### Question: Describe the physical and economic landscape of the jurisdiction as outlined in the plan. Include the name of the planning jurisdiction, its location, population, demographics, and average income. Include major geographic features such as mountains, rivers, deserts, and coastline, as well as any key infrastructure like airports or seaports. Highlight details about the local climate, including any mentions of aridity or water challenges. Additionally, summarize the city’s energy production (oil, gas, renewables) and natural resources, and provide information about industries and economic drivers that are crucial to the region.
**Answer:**
**Planning Jurisdiction and Location:**

- *Clarksville-Montgomery County*, Tennessee

**Demographics:**

- Population: As of 2014, *Clarksville-Montgomery County had a total population of 184,119*.
- Health Statistics: According to the American Lung Association’s report on Montgomery County, TN, *4,086 children and 10,169 adults have been diagnosed with asthma, 10,909 residents have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and 146 have been diagnosed with lung cancer*.

**Geographic Features and Climate:**

- Lack of explicit description regarding major geographical features such as mountains, rivers, deserts, or coastlines. However, aspects of poor air quality and pollution are noted, relating to emissions and ground-level ozone (Air Quality).
- Climate Information: The plan mentions *ground-level ozone* and particulate matter as specific air quality challenges impacting health and the environment (Air Quality). 
- Water Challenges: Highlighted through the focus on *water quality and stormwater management*, noting the importance of addressing polluted runoff and implementing systems like stormwater drain filters (Stormwater Management).

**Economic Landscape:**

- Economic Initiatives: The report places emphasis on environmentally sustainable practices to **"market and compete for “green” jobs."** The community is encouraged to foster economic growth by positioning itself as a progressive sustainable community to solicit businesses focused on sustainability.
- Energy Production and Conservation: 
  - The emphasis is placed on energy conservation, with initiatives such as the *CMC Green Certification Program*, which involves reducing energy and water consumption among local organizations (Energy Conservation and Efficiency).
  - Limited specific details about exact sources of energy production (like oil, gas, or renewables) are mentioned.
  
**Key Economic Areas:**

- Industries and Economic Drivers: 
  - The plan includes industries and manufacturing efforts in the sustainability initiatives but does not elaborate in detail about major industrial or economic drivers specific to the region.
  - The planned initiatives are expected to assist in positioning Clarksville-Montgomery County for state and federal sustainability-related grants and incentives.

**Education and Infrastructure:**

- Educational Initiatives: The plan addresses educational components, including recycling teams in schools and STEM externships to foster awareness and understanding of environmental sustainability among the community’s youth and educators (Education).
  
**Key Infrastructure:**

- No explicit mention of specific key infrastructure such as airports or seaports included in the document.

The plan is committed to fostering **"environmental, social, and economic progress"** aligning with its mission statement, and it emphasizes improved air quality standards, stormwater management, and energy conservation without delving into detailed landscape attributes (Mission Statement and Guiding Principles).

### Question: To what extent does the plan address resilience, mitigation, and adaptation? After providing a brief summary of how it addresses each component, classify the plan as a whole as one of the following: mitigation dedicated, adaptation/resilience dedicated, mitigation only climate action plan, mitigation primary climate action plan, equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan, or sustainable/green plan.
**Resilience:**  
The plan addresses resilience primarily through policies aimed at maintaining essential functions and adapting to changes. For example, the plan includes strategies for better stormwater management such as installing stormwater drain filters on 5% of city stormwater drains by December 2017, minimizing polluted runoff, and developing a stormwater drain maintenance schedule. The plan also emphasizes using existing planning tools as resilient components in the ecosystem, such as parks serving multiple functions like flood mitigation and pollution reduction. *"Work to build upon existing tools of the planning and development process to support long term decision making."* (ECONOMIC SOCIALENVIRONMENTAL - Good water quality is a fundamental building block of a good quality of life.)

**Mitigation:**  
Mitigation efforts in the plan focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions, promoting energy conservation, and waste management. The plan promotes practices such as the use of public transportation, carpooling, reducing idling, and driving alternative fuel vehicles. Moreover, it emphasizes recycling, energy, and water conservation as part of the CMC Green Certification program, which over 100 organizations have completed. *"These organizations have voluntarily chosen to be a part of a program that requires the reduction of trash output, recycling, energy and water conservation and encouraging employees to do the same at work and at home."* (Reducing Environmental Impacts)

**Adaptation:**  
The adaptation aspect is addressed through strategies that prepare and adjust systems to minimize harm due to climate change. The plan emphasizes water quality and conservation, recognizing water as a crucial health and economic resource, necessary for both everyday life and resilience against climate impacts. It highlights the importance of addressing water issues and developing effective stormwater management practices. *"Water quality is an issue that must be addressed. Not only is water a crucial health resource, water is also an economic resource that is vital for food and livelihoods."* (SOCIALENVIRONMENTALGood water quality)

**Classification:**  
The Clarksville-Montgomery County Sustainability Report can be classified as a **sustainable/green plan**. It comprehensively addresses sustainability through equal emphasis on resilience, mitigation, adaptation, and education, with a focus on creating a holistic community plan rather than concentrating on one specific climate action component.

### Question: Does the plan describe a scenario of climate change the planning jurisdiction will face and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation? If so, please summarize any such scenario.
The provided document does not explicitly outline a scenario of climate change that Clarksville-Montgomery County will face. It instead focuses on establishing environmental sustainability practices without detailing specific climate change scenarios. The document includes goals and strategies for reducing environmental impacts, such as improving air quality by replacing buses with hybrid technology, encouraging public transportation, and sustainable stormwater management using Low-Impact Development (LID) methods. Here are some relevant excerpts:

- "Adopt a regional perspective with local goals for resource management." (Background)
- "Encourage sustainable practices that will mitigate flood damage." (Community Feedback)
- "Air Quality... future goals: CTS’s fleet of fixed route buses will emit fewer emissions, consume less diesel fuel to improve air quality." (Air Quality)

These strategies reflect general climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation without describing a specific anticipated climate change scenario.

### Question: What climate hazards does the plan identify as presenting climate risks for the planning jurisdiction? For each identified climate hazard, summarize the plan’s description of: 1. The climate hazard. 2. The climate risks it poses to the planning jurisdiction. 3. Areas or populations with the most climate vulnerability to the identified climate hazard.Generate a numbered list of every hazard identified in the plan. Make the list as long as necessary to accomodate every single hazard.
Based on the provided text, the plan identifies the following climate hazards and their associated risks:

1. **Air Quality Challenges**
   - **Description of Climate Hazard:** The plan describes poor air quality as resulting from "emissions from various sources, both natural and 'human-caused'" and identifies specific air pollutants such as ground level ozone, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide as contributors to poor air quality (Section: Air Quality).
   - **Climate Risks:** Poor air quality is said to "endanger human health and/or the environment" (Section: Air Quality).
   - **Vulnerable Areas or Populations:** The plan highlights the impact on health, noting that certain individuals have been diagnosed with "asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer" which are affected by air quality challenges (Section: Air Quality). 

The text does not provide details on specific climate vulnerabilities for areas or populations related to other potential hazards, or more context on the broader array of climate hazards, if any exist. Therefore, other hazards and related vulnerabilities cannot be enumerated without additional information from the document.

### Question: What resilience options are identified in the plan? For each option, summarize: 1. The specific climate threat it addresses; 2. Details on cost, timeframe, and location, including any references found in tables, charts, or images that might contain this data; 3. Other important attributes, such as economic, environmental, or infrastructural considerations.
The plan identifies several **resilience options** aimed at addressing various climate threats. Below is a summary using information directly extracted from the document:

### 1. Installation of Stormwater Drain Filters
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** This measure is aimed at mitigating flooding and pollution arising from stormwater runoff.
- **Details:**
  - **Cost:** The plan does not explicitly discuss the cost.
  - **Timeframe:** The goal is to install stormwater drain filters on 5% of city storm drains by December 2017.
  - **Location:** The specific location within Clarksville-Montgomery County is not mentioned.
- **Other Important Attributes:**
  - **Environmental Considerations:** This action helps in minimizing polluted runoff from buildings and industries.
  - **Economic Considerations:** Good water quality is emphasized as vital for health, food, livelihoods, industry, and energy sources like hydropower and steam power, indicating the economic importance of maintaining clean water resources.

### 2. Expansion of Greenspace
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** This action addresses urban heat and provides additional benefits of recreation and floodwater management.
  - **Cost:** Not specified in the plan.
  - **Timeframe:** A county park is scheduled to open in 2018 to expand greenspace in the downtown area.
  - **Location:** Downtown area of Clarksville-Montgomery County.
  - **Environmental and Infrastructural Considerations:** Greenspaces function as sustainable ecosystem components, aiding in ecological health by providing habitats for local plant and animal species and serving as stormwater catch basins.

### 3. Stormwater Management Enhancements
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addresses threats related to water pollution and urban flooding.
  - **Cost and Timeframe:** Specific cost details are not provided. References to ongoing infrastructure improvements point to continuous and evolving efforts.
  - **Location:** While the plan doesn’t specify particular sites, it suggests a broader application across the jurisdiction.
  - **Infrastructural Considerations:** The plan includes developing a stormwater drain maintenance schedule and encourages sustainable practices to mitigate flood damage.

Overall, these resilience options aim to address specific climate threats and bring additional benefits by enhancing environmental quality and infrastructure resilience within the community.

### Question: What mitigation options does the plan identify? For each identified mitigation option, summarize the information provided in the plan regarding cost, timing, location, and other important attributes.
The plan identifies several mitigation options, which are summarized below with the available information on cost, timing, location, and other attributes:

1. **Stormwater Management Improvements:**
   - **Details:** "Install stormwater drain filters on 5% of city stormwater drains by December 2017." This indicates an effort to reduce pollutants in stormwater runoff and improve water quality.
   - **Cost:** Not specified in the document.
   - **Timing:** Completion targeted by December 2017.
   - **Location:** City stormwater drains.
   - **Other Attributes:** Part of a broader strategy to minimize polluted runoff from buildings and industry and develop a stormwater drain maintenance schedule.

2. **Public Transportation Enhancements:**
   - **Details:** "CTS’s fleet of fixed route buses will emit fewer emissions, consume less diesel fuel to improve air quality." This includes scheduled replacement of higher mileage buses with new hybrid technology buses.
   - **Timing:** Five more buses scheduled for replacement in 2018.
   - **Location:** Clarksville Transit System (CTS).
   - **Other Attributes:** Efforts are aimed at reducing overall emissions and improving air quality within the city.

3. **Traffic Operation Improvements:**
   - **Details:** Implementation of "traffic operations monitoring/control system on Wilma Rudolph Boulevard to improve traffic flow and reduce idling."
   - **Timing:** Not explicitly stated, but part of ongoing and future goals.
   - **Location:** Wilma Rudolph Boulevard and potentially expanded to other high-volume corridors.
   - **Other Attributes:** The system is aimed at reducing idling in the regional commercial area and other high traffic corridors.

4. **Encouragement of Carpooling and Reduced Idling:**
   - **Details:** "Increase the use of public transportation and encourage carpooling." Also, the development of "no idling policies for non-emergency government vehicles" and "add no-idling signage to parking lots and other areas where idling is prevalent."
   - **Timing:** Not explicitly stated.
   - **Location:** Citywide initiatives.
   - **Other Attributes:** These measures are designed to reduce vehicle emissions and promote sustainable commuting practices.

5. **Development of Green Spaces:**
   - **Details:** "A County park scheduled to open in 2018 will expand greenspace in the downtown area."
   - **Timing:** Targeted for opening in 2018.
   - **Location:** Downtown area of Clarksville.
   - **Other Attributes:** The park aims to enhance the urban environment, promote biodiversity, and provide recreational space.

6. **Improvements in Energy Conservation and Efficiency:**
   - **Details:** Includes focus on energy conservation efforts in "City and County departments as well as business and industry."
   - **Timing:** Ongoing and future efforts.
   - **Location:** City and County departments.
   - **Other Attributes:** These measures are part of an overarching strategy to reduce energy consumption and improve energy efficiency across sectors.

The plan emphasizes a multifaceted approach to mitigation, involving transportation improvements, stormwater management, energy efficiency, and increased green infrastructure, though specific costs are generally not detailed in the document.

### Question: What mitigation options does the plan identify? For each identified mitigation option, summarize the information provided in the plan regarding cost, timeframe, location, and other important attributes.
The plan identifies several mitigation options aimed at reducing GHG emissions and improving energy efficiency. Below is a summary of each identified mitigation option along with any information provided regarding cost, timeframe, location, and other important attributes:

1. **Hybrid Technology Buses**
   - **Description:** The Clarksville Transit System (CTS) has been replacing older, higher mileage buses with new hybrid technology buses.
   - **Cost:** Not specified in the plan.
   - **Timeframe:** Between 2010 and 2016, nine buses were replaced; an additional five more buses are scheduled for replacement in 2018. The future goal includes ongoing fleet replacement to emit fewer emissions and consume less diesel fuel.
   - **Location:** City of Clarksville.
   - **Attributes:** This initiative is part of efforts to improve air quality by reducing emissions from public transportation (*Air Quality*).

2. **Transitioning School Bus Engines to Propane**
   - **Description:** The Clarksville-Montgomery County School System is replacing 15 diesel-fueled bus engines with propane-fueled engines.
   - **Timeframe:** These changes are expected to go into service by August 2017.
   - **Location:** Clarksville-Montgomery County.
   - **Attributes:** It is a move to increase efficiency and reduce the carbon footprint of school transportation (*Air Quality*).

3. **Energy Conservation and Efficiency Improvements**
   - **Description:** The plan emphasizes improvements in energy conservation and energy efficiency across City and County departments as well as business and industry.
   - **Timeframe:** Ongoing efforts are mentioned without specific deadlines.
   - **Location:** City of Clarksville and Montgomery County.
   - **Attributes:** These improvements aim to reduce energy consumption and GHG emissions associated with municipal operations and local businesses (*Air Quality*).

The plan does not provide specific cost estimations for each of the listed mitigation options. Similarly, the exact timeframes and location specifications mainly relate to the broader context of Clarksville-Montgomery County. The emphasis is placed on long-term improvements in air quality and energy use.

### Question: What adaptation options does the plan identify? For each identified adaptation option, summarize: 1. The climate threat it is addressing. 2. Information provided in the plan regarding cost, timeframe, location, and other important attributes.
The plan identifies several adaptation options within different sections, focusing on enhancing resilience through various strategies. Below are the adaptation options identified along with the climate threats they address and details concerning cost, timeframe, location, and other important attributes as per the plan:

### Stormwater Management:
- **Adaptation Option:** Installation of stormwater drain filters and development of a maintenance schedule.
  - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This adaptation option addresses the threat of flooding and pollution caused by stormwater runoff.
  - **Details:** 
    - **Cost/Timeframe:** Install filters on 5% of city stormwater drains by December 2017. 
    - **Location:** Not specifically mentioned, applies to the planning jurisdiction.
    - **Attributes:** Includes educating the community on sustainable practices to mitigate flood damage and reduce polluted runoff from buildings and industries.

### Water Quality and Water Conservation:
- **Adaptation Option:** Implementing Low-Impact Development (LID) methods.
  - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Aims to address the issue of stormwater management, preserving water quality, and reducing runoff that can lead to flooding.
  - **Details:**
    - **Cost/Timeframe:** Development of incentives for green building to promote LID methods. Specific cost or timeframe not detailed in the plan.
    - **Location:** Planning jurisdiction with emphasis on collaboration with state and federal levels.
    - **Attributes:** Promotes small-scale landscape practices aligning with natural drainage features to mimic predevelopment hydrological conditions.

### Green Infrastructure:
- **Adaptation Option:** Adoption and expansion of green infrastructure practices.
  - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Focuses on managing stormwater effectively while providing additional environmental and social benefits, such as recreational opportunities and enhanced air quality.
    - **Cost/Timeframe:** Not specified in terms of cost and timeframe.
    - **Location:** Regionally interconnected open spaces.
    - **Attributes:** Incorporates interconnected natural areas for water quality improvement and recreational habitat provision.

### Park Development:
- **Adaptation Option:** Utilize parks as sustainable components of the ecosystem.
  - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addresses flood mitigation and stormwater runoff through natural absorption and filtration processes.
    - **Cost/Timeframe:** No specific details on cost or timeframe.
    - **Location:** Within the planning jurisdiction.
    - **Attributes:** Emphasizes parks as multifunctional spaces that support ecological, economic development, and community enhancements.

