succeed, he would, of course, blame you, and +never forgive you in all his life. Now, you know he may fail. ‘There is +many a slip between the cup and the lip.’ + +“And I am disposed to think with Villon,-- + +‘Nothing is so certain as uncertain things.’” + +M. Galpin could tell very well that he should gain nothing by prolonging +the discussion, and so he said,-- + +“Happen what may, I shall always know that my conscience supports me.” + +Then he made great haste to take leave, lest an answer should come from +M. Daubigeon. He went out; and as he descended the stairs, he said to +himself,-- + +“It is losing time to reason with that old fogy who sees in the events +of the day only so many opportunities for quotations.” + +But he struggled in vain against his own feelings; he had lost his +self-confidence. M. Daubigeon had revealed to him a new danger which he +had not foreseen. And what a danger!--the resentment of one of the most +eminent men of the French bar, one of those bitter, bilious men who +never forgive. M. Galpin had, no doubt, thought of the possibility of +failure, that is to say, of an acquittal; but he had never considered +the consequences of such a check. + +Who would have to pay for it? The prosecuting attorney first and +foremost, because, in France, the prosecuting attorney makes the +accusation a personal matter, and considers himself insulted and +humiliated, if he misses his man. + +Now, what would happen in such a case? + +M. Gransiere, no doubt, would hold him responsible. He would say,-- + +“I had to draw my arguments from your part of the work. I did not obtain +a condemnation, because your work was imperfect. A man like myself ought +not to be exposed to such an humiliation, and, least of all, in a case +which is sure to create an immense sensation. You do not understand your +business.” + +Such words were a public disgrace. Instead of the hoped-for promotion, +they would bring him an order to go into exile, to Corsica, or to +Algiers. + +M. Galpin shuddered at the idea. He saw himself buried under the ruins +of his castles in Spain. And, unluckily, he went once more over all +the papers of the investigation, analyzing the evidence he had, like a +soldier, who, on the eve of a battle, furbishes up his arms. However, +he only found one objection, the same which M. Daubigeon had made,--what +interest could Jacques have had in committing so great a crime? + +“There,” he said, “is evidently the weak part of the armor; and I would +do well to point it out to M. Gransiere. Jacques’s counsel are capable +of making that the turning-point of their plea.” + +And, in spite of all he had said to M. Daubigeon, he was very much +afraid of the counsel for the defence. He knew perfectly well +the prestige which M. Magloire derived from his integrity and +disinterestedness. It was no secret to him, that a cause which M. +Magloire espoused was at once considered a good cause. They said of +him,-- + +“He may be mistaken; but whatever he says he believes.” He could not but +have a powerful influence, therefore, not on judges who came into court +with well-established opinions, but with jurymen who are under the +influence of the moment, and may be carried off by the eloquence of a +speech. It is true, M. Magloire did not possess that burning eloquence +which thrills a crowd, but M. Folgat had it, and in an uncommon degree. +M. Galpin had made inquiries; and one of his Paris friends had written +to him,-- + +“Mistrust Folgat. He is a far more dangerous logician than Lachant, and +possesses the same skill in troubling the consciences of jurymen, +in moving them, drawing tears from them, and forcing them into an +acquittal. Mind, especially, any incidents that may happen during the +trial; for he has always some kind of surprise in reserve.” + +“These are my adversaries,” thought M. Galpin. “What surprise, I wonder, +is there in store for me? Have they really given up all idea of using +Cocoleu?” + +He had no reason for mistrusting his agent; and yet his apprehensions +became so serious, that he went out of his way to look in at the +hospital. The lady superior received him, as a matter of course, with +all the signs of profound respect; and, when he inquired about Cocoleu, +she added,-- + +“Would you like to see him?” + +“I confess I should be very glad to do so.” + +“Come with me, then.” + +She took him into the garden, and there asked a gardener,-- + +“Where is the idiot?” + +The man put his spade into the ground; and, with that affected reverence +which characterizes all persons employed in a convent, he answered,-- + +“The idiot is down there in the middle avenue, mother, in his usual +place, you know, which nothing will induce him to leave.” + +M. Galpin and the lady superior found him there. They had taken off +the rags which he wore when he was admitted, and put him into the +hospital-dress, which was a large gray coat and a cotton cap. He did not +look any more intelligent for that; but he was less repulsive. He was +seated on the ground, playing with the gravel. + +“Well, my boy,” asked M. Galpin, “how do you like this?” + +He raised his inane face, and fixed his dull eye on the lady superior; +but he made no reply. + +“Would you like to go back to Valpinson?” asked the lawyer again. He +shuddered, but did not open his lips. + +“Look here,” said M. Galpin, “answer me, and I’ll give you a ten-cent +piece.” + +No: Cocoleu was at his play again. + +“That is the way he is always,” declared the lady superior. “Since he +is here, no one has ever gotten a word out of him. Promises, threats, +nothing has any effect. One day I thought I would try an experiment; +and, instead of letting him have his breakfast, I said to him, ‘You +shall have nothing to eat till you say, “I am hungry.”’ At the end of +twenty-four hours I had to let him have his pittance; for he would have +starved himself sooner than utter a word.” + +“What does Dr. Seignebos think of him?” + +“The doctor does not want to hear his name mentioned,” replied the lady +superior. + +And, raising her eyes to heaven, she added,-- + +“And that is a clear proof, that, but for the direct intervention of +Providence, the poor creature would never have denounced the crime which +he had witnessed.” + +Immediately, however, she returned to earthly things, and asked,-- + +“But will you not relieve us soon of this poor idiot, who is a heavy +charge on our hospital? Why not send him back to his village, where he +found his support before? We have quite a number of sick and poor, and +very little room.” + +“We must wait, sister, till M. de Boiscoran’s trial is finished,” + replied the magistrate. + +The lady superior looked resigned, and said,-- + +“That is what the mayor told me, and it is very provoking, I must say: +however, they have allowed me to turn him out of the room which they had +given him at first. I have sent him to the Insane Ward. That is the name +we give to a few little rooms, enclosed by a wall, where we keep the +poor insane, who are sent to us provisionally.” + +Here she was interrupted by the janitor of the hospital, who came up, +bowing. + +“What do you want?” she asked. + +Vaudevin, the janitor, handed her a note. + +“A man brought by a gendarme,” he replied. “Immediately to be admitted.” + +The lady superior read the note, signed by Dr. Seignebos. + +“Epileptic,” she said, “and somewhat idiotic: as if we wanted any more! +And a stranger into the bargain! Really Dr. Seignebos is too yielding. +Why does he not send all these people to their own parish to be taken +care of?” + +And, with a very elastic step for her age, she went to the parlor, +followed by M. Galpin and the janitor. They had put the new patient in +there, and, sunk upon a bench, he looked the picture of utter idiocy. +After having looked at him for a minute, she said,-- + +“Put him in the Insane Ward: he can keep Cocoleu company. And let the +sister know at the drug-room. But no, I will go myself. You will excuse +me, sir.” + +And then she left the room. M. Galpin was much comforted. + +“There is no danger here,” he said to himself. “And if M. Folgat counts +upon any incident during the trial, Cocoleu, at all events, will not +furnish it to him.” + + + +XXVII. + +At the same hour when the magistrate left the hospital, Dr. Seignebos +and M. Folgat parted, after a frugal breakfast,--the one to visit his +patients, the other to go to the prison. The young advocate was very +much troubled. He hung his head as he went down the street; and the +diplomatic citizens who compared his dejected appearance with the +victorious air of M. Galpin came to the conclusion that Jacques de +Boiscoran was irrevocably lost. + +At that moment M. Folgat was almost of their opinion. He had to pass +through one of those attacks of discouragement, to which the most +energetic men succumb at times, when they are bent upon pursuing an +uncertain end which they ardently desire. + +The declarations made by little Martha and the governess had literally +overwhelmed him. Just when he thought he had the end of the thread in +his hand, the tangle had become worse than ever. And so it had been from +the commencement. At every step he took, the problem had become more +complicated than ever. At every effort he made, the darkness, instead of +being dispelled, had become deeper. Not that he as yet doubted Jacques’s +innocence. No! The suspicion which for a moment had flashed through his +mind had passed away instantly. He admitted, with Dr. Seignebos, the +possibility that there was an accomplice, and that it was Cocoleu, in +all probability, who had been charged with the execution of the crime. +But how could that fact be made useful to the defence? He saw no way. + +Goudar was an able man; and the manner in which he had introduced +himself into the hospital and Cocoleu’s company indicated a master. But +however cunning he was, however experienced in all the tricks of his +profession, how could he ever hope to make a man confess who intrenched +himself behind the rampart of feigned imbecility? If he had only had an +abundance of time before him! But the days were counted, and he would +have to hurry his measures. + +“I feel like giving it up,” thought the young lawyer. + +In the meantime he had reached the prison. He felt the necessity of +concealing his anxiety. While Blangin went before him through the long +passages, rattling his keys, he endeavored to give to his features an +expression of hopeful confidence. + +“At last you come!” cried Jacques. + +He had evidently suffered terribly since the day before. A feverish +restlessness had disordered his features, and reddened his eyes. He was +shaking with nervous tremor. Still he waited till the jailer had shut +the door; and then he asked hoarsely,-- + +“What did she say?” + +M. Folgat gave him a minute account of his mission, quoting the words of +the countess almost literally. + +“That is just like her!” exclaimed the prisoner. “I think I can hear +her! What a woman! To defy me in this way!” + +And in his anger he wrung his hands till they nearly bled. + +“You see,” said the young advocate, “there is no use in trying to get +outside of our circle of defence. Any new effort would be useless.” + +“No!” replied Jacques. “No, I shall not stop there!” + +And after a few moments’ reflection,--if he can be said to have been +able to reflect,--he said,-- + +“I hope you will pardon me, my dear sir, for having exposed you to such +insults. I ought to have foreseen it, or, rather, I did foresee it. I +knew that was not the way to begin the battle. But I was a coward, I +was afraid, I drew back, fool that I was! As if I had not known that we +shall at any rate have to come to the last extremity! Well, I am ready +now, and I shall do it!” + +“What do you mean to do?” + +“I shall go and see the Countess Claudieuse. I shall tell her”-- + +“Oh!” + +“You do not think she will deny it to my face? When I once have her +under my eye, I shall make her confess the crime of which I am accused.” + +M. Folgat had promised Dr. Seignebos not to mention what Martha and her +governess had said; but he felt no longer bound to conceal it. + +“And if the countess should not be guilty?” he asked. + +“Who, then, could be guilty?” + +“If she had an accomplice?” + +“Well, she will tell me who it is. I will insist upon it, I will make +her tell. I will not be disgraced. I am innocent, I will not go to the +galleys!” + +To try and make Jacques listen to reason would have been madness just +now. + +“Have a care,” said the young lawyer. “Our defence is difficult enough +already; do not make it still more so.” + +“I shall be careful.” + +“A scene might ruin us irrevocably.” + +“Be not afraid!” + +M. Folgat said nothing more. He thought he could guess by what means +Jacques would try to get out of prison. But he did not ask him about +the details, because his position as his counsel made it his duty not to +know, or, at least, to seem not to know, certain things. + +“Now, my dear sir,” said the prisoner, “you will render me a service, +will you not?” + +“What is it?” + +“I want to know as accurately as possible how the house in which the +countess lives is arranged.” + +Without saying a word, M. Folgat took out a sheet of paper, and drew +on it a plan of the house, as far as he knew,--of the garden, the +entrance-hall, and the sitting-room. + +“And the count’s room,” asked Jacques, “where is that?” + +“In the upper story.” + +“You are sure he cannot get up?” + +“Dr. Seignebos told me so.” + +The prisoner seemed to be delighted. + +“Then all is right,” he said, “and I have only to ask you, my dear +counsel, to tell Miss Dionysia that I must see her to-day, as soon as +possible. I wish her to come accompanied by one of her aunts only. And, +I beseech you, make haste.” + +M. Folgat did hasten; so that, twenty minutes later, he was at the young +lady’s house. She was in her chamber. He sent word to her that he wished +to see her; and, as soon as she heard that Jacques wanted her, she said +simply,-- + +“I am ready to go.” + +And, calling one of the Misses Lavarande, she told her,-- + +“Come, Aunt Elizabeth, be quick. Take your hat and your shawl. I am +going out, and you are going with me.” + +The prisoner counted so fully upon the promptness of his betrothed, that +he had already gone down into the parlor when she arrived at the prison, +quite out of breath from having walked so fast. He took her hands, and, +pressing them to his lips, he said,-- + +“Oh, my darling! how shall I ever thank you for your sublime fidelity in +my misfortune? If I escape, my whole life will not suffice to prove my +gratitude.” + +But he tried to master his emotion, and turning to Aunt Elizabeth, he +said,-- + +“Will you pardon me if I beg you to render me once more the service you +have done me before? It is all important that no one should hear what I +am going to say to Dionysia. I know I am watched.” + +Accustomed to passive obedience, the good lady left the room without +daring to make the slightest remark, and went to keep watch in the +passage. Dionysia was very much surprised; but Jacques did not give her +time to utter a word. He said at once,-- + +“You told me in this very place, that, if I wished to escape, Blangin +would furnish me the means, did you not?” + +The young girl drew back, and stammered with an air of utter +bewilderment,-- + +“You do not want to flee?” + +“Never! Under no circumstances! But you ought to remember, that, while +resisting all your arguments, I told you, that perhaps, some day or +other, I might require a few hours of liberty.” + +“I remember.” + +“I begged you to sound the jailer on that point.” + +“I did so. For money he will always be ready to do your bidding.” + +Jacques seemed to breathe more freely. + +“Well, then,” he said again, “the time has come. To-morrow I shall have +to be away all the evening. I shall like to leave about nine; and I +shall be back at midnight.” + +Dionysia stopped him. + +“Wait,” she said; “I want to call Blangin’s wife.” + +The household of the jailer of Sauveterre was like many others. The +husband was brutal, imperious, and tyrannical: he talked loud and +positively, and thus made it appear that he was the master. The wife was +humble, submissive, apparently resigned, and always ready to obey; but +in reality she ruled by intelligence, as he ruled by main force. When +the husband had promised any thing, the consent of the wife had still to +be obtained; but, when the wife undertook to do any thing, the husband +was bound through her. Dionysia, therefore, knew very well that she +would have first to win over the wife. Mrs. Blangin came up in haste, +her mouth full of hypocritical assurances of good will, vowing that +she was heart and soul at her dear mistress’s command, recalling with +delight the happy days when she was in M. de Chandore’s service, and +regretting forevermore. + +“I know,” the young girl cut her short, “you are attached to me. But +listen!” + +And then she promptly explained to her what she wanted; while Jacques, +standing a little aside in the shade, watched the impression on the +woman’s face. Gradually she raised her head; and, when Dionysia had +finished, she said in a very different tone,-- + +“I understand perfectly, and, if I were the master, I should say, ‘All +right!’ But Blangin is master of the jail. Well, he is not bad; but +he insists upon doing his duty. We have nothing but our place to live +upon.” + +“Have I not paid you as much as your place is worth?” + +“Oh, I know you do not mind paying.” + +“You had promised me to speak to your husband about this matter.” + +“I have done so; but”-- + +“I would give as much as I did before.” + +“In gold?” + +“Well, be it so, in gold.” + +A flash of covetousness broke forth from under the thick brows of the +jailer’s wife; but, quite self-possessed, she went on,-- + +“In that case, my man will probably consent. I will go and put him +right, and then you can talk to him.” + +She went out hastily, and, as soon as she had disappeared, Jacques asked +Dionysia,-- + +“How much have you paid Blangin so far?” + +“Seventeen thousand francs.” + +“These people are robbing you outrageously.” + +“Ah, what does the money matter? I wish we were both of us ruined, if +you were but free.” + +But it had not taken the wife long to persuade the husband. Blangin’s +heavy steps were heard in the passage; and almost immediately, he +entered, cap in hand, looking obsequious and restless. + +“My wife has told me every thing,” he said, “and I consent. Only we must +understand each other. This is no trifle you are asking for.” + +Jacques interrupted him, and said,-- + +“Let us not exaggerate the matter. I do not mean to escape: I only want +to leave for a time. I shall come back, I give you my word of honor.” + +“Upon my life, that is not what troubles me. If the question was only +to let you run off altogether, I should open the doors wide, and say, +‘Good-by!’ A prisoner who runs away--that happens every day; but a +prisoner who leaves for a few hours, and comes back again--Suppose +anybody were to see you in town? Or if any one came and wanted to see +you while you are gone? Or if they saw you come back again? What should +I say? I am quite ready to be turned off for negligence. I have been +paid for that. But to be tried as an accomplice, and to be put into jail +myself. Stop! That is not what I mean to do.” + +This was evidently but a preface. + +“Oh! why lose so many words?” asked Dionysia. “Explain yourself clearly.” + +“Well, M. de Boiscoran cannot leave by the gate. At tattoo, at eight +o’clock, the soldiers on guard at this season of the year go inside the +prison, and until _reveille_ in the morning, or, in others words, till +five o’clock, I can neither open nor shut the gates without calling the +sergeant in command of the post.” + +“Did he want to extort more money? Did he make the difficulties out +greater than they really were?” + +“After all,” said Jacques, “if you consent, there must be a way.” + +The jailer could dissemble no longer: he came out with it bluntly. + +“If the thing is to be done, you must get out as if you were escaping +in good earnest. The wall between the two towers is, to my knowledge, +at one place not over two feet thick; and on the other side, where there +are nothing but bare grounds and the old ramparts, they never put a +sentinel. I will get you a crowbar and a pickaxe, and you make a hole in +the wall.” + +Jacques shrugged his shoulders. + +“And the next day,” he said, “when I am back, how will you explain that +hole?” + +Blangin smiled. + +“Be sure,” he replied, “I won’t say the rats did it. I have thought of +that too. At the same time with you, another prisoner will run off, who +will not come back.” + +“What prisoner?” + +“Trumence, to be sure. He will be delighted to get away, and he will +help you in making the hole in the wall. You must make your bargain with +him, but, of course, without letting him know that I know any thing. In +this way, happen what may, I shall not be in danger.” + +The plan was really a good one; only Blangin ought not to have claimed +the honor of inventing it: the idea came from his wife. + +“Well,” replied Jacques, “that is settled. Get me the pickaxe and the +crowbar, show me the place where we must make the hole, and I will take +charge of Trumence. To-morrow you shall have the money.” + +He was on the point of following the jailer, when Dionysia held him +back; and, lifting up her beautiful eyes to him, she said in a tremor,-- + +“You see, Jacques, I have not hesitated to dare every thing in order to +procure you a few house of liberty. May I not know what you are going to +do in that time?” + +And, as he made no reply, she repeated,-- + +“Where are you going?” + +A rush of blood colored the face of the unfortunate man; and he said in +an embarrassed voice,-- + +“I beseech you, Dionysia, do not insist upon my telling you. Permit me +to keep this secret, the only one I have ever kept from you.” + +Two tears trembled for a moment in the long lashes of the young girl, +and then silently rolled down her cheeks. + +“I understand you,” she stammered. “I understand but too well. Although +I know so little of life, I had a presentiment, as soon as I saw that +they were hiding something from me. Now I cannot doubt any longer. You +will go to see a woman to-morrow”-- + +“Dionysia,” Jacques said with folded hands,--“Dionysia, I beseech you!” + +She did not hear him. Gently shaking her heard, she went on,-- + +“A woman whom you have loved, or whom you love still, at whose feet you +have probably murmured the same words which you whispered at my feet. +How could you think of her in the midst of all your anxieties? She +cannot love you, I am sure. Why did she not come to you when she found +that you were in prison, and falsely accused of an abominable crime?” + +Jacques cold bear it no longer. + +“Great God!” he cried, “I would a thousand times rather tell you every +thing than allow such a suspicion to remain in your heart! Listen, and +forgive me.” + +But she stopped him, putting her hand on his lips, and saying, all in a +tremor,-- + +“No, I do not wish to know any thing,--nothing at all. I believe in +you. Only you must remember that you are every thing to me,--hope, life, +happiness. If you should have deceived me, I know but too well--poor +me!--that I would not cease loving you; but I should not have long to +suffer.” + +Overcome with grief and affection, Jacques repeated,-- + +“Dionysia, Dionysia, my darling, let me confess to you who this woman +is, and why I must see her.” + +“No,” she interrupted him, “no! Do what your conscience bids you do. I +believe in you.” + +And instead of offering to let him kiss her forehead, as usual, she +hurried off with her Aunt Elizabeth, and that so quickly, that, when he +rushed after her, he only saw, as it were, a shadow at the end of the +long passage. + +Never until this moment had Jacques found it in his heart really to hate +the Countess Claudieuse with that blind and furious hatred which dreams +of nothing but vengeance. Many a time, no doubt, he had cursed her in +the solitude of his prison; but even when he was most furious against +her, a feeling of pity had risen in his heart for her whom he had once +loved so dearly; for he did not disguise it to himself, he had once +loved her to distraction. Even in his prison he trembled, as he thought +of some of his first meetings with her, as he saw before his mind’s eye +her features swimming in voluptuous languor, as he heard the silvery +ring of her voice, or inhaled the perfume she loved ever to have about +her. She had exposed him to the danger of losing his position, his +future, his honor even; and he still felt inclined to forgive her. But +now she threatened him with the loss of his betrothed, the loss of that +pure and chaste love which burnt in Dionysia’s heart, and he could not +endure that. + +“I will spare her no longer,” he cried, mad with wrath. “I will hesitate +no longer. I have not the right to do so; for I am bound to defend +Dionysia!” + +He was more than ever determined to risk that adventure on the next day, +feeling quite sure now that his courage would not fail him. + +It was Trumence to-night--perhaps by the jailer’s skilful +management--who was ordered to take the prisoner back to his cell, and, +according to the jail-dictionary, to “curl him up” there. He called +him in, and at once plainly told him what he expected him to do. Upon +Blangin’s assurance, he expected the vagabond would jump at the mere +idea of escaping from jail. But by no means. Trumence’s smiling +features grew dark; and, scratching himself behind the ear furiously, he +replied,-- + +“You see--excuse me, I don’t want to run away at all.” + +Jacques was amazed. If Trumence refused his cooperation he could not go +out, or, at least, he would have to wait. + +“Are you in earnest, Trumence?” he asked. + +“Certainly I am, my dear sir. Here, you see, I am not so badly off: I +have a good bed, I have two meals a day, I have nothing to do, and I +pick up now and then, from one man or another, a few cents to buy me a +pinch of tobacco or a glass of wine.” + +“But your liberty?” + +“Well, I shall get that too. I have committed no crime. I may have +gotten over a wall into an orchard; but people are not hanged for that. +I have consulted M. Magloire, and he told me precisely how I stand. +They will try me in a police-court, and they will give me three or four +months. Well, that is not so very bad. But, if I run away, they put the +gendarmes on my track; they bring me back here; and then I know how they +will treat me. Besides, to break jail is a grave offence.” + +How could he overcome such wise conclusions and such excellent reasons? +Jacques was very much troubled. + +“Why should the gendarmes take you again?” he asked. + +“Because they are gendarmes, my dear sir. And then, that is not all. +If it were spring, I should say at once, ‘I am your man.’ But we have +autumn now; we are going to have bad weather; work will be scarce.” + +Although an incurable idler, Trumence had always a good deal to say +about work. + +“You won’t help them in the vintage?” asked Jacques. + +The vagabond looked almost repenting. + +“To be sure, the vintage must have commenced,” he said. + +“Well?” + +“But that only lasts a fortnight, and then comes winter. And winter is +no man’s friend: it’s my enemy. I know I have been without a place to +lie down when it has been freezing to split stones, and the snow was +a foot deep. Oh! here they have stoves, and the Board gives very warm +clothes.” + +“Yes; but there are no merry evenings here, Trumence, eh? None of those +merry evenings, when the hot wine goes round, and you tell the girls all +sorts of stories, while you are shelling peas, or shucking corn?” + +“Oh! I know. I do enjoy those evenings. But the cold! Where should I go +when I have not a cent?” + +That was exactly where Jacques wanted to lead him. + +“I have money,” he said. + +“I know you have.” + +“You do not think I would let you go off with empty pockets? I would +give you any thing you may ask.” + +“Really?” cried the vagrant. + +And looking at Jacques with a mingled expression of hope, surprise, and +delight, he added,-- + +“You see I should want a good deal. Winter is long. I should want--let +me see, I should want fifty Napoleons!” + +“You shall have a hundred,” said Jacques. + +Trumence’s eyes began to dance. He probably had a vision of those +irresistible taverns at Rochefort, where he had led such a merry life. +But he could not believe such happiness to be real. + +“You are not making fun of me?” he asked timidly. + +“Do you want the whole sum at once?” replied Jacques. “Wait.” + +He drew from the drawer in his table a thousand-franc note. But, at the +sight of the note, the vagrant drew back the hand which he had promptly +stretched out to take the money. + +“Oh! that kind? No! I know what that paper is worth: I have had some of +them myself. But what could I do with one of them now? It would not be +worth more to me than a leaf of a tree; for, at the first place I should +want it changed, they would arrest me.” + +“That is easily remedied. By to-morrow I shall have gold, or small +notes, so you can have your choice.” + +This time Trumence clapped his hands in great joy. + +“Give me some of one kind, and some of the other,” he said, “and I +am your man! Hurrah for liberty! Where is that wall that we are to go +through?” + +“I will show you to-morrow; and till then, Trumence, silence.” + +It was only the next day that Blangin showed Jacques the place where the +wall had least thickness. It was in a kind of cellar, where nobody ever +came, and where cast-off tools were stored away. + +“In order that you may not be interrupted,” said the jailer, “I will ask +two of my comrades to dine with me, and I shall invite the sergeant on +duty. They will enjoy themselves, and never think of the prisoners. My +wife will keep a sharp lookout; and, if any of the rounds should come +this way, she would warn you, and quick, quick, you would be back in +your room.” + +All was settled; and, as soon as night came, Jacques and Trumence, +taking a candle with them, slipped down into the cellar, and went to +work. It was a hard task to get through this old wall, and Jacques would +never have been able to accomplish it alone. The thickness was even less +than what Blangin had stated it to be; but the hardness was far beyond +expectation. Our fathers built well. In course of time the cement had +become one with the stone, and acquired the same hardness. It was as if +they had attacked a block of granite. The vagrant had, fortunately, a +strong arm; and, in spite of the precautions which they had to take to +prevent being heard, he had, in less than an hour, made a hole through +which a man could pass. He put his head in; and, after a moment’s +examination, he said,-- + +“All right! The night is dark, and the place is deserted. Upon my word, +I will risk it!” + +He went through; Jacques followed; and instinctively they hastened +towards a place where several trees made a dark shadow. Once there, +Jacques handed Trumence a package of five-franc notes, and said,-- + +“Add this to the hundred Napoleons I have given you before. Thank you: +you are a good fellow, and, if I get out of my trouble, I will not +forget you. And now let us part. Make haste, be careful, and good luck!” + +After these words he went off rapidly. But Trumence did not march off in +the opposite direction, as had been agreed upon. + +“Anyhow,” said the poor vagrant to himself, “this is a curious story +about the poor gentleman. Where on earth can he be going?” + +And, curiosity getting the better of prudence, he followed him. + + + +XXVIII. + +Jacques de Boiscoran went straight to Mautrec Street. But he knew with +what horror he was looked upon by the population; and in order to avoid +being recognized, and perhaps arrested, he did not take the most direct +route, nor did he choose the more frequented streets. He went a long way +around, and well-nigh lost himself in the winding, dark lanes of the +old town. He walked along in Feverish haste, turning aside from the +rare passers-by, pulling his felt hat down over his eyes, and, for still +greater safety, holding his handkerchief over his face. It was nearly +half-past nine when he at last reached the house inhabited by Count and +Countess Claudieuse. The little gate had been taken out, and the great +doors were closed. + +Never mind! Jacques had his plan. He rang the bell. + +A maid, who did not know him, came to the door. + +“Is the Countess Claudieuse in?” he asked. + +“The countess does not see anybody,” replied the girl. “She is sitting +up with the count, who is very ill to-night.” + +“But I must see her.” + +“Impossible.” + +“Tell her that a gentleman who has been sent by M. Galpin desires to see +her for a moment. It is the Boiscoran affair.” + +“Why did you not say so at once?” said the servant. “Come in.” And +forgetting, in her hurry, to close the gates again, she went before +Jacques through the garden, showed him into the vestibule, and then +opened the parlor-door, saying,-- + +“Will you please go in here and sit down, while I go to tell the +countess?” + +After lighting one of the candles on the mantelpiece, she went out. +So far, every thing had gone well for Jacques, and even better than he +could have expected. Nothing remained now to be done, except to prevent +the countess from going back and escaping, as soon as she should have +recognized Jacques. Fortunately the parlor-door opened into the room. He +went and put himself behind the open half, and waited there. + +For twenty-four hours he had prepared himself for this interview, and +arranged in his head the very words he would use. But now, at the last +moment, all his ideas flew away, like dry leaves under the breath of a +tempest. His heart was beating with such violence, that he thought it +filled the whole room with the noise. He imagined he was cool, and, in +fact, he possessed that lucidity which gives to certain acts of madmen +an appearance of sense. + +He was surprised at being kept waiting so long, when, at last, light +steps, and the rustling of a dress, warned him that the countess was +coming. + +She came in, dressed in a long, dark, undress robe, and took a few steps +into the room, astonished at not seeing the person who was waiting for +her. + +It was exactly as Jacques had foreseen. + +He pushed to, violently, the open half of the door; and, placing himself +before her, he said,-- + +“We are alone!” + +She turned round at the noise, and cried,-- + +“Jacques!” + +And terrified, as if she had seen a ghost, she looked all around, hoping +to see a way out. One of the tall windows of the room, which went down +to the ground, was half open, and she rushed towards it; but Jacques +anticipated her, and said,-- + +“Do not attempt to escape; for I swear I should pursue you into your +husband’s room, to the foot of his bed.” + +She looked at him as if she did not comprehend. + +“You,” she stammered,--“you here!” + +“Yes,” he replied, “I am here. You are astonished, are you? You said to +yourself, ‘He is in prison, well kept under lock and key: I can sleep in +peace. No evidence can be found. He will not speak. I have committed the +crime, and he will be punished for it. I am guilty; but I shall escape. +He is innocent, and he is lost.’ You thought it was all settled? Well, +no, it is not. I am here!” + +An expression of unspeakable horror contracted the beautiful features of +the countess. She said,-- + +“This is monstrous!” + +“Monstrous indeed!” + +“Murderer! Incendiary!” + +He burst out laughing, a strident, convulsive, terrible laughter. + +“And you,” he said, “you call me so?” + +By one great effort the Countess Claudieuse recovered her energy. + +“Yes,” she replied, “yes, I do! You cannot deny your crime to me. I +know, I know the motives which the judges do not even guess. You thought +I would carry out my threats, and you were frightened. When I left you +in such haste, you said to yourself, ‘It is all over: she will tell her +husband.’ And then you kindled that fire in order to draw my husband +out of the house, you incendiary! And then you fired at my husband, you +murderer!” + +He was still laughing. + +“And that is your plan?” he broke in. “Who do you think will believe +such an absurd story? Our letters were burnt; and, if you deny having +been my mistress, I can just as well deny having been your lover. And, +besides, would the exposure do me any harm? You know very well it would +not. You are perfectly aware, that, as society is with us, the same +thing which disgraces a woman rather raises a man in the estimate of the +world. And as to my being afraid of Count Claudieuse, it is well known +that I am afraid of nobody. At the time when we were concealing our love +in the house in Vine Street, yes, at that time, I might have been afraid +of your husband; for he might have surprised us there, the code in one +hand, a revolver in the other, and have availed himself of that stupid +and savage law which makes the husband the judge of his own case, and +the executor of the sentence which he himself pronounces. But setting +aside such a case, the case of being taken in the act, which allows +a man to kill like a dog another man, who can not or will not defend +himself, what did I care for Count Claudieuse? What did I care for your +threats or for his hatred?” He said these words with perfect calmness, +but with that cold, cutting tone which is as sharp as a sword, and with +that positiveness which enters irresistibly into the mind. The countess +was tottering, and stammered almost inaudibly,-- + +“Who would imagine such a thing? Is it possible?” + +Then, suddenly raising her head, she said,-- + +“But I am losing my senses. If you are innocent, who, then, could be the +guilty man?” + +Jacques seized her hands almost madly, and pressing them painfully, and +bending over her so closely that she felt his hot breath like a flame +touching her face, he hissed into her ear,-- + +“You, wretched creature, you!” + +And then pushing her from him with such violence that she fell into a +chair, he continued,-- + +“You, who wanted to be a widow in order to prevent me from breaking the +chains in which you held me. At our last meeting, when I thought you +were crushed by grief, and felt overcome by your hypocritical tears, +I was weak enough, I was stupid enough, to say that I married Dionysia +only because you were not free. Then you cried, ‘O God, how happy I +am that that idea did not occur to me before!’ What idea was that, +Genevieve? Come, answer me and confess, that it occurred to you too soon +after all, since you have carried it out?” + +And repeating with crushing irony the words just uttered by the +countess, he said,-- + +“If you are innocent, who, then, would be the guilty man?” + +Quite beside herself, she sprang up from her chair, and casting at +Jacques one of those glances which seem to enter through our eyes into +the very heart of our hearts, she asked,-- + +“Is it really possible that you have not committed this abominable +crime?” + +He shrugged his shoulders. + +“But then,” she repeated, almost panting, “is it true, can it really be +true, that you think I have committed it?” + +“Perhaps you have only ordered it to be committed.” + +With a wild gesture she raised her arms to heaven, and cried in a +heart-rending voice,-- + +“O God, O God! He believes it! he really believes it!” + +There followed great silence, dismal, formidable silence, such as in +nature follows the crash of the thunderbolt. + +Standing face to face, Jacques and the Countess Claudieuse looked at +each other madly, feeling that the fatal hour in their lives had come at +last. + +Each felt a growing, a sure conviction of the other. There was no need +of explanations. They had been misled by appearances: they acknowledged +it; they were sure of it. + +And this discovery was so fearful, so overwhelming, that neither thought +of who the real guilty one might be. + +“What is to be done?” asked the countess. + +“The truth must be told,” replied Jacques. + +“Which?” + +“That I have been your lover; that I went to Valpinson by appointment +with you; that the cartridge-case which was found there was used by +me to get fire; that my blackened hands were soiled by the half-burnt +fragment of our letters, which I had tried to scatter.” + +“Never!” cried the countess. + +Jacques’s face turned crimson, as he said with an accent of merciless +severity,-- + +“It shall be told! I will have it so, and it must be done!” + +The countess seemed to be furious. + +“Never!” she cried again, “never!” + +And with convulsive haste she added,-- + +“Do you not see that the truth cannot possibly be told. They would never +believe in our innocence. They would only look upon us as accomplices.” + +“Never mind. I am not willing to die.” + +“Say that you will not die alone.” + +“Be it so.” + +“To confess every thing would never save you, but would most assuredly +ruin me. Is that what you want? Would your fate appear less cruel to +you, if there were two victims instead of one?” + +He stopped her by a threatening gesture, and cried,-- + +“Are you always the same? I am sinking, I am drowning; and she +calculates, she bargains! And she said she loved me!” + +“Jacques!” broke in the countess. + +And drawing close up to him, she said,-- + +“Ah! I calculate, I bargain? Well, listen. Yes, it is true. I did value +my reputation as an honest woman more highly, a thousand times more, +than my life; but, above my life and my reputation, I valued you. You +are drowning, you say. Well, then, let us flee. One word from you, and I +leave all,--honor, country, family, husband, children. Say one word, +and I follow you without turning my head, without a regret, without a +remorse.” + +Her whole body was shivering from head to foot; her bosom rose and fell; +her eyes shone with unbearable brilliancy. + +Thanks to the violence of her action, her dress, put on in great haste, +had opened, and her dishevelled hair flowed in golden masses over +her bosom and her shoulders, which matched the purest marble in their +dazzling whiteness. + +And in a voice trembling with pent-up passion, now sweet and soft like a +tender caress, and now deep and sonorous like a bell, she went on,-- + +“What keeps us? Since you have escaped from prison, the greatest +difficulty is overcome. I thought at first of taking our girl, your +girl, Jacques; but she is very ill; and besides a child might betray us. +If we go alone, they will never overtake us. We will have money enough, +I am sure, Jacques. We will flee to those distant countries which +appear in books of travels in such fairy-like beauty. There, unknown, +forgotten, unnoticed, our life will be one unbroken enjoyment. You will +never again say that I bargain. I will be yours, entirely, and solely +yours, body and soul, your wife, your slave.” + +She threw her head back, and with half-closed eyes, bending with her +whole person toward him, she said in melting tones,-- + +“Say, Jacques, will you? Jacques!” + +He pushed her aside with a fierce gesture. It seemed to him almost a +sacrilege that she also, like Dionysia, should propose to him to flee. + +“Rather the galleys!” he cried. + +She turned deadly pale; a spasm of rage convulsed her features; and +drawing back, stiff and stern, she said,-- + +“What else do you want?” + +“Your help to save me,” he replied. + +“At the risk of ruining myself?” + +He made no reply. + +Then she, who had just now been all humility, raised herself to her full +height, and in a tone of bitterest sarcasm said slowly,-- + +“In other words, you want me to sacrifice myself, and at the same time +all my family. For your sake? Yes, but even more for Miss Chandore’s +sake. And you think that it is quite a simple thing. I am the past to +you, satiety, disgust: she is the future to you, desire, happiness. And +you think it quite natural that the old love should make a footstool of +her love and her honor for the new love? You think little of my being +disgraced, provided she be honored; of my weeping bitterly, if she but +smile? Well, no, no! it is madness in you to come and ask me to save +you, so that you may throw yourself into the arms of another. It is +madness, when in order to tear you from Dionysia, I am ready to ruin +myself, provided only that you be lost to her forever.” + +“Wretch!” cried Jacques. + +She looked at him with a mocking air, and her eyes beamed with infernal +audacity. + +“You do not know me yet,” she cried. “Go, speak, denounce me! M. Folgat +no doubt has told you how I can deny and defend myself.” + +Maddened by indignation, and excited to a point where reason loses its +power over us, Jacques de Boiscoran moved with uplifted hand towards the +countess, when suddenly a voice said,-- + +“Do not strike that woman!” + +Jacques and the countess turned round, and uttered, both at the same +instant, the same kind of sharp, terrible cry, which must have been +heard a great distance. + +In the frame of the door stood Count Claudieuse, a revolver in his hand, +and ready to fire. + +He looked as pale as a ghost; and the white flannel dressing-gown which +he had hastily thrown around him hung like a pall around his lean limbs. +The first cry uttered by the countess had been heard by him on the bed +on which he lay apparently dying. A terrible presentiment had seized +him. He had risen from his bed, and, dragging himself slowly along, +holding painfully to the balusters, he had come down. + +“I have heard all,” he said, casting crushing looks at both the guilty +ones. + +The countess uttered a deep, hoarse sigh, and sank into a chair. But +Jacques drew himself up, and said,-- + +“I have insulted you terribly, sir. Avenge yourself.” + +The count shrugged his shoulders. + +“Great God! You would allow me to be condemned for a crime which I have +not committed. Ah, that would be the meanest cowardice.” + +The count was so feeble that he had to lean against the door-post. + +“Would it be cowardly?” he asked. “Then, what do you call the act of +that miserable man who meanly, disgracefully robs another man of his +wife, and palms off his own children upon him? It is true you are +neither an incendiary nor an assassin. But what is fire in my house in +comparison with the ruin of all my faith? What are the wounds in my body +in comparison with that wound in my heart, which never can heal? I leave +you to the court, sir.” + +Jacques was terrified; he saw the abyss opening before him that was to +swallow him up. + +“Rather death,” he cried,--“death.” + +And, baring his breast, he said,-- + +“But why do you not fire, sir? Why do you not fire? Are you afraid of +blood? Shoot! I have been the lover of your wife: your youngest daughter +is my child.” + +The count lowered his weapon. + +“The courts of justice are more certain,” he said. “You have robbed me +of my honor: now I want yours. And, if you cannot be condemned without +it, I shall say, I shall swear, that I recognized you. You shall go to +the galleys, M. de Boiscoran.” + +He was on the point of coming forward; but his strength was exhausted, +and he fell forward, face downward, and arms outstretched. + +Overcome with horror, half mad, Jacques fled. + + + +XXIX. + +M. Folgat had just risen. Standing before his mirror, hung up to one of +the windows in his room, he had just finished shaving himself, when the +door was thrown open violently, and old Anthony appeared quite beside +himself. + +“Ah, sir, what a terrible thing!” + +“What?” + +“Run away, disappeared!” + +“Who?” + +“Master Jacques!” + +The surprise was so great, that M. Folgat nearly let his razor drop: he +said, however, peremptorily,-- + +“That is false!” + +“Alas, sir,” replied the old servant, “everybody is full of it in town. +All the details are known. I have just seen a man who says he met master +last night, about eleven o’clock, running like a madman down National +Street.” + +“That is absurd.” + +“I have only told Miss Dionysia so far, and she sent me to you. You +ought to go and make inquiry.” + +The advice was not needed. Wiping his face hastily, the young advocate +went to dress at once. He was ready in a moment; and, having run down +the stairs, he was crossing the passage when he heard somebody call his +name. He turned round, and saw Dionysia making him a sign to come into +the boudoir in which she was usually sitting. He did so. + +Dionysia and the young advocate alone knew what a desperate venture +Jacques had undertaken the night before. They had not said a word about +it to each other; but each had noticed the preoccupation of the other. +All the evening M. Folgat had not spoken ten words, and Dionysia had, +immediately after dinner, gone up to her own room. + +“Well?” she asked. + +“The report, madam, must be false,” replied the advocate. + +“Who knows?” + +“His evasion would be a confession of his crime. It is only the guilty +who try to escape; and M. de Boiscoran is innocent. You can rest quite +assured, madam, it is not so. I pray you be quiet.” + +Who would not have pitied the poor girl at that moment? She was as white +as her collar, and trembled violently. Big tears ran over her eyes; and +at each word a violent sob rose in her throat. + +“You know where Jacques went last night?” she asked again. + +“Yes.” + +She turned her head a little aside, and went on, in a hardly audible +voice,-- + +“He went to see once more a person whose influence over him is, +probably, all powerful. It may be that she has upset him, stunned him. +Might she not have prevailed upon him to escape from the disgrace of +appearing in court, charged with such a crime?” + +“No, madam, no!” + +“This person has always been Jacques’s evil genius. She loves him, I +am sure. She must have been incensed at the idea of his becoming my +husband. Perhaps, in order to induce him to flee, she has fled with +him.” + +“Ah! do not be afraid, madam: the Countess Claudieuse is incapable of +such devotion.” + +Dionysia threw herself back in utter amazement; and, raising her +wide-open eyes to the young advocate, she said with an air of +stupefaction,-- + +“The Countess Claudieuse?” + +M. Folgat saw his indiscretion. He had been under the impression that +Jacques had told his betrothed every thing; and her very manner of +speaking had confirmed him in his conviction. + +“Ah, it is the Countess Claudieuse,” she went on,--“that lady whom all +revere as if she were a saint. And I, who only the other day marvelled +at her fervor in praying,--I who pitied her with all my heart,--I--Ah! I +now see what they were hiding from me.” + +Distressed by the blunder which he had committed, the young advocate +said,-- + +“I shall never forgive myself, madam, for having mentioned that name in +your presence.” + +She smiled sadly. + +“Perhaps you have rendered me a great service, sir. But, I pray, go and +see what the truth is about this report.” + +M. Folgat had not walked down half the street, when he became aware that +something extraordinary must really have happened. The whole town was in +uproar. People stood at their doors, talking. Groups here and there were +engaged in lively discussions. + +Hastening his steps, he was just turning into National Street, when he +was stopped by three or four gentlemen, whose acquaintance he had, in +some way or other, been forced to make since he was at Sauveterre. + +“Well, sir?” said one of these amiable friends, “your client, it seems, +is running about nicely.” + +“I do not understand,” replied M. Folgat in a tone of ice. + +“Why? Don’t you know your client has run off?” + +“Are you quite sure of that?” + +“Certainly. The wife of a workman whom I employ was the person through +whom the escape became known. She had gone on the old ramparts to cut +grass there for her goat; and, when she came to the prison wall, she saw +a big hole had been made there. She gave at once the alarm; the guard +came up; and they reported the matter immediately to the commonwealth +attorney.” + +For M. Folgat the evidence was not satisfactory yet. He asked,-- + +“Well? And M. de Boiscoran?” + +“Cannot be found. Ah, I tell you, it is just as I say. I know it from +a friend who heard it from a clerk at the mayor’s office. Blangin the +jailer, they say, is seriously implicated.” + +“I hope soon to see you again,” said the young advocate, and left him +abruptly. + +The gentleman seemed to be very grievously offended at such treatment; +but the young advocate paid no attention to him, and rapidly crossed the +New-Market Square. + +He was become apprehensive. He did not fear an evasion, but thought +there might have occurred some fearful catastrophe. A hundred persons, +at least, were assembled around the prison-doors, standing there with +open mouths and eager eyes; and the sentinels had much trouble in +keeping them back. + +M. Folgat made his way through the crowd, and went in. + +In the court-yard he found the commonwealth attorney, the chief of +police, the captain of the gendarmes, M. Seneschal, and, finally, M. +Galpin, all standing before the janitor’s lodge in animated discussion. +The magistrate looked paler than ever, and was, as they called it in +Sauveterre, in bull-dog humor. There was reason for it. + +He had been informed as promptly as M. Folgat, and had, with equal +promptness, dressed, and hastened to the prison. And all along his way, +unmistakable evidence had proved to him that public opinion was fiercely +roused against the accused, but that it was as deeply excited against +himself. + +On all sides he had been greeted by ironical salutations, mocking +smiles, and even expressions of condolence at the loss of his prisoner. +Two men, whom he suspected of being in close relations with Dr. +Seignebos, had even murmured, as he passed by them,-- + +“Cheated, Mr. Bloodhound.” + +He was the first to notice the young advocate, and at once said to +him,-- + +“Well, sir, do you come for news?” + +But M. Folgat was not the man to be taken in twice the same day. +Concealing his apprehensions under the most punctilious politeness, he +replied,-- + +“I have heard all kinds of reports; but they do not affect me. M. de +Boiscoran has too much confidence in the excellency of his cause and the +justice of his country to think of escaping. I only came to confer with +him.” + +“And you are right!” exclaimed M. Daubigeon. “M. de Boiscoran is in his +cell, utterly unaware of all the rumors that are afloat. It was Trumence +who has run off,--Trumence, the light-footed. He was kept in prison for +form’s sake only, and helped the keeper as a kind of assistant jailer. +He it is who has made a hole in the wall, and escaped, thinking, no +doubt, that the heavens are a better roof than the finest jail.” + +A