### Public Transportation and Infrastructure:
- **Adaptation Option:** Improving public transportation and infrastructure to reduce idling and enhance air quality.
  - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addresses traffic-related emissions contributing to poor air quality.
    - **Cost/Timeframe:** Includes replacing buses with hybrid technology by 2018 and continuing roadway improvements to 2020.
    - **Location:** Focus on congested intersections and high volume traffic areas in the planning jurisdiction.
    - **Attributes:** Emphasizes the use of hybrid technology in public transit and improved traffic management systems to reduce emissions and idling.

Each of these adaptation options seeks to build resilience against identified climate-related threats, incorporating a mix of structural, institutional, and community-involved approaches to fostering sustainability and addressing climate impacts in a comprehensive manner.

### Question: What climate policies does the plan identify to advance climate justice? For each climate policy, summarize: 1. The climate threat it is addressing. 2. Areas or populations with the most climate vulnerability to the identified climate hazard.
The plan identifies several climate policies aimed at advancing climate justice. However, specific policies focused explicitly on climate justice are not directly mentioned in the document. Instead, the plan provides broader environmental and sustainability policies that could implicitly benefit climate justice through their focus on environmental sustainability, public health, and community engagement.

### **Climate Policies and Relevant Information:**

- **Education and Communication:**
  - **Threat Addressed:** Lack of public awareness and involvement in sustainability efforts.
  - **Vulnerable Populations:** General public, schools, businesses, industry, city and county officials, and specific civic groups. This broad approach to education aims to enhance awareness across various community segments to empower all population groups regarding sustainability actions. (See: *Education*)
  
- **Promoting Public Transportation and Carpooling:**
  - **Threat Addressed:** Air pollution and traffic congestion contributing to poor air quality.
  - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Residents in urban areas with high traffic congestion, who might be more exposed to air pollution from vehicular emissions. The plan aims to enhance public transportation and carpooling options as a means to reduce emissions. (See: *Air Quality*)
  
- **Waste Management and Recycling Programs:**
  - **Threat Addressed:** Waste management challenges leading to environmental degradation.
  - **Vulnerable Populations:** Populations near waste disposal sites and areas lacking convenient access to waste management facilities. The community is focusing on waste reduction efforts like recycling and proper waste disposal to mitigate these threats. (See: *Waste Reduction*)
  
- **Conservation and Efficiency Initiatives:**
  - **Threat Addressed:** Energy inefficiencies contributing to increased emissions.
  - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Households and businesses facing high energy costs, potentially exacerbating economic vulnerability. The plan's energy conservation measures aim to reduce energy consumption and increase efficiency, benefiting economically disadvantaged groups. (See: *Energy Conservation and Efficiency*)

In summary, while the document does not explicitly focus on climate justice, its policies inherently support climate justice goals by addressing broader environmental and sustainability issues that, when mitigated, lead to reduced vulnerability among all population groups, particularly those economically or environmentally disadvantaged.

### Question: Identify any potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies. For each identified climate policy, summarize: 1. The climate threat it is addressing. 2. The resilience, mitigation, or adaptation option that the climate policy proposes. 3. Why it may cause inadvertent maladaption.
The plan does not explicitly mention or identify any potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies. Therefore, based on the details available, I am unable to provide specific examples of climate policies that might cause inadvertent maladaptation. 

**Note**: If there are plans or policies not directly listed as maladaptive, they would need to be interpreted or analyzed further in detail than what is available in the current document provided.

### Question: In what ways does the plan measure the success or failure of each adaptation, resilience, and mitigation option? List any specific metrics used, such as reductions in CO2 emissions, improvements in air quality, or other quantifiable impacts. Identify the exact units (e.g., tons, percentages, index values) mentioned in the plan for tracking these outcomes. Additionally, outline any concrete goals or targets set for each option, including deadlines or specific numerical objectives.
The plan does not specify metrics, units, or targets for tracking the success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options. Instead, it outlines goals and activities in various domains. Below is a summary of relevant sections:

### General Goals and Initiatives:
- **Air Quality Improvements**:
  - *Metrics/Targets*: While no specific numerical targets or metrics are mentioned, there are plans for the reduction of idling at congested intersections and improvements in traffic flow, with the aim of reducing emissions.
  - *Future Goals*: "CTS’s fleet of fixed route buses will emit fewer emissions, consume less diesel fuel to improve air quality." (Air Quality)

- **Public Transportation and Traffic Improvements**:
  - The replacement of higher mileage buses with hybrid technology buses: "CTS is scheduled to replace five more higher mileage buses with new hybrid technology buses in 2018, for a total of 14 hybrid buses out of a 22 bus fleet." (Air Quality)
  - Expansion of traffic operations monitoring/control systems: "The City of Clarksville will implement traffic operations monitoring/control system...and expand the traffic operations system to other high volume traffic corridors." (Air Quality)
  - Encouragement of carpooling and increased public transportation use: "Increase the use of public transportation and encourage carpooling." (Air Quality)

### Education and Communication:
- **Goals**:
  - "Establish measurement tools and feedback methods to track results and effectiveness." (Education)
  
### Specific Community Interventions:
- No direct quantifiable metrics are provided for these activities, but there is emphasis on public involvement and education.

### Community Feedback and Surveys:
- Surveys measure public perception and participation in sustainability efforts, but there are no specific metrics related to environmental impact outcomes.

The plan emphasizes sustainability, air quality improvements, and public involvement but lacks detailed metrics or deadlines for measuring success in terms of climate adaptation, resilience, or mitigation.

### Question: Generate a table that summarizes the following features from the document: Location/City Name, Population, Threats Identified, Measures Identified
```markdown
| Feature            | Details                                                                                                                                                                            |
|--------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Clarksville-Montgomery County                                                                                                                                                       |
| **Population**         | Not specified in the document                                                                                                                                                     |
| **Threats Identified** | • Climate change contributions from carbon emissions<br> • Water quality issues affect health, economy, and industry<br> • Flood damage potential based on stormwater management issues |
| **Measures Identified**| • Use of public transportation and carpooling to improve air quality<br> • Educational initiatives for increased sustainability awareness<br> • Stormwater drain maintenance schedule<br> • Installation of stormwater drain filters<br> • Development of tax breaks for green building and Low-Impact Development (LID) methods |
```

### Planning Jurisdiction Details

- **Name:** City of Hartford
- **Location:** Hartford serves as the state capital of Connecticut, United States. The document does not provide specific geographic features like mountains, rivers, deserts, or coastline, nor does it mention key infrastructure like airports or seaports.
- **Population:** Home to 125,000 residents.
- **Demographics:** The document provides limited demographic details beyond the population count.
- **Average Income:** The document does not specify the average income of residents.

### Economic Landscape

- **Businesses and Institutions:** Hartford hosts a wide array of businesses, including some of the largest insurance companies. The city is also a hub for numerous non-profit agencies and educational institutions.

### Infrastructure and Development

- **Municipal Management:** The city manages 112 municipal buildings and 630 additional housing complexes, foreclosed properties, and vacant land.

### Climate and Environmental Concerns

- **Climate Details:** The plan does not provide specific details about the local climate such as aridity or water challenges.

### Energy Production and Natural Resources

- **Energy Goals:** Hartford pledged to reduce energy use by 20% and obtain 20% of its energy from renewable sources by 2018 as part of the US Mayors Climate Protection Agreement.
- **Energy Sources:** The city uses a variety of energy sources:
  - **Electricity:** Distributed by CL&P, supplied by Aequitas.
  - **Natural Gas:** Provided by Connecticut Natural Gas (CNG).
  - **Steam and Chilled Water:** Delivered by Hartford Steam to certain facilities.
  - **Oil:** Used for heating in outlying buildings, primarily pump stations.
- **Energy Conservation Initiatives:** Includes the installation of renewable energy systems and efforts to raise public awareness.

### Economic Drivers

- The document identifies the city's efforts to reduce energy costs, expand the tax base, and provide employment opportunities as central to its initiatives. However, it does not specify other economic drivers or natural resources related to industries within the region.

**Resilience:**

The plan emphasizes resilience through the use of Energy Improvement Districts (EIDs) and green infrastructure. EIDs aim to enhance the "flexibility and reliability of power sources" and offer more rights in addressing concerns related to power generation and distribution ("CITY OF HARTFORD ENERGY ACTION PLAN SEPTEMBER 2014," p. 9). Green infrastructure involves utilizing "vegetation, soils, and other natural elements" to manage stormwater and reduce the urban heat island effect, thereby improving neighborhood livability and resilience against climate impacts ("CITY OF HARTFORD ENERGY ACTION PLAN SEPTEMBER 2014," p. 9).

**Mitigation:**

The plan includes several strategies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, qualifying it under mitigation efforts. It sets the ambitious goal of reducing "energy consumption in its buildings by 20% and purchasing at least 20% of the electricity consumed by municipal facilities from clean, renewable energy sources by 2018" ("CITY OF HARTFORD ENERGY ACTION PLAN SEPTEMBER 2014," p. 3). It also identifies projects and programmatic targets, such as solar installations and combined heat and power systems, as central to meeting these goals ("CITY OF HARTFORD ENERGY ACTION PLAN SEPTEMBER 2014," p. 11).

**Adaptation:**

Adaptation is addressed through green infrastructure projects that aim to manage stormwater and counteract the urban heat island effect, thereby helping the city to adapt to changing climate conditions ("CITY OF HARTFORD ENERGY ACTION PLAN SEPTEMBER 2014," p. 9).

**Classification:**

Based on its strong focus on reducing energy consumption and increasing renewable energy use, alongside its green infrastructure initiatives, the plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. While it includes some resilience and adaptation components through green infrastructure strategies, its primary aim centers on energy reduction and renewable energy use, aligning with both mitigation and adaptation goals.

The provided portion of the City of Hartford Energy Action Plan does not describe a specific scenario of climate change that the planning jurisdiction will face. The document primarily focuses on energy efficiency, renewable energy goals, and strategies to reduce energy consumption. It outlines existing efforts and goals related to energy conservation, such as reducing energy consumption by 20% and sourcing 20% of electricity from renewable sources by 2018, but does not detail a specific future climate change scenario or its impacts on the area.

The plan does not explicitly identify specific climate hazards. The content provided focuses mainly on energy efficiency, renewable energy initiatives, and organizational strategies to reduce energy consumption and costs. Therefore, no specific climate hazards, risks, or vulnerabilities are described in the plan.

The plan does not explicitly identify "resilience options" in the context of the defined question but does mention several initiatives and actions that could be interpreted as resilience-building measures. Here’s a summary based on the content provided:

### 1. **Green Infrastructure**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** The threat of urban stormwater management and the urban heat island effect.
  - **Cost, Timeframe, Location:** No specific cost or timeframe is mentioned. The initiative involves planting trees to expand and sustain the City’s forested vegetation.
  - **Attributes:** Trees are used to intercept precipitation, reduce energy usage by removing carbon emissions, and provide shade to regulate temperatures and mitigate the heat island effect. The initiative is also part of expanding the green infrastructure to manage stormwater effectively. (Chapter: Green Infrastructure)

### 2. **Energy Improvement Districts (EID)**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Dependence on the traditional grid and potential power generation instability.
  - **Cost, Timeframe, Location:** No specific cost or timeframe is mentioned. EIDs offer flexibility and reliability for power generation, allowing areas to be managed outside the normal utility grid.
  - **Attributes:** EIDs help businesses forecast energy costs, hedge energy purchases, and contribute to long-term energy contracts. They also enhance energy efficiency by using residual heat for heating and cooling needs. (Chapter: Energy Improvement Districts)

### 3. **Microgrid Development**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Grid instability and energy reliability during emergencies.
  - **Cost, Timeframe, Location:** The microgrid project for the Parkville Community Elementary School/Senior Center/Library received $2.06 million in funding.
  - **Attributes:** The microgrid will provide its own electricity and hot water, with the ability to disconnect from the grid during emergencies. It also includes educational components for the community regarding the system's operation. (Chapter: Ongoing Initiatives, Alternative Fuel Vehicles)

These initiatives showcase Hartford's efforts to build resilience by enhancing local energy generation capabilities, managing urban temperatures, and ensuring reliable power during grid failures. Nevertheless, specific cost breakdowns, timeframes, or detailed locations within the city have not been explicitly detailed in the provided document sections. Environmental benefits include reduced emissions and better stormwater management, while economic considerations involve potential savings and increased energy reliability.

The City of Hartford Energy Action Plan identifies several mitigation options aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving energy efficiency. Below is a summary of each identified mitigation option, including the information provided regarding cost, timing, location, and other important attributes:

1. **Energy Improvement Districts (EID)**
   - **Description**: EIDs offer the potential for generating their own electricity, providing greater flexibility and reliability of power sources. They can be financed and managed outside the normal utility grid.
   - **Timing**: The process for creating EIDs was approved in March 2014.
   - **Location**: Locations and configurations are yet to be determined.
   - **Attributes**: EIDs can take demand off the system, increase capacity elsewhere, and promote energy efficiency by using heat produced in power generation. They assist businesses in forecasting energy costs and committing to long-term energy contracts (Energy Action Plan, September 2014, EIDs).

2. **Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Systems**
   - **Description**: These systems use small, locally installed generators to produce electric power as a base load source of electricity and recover heat from the engines.
   - **Current Projects**: Installed at Capital Preparatory Magnet School, Mary Hooker School, and STEM Magnet School at Annie Fisher with installed capacity of 60 kW each.
   - **Cost**: A larger 600 kW CHP system for Parkville Elementary/Senior Center/Library is being evaluated using a $2.0M grant from DEEP.
   - **Timing**: Installation year mentioned as 2013 for some schools.
   - **Attributes**: Energy savings have yet to be quantified but will be added to the 2014 monitoring report. The project includes interpretive signage to educate students and the community (Energy Action Plan, September 2014, CHP systems).

3. **Solar Power Installations**
   - **Description**: Potential solar electric panels on evaluated roof areas.
   - **Capacity**: 2,590 kW potential identified.
   - **Attributes**: Subject to factors such as roof condition, strength, and orientation (Energy Action Plan, September 2014, Solar Power).

4. **C-PACE (Commercial Property Assessed Clean Energy) Program**
   - **Description**: Allows long-term financing of energy upgrades through repayment from a property tax benefit assessment.
   - **Attributes**: Participation by properties such as the Bushnell Memorial Auditorium and others (Energy Action Plan, September 2014, C-PACE).

5. **Alternative Fuel Vehicles**
   - **Description**: Purchase of five new natural gas powered waste/recycle trucks.
   - **Funding**: Supported by the Department of Transportation’s 2014 Connecticut Clean Fuel Program.
   - **Attributes**: Expected to significantly reduce emissions and noise (Energy Action Plan, September 2014, Alternative Fuel Vehicles).

6. **Clean Energy Communities Program**
   - **Description**: Part of EnergizeCT initiative which rewards community efforts in energy saving and renewable energy goals.
   - **Attributes**: Involves the commitment to save energy in municipal buildings and voluntary purchase of renewable energy (Energy Action Plan, September 2014, Clean Energy Communities Program).

These mitigation options focus on improving energy efficiency, utilizing renewable energy sources, and deploying advanced energy systems to reduce the city's carbon footprint and promote sustainability.

The City of Hartford Energy Action Plan identifies several mitigation options aimed at reducing energy consumption and GHG emissions. Here is a summary of the mitigation options mentioned in the plan along with the attributes provided:

### **1. Energy Services Companies (ESCOs) Model**
- **Cost:** The implementation of city-wide energy upgrades without capital expenditures.
- **Timeframe:** Not specified; however, it is suggested as an expeditious method for achieving energy goals.
- **Location:** City-wide.
- **Other Attributes:** Provides a means of funding the Sustainability Coordinator position and involves drafting and issuing a Request for Proposals for turnkey energy services contracts. This model could help achieve the city's energy goals without requiring budget programming and city financing. *(Action 3, "Explore and Evaluate the ESCO Model")*

### **2. Renewable Energy Projects**
- **Cost:** Not specified for each project, but there are references to partnerships and programs that could offer financial benefits or partnerships.
- **Timeframe:** Works parallel to the City's broader 20% renewable energy goal by 2018.
- **Location:** Various sites, including Southwest Branch library, Hartford High School, and Mary Hooker School.
- **Other Attributes:** 
  - Various school sites have solar electric systems installed.
  - A fuel cell system is implemented at the new Public Safety Complex.
  - A potential partnership with MIRA for a 1 MW system on the city-owned landfill. This involves feeding power into the utility grid for resale. *(On-Going Initiatives, "Renewable Energy")*

### **3. Clean Energy Communities Program**
- **Cost:** Points earned can be redeemed for clean energy systems and project grants.
- **Timeframe:** Ongoing with set goals for reduction in alignment with the municipal pledge.
- **Location:** Municipal buildings and engagement extends to community structures.
- **Other Attributes:** Encourages actions to save energy and supports renewable energy through community collaboration. *(On-Going Initiatives, "Clean Energy Communities Program")*

### **4. Retro Commissioning Program**
- **Cost:** Eligible for up to 40% cost incentives from CL&P for accepted energy conservation measures.
- **Timeframe:** Not explicitly stated, but implies ongoing evaluation and improvement.
- **Location:** Hartford schools and libraries.
- **Other Attributes:** Targets low- or no-cost energy-efficient measures, with evaluations leading to eligible incentives. Measures include HVAC control improvements, lighting upgrades, and occupancy sensors. *(Retro Commissioning, section details various schools listed)*

These mitigation options highlight Hartford's multifaceted approach to enhancing energy efficiency and sustainability within the city infrastructure while making use of several programs and funding mechanisms to alleviate associated costs.

The document provided is primarily an Energy Action Plan and does not explicitly identify adaptation options related to climate change adaptation. It focuses on energy actions, conservation, and efficiency rather than direct responses to climate threats. Therefore, based strictly on the content of the plan, there are no specific adaptation options identified to address climate change threats. Consequently, there is no information provided regarding cost, timeframe, location, and attributes for such adaptation options.

The provided document does not explicitly mention "climate justice" nor does it specifically identify climate policies that directly advance climate justice by addressing particular climate threats or delineating areas or populations with the most climate vulnerability. However, the document outlines several energy-related initiatives and goals aimed at reducing energy consumption and increasing the use of renewable energy, which can be viewed as contributing to broader climate mitigation and adaptation efforts that may have equitable benefits across the community.

**General Summary based on Document Context:**

- **Climate Policy:** Membership in the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives’ (ICLEI) Cities for Climate Protection program.
  - **Climate Threat Addressed:** General efforts to reduce energy use and increase the use of renewable energy sources by the city. This can indirectly address climate change threats by reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
  - **Areas or Populations with the Most Vulnerability:** While not explicitly stated in terms of vulnerable populations, urban areas with significant municipal facilities and populations dependent on public infrastructure might benefit from reduced city energy expenses and improved environmental quality.

- **Climate Policy:** Clean Energy Communities Program participation.
  - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Reducing energy consumption and supporting renewable energy use.
  - **Areas or Populations with the Most Vulnerability:** Community-wide benefits are implied; however, vulnerable groups, including low-income residents who may be more susceptible to energy costs and impacts of climate change, could indirectly benefit.

- **Climate Policy:** Development of microgrids and energy improvement districts.
  - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Local energy reliability and reduced dependence on centralized power systems, mitigating impacts of energy disruptions.
  - **Areas or Populations with the Most Vulnerability:** Specific areas like the Parkville Community, indicated as a microgrid site, might benefit, showing attention to community facilities serving broader public needs in emergencies.

For detailed references, the document includes sections such as "ONGOING INITIATIVES" and "CITY OF HARTFORD ENERGY CONSERVATION HIGHLIGHTS," where these policies and programs are generally discussed in the context of advancing energy and environmental objectives.

Based strictly on the content provided from the "City of Hartford Energy Action Plan September 2014", the document does not specifically identify potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies. The plan primarily outlines goals and initiatives aimed at reducing energy consumption, increasing renewable energy usage, and improving energy efficiency, which are well-intentioned and aimed at enhancing resilience, mitigation, and adaptation.  

Therefore, no specific maladaptive climate policies are identified in the excerpts provided. If such analyses or considerations were present in the complete document, they are not visible in the provided text.

**Success Measurement and Metrics in Adaptation, Resilience, and Mitigation Options:**

1. **Energy Consumption Reduction:**
   - **Metrics:**
     - Reduction of electricity by 2,099,869 kWh and natural gas by 22,725 CCF since the baseline year of 2011-2012. (Tracking Progress)
     - Overall goal is a 20% reduction in energy consumption by 2018, translating to a reduction of 53,200 MMBTUs. (Our Goal)
     - Phased reduction targets for building energy consumption:
       - **Fiscal Year 2012-13:** 5% Reduction
       - **Fiscal Year 2013-14:** 8% Reduction
       - **Fiscal Year 2014-15:** 11% Reduction
       - **Fiscal Year 2015-16:** 14% Reduction
       - **Fiscal Year 2016-17:** 17% Reduction
       - **Fiscal Year 2017-18:** 20% Reduction (Tracking Progress)

2. **Renewable Energy:**
   - **Goal:** Voluntary purchase of at least 20% of electricity from clean, renewable energy sources by 2018, phased in over six years starting with 15% for the baseline Fiscal Year 2012-13 and increasing 1% each subsequent year to Fiscal Year 2017-18. This goal exceeds the State’s mandatory energy Renewables Portfolio Standard (RPS) for Class I sources, which requires utilities to source 17% by 2018. (Ongoing Initiatives)

3. **Tree Planting and Green Infrastructure:**
   - **Metrics:** Goal of planting 1,000 trees a year, which is related to a reduction in carbon emissions equivalent to 2,400 barrels of oil a year and the removal of 73 tons of air pollutants annually as measured in a 2007 analysis. (Green Infrastructure)

4. **Implementation Tracking and Benchmarking:**
   - **Action:** The City has contracted SourceOne to carry out a comprehensive benchmarking program and to monitor energy savings and use. (Jumpstarting)

5. **Community Engagement and Education:**
   - **Action:** Engaging the community through initiatives such as the Clean Energy Communities Program and educational outreach efforts to promote energy efficiency and clean energy usage. (Action 6: Engage the Community)

The plan utilizes these specific metrics and sets concrete goals with phased targets and specific numerical objectives to measure the success or failure of its adaptation, resilience, and mitigation efforts.

| Feature                   | Description                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |
|---------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name**    | Hartford                                                                                                                                                                                                                          |
| **Population**            | 125,000 residents                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
| **Threats Identified**    | - High energy costs due to municipal infrastructure and housing maintenance.<br>- Dependence on petroleum-based energy sources.                                                                                                    |
| **Measures Identified**   | - Reduce energy consumption by 20% by 2018 and obtain 20% of energy from renewable sources as per the US Mayors Climate Protection Agreement.<br>- Installation of energy-efficient systems like microgrids and renewable energy sources.<br>- Energy conservation measures and awareness programs.<br>- Contract with SourceOne for benchmarking and monitor energy savings.<br>- Engage the community through C-PACE and educational outreach. |
```

The provided document outlines the climate strategy titled "Climate Positive 2040" for **Salt Lake City**, which is the planning jurisdiction in question. However, it does not provide comprehensive details on the physical and economic landscape such as specific population numbers, average income, major geographic features, or specific key infrastructures like airports or seaports. Neither does it offer explicit information regarding the city's energy production or industries outside of its climate policies.

**Geography and Infrastructure:**

- There is no mention of specific geographic features like mountains, rivers, deserts, or coastline within the document. Similarly, no explicit infrastructure like airports or seaports is detailed.

**Local Climate:**

- The document does highlight the air quality challenges Salt Lake City faces due to "periodic temperature inversions that trap cold air underneath a layer of warm air," which is caused by the city's unique geography.
- Air quality issues in winter due to inversions and high ozone levels in summer due to emissions from various sources are emphasized.

**Energy Production and Natural Resources:**

- The plan emphasizes a transition towards renewable energy, noting the development of local clean, renewable resources in Utah. It outlines a goal for renewable energy to supply 100% of community electricity by 2032.
- It indicates that more than 50% of community carbon pollution is related to electricity generation, which suggests significant reliance on fossil fuels historically.
- Participation in renewable initiatives such as rooftop solar and efficiency programs with utilities like Rocky Mountain Power and Questar Gas signals ongoing strides in renewable energy utilization.

**Economic Landscape and Industries:**

- The document outlines sector-based adaptation efforts in partnership with various Utah-wide initiatives, including those focused on "Economy & Tourism, Forestry & Wildfire, Public Health, Transportation, Water, and Weather-Related Disasters."
- Salt Lake City works with state-wide economic-oriented networks, although specific economic drivers or industries are not detailed beyond these collaborative efforts for mitigation and adaptation.

In summary, while the document details extensive climate policies and goals, specific detailed geographical, demographic, or economic information beyond its focus on climate initiatives is not captured in the provided content.

The plan addresses resilience by focusing on enhancing preparedness and livability in the face of climate impacts. It mentions developing **"Climate Response Plans"** within internal departments to reduce emissions and address vulnerabilities. Additionally, Salt Lake City prioritizes collaboration with stakeholders to document and mitigate climate risks. The **Climate Positive 2040** plan aims to build resilience to impacts and vulnerabilities in a warming world, emphasizing transformational changes needed to protect public health and safety, including ensuring access to clean air and water.  
*Citations: "Sector-Based Adaptation Efforts," "Resilient City," "Climate Positive 2040," "City Operations"*

The plan emphasizes mitigation significantly, aiming for substantial reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. **Climate Positive 2040** highlights targets like an **80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions** and **100% renewable energy for community electricity by 2032.** The plan also supports renewable energy development, net-zero construction, and energy efficiency in buildings. Various programs like Project Skyline and incentives from utilities aim to reduce emissions and improve building performance.  
*Citations: "Climate Positive 2040," "Highly Efficient Buildings," "Clean Transportation," "Renewable Energy Development"*

Adaptation efforts are addressed by outlining strategies aimed at minimizing harm from climate change. The plan involves engaging in networks like the **Utah Climate Action Network** and the **Western Adaptation Alliance** for shared learning and collaboration on adaptation challenges. Community-wide initiatives focus on sustainable food systems and enhancing public transit and active transportation options, supporting adaptation to changing conditions and reducing reliance on carbon-intensive practices.  
*Citations: "Utah Climate Action Network," "Sustainable Food," "Clean Transportation"*

The plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan** as it outlines significant efforts and targets both in reducing emissions and enhancing resilience and adaptive capacity in response to climate change challenges while ensuring a sustainable and healthy community.

The plan does not explicitly describe a specific scenario of climate change that Salt Lake City will face; however, it does discuss the anticipated impacts and areas of concern related to climate change. The document highlights that Salt Lake City is addressing climate change by "reducing carbon pollution and enhancing resiliency to negative social, environmental and economic impacts catalyzed in a warming world" (Resilient City). This implies that climate policies are being planned to address the broader impacts of a warming climate. The document emphasizes the need for "transformational changes" to reach long-term climate and energy goals, with a focus on transitioning to clean, renewable energy and achieving an 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2040 (Climate Positive 2040). Moreover, the plan refers to various efforts underway to catalog vulnerabilities and evaluate climate resiliency measures in areas such as "Economy & Tourism, Forestry & Wildfire, Public Health, Transportation, Water and Weather-Related Disasters" (Sector-Based Adaptation Efforts). These elements suggest a strategic approach to resilience, mitigation, and adaptation, even if a detailed scenario is not explicitly stated.

1. **Drought**
   - **Description:** "The Western Adaptation Alliance is a network of local government agencies located in the American Southwest and Intermountain West which explores challenges caused by a changing climate such as drought..."
   - **Climate Risks:** Not explicitly detailed in the plan.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Not explicitly detailed in the plan.
   
2. **Wildfires**
   - **Description:** "The Western Adaptation Alliance is a network of local government agencies located in the American Southwest and Intermountain West which explores challenges caused by a changing climate such as...wildfires..."
   
3. **Extreme Precipitation Events**
   - **Description:** "The Western Adaptation Alliance is a network of local government agencies located in the American Southwest and Intermountain West which explores challenges caused by a changing climate such as...extreme precipitation events..."
   
4. **Heat Stress**
   - **Description:** "The Western Adaptation Alliance is a network of local government agencies located in the American Southwest and Intermountain West which explores challenges caused by a changing climate such as...heat stress."

The plan outlines several resilience options undertaken by Salt Lake City to address climate threats:

1. **Utah Climate Action Network**  
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Climate vulnerabilities across various sectors such as Economy & Tourism, Forestry & Wildfire, Public Health, Transportation, Water, and Weather-Related Disasters.
   - **Details:**
     - *Cost, Timeframe, and Location:* Not explicitly detailed in the document.
     - *Attributes:* The network fosters information sharing and development of local best practices, enhancing resilience through coordinated efforts.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Encourages dialogue and collaborative solutions, which aligns with Utah values and statewide priorities (*Utah Climate Action Network* section).

2. **Climate Response Plans**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Emissions and vulnerabilities to climate change within city operations and at a community scale.
     - *Attributes:* These plans highlight strategies for reducing emissions and increasing resilience within city operations.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Engages municipal employees through the Climate Leaders program to develop effective climate change leaders (*Climate Response Plans* section).

3. **Comprehensive Energy Management**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Energy waste that contributes to emissions.
     - *Cost, Timeframe, and Location:* Executive Order details not provided.
     - *Attributes:* Includes measures such as energy benchmarking, efficiency investments, and employee engagement to reduce energy waste.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Enhances interdepartmental coordination and spurs development in clean energy (*City Operations: Comprehensive Energy Management* section).

4. **Net Zero Construction**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Emissions from city government facilities.
     - *Cost, Timeframe, and Location:* Applies to new government facilities over 10,000 square feet, requiring Net Zero Energy standards.
     - *Attributes:* These projects must offset annual carbon emissions through renewable energy projects.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** The City's Public Safety Building is highlighted as a successful example of such a project (*City Operations: Net Zero Construction* section).

5. **Collaborative Solutions and Networks**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Various climate change impacts, including drought, wildfires, and extreme weather events.
     - *Cost, Timeframe, and Location:* Participation in networks like the Western Adaptation Alliance.
     - *Attributes:* Collaboration with other cities and regions to exchange resilience strategies.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Salt Lake City is a founding Convener of these initiatives which foster leadership and coordinated action (*Collaborative Solutions* section).

The document does not provide specific cost, timeframe, or precise locations for these resilience options, focusing instead on the strategic and collaborative nature of the initiatives aimed at enhancing the city's resilience to climate threats.

### Mitigation Options Identified in the Plan

1. **Project Skyline**
   - **Summary:** Project Skyline is an initiative to accelerate investment in energy efficiency and raise public awareness of building energy performance among the largest commercial facilities in Salt Lake City. Building owners are encouraged to pursue energy-saving targets through evaluating energy use, setting goals, and implementing cost-effective improvements.
   - **Cost:** Not specifically mentioned.
   - **Timing:** Ongoing initiative; no specific timeline provided.
   - **Location:** Salt Lake City.
   - **Other Attributes:** Intended to spur job growth and foster a stronger local economy.

2. **High-Performance New Construction**
   - **Summary:** Salt Lake City plans to encourage the adoption of updated, increasingly efficient energy codes at the state level to support a responsible built environment.
   - **Timing:** Dependent on state-level action; no specific timeline provided.
   - **Location:** Statewide, with guidance from Salt Lake City.
   - **Other Attributes:** Supports overall responsible and efficient building practices.

3. **Utility Incentives**
   - **Summary:** Rocky Mountain Power and Questar Gas offer incentive programs to reduce emissions and improve the performance of residential and non-residential properties.
   - **Timing:** Ongoing; no specific timeline provided.
   - **Location:** Salt Lake City and wherever these utilities operate.
   - **Other Attributes:** Programs are crucial for ongoing emissions reduction, pollution elimination, and cost-saving for ratepayers.

4. **Clean Transportation Options**
   - **Summary:** Efforts include increasing public transit use, promoting active transportation like walking and biking, accelerating electric vehicle adoption, and reducing emissions from air travel.
   - **Cost:** Not specified collectively; for individuals, discounted transit and EVs mentioned.
   - **Timing:** Ongoing with prior milestones, like the Transit Master Plan released in 2016.
   - **Other Attributes:** Emphasizes affordability (e.g., Hive Pass), infrastructure investment for EVs, and collaborations to support reduced dependence on fossil fuels.

5. **Renewable Energy Development**
   - **Summary:** By end of 2017, Salt Lake City aims to include renewable energy generation at least in 16 separate government properties. The city is also part of the Rocky Mountain Power “Subscriber Solar” program, receiving solar power through this initiative.
   - **Timing:** 50% renewable electricity for municipal operations by 2020.
   - **Location:** Salt Lake City government properties and broader areas via the solar program.
   - **Other Attributes:** Supports government operation emissions reduction, along with broader municipal goals.

6. **Net Zero Construction**
   - **Summary:** New government facilities larger than 10,000 square feet must meet Net Zero Energy standards, including renewable energy projects to offset carbon emissions.
   - **Cost:** Not specified.
   - **Timing:** Policy in effect for new relevant constructions.
   - **Location:** Salt Lake City government buildings.
   - **Other Attributes:** Includes both onsite and offsite renewable projects, demonstrated by Salt Lake City's Public Safety Building compliance.

7. **Sustainable Food Program**
   - **Summary:** Includes investments in local food, reducing food waste, and improving low carbon and diversified food production.
   - **Timing:** Ongoing efforts.
   - **Other Attributes:** Addresses food-related emissions which contribute 25% to household carbon footprints in Utah.

The plan identifies several mitigation options as part of its efforts to address climate change. Below is a summary of each option, including relevant attributes such as cost, timeframe, location, and other important aspects:

### **1. Reduced Energy Use**
- **Option:** Adjust thermostat settings
- **Attributes:** 
  - Saves 3% on cooling and heating costs for each degree adjusted.
  - Reduces annual carbon footprint by 1,800 pounds of CO₂.
  - *Location:* Individual homes and businesses.
  - *Cost:* Cost savings from energy reduction.

### **2. Clean Energy**
- **Option:** Install solar panels or enroll in the Subscriber Solar program.
- **Attributes:**
  - Electricity emissions are the largest part of the community carbon footprint.
  - Located on homes or via enrollment in the Rocky Mountain Power Subscriber Solar program.
  - *Timeframe:* Immediate impact once installed or enrolled.
  - *Cost:* Cost associated with installation or enrollment, with potential long-term savings.

### **3. High-Performance Buildings**
- **Option:** Energy efficiency improvements in new and existing buildings.
  - Associated with electricity and natural gas emissions.
  - *Location:* Commercial facilities in Salt Lake City.
  - Improves public awareness and job growth.
  - *Cost:* Cost-effective improvements with potential savings on energy bills.

### **4. Utility Incentives**
- **Option:** Participation in programs from Rocky Mountain Power and Questar Gas.
  - Reduces emissions and improves property performance.
  - *Location:* Residential and non-residential properties.
  - *Cost:* Incentives available that reduce costs for participants.

### **5. Transportation Mitigation Options**
- **Sub-Options:**
  - **Public Transit:** Enhancing options and encouraging use.
  - **Electric Vehicles:** Investment in EV infrastructure and adoption.
  - **Active Transportation:** Infrastructure for zero-emissions travel.
  - *Location:* Citywide; public transit affects Salt Lake City residents, EV initiatives are city-focused.
  - *Timeframe:* Ongoing and future expansion efforts.
  - *Cost:* Investment in infrastructure with potential reductions in travel emissions.

### **6. Renewable Energy Development**
- **Option:** Integrating renewable energy in government operations.
  - 16 government properties with renewable generation.
  - 50% renewable electricity target for municipal operations by 2020.
  - *Location:* Government properties in Salt Lake City.
  - No specific cost details provided.

### **7. Sustainable Food Initiatives**
- **Option:** Reduce meat consumption, increase sustainable food access.
  - Reduces household carbon footprint by 700 pounds of CO₂ annually when going vegetarian once a week.
  - *Location:* Community-wide efforts.
  - *Cost:* Cost savings from reduced meat consumption.

### **8. Comprehensive City Operations Management**
- **Option:** Energy benchmarking and clean energy development in city operations.
  - Enhances interdepartmental coordination and employee engagement.
  - New government facilities to meet Net Zero Energy standards.
  - *Location:* Internal government operations.
  - *Timeframe:* Ongoing with specific projects mentioned.

For each of these options, the plan outlines strategies that not only aim to reduce emissions but also offer potential economic benefits and savings to participants, alongside broader community advantages through reduced carbon footprints and enhanced resilience.

The plan identifies several adaptation options to address climate change impacts. Here's a summary for each:

1. **Sector-Based Adaptation Efforts**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Vulnerabilities and climate resiliency measures need to be evaluated across various sectors like Economy & Tourism, Forestry & Wildfire, Public Health, Transportation, Water, and Weather-Related Disasters.
   - **Details:** Salt Lake City is involved in initiatives to catalog vulnerabilities and evaluate resilience measures, encouraging dialogue through the Utah Climate Action Network. (*Sector-Based Adaptation Efforts*)

2. **Urban Sustainability Directors Network**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** General climate threats affecting health, economic prosperity, and social equity.
   - **Details:** This is a peer-to-peer network of local government professionals from across the United States and Canada creating a healthier environment and increased social equity. (*Urban Sustainability Directors Network*)

3. **Western Adaptation Alliance**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Challenges caused by a changing climate such as drought, wildfires, extreme precipitation events, and heat stress.
   - **Details:** Salt Lake City is part of a network of 14 cities across five states in the American Southwest and Intermountain West exploring these challenges. (*Western Adaptation Alliance*)

4. **Collaborations through Utah Climate Action Network**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addressing climate change impacts on people, economies, and prosperity.
   - **Details:** It fosters conversations and coordinated action for a collaborative response to climate change impacts. Salt Lake City is a founding Convener of the Network. (*Utah Climate Action Network*)

The plan provides a broad strategic framework for adaptation but does not specify details like cost, specific timeframes, or exact locations for the adaptation measures.

The document does not explicitly mention any specific climate policies that are directly focused on advancing climate justice by identifying or addressing specific vulnerable populations. However, several elements in the climate policies imply considerations around equity and broad community engagement, which are foundational aspects of climate justice:

- **Utah Climate Action Network**  
  - **Threat Addressed:** The network facilitates a collaborative response to climate change impacts on people, economies, and prosperity. 
  - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** It implies an inclusive approach by fostering diverse conversations, suggesting a broad engagement with various community stakeholders who might be impacted by climate change.  
  - **Citation:** *"Foster diverse conversation, leadership and coordinated action to ensure a collaborative response to climate change and its impacts on the people, economies and prosperity of Utah."* (Collaborative Solutions section)

- **Sustainable Food Initiatives**  
  - **Threat Addressed:** Food insecurity and waste, along with the emissions from the food system.
  - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Supports low-income individuals and those with limited access to nutritious foods by improving food security and access.
  - **Citation:** *"Excess SLC Food Recovery is a partnership between community organizations that diverts consumable food waste from the landfill to food assistance programs."* (Sustainable Food section) 

These elements reflect policies aimed at reducing emissions and increasing resilience, inherently involving equitable access to resources and opportunities for all residents, but do not explicitly highlight specific vulnerable populations or areas.

The document does not explicitly mention any potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies. Therefore, based strictly on the information provided, no specific climate policies can be identified that might cause inadvertent maladaptation. The plan focuses on mitigation and adaptation strategies aimed at enhancing resilience, reducing GHG emissions, and transitioning to renewable energy without indicating any adverse effects that might lead to maladaptation.

**Metrics and Measurements:**

1. **Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction:**
   - **Goals:**
     - 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2040.
   - **Units:** Percentage (%).

     - 100% renewable energy for community electricity by 2032.
     - 50% renewables for municipal electricity by 2020.

3. **Transportation:**
   - **Emissions from Transportation Fuels (2015):**
     - Gasoline: 38%
     - Aviation Fuels: 27%
     - Diesel: 26%
     - CNG: 9%
   - **Concrete Strategies:**
     - Increasing the use of public transit.
     - Promoting active transportation like walking and biking.
     - Accelerating electric vehicle adoption.

4. **Air Quality:**
   - **Emissions Reduction Program:**
     - The Clear the Air Challenge program has reduced over 3,600 tons of carbon emissions since 2006.
   - **Units:** Tons (over time since program inception).

5. **City Operations:**
   - **Renewable Energy Development:**
     - Commitment to 50% renewable electricity by 2020 for government operations.
   - **Net Zero Construction:**
     - New Salt Lake City government facilities over 10,000 square feet must be constructed to Net Zero Energy standards.

6. **Carbon Footprint:**
   - **2015 Baseline:**
     - mT CO2e for 2015: 4,769,171
   - **Previous Baseline (2009):**
     - mT CO2e for 2009: 4,954,870

**Explicit Targets and Projects:**

- **Project Skyline:** Aims to accelerate investment in energy efficiency and raise public awareness of building energy performance.
- **Energy Codes:** Encourage adoption of updated energy codes to enhance building performance statewide.

**Additional Goals:**

- **Economic and Community Development** through changes in energy use to promote green local jobs, enhanced self-reliance, and improved public health.

**Note:** The success of these initiatives is measured by quantifiable reductions in emissions, increased renewable energy usage, enhanced public transportation metrics, and community engagement for sustainability practices.

| **Feature**               | **Details**                                                                                                                                  |
|---------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name**    | Salt Lake City                                                                                                                              |
| **Population**            | No specific population number provided in the document.                                                                                      |
| **Threats Identified**    |                                                                                                                                              |
|                           | - **Air Quality Issues**: "Salt Lake City faces significant air quality challenges year-round."                                              |
|                           | - **Economic Pressures**: "Growth in population and economic activity puts upward pressure on emissions."                                     |
|                           | - **Emissions**: "The Wasatch Front’s unique geography leads to periodic temperature inversions that trap cold air underneath a layer of warm air." |
| **Measures Identified**   |                                                                                                                                              |
|                           | - **Transition to Renewable Energy**: "Salt Lake City is prioritizing a near-term transition to clean, renewable energy."                      |
|                           | - **Climate Positive 2040**: "A holistic approach for Salt Lake City government, businesses and households to reduce carbon pollution and build resiliency." |
|                           | - **Emissions Tracking**: "Salt Lake City first published a community greenhouse gas inventory for 2009 and tracks changes in emissions annually." |
|                           | - **Collaboration Networks**: "Salt Lake City is a founding Convener of the Utah Climate Action Network."                                      |
|                           | - **Clean Vehicle Fleet**: "Salt Lake City evaluates local air quality impacts, carbon pollution and financial viability when prioritizing fleet vehicle purchases." |
|                           | - **Renewable Energy in City Operations**: "Salt Lake City will have at least 16 separate government properties that include renewable energy generation by end of 2017." |

|                           | - **Comprehensive Energy Management**: Includes "energy benchmarking, efficiency investments, facility operator training and employee engagement." |
```