little distance behind the group stood Blangin, the jailer, affecting +a contrite and distressed air. + +“Take the counsel to the prisoner Boiscoran,” said M. Galpin dryly, +fearing, perhaps, that M. Daubigeon might regale the public with all the +bitter epigrams with which he persecuted him privately. The jailer bowed +to the ground, and obeyed the order; but, as soon as he was alone with +M. Folgat in the porch of the building, he blew up his cheek, and then +tapped it, saying,-- + +“Cheated all around.” + +Then he burst out laughing. The young advocate pretended not to +understand him. It was but prudent that he should appear ignorant of +what had happened the night before, and thus avoid all suspicion of a +complicity which substantially did not exist. + +“And still,” Blangin went on, “this is not the end of it yet. The +gendarmes are all out. If they should catch my poor Trumence! That man +is such a fool, the most stupid judge would worm his secret out of him +in five minutes. And then, who would be in a bad box?” + +M. Folgat still made no reply; but the other did not seem to mind that +much. He continued,-- + +“I only want to do one thing, and that is to give up my keys as soon as +possible. I am tired of this profession of jailer. Besides, I shall not +be able to stay here much longer. This escape has put a flea into the +ear of the authorities, and they are going to give me an assistant, a +former police sergeant, who is as bad as a watchdog. Ah! the good days +of M. de Boiscoran are over: no more stolen visits, no more promenades. +He is to be watched day and night.” + +Blangin had stopped at the foot of the staircase to give all these +explanations. + +“Let us go up,” he said now, as M. Folgat showed signs of growing +impatience. + +He found Jacques lying on his bed, all dressed; and at the first glance +he saw that a great misfortune had happened. + +“One more hope gone?” he asked. + +The prisoner raised himself up with difficulty, and sat up on the side +of his bed; then he replied in a voice of utter despair,-- + +“I am lost, and this time hopelessly.” + +“Oh!” + +“Just listen!” + +The young advocate could not help shuddering as he heard the account +given by Jacques of what had happened the night before. And when it was +finished, he said,-- + +“You are right. If Count Claudieuse carries out his threat, it may be a +condemnation.” + +“It must be a condemnation, you mean. Well, you need not doubt. He will +carry out his threat.” + +And shaking his head with an air of desolation, he added,-- + +“And the most formidable part of it is this: I cannot blame him for +doing it. The jealousy of husbands is often nothing more than self-love. +When they find they have been deceived, their vanity is offended; but +their heart remains whole. But in this case it is very different. He +not only loved his wife, he worshipped her. She was his happiness, life +itself. When I took her from him, I robbed him of all he had,--yes, of +all! I never knew what adultery meant till I saw him overcome with shame +and rage. He was left without any thing in a moment. His wife had a +lover: his favorite daughter was not his own! I suffer terribly; but +it is nothing, I am sure, in comparison with what he suffers. And you +expect, that, holding a weapon in his hand, he should not use it? It is +a treacherous, dishonest weapon, to be sure; but have I been frank and +honest? It would be a mean, ignoble vengeance, you will say; but what +was the offence? In his place, I dare say, I should do as he does.” + +M. Folgat was thunderstruck. + +“But after that,” he asked, “when you left the house?” + +Jacques passed his hand mechanically over his forehead, as if to gather +his thoughts, and then went on,-- + +“After that I fled precipitately, like a man who has committed a crime. +The garden-door was open, and I rushed out. I could not tell you with +certainty in what direction I ran, through what streets I passed. I had +but one fixed idea,--to get away from that house as quickly and as far +as possible. I did not know what I was doing. I went, I went. When I +came to myself, I was many miles away from Sauveterre, on the road to +Boiscoran. The instinct of the animal within me had guided me on the +familiar way to my house. At the first moment I could not comprehend how +I had gotten there. I felt like a drunkard whose head is filled with the +vapors of alcohol, and who, when he is roused, tries to remember what +has happened during his intoxication. Alas! I recalled the fearful +reality but too soon. I knew that I ought to go back to prison, that +it was an absolute necessity; and yet I felt at times so weary, so +exhausted, that I was afraid I should not be able to get back. Still I +did reach the prison. Blangin was waiting for me, all anxiety; for it +was nearly two o’clock. He helped me to get up here. I threw myself, all +dressed as I was, on my bed, and I fell fast asleep in an instant. But +my sleep was a miserable sleep, broken by terrible dreams, in which +I saw myself chained to the galleys, or mounting the scaffold with a +priest by my side; and even at this moment I hardly know whether I am +awake or asleep, and whether I am not still suffering under a fearful +nightmare.” + +M. Folgat could hardly conceal a tear. He murmured,-- + +“Poor man!” + +“Oh, yes, poor man indeed!” repeated Jacques. “Why did I not follow my +first inspiration last night when I found myself on the high-road. I +should have gone on to Boiscoran, I should have gone up stairs to my +room, and there I should have blown out my brains. I should then suffer +no more.” + +Was he once more giving himself up to that fatal idea of suicide? + +“And your parents,” said M. Folgat. + +“My parents! And do you think they will survive my condemnation?” + +“And Miss Chandore?” + +He shuddered, and said fiercely,-- + +“Ah! it is for her sake first of all that I ought to make an end of it. +Poor Dionysia! Certainly she would grieve terribly when she heard of +my suicide. But she is not twenty yet. My memory would soon fade in her +heart; and weeks growing into months, and months into years, she would +find comfort. To live means to forget.” + +“No! You cannot really think what you are saying!” broke in M. Folgat. +“You know very well that she--she would never forget you!” + +A tear appeared in the eyes of the unfortunate man, and he said in a +half-smothered voice,-- + +“You are right. I believe to strike me down means to strike her down +also. But do you think what life would be after a condemnation? Can you +imagine what her sensations would be, if day after day she had to say +to herself, ‘He whom alone I love upon earth is at the galleys, mixed up +with the lowest of criminals, disgraced for life, dishonored.’ Ah! death +is a thousand times preferable.” + +“Jacques, M. de Boiscoran, do you forget that you have given me your +word of honor?” + +“The proof that I have not forgotten it is that you see me here. But, +never mind, the day is not very far off when you will see me so wretched +that you yourself will be the first to put a weapon into my hands.” + +But the young advocate was one of those men whom difficulties only +excite and stimulate, instead of discouraging. He had already recovered +somewhat from the first great shock, and he said,-- + +“Before you throw down your hand, wait, at least, till the game is lost. +You are not sentenced yet. Far from it! You are innocent, and there +is divine justice. Who tells us that Count Claudieuse will really give +evidence? We do not even know whether he has not, at this moment, drawn +his last breath upon earth!” + +Jacques leaped up as if in a spasm, and turning deadly pale, +exclaimed,-- + +“Ah, don’t say that! That fatal thought has already occurred to me, that +perhaps he did not rise again last night. Would to God that that be not +so! for then I should but too surely be an assassin. He was my first +thought when I awoke. I thought of sending out to make inquiries. But I +did not dare do it.” + +M. Folgat felt his heart oppressed with most painful anxiety, like the +prisoner himself. Hence he said at once,-- + +“We cannot remain in this uncertainty. We can do nothing as long as the +count’s fate is unknown to us; for on his fate depends ours. Allow me to +leave you now. I will let you know as soon as I hear any thing positive. +And, above all, keep up your courage, whatever may happen.” + +The young advocate was sure of finding reliable information at Dr. +Seignebos’s house. He hastened there; and, as soon as he entered, the +physician cried,-- + +“Ah, there you are coming at last! I give up twenty of my worst patients +to see you, and you keep me waiting forever. I was sure you would come. +What happened last night at Count Claudieuse’s house?” + +“Then you know”-- + +“I know nothing. I have seen the results; but I do not know the cause. +The result was this: last night, about eleven o’clock, I had just gone +to bed, tired to death, when, all of a sudden, somebody rings my bell +as if he were determined to break it. I do not like people to perform so +violently at my door; and I was getting up to let the man know my +mind, when Count Claudieuse’s servant rushed in, pushing my own servant +unceremoniously aside, and cried out to me to come instantly, as his +master had just died.” + +“Great God!” + +“That is what I said, because, although I knew the count was very ill, I +did not think he was so near death.” + +“Then, he is really dead?” + +“Not at all. But, if you interrupt me continually, I shall never be able +to tell you.” + +And taking off his spectacles, wiping them, and putting them on again, +he went on,-- + +“I was dressed in an instant, and in a few minutes I was at the house. +They asked me to go into the sitting-room down stairs. There I found, to +my great amazement, Count Claudieuse, lying on a sofa. He was pale and +stiff, his features fearfully distorted, and on his forehead a slight +wound, from which a slender thread of blood was trickling down. Upon my +word I thought it was all over.” + +“And the countess?” + +“The countess was kneeling by her husband; and, with the help of her +women, she was trying to resuscitate him by rubbing him, and putting +hot napkins on his chest. But for these wise precautions she would be +a widow at this moment; whilst, as it is, he may live a long time yet. +This precious count has a wonderful tenacity of life. We, four of us, +then took him and carried him up stairs, and put him to bed, after +having carefully warmed it first. He soon began to move; he opened his +eyes; and a quarter of an hour later he had recovered his consciousness, +and spoke readily, though with a somewhat feeble voice. Then, of course, +I asked what had happened, and for the first time in my life I saw the +marvellous self-possession of the countess forsake her. She stammered +pitifully, looking at her husband with a most frightened air, as if she +wished to read in his eyes what she should say. He undertook to answer +me; but he, also was evidently very much embarrassed. He said, that +being left alone, and feeling better than usual, he had taken it into +his head to try his strength. He had risen, put on his dressing-gown, +and gone down stairs; but, in the act of entering the room, he had +become dizzy, and had fallen so unfortunately as to hurt his forehead +against the sharp corner of a table. I affected to believe it, and said, +‘You have done a very imprudent thing, and you must not do it again.’ +Then he looked at his wife in a very singular way, and replied, ‘Oh! you +can be sure I shall not commit another imprudence. I want too much to +get well. I have never wished it so much as now.’” + +M. Folgat was on the point of replying; but the doctor closed his lips +with his hand, and said,-- + +“Wait, I have not done yet.” + +And, manipulating his spectacles most assiduously, he added,-- + +“I was just going home, when suddenly a chambermaid came in with a +frightened air to tell the countess that her older daughter, little +Martha, whom you know, had just been seized with terrible convulsions. +Of course I went to see her, and found her suffering from a truly +fearful nervous attack. It was only with great difficulty I could quiet +her; and when I thought she had recovered, suspecting that there might +be some connection between her attack and the accident that had befallen +her father, I said in the most paternal tone I could assume, ‘Now my +child, you must tell me what was the matter.’ She hesitated a while, and +then she said, ‘I was frightened.’--‘Frightened at what, my darling?’ +She raised herself on her bed, trying to consult her mother’s eyes; but +I had placed myself between them, so that she could not see them. When I +repeated my question, she said, ‘Well, you see, I had just gone to bed, +when I heard the bell ring. I got up, and went to the window to see +who could be coming so late. I saw the servant go and open the door, +a candlestick in her hand, and come back to the house, followed by a +gentleman, whom I did not know.’ The countess interrupted her here, +saying, ‘It was a messenger from the court, who had been sent to me with +an urgent letter.’ But I pretended not to hear her; and, turning still +to Martha, I asked again, ‘And it was this gentleman who frightened you +so?’--‘Oh, no!’--‘What then?’ Out of the corner of my eye I was watching +the countess. She seemed to be terribly embarrassed. Still she did not +dare to stop her daughter. ‘Well, doctor,’ said the little girl, ‘no +sooner had the gentleman gone into the house than I saw one of the +statues under the trees there come down from its pedestal, move on, and +glide very quietly along the avenue of lime-trees.’” + +M. Folgat trembled. + +“Do you remember, doctor,” he said, “the day we were questioning little +Martha, she said she was terribly frightened by the statutes in the +garden?” + +“Yes, indeed!” replied the doctor. “But wait a while. The countess +promptly interrupted her daughter, saying to me, ‘But, dear doctor, you +ought to forbid the child to have such notions in her head. At Valpinson +she never was afraid, and even at night, quite alone, and without a +light, all over the house. But here she is frightened at every thing; +and, as soon as night comes, she fancies the garden is full of ghosts. +You are too big now, Martha, to think that statues, which are made of +stone, can come to life, and walk about.’ The child was shuddering. + +“‘The other times, mamma,’ she said, ‘I was not quite sure; but this +time I am sure. I wanted to go away from the window, and I could not do +it. It was too strong for me: so that I saw it all, saw it perfectly. I +saw the statue, the ghost, come up the avenue slowly and cautiously, and +then place itself behind the last tree, the one that is nearest to the +parlor window. Then I heard a loud cry, then nothing more. The ghost +remained all the time behind the tree, and I saw all it did: it turned +to the left and the right; it drew itself up; and it crouched down. +Then, all of a sudden, two terrible cries; but, O mamma, such cries! +Then the ghost raised one arm, this way, and all of a sudden it +was gone; but almost the same moment another one came out, and then +disappeared, too.’” + +M. Folgat was utterly overcome with amazement. + +“Oh, these ghosts!” he said. + +“You suspect them, do you? I suspected them at once. Still I pretended +to turn Martha’s whole story into a joke, and tried to explain to her +how the darkness made us liable to have all kinds of optical illusions; +so that when I left, and a servant was sent with a candle to light me on +my way, the countess was quite sure that I had no suspicion. I had none; +but I had more than that. As soon as I entered the garden, therefore, I +dropped a piece of money which I had kept in my hand for the purpose. Of +course I set to work looking for it at the foot of the tree nearest to +the parlor-window, while the servant helped with his candle. Well, M. +Folgat, I can assure you that it was not a ghost that had been walking +about under the trees; and, if the footmarks which I found there were +made by a statue, that statue must have enormous feet, and wear huge +iron-shod shoes.” + +The young advocate was prepared for this. He said,-- + +“There is no doubt: the scene had a witness.” + + + +XXX. + +“What scene? What witness? That is what I wanted to hear from you, and +why I was waiting so impatiently for you,” said Dr. Seignebos to M. +Folgat. “I have seen and stated the results: now it is for you to give +me the cause.” + +Nevertheless, he did not seem to be in the least surprised by what the +young advocate told him of Jacques’s desperate enterprise, and of the +tragic result. As soon as he had heard it all, he exclaimed,-- + +“I thought so: yes, upon my word! By racking my brains all night long, +I had very nearly guessed the whole story. And who, in Jacques’s place, +would not have been desirous to make one last effort? But certainly fate +is against him.” + +“Who knows?” said M. Folgat. And, without giving the doctor time to +reply, he went on,-- + +“In what are our chances worse than they were before? In no way. We can +to-day, just as well as we could yesterday, lay our hands upon those +proofs which we know do exist, and which would save us. Who tells us +that at this moment Sir Francis Burnett and Suky Wood may not have been +found? Is your confidence in Goudar shaken?” + +“Oh, as to that, not at all! I saw him this morning at the hospital, +when I paid my usual visit; and he found an opportunity to tell me that +he was almost certain of success.” + +“Well?” + +“I am persuaded Cocoleu will speak. But will he speak in time? That is +the question. Ah, if we had but a month’s time, I should say Jacques is +safe. But our hours are counted, you know. The court will be held +next week. I am told the presiding judge has already arrived, and M. +Gransiere has engaged rooms at the hotel. What do you mean to do if +nothing new occurs in the meantime?” + +“M. Magloire and I will obstinately adhere to our plan of defence.” + +“And if Count Claudieuse keeps his promise, and declares that he +recognized Jacques in the act of firing at him?” + +“We shall say he is mistaken.” + +“And Jacques will be condemned.” + +“Well,” said the young advocate. + +And lowering his voice, as if he did not wish to be overheard, he +added,-- + +“Only the sentence will not be a fatal sentence. Ah, do not interrupt +me, doctor, and upon your life, upon Jacques’s life, do not say a +word of what I am going to tell you. A suspicion which should cross +M. Galpin’s mind would destroy my last hope; for it would give him an +opportunity of correcting a blunder which he has committed, and which +justifies me in saying to you, ‘Even if the count should give evidence, +even if sentence should be passed, nothing would be lost yet.’” + +He had become animated; and his accent and his gestures made you feel +that he was sure of himself. + +“No,” he repeated, “nothing would be lost; and then we should have time +before us, while waiting for a second trial, to hunt up our witnesses, +and to force Cocoleu to tell the truth. Let the count say what he +chooses, I like it all the better: I shall thus be relieved of my last +scruples. It seemed to me odious to betray the countess, because I +thought the most cruelly punished would be the count. But, if the count +attacks us, we are on the defence; and public opinion will be on our +side. More than that, they will admire us for having sacrificed our +honor to a woman’s honor, and for having allowed ourselves to be +condemned rather than to give up the name of her who has given herself +to us.” + +The physician did not seem to be convinced; but the young advocate paid +no attention. He went on,-- + +“No, our success in a second trial would be almost certain. The scene +in Mautrec Street has been seen by a witness: his iron-shod shoes have +left, as you say, their marks under the linden-trees nearest to the +parlor-window, and little Martha has watched his movements. Who can this +witness be unless it is Trumence? Well, we shall lay hands upon him. He +was standing so that he could see every thing, and hear every word. +He will tell what he saw and what he heard. He will tell how Count +Claudieuse called out to M. de Boiscoran, ‘No, I do not want to kill +you! I have a surer vengeance than that: you shall go to the galleys.’” + +Dr. Seignebos sadly shook his head as he said,-- + +“I hope your expectations may be realized, my dear sir.” + +But they came again for the doctor the third time to-day. Shaking hands +with the young advocate, he parted with his young friend, who after a +short visit to M. Magloire, whom he thought it his duty to keep well +informed of all that was going on, hastened to the house of M. de +Chandore. As soon as he looked into Dionysia’s face, he knew that he +had nothing to tell her; that she knew all the facts, and how unjust her +suspicions had been. + +“What did I tell you, madam?” he said very modestly. + +She blushed, ashamed at having let him see the secret doubts which had +troubled her so sorely, and, instead of replying, she said,-- + +“There are some letters for you, M. Folgat. They have carried them up +stairs to your room.” + +He found two letters,--one from Mrs. Goudar, the other from the agent +who had been sent to England. + +The former was of no importance. Mrs. Goudar only asked him to send a +note, which she enclosed, to her husband. + +The second, on the other hand, was of the very greatest interest. The +agent wrote,-- + +“Not without great difficulties, and especially not without a heavy +outlay of money, I have at length discovered Sir Francis Burnett’s +brother in London, the former cashier of the house of Gilmour and +Benson. + +“Our Sir Francis is not dead. He was sent by his father to Madras, to +attend to very important financial matters, and is expected back by the +next mail steamer. We shall be informed of his arrival on the very day +on which he lands. + +“I have had less trouble in discovering Suky Wood’s family. They are +people very well off, who keep a sailor’s tavern in Folkstone. They +had news from their daughter about three weeks ago; but, although +they profess to be very much attached to her, they could not tell me +accurately where she was just now. All they know is, that she has gone +to Jersey to act as barmaid in a public house. + +“But that is enough for me. The island is not very large; and I know it +quite well, having once before followed a notary public there, who had +run off with the money of his clients. You may consider Suky as safe. + +“When you receive this letter, I shall be on my way to Jersey. + +“Send me money there to the Golden Apple Hotel, where I propose to +lodge. Life is amazingly dear in London; and I have very little left of +the sum you gave me on parting.” + +Thus, in this direction, at least, every thing was going well. + +Quite elated by this first success, M. Folgat put a thousand-franc note +into an envelope, directed it as desired, and sent it at once to the +post-office. Then he asked M. de Chandore to lend him his carriage, and +went out to Boiscoran. + +He wanted to see Michael, the tenant’s son, who had been so prompt +in finding Cocoleu, and in bringing him into town. He found him, +fortunately, just coming home, bringing in a cart loaded with straw; +and, taking him aside, he asked him,-- + +“Will you render M. de Boiscoran a great service?” + +“What must I do?” replied the young man in a tone of voice which said, +better than all protestations could have done, that he was ready to do +any thing. + +“Do you know Trumence?” + +“The former basket-weaver of Tremblade?” + +“Exactly.” + +“Upon my word, don’t I know him? He has stolen apples enough from me, +the scamp! But I don’t blame him so much, after all; for he is a good +fellow, in spite of that.” + +“He was in prison at Sauveterre.” + +“Yes, I know; he had broken down a gate near Brechy and”-- + +“Well, he has escaped.” + +“Ah, the scamp!” + +“And we must find him again. They have put the gendarmes on his track; +but will they catch him?” + +Michael burst out laughing. + +“Never in his life!” he said. “Trumence will make his way to Oleron, +where he has friends; the gendarmes will be after him in vain.” + +M. Folgat slapped Michael amicably on the shoulder, and said,-- + +“But you, if you choose? Oh! do not look angry at me. We do not want to +have him arrested. All I want you to do is to hand him a letter from me, +and to bring me back his answer.” + +“If that is all, then I am your man. Just give me time to change my +clothes, and to let father know, and I am off.” + +Thus M. Folgat began, as far as in him lay, to prepare for future +action, trying to counteract all the cunning measures of the prosecution +by such combinations as were suggested to him by his experience and his +genius. + +Did it follow from this, that his faith in ultimate success was strong +enough to make him speak of it to his most reliable friends, even, say +to Dr. Seignebos, to M. Magloire, or to good M. Mechinet? + +No; for, bearing all the responsibility on his own shoulders, he had +carefully weighed the contrary chances of the terrible game in which he +proposed to engage, and in which the stakes were the honor and the life +of a man. He knew, better than anybody else, that a mere nothing might +destroy all his plans, and that Jacques’s fate was dependent on the most +trivial accident. + +Like a great general on the eve of a battle, he managed to control his +feelings, affecting, for the benefit of others, a confidence which he +did not really feel, and allowing no feature of his face to betray the +great anxiety which generally kept him awake more than half the night. + +And certainly it required a character of marvellous strength to remain +impassive and resolute under such circumstances. + +Everybody around him was in despair, and gave up all hope. + +The house of M. de Chandore, once so full of life and merriment, had +become as silent and sombre as a tomb. + +The last two months had made of M. de Chandore an old man in good +earnest. His tall figure had begun to stoop, and he looked bent and +broken. He walked with difficulty, and his hands began to tremble. + +The Marquis de Boiscoran had been hit even harder. He, who only a few +weeks before looked robust and hearty, now appeared almost decrepit. He +did not eat, so to say, and did not sleep. He became frightfully thin. +It gave him pain to utter a word. + +As to the marchioness, the very sources of life seemed to have been +sapped within her. She had had to hear M. Magloire say that Jacques’s +safety would have been put beyond all doubt if they had succeeded in +obtaining a change of venue, or an adjournment of the trial. And it was +her fault that such a change had not been applied for. That thought was +death to her. She had hardly strength enough left to drag herself every +day as far as the jail to see her son. + +The two Misses Lavarande had to bear all the practical difficulties +arising from this sore trial: they went and came, looking as pale as +ghosts, whispering in a low voice, and walking on tiptoe, as if there +had been a death in the house. + +Dionysia alone showed greater energy as the troubles increased. She did +not indulge in much hope. + +“I know Jacques will be condemned,” she said to M. Folgat. But she +said, also, that despair