The plan does not provide specific details about the physical and economic landscape, population, demographics, average income, geographic features, key infrastructure, local climate, energy production, natural resources, or industries within the planning jurisdiction of Napa County. The focus of the document is primarily on climate adaptation strategies, measures, and actions to address climate-related hazards and enhance regional resilience. There are some mentions of water challenges in the context of preparing for more frequent droughts and improving water supply resilience, but specific details about aridity or comprehensive economic and physical landscape are not provided.

### **Resilience:**

The plan places significant emphasis on enhancing resilience to climate stressors, as evidenced by its comprehensive strategies to improve regional climate resilience. The plan includes measures targeted at:

- **Enhancing climate resilience** of existing and new residential and commercial developments through structural strengthening and hardening to adapt to multiple climate stressors (*Strategy 1*).
- **Improving resilience** of the region's transportation infrastructure and agricultural industry against climate stressors (*Measure All-5, Measure All-6*).

### **Mitigation:**

While the primary focus of the plan is on adaptation and resilience, it jointly recognizes the importance of mitigation measures as co-benefits of adaptation strategies. For instance:

- **Carbon farming** and other sustainable land management activities are encouraged, which directly ties into GHG reduction. This reflects the plan's alignment with mitigation goals, acknowledging the co-benefits of reducing emissions (*Measure All-7.4*).

### **Adaptation:**

The plan is highly dedicated to adaptation, with extensive measures specifically tailored for various climate stressors:

- **Addressing climate vulnerabilities** by identifying gaps in hazard mitigation and safety element policies (*Introduction*).
- **Preparing for increased wildfire risk** by reducing the risk and recognizing beneficial fire plays in ecosystems (*Strategy 2*).
- **Preparing for droughts, extreme heat, and flooding events** to enhance the region's overall water supply resilience and address extreme temperatures (*Strategy 3, Strategy 4, Strategy 5*).

### **Classification:**

Based on the emphasis on resilience and adaptation strategies, while acknowledging mitigation as a co-benefit, the plan can be classified as an **adaptation/resilience dedicated plan**. The primary focus is on adapting to climate impacts and building resilience across multiple sectors within Napa County.

**Summary of Climate Change Scenario in Napa County's Plan:**

The plan acknowledges various climate change scenarios that Napa County is preparing for as part of its adaptation strategies, including:

- **Increased Wildfire Risk:** The plan specifically addresses the need to prepare for more frequent and severe wildfire events. This is evident in the proposed measures under Strategy 2: "Prepare for and Adapt to Increased Wildfire Risk" (Section 3).

- **Extreme Temperatures and Heat:** The plan emphasizes the heightened concern over increased temperatures and extreme heat, which have been identified as significant threats in the Climate Vulnerability Assessment. This is highlighted under Strategy 3: "Prepare for Increased Temperatures and More Frequent Extreme Heat Events" (Section 3).

- **Extreme Precipitation, Sea Level Rise, and Flooding:** There is recognition of the threat posed by more frequent and extreme precipitation and flooding events, compounded by sea level rise. This is a focus under Strategy 4: "Prepare for More Frequent Extreme Precipitation and Flooding Events, Combined with Sea Level Rise Threat" (Section 3).

- **Drought and Water Supply Resilience:** The plan notes the likelihood of experiencing fewer days with precipitation annually, alongside an increase in extreme dry events leading to severe and prolonged droughts. This scenario is addressed under Strategy 5: "Prepare for More Frequent Drought Events and Enhance the Region’s Overall Water Supply Resilience" (Strategy 5).

These scenarios are used as a basis to develop comprehensive strategies, measures, and actions aimed at enhancing the county’s climate resilience, addressing specific impacts, and improving infrastructure and systems to better withstand the expected climate changes (Section 3).

1. **Wildfire**
   - **Description:** The plan describes an increased risk of more frequent and severe wildfire events, while recognizing the role beneficial fire plays in ecosystems.
   - **Climate Risks:** Wildfires pose a significant risk to life, property, and natural resources, potentially causing widespread damage to infrastructure and ecosystems.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Specific vulnerable areas or populations are not detailed, but the plan highlights that measures target increased wildfire risk for the County and its jurisdictions.

2. **Extreme Heat**
   - **Description:** Increased temperatures and more frequent extreme heat events are identified as significant threats.
   - **Climate Risks:** Extreme heat can lead to public health concerns and strain energy resources, affecting the well-being of residents.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Vulnerable communities facing disproportionate climate stressors' impacts are recognized, with measures focusing on community outreach and public health initiatives.

3. **SLR+Flooding (Sea Level Rise and Flooding)**
   - **Description:** The plan anticipates more frequent and extreme precipitation and flooding events, combined with sea level rise threats.
   - **Climate Risks:** Floods and sea level rise can inundate areas, damaging infrastructure, displacing populations, and affecting ecosystems.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas identified as subject to potential inundation, such as the southwestern part of the county and the western portion of the City of American Canyon, are vulnerable.

4. **Drought+Water Supply**
   - **Description:** The plan projects an increase in extreme dry events, resulting in more severe and prolonged droughts.
   - **Climate Risks:** Drought can threaten water supply resilience, impacting agriculture, ecosystems, and urban areas.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The plan does not specify particular populations but emphasizes the need to prepare jurisdictions for frequent drought events.

5. **Energy Grid Resilience**
   - **Description:** Rising temperatures and extreme events can compromise the energy grid.
   - **Climate Risks:** A resilient energy grid is crucial to ensure continuous electricity supply during extreme climate events.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Vulnerable areas or populations concerning energy grid resilience are not specifically identified in the plan.

6. **Emergency Preparedness**
   - **Description:** Encompasses preparedness for multiple hazards, emphasizing coordination across various levels of government.
   - **Climate Risks:** Lack of preparedness could lead to inefficient responses and exacerbated impacts of climate hazards.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Focus on addressing the needs of vulnerable communities in emergency management to ensure equitable safety.

The plan identifies several resilience options, which are summarized below:

### **1. Increase the Resilience of Transportation Infrastructure**

- **Specific Climate Threat:**
  - The primary threats addressed are climate stressors impacting transportation infrastructure, including extreme weather events affecting roads and transit systems.

- **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:**
  - **Timeframe:** No specific timeframe outlined.
  - **Funding Sources:** Collaboration with community members, transportation agencies, and private entities is emphasized for identifying vulnerabilities and funding; specific funding sources are not explicitly mentioned.

  - Emphasis on incorporating resilient design elements such as green streets.
  - Establishing redundancy for vital transportation routes to ensure continuous access and mobility during emergencies.

### **2. Enhance the Region's Agricultural Resilience**

  - Threats include climate stressors that could impact agriculture, such as extreme heat.

  - **Timeframe:** No specific timeframe provided.
  - **Funding Sources:** Not specified.

  - Review of existing land use plans and adapting zoning codes to support agriculture.
  - Construction of solar shade structures or planting trees to protect livestock and workers from extreme heat.

### **3. Strengthen Biodiversity and Ecologic Habitats**

  - It addresses impacts on biodiversity and ecological habitats from climate stressors.

  - **Timeframe:** No specific timeframe given.
  - **Funding Sources:** Not mentioned.

  - Utilization of nature-based solutions and green infrastructure.
  - Coordination with agencies like the Napa County Groundwater Sustainability Agency.

### **4. Prepare for More Frequent Drought Events**

  - Frequent drought events and overall water supply resilience.

  - **Timeframe:** Various timeframes, with regional and local water conservation opportunities considered.
  - Funding and cost details for specific actions are not mentioned.

  - Public awareness programs and rebates for low-flow device installations.
  - Consideration of adopting California Plumbing Code Appendix M.

### **5. Prepare for More Frequent Extreme Precipitation and Flooding**

  - Extreme precipitation and flooding events combined with sea-level rise.

  - **Location:** Areas prone to flooding, specific sites for intervention are indicated in strategies addressing flooding.
  - Specific cost estimates and timeframes are incomplete, with mentions of various existing mitigation actions.

  - Preserving undeveloped lands for ecosystem adaptation.
  - Increasing flood resilience through actions like waterproofing and flood-proofing infrastructures. 

### **6. Address Climate Change and Health Equity**

  - A general focus on health impacts associated with various climate stressors.

  - Costs and timeframes are not specified in the plan, as they involve broad policy implementation.

  - Emphasizes adopting a "Health in All Policies" approach to integrate health and equity considerations.
  - Collaboration with local medical providers to prepare for increased demand during extreme events.

The plan identifies several mitigation options, each with specific details regarding cost, timing, and other relevant attributes. Here is a summary of the identified mitigation options:

1. **Develop a public information campaign on 72-hour kits.**
   - **Cost:** Estimated capital cost of $20,000 and maintenance costs of $5,000.
   - **Timing:** 1-3 Years.
   - **Location:** County-wide.
   - **Priority:** Medium.
   - **Funding Sources:** General Fund.

2. **Promote greater public awareness of disaster preparedness, hazard mitigation, and disaster recovery.**
   - **Cost:** Low.
   - **Timing:** Ongoing.
   - **Location:** City of Napa.
   - **Priority:** High.
   - **Funding Sources:** Internal funding.

3. **Develop and or share outreach material on air quality mitigation measures for residents before wildfire season.**
   - **Cost:** $10,000 with maintenance costs of $2,500.
   - **Timing:** Annually.
   - **Location:** St. Helena.
   - **Priority:** Extreme.
   - **Funding Sources:** Existing budget, grants.

4. **Conduct prescribed burns as part of the wildfire mitigation strategy.**
   - **Cost:** $100,000 with annual maintenance costs of $20,000.
   - **Timing:** 3-5 Years.
   - **Funding Sources:** Napa County Fire Department/Fire Mitigation Grants.

5. **Retrofit care facilities (adult care, child care) with fire-resistant materials or create defensible space around structures.**
   - **Cost:** $50,000 with annual maintenance costs of $10,000.
   - **Funding Sources:** Fire Mitigation Grants.

6. **Construct shaded fuel breaks and complete roadside treatment projects as prescribed in CWPPs.**
   - **Cost:** $750,000 with annual maintenance costs of $50,000.
   - **Funding Sources:** CAL FIRE, California Fire Safe Council, California Conservation Corps, Napa County General Fund.

7. **Work with utility providers to move above-ground lines underground.**
   - **Cost:** $1,500,000 with annual maintenance costs of $250,000.
   - **Timing:** 5-10 Years.

8. **Secure grant funding to develop and implement a river restoration program that would reduce flood damages and increase environmental quality.**
   - **Cost:** $23,000,000 with annual maintenance costs of $200,000.
   - **Funding Sources:** State and Federal grants.

9. **Develop air conditioning replacement/reimbursement program for low-income and elderly residents.**
   - **Cost:** $250,000 with annual maintenance costs of $10,000.
   - **Funding Sources:** Grants/Bonds/Fee Increased.

Each of these mitigation options is designed to address specific hazards and improve the overall resilience of the planning jurisdiction. The plan provides detailed information on the implementation strategies, costs, and potential funding sources.

The plan identifies several mitigation options along with their associated details such as cost, timeframe, and location. Here are the summarized mitigation options:

### **1. Public Information and Awareness Campaigns:**
- **Campaign on 72-hour Kits:**  
  - **Timeframe:** 1-3 Years  
  - **Estimated Capital Costs:** $20,000  
  - **Estimated Maintenance Costs:** $5,000  
  - **Potential Funding Sources:** General Fund  
  - **Priority:** Medium  
  - **Location:** County  

- **Natural Hazard Awareness Week:**  
  - **Estimated Capital Costs:** $80,000  
  - **Estimated Maintenance Costs:** $10,000 Annually  
  - **Potential Funding Sources:** Existing County Funds  
  - **Priority:** High  

### **2. Emergency Preparedness:**
- **Develop and Promote Shelters and Evacuation Routes:**  
  - **Responsible Party:** St. Helena  
  - **Status:** Ongoing  

- **Communication Systems Improvement:**  
  - **Location:** City of Napa  
  - **Timeframe:** 3-5 Years  
  - **Potential Funding Sources:** HMGP / BRIC, EMPG

  - **Potential Funding Sources:** HMGP / BRIC, EMPG  

- **Emergency Operations Center (EOC) Maintenance:**  

### **3. Infrastructure Resiliency:**
- **Backup Generators for Critical Facilities:**  
  - **Responsible Party:** Various (County, City of Napa, etc.)  
  - **Timeframe:** Unknown to 3-5 Years  
  - **Estimated Cost:** Depends on facility, with some projects at $1,500,000  
  - **Potential Funding Sources:** Federal Grant Funds, HMGP/BRIC  

- **Tree Pruning/Removal for Utilities:**  
  - **Location:** Calistoga  
  - **Estimated Costs:** Unknown  
  - **Funding Source:** Existing department budgets  
  - **Priority:** High

### **4. Energy Grid and Fire Management:**
- **Prescribed Burns and Fuel Reduction Projects:**  
  - **Responsible Party:** County  
  - **Timeframe:** 3-5 Years, Annually  
  - **Estimated Costs:** Varies, e.g., prescribed burns $100,000 with $20,000 annual maintenance  
  - **Funding Sources:** Fire Mitigation Grants, CalFire, General Fund  
  - **Priority:** Medium to High  

- **Vegetation Management:**  
  - **Timeframe:** Annually  
  - **Estimated Costs:** $200,000 with $50,000 annual maintenance  
  - **Funding Sources:** Various grants  

### **5. Flood Risk Mitigation:**
- **Stormwater Basin Construction:**  

- **Flood Control Projects:**  
  - **Measure "A" Flood Control Project Completion:**  
    - **Location:** County  
    - **Timeframe:** 5-10 Years  
    - **Estimated Costs:** $100,000,000  
    - **Potential Funding:** County sales tax, federal funding  
    - **Priority:** High  

### **6. Climate and Temperature Related Initiatives:**
- **Cooling Centers for Extreme Heat Events:**  
  - **Estimated Capital Costs:** $25,000  
  - **Estimated Maintenance Costs:** $10,000 per year  
  - **Funding Source:** Mitigation Funds  

These mitigation options reflect the planning jurisdiction's efforts towards resilience and preparedness for natural and climate-induced hazards.

The plan outlines a series of climate adaptation strategies, measures, and actions addressing various climate threats. Below are the identified adaptation options, with summaries including the climate threats they address and any discernible information regarding cost, timeframe, location, and other important attributes:

### Strategy 1: Improve the Overall Climate Resilience of Napa County
- **Measure All-1:** Implement and monitor existing policies and actions in planning mechanisms.
  - **Climate Threat:** Addresses multiple climate stressors.
  - **Attributes:** Ongoing timeframe, high priority. Potential funding from FEMA and other federal grants.

- **Measure All-3:** Increase resilience of residential and commercial development.
  - **Climate Threat:** Multiple climate stressors, including floods and wildfires.
  - **Attributes:** Encourages floodplain development precautions like waterproofing and the use of flood-resistant materials.

- **Measure All-6:** Improve resilience of the agricultural industry.
  - **Climate Threat:** Various climate stressors.
  - **Attributes:** Proposes a review of land use plans to remove barriers to adaptation.

### Strategy 2: Prepare for and Adapt to Increased Wildfire Risk
- **Location:** Entire region, specifically at-risk areas.
- **Information:** Focus on preparation for more frequent and severe wildfires.

### Strategy 5: Prepare for More Frequent Drought Events and Enhance Water Supply Resilience
- **Measure Drought-1:** Implement water conservation and explore recycled water use.
  - **Climate Threat:** Drought and water scarcity.
  - **Attributes:** Focus on raising public awareness and incentivizing conservation, medium priority.

### Strategy 4: Prepare for More Frequent Extreme Precipitation Events, Combined with Sea Level Rise
- **Measure Flood-9:** Address long-term impacts of sea level rise.
  - **Climate Threat:** Sea level rise impacting infrastructure.
  - **Attributes:** Collaborate with regional partners for asset vulnerability assessments and develop adaptive management plans.

### General Cross-Cutting Measures
- **Measure All-4:** Incorporate health equity into all governmental initiatives.
  - **Climate Threat:** Multiple, with an emphasis on equitable health outcomes.
  - **Attributes:** Promotes "Health in All Policies" approach.

- **Measure All-8:** Incorporate climate change into emergency management.
  - **Climate Threat:** Overall preparedness for multiple climate events.
  - **Attributes:** Prioritizes vulnerable communities for emergency planning.

The plan specifically mentions that Jacobs Engineering will provide cost estimates for adaptation measures, and the cost analysis is to begin following the completion of draft measures. This suggests that detailed cost information is not yet provided but is acknowledged as a part of the ongoing process.

The plan identifies several climate policies that aim to advance climate justice, addressing various climate threats and vulnerable populations. Here are the summaries:

1. **Measure All-4: Incorporate considerations of climate change and health equity into all governmental initiatives and fundamental operations.**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This measure addresses the general climate threat of climate change, focusing on integrating climate change and health equity into regional policies, considerations, and practices.
    
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The policy emphasizes the importance of serving vulnerable communities when implementing public health initiatives. It specifically mentions "vulnerable communities" in relation to disproportionate impacts of climate stressors, highlighting the need for inclusive efforts such as those led by Live Healthy Napa County and similar organizations. *(Source: Measure All-4, Action All-4.2)*

2. **Action All-8.2: Ensure that emergency management activities are executed equitably by prioritizing the safety of identified vulnerable communities.**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This action focuses on the equitable execution of emergency management planning and response processes amid climate-related emergencies.
    
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The action prioritizes the safety of "identified vulnerable communities within the county," ensuring that these communities are accounted for within emergency management policies and initiatives. *(Source: Measure All-8, Action All-8.2)*

3. **Measure All-3: Increase the climate resilience of existing and new residential and commercial development through structural strengthening and hardening to adapt to multiple climate stressors.**
   
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The measure addresses threats of flooding, wildfire risk, and extreme heat.
    
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** While specific vulnerable populations are not explicitly mentioned in this measure, it addresses areas exposed to multiple climate stressors such as "FEMA 100-year and 500-year floodplains," which typically include vulnerable populations. *(Source: Measure All-3, Actions All-3.1 to All-3.3)*

Based on the Napa County RCAAP – Draft Adaptation Measures Memo, the following potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies can be identified:

### Policy: **Wildfire Risk Mitigation Measures**

1. **Climate Threat it is Addressing:**  
   - Increased wildfire risk due to climate change.

2. **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:**  
   - Actions such as creating defensible spaces, fuel reduction projects, and regular planning and implementation of wildfire mitigation best practices across all jurisdictions.
   - _"Ensure that wildfire mitigation best practices, such as creating defensible space and fuel reduction projects, are planned and implemented regularly and consistently in all jurisdictions in the region." (Measure Fire-3)_

3. **Why it may cause inadvertent maladaptation:**
   - These wildfire risk reduction measures may inadvertently lead to increased erosion and runoff problems, especially during rainy seasons, if not implemented with caution.
   - _"...wildfire mitigation best practices should be implemented with caution to prevent exacerbating erosion and runoff problems, especially during rainy seasons." (Measure Fire-3)_

### Policy: **Flood Preparation and Infrastructure Development**

   - Extreme precipitation, flooding events, and sea level rise threats.

   - Use of sea level rise data to locate future critical infrastructure away from potential inundation areas.
   - _"Design and locate future critical infrastructure projects accordingly and away from potential inundation areas such as those mentioned in Action Flood-12.1, using sea level rise data." (Action Flood-11.2)_

   - While attempting to avoid inundation, this approach can overlook the broader implications on habitat and ecosystem connectivity or redirect floodwaters to other vulnerable areas, leading to potentially increased vulnerability elsewhere.
   - _"Require that all new development applications consider projected sea level rise and implement sufficient protective measures such as installing flood barriers..." (Action Flood-11.3)_ 

### Policy: **Water Conservation Measures**

   - Drought and water supply resilience challenges due to less precipitation and increased dry events.

   - Expansion of public awareness campaigns and incentivization of water conservation infrastructure upgrades like leak detection programs.
   - _"Expand conservation incentives such as cash for grass and rebates for low-flow devices." (Action Drought-1.1)_

   - Water conservation efforts may inadvertently reduce water availability for certain ecological needs or lead to unintended shifts in water use patterns, which could exacerbate systemic vulnerabilities in water supply during extreme drought conditions.
   - _"Incentivize water conservation infrastructure upgrade projects such as Cash for Grass and leak detection programs." (Action Drought-1.1)_ 

These potential maladaptive measures highlight the importance of careful planning, monitoring, and adaptive management to ensure that climate policies do not unintentionally increase vulnerability or reduce resilience.

The plan does not provide specific metrics or exact units for measuring the success or failure of each adaptation, resilience, and mitigation option. There are no explicit mentions of reductions in CO₂ emissions, improvements in air quality, or other quantifiable impacts detailed in the provided document. Additionally, the plan does not outline any concrete goals or targets with specific deadlines or numerical objectives for the adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options. 

The document focuses on general strategies and actions but does not provide specific details regarding tracking outcomes. It emphasizes adaptation measures and their co-benefits, such as reducing GHG emissions, but states that further identification of co-benefits will be completed as part of the RCAAP process.

| **Location/City Name** | **Population** | **Threats Identified**                                                     | **Measures Identified**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     |
|-----------------------|----------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Napa County           | Not provided   | - Increased wildfire risk<br>- Increased temperatures and extreme heat<br>- Extreme precipitation, sea level rise, and flooding<br>- Drought and water supply<br>- Energy grid resiliency | - Improve overall climate resilience<br>- Prepare for and adapt to increased wildfire risk<br>- Prepare for increased temperatures and extreme heat<br>- Prepare for extreme precipitation and flooding combined with sea level rise<br>- Improve energy grid resilience |
| City of Napa          | Not provided   | - Extreme Heat<br>- SLR+Flooding<br>- Drought+Water Supply<br>- Wildfire   | - Develop a Climate Action Plan<br>- Improve existing communication systems<br>- Develop short-term shelter options<br>- Promote disaster preparedness awareness<br>- Maintain EOC availability                                                              |
| City of St. Helena    | Not provided   | - Wildfire                                                                | - Inform residents and tourists of shelter locations and evacuation routes                                                                                                                                            |
| City of American Canyon  | Not provided | - Wildfire<br>- SLR+Flooding                                              | - Flood Hazards Element (2019)                                                                                                                                                                                                                               |
| City of Calistoga     | Not provided   | - Wildfire<br>- SLR+Flooding                                              | - General Plan Public Safety Element                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |

| Town of Yountville    | Not provided   | - Wildfire<br>- SLR+Flooding                                              | - General Plan Safety + Hazards Element                                                                                                                                                                                                                      |

Note: The population for each city or jurisdiction is not provided in the document.

The plan pertains to the city of **Providence**. Unfortunately, details about the physical and economic landscape, such as specific **location, population, demographics**, and **average income**, are not explicitly stated in the excerpts provided.

Regarding geographic features, the plan mentions the **Woonasquatucket River** and **port areas** as significant locations that face climate impacts such as heat, riverine flooding, coastal storms, and sea-level rise (Chapter: Develop a long-term climate resilience and adaptation plan).