belonged to criminals only, and that the fatal +mistake for which Jacques was likely to suffer ought to inspire his +friends with nothing but indignation and thirst for vengeance. + +And, while her grandfather and the Marquis de Boiscoran went out as +little as possible, she took pains to show herself in town, astonishing +the ladies “in good society” by the way in which she received their +false expressions of sympathy. But it was evident that she was only +held up by a kind of feverish excitement, which gave to her cheeks their +bright color, to her eyes their brilliancy, and to her voice its clear, +silvery ring. Ah! for her sake mainly, M. Folgat longed to end this +uncertainty which is so much more painful than the greatest misfortune. + +The time was drawing near. + +As Dr. Seignebos had announced, the president of the tribunal, M. +Domini, had already arrived in Sauveterre. + +He was one of those men whose character is an honor to the bench, full +of the dignity of his profession, but not thinking himself infallible, +firm without useless rigor, cold and still kind-hearted, having no +other mistress but Justice, and knowing no other ambition but that of +establishing the truth. + +He had examined Jacques, as he was bound to do; but the examination had +been, as it always is, a mere formality, and had led to no result. + +The next step was the selection of a jury. + +The jurymen had already begun to arrive from all parts of the +department. They lodged at the Hotel de France, where they took their +meals in common in the large back dining-room, which is always specially +reserved for their use. + +In the afternoon one might see them, looking grave and thoughtful, take +a walk on the New-Market Square, or on the old ramparts. + +M. Gransiere, also, had arrived. But he kept strictly in retirement +in his room at the Hotel de la Poste, where M. Galpin every day spent +several hours in close conference with him. + +“It seems,” said Mechinet in confidence to M. Folgat,--“it seems they +are preparing an overwhelming charge.” + +The day after, Dionysia opened “The Sauveterre Independent,” and found +in it an announcement of the cases set down for each day,-- + + MONDAY..... Fraudulent bankruptcy, defalcation, forgery. + TUESDAY.... Murder, theft. + WEDNESDAY.. Infanticide, domestic theft. + THURSDAY... Incendiarism, and attempted assassination + (case of M. de Boiscoran). + +This was, therefore, the great day on which the good people of +Sauveterre expected to enjoy the most delightful emotions. Hence there +was an immense pressure brought to bear upon all the principal members +of the court to obtain tickets of admission. People who, the night +before, had refused to speak to M. Galpin, would stop him the next day +in the street, and beg him to give them a ticket, not for themselves, +but for “their lady.” Finally, the unheard-of fact became known, +that tickets were openly sold for money! One family had actually the +incomprehensible courage to write to the Marquis de Boiscoran for +three tickets, promising, in return, “by their attitude in court” to +contribute to the acquittal of the accused. + +In the midst of all these rumors, the city was suddenly startled by +a list of subscriptions in behalf of the families of the unfortunate +firemen who had perished in the fire at Valpinson. + +Who had started this paper? M. Seneschal tried in vain to discover the +hand that had struck this blow. The secret of this treacherous trick was +well kept. But it was a most atrocious trick to revive thus, on the eve +of the trial, such mournful memories and such bitter hatred. + +“That man Galpin had a hand in it,” said Dr. Seignebos, grinding his +teeth. “And to think that he may, after all, be triumphant! Ah, why did +not Goudar commence his experiment a little sooner?” + +For Goudar, while assuring everybody of certain success, asked for time. +To disarm the mistrust of an idiot like Cocoleu was not the work of a +day or a week. He declared, that, if he should be overhasty, he would +most assuredly ruin every thing. + +Otherwise, nothing new occurred. + +Count Claudieuse was getting rather better. + +The agent in Jersey had telegraphed that he was on Suky’s track; that he +would certainly catch her, but that he could not say when. + +Michael, finally, had in vain searched the whole district, and been all +over Oleron; no one had been able to give him any news of Trumence. + +Thus, on the day when the session began, a council was held, in which +all of Jacques’s friends took part; and here it was resolved that his +counsel would not mention the name of the Countess Claudieuse, and +would, even if the count should offer to give evidence, adhere to the +plan of defence suggested by M. Folgat. + +Alas! the chances of success seemed hourly to diminish; for the jury, +very much against the usual experience, appeared to be excessively +severe. The bankrupt was sentenced to twenty years’ hard labor. The +man accused of murder could not even obtain the plea of “extenuating +circumstances,” and was sentenced to death. + +This was on Wednesday. + +It was decided that M. de Chandore and the Marquis and the Marchioness +de Boiscoran should attend the trial. They wanted to spare Dionysia the +terrible excitement; but she declared that, in that case, she should +go alone to the court-house; and thus they were forced to submit to her +will. + +Thanks to an order from M. Domini, M. Folgat and M. Magloire could spend +the evening with Jacques in order to determine all the details, and to +agree upon certain replies to be given. + +Jacques looked excessively pale, but was quite composed. And when his +counsel left him, saying,-- + +“Keep up your courage and hope,” he replied,-- + +“Hope I have none; but courage--I assure you, I have courage!” + + + +XXXI. + +At last, in his dark cell, Jacques de Boiscoran saw the day break that +was to decide his fate. + +He was to be tried to-day. + +The occasion was, of course, too good to be neglected by “The Sauveterre +Independent.” Although a morning paper, it published, “in view of +the gravity of the circumstances,” an evening edition, which a dozen +newsboys cried out in the streets up to mid-night. And this was what it +said,-- + +ASSIZES AT SAUVETERRE. + +THURSDAY, 23. + +Presiding Judge.--M. DOMINI. + +ASSASSINATION! INCENDIARISM! + +[Special Correspondence of the Independent.] + +Whence this unusual commotion, this uproar, this great excitement, in +our peaceful city? Whence these gatherings of our public squares, these +groups in front of all the houses! Whence this restlessness on all +faces, this anxiety in all eyes? + +The reason is, that to-day this terrible Valpinson case will be brought +up in court, after having for so many weeks now agitated our people. + +To-day this man who is charged with such fearful crimes is to be tried. + +Hence all steps are eagerly turned towards the court-house: the people +all hurry, and rush in the same direction. + +The court-house! Long before daylight it was surrounded by an eager +multitude, which the constables and the gendarmes could only with +difficulty keep within bounds. + +They press and crowd and push. Coarse words fly to and fro. From words +they pass to gestures, from gestures to blows. A row is imminent. Women +cry, men swear, and two peasants from Brechy are arrested on the spot. + +It is well known that there will be few only, happy enough to get in. +The great square would not contain all these curious people, who have +gathered here from all parts of the district: how should the court-room +be able to hold them? + +And still our authorities, always anxious to please their constituents, +who have bestowed their confidence upon them, have resorted to heroic +measures. They have had two partition walls taken down, so that a part +of the great hall is added to the court-room proper. + +M. Lautier, the city architect, who is a good judge in such matters, +assures us that this immense hall will accommodate twelve hundred +persons. + +But what are twelve hundred persons? + +Long before the hour fixed for the opening of the court, every thing is +full to overflowing. A pin might be thrown into the room, and it could +not fall to the ground. + +Not an inch of space is lost. All around, along the wall men are +standing in close ranks. On both sides of the platform, chairs have been +put, which are occupied by a large number of our first ladies in good +society, not only of Sauveterre, however, but also of the neighborhood +and even other cites. Some of them appear in magnificent toilettes. + +A thousand reports are current, a thousand conjectures are formed, which +we shall take care not to report. Why should we? Let us say, however, +that the accused has not availed himself of his right to reject a +certain number of jurymen. He has accepted all the names which were +drawn by lot, and which the prosecuting attorney did not object to. + +We obtained this information from an attorney, a friend of ours; and, +just as he had told us all about it, a great noise rose at the door, +which was followed by rapid moving of chairs, and half-smothered +exclamations. + +It was the family of the accused, who had come in, and now occupied the +seats assigned them close by the platform. + +The Marquis de Boiscoran had on his arm Miss Chandore, who wore with +great grace and dignity a dark gray dress, trimmed with cherry-colored +ribbons. M. de Chandore escorted the Marchioness de Boiscoran. The +marquis and the baron looked cold and reserved. The mother of the +accused appears utterly overcome. Miss Chandore, on the contrary, is +lively, does not seem in the least concerned, and returns with a +bright smile the few greetings she receives from various parts of the +court-room. + +But soon they are no longer an object of curiosity. + +The attention of all is now directed towards a large table standing +before the judges, and on which may be seen a number of articles covered +by large red cloth. + +These are the articles to be used in evidence. + +In the meantime it strikes eleven o’clock. The sheriff’s officers move +about the room, seeing that every thing is in order. + +Then a small door opens on the left, and the counsel for the defence +enter. + +Our readers know who they are. One is M. Magloire, the ornament of our +bar; the other, an advocate from the capital, M. Folgat, quite young, +but already famous. + +M. Magloire looks as he does on his best days, and smilingly converses +with the mayor of Sauveterre; while M. Folgat opens his blue bag, and +consults his papers. + +Half-past eleven! + +An usher announces,-- + +The court. + +M. Domini takes the chair. M. Gransiere occupies the seat of the +prosecuting attorney. + +Behind them the jurymen sit down, looking grave and solemn. + +Everybody rises, everybody strains his eyes to see, and stands on +tiptoe. Some persons in the back rows even get upon their chairs. + +The president has ordered the prisoner to be brought in. + +He appears. + +He is dressed in black, and with great elegance. It is noticed that he +wears in his buttonhole the ribbon of the Legion of Honor. + +He looks pale; but his eye is clear and open, full of confidence, yet +not defiant. His carriage is proud, though melancholy. + +He has hardly taken his seat when a gentleman passes over three rows of +chairs, and, in spite of the officers of the court, succeeds in shaking +hands with him. It is Dr. Seignebos. + +The president orders the sheriff to proclaim silence; and, after +having reminded the audience that all expressions of approbation or +disapprobation are strictly prohibited, he turns to the accused, and +asks him,-- + +“Tell me your first names, your family name, your age, your profession, +and your domicile.” + +The accused replies,-- + +“Louis Trivulce Jacques de Boiscoran, twenty-seven years, land-owner, +residing at Boiscoran, district of Sauveterre.” + +“Sit down, and listen to the charges which are brought against you.” + +The clerk, M. Mechinet, thereupon reads the charges, which, in their +terrible simplicity, cause a shudder to pass through the whole audience. + +We shall not repeat them here, as all the incidents which they relate +are well known to our readers. + + +[Examination of the Accused.] + +PRESIDENT.--Accused, rise and answer clearly. During the preliminary +investigation, you have refused to answer several questions. Now the +matter must be cleared up. And I am bound to tell you it is to your +interest to answer frankly. + +ACCUSED.--No one desires more than I do that the truth be known. I am +ready to answer. + +P.--Why were you so reticent in your first examination? + +A.--I though it important for my interests to answer only in court. + +P.--You have heard of what crimes you are accused? + +A.--I am innocent. And, first of all, I beg you will allow me to say one +thing. The crime committed at Valpinson is an atrocious, cowardly crime; +but it is at the same time an absurdly stupid crime, more like the +unconscious act of a madman. Now, I have always been looked upon as not +lacking exactly in intelligence. + +P.--That is a discussion. + +A.--Still, Mr. President-- + +P.--Hereafter you shall have full liberty to state your argument. For +the present you must be content to answer the questions which I shall +ask you. + +A.--I submit. + +P.--Were you not soon to be married? + +At this question all eyes are turned towards Miss Chandore, who blushes +till she is as red as a poppy, but does not cast down her eyes. + +A.--(In a low voice.) Yes. + +P.--Did you not write to your betrothed a few hours before the crime was +committed? + +A.--Yes, sir; and I sent her my letter by the son of one of my tenants, +Michael. + +P.--What did you write to her? + +A.--That important business would prevent me from spending the evening +with her. + +P.--What was that business? + +At the moment when the accused opened his lips to reply, the president +stopped him by a gesture, and said,-- + +P.--Take care! You were asked this question during the preliminary +investigation, and you replied that you had to go to Brechy to see your +wood-merchant. + +A.--I did indeed make that reply on the spur of the moment. It was not +exact. + +P.--Why did you tell a falsehood? + +A.--(After an expression of indignation, which was noticed by all.) I +could not believe that I was in danger. It seemed to me impossible that +I should be reached by an accusation, which nevertheless, has brought +me into this court. Hence I did not deem it necessary to make my private +affairs public. + +P.--But you very soon found out that you were in danger? + +A.--Yes, I did. + +P.--Why did you not tell the truth then? + +A.--Because the magistrate who carried on the investigation had been too +intimate a friend of mine to inspire me with confidence. + +P.--Explain yourself more fully. + +A.--I must ask leave to say no more. I might, in speaking of M. Galpin, +be found to be wanting in moderation. + +A low murmur accompanies this reply made by the accused. + +P.--Such murmurs are improper, and I remind the audience of the respect +due to the court. + +M. Gransiere, the prosecuting attorney, rises,-- + +“We cannot tolerate such recriminations against a magistrate who has +done his duty nobly, and in spite of the pain it caused him. If the +accused had well-founded objections to the magistrate, why did he not +make them known? He cannot plead ignorance: he knows the law, he is a +lawyer himself. His counsel, moreover, are men of experience.” + +M. Magloire replies, in his seat,-- + +“We were of the opinion that the accused ought to ask for a change of +venue. He declined to follow our advice, being confident, as he said, +that his cause was a good one.” + +M. Gransiere, resuming his seat,-- + +“The jury will judge of this plea.” + +P.--(To the accused.) And now are you ready to tell the truth with +regard to that business which prevented you from spending the evening +with your betrothed? + +A.--Yes, sir. My wedding was to take place at the church in Brechy, and +I had to make my arrangements with the priest about the ceremony. I had, +besides, to fulfil certain religious duties. The priest at Brechy, +who is a friend of mine, will tell you, that, although no day had +been fixed, it had been agreed upon between us that I should come to +confession on one of the evenings of the week since he insisted upon it. + +The audience, which had been expecting some very exciting revelations, +seemed to be much disappointed; and ironical laughter was heard in +various directions. + +P.--(In a severe tone of voice.) This laughter is indecent and +objectionable. Sheriff, take out the persons who presume to laugh. And +once more I give notice, that, at the first disturbance, I shall order +the room to be cleared. + +Then, turning again to the accused, he said,-- + +P.--Go on! + +A.--I went therefore to the priest at Brechy, that evening: unluckily +there was no one at home at the parsonage when I got there. I was +ringing the third or fourth time in vain, when a little peasant-girl +came by, who told me that she had just met the priest at the Marshalls’ +Cross-roads. I thought at once I would go and meet him, and went in +that direction. But I walked more than four miles without meeting him. I +thought the girl must have been mistaken, and went home again. + +P.--Is that your explanation? + +A.--Yes. + +P.--And you think it a plausible one? + +A.--I have promised to say not what is plausible, but what is true. +I may confess, however, that, precisely because the explanation is so +simple, I did not venture at first to give it. And yet if no crime had +been committed, and I had said the day after, “Yesterday I went to see +the priest at Brechy, and did not find him,” who would have seen any +thing unnatural in my statement? + +P.--And, in order to fulfil so simple a duty, you chose a roundabout +way, which is not only troublesome, but actually dangerous, right across +the swamps? + +A.--I chose the shortest way. + +P.--Then, why were you so frightened upon meeting young Ribot at the +Seille Canal? + +A.--I was not frightened, but simply surprised, as one is apt to be +when suddenly meeting a man where no one is expected. And, if I was +surprised, young Ribot was not less so. + +P.--You see that you hoped to meet no one? + +A.--Pardon me, I did not say so. To expect is not the same as to hope. + +P.--Why, then did you take such pains to explain your being there? + +A.--I gave no explanations. Young Ribot first told me, laughingly, where +he was going, and then I told him that I was going to Brechy. + +P.--You told him, also, that you were going through the marshes to shoot +birds, and, at the same time you showed him your gun? + +A.--That may be. But is that any proof against me? I think just the +contrary. If I had had such criminal intentions as the prosecution +suggests, I should certainly have gone back after meeting people, +knowing that I was exposed to great danger. But I was only going to see +my friend, the priest. + +P.--And for such a visit you took your gun? + +A.--My land lies in the woods and marshes, and there was not a day when +I did not bag a rabbit or a waterfowl. Everybody in the neighborhood +will tell you that I never went out without a gun. + +P.--And on your return, why did you go through the forest of +Rochepommier? + +A.--Because, from the place where I was on the road, it was probably the +shortest way to Boiscoran. I say probably, because just then I did not +think much about that. A man who is taking a walk would be very much +embarrassed, in the majority of cases, if he had to give a precise +account why he took one road rather than another. + +P.--You were seen in the forest by a woodcutter, called Gaudry? + +A.--So I was told by the magistrate. + +P.--That witness deposes that you were in a state of great excitement. +You were tearing leaves from the branches, you were talking loud. + +A.--I certainly was very much vexed at having lost my evening, and +particularly vexed at having relied on the little peasant-girl. It is +quite likely that I might have exclaimed, as I walked along, “Plague +upon my friend, the priest, who goes and dines in town!” or some such +words. + +There was a smile in the assembly, but not such as to attract the +president’s attention. + +P.--You know that the priest of Brechy was dining out that day? + +M. Magloire rose, and said,-- + +“It is through us, sir, that the accused has found out this fact. When +he told us how he had spent the evening, we went to see the priest +at Brechy, who told us how it came about that neither he nor his +old servant was at the parsonage. At our request the priest has been +summoned. We shall also produce another priest, who at that time passed +the Marshalls’ Cross-roads, and was the one whom the little girl had +seen.” + +Having made a sign to counsel to sit down again, the president once more +turns to the accused. + +P.--The woman Courtois who met you deposes that you looked very curious. +You did not speak to her: you were in great haste to escape from her. + +A.--The night was much too dark for the woman to see my face. She asked +me to render her a slight service, and I did so. I did not speak to her, +because I had nothing to say to her. I did not leave her suddenly, but +only got ahead of her, because her ass walked very slowly. + +At a sign from the president, the ushers raise the red cloth which cover +the objects on the table. + +Great curiosity is manifested by the whole audience; and all rise, and +stretch their necks to see better. On the table are displayed clothes, +a pair of velveteen trousers, a shooting-jacket of maroon-colored +velveteen, an old straw hat, and a pair of dun-colored leather boots. By +their side lie a double-barrelled gun, packages of cartridges, two bowls +filled with small-shot, and, finally, a large china basin, with a dark +sediment at the bottom. + +P.--(Showing these objects to the accused.) Are those the clothes which +you wore the evening of the crime? + +A.--Yes, sir. + +P.--A curious costume in which to visit a venerable ecclesiastic, and to +perform religious duties. + +A.--The priest at Brechy was my friend. Our intimacy will explain, even +if it does not justify, the liberty I took. + +P.--Do you also recognize this basin? The water has been allowed to +evaporate, and the residue alone remains there on the bottom. + +A.--It is true, that, when the magistrate appeared at my house, he found +there the basin full of dark water, which was thick with half-burnt +_debris_. He asked me about this water, and I did not hesitate a moment +to tell him that I had washed my hands in it the evening before, after +my return home. + +Is it not evident, that if I had been guilty, my first effort would +have been to put every evidence of my crime out of the way? And yet this +circumstance is looked upon as the strongest evidence of my guilt, and +the prosecution produces it as the most serious charge against me. + +P.--It is very strong and serious indeed. + +A.--Well, nothing can be more easily explained than that. I am a great +smoker. When I left home the evening of the crime, I took cigars in +abundance; but, when I was about to light one, I found that I had no +matches. + +M. Magloire rises, and says,-- + +“And I wish to point out that this is not one of those explanations +which are invented, after the fact, to meet the necessities of a +doubtful case. We have absolute and overwhelming proof of it. M. de +Boiscoran did not have the little match-box which he usually carries +about him, at that time, because he had left it at M. de Chandore’s +house, on the mantelpiece, where I have seen it, and where it still is.” + +P.--That is sufficient, M. Magloire. Let the defendant go on. + +A.--I wanted to smoke; and so I resorted to the usual expedient, which +all sportsmen know. I tore open one of my cartridges, put, instead of +the lead, a piece of paper inside, and set it on fire. + +P.--And thus you get a light? + +A.--Not always, but certainly in one case out of three. + +P.--And the operation blackens the hands? + +A.--Not the operation itself. But, when I had lit my cigar, I could not +throw away the burning paper as it was: I might have kindled a regular +fire. + +P.--In the marshes? + +A.--But, sir, I smoked five or six cigars during the evening, which +means that I had to repeat the operation a dozen times at least, and +in different places,--in the woods and on the high-road. Each time I +quenched the fire with my fingers; and, as the powder is always greasy, +my hands naturally became soon as black as those of a charcoal-burner. + +The accused gives this explanation in a perfectly natural but still +rather excited manner, which seems to make a great impression. + +P.--Let us go on to your gun. Do you recognize it? + +A.--Yes, sir. May I look at it? + +P.--Yes. + +The accused takes up the gun with feverish eagerness, snaps the two +cocks, and puts one of his fingers inside the barrels. + +He turns crimson, and, bending down to his counsel, says a few words to +them so quickly and so low, that they do not reach us. + +P.--What is the matter? + +M. MAGLOIRE.--(Rising.) A fact has become patent which at once +establishes the innocence of M. de Boiscoran. By providential +intercession, his servant Anthony had cleaned the gun two days before +the day of the crime. It appears now that one of the barrels is still +clean, and in good condition. Hence it cannot be M. de Boiscoran who has +fired twice at Count Claudieuse. + +During this time the accused has gone up to the table on which the +objects are lying. He wraps his handkerchief around the ramrod, slips it +into one of the barrels, draws it out again, and shows that it is hardly +soiled. + +The whole audience is in a state of great excitement. + +P.--Do the same thing to the other barrel. + +The accused does it. The handkerchief remains clean. + +P.--You see, and still you have told us that you had burnt, perhaps, a +dozen cartridges to light your cigars. But the prosecution had foreseen +this objection, and they are prepared to meet it. Sheriff, bring in the +witness, Maucroy. + +Our readers all know this gentleman, whose beautiful collection of +weapons, sporting-articles, and fishing-tackle, is one of the ornaments +of our great Square. He is dressed up, and without hesitation takes the +required oath. + +P.--Repeat your deposition with regard to this gun. + +WITNESS.--It is an excellent gun, and very costly: such guns are not +made in France, where people are too economical. + +At this answer the whole audience laughs. M. Maucroy is not exactly +famous for cheap bargains. Even some of the jurymen can hardly control +their laughter. + +P.--Never mind your reflections on that object. Tell us only what you +know about the peculiarities of this gun. + +WITNESS.--Well, thanks to a peculiar arrangement of the cartridges, and +thanks, also, to the special nature of the fulminating material, the +barrels hardly ever become foul. + +A.--(Eagerly.) You are mistaken, sir. I have myself cleaned my gun +frequently; and I have, just on the contrary, found the barrels +extremely foul. + +WITNESS.--Because you had fired too often. But I mean to say that you +can use up two or three cartridges without a trace being left in the +barrels. + +A.--I deny that positively. + +P.--(To witness.) And if a dozen cartridges were burnt? + +WITNESS.--Oh, then, the barrels would be very foul. + +P.--Examine the barrels, and tell us what you see. + +WITNESS.--(After a minute examination.) I declare that two cartridges +cannot have been used since the gun was cleaned. + +P.--(To the accused.) Well, what becomes of that dozen cartridges which +you have used up to light your cigars, and which had blackened your +hands so badly? + +M. MAGLOIRE.--The question is too serious to be left entirely in the +hands of a single witness. + +THE PROSECUTING ATTORNEY.--We only desire the truth. It is easy to make +an experiment. + +WITNESS.--Oh, certainly! + +P.--Let it be done. + +Witness puts a cartridge into each barrel, and goes to the window to +explode them. The sudden explosion is followed by the screams of several +ladies. + +WITNESS.--(Returning, and showing that the barrels are no more foul than +they were before.) Well, you see I was right. + +P.--(To the accused.) You see this circumstance on which you relied so +securely, so far from helping you, only proves that your explanation of +the blackened state of your hands was a falsehood. + +Upon the president’s order, witness is taken out, and the examination of +the accused is continued. + +P.--What were your relations with Count Claudieuse? + +A.--We had no intercourse with each other. + +P.--But it was known all over the country that you hated him? + +A.--That is a mistake. I declare, upon my honor, that I always looked +upon him as the best and most honorable of men. + +P.--There, at least, you agree with all who knew him. Still you are at +law with him? + +A.--I have inherited that suit from my uncle, together with his fortune. +I carried it on, but very quietly. I asked for nothing better than a +compromise. + +P.--And, when Count Claudieuse refused, you were incensed? + +A.--No. + +P.--You were so irritated against him, that you once actually aimed your +gun at him. At another time you said, “He will not leave me alone till I +put a ball into him.” Do not deny! You will hear what the witnesses say. + +Thereupon, the accused resumes his place. He looks as confident as +ever, and carries his head high. He has entirely overcome any feeling +of discouragement, and converses with his counsel in the most composed +manner. + +There can be no doubt, that, at this stage of the proceedings, public +opinion is on his side. He has won the good-will even of those who came +there strongly prejudiced. No one can help being impressed by his proud +but mournful expression of fate; and all are touched by the extreme +simplicity of his answers. + +Although the discussion about the gun has not turned out to his +advantage, it does not seem to have injured him. People are eagerly +discussing the question of the fouling of guns. A number of incredulous +persons, whom the experiment has not convinced, maintain that M. Maucroy +has been too rash in his statements. Others express surprise at the +reserve shown by counsel,--less by that of M. Folgat, who is unknown +here, than by that of M. Magloire, who usually allows no opportunity to +escape, but is sure to profit by the smallest incident. + +The proceedings are not exactly suspended; but there is a pause, whilst +the ushers cover the articles on the table once more with red cloth, +and, after several comings and goings, roll a large arm-chair in front +of the judge’s seat. + +At last one of the ushers comes up to the president, and whispers +something into his ear. + +The president only nods his head. + +When the usher has left the room, M. Domini says,-- + +“We shall now proceed to hear the witnesses, and we propose to begin +with Count Claudieuse. Although seriously indisposed, he has preferred +to appear in court.” + +At these words Dr. Seignebos is seen to start up, as if he wished to +address the court; but one of his friends, sitting by him, pulls him +down by his coat. M. Folgat makes a sign to him, and he sits down again. + +P.--Sheriff, bring in Count Claudieuse. + + +[Examination of Witnesses.] + +The small door through which the armorer Maucroy had been admitted opens +once more, and Count Claudieuse enters. Supported and almost carried by +his man-servant. + +He is greeted by a murmur of sympathetic pity. He is frightfully thin; +and his features look as haggard as if he were about to give up the +ghost. The whole vitality of his system seems to have centred in his +eyes, which shine with extraordinary brilliancy. + +He takes the oath in an almost inaudible voice. + +But the silence is so deep, that when the president asks him the usual +question, “Do you swear to tell the whole truth?” and he answers, “I +swear,” the words are distinctly heard all over the court-room. + +P.--(Very kindly.) We are very much obliged to you, sir, for the effort +which you have made. That chair has been brought in for you: please sit +down. + +COUNT CLAUDIEUSE.--I thank you, sir; but I am strong enough to stand. + +P.--Please tell us, then, what you know of the attempt made on your +life. + +C.C.--It might have been eleven o’clock: I had gone to bed a little +while before, and blown out my light. I was in that half state which is +neither waking nor sleeping, when I saw my room lighted up by a dazzling +glare. I saw it was fire. I jumped out of bed, and, only lightly +dressed, rushed down the stairs. I found some difficulty in opening the +outer door, which I had locked myself. At last I succeeded. But I had no +sooner put my foot outside than I felt a terrible pain in my right side, +and at the same time I heard an explosion of fire-arms. Instinctively I +rushed towards the place from which the shot seemed to have been fired; +but, before I had taken three steps, I was struck once more in my +shoulder, and fell down unconscious. + +P.--How long a time was there between the first and the second shots? + +C.C.--Almost three or four seconds. + +P.--Was that time enough to distinguish the murderer? + +C.C.--Yes; and I saw him run from behind a wood-pile, where he had been +lying in ambush, and escape into the country. + +P.--You can tell us, no doubt, how he was dressed? + +C.C.--Certainly. He had on a pair of light gray trousers, a dark coat, +and a large straw hat. + +At a sign from the president, and in the midst of the most profound +silence, the ushers remove the red cloth from the table. + +P.--(Pointing at the clothes of the accused.) Does the costume which you +describe correspond with those cloths? + +C.C.--Of course; for they are the same. + +P.--Then you must have recognized the murderer. + +C.C.--The fire was so large at that time, that it was as bright as +daylight. I recognized M. Jacques de Boiscoran. + +There was, probably, in the whole vast audience assembled under that +roof, not a heart that was not seized with unspeakable anguish when +these crushing words were uttered. + +We were so fully prepared for them, that we could watch the accused +closely. + +Not a muscle in his face seemed to move. His counsel showed as little +any signs of surprise or emotion. + +Like ourselves, the president also, and the prosecuting attorney, had +been watching the accused and his counsel. Did they expect a protest, an +answer, any thing at all? Perhaps they did. + +But, as nothing came, the president continued, turning to witness,-- + +P.--Your declaration is a very serious one, sir. + +C.C.--I know its weight. + +P.--It is entirely different from your first deposition made before the +investigating magistrate. + +C.C.--It is. + +P.--When you were examined a few hours after the crime, you declared +that you had not recognized the murderer. More than that, when M. de +Boiscoran’s name was mentioned, you seemed to be indignant of such a +suspicion, and almost became surety yourself for his innocence. + +C.C.--That was contrary to truth. I felt a very natural sense of +commiseration, and tried to save a man who belonged to a highly esteemed +family from disgraceful punishment. + +P.--But now? + +C.C.--Now I see that I was wrong, and that the law ought to have its +course. And this is my reason for coming here,--although afflicted by a +disease which never spares, and on the point of appearing before God--in +order to tell you M. de Boiscoran is guilty. I recognized him. + +P.--(To the accused.) Do you hear? + +The accused rises and says,-- + +A.--By all that is dear and sacred to me in the world, I swear that I +am innocent. Count Claudieuse says he is about to appear before God: I +appeal to the justice of God. + +Sobs well-nigh drown the voice of the accused. The Marchioness de +Boiscoran is overcome by a nervous attack. She is carried out stiff and +inanimate; and Dr. Seignebos and Miss Chandore hasten after her. + +A.--(To Count Claudieuse.) You have killed my mother! + +Certainly, all who had hoped for scenes of thrilling interest were not +disappointed. Everybody looks overcome with excitement. Tears appear in +the eyes of almost all the ladies. + +And yet those who watch the glances which are exchanged between M. de +Boiscoran and Count Claudieuse cannot help asking themselves, if there +is not something else between these two men, besides what the trial has +made known. We cannot explain to ourselves these singular answers given +to the president’s questions, nor does any one understand the silence +observed by M. de Boiscoran’s counsel. Do they abandon their client? No; +for we see them go up to him, shake hands with him, and lavish upon him +every sign of friendly consolation and encouragement. + +We may even be permitted to say, that, to all appearances, the president +himself and the prosecuting attorney were, for a moment, perfectly +overcome with surprise. At all events, we thought so at the moment. + +But the president continues,-- + +P.--I have but just been asking the accused, count, whether there was +any ground of enmity between you. + +C.C.--(In a steadily declining voice.) I know no other ground except our +lawsuit about a little stream of water. + +P.--Has not the accused once threatened to fire at you? + +C.C.--Yes; but I did not think he was in earnest, and I never resented +the matter. + +P. Do you persist in your declaration? + +C.C.--I do. And once more, upon my oath, I declare solemnly that I +recognized, in such a manner as to prevent any possible mistake, M. +Jacques Boiscoran. + +It was evidently time that Count Claudieuse should end his evidence. He +begins to totter; his eyes close; his head rolls from side to side; and +two ushers have to come to his assistance to enable him, with the help +of his own servant, to leave the room. + +Is the Countess Claudieuse to be called next? + +It was thought so; but it was not so. The countess being kept by the +bedside of one of her daughters, who is most dangerously ill, will not +be called at all; and the clerk of the court is ordered to read her +deposition. + +Although her description of the terrible event is very graphic, +it contains no new facts, and will remain without influence on the +proceedings. + +The next witness is Ribot. + +This is a fine handsome countryman, a regular village cock, with a +pink-and-blue cravat around his neck, and a huge gold chain dangling +from his watch-pocket. He seems to be very proud of his appearance and +looks around with an air of the most perfect self-satisfaction. + +In the same way he relates his meeting with the accused in a tone of +great importance. He knows every thing and explains every thing. With +a little encouragement he would, no doubt, declare that the accused had +confided to him all his plans of incendiarism and murder. His answers +are almost all received with great hilarity, which bring down upon the +audience another and very severe reprimand from the president. + +The witness Gaudry, who succeeds him, is a small, wretched-looking man, +with a false and timid eye, who exhausts himself in bows and scrapes. +Quite different from Ribot, he seems to have forgotten every thing. It +is evident he is afraid of committing himself. He praises the count; but +he does not speak the less well of M. de Boiscoran. He assures the court +of his profound respect for them all,--for the ladies and gentlemen +present, for everybody, in fine. + +The woman Courtois, who comes next, evidently wishes she were a thousand +miles away. The president has to make the very greatest efforts to +obtain, word by word, her evidence, which, after all, amounts to next to +nothing. + +Then follow two farmers from Brechy, who have been present at the +violent altercation which ended in M. de Boiscoran’s aiming with his gun +at Count Claudieuse. + +Their account, interrupted by numberless parentheses, is very obscure. +One of the counsel of the defendant requests them to be more explicit; +and thereupon they become utterly unintelligible. Besides, they +contradict each other. One has looked upon the act of the accused as a +mere jest: the other has looked upon it so seriously as to throw himself +between the two men, in order to prevent M. de Boiscoran from killing +his adversary then and there. + +Once more the accused protests, energetically, he never hated Count +Claudieuse: there was no reason why he should hate him. + +The obstinate peasant insists upon it that a lawsuit is always a +sufficient reason for hating a man. And thereupon he undertakes to +explain the lawsuit, and how Count Claudieuse, by stopping the water of +the Seille, overflowed M. de Boiscoran’s meadows. + +The president at last stops the discussion, and orders another witness +to be brought in. + +This man swears he has heard M. de Boiscoran say, that, sooner or later, +he would put a ball into Count Claudieuse. He adds, that the accused +is a terrible man, who threatened to shoot people upon the slightest +provocation. And, to support his evidence, he states that once before, +to the knowledge of the whole country, M. de Boiscoran has fired at a +man. + +The accused undertakes to explain this. A scamp, who he thinks was no +one else but the witness on the stand, came every night and stole his +tenants’ fruit and vegetables. One night he kept watch, and gave him a +load of salt. He does not know whether he hit him. At all events, the +thief never complained, and thus was never found out. + +The next witness is a constable from Brechy. He deposes that once Count +Claudieuse, by stopping up the waters of the little stream, the +Seille, had caused M. de Boiscoran a loss of twenty thousand weight of +first-rate hay. He confesses that such a bad neighbor would certainly +have exasperated him. + +The prosecuting attorney does not deny the fact, but adds, that Count +Claudieuse offered to pay damages. M. de Boiscoran had refused with +insulting haughtiness. + +The accused replies, that he had refused upon the advice of his lawyer, +but that he had not used insulting words. + +Next appeared the witnesses summoned by the defence. + +The first is the excellent priest from Brechy. He confirms the statement +of the accused. He was dining, the evening of the crime, at the house +of M. de Besson; his servant had come for him; and the parsonage was +deserted. He states that he had really arranged with M. de Boiscoran +that the latter should come some evening of that week to fulfil the +religious duties which the church requires before it allows a marriage +to be consecrated. He has known Jacques de Boiscoran from a child, and +knows no better and no more honorable man. In his opinion, that hatred, +of which so much has been said, never had any existence. He cannot +believe, and does not believe, that the accused is guilty. + +The second witness is the priest of an adjoining parish. He states, +that, between nine and ten o’clock, he was on the road, near the +Marshalls’ Cross-roads. The night was quite dark. He is of the same size +as the priest at Brechy; and the little girl might very well have taken +him for the latter, thus misleading M. de Boiscoran. + +Three other witnesses are introduced; and then, as neither the accused +nor his counsel have any thing to add, the prosecuting attorney begins +his speech. + + +[The Charge.] + +M. Gransiere’s eloquence is so widely known, and so justly appreciated, +that we need not refer to it here. We will only say that he surpassed +himself in this charge, which, for more than an hour, held the large +assembly in anxious and breathless suspense, and caused all hearts to +vibrate with the most intense excitement. + +He commences with a description of Valpinson, “this poetic and charming +residence, where the noble old trees of Rochepommier are mirrored in the +crystal waves of the Seille. + +“There,” he went on to say,--“there lived the Count and the Countess +Claudieuse,--he one of those noblemen of a past age who worshipped +honor, and were devoted to duty; she one of those women who are the +glory of their sex, and the perfect model of all domestic virtues. + +“Heaven had blessed their union, and given them two children, to whom +they were tenderly attached. Fortune smiled upon their wise efforts. +Esteemed by all, cherished, and revered, they lived happy, and might +have counted upon long years of prosperity. + +“But no. Hate was hovering over them. + +“One evening, a fatal glare arouses the count. He rushes out; he hears +the report of a gun. He hears it a second time, and he sinks down, +bathed in his blood. The countess also is alarmed by the explosion, and +hastens to the spot: she stumbles; she sees the lifeless body of her +husband, and sinks unconscious to the ground. + +“Are the children also to perish? No. Providence watches. A flash of +intelligence pierces the night of an insane man, who rushes through +the flames, and snatches the children from the fire that was already +threatening their couch. + +“Their lives are saved; but the fire continues its destructive march. + +“At the sound of the terrible fire-bell, all the inhabitants of the +neighboring villages hurry to the spot. But there is no one to direct +their efforts; there are no engines; and they can do nothing. + +“But all of a sudden a distant rumbling sound revives hope in their +hearts. They know the fire-engines are coming. They come; they reach the +spot; and whatever men can do is done at once. + +“But great God! What mean those cries of horror which suddenly rise on +all sides? The roof of the house is falling, and buries under its ruins +two men, the most zealous and most courageous of all the zealous and +courageous men,--Bolton the drummer, who had just now summoned his +neighbors to come to the rescue, and Guillebault, a father with five +children. + +“High above the crash and the hissing of flames rise their heart-rending +cries. They call for help. Will they be allowed to perish? A gendarme +rushes forward, and with him a farmer from Brechy. But their heroism +is useless: the monster keeps its prey. The two men also are apparently +doomed; and only by unheard-of efforts, and at great peril of life, can +they be rescued from the furnace. But they are so grievously wounded, +that they will remain infirm for the rest of their lives, compelled to +appeal to public charity for their subsistence.” + +Then the prosecuting attorney proceeds to paint the whole of the +disaster at Valpinson in the sombrest colors, and with all the resources +of his well-known eloquence. He describes the Countess Claudieuse as +she kneels by the side of her dying husband, while the crowd is eagerly +pressing around the wounded man and struggling with the flames for the +charred remains of the unfortunate firemen. With increasing vehemence, +he says next,-- + +“And during all this time what becomes of the author of these fearful +misdeeds? When his hatred is gratified, he flees through the wood, and +returns to his home. Remorse, there is none. As soon as he reaches the +house, he eats, drinks, smokes his cigar. His position in the country is +such, and the precautionary measures he had taken appear to him so well +chosen, that he thinks he is above suspicion. He is calm. He feels so +perfectly safe, that he neglects the commonest precautions, and does not +even take the trouble of pouring out the water in which he has washed +his hands, blackened as they are by the fire he has just kindled. + +“He forgets that Providence whose torch on great occasions illumines and +guides human justice. + +“And how, indeed, could the law ever have expected to find the guilty +man in one of the most magnificent chateaux of the country but for a +direct intervention of Providence? + +“For the incendiary, the assassin, was actually there, at the Chateau +Boiscoran. + +“And let no one come and tell us that the past life of Jacques de +Boiscoran is such as to protect him against the formidable charges that +are brought against him. We know his past life. + +“A perfect model of those idle young men who spend in riotous living a +fortune painfully amassed by their fathers, Jacques de Boiscoran had not +even a profession. Useless to society, a burden to himself, he passed +through life like a ship without rudder and without compass, indulging +in all kinds of unhealthy fashions in order to spend the hours that were +weighing heavily upon him. + +“And yet he was ambitious; but his ambition lay in the direction of +those dangerous and wicked intrigues which inevitably lead men to crime. + +“Hence we see him mixed up with all those sterile and wanton party +movements which discredit our days, uttering over and over again hollow +phrases in condemnation of all that is noble and sacred, appealing to +the most execrable passions of the multitude”-- + +M. MAGLOIRE.--If this is a political affair, we ought to be informed +beforehand. + +ATTORNEY-GENERAL.--There is no question of politics here. We speak of +the life of a man who has been an apostle of strife. + +M. MAGLOIRE.--Does the attorney-general fancy he is preaching peace? + +PRESIDENT.--I request counsel for the defence not to interrupt. + +ATTORNEY-GENERAL.--And it is in this ambition of the accused that we +must look for a key to that terrible hatred which has led him to +commit such crimes. That lawsuit about a stream of water is a matter of +comparatively little importance. But Jacques de Boiscoran was preparing +to become a candidate for election. + +A.--I never dreamed of it. + +ATTORNEY-GENERAL.--(Not noticing the interruption.) He did not say so; +but his friends said it for him, and went about everywhere, repeating +that by his position, his wealth, and his opinions, he was the man best +worthy of the votes of Republicans. And he would have had an excellent +chance, if there had not stood between him and the object of his desires +Count Claudieuse, who had already more than once succeeded in defeating +similar plots. + +M. MAGLOIRE.--(Warmly.) Do you refer to me? + +ATTORNEY-GENERAL.--I allude to no one. + +M. MAGLOIRE.--You might just as well say at once, that my friends as +well as myself are all M. de Boiscoran’s accomplices; and that we have +employed him to rid us of a formidable adversary. + +ATTORNEY-GENERAL.--(Continues.) Gentlemen, this is the real motive of +the crime. Hence that hatred which the accused soon is unable to conceal +any longer, which overflows in invectives, which breaks forth in threats +of death, and which actually carries him so far that he points his gun +at Count Claudieuse. + +The attorney-general next passes on to examine the charges, which, he +declares, are overwhelming and irrefutable. Then he goes on,-- + +“But what need is there of such questions after the crushing evidence of +Count Claudieuse? You have heard it,--on the point of appearing before +God! + +“His first impulse was to follow the generous nature of his heart, and +to pardon the man who had attempted his life. He desired to save him; +but, as he felt death come nearer, he saw that he had no right to shield +a criminal from the sword of justice: he remembered that there were +other victims beside himself. + +“And then, rising from his bed of agony, he dragged himself here into +court, in order to tell you. ‘That is the man! By the light of the fire +which he had kindled, I saw him and recognized him. He is the man!’ + +“And could you hesitate after such evidence? No! I can not and will not +believe it. After such crimes, society expects that justice should be +done,--justice in the name of Count Claudieuse on his deathbed,--justice +in the name of the dead,--justice in the name of Bolton’s mother, and of +Guillebault’s widow and her five children.” + +A murmur of approbation accompanied the last words of M. Gransiere, and +continued for some time after he had concluded. There is not a woman in +the whole assembly who does not shed tears. + +P.