Furthermore, the plan does not provide specific details about local climate, aridity, or water-related challenges, nor does it mention key infrastructure such as airports or seaports in the excerpts provided. 

However, in terms of energy production, the document briefly mentions Providence's engagement in renewable energy sources, such as being part of the largest solar farm in the state to generate clean energy (Chapter: Letter from the Mayor). There is a shift in focus towards an energy democracy, transitioning "from the corporate, centralized fossil fuel economy to one that is governed by the communities," aiming for "no harm to the environment" and supporting local economies (Chapter: Energy Democracy).

The plan implicitly suggests the importance of a **sustainable local economy** with components such as clean and efficient public transportation, clean community energy, and efficient housing being mentioned under objectives for a sustainable future (Chapter: Requires building a sustainable local economy). The **elimination of fossil fuel dependence** and the **transition towards zero waste** indicate efforts to reshape the economic landscape towards sustainability (Chapter: Works to end the extractive economy).

Specific industries and economic drivers are not elaborated upon in the document. However, the document does highlight an overarching shift towards a regenerative economy that focuses on sustainability and equity as central principles for future economic growth (Chapters: Local and Regenerative Economy).

**Resilience**  
The plan addresses resilience by proposing the creation of a network of **"Resilience Hubs"**, which are described as **"community-serving facilities augmented to support residents and coordinate resources distribution and services before, during or after a natural hazard event"** (Urban Sustainability Directors Network, Resilience Hubs: Shifting Power to Communities and Increasing Community Capacity, 2019). These hubs aim to **"support community-building activities"** and **"reduce burden on local emergency response teams, improve access to health improvement initiatives, foster greater community cohesion, and increase the effectiveness of community-centered institutions and programs"** (Ibid.). They are intended to **"equally enhance community resilience while reducing GHG emissions and improving local quality of life"** (Ibid.).

**Mitigation**  
The plan has a significant focus on mitigation with clear goals such as making Providence a **"carbon neutral city by 2050"** (Letter from the Mayor, 2019). Additionally, the plan aims to address structural issues like **"structural racism"**, **"economic inequality"**, and the **"extractive economy"** that have exacerbated climate-related challenges (Introduction, 2019). The plan emphasizes reducing carbon emissions in frontline communities to address **"health, racial and economic disparities"** (Climate Justice, 2019).

**Adaptation**  
The plan addresses adaptation by developing a long-term climate resilience and adaptation plan. This includes a focus on **"heat, riverine flooding, coastal storms, sea-level rise and other related effects of climate change"** with specific emphasis on areas along the **"Woonasquatucket River, port-areas and the Hurricane Barrier"** (Key Stakeholders, 2019). This comprehensive plan will prioritize frontline communities in its implementation.

**Classification**  
Based on the summaries provided, the plan is best classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. It comprehensively addresses both mitigation and adaptation/resilience, while also embedding social equity considerations within its framework.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario related to climate change and the associated impacts for which Providence is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation.

The plan outlines the need to develop a long-term climate resilience and adaptation plan that centers on frontline communities, who are most impacted by climate change. It specifically mentions examining the impacts of "heat, riverine flooding, coastal storms, sea-level rise and other related effects of climate change" with a focus on areas like the Woonasquatucket River, port-areas, and the Hurricane Barrier. (**Introduction** and **Develop a long-term climate resilience and adaptation plan** sections).

Furthermore, Providence aims to transition away from fossil fuels with a just and equitable approach while highlighting that people of color have contributed the least to the climate crisis but are disproportionately affected by it. The plan addresses root causes such as structural racism and economic inequality. (**Climate Justice** section).

Lastly, the plan has set goals for Providence to become carbon neutral by 2050, showcasing a proactive approach towards climate mitigation. (**Letter from the Mayor** and **The Opportunity** sections).

**1. Heat**

- **Climate Hazard:** The plan highlights "extreme heat" as a significant climate hazard. 
- **Climate Risks:** It mentions that extreme heat poses direct threats to human health, potentially exacerbating respiratory conditions among vulnerable populations.
- **Vulnerabilities:** People of color and low-income communities are particularly vulnerable, with the plan noting "lower health outcomes for people of color" and higher asthma rates in neighborhoods near polluting industries. These communities often lack access to green spaces and have fewer trees, contributing to heat vulnerability. (*Climate Justice*)

**2. Riverine Flooding**

- **Climate Hazard:** Riverine flooding is identified as a potential hazard for the area.
- **Climate Risks:** Flooding can affect infrastructure, housing, and general community safety.
- **Vulnerabilities:** Areas along the "Woonasquatucket River" are specifically highlighted as vulnerable zones. (*Develop a long-term climate resilience and adaptation plan*)

**3. Coastal Storms**

- **Climate Hazard:** The plan acknowledges coastal storms as a significant threat.
- **Climate Risks:** These storms pose risks to infrastructure and human safety, particularly in port-areas.
- **Vulnerabilities:** Port-areas and neighborhoods near the "Hurricane Barrier" are identified as high-risk zones. (*Develop a long-term climate resilience and adaptation plan*)

**4. Sea-Level Rise**

- **Climate Hazard:** Sea-level rise is identified as a climate hazard affecting the jurisdiction.
- **Climate Risks:** Rising sea levels threaten coastal infrastructure and housing, leading to potential displacement.
- **Vulnerabilities:** Same as coastal storms, port-areas, and neighborhoods near the "Hurricane Barrier" are vulnerable. (*Develop a long-term climate resilience and adaptation plan*)

The plan identifies several resilience options to address specific climate threats. Below is a summary of each option:

1. **Develop a Long-term Climate Resilience and Adaptation Plan**
   - **Specific Climate Threat:** The plan addresses the impacts of climate change, particularly focusing on "heat, riverine flooding, coastal storms, sea-level rise and other related effects of climate change." It highlights areas such as "the Woonasquatucket River, port-areas, and the Hurricane Barrier."
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The plan does not specify detailed cost or timeframe but emphasizes the need to engage with the REJC and frontline communities in designing and implementing the plan.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** The option is centered on collaborating with frontline communities, ensuring that those most affected by climate impacts are prioritized in the process.

2. **Create a Network of Resilience Hubs**
   - **Specific Climate Threat:** These hubs aim to support residents before, during, or after a natural hazard event.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The plan outlines that resilience hubs can be located in "city-owned, community-owned, and non-profit owned spaces throughout the City" and should prioritize serving frontline communities. Details on costs and timeframe are not specified.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Resilience hubs enhance community resilience, reduce GHG emissions, improve quality of life, and build community power and leadership. They serve as focal points for neighborhood revitalization, providing resources for residents and reducing the burden on emergency services.

3. **Maximize the Health and Climate Benefits of Green Spaces**
   - **Specific Climate Threat:** This option addresses climate threats related to heat and air quality by advocating for policies and incentives that increase green spaces.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific costs and timeframe are not provided. However, the plan mentions involving private landowners and advocating at state governmental levels.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** The initiative focuses on economic benefits by promoting native species and reducing the use of fossil fuel-derived fertilizers and pesticides.

4. **Expand Community Facilities for Cooling**
   - **Specific Climate Threat:** The plan specifically aims to address extreme heat events.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The plan does not detail specific costs or timeframes. It suggests increasing "cooling center, water park hours and access" in unspecified locations.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** This option also includes ensuring the consistency of operations and public communication.

The plan emphasizes the need to measure and monitor environmental burdens and investments at the neighborhood level. It also advocates for involving frontline communities in designing solutions, ensuring the equitable distribution of resources and decision-making power.

**Mitigation Options Identified in the Plan**

1. **Community Choice Aggregation (CCA)**
   - **Summary:** CCA allows the city to purchase greener electricity in bulk on behalf of residents and businesses, potentially securing cheaper rates than individual agreements.
   - **Cost:** No specific cost information is provided, but residents or businesses can opt-out of the program at no cost.
   - **Timing:** Implemented in 147 municipalities in Massachusetts; timing for Providence not specified.
   - **Location:** Citywide.
   - **Important Attributes:** Prioritizes local, renewable energy sources and includes principles of energy democracy.

2. **Community Solar Programs**
   - **Summary:** Designed to increase access to renewables for frontline communities via community solar projects with low-income participation requirements.
   - **Cost:** May involve funding/capital opportunities such as 0% interest loans for frontline community organizations and individuals.
   - **Timing:** Not specified.
   - **Location:** Use of rooftops, vacant lots, brownfields, and community rooftops.
   - **Important Attributes:** Supported by local union labor and engagement led by frontline communities.

3. **Offshore Wind Support**
   - **Summary:** Prioritizes development of the port to support the offshore wind industry.
   - **Timing:** Ongoing efforts; specific timeline not provided.
   - **Location:** Providence’s industrial waterfront.
   - **Important Attributes:** Companies are held to robust local workforce, environmental, and economic development targets.

4. **Upgrading Municipal Buildings**
   - **Summary:** Aimed at shifting municipal buildings toward zero energy through electrification studies and energy efficiency improvements.
   - **Cost:** No specific cost information provided.
   - **Location:** Municipal buildings with a focus on those in frontline communities.
   - **Important Attributes:** Includes onsite solar installation and building renovations to achieve zero energy readiness. 

5. **Electrification of Municipal Buildings**
   - **Summary:** A study to transition city buildings from natural gas and oil towards zero energy.
   - **Timing:** No specific timeline provided for study or implementation.
   - **Location:** All city buildings, prioritizing those used by frontline communities.
   - **Important Attributes:** Community collaboration emphasized.

6. **Electrification and Improvement of Public Transportation**
   - **Summary:** Electrify and improve the RIPTA bus fleet and service.
   - **Timing:** No specific timeline provided.
   - **Location:** Prioritizing routes in communities of color and low-income areas.
   - **Important Attributes:** Focus on making public transportation more accessible and environmentally friendly.

7. **Carbon Neutral Goal**
   - **Summary:** Mayor Jorge O. Elorza set a goal for Providence to become carbon neutral by 2050.
   - **Timing:** Goal set for 2050.
   - **Important Attributes:** Frontline communities to lead the process of achieving this goal.

8. **Advocacy for Legislation to Eliminate Gas Leaks**
   - **Summary:** Legislation to prohibit passing the cost of wasted gas from leaks to consumers, incentivizing quick repairs.
   - **Timing:** Examples from other states like Texas suggest potential effects within three years of legislation.
   - **Location:** State-wide advocacy with implications in Providence.
   - **Important Attributes:** Potential reduction in methane emissions and improvement of public safety and health.

The plan identifies multiple mitigation options but does not provide detailed cost or specific timing information for most options. Instead, it emphasizes strategic collaboration, equitable access, and community involvement in achieving these mitigation goals.

The plan identifies several mitigation options, focusing on reducing emissions and fostering cleaner energy practices. Below are the key mitigation options mentioned:

1. **Advocacy for Legislation to Eliminate Gas Leaks**
   - **Summary:** The plan advocates for the elimination of gas leaks, which release methane into the atmosphere and are harmful to human health.
   - **Attributes:**
     - **Cost:** The plan suggests that laws should prevent National Grid from passing the cost of wasted gas onto consumers, incentivizing repairs.
     - **Timeframe:** Reference to a similar law in Texas shows a 55% fix rate within three years.
     - **Location:** Applicable throughout the state with specific measures during road construction projects.
   - **Important Attributes:** This is designed to protect consumers and ensure timely and cost-effective repair of leaks. 

2. **Traffic Pattern Evaluation and Modification**
   - **Summary:** The plan includes evaluating and modifying traffic patterns to reduce emissions, particularly in frontline communities.
     - **Timeframe:** To be included in future corridor planning, especially regarding on-ramps and major highway projects.
     - **Location:** Communities with high cumulative pollution.
   - **Important Attributes:** Includes community involvement, especially from frontline communities.

3. **Investment in Clean and Accessible Public Transportation**
   - **Summary:** Advocating for cleaner and more accessible public transport, including electrification of the bus fleet.
     - **Location:** Prioritizes routes in communities of color and low-income areas.
   - **Important Attributes:** Includes improving service, cleanliness, condition, and access, and advocating for free or discounted transportation for low-income residents.

4. **Community Choice Aggregation (CCA)**
   - **Summary:** Allows the City to purchase greener electricity in bulk for residents and businesses.
     - **Cost:** Generally provides cheaper rates than available to individual customers.

5. **Increase Access to Renewable Energy through Community Solar Programs**
   - **Summary:** Implementing policies and programs to increase access to renewable energy for frontline communities.
     - **Location:** Utilizing rooftops, vacant lots, brownfields, and community rooftops.
   - **Important Attributes:** Includes a low-income participation requirement and the use of local union labor.

6. **Development in the Port to Support Offshore Wind**
   - **Summary:** Ensuring the industrial waterfront can be used for offshore wind infrastructure.
     - **Location:** Providence's industrial waterfront.
   - **Important Attributes:** Companies must adhere to robust local workforce, environmental, and economic targets.

7. **Upgrade Municipal Buildings Towards Zero Energy**
   - **Summary:** Transition City buildings off natural gas and oil towards zero energy.
     - **Location:** Focus on buildings used by or located in frontline communities.
   - **Important Attributes:** Includes community collaboration and prioritizes energy-efficient design.

These mitigation options are intended to advance Providence’s efforts to reduce GHG emissions and support a transition to cleaner, renewable energy sources.

Based on the content of Providence's Climate Justice Plan, the following adaptation options are identified, along with their respective summaries:

### **1. Develop a Long-term Climate Resilience and Adaptation Plan**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** This adaptation option addresses the impacts of heat, riverine flooding, coastal storms, sea-level rise, and other related effects of climate change. Specific focus areas include the Woonasquatucket River, port areas, and the Hurricane Barrier.
- **Information Provided:**
  - **Timeframe:** The implementation of this plan is a long-term adaptation strategy.
  - **Location:** Focus is on areas along the Woonasquatucket River, port areas, and the Hurricane Barrier.
  - **Partnership:** It emphasizes partnering with the Racial Environmental Justice Committee (REJC) and frontline communities to ensure the most impacted are centered in the process. (Section: Key Stakeholders)

### **2. Maximize the Health and Climate Benefits of Green Spaces**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** This adaptation option tackles various localized climate impacts including air quality and urban heat islands.
  - **Policies and Incentives:** Design policies and incentives for private landowners and businesses to use native species and reduce fossil fuel-derived fertilizers and pesticides.
  - **Advocacy:** Advocate with governmental institutions like the state Department of Transportation for similar practices.
  - **Location:** Applicable across lands in Providence owned by private, business, and governmental bodies. (Section: Air Quality; Healthy Community Spaces)

### **3. Expand Community Facilities for Cooling**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** This adaptation option addresses extreme heat events.
  - **Attributes:** Increase hours and access to cooling centers and water parks, ensuring consistency in operations and public communication.
  - **Focus on Consistency:** Emphasizes the importance of consistent operations and communication with the public. (Section: Healthy Community Spaces)

### **4. Create a Network of Resilience Hubs**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** This adaptation option supports residents before, during, or after natural hazard events.
  - **Definition:** Resilience Hubs are community-serving facilities that coordinate resources distribution and services.
  - **Attributes:** Leverage community-managed facilities as neighborhood centers, intended to be led by community members and organizations.
  - **Location & Management:** Can be located in city-owned, community-owned, and non-profit owned spaces, prioritizing frontline communities and managed by community organizations.
  - **Purpose:** They provide opportunities for community cohesion, emergency response support, and health improvement initiatives. (Section: Healthy Community Spaces)

The Providence Climate Justice Plan identifies several climate policies aimed at advancing climate justice. Below are some of the key policies, including the climate threats they address, and the areas or populations most vulnerable to these threats based on the plan:

1. **Carbon Reduction at the Source**
   - **Climate Threat:** The plan focuses on reducing carbon emissions primarily from fossil fuels used for heating, electricity, and transportation. This reduction targets both climate change and local air quality impacts due to co-pollutants like nitrogen oxide (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2).
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** The policy is particularly focused on low-income communities of color, who "are disproportionately burdened by the polluting industries" and experience the highest rates of asthma and lead poisoning due to proximity to highways and polluting industries (Climate Justice section).

2. **Climate Resilience and Adaptation Plan Development**
   - **Climate Threat:** This policy aims to address multiple climate change impacts such as heat, riverine flooding, coastal storms, and sea-level rise.
   - **Vulnerable Areas:** The focus areas for adaptation planning include regions along the Woonasquatucket River, port areas, and the Hurricane Barrier, which are likely more exposed to the mentioned climate hazards (Key Stakeholders section).

3. **Environmental Burden Assessment and Investment Monitoring**
   - **Climate Threat:** The policy indirectly addresses localized environmental burdens by aiming to prioritize investments in pollution reduction, green spaces, and parks.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Frontline communities, largely composed of communities of color, are targeted for prioritization in receiving investments and reducing environmental burdens (Key Stakeholders section).

These policies highlight the plan's aim to center the most impacted communities in the decision-making and implementation processes, focusing on addressing structural inequities as part of Providence's climate response efforts.

Based strictly on the provided plan, I will identify potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies and summarize as requested:

### 1. Gas Leak Legislation
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Methane emissions contributing to climate change.
- **Option Proposed:** Advocate for legislation for the elimination of gas leaks to reduce methane emissions, which includes prohibiting National Grid from passing the cost of wasted gas onto consumers and requiring repair of gas leaks during road construction projects.
- **Potential Maladaptation:** While fixing gas leaks reduces methane emissions, a strict focus on eliminating financial burden on consumers for gas leaks may inadvertently defer or limit broader energy system transitions. By tying utilities to short-term cost-saving measures, there could be less incentive to invest in more substantial shifts towards renewable energy infrastructure which ultimately is a necessary adaptation and mitigation strategy ("Providence’s Climate Justice Plan | 2019").

### 2. Zoning and Land Use Policy Changes
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Pollution and health impacts from industrial land uses.
- **Option Proposed:** Explore zoning and land use policy changes to reduce pollution and improve community health, prohibiting new fossil fuel infrastructure.
- **Potential Maladaptation:** Prohibiting new fossil fuel infrastructure and focusing heavily on industrial policy might inadvertently result in restrictions that could limit necessary infrastructure updates or transitions that are required for current systems to adapt or mitigate. The narrow focus may also shift issues rather than solving them, as it could lead to increased operating costs or loss of jobs in affected communities, thereby exacerbating economic vulnerabilities rather than addressing root causes or facilitating comprehensive renewable transitions ("Providence’s Climate Justice Plan | 2019").

### 3. Cumulative Impact Analysis for Emission Standards
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Air and climate pollution.
- **Option Proposed:** Advocate for legally binding climate pollution reduction and clean energy targets with cumulative impact analysis for emissions standards.
- **Potential Maladaptation:** While cumulative impact analysis is crucial for understanding environmental burdens, an overemphasis on cumulative assessments without timely action might create bureaucratic delays. This could result in inhibited responsiveness to climate change challenges if it restricts immediate pollution reduction efforts or adaptation options by waiting for exhaustive analysis, possibly delaying immediate beneficial actions ("Providence’s Climate Justice Plan | 2019").

These potential maladaptive outcomes highlight the complexity of implementing climate policies that must balance immediate needs with long-term sustainability goals.

### Mitigation Options

- **Reduction in CO2 Emissions**
  - The plan aims to eliminate **climate pollution from municipal operations by 2040**. This involves transitioning municipal building electricity and heating to 100% renewable by 2030 and 2040, respectively, and converting the city's fleet and school buses to renewable energy by 2040 (Lead by Example).
  - **Target for Renewable Electricity in Municipal Buildings:** 100% by 2030.
  - **Target for Renewable Heating in Municipal Buildings:** 100% by 2040.
  - **Target for Renewable Fleet and School Buses:** 100% by 2040.
  
- **Carbon Neutrality**
  - Providence aims to become **carbon neutral by 2050** (The Opportunity).

- **Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMTs)**
  - **VMT Reduction Target:** By 2035, an 11% reduction; by 2050, a 20% reduction.
  - **Electric Vehicle Target:** By 2035, 43% of VMTs to be electric; by 2050, 80% (Transportation).

### Adaptation and Resilience Options

- **Community Health and Resilience Hubs**
  - **Target for Resilience Hubs:** By 2035, establish three Resilience Hubs in frontline communities and by 2050, have one in every neighborhood (Community Health).

- **Air Quality and Pollution Reduction**
  - **Reduction in Direct Emissions:** By 2035, a 20% reduction in frontline communities; aim for elimination by 2050 (Community Health).

### Specific Interventions and Goals

- **Energy Conversion to Heat Pumps:**
  - By 2035, convert 48% of residential heating and 45% of commercial heating to heat pumps; by 2050, 90% of residential and 85% of commercial to be converted (Housing and Buildings).

- **Energy Burden Reduction:**
  - By 2040, reduce low-income energy burden to less than 5% and eliminate utility shut-offs (Housing and Buildings).

- **Asthma-Related Emergency Department Visits:**
  - By 2035, reduce to 10 per 1,000 children; by 2050, reduce to less than four per 1,000 children (Community Health).

- **RIPTA’s EcoPass:**
  - Increase employers offering the EcoPass from 50 to 200 by 2035 (Transportation).

These targets and metrics provide a structured framework for measuring and tracking the success of both adaptation, resilience, and mitigation efforts in Providence's Climate Justice Plan.

| Feature             | Details                                                                                                                                                   |
|---------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Providence                                                                                                                                                |
| **Population**         | Not specified in the provided excerpts                                                                                                                 |
| **Threats Identified** | - High air pollution levels (major pollutants) <br> - Gas leaks resulting in methane emissions <br> - Environmental burden in neighborhoods <br> - Effects of heat, riverine flooding, coastal storms, and sea-level rise <br> - Vulnerability of frontline communities (<sup>[Source: Community Health Strategies - Air Quality; Healthy Community Spaces; Technical Appendix III, IV]</sup>)  |
| **Measures Identified**  | - Develop long-term climate resilience and adaptation plans focusing on climate impacts like heat, flooding, and sea-level rise <br> - Assess and report hazardous materials at the Port <br> - Create Resilience Hubs to enhance community resilience <br> - Advocate for legally binding climate pollution reduction targets <br> - Maximize health and climate benefits of green spaces <br> - Expand cooling facilities <br> - Monitor the level of environmental burden and target investments accordingly <br> - Refine policies based on community feedback <br> - Communicate air quality information to affected communities <br> - Collaborate with local organizations for community-driven participation and governance (<sup>[Source: Collaborative Governance; Community Health Strategies; Resilience Hubs; Technical Appendix I, II]</sup>) |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction:** City of Lakewood

**Location:** Lakewood is a municipality in Colorado, United States. The document does not provide specific information on geographical coordinates or proximity to state or regional markers.

**Population and Demographics:** Specific demographic information such as exact population, detailed racial or cultural demographics is not explicitly stated in the document. However, it notes that according to the Denver Regional Council of Governments (DRCOG), Lakewood’s population is expected to increase by almost 25 percent, and employment by over 30 percent (SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY03).

**Average Income:** The document does not provide specific figures for average income within the planning jurisdiction.

**Geographic Features and Key Infrastructure:** The document does not mention geographically significant features such as mountains, rivers, deserts, or coastline. No specific key infrastructures such as airports or seaports are discussed.

**Local Climate and Water Challenges:** The document refers to the changing climate and its potential impacts, noting issues related to resource use, such as increased water demand for irrigation of crops, landscaping, and natural vegetation, leading to potential increases in pollutant concentrations in water. This highlights concerns over water quality and availability influenced by early snowmelt and runoff due to climate change (ENERGY, WATER, AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT02).

**Energy Production and Natural Resources:** Lakewood is working on transitioning to renewable energy sources. Current energy production includes a mix provided by the Public Service Company of Colorado (Xcel):  
- **Coal:** 56%  
- **Natural Gas:** 21.6%  
- **Wind:** 19.3%  
- **Hydroelectric:** 1.9%  
- **Solar:** 1.1%  
- **Other (including biomass, oil, nuclear power):** 0.1%  
The plan emphasizes moving forward with renewable energy options like solar, wind, hydropower, biomass, and geothermal, and highlights the switch to natural gas, which has fewer emissions compared to coal (ENERGY, WATER, AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT02).

**Industries and Economic Drivers:** Economic prosperity in Lakewood involves fostering a strong, connected local business community, aiming for employment and professional development opportunities, and ensuring a sufficient tax base. The local economy is projected to benefit from increased population and employment growth, and efforts focus on local food assets, green business certification programs, and enhancing household economic resilience (SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY03). Commercial energy use accounted for 22 percent of Lakewood’s greenhouse gas emissions in 2007, providing opportunities for energy cost savings through more sustainable practices (SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY03).

Overall, while the document outlines some key initiatives and challenges related to climate, energy, and economic development, it lacks some specific statistical data and detailed geographic descriptions of the area.

The plan addresses resilience, mitigation, and adaptation in the following ways:

### Resilience:
- **Resilience** is addressed through the development of the "City of Lakewood Sustainability Plan," which aims to create a culture of permanence where the community works together to ensure the health and vibrancy of Lakewood for future generations. The plan includes the formation of the Sustainability Division, the Community Sustainability Framework, and the engagement of various stakeholders in the planning process to support long-term resilience. It emphasizes the ability to cope with climate hazards: "_Solutions cannot be achieved independently, as GHG emissions accumulate over time... A coordinated approach is critical to limiting current damages and successfully adapting to future conditions_" (Introduction).

### Mitigation:
- **Mitigation** is a significant focus of the plan. It aims to "_reduce greenhouse gas emissions through simple improvements, such as proper insulation and energy efficient technologies_" and sets specific targets such as reducing communitywide GHG emissions by 20% below 2007 levels by 2025 and by 50% by 2050 (Chapter 01: Climate Change and Adaptation). It encourages cities to "_lead the way in mitigation efforts_" and includes strategies like "_emission reduction assessments_" and "_prioritize and implement greenhouse gas reduction strategies_" (Mitigation, CCA1-B).

### Adaptation:
- **Adaptation** is also a strong focus. The plan discusses preparing for "_new conditions, reducing vulnerabilities, and leveraging changes to create new opportunities for growth and sustainability_." It highlights the necessity to develop "_a climate preparedness plan to prepare for multiple climate futures_" and includes conducting a "_climate change vulnerability assessment_" (Adaptation, CCA1-D).

### Classification:
Given the comprehensive approach to addressing both mitigation and adaptation, as well as the emphasis on fostering community resilience, the plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. It integrates both aspects with an equitable focus and incorporates resilience strategies to ensure long-term sustainability and community well-being.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change the City of Lakewood will face. The plan highlights several impacts that are already influencing the city and are expected to continue. These include:

- **Drought:** "In Lakewood, drought, reduced snowpack, strained water supply, disaster recovery costs, and other impacts are already influencing municipal operations and household economies." 
- **Temperature Increases:** "Moderate to aggressive efforts to mitigate CO2 emissions would still lead to increased average annual temperatures of 2.5°F by 2025 and 4°F by 2050."
- **Water Supply Challenges:** "Strained water supplies affect our ability to meet consumption demands of cities and agriculture, significantly impacting our economy, water quality, and ecological health."
- **Extreme Weather Events:** "Even if all GHG emission from human activity ceased, global temperatures are still expected to rise by 0.5°F over the next few decades."

The plan emphasizes a need for a "comprehensive and local strategy" and "coordination between neighboring jurisdictions, all levels of government, and partners within the community" to prepare for these anticipated changes in climate ("Action today will lead to a more resilient tomorrow"). 

These descriptions underline the potential impacts and risks of climate change that Lakewood is planning to address through its policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation ("GOALS: Minimize Lakewood’s communitywide greenhouse gas emissions and prepare and adapt to ongoing climate change impacts").

**1. Drought**

- **The Climate Hazard:** "Drought and subsequently reduced groundwater, combined with changing precipitation patterns and earlier spring snowmelt, all affect water supply."
- **The Climate Risk:** "Strained water supplies affect our ability to meet consumption demands of cities and agriculture, significantly influencing our economy, water quality, and ecological health."
- **Climate Vulnerability:** Not explicitly detailed for specific areas or populations in the plan.

**2. Sea-Level Rise**

- **The Climate Hazard:** "Rising sea levels along with rising high tides and storm surges."
- **The Climate Risk:** "Potential impacts... are far-reaching and include impacts to infrastructure, local and national economies, personal property loss, and population displacement."
- **Climate Vulnerability:** Not specifically detailed, but it is noted that over 5 million people in the U.S. live within four feet of the local high-tide level.

**3. Extreme Weather Events**

- **The Climate Hazard:** "Extreme weather events, such as heat waves, droughts, wildfires, hurricanes, heavy downpours, and floods."
- **The Climate Risk:** "Severe and sometimes irreversible impacts to our natural and human systems," including human health, agriculture, and infrastructure.
- **Climate Vulnerability:** Not specifically detailed for particular areas or populations regarding extreme weather.

**4. Floods**

- **The Climate Hazard:** "Heavy precipitation events and floods are increasing and projected to intensify in the coming decades."
- **The Climate Risk:** "Affecting agriculture and property," and historically leading to significant property damage and loss of life.
- **Climate Vulnerability:** Not explicitly detailed, but notes show past flood damage statistics.

**5. Wildfires**

- **The Climate Hazard:** "Wildfires due to rising temperatures and evaporation rates increase the drying of vegetation."
- **The Climate Risk:** "Significant impacts on U.S. crop yields and local economies."
- **Climate Vulnerability:** Areas with significant forest cover, though not explicitly detailed for specific populations.

**6. Health Risks from Environmental Changes**

- **The Climate Hazard:** "Extreme weather, air pollution, and altered infectious disease transmission cycles."
- **The Climate Risk:** "Amplified existing health risks, including respiratory, cardiovascular, mental health, and stress-related disorders."
- **Climate Vulnerability:** "Vulnerable populations, such as children, older adults, low-income groups, and those with chronic illnesses."

**7. Ecosystem and Biodiversity Loss**

- **The Climate Hazard:** The current species extinction rate is "estimated to be 1,000 to 10,000 times higher than the historical rate."
- **The Climate Risk:** Loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services that are critical for human and environmental health.
- **Climate Vulnerability:** Implicitly affects all areas dependent on these services, though not detailed for specific populations.

Each of these hazards presents serious potential impacts to the physical systems and social well-being of the City of Lakewood, necessitating adaptive strategies to build resilience and mitigate risks.

**Resilience Options Identified in the Plan:**

1. **Stormwater Management and Flood Control (NS2-A)**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option addresses the threat of flooding and related water quality issues. The plan highlights that "floods...and in September 2013 flooding in Colorado resulted in an estimated 2,000 damaged or destroyed homes" (Natural Systems).
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** 
     - *Cost:* Listed as $$$$ (> $1,000,000) in the Strategy Feasibility Assessments table (Appendix A).
     - *Timeframe and Location:* No specific timeframe or location is detailed in the text, but it involves utilizing Lakewood's landscape and resources.
   - **Important Attributes:** 
     - Focuses on increasing the capacity to manage stormwater and protect water quality by "developing a suite of requirements, resources, and incentives that promote the use of green infrastructure" (Implementation Strategies NS2-A).
     - Economically, there is potential revenue from this option, though not quantified in the table. It also contributes to ecosystem health and public health, as seen in the Strategy Benefits table (Appendix A).

2. **Cooling and Carbon Sequestration (NS2-B)**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option is aimed at mitigating the urban heat island effect and enhancing carbon capture to address increased temperatures and CO2 levels.
     - *Cost:* Listed as $$$ (between $100,000–$1,000,000) in the Strategy Feasibility Assessments table (Appendix A).
     - *Timeframe and Location:* Specific timeframe and location details are not provided, but implementation is likely citywide where vegetation can be enhanced.
     - Environmental benefits include high ecosystem health, with medium potential for household benefits related to cooling energy costs.
     - This option aligns with promoting tree planting and maintenance as part of climate adaptation strategies.

Each resilience option is designed to address specific climate threats with a focus on leveraging environmental and economic co-benefits. They also align with the city's goals to increase resilience as outlined in sections discussing mitigation, preparedness, and adaptation.

The plan identifies several mitigation options, each with detailed information on cost, timing, and other attributes. Here’s a summary for each identified option:

### **1. Renewable Energy Transmission and Generation**
- **Upfront Costs:** $$ (50,000–100,000)
- **Ongoing Costs:** Not stated
- **Location:** City of Lakewood
  - **Environmental Benefits:** High potential for greenhouse gas emissions reduction and positive ecosystem health impact.
  - **Economic Benefits:** Supports self-reliance by fostering local development.
  - **Social Benefits:** Contributes to community cohesion and public health.
- **Citation:** Appendix A, Strategy Benefits and Strategy Feasibility Assessments

### **2. District-Scale Sustainability**
- **Upfront Costs:** $$$$ (> 1,000,000)
  - **Economic Benefits:** Significant support for self-reliance with potential for household economic benefits.
  - **Social Benefits:** Promotes community cohesion.

### **3. Sustainable Energy and Water Resource Center**
- **Upfront Costs:** $ (< 50,000)
  - **Environmental Benefits:** Medium potential for greenhouse gas emissions reduction.
  - **Social Benefits:** Enhances public health through improved services.