--The counsel for the defence. + + +[Pleading.] + +As M. Magloire had so far alone taken an active part in the defence, it +was generally believed that he would speak. But it was not so. M. Folgat +rises. + +Our court-house here in Sauveterre has at various times reechoed the +words of almost all our great masters of forensic eloquence. We have +heard Berryer, Dufaure, Jules Favre, and others; but, even after these +illustrious orators, M. Folgat still succeeds in astonishing and moving +us deeply. + +We can, of course, report here only a few of his phrases; and we must +utterly abandon all hope of giving an idea of his proud and disdainful +attitude, his admirable manner, full of authority, and especially of his +full, rich voice, which found its way into every heart. + +“To defend certain men against certain charges,” he began, “would be +to insult them. They cannot be touched. To the portrait drawn by the +prosecuting attorney, I shall simply oppose the answer given by the +venerable priest of Brechy. What did he tell you? M. de Boiscoran is the +best and most honorable of men. There is the truth; they wish to make +him out a political intriguant. He had, it is true, a desire to +be useful to his country. But, while others debated, he acted. The +Sauveterre Volunteers will tell you to what passions he appealed before +the enemy, and by what intrigues he won the cross which Chausy himself +fastened to his breast. He wanted power, you say. No: he wished for +happiness. You speak of a letter written by him, the evening of the +crime, to his betrothed. I challenge you to read it. It covers four +pages: before you have read two, you will be forced to abandon the +case.” + +Then the young advocate repeats the evidence given by the accused; and +really, under the influence of his eloquence, the charges seem to fall +to the ground, and to be utterly annihilated. + +“And now,” he went on, “what other evidence remains there? The evidence +given by Count Claudieuse. It is crushing, you say. I say it is +singular. What! here is a witness who sees his last hour drawing nigh, +and who yet waits for the last minute of his life before he speaks. And +you think that is natural! You pretend that it was generosity which made +him keep silent. I, I ask you how the most cruel enemy could have acted +more atrociously? + +“‘Never was a case clearer,’ says the prosecution. On the contrary, +I maintain that never was a case more obscure; and that, so far from +fathoming the secret of the whole affair, the prosecution has not found +out the first word of it.” + +M. Folgat takes his seat, and the sheriff’s officers have to interfere +to prevent applause from breaking out. If the vote had been taken at +that moment, M. de Boiscoran would have been acquitted. + +But the proceedings are suspended for fifteen minutes; and in the +meantime the lamps are lit, for night begins to fall. + +When the president resumes his chair, the attorney-general claims his +right to speak. + +“I shall not reply as I had at first proposed. Count Claudieuse is +about to pay with his life for the effort which he has made to place his +evidence before you. He could not even be carried home. He is perhaps +at this very moment drawing his last breath upon earth in the adjoining +room.” + +The counsel for the defence do not desire to address the jury; and, as +the accused also declares that he has nothing more to say, the president +sums up, and the jurymen withdrew to their room to deliberate. + +The heat is overwhelming, the restraint almost unbearable; and all faces +bear the marks of oppressive fatigue; but nobody thinks of leaving the +house. A thousand contradictory reports circulate through the excited +crowd. Some say that Count Claudieuse has died; others, on the contrary, +report him better, and add that he has sent for the priest from Brechy. + +At last, a few minutes after nine o’clock, the jury reappears. + +Jacques de Boiscoran is declared guilty, and, on the score of +extenuating circumstances, sentenced to twenty years’ penal labor. + + + + +THIRD PART--COCOLEU + + + +I. + +Thus M. Galpin triumphed, and M. Gransiere had reason to be proud of his +eloquence. Jacques de Boiscoran had been found guilty. + +But he looked calm, and even haughty, as the president, M. Domini, +pronounced the terrible sentence, a thousand times braver at that +moment than the man who, facing the squad of soldiers from whom he is to +receive death, refuses to have his eyes bandaged, and himself gives the +word of command with a firm voice. + +That very morning, a few moments before the beginning of the trial, he +had said to Dionysia,-- + +“I know what is in store for me; but I am innocent. They shall not see +me turn pale, nor hear me ask for mercy.” + +And, gathering up all the energy of which the human heart is capable, he +had made a supreme effort at the decisive moment, and kept his word. + +Turning quietly to his counsel at the moment when the last words of the +president were lost among the din of the crowd, he said,-- + +“Did I not tell you that the day would come when you yourself would be +the first to put a weapon into my hands?” + +M. Folgat rose promptly. + +He showed neither the anger nor the disappointment of an advocate who +has just had a cause which he knew to be just. + +“That day has not come yet,” he replied. “Remember your promise. As long +as there remains a ray of hope, we shall fight. Now we have much more +than mere hope at this moment. In less than a month, in a week, perhaps +to-morrow, we shall have our revenge.” + +The unfortunate man shook his head. + +“I shall nevertheless have undergone the disgrace of a condemnation,” he +murmured. + +The taking the ribbon of the Legion of Honor from his buttonhole, he +handed it to M. Folgat, saying-- + +“Keep this in memory of me, and if I never regain the right to wear +it”-- + +In the meantime, however, the gendarmes, whose duty it was to guard the +prisoner, had risen; and the sergeant said to Jacques,-- + +“We must go, sir. Come, come! You need not despair. You need not lose +courage. All is not over yet. There is still the appeal for you, and +then the petition for pardon, not to speak of what may happen, and +cannot be foreseen.” + +M. Folgat was allowed to accompany the prisoner, and was getting ready +to do so; but the latter said, with a pained voice,-- + +“No, my friend, please leave me alone. Others have more need of your +presence than I have. Dionysia, my poor father, my mother. Go to them. +Tell them that the horror of my condemnation lies in the thought of +them. May they forgive me for the affliction which I cause them, and for +the disgrace of having me for their son, for her betrothed!” + +Then, pressing the hands of his counsel, he added,-- + +“And you, my friends, how shall I ever express to you my gratitude? Ah! +if incomparable talents, and matchless zeal and ability, had sufficed, +I know I should be free. But instead of that”--he pointed at the little +door through which he was to pass, and said in a heartrending tone,-- + +“Instead of that, there is the door to the galleys. Henceforth”-- + +A sob cut short his words. His strength was exhausted; for if there are, +so to say, no limits to the power of endurance of the spirit, the energy +of the body has its bounds. Refusing the arm which the sergeant offered +him, he rushed out of the room. + +M. Magloire was well-nigh beside himself with grief. + +“Ah! why could we not save him?” he said to his young colleague. “Let +them come and speak to me again of the power of conviction. But we must +not stay here: let us go!” + +They threw themselves into the crowd, which was slowly dispersing, all +palpitating yet with the excitement of the day. + +A strange reaction was already beginning to set in,--a reaction +perfectly illogic, and yet intelligible, and by no means rare under +similar circumstances. + +Jacques de Boiscoran, an object of general execration as long as he +was only suspected, regained the sympathy of all the moment he was +condemned. It was as if the fatal sentence had wiped out the horror of +the crime. He was pitied; his fate was deplored; and as they thought +of his family, his mother, and his betrothed, they almost cursed the +severity of the judges. + +Besides, even the least observant among those present had been struck by +the singular course which the proceedings had taken. There was not +one, probably, in that vast assembly who did not feel that there was +a mysterious and unexplored side of the case, which neither the +prosecution nor the defence had chosen to approach. Why had Cocoleu been +mentioned only once, and then quite incidentally? He was an idiot, to be +sure; but it was nevertheless through his evidence alone that suspicions +had been aroused against M. de Boiscoran. Why had he not been summoned +either by the prosecution or by the defence? + +The evidence given by Count Claudieuse, also, although apparently so +conclusive at the moment, was now severely criticised. + +The most indulgent said,-- + +“That was not well done. That was a trick. Why did he not speak out +before? People do not wait for a man to be down before they strike him.” + +Others added,-- + +“And did you notice how M. de Boiscoran and Count Claudieuse looked at +each other? Did you hear what they said to each other? One might have +sworn that there was something else, something very different from a +mere lawsuit, between them.” + +And on all sides people repeated,-- + +“At all events, M. Folgat is right. The whole matter is far from +being cleared up. The jury was long before they agreed. Perhaps M. +de Boiscoran would have been acquitted, if, at the last moment, M. +Gransiere had not announced the impending death of Count Claudieuse in +the adjoining room.” + +M. Magloire and M. Folgat listened to all these remarks, as they heard +them in the crowd here and there, with great satisfaction; for in spite +of all the assertions of magistrates and judges, in spite of all the +thundering condemnations against the practice, public opinion will find +an echo in the court-room; and, more frequently than we think, public +opinion does dictate the verdict of the jury. + +“And now,” said M. Magloire to his young colleague, “now we can be +content. I know Sauveterre by heart. I tell you public opinion is +henceforth on our side.” + +By dint of perseverance they made their way, at last, out through the +narrow door of the court-room, when one of the ushers stopped them. + +“They wish to see you,” said the man. + +“Who?” + +“The family of the prisoner. Poor people! They are all in there, in +M. Mechinet’s office. M. Daubigeon told me to keep it for them. The +Marchioness de Boiscoran also was carried there when she was taken ill +in the court-room.” + +He accompanied the two gentlemen, while telling them this, to the end of +the hall; then he opened a door, and said,-- + +“They are in there,” and withdrew discreetly. + +There, in an easy-chair, with closed eyes, and half-open lips, lay +Jacques’s mother. Her livid pallor and her stiff limbs made her look +like a dead person; but, from time to time, spasms shook her whole body, +from head to foot. M. de Chandore stood on one side, and the marquis, +her husband, on the other, watching her with mournful eyes and in +perfect silence. They had been thunderstruck; and, from the moment when +the fatal sentence fell upon their ears, neither of them had uttered a +word. + +Dionysia alone seemed to have preserved the faculty of reasoning and +moving. But her face was deep purple; her dry eyes shone with a painful +light; and her body shook as with fever. As soon as the two advocates +appeared, she cried,-- + +“And you call this human justice?” + +And, as they were silent, she added,--- + +“Here is Jacques condemned to penal labor; that is to say, he is +judicially dishonored, lost, disgraced, forever cut off from human +society. He is innocent; but that does not matter. His best friends +will know him no longer: no hand will touch his hand hereafter; and +even those who were most proud of his affection will pretend to have +forgotten his name.” + +“I understand your grief but too well, madam,” said M. Magloire. + +“My grief is not as great as my indignation,” she broke in. “Jacques +must be avenged, and he shall be avenged! I am only twenty, and he is +not thirty yet: there is a whole life before us which we can devote to +the work of his rehabilitation; for I do not mean to abandon him. I! +His undeserved misfortunes make him a thousand times dearer to me, and +almost sacred. I was his betrothed this morning: this evening I am his +wife. His condemnation was our nuptial benediction. And if it is true, +as grandpapa says, that the law prohibits a prisoner to marry the woman +he loves, well, I will be his without marriage.” + +Dionysia spoke all this aloud, so loud that it seemed she wanted all the +earth to hear what she was saying. + +“Ah! let me reassure you by a single word, madam,” said M. Folgat. “We +have not yet come to that. The sentence is not final.” + +The Marquis de Boiscoran and M. de Chandore started. + +“What do you mean?” + +“An oversight which M. Galpin has committed makes the whole proceeding +null and void. You will ask how a man of his character, so painstaking +and so formal, should have made such a blunder. Probably because he was +blinded by passion. Why had nobody noticed this oversight? Because fate +owed us this compensation. There can be no question about the matter. +The defect is a defect of form; and the law provides expressly for the +case. The sentence must be declared void, and we shall have another +trial.” + +“And you never told us anything of that?” asked Dionysia. + +“We hardly dared to think of it,” replied M. Magloire. “It was one of +those secrets which we dare not confide to our own pillow. Remember, +that, in the course of the proceedings, the error might have been +corrected at any time. Now it is too late. We have time before us; +and the conduct of Count Claudieuse relieves us from all restraint of +delicacy. The veil shall be torn now.” + +The door opened violently, interrupting his words. Dr. Seignebos +entered, red with anger, and darting fiery glances from under his gold +spectacles. + +“Count Claudieuse?” M. Folgat asked eagerly. + +“Is next door,” replied the doctor. “They have had him down on a +mattress, and his wife is by his side. What a profession ours is! Here +is a man, a wretch, whom I should be most happy to strangle with my own +hands; and I am compelled to do all I can to recall him to life: I +must lavish my attentions upon him, and seek every means to relieve his +sufferings.” + +“Is he any better?” + +“Not at all! Unless a special miracle should be performed in his behalf, +he will leave the court-house only feet forward, and that in twenty-four +hours. I have not concealed it from the countess; and I have told her, +that, if she wishes her husband to die in peace with Heaven, she has but +just time to send for a priest.” + +“And has she sent for one?” + +“Not at all! She told me her husband would be terrified by the +appearance of a priest, and that would hasten his end. Even when +the good priest from Brechy came of his own accord, she sent him off +unceremoniously.” + +“Ah the miserable woman!” cried Dionysia. + +And, after a moment’s reflection, she added,-- + +“And yet that may be our salvation. Yes, certainly. Why should I +hesitate? Wait for me here: I am coming back.” + +She hurried out. Her grandpapa was about to follow her; but M. Folgat +stopped him. + +“Let her do it,” he said,--“let her do it!” + +It had just struck ten o’clock. The court-house, just now as full and as +noisy as a bee-hive, was silent and deserted. In the immense hall, badly +lighted by a smoking lamp, there were only two men to be seen. One was +the priest from Brechy, who was praying on his knees close to a door; +and the other was the watchman, who was slowly walking up and down, and +whose steps resounded there as in a church. + +Dionysia went straight up to the latter. + +“Where is Count Claudieuse?” she asked. + +“There, madam,” replied the man, pointing at the door before which the +priest was praying,--“there, in the private office of the commonwealth +attorney.” + +“Who is with him?” + +“His wife, madam, and a servant.” + +“Well, go in and tell the Countess Claudieuse,--but so that her +husband does not hear you,--that Miss Chandore desires to see her a few +moments.” + +The watchman made no objection, and went in. But, when he came back, he +said to the young girl,-- + +“Madam, the countess sends word that she cannot leave her husband, who +is very low.” + +She stopped him by an impatient gesture, and said,-- + +“Never mind! Go back and tell the countess, that, if she does not come +out, I shall go in this moment; that, if it must be, I shall force my +way in; that I shall call for help; that nothing will keep me. I must +absolutely see her.” + +“But, madam”-- + +“Go! Don’t you see that it is a question of life and death?” + +There was such authority in her voice, that the watchman no longer +hesitated. He went in once more, and reappeared a moment after. + +“Go in,” he said to the young girl. + +She went in, and found herself in a little anteroom which preceded the +office of the commonwealth attorney. A large lamp illuminated the room. +The door leading to the room in which the count was lying was closed. + +In the centre of the room stood the Countess Claudieuse. All these +successive blows had not broken her indomitable energy. She looked pale, +but calm. + +“Since you insist upon it, madam,” she began, “I come to tell you +myself that I cannot listen to you. Are you not aware that I am standing +between two open graves,--that of my poor girl, who is dying at my +house, and that of my husband, who is breathing his last in there?” + +She made a motion as if she were about to retire; but Dionysia stopped +her by a threatening look, and said with a trembling voice,-- + +“If you go back into that room where your husband is, I shall go back +with you, and I shall speak before him. I shall ask you right before +him, how you dare order a priest away from his bedside at the moment +of death, and whether, after having robbed him of all his happiness in +life, you mean to make him unhappy in all eternity.” + +Instinctively the countess drew back. + +“I do not understand you,” she said. + +“Yes, you do understand me, madam. Why will you deny it? Do you not see +that I know every thing, and that I have guessed what you have not told +me? Jacques was your lover; and your husband has had his revenge.” + +“Ah!” cried the countess, “that is too much; that is too much!” + +“And you have permitted it,” Dionysia went on with breathless haste; +“and you did not come, and cry out in open court that your husband was +a false witness! What a woman you must be! You do not mind it, that your +love carries a poor unfortunate man to the galleys. You mean to live on +with this thought in your heart, that the man whom you love is innocent, +and nevertheless, disgraced forever, and cut off from human society. A +priest might induce the count to retract his statement, you know very +well; and hence you refuse to let the priest from Brechy come to his +bedside. And what is the end and aim of all your crimes? To save your +false reputation as an honest woman. Ah! that is miserable; that is +mean; that is infamous!” + +The countess was roused at last. What all M. Folgat’s skill and ability +had not been able to accomplish, Dionysia obtained in an instant by the +force of her passion. Throwing aside her mask, the countess exclaimed +with a perfect burst of rage,-- + +“Well, then, no, no! I have not acted so, and permitted all this to +happen, because I care for my reputation. My reputation!--what does it +matter? It was only a week ago, when Jacques had succeeded in escaping +from prison, I offered to flee with him. He had only to say a word, and +I should have given up my family, my children, my country, every thing, +for him. He answered, ‘Rather the galleys!’” + +In the midst of all her fearful sufferings, Dionysia’s heart filled with +unspeakable happiness as she heard these words. Ah! now she could no +longer doubt Jacques. + +“He has condemned himself, you see,” continued the countess. “I was +quite willing to ruin myself for him, but certainly not for another +woman.” + +“And that other woman--no doubt you mean me!” + +“Yes!--you for whose sake he abandoned me,--you whom he was going +to marry,--you with whom he hoped to enjoy long happy years, and a +happiness not furtive and sinful like ours, but a legitimate, honest +happiness.” + +Tears were trembling in Dionysia’s eyes. She was beloved: she thought of +what she must suffer who was not beloved. + +“And yet I should have been generous,” she murmured. The countess broke +out into a fierce, savage laugh. + +“And the proof of it is,” said the young girl, “that I came to offer you +a bargain.” + +“A bargain?” + +“Yes. Save Jacques, and, by all that is sacred to me in the world, I +promise I will enter a convent: I will disappear, and you shall never +hear my name any more.” + +Intense astonishment seized the countess, and she looked at Dionysia +with a glance full of doubt and mistrust. Such devotion seemed to her +too sublime not to conceal some snare. + +“You would really do that?” she asked. + +“Unhesitatingly.” + +“You would make a great sacrifice for my benefit?” + +“For yours? No, madam, for Jacques’s.” + +“You love him very dearly, do you?” + +“I love him dearly enough to prefer his happiness to my own a thousand +times over. Even if I were buried in the depths of a convent, I should +still have the consolation of knowing that he owed his rehabilitation to +me; and I should suffer less in knowing that he belonged to another than +that he was innocent, and yet condemned.” + +But, in proportion as the young girl thus confirmed her sincerity, +the brow of the countess grew darker and sterner, and passing blushes +mantled her cheek. At last she said with haughty irony,-- + +“Admirable!” + +“Madam!” + +“You condescend to give up M. de Boiscoran. Will that make him love +me? You know very well he will not. You know that he loves you alone. +Heroism with such conditions is easy enough. What have you to fear? +Buried in a convent, he will love you only all the more ardently, and he +will execrate me all the more fervently.” + +“He shall never know any thing of our bargain!” + +“Ah! What does that matter? He will guess it, if you do not tell him. +No: I know what awaits me. I have felt it now for two years,--this agony +of seeing him becoming daily more detached from me. What have I not done +to keep him near me! How I have stooped to meanness, to falsehood, +to keep him a single day longer, perhaps a single hour! But all was +useless. I was a burden to him. He loved me no longer; and my love +became to him a heavier load than the cannon-ball which they will fasten +to his chains at the galleys.” + +Dionysia shuddered. + +“That is horrible!” she murmured. + +“Horrible! Yes, but true. You look amazed. That is because you have as +yet only seen the morning dawn of your love: wait for the dark evening, +and you will understand me. Is not the story of all of us women the +same! I have seen Jacques at my feet as you see him at yours: the vows +he swears to you, he once swore to me; and he swore them to me with the +same voice, tremulous with passion, and with the same burning glances. +But you think you will be his wife, and I never was. What does that +matter? What does he tell you? That he will love you forever, because +his love is under the protection of God and of men. He told me, +precisely because our love was not thus protected, that we should be +united by indissoluble bonds,--bonds stronger than all others. You have +his promise: so had I. And the proof of it is that I gave him every +thing,--my honor and the honor of my family, and that I would have +given him still more, if there had been any more to give. And now to be +betrayed, forsaken, despised, to sink lower and lower, until at last +I must become the object of your pity! To have fallen so low, that you +should dare come and offer me to give up Jacques for my benefit! Ah, +that is maddening! And I should let the vengeance I hold in my hands +slip from me at your bidding! I should be stupid enough, blind enough, +to allow myself to be touched by your hypocritical tears! I should +secure your happiness by the sacrifice of my reputation! No, madam, +cherish no such hope!” + +Her voice expired in her throat in a kind of toneless rattle. She walked +up and down a few times in the room. Then she placed herself straight +before Dionysia, and, looking fixedly into her eyes, she asked,-- + +“Who suggested to you this plan of coming here, this supreme insult +which you tried to inflict upon me?” + +Dionysia was seized with unspeakable horror, and hardly found heart to +reply. + +“No one,” she murmured. + +“M. Folgat?” + +“Knows nothing of it.” + +“And Jacques?” + +“I have not seen him. The thought occurred to me quite suddenly, like an +inspiration on high. When Dr. Seignebos told me that you had refused +to admit the priest from Brechy, I said to myself, ‘This is the last +misfortune, and the greatest of them all! If Count Claudieuse dies +without retracting, Jacques can never be fully restored, whatever may +happen hereafter, not even if his innocence should be established.’ Then +I made up my mind to come to you. Ah! it was a hard task. But I was +in hopes I might touch your heart, or that you might be moved by the +greatness of my sacrifice.” + +The countess was really moved. There is no heart absolutely bad, as +there is none altogether good. As she listened to Dionysia’s passionate +entreaty, her resolution began to grow weaker. + +“Would it be such a great sacrifice?” she asked. + +Tears sprang to the eyes of the poor young girl. + +“Alas!” she said, “I offer you my life. I know very well you will not be +long jealous of me.” + +She was interrupted by groans, which seemed to come from the room in +which the count was lying. + +The countess half-opened the door; and immediately a feeble, and yet +imperious voice was heard calling out,-- + +“Genevieve, I say, Genevieve!” + +“I am coming, my dear, in a moment,” replied the countess. + +“What security can you give me,” she said, in a hard and stern voice, +after having closed the door again,--“what security do you give me, that +if Jacques’s innocence were established, and he reinstated, you would +not forget your promises?” + +“Ah, madam! How or upon what do you want me to swear that I am ready +to disappear. Choose your own securities, and I will do whatever you +require.” + +Then, sinking down on her knees, before the countess, she went on,-- + +“Here I am at your feet, madam, humble and suppliant,--I whom you accuse +of a desire to insult you. Have pity on Jacques! Ah! if you loved him as +much as I do, you would not hesitate.” + +The countess raised her suddenly and quickly, and holding her hands in +her own, looked at her for more than a minute without saying a word, +but with heaving bosom and trembling lips. At last she asked in a voice +which was so deeply affected, that it was hardly intelligible. + +“What do you want me to do?” + +“Induce Count Claudieuse to retract.” + +The countess shook her head. + +“It would be useless to try. You do not know the count. He is a man of +iron. You might tear his flesh inch by inch with hot iron pincers, and +he would not take back one of his words. You cannot conceive what he +has suffered, nor the depth of the hatred, the rage, and the thirst of +vengeance, which have accumulated in his heart. It was to torture me +that he brought me here to his bedside. Only five minutes ago he told me +that he died content, since Jacques was declared guilty, and condemned +through his evidence.” + +She was conquered: her energy was exhausted, and tears came to her eyes. + +“He has been so cruelly tried!” she went on. “He loved me to +distraction; he loved nothing in the world but me. And I--Ah, if we +could know, if we could foresee! No, I shall never be able to induce him +to retract.” + +Dionysia almost forgot her own great grief. + +“Nor do I expect you to obtain that favor,” she said very gently. + +“Who, then?” + +“The priest from Brechy. He will surely find words to shake even the +firmest resolution. He can speak in the name of that God, who, even on +the cross, forgave those who crucified Him.” + +One moment longer the countess hesitated; and then, overcoming finally +the last rebellious impulses of her pride, she said,-- + +“Well, I will call the priest.” + +“And I, madam, I swear I will keep my promise.” + +But the countess stopped her, and said, making a supreme effort over +herself,-- + +“No: I shall try to save Jacques without making conditions. Let him be +yours. He loves you, and you were ready to sacrifice your life for his +sake. He forsakes me; but I sacrifice my honor to him. Farewell!” + +And hastening to the door, while Dionysia returned to her friends, she +summoned the priest from Brechy. + + + +II. + +M. Daubigeon, the commonwealth attorney, learned that morning from his +chief clerk what had happened, and how the proceedings in the Boiscoran +case were necessarily null and void on account of a fatal error in form. +The counsel of the defence had lost no time, and, after spending the +whole night in consultation, had early that morning presented their +application for a new trial to the court. + +The commonwealth attorney took no pains to conceal his satisfaction. + +“Now,” he cried, “this will worry my friend Galpin, and clip his wings +considerably; and yet I had called his attention to the lines of Horace, +in which he speaks of Phaeton’s sad fate, and says,-- + +‘Terret ambustus Phaeton avaras Spes.’ + +But he would not listen to me, forgetting, that, without prudence, force +is a danger. And there he is now, in great difficulty, I am sure.” + +And at once he made haste to dress, and to go and see M. Galpin in +order to hear all the details accurately, as he told his clerk, but, in +reality, in order to enjoy to his heart’s content the discomfiture of +the ambitious magistrate. + +He found him furious, and ready to tear his hair. + +“I am disgraced,” he repeated: “I am ruined; I am lost. All my +prospects, all my hopes, are gone. I shall never be forgiven for such an +oversight.” + +To look at M. Daubigeon, you would have thought he was sincerely +distressed. + +“Is it really true,” he said with an air of assumed pity,--“is it really +true, what they tell me, that this unlucky mistake was made by you?” + +“By me? Yes, indeed! I forgot those wretched details which a scholar +knows by heart. Can you understand that? And to say that no one noticed +my inconceivable blindness! Neither the first court of inquiry, nor +the attorney-general himself, nor the presiding judge, ever said a word +about it. It is my fate. And that is to be the result of my labors. +Everybody, no doubt, said, ‘Oh! M. Galpin has the case in hand; he knows +all about it: no need to look after the matter when such a man has taken +hold of it.’ And here I am. Oh! I might kill myself.” + +“It is all the more fortunate,” replied M. Daubigeon, “that yesterday +the case was hanging on a thread.” + +The magistrate gnashed his teeth, and replied,-- + +“Yes, on a thread, thanks to M. Domini! whose weakness I cannot +comprehend, and who did not know at all, or who was not willing to know, +how to make the most of the evidence. But it was M. Gransiere’s fault +quite as much. What had he to do with politics to drag them into the +affair? And whom did he want to hit? No one else but M. Magloire, the +man whom everybody respects in the whole district, and who had three +warm personal friends among the jurymen. I foresaw it, and I told him +where he would get into trouble. But there are people who will not +listen. M. Gransiere wants to be elected himself. It is a fancy, a +monomania of our day: everybody wants to be a deputy. I wish Heaven +would confound all ambitious men!” + +For the first time in his life, and no doubt for the last time also, +the commonwealth attorney rejoiced at the misfortune of others. Taking +savage pleasure in turning the dagger in his poor friend’s wounds, he +said,-- + +“No doubt M. Folgat’s speech had something to do with it.” + +“Nothing at all.” + +“He was brilliantly successful.” + +“He took them by surprise. It was nothing but a big voice, and grand, +rolling sentences.” + +“But still”-- + +“And what did he say, after all? That the prosecution did not know the +real secret of the case. That is absurd!” + +“The new judges may not think so, however.” + +“We shall see.” + +“This time M. de Boiscoran’s defence will be very different. He will +spare nobody. He is down now, and cannot fall any lower.” + +“That may be. But he also risks having a less indulgent jury, and not +getting off with twenty years.” + +“What do his counsel say?” + +“I do not know. But I have just sent my clerk to find out; and, if you +choose to wait”-- + +M. Daubigeon did wait, and he did well; for M. Mechinet came in very +soon after, with a long face for the world, but inwardly delighted. + +“Well?” asked M. Galpin eagerly. + +He shook his head, and said in a melancholy tone of voice,-- + +“I have never seen any thing like this. How fickle public opinion is, +after all! Day before yesterday M. de Boiscoran could not have passed +through the town without being mobbed. If he should show himself to-day, +they would carry him in triumph. He has been condemned, and now he is +a martyr. It is known already that the sentence is void, and they are +delighted. My sisters have just told me that the ladies in good society +propose to give to the Marchioness de Boiscoran and to Miss Chandore +some public evidence of their sympathy. The members of the bar will give +M. Folgat a public dinner.” + +“Why that is monstrous!” cried M. Galpin. + +“Well,” said M. Daubigeon, “‘the opinions of men are more fickle and +changeable than the waves of the sea.’” + +But, interrupting the quotation, M. Galpin asked his clerk,-- + +“Well, what else?” + +“I went to hand M. Gransiere the letter which you gave me for him”-- + +“What did he say?” + +“I found him in consultation with the president, M. Domini. He took the +letter, glanced at it rapidly, and told me in his most icy tone, ‘Very +well!’ To tell the truth, I thought, that, in spite of his stiff and +grand air, he was in reality furious.” + +The magistrate looked utterly in despair. + +“I can’t stand it,” he said sighing. “These men whose veins have no +blood in them, but poison, never forgive.” + +“Day before yesterday you thought very highly of him.” + +“Day before yesterday he did not look upon me as the cause of a great +misfortune for him.” + +M. Mechinet went on quite eagerly,-- + +“After leaving M. Gransiere, I went to the court-house, and there I +head the great piece of news which has set all the town agog. Count +Claudieuse is dead.” + +M. Daubigeon and M. Galpin looked at each other, and exclaimed in the +same breath,-- + +“Great God! Is that so?” + +“He breathed his last this morning, at two or three minutes before six +o’clock. I saw his body in the private room of the attorney-general. +The priest from Brechy was there, and two other priests from his parish. +They were waiting for a bier to have him carried to his house.” + +“Poor man!” murmured M. Daubigeon. + +“But I heard a great deal more,” Mechinet said, “from the watchman who +was on guard last night. He told me that when the trial was over, and +it became known that Count Claudieuse was likely to die, the priest +from Brechy came there, and asked to be allowed to offer him the last +consolations of his church. The countess refused to let him come to the +bedside of her husband. The watchman was amazed at this; and just then +Miss Chandore suddenly appeared, and sent word to the countess that she +wanted to speak to her.” + +“Is it possible?” + +“Quite certain. They remained together for more than a quarter of +an hour. What did they say? The watchman told me he was dying with +curiosity to know; but he could hear nothing, because there was the +priest from Brechy, all the while, kneeling before the door, and +praying. When they parted, they looked terribly excited. Then the +countess immediately called in the priest, and he stayed with the count +till he died.” + +M. Daubigeon and M. Galpin had not yet recovered from their amazement at +this account, when somebody knocked timidly at the door. + +“Come in!” cried Mechinet. + +The door opened, and the sergeant of gendarmes appeared. + +“I have been sent here by the attorney-general,” he said; “and the +servant told me you were up here. We have just caught Trumence.” + +“That man who had escaped from jail?” + +“Yes. We were about to carry him back there, when he told us that he +had a secret to reveal, a very important, urgent secret, concerning the +condemned prisoner, Boiscoran.” + +“Trumence?” + +“Yes. Then we carried him to the court-house, and I came for orders.” + +“Run and say that I am coming to see him!” cried M. Daubigeon. “Make +haste! I am coming after you.” + +But the gendarme, a model of obedience, had not waited so long: he was +already down stairs. + +“I must leave you, Galpin,” said M. Daubigeon, very much excited. “You +heard what the man said. We must know what that means at once.” + +But the magistrate was not less excited. + +“You permit me to accompany you, I hope?” he asked. + +He had a right to do so. + +“Certainly,” replied the commonwealth attorney. “But make haste!” + +The recommendation was not needed. M. Galpin had already put on his +boots. He now slipped his overcoat over his home dress, as he was; and +off they went. + +Mechinet followed the two gentlemen as they hastened down the street; +and the good people of Sauveterre, always on the lookout, were not a +little scandalized at seeing their well-known magistrate, M. Galpin, in +his home costume,--he who generally was most scrupulously precise in his +dress. + +Standing on their door-steps, they said to each other,-- + +“Something very important must have happened. Just look at these +gentlemen!” + +The fact was, they were walking so fast, that people might well wonder; +and they did not say a word all the way. + +But, ere they reached the court-house, they were forced to stop; for +some four or five hundred people were filling the court, crowding on the +steps, and actually pressing against the doors. + +Immediately all became silent; hats were raised; the crowd parted; and a +passage was opened. + +On the porch appeared the priest from Brechy, and two other priests. + +Behind them came attendants from the hospital, who bore a bier covered +with black cloth; and beneath the cloth the outlines of a human body +could be seen. + +The women began to cry; and those who had room enough knelt down. + +“Poor countess!” murmured one of them. “Here is her husband dead, and +they say one of her daughters is dying at home.” + +But M. Daubigeon, the magistrate, and Mechinet were too preoccupied with +their own interests to think of stopping for more reliable news. The way +was open: they went in, and hastened to the clerk’s office, where the +gendarmes had taken Trumence, and now were guarding him. + +He rose as soon as he recognized the gentlemen, and respectfully took +off his cap. It was really Trumence; but the good-for-nothing vagrant +did not present his usual careless appearance. He looked pale, and was +evidently very much excited. + +“Well,” said M. Daubigeon, “so you have allowed yourself to be retaken?” + +“Beg pardon, judge,” replied the poor fellow, “I was not retaken. I came +of my own accord.” + +“Involuntarily, you mean?” + +“Quite by my own free will! Just ask the sergeant.” + +The sergeant stepped forward, touched his cap, and reported,-- + +“That is the naked truth. Trumence came himself to our barrack, and +said, ‘I surrender as a prisoner. I wish to speak to the commonwealth +attorney, and give importance evidence.’” + +The vagabond drew himself up proudly,-- + +“You see, sir, that I did not lie. While these gentlemen were galloping +all over the country in search of me, I was snugly ensconced in a garret +at the Red Lamb, and did not think of coming out from there till I +should be entirely forgotten.” + +“Yes; but people who lodge at the Red Lamb have to pay, and you had no +money.” + +Trumence very quietly drew from his pocket a handful of Napoleons, and +of five-and-twenty-franc notes, and showed them. + +“You see that I had the wherewithal to pay for my room,” he said. “But I +surrendered, because, after all, I am an honest man, and I would rather +suffer some trouble myself than see an innocent gentleman go to the +galleys.” + +“M. de Boiscoran?” + +“Yes. He is innocent! I know it; I am sure of it; and I can prove it. +And, if he will not tell, I will tell,--tell every thing!” + +M. Daubigeon and M. Galpin were utterly astounded. + +“Explain yourself,” they both said in the same breath. + +But the vagrant shook his head, pointing at the gendarmes; and, as a man +who is quite cognizant of all the formalities of the law, he replied,-- + +“But it is a great secret; and, when one confesses, one does not like +anybody else to hear it but the priest. Besides, I should like my +deposition to be taken down in writing.” + +Upon a sign made by M. Galpin, the gendarmes withdrew; and Mechinet took +his seat at a table, with a blank sheet of paper before him. + +“Now we can talk,” said Trumence: “that’s the way I like it. I was not +thinking myself of running away. I was pretty well off in jail; winter +is coming, I had not a cent; and I knew, that, if I were retaken, I +should fare rather badly. But M. Jacques de Boiscoran had a notion to +spend a night outside.” + +“Mind what you are saying,” M. Galpin broke in severely. “You cannot +play with the law, and go off unpunished.” + +“May I die if I do not tell the truth!” cried Trumence. “M. Jacques has +spent a whole night out of jail.” + +The magistrate trembled. + +“What a story that is!” he said again. + +“I have my proof,” replied Trumence coldly, “and you shall hear. Well, +as he wanted to leave, M. Jacques came to me, and we agreed, that in +consideration of a certain sum of money which he has paid me, and of +which you have seen just now all that is left, I should make a hole in +the wall, and that I should run off altogether, while he was to come +back when he had done his business.” + +“And the jailer?” asked M. Daubigeon. + +Like a true peasant of his promise, Trumence was far too cunning +to expose Blangin unnecessarily. Assuming, therefore, the whole +responsibility of the evasion, he replied,-- + +“The jailer saw nothing. We had no use for him. Was not I, so to say, +under-jailer? Had not I been charged by you yourself, M. Galpin, with +keeping watch over M. Jacques? Was it not I who opened and locked his +door, who took him to the parlor, and brought him back again?” + +That was the exact truth. + +“Go on!” said M. Galpin harshly. + +“Well,” said Trumence, “every thing was done as agreed upon. One +evening, about nine o’clock, I make my hole in the wall, and here we +are, M. Jacques and I, on the ramparts. There he slips a package of +banknotes into my hand, and tells me to run for it, while he goes about +his business. I thought he was innocent then; but you see I should not +exactly have gone through the fire for him as yet. I said to myself, +that perhaps he was making fun of me, and that, once on the wing, he +would not be such a fool as to go back into the cage. This made me +curious, as he was going off, to see which way he was going,--and there +I was, following him close upon his heels!” + +The magistrate and the commonwealth attorney, accustomed as they both +were, by the nature of their profession, to conceal their feelings, +could hardly restrain now,--one, the hope trembling within him, and the +other, the vague apprehensions which began to fill his heart. + +Mechinet, who knew already all that was coming, laughed in his sleeve +while his pen was flying rapidly over the paper. + +“He was afraid he might be recognized,” continued the vagrant, “and so +M. Jacques had been running ever so fast, keeping close to the wall, and +choosing the narrowest lanes. Fortunately, I have a pair of very good +legs. He goes through Sauveterre like a race-horse; and, when he reaches +Mautrec Street, he begins to ring the bell at a large gate.” + +“At Count Claudieuse’s house!” + +“I know now what house it was; but I did not know then. Well, he rings. +A servant comes and opens. He speaks to her, and immediately she invites +him in, and that so eagerly, that she forgets to close the gate again.” + +M. Daubigeon stopped him by a gesture. + +“Wait!” he said. + +And, taking up a blank form, he filled it up, rang the bell, and said +to an usher of the court who had hastened in, giving him the printed +paper,-- + +“I want this to be taken immediately. Make haste; and not a word!” + +Then Trumence was directed to go on; and he said,-- + +“There I was, standing in the middle of the street, feeling like a fool. +I thought I had nothing left me but to go and use my legs: that was +safest for me. But that wretched, half-open gate attracted me. I said to +myself, ‘If you go in, and they catch you, they will think you have +come to steal, and you’ll have to pay for it.’ That was true; but the +temptation was too strong for me. My curiosity broke my heart, so to +say, and, ‘Come what may, I’ll risk it,’ I said. I push the huge gate +just wide enough to let me in, and here I am in a large garden. It was +pitch dark; but, quite at the bottom of the garden, three windows in the +lower story of the house were lighted up. I had ventured too far now +to go back. So I went on, creeping along stealthily, until I reached a +tree, against which I pressed closely, about the length of my arm from +one of the windows, which belonged to a beautiful parlor. I look--and I +see whom? M. de Boiscoran. As there were no curtains to the windows, +I could see as well as I can see you. His face looked terrible. I was +asking myself for whom he could be waiting there, when I saw him hiding +behind the open door of the room, like a man who is lying in wait for +somebody, with evil intentions. This troubled me very much; but the next +moment a lady came in. Instantly M. Jacques shuts the door behind her; +the lady turns round, sees him, and wants to run, uttering at the same +time a loud cry. That lady was the Countess Claudieuse!” + +He looked as if he wished to pause to watch the effect of his +revelation. But Mechinet was so impatient, that he forgot the modest +character of his duty, and said hastily,-- + +“Go on; go on!” + +“One of the windows was half open,” continued the vagrant, “and thus +I could hear almost as well as I saw. I crouched down on all-fours and +kept my head on a level with the ground, so as not to lose a word. Oh, +it was fearful! At the first word I understood it all: M. Jacques and +the Countess Claudieuse had been lovers.” + +“This is madness!” cried M. Galpin. + +“Well, I tell you I was amazed. The Countess Claudieuse--such a pious +lady! But I have ears; don’t you think I have? M. Jacques reminded her +of the night of the crime, how they had been together a few minutes +before the fire broke out, as they had agreed some days before to meet +near Valpinson at that very time. At this meeting they had burnt their +love-letters, and M. Jacques had blackened his fingers badly in burning +them.” + +“Did you really hear that?” asked M. Daubigeon. + +“As I hear you, sir.” + +“Write it down, Mechinet,” said the commonwealth attorney with great +eagerness,--“write that down carefully.” + +The clerk was sure to do it. + +“What surprised me most,” continued Trumence, “was, that the countess +seemed to consider M. Jacques guilty, and he thought she was. Each +accused the other of the crime. She said, ‘You attempted the life of my +husband, because you were afraid of him!’ And he said, ‘You wanted to +kill him, so as to be free, and to prevent my marriage!’” + +M. Galpin had sunk into a chair: he stammered,-- + +“Did anybody ever hear such a thing?” + +“However, they explained; and at last they found out that they were both +of them innocent. Then M. Jacques entreated the countess to save him; +and she replied that she would certainly not save him at the expense of +her reputation, and so enable him, as soon as he was free once more, to +marry Miss Chandore. Then he said to her, ‘Well, then I must tell all;’ +and she, ‘You will not be believed. I shall deny it all, and you have +no proof!’ In his despair, he reproached her bitterly, and said she had +never loved him at all. Then she swore she loved him more than ever; and +that, as he was free now, she was ready to abandon every thing, and to +escape with him to some foreign country. And she conjured him to flee, +in a voice which moved my heart, with loving words such as I have never +heard before in my life, and with looks which seemed to be burning fire. +What a woman! I did not think he could possibly resist. And yet he did +resist; and, perfectly beside himself with anger, he cried, ‘Rather the +galleys!’ Then she laughed, mocking him, and saying, ‘Very well, you +shall go to the galleys!’” + +Although Trumence entered into many details, it was quite evident that +he kept back many things. + +Still M. Daubigeon did not dare question him, for fear of breaking the +thread of his account. + +“But that was nothing at all,” said the vagrant. “While M. Jacques and +the countess were quarrelling in this way, I saw the door of the parlor +suddenly open as if by itself, and a phantom appear in it, dressed in a +funeral pall. It was Count Claudieuse himself. His face looked terrible; +and he had a revolver in his hand. He was leaning against the side of +the door; and he listened while his wife and M. Jacques were talking of +their former love-affairs. At certain words, he would raise his pistol +as if to fire; then he would lower it again, and go on listening. It was +so awful, I had not a dry thread on my body. It was very hard not to cry +out to M. Jacques and the countess, ‘You poor people, don’t you see that +the count is there?’ But they saw nothing; for they were both beside +themselves with rage and despair: and at last M. Jacques actually raised +his hand to strike the countess. ‘Do not strike that woman!’ suddenly +said the count. They turn round; they see him, and utter a fearful cry. +The countess fell on a chair as if she were dead. I was thunderstruck. +I never in my life saw a man behave so beautifully as M. Jacques did at +that moment. Instead of trying to escape, he opened his coat, and baring +his breast, he said to the husband, ‘Fire! You are in your right!’ The +count, however, laughed contemptuously, and said, ‘The court will avenge +me!’--‘You know very well that I am innocent.’--‘All the better.’--‘It +would be infamous to let me be condemned.’--‘I shall do more than that. +To make your condemnation sure, I shall say that I recognized you.’ +The count was going to step forward, as he said this; but he was dying. +Great God, what a man! He fell forward, lying at full-length on the +floor. Then I got frightened, and ran away.” + +By a very great effort only could the commonwealth attorney control +his intense excitement. His voice, however, betrayed him as he asked +Trumence, after a solemn pause,-- + +“Why did you not come and tell us all that at once?” + +The vagabond shook his head, and said,-- + +“I meant to do so; but I was afraid. You ought to understand what I +mean. I was afraid I might be punished very severely for having run +off.” + +“Your silence has led the court to commit a grievous mistake.” + +“I had no idea M. Jacques would be found guilty. Big people like him, +who can pay great lawyers, always get out of trouble. Besides, I did +not think Count Claudieuse would carry out his threat. To be betrayed by +one’s wife is hard; but to send an innocent man to the galleys”-- + +“Still you see”-- + +“Ah, if I could have foreseen! My intentions were good; and I assure +you, although I did not come at once to denounce the whole thing, I was +firmly resolved to make a clean breast of it if M. Jacques should get +into trouble. And the proof of it is, that instead of running off, and +going far away, I very quietly lay concealed at the Red Lamb, waiting +for the sentence to be published. As soon as I heard what was done +last night, I did not lose an hour, and surrendered at once to the +gendarmes.” + +In the meantime, M. Galpin had overcome his first amazement, and now +broke out furiously,-- + +“This man is an impostor. The money he showed us was paid him to bear +false witness. How can we credit his story?” + +“We must investigate the matter,” replied M. Daubigeon. He rang the +bell; and, when the usher came in, he asked,-- + +“Have you done what I told you?” + +“Yes, sir,” replied the man. “M. de Boiscoran and the servant of Count +Claudieuse are here.” + +“Bring in the woman: when I ring, show M. de Boiscoran in.” + +This woman was a big country-girl, plain of face, and square of figure. +She seemed to be very much excited, and looked crimson in her face. + +“Do you remember,” asked M. Daubigeon, “that one night last week a man +came to your house, and asked to see your mistress?” + +“Oh, yes!” replied the honest girl. “I did not want to let him in at +first; but he said he came from the court, and then I let him in.” + +“Would you recognize him?” + +“Certainly.” + +The commonwealth attorney rang again; the door opened, and Jacques came +in, his face full of amazement and wonder. + +“That is the man!” cried the servant. + +“May I know?” asked the unfortunate man. + +“Not yet!” replied M. Daubigeon. “Go back, and be of good hope!” + +But Jacques remained standing where he was, like a man who has suddenly +been overcome, looking all around with amazed eyes, and evidently unable +to comprehend. + +How could he have comprehended what was going on? + +They had taken him out of his cell without warning; they had carried him +to the court-house; and here he was confronted with Trumence, whom he +thought he should never see again, and with the servant of the Countess +Claudieuse. + +M. Galpin looked the picture of consternation; and M. Daubigeon, radiant +with delight, bade him be of good hope. + +Hopeful of what? How? To what purpose? + +And Mechinet made him all kinds of signs. + +The usher who had brought him in had actually to take him out. + +Immediately the commonwealth attorney turned again to the servant-girl +and said,-- + +“Now, my good girl, can you tell me if any thing special happened in +connection with this gentleman’s visit at your house?” + +“There was a great quarrel between him and master and mistress.” + +“Were you present?” + +“No. But I am quite certain of what I say.” + +“How so?” + +“Well, I will tell you. When I went up stairs to tell the countess that +there was a gentleman below who came from the courts, she was in a great +hurry to go down, and told me to stay with the count, my master. Of +course, I did what she said. But no sooner was she down than I heard +a loud cry. Master, who had looked all in a stupor, heard it too: he +raised himself on his pillow, and asked me where my mistress was. I told +him, and he was just settling down to try and fall asleep again, when +the sound of loud voices came up to us. ‘That is very singular,’ said +master. I offered to go down and see what was the matter: but he told +me sharply not to stir an inch. And, when the voices became louder and +louder, he said, ‘I will go down myself. Give me my dressing-gown.’ + +“Sick as he was, exhausted, and almost on his deathbed, it was very +imprudent in him, and might easily have cost him his life. I ventured to +speak to him; but he swore at me, and told me to hush, and to do what he +ordered me to do. + +“The count--God be merciful to his soul!--was a very good man, +certainly; but he was a terrible man also, and when he got angry, and +talked in a certain way, everybody in the house began to tremble, even +mistress. + +“I obeyed, therefore, and did what he wanted. Poor man! He was so weak +he could hardly stand up, and had to hold on to a chair while I helped +him just to hang his dressing-gown over his shoulders. + +“Then I asked him if he would not let me help him down. But looking at +me with awful eyes, he said, ‘You will do me the favor to stay here, +and, whatever may happen, if you dare so much as open the door while I +am away, you shall not stay another hour in my service.’ + +“Then he went out, holding on to the wall; and I remained alone in the +chamber, all trembling, and feeling as sick as if I had known that a +great misfortune was coming upon us. + +“However, I heard nothing more for a time; and as the minutes passed +away, I was just beginning to reproach myself for having been so +foolishly alarmed, when I heard two cries; but, O sir! two such fearful, +sharp cries, that I felt cold shivers running all over me. + +“As I did not dare leave the room, I put my ear to the door, and I +heard distinctly the count’s voice, as he was quarrelling with another +gentleman. But I could not catch a single word, and only made out that +they were angry about a very serious matter. + +“All of a sudden, a great but dull noise, like that of the fall of a +heavy body, then another awful cry, I had not a drop of blood left in my +veins at that moment. + +“Fortunately, the other servants, who had gone to bed, had heard +something. They had gotten up, and were now coming down the passage. + +“I left the room at all hazards, and went down stairs with the others, +and there we found my mistress fainting in an armchair, and my master +stretched out at full-length, lying on the floor like a dead man.” + +“What did I say?” cried Trumence. + +But the commonwealth attorney made him a sign to keep quiet; and, +turning again to the girl, he asked,-- + +“And the visitor?” + +“He was gone, sir. He had vanished.” + +“What did you do then?” + +“We raised up the count: we carried him up stairs and laid him on his +bed. Then we brought mistress round again; and the valet went in haste +to fetch Dr. Seignebos.” + +“What said the countess when she recovered her consciousness?” + +“Nothing. Mistress looked like a person who has been knocked in the +head.” + +“Was there any thing else?” + +“Oh, yes, sir!” + +“What?” + +“The oldest of the young ladies, Miss Martha, was seized with terrible +convulsions.” + +“How was that?” + +“Why, I only know what miss told us herself.” + +“Let us hear what she said.” + +“Ah! It is a very singular story. When this gentleman whom I have just +seen here rang the bell at our gate, Miss Martha, who had already gone +to bed, got up again, and went to the window to see who it was. She saw +me go and open, with a candle in my hand, and come back again with the +gentleman behind me. She was just going to bed again, when she thought +she saw one of the statues in the garden move, and walk right off. We +told her it could not be so; but she did not mind us. She told us over +and over again that she was quite sure that she saw that statue come +up the avenue, and take a place behind the tree which is nearest to the +parlor-window.” + +Trumence looked triumphant. + +“That was I!” he cried. + +The girl looked at him, and said, only moderately surprised,-- + +“That may very well be.” + +“What do you know about it?” asked M. Daubigeon. + +“I know it must have been a man who had stolen into the garden, and who +had frightened Miss Martha so terribly, because Dr. Seignebos dropped, +in going out, a five-franc piece just at the foot of that tree, where +miss said she had seen the man standing. The valet who showed the doctor +out helped him look for his money; and, as they sought with the candle, +they saw the footprints of a man who wore iron-shod shoes.” + +“The marks of my shoes!” broke in Trumence again; and sitting down, and +raising his legs, he said to the magistrate,-- + +“Just look at my shoes, and you will see there is no lack of iron +nails!” + +But there was no need for such evidence; and he was told,-- + +“Never mind that! We believe you.” + +“And you, my good girl,” said M. Daubigeon again, “can you tell us, if, +after these occurrences, Count Claudieuse had any explanation with your +mistress?” + +“No, I do not know. Only I saw that the count and the countess were no +longer as they used to be with each other.” + +That was all she knew. She was asked to sign her deposition; and then M. +Daubigeon told her she might go. + +Then, turning to Trumence, he said,-- + +“You will be taken to jail now. But you are an honest man, and you need +not give yourself any trouble. Go now.” + +The magistrate and the commonwealth attorney remained alone now, since, +of course, a clerk counts for nothing. + +“Well,” said M. Daubigeon, “what do you think of that?” + +M. Galpin was dumfounded. + +“It is enough to make one mad,” he murmured. + +“Do you begin to see how that M. Folgat was right when he said the case +was far from being so clear as you pretended?” + +“Ah! who would not have been deceived as I was? You yourself, at one +time at least, were of my opinion. And yet, if the Countess Claudieuse +and M. de Boiscoran are both innocent, who is the guilty one?” + +“That is what we shall know very soon; for I am determined I will not +allow myself a moment’s rest till I have found out the truth of the +whole matter. How fortunate it was that this fatal error in form should +have made the sentence null and void!” + +He was so much excited, that he forgot his never-failing quotations. +Turning to the clerk, he said,-- + +“But we must not lose a minute. Put your legs into active motion, my +dear Mechinet, and run and ask M. Folgat to come here. I will wait for +him here.” + + + +III. + +When Dionysia, after leaving the Countess Claudieuse, came back to +Jacques’s parents and his friends, she said, radiant with hope,-- + +“Now victory is on our side!” + +Her grandfather and the Marquis de Boiscoran urged her to explain; +but she refused to say any thing, and only later, towards evening, she +confessed to M. Folgat what she had done with the countess, and that it +was more than probable that the count would, before he died, retract his +evidence. + +“That alone would save Jacques,” said the young advocate. + +But his hope only encouraged him to make still greater efforts; and, all +overcome as he was by his labors and emotions of the trial, he spent +the night in Grandpapa Chandore’s study, preparing with M. Magloire the +application they proposed to make for a new trial. + +They finished only when it was already broad daylight: so he did not +care to go to bed, and installed himself in a large easy-chair for the +purpose of getting a few hours’ rest. + +He had, however, not slept more than an hour, when old Anthony roused +him to tell him that there was an unknown man down stairs who asked to +see him instantly. + +M. Folgat rubbed his eyes, and at once went down: in the passage he +found himself face to face with a man of some fifty years, of rather +suspicious appearance, who wore his mustache and his chin-beard, and was +dressed in a tight coat and large trousers, such as old soldiers affect. + +“You are M. Folgat?” asked this man. + +“Yes.” + +“Well, I--I am the agent whom friend Goudar sent to England.” + +The young lawyer started, and asked,-- + +“Since when are you here?” + +“Since this morning, by express. Twenty-four hours too late, I know; +for I bought a newspaper at the station. M. de Boiscoran has been found +guilty. And yet I swear I did not lose a minute; and I have well earned +the gratuity which I was promised in case of success.” + +“You have been successful, have you?” + +“Of course. Did I not tell you in my letter from Jersey that I was sure +of success?” + +“You have found Suky?” + +“Twenty-four hours after I wrote to you,--in a public-house at Bonly +Bay. She would not come, the wretch!” + +“You have brought her, however?” + +“Of course. She is at the Hotel de France, where I have left her till I +could come and see you.” + +“Does she know any thing?” + +“Every thing.” + +“Make haste and bring her here.” + +From the time when M. Folgat first hoped for this recovery of the +servant-girl, he had made up his mind to make the most of her evidence. + +He had slipped a portrait of the Countess Claudieuse into an album of +Dionysia’s, amidst some thirty photographs. He now went for this album, +and had just put it upon the centre-table in the parlor when the agent +came back with his captive. + +She was a tall, stout woman of some forty years, with hard features, +masculine manners, and dressed, as all common English-women are, with +great pretensions to fashion. + +When M. Folgat questioned her, she answered in very fair, intelligible +French, which was only marred by her strong English accent,-- + +“I stayed four years at the house in Vine Street; and I should be there +still, but for the war. As soon as I entered upon my duties, I became +aware that I was put in charge of a house in which two lovers had their +meetings. I was not exactly pleased, because, you know, we have our +self-respect; but it was a good place. I had very little to do, and so I +staid. However, my master mistrusted me: I saw that very clearly. When +a meeting was to take place, my master sent me on some errand to +Versailles, to Saint Germain, or even to Orleans. This hurt me so much, +that I determined I would find out what they tried so hard to conceal +from me. It was not very difficult; and the very next week I knew that +my master was no more Sir Francis Burnett than I was; and that he had +borrowed the name from a friend of his.” + +“How did you go about to find it out?” + +“Oh! very simply. One day, when my master went away on foot, I followed +him, and saw him go into a house in University Street. Before the house +opposite, some servants were standing and talking. I asked them who +the gentleman was; and they told me it was the son of the Marquis de +Boiscoran.” + +“So much for the master; but the lady.” + +Suky Wood smiled. + +“As for the lady,” she replied, “I did the same thing to find her +out. It cost me, however, a great deal more time and a great deal more +patience, because she took the very greatest precautions; and I lost +more than one afternoon in watching her. But, the more she tried to +hide, the more I was curious to know, as a matter of course. At last, +one evening when she left the house in her carriage, I took a cab and +followed her. I traced her thus to her house; and next morning I talked +to the servants there, and they told me that she was a lady who lived +in the province, but came every year to Paris to spend a month with her +parents, and that her name was Countess Claudieuse.” + +And Jacques had imagined and strongly maintained that Suky would not +know any thing, in fact, could not know any thing! + +“But did you ever see this lady?” asked M. Folgat. + +“As well as I see you.” + +“Would you recognize her?” + +“Among thousands.” + +“And if you saw her portrait?” + +“I should know it at once.” + +M. Folgat handed her the album. + +“Well, look for her,” he said. + +She had found the likeness in a moment. + +“Here she is!” cried Suky, putting her finger on the photograph. + +There was no doubt any longer. + +“But now, Miss Suky,” said the young advocate, “you will have to repeat +all that before a magistrate.” + +“I will do so with pleasure. It is the truth.” + +“If that is so, they will send for you at your lodgings, and you will +please stay there till you are called. You need not trouble yourself +about any thing. You shall have whatever you want, and they will pay you +your wages as if you were in service.” + +M. Folgat had not time to say more; for Dr. Seignebos rushed in like a +tempest, and cried out at the top of his voice,-- + +“Victory! We are victorious now! Great Victory!” + +But he could not speak before Suky and the agent. They were sent off; +and, as soon as they had left the room, he said to M. Folgat,-- + +“I am just from the hospital. I have seen Goudar. He had done it. He had +made Cocoleu talk.” + +“And what does he say?” + +“Well, exactly what I knew he would say, as soon as they could loose +his tongue. But you will hear it all; for it is not enough that Cocoleu +should confess it to Goudar: there must be witnesses present to certify +to the confessions of the wretch.” + +“He will not talk before witnesses.” + +“He must not see them: they can be concealed. The place is admirably +adapted for such a purpose.” + +“But how, if Cocoleu refuses to talk after the witnesses have been +introduced?” + +“He will not. Goudar has found out a way to make him talk whenever he +wants it. Ah! that man is a clever man, and understands his business +thoroughly. Have you full confidence in him?” + +“Oh, entire!” + +“Well, he says he is sure he will succeed. ‘Come to-day,’ he said to me, +‘between one and two, with M. Folgat, the commonwealth attorney, and M. +Galpin: put yourself where I will show you, and then let me go to work.’ +Then he showed me the place where he wants us to remain, and told me how +we should let him know when we are all ready.” + +M. Folgat did not hesitate. + +“We have not a moment to lose. Let me go at once to the court-house.” + +But they were hardly in the passage when they were met by Mechinet, who +came running up out of breath, and half mad with delight. + +“M. Daubigeon sends me to say you must come to him at once. Great news! +Great news!” + +And immediately he told them in a few words what had happened in the +morning,--Trumence’s statement, and the deposition of the maid of +Countess Claudieuse. + +“Ah, now we are safe!” cried Dr. Seignebos. + +M. Folgat was pale with excitement. Still he proposed,-- + +“Let us tell the marquis and Miss Dionysia what is going on before we +leave the house.” + +“No,” said the doctor, “no! Let us wait till every thing is quite safe. +Let us go quick; let us go at once.” + +They were right to make haste. The magistrate and the commonwealth +attorney were waiting for them with the greatest impatience. As soon +as they came into the small room of the clerk’s office, M. Daubigeon +cried,-- + +“Well, I suppose Mechinet has told you all?” + +“Yes,” replied M. Folgat; “but we have some information of which you +have heard as yet nothing.” + +Then he told them that Suky Wood had arrived, and what she had given in +as evidence. + +M. Galpin had sunk into a chair, completely crushed by the weight of +so many proofs of his misapprehension of the case. There he sat without +saying a word, without moving a muscle. But M. Daubigeon was radiant. + +“Most assuredly,” he cried, “Jacques must be innocent!” + +“Most assuredly he is innocent!” said Dr. Seignebos; “and the proof of +it is, that I know who is guilty.” + +“Oh!” + +“And you will know too, if you will take the trouble of following me, +with M. Galpin, to the hospital.” + +It was just striking one; and not one of them all had eaten any thing +that morning. But they had no time to think of breakfast. + +Without a shadow of hesitation, M. Daubigeon turned to M. Galpin, and +said,-- + +“Will you come, Galpin?” + +The poor magistrate rose mechanically, after the manner of an automaton, +and they went out, creating no small sensation among the good people of +Sauveterre, when they appeared thus all in a group. + +M. Daubigeon spoke first to the lady superior of the hospital; and, +when he had explained to her what their purpose was in coming there, she +raised her eyes heavenward, and said with a sigh of resignation,-- + +“Well, gentlemen, do as you like, and I hope you will be successful; +for it is a sore trial for us poor sisters to have these continual +visitations in the name of the law.” + +“Please follow me, then, to the Insane Ward, gentlemen,” said the +doctor. + +They call the Insane Ward at the Sauveterre hospital a small, low +building, with a sanded court in front, and a tall wall around the +whole. The building is divided into six cells, each of which has two +doors,--one opening into the court, and the other an outside door for +the assistants and servants. + +It was to one of these latter doors that Dr. Seignebos led his friends. +And after having recommended to them the most perfect silence, so as not +to rouse Cocoleu’s suspicions, he invited them into one of the cells, +in which the door leading into the court had been closed. There was, +however, a little grated window in the upper part of the door, so that +they could, without being seen, both see and hear all that was said and +done in the court reserved for the use of the insane. + +Not two yards from the little window, Goudar and Cocoleu were sitting on +a wooden bench in the bright sunlight. + +By long study and a great effort of will, Goudar had succeeded in giving +to his face a most perfect expression of stupidity: even the people +belonging to the hospital thought he was more idiotic than the other. + +He held in his hand his violin, which the doctor had ordered to be left +to him; and he accompanied himself with a few notes, as he repeated the +same familiar song which he had sung on the New-Market Square when he +first accosted M. Folgat. + +Cocoleu, a large piece of bread-and-butter in one hand, and a big +clasp-knife in the other, was finishing his meal. + +But this music delighted him so intensely, that he actually forgot to +eat, and, with hanging lip and half-closed eyes, rocked himself to and +fro, keeping time with the measure. + +“They look hideous!” M. Folgat could not keep from whispering. In the +meantime Goudar, warned by the preconcerted signal, had finished his +song. He bent over, and drew from under the bench an enormous bottle, +from which he seemed to draw a considerable quantity of something +pleasant. + +Then he passed it to Cocoleu, who likewise began to pull, eagerly and +long, and with an expression of idiotic beatitude. Then patting his +stomach with his hands, he said,-- + +“That’s--that’s--that’s--good!” + +M. Daubigeon whispered into Dr. Seignebos’s ear,-- + +“Ah, I begin to see! I notice from Cocoleu’s eyes, that this practice +with the bottle must have been going on for some time already. Cocoleu +is drunk.” + +Goudar again took up his violin and repeated his song. + +“I--I--want--want to--to drink!” stammered Cocoleu. + +Goudar kept him waiting a little while, and then handed him the bottle. +The idiot threw back his head, and drank till he had lost his breath. +Then Goudar asked,-- + +“Ah! you did not have such good wine to drink at Valpinson?” + +“Oh, yes!” replied Cocoleu. + +“But as much as you wanted?” + +“Yes. Quite--enough.” + +And, laughing with some difficulty, he stammered, and stuttered out,-- + +“I got--got into the cellar through one of the windows; and I +drank--drank through--through a--a straw.” + +“You must be sorry you are no longer there?” + +“Oh, yes!” + +“But, if you were so well off at Valpinson, why did you set it on fire?” + +The witnesses of the strange scene crowded to the little window of the +cell, and held their breath with eager expectation. + +“I wanted to burn some fagots only, to make the count come out. It was +not my fault, if the whole house got on fire.” + +“And why did you want to kill the count?” + +“Because I wanted the great lady to marry M. de Boiscoran.” + +“Ah! She told you to do it, did she?” + +“Oh, no! But she cried so much; and then she told me she would be so +happy if her husband were dead. And she was always good to Cocoleu; and +the count was always bad; and so I shot him.” + +“Well! But why, then, did you say it was M. de Boiscoran who shot the +count?” + +“They said at first it was me. I did not like that. I would rather they +should cut off his head than mine.” + +He shuddered as he said this, so that Goudar, afraid of having gone +rather too fast, took up his violin, and gave him a verse of his song +to quiet him. Then accompanying his words still now and then with a few +notes, and after having allowed Cocoleu to caress his bottle once more, +he asked again,-- + +“Where did you get a gun?” + +“I--I had taken it from the count to shoot birds: and I--I have it +still--still. It is hid in the hole where Michael found me.” + +Poor Dr. Seignebos could not stand it any longer. He suddenly pushed +open the door, and, rushing into the court, he cried,-- + +“Bravo, Goudar! Well done!” + +At the noise, Cocoleu had started up. He evidently understood it all; +for terror drove the fumes of the wine out of his mind in an instant, +and he looked frightened to death. + +“Ah, you scoundrel!” he howled. + +And, throwing himself upon Goudar, he plunged his knife twice into him. + +The movement was so rapid and so sudden, that it had been impossible to +prevent it. Pushing M. Folgat violently back as he tried to disarm him, +Cocoleu leaped into a corner of the court, and there, looking like a +wild beast driven to bay, his eyes bloodshot, his mouth foaming, he +threatened with his formidable knife to kill any one who should come +near him. + +At the cries of M. Daubigeon and M. Galpin, the assistants in the +hospital came rushing in. The struggle, however, would probably have +been a long one, notwithstanding their numbers, if one of the keepers +had not, with great presence of mind, climbed up to the top of the +wall, and caught the arm of the wretch in a noose. By these means he was +thrown down in a moment, disarmed, and rendered harmless. + +“You--you may--may do--do what you--you choose; I--I won’t say--say +another w-w-word!” + +In the meantime, poor Dr. Seignebos, who had unwillingly caused the +catastrophe, was distressed beyond measure; still he hastened to the +assistance of Goudar, who lay insensible on the sand of the court. The +two wounds which the detective had received were quite serious, but not +fatal, or even very dangerous, as the knife had been turned aside by +the ribs. He was at once carried into one of the private rooms of the +hospital, and soon recovered his consciousness. + +When he saw all four of the gentlemen bending anxiously over his bed, he +murmured with a mournful smile,-- + +“Well, was I not right when I said that my profession is a rascally +profession?” + +“But you are at liberty now to give it up,” replied M. Folgat, “provided +always a certain house in Vine Street should not prove too small for +your ambition.” + +The pale face of the detective recovered its color for a moment. + +“Will they really give it to me?” he asked. + +“Since you have discovered the real criminal, and handed him over to +justice.” + +“Well, then, I will bless these wounds: I feel that I shall be up +again in a fortnight. Give me quick pen and ink, that I may write my +resignation immediately, and tell my wife the good news.” + +He was interrupted by the entrance of one of the officers of the +court, who, walking up to the commonwealth attorney, said to him +respectfully,-- + +“Sir, the priest from Brechy is waiting for you at your office.” + +“I am coming directly,” replied M. Daubigeon. + +And, turning to his companions, he said,-- + +“Let us go, gentlemen.” + +The priest was waiting, and rose quickly from his chair when he saw M. +Daubigeon enter, accompanied by M. Galpin, M. Folgat, and Dr. Seignebos. + +“Perhaps you wish to speak to me alone, sir?” asked M. Daubigeon. + +“No, sir,” replied the old priest, “no! The words of reparation which +have been intrusted to me must be uttered publicly.” And handing him a +letter, he added,-- + +“Read this. Please read it aloud.” + +The commonwealth attorney tore the envelope with a tremulous hand, an +then read,-- + +“Being about to die as a Christian, as I have lived as a Christian, I +owe it to myself, I owe it to God whom I have offended, and I owe it to +those men whom I have deceived, to declare the truth. + +“Actuated by hatred, I have been guilty of giving false evidence in +court, and of stating wrongfully that M. de Boiscoran is the man who +shot at me, and that I recognized him in the act. + +“I did not only not recognize him, but I know that he is innocent. I am +sure of it; and I swear it by all I hold sacred in this world which I +am about to leave, and in that world in which I must appear before my +sovereign Judge. + +“May M. de Boiscoran pardon me as I pardon myself. + +“TRIVULCE COUNT CLAUDIEUSE.” + +“Poor man!” murmured M. Folgat. + +The priest at once went on,-- + +“You see, gentlemen, Count Claudieuse withdraws his charge +unconditionally. He asks for nothing in return: he only wants the truth +to be established. And yet I beg leave to express the last wishes of a +dying man. I beseech you, in the new trial, to make no mention of the +name of the countess.” + +Tears were seen in all eyes. + +“You may rest assured, reverend father,” said M. Daubigeon, “that Count +Claudieuse’s last wishes shall be attended to. The name of the countess +shall not appear. There will be no need for it. The secret of her wrongs +shall be religiously kept by those who know it.” + +It was four o’clock now. + +An hour later there arrived at the court-house a gendarme and Michael, +the son of the Boiscoran tenant, who had been sent out to ascertain if +Cocoleu’s statement was true. They brought back the gun which the wretch +had used, and which he had concealed in that den which he had dug +out for himself in the forest of Rochepommier, and where Michael had +discovered him the day after the crime. + +Henceforth Jacques’s innocence was as clear as daylight; and although +he had to bear the burden of his sentence till the judgment was declared +void, it was decided, with the consent of the president of the court, +M. Domini, and the active cooperation of M. Gransiere, that he should be +set free that same evening. + +M. Folgat and M. Magloire were charged with the pleasant duty of +informing the prisoner of this happy news. They found him walking up and +down in his cell like a madman, devoured by unspeakable anguish, and not +knowing what to make of the words of hope which M. Daubigeon had spoken +to him in the morning. + +He was hopeful, it is true; and yet when he was told that he was safe, +that he was free, he sank, an inert mass, into a chair, being less able +to bear joy than sorrow. + +But such emotions are not apt to last long. A few moments later, and +Jacques de Boiscoran, arm in arm with his counsel, left his prison, +in which he had for several months suffered all that an honest man can +suffer. He had paid a fearful penalty for what, in the eyes of so many +men, is but a trifling wrong. + +When they reached the street in which the Chandores lived, M. Folgat +said to his client,-- + +“They do not expect you, I am sure. Go slowly, while I go ahead to +prepare them.” + +He found Jacques’s parents and friends assembled in the parlor, +suffering great anxiety; for they had not been able to ascertain if +there were any truth in the vague rumors which had reached them. + +The young advocate employed the utmost caution in preparing them for the +truth; but at the first words Dionysia asked,-- + +“Where is Jacques?” + +Jacques was kneeling at her feet, overcome with gratitude and love. + + + +V. + +The next day the funeral of Count Claudieuse took place. His youngest +daughter was buried at the same time; and in the evening the Countess +left Sauveterre, to make her home henceforth with her father in Paris. + + + +In the proper course of the law, the sentence which condemned Jacques +was declared null and void; and Cocoleu, found guilty of having +committed the crime at Valpinson, was sentenced to hard labor for life. + +A month later Jacques de Boiscoran was married at the church in Brechy +to Dionysia de Chandore. The witnesses for the bridegroom were M. +Magloire and Dr. Seignebos; the witnesses for the bride, M. Folgat and +M. Daubigeon. + +Even the excellent commonwealth attorney laid aside on that day some of +his usual gravity. He continually repeated,-- + + “Nunc est bibendum, nunc pede libero + Pulsanda tellus.” + +And he really did drink his glass of wine, and opened the ball with the +bride. + +M. Galpin, who was sent to Algiers, was not present at the wedding. But +M. Mechinet was there, quite brilliant, and, thanks to Jacques, free +from all pecuniary troubles. + +The two Blangins, husband and wife, have well-nigh spent the whole of +the large sums of money which they extorted from Dionysia. Trumence, +private bailiff at Boiscoran, is the terror of all vagrants. + +And Goudar, in his garden and nursery, sells the finest peaches in +Paris. + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg’s Within an Inch of His Life, by Emile Gaboriau + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WITHIN AN INCH OF HIS LIFE *** + +***** This file should be named 3336-0.txt or 3336-0.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/3/3/3336/ + +Produced by Dagny; John Bickers; David Widger + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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