### **4. Municipal Renewable Energy Generation**
  - **Environmental Benefits:** High potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
  - **Economic Benefits:** Supports local development.

Overall, these strategies are tailored to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, support local economic growth, enhance public health, and foster community cohesion, though their precise ongoing costs and timing are not specified in the document.

The plan identifies several mitigation options. Below is a summary of the provided information regarding each option:

### **Renewable Energy Transmission and Generation (BE1-A)**
- **Cost:** Medium ($50,000–100,000)
- **Environmental Benefits:** Potential GHG reduction
- **Economic Benefits:** Self-reliance
- **Social Benefits:** Not explicitly detailed
- **Attributes:** The strategy does not specify a timeframe or location.
  
### **District-Scale Sustainability (BE1-B)**
- **Cost:** Very High ($>1,000,000)
- **Economic Benefits:** Self-reliance, Household benefits
- **Social Benefits:** Community cohesion, Public health
  
### **Sustainable Energy and Water Resource Center (BE1-C)**
- **Cost:** Low (<$50,000)
- **Social Benefits:** Enhances public health
- **Attributes:** Focuses on enhancing ecosystem health. The strategy does not specify a timeframe or location.
  
### **Municipal Renewable Energy Generation (BE1-D)**
- **Attributes:** The strategy does not specify economic or social benefits, timeframe, or location.
  
### **LEED Standards for Municipal Buildings (BE3-A)**
- **Attributes:** Focus on GHG reduction potential afforded by adherence to LEED standards. No specific details on timeframe or location are provided.
  
### **Green Building Construction and Retrofits (BE3-B)**
- **Attributes:** Emphasizes the potential for broader environmental benefits including ecosystem health and GHG reduction. No specific timeframe or location detailed.

### **Sustainable Site Planning and Development (BE3-C)**
- **Attributes:** The strategy does not explicitly detail environmental, economic, or social benefits. No specific information on timeframe or location is provided.

The plan uses a straightforward cost and benefit table structure for each strategy, outlining potential greenhouse gas reductions, costs, and non-specific benefits across environmental, economic, and social dimensions. However, precise timeframes and specific locations for implementation are not detailed for these strategies.

The plan identifies several adaptation options aimed at addressing various climate threats. Below are the summarized details:

### CCA1-D: Climate Preparedness Plan
- **Climate Threat Addressed:**
  - The plan addresses multiple climate futures, aiming to prepare for the full range of climate-related risks that could lead to emergencies, infrastructure vulnerabilities, and economic, social, and natural resource management challenges (Climate Preparedness Plan).

- **Important Attributes:**
  - **Cost, Timeframe, Location:** Specific costs, timeframe, and location details are not provided in the plan.
  - **Other Important Attributes:** 
    - Expand existing emergency preparedness plans.
    - Upgrade infrastructure and update standards to minimize vulnerability.
    - Incorporate climate change preparedness into all municipal operations, programs, planning efforts, and policies.
    - Monitor impacts of climate change and effectiveness of adaptation strategies to adjust strategies and plans as necessary.

### Green Infrastructure
  - Extreme weather events, urban heat, and carbon emissions (Green Infrastructure).

  - **Cost, Timeframe, Location:** 
    - Not specified in detail, but it emphasizes the integration of natural solutions like rain gardens, permeable pavements, bioswales, and increasing urban vegetation.
    - These features help reduce urban temperatures, sequester carbon, and manage stormwater.
    - The urban forest in metro Denver provides significant cooling cost savings.

### Stormwater Management and Flood Control (NS2-A)
  - Flooding (Natural Systems).

  - **Cost:** $$$$ 
  - **Timeframe, Location:** Not specified.
    - The plan includes the strategy benefits and strategy feasibility tables which outline potential environmental, economic, and social benefits.

### Cooling and Carbon Sequestration (NS2-B)
  - Urban heat and carbon emissions (Natural Systems).

  - **Cost:** $$$
    - Focus on reducing urban temperatures and sequestering carbon, thereby contributing to ecosystem health, self-reliance, and public health benefits.

These adaptation options are designed to enhance resilience against specific climate threats by integrating municipal and natural systems.

The plan does not explicitly use the term "climate justice" in the provided sections. However, it does touch upon policies addressing climate impacts and vulnerabilities that can be associated with climate justice themes. Here are some interpretations based on the document:

### 1. Water Supply and Quality Policies
- **Climate Threat:** "Drought and subsequently reduced groundwater, combined with changing precipitation patterns and earlier spring snowmelt, all affect water supply." This threatens the water supply, quality, and ecological health (Chapter 01: Climate Change and Adaptation).
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** While the document does not specify specific vulnerable populations or areas, it implies a broad vulnerability as "strained water supplies affect our ability to meet consumption demands of cities and agriculture" indicating potential impacts on urban populations reliant on these water sources (Chapter 01: Climate Change and Adaptation).

### 2. Health and Ecosystem Health Policies
- **Climate Threat:** "Existing health risks, such as respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases, mental health, and stress-related disorders are all amplified by extreme weather, air pollution, and altered infectious disease transmission cycles" (Chapter 01: Climate Change and Adaptation).
- **Vulnerable Populations:** "Vulnerable populations, such as children, older adults, low-income groups, and those with chronic illnesses, will disproportionately suffer from the added stresses of climate change impacts" (Chapter 01: Climate Change and Adaptation).

### 3. Infrastructure and Emergency Preparedness Plans
- **Climate Threat:** "Drought, reduced snowpack, strained water supply, disaster recovery costs, and other impacts are already influencing municipal operations and household economies" (Chapter 01: Climate Change and Adaptation).
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** These policies aim to prepare Lakewood to reduce vulnerabilities across various sectors, implicitly acknowledging the vulnerabilities of all residents, particularly those economically reliant on consistent municipal operations and household economies (Chapter 01: Climate Change and Adaptation).

While the plan highlights efforts to address vulnerabilities and adapt to climate impacts, detailed identification of specific areas or populations for climate justice needs may require further actions beyond this document's descriptions.

Based on the provided document, here are potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies along with their summaries:

**1. Climate Preparedness Plan**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Multiple climate risks that could lead to emergencies.
- **Option Proposed:** "*Expand existing emergency preparedness plans to encompass the full range of climate-related risks that could lead to emergencies*" (Chapter CLIMATE CHANGE AND ADAPTATION01).
- **Potential Maladaptation:** If not properly tailored to specific local conditions, the expansion of emergency preparedness plans might overstretch available resources and lead to inefficient responses. It might potentially cause dependency without improving local capacity, thus increasing vulnerability in the long term.

**2. Infrastructure Upgrades**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Vulnerability to changing climate conditions.
- **Option Proposed:** "*Upgrade existing infrastructure and update standards to minimize vulnerability*" (Chapter CLIMATE CHANGE AND ADAPTATION01).
- **Potential Maladaptation:** If upgrades are not flexible or forward-looking, they may become obsolete as climate conditions continue to change. Additionally, improper implementation may increase over-dependence on hard infrastructure, which could fail in extreme cases, exacerbating exposure to climate risks.

**3. Green Infrastructure**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Urban heat and stormwater management.
- **Option Proposed:** Incorporation of green infrastructure such as rain gardens, permeable pavements, and bioswales to reduce urban temperatures and manage stormwater (Chapter CLIMATE ADAPTATION).
- **Potential Maladaptation:** Generally beneficial, but if not managed properly, green infrastructure could lead to issues such as invasive species, waterborne diseases, or unanticipated maintenance needs that strain local resources, creating new vulnerabilities.

For each potential maladaptation, it is critical to ensure that policies are locally contextualized, flexible, and continuously monitored to adapt to emerging threats and conditions.

**Metrics and Measurement of Success**

The plan outlines several ways to measure the success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options, primarily focusing on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions:

- **Reduction in CO2 Emissions:** The plan utilizes "metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e)" as a unit to measure the potential GHG emissions reduction for each strategy implemented. (Section: GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTION (GHG) POTENTIAL)

- **Social Cost of Carbon (SCC):** The plan references the SCC as a monetary measure for assessing the economic impacts of CO2 emissions reductions. It is utilized to demonstrate the cost-benefit analysis of emissions reduction policies. The SCC is valued at "$38 per metric ton of CO2." (Section: SOCIAL COST OF CARBON)

**Concrete Goals and Targets**

- **Communitywide Greenhouse Gas Emissions Goals:**
  - **2025 Target:** Reduce communitywide GHG emissions by 20% below 2007 levels by 2025. (Section: targets under "MINIMIZE LAKEWOOD’S COMMUNITYWIDE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND PREPARE AND ADAPT TO ONGOING CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS")
  - **2050 Target:** Reduce communitywide GHG emissions by 50% below 2007 levels by 2050. (Section: targets under "MINIMIZE LAKEWOOD’S COMMUNITYWIDE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND PREPARE AND ADAPT TO ONGOING CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS")

- **Municipal Greenhouse Gas Emissions:**
  - **Annual Reductions Target:** Reduce municipal greenhouse gas emissions annually through 2025. (Section: targets under "MINIMIZE LAKEWOOD’S COMMUNITYWIDE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND PREPARE AND ADAPT TO ONGOING CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS")

**Tools and Methods for Tracking**

- **Customized GHG Calculators:** These calculators are developed for the City of Lakewood to monitor trends and track cumulative GHG reductions. (Section: TARGET JUSTIFICATION under various emission reduction targets)

**Implementation Strategies**

- **Strategy CCA1-A:** Involves greenhouse gas data collection, tracking, and reporting, which includes regularly updating the "City of Lakewood Greenhouse Emissions Inventory" and conducting municipal operations greenhouse gas inventories. (Section: Implementation Strategies)

- **Strategy CCA1-B:** Utilizes emission reduction assessments to prioritize and implement strategies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. (Section: Implementation Strategies)

**Assessment Approach**

- **Benefit Factor Rankings:** Each strategy is ranked (“Low,” “Medium,” “High,” “Not Applicable”) based on its potential environmental, economic, and social benefits, specifically in terms of GHG reduction, ecosystem health, self-reliance, household benefits, community cohesion, and public health. (Section: BENEFIT FACTOR RANKINGS)

These measurement approaches, goals, and concrete targets serve to evaluate the progress and effectiveness of Lakewood's climate adaptation and mitigation efforts.

| Feature           | Details                                          |
|-------------------|--------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Lakewood                                             |
| **Population**        | *Not specified in the document*                          |
| **Threats Identified** | - Water supply strain affecting economy and ecology <br> - GHG emissions and climate-related hazards <br> - Potential impacts on natural systems |
| **Measures Identified**| - **Mitigation Strategies**: *Reducing GHG emissions* <br> - **Adaptation Strategies**: *Improving water quality, increasing tree canopy coverage, enhancing natural ecosystem functions* <br> - **Resilience Strategies**: *Green Infrastructure and Biodiversity Management* |
```

The plan provided does not include a detailed description of the physical and economic landscape of the jurisdiction, including specific data such as **name of the planning jurisdiction, its location, population, demographics, and average income**. Likewise, it does not specify geographical features like **mountains, rivers, deserts, coastlines**, or key infrastructure such as **airports or seaports**. Similarly, **local climate characteristics**, including mentions of aridity or water challenges, are not explicitly detailed.

However, the document does focus on climate-related strategic planning within an urban setting, particularly within Portland and Multnomah County. The focus lies on the intersection of climate action and social factors such as health, equity, and urban development, rather than providing a geographical or economic profile.

In terms of energy, the plan discusses broader goals for reducing emissions and adapting to climate change which likely involve transitioning energy sources but does not specify the city's current **energy production methods (oil, gas, renewables)** or its **natural resources**.

The plan does highlight the importance of **economic drivers** through strategies like the Portland Economic Development Strategy and mentions an **80 percent reduction of local carbon emissions by 2050**, suggesting significant activity aimed at promoting sustainability, economic growth, and technological innovation.

Key points related to **industries and economic objectives** include:

- **Economic Prosperity and Affordability Strategy** highlighting Portland's role as a model for sustainability and innovation. 
- A goal in the **Portland Economic Development Strategy** to build a sustainable economy and to grow employment by 10,000 jobs over five years.
- Recognition of green living-wage jobs and energy-saving efforts as integral to the local economy.

The document primarily outlines climate, health, and policy strategies but does not delve into exhaustive geographical or economic details of Portland and Multnomah County.

The plan addresses resilience, mitigation, and adaptation as follows:

### **Resilience**
- The plan emphasizes preparing for and minimizing risks associated with climate change impacts, such as heat, drought, wildfire, flooding, landslides, and ecosystem degradation. It aims to **"reduce climate-related vulnerabilities for residents and businesses, and [...] respond to and recover from the impacts when they do occur"** (Related Planning Efforts).
- The **"Climate Change Preparation Strategy and Risk and Vulnerabilities Assessment"** serve as the foundation for resilience-related actions in the plan, aiming to reduce vulnerabilities and respond to impacts (Climate Change Preparation Strategy and Risk and Vulnerabilities Assessment).

### **Mitigation**
- Mitigation efforts focus on reducing carbon emissions, with specific goals of achieving an **"80 percent emissions reduction by 2050 and 40 percent by 2030"** (Plan Development Process).
- Actions aimed at slowing the effects of climate change include reducing car travel, enhancing energy efficiency, promoting biking and transit, and more (CLIMAT e ACTION M eAN s ADDR ess INg BOTH MITI gATION AND PR ePARATION).

### **Adaptation**
- Adaptation is integrated within the plan through actions designed to prepare for the impacts of climate change, particularly focusing on those most vulnerable. This includes building community resilience and strengthening emergency management capacity (Preparing for Local Impacts in Portland and Multnomah County - 2014).

Based on the analysis, the plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. It balances efforts to reduce emissions (mitigation) with significant focus on preparing for climate impacts (adaptation and resilience).

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change that the planning jurisdiction will face and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation:

- **Future Climate Conditions:** "Portland’s future climate is expected to include warmer winters with more intense rain events and hotter, drier summers with an increased frequency of high-heat days." (*PREPARING FOR LOCAL IMPACTS IN PORTLAND AND MULTNOMAH COUNTY | 2014*)

- **Potential Impacts Identified:** The Climate Action Plan acknowledges the "potential impacts from climate change will be substantial and serious," requiring significant changes in regional policies, investments, and programs. While the Portland area is not immediately vulnerable to threats like sea-level rise or severe droughts, it will face increased risks from extreme weather conditions specific to its climate. (*PREPARING FOR LOCAL IMPACTS IN PORTLAND AND MULTNOMAH COUNTY | 2014*)

This scenario includes consideration of climate risks such as flooding, extreme heat, respiratory-related illnesses, and mental health impacts, highlighting the need for actions both to "slow the effects of climate change by reducing carbon emissions" and to "prepare for the impacts." (*CLIMAT e ACTION M eAN s ADDR ess INg BOTH MITI gATION AND PR ePARATION*)

1. **Increased Temperature and High-Heat Days**
   - **Description:** The plan identifies "increased temperatures (both day and night) and frequency of high-heat days" as climate hazards. Summers are expected to be hotter and drier with more high-heat days.
   - **Climate Risks:** These conditions are associated with "increased illness and death," particularly affecting air quality with higher ground-level ozone and pollen counts that can exacerbate respiratory illnesses. Nighttime heat waves have increased, causing public health issues.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Communities most impacted include areas affected by the "urban heat island effect," such as downtown, major roads, and industrial areas. Vulnerable groups include "older adults living alone" and people with health conditions worsened by heat, like asthma.

2. **More Intense Rain Events and Flooding**
   - **Description:** The plan notes the potential for "warmer winters with the potential for more intense rain events," leading to increased flooding.
   - **Climate Risks:** Flooding can cause water damage to "homes and businesses, roads, railroad tracks, levees, bridges, and culverts." It can also stress stormwater management systems and contribute to urban flooding.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** The plan suggests prioritizing areas where low-income populations and communities of color live, as they may face greater challenges in coping with flooding due to historical disparities.

3. **Drought**
   - **Description:** The increased incidence of drought is acknowledged as a risk, particularly during hotter, drier summers.
   - **Climate Risks:** Drought can negatively impact water availability and increase the risk of forest pest damage and mortality of plant and tree species.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** While Portland’s water supply system is generally well-positioned, the plan emphasizes ongoing efforts to ensure resilience to drought conditions.

4. **Wildfire**
   - **Description:** The plan warns of an "increased wildfire frequency and intensity" as a result of higher temperatures and drier conditions.
   - **Climate Risks:** Wildfires can damage or destroy "public and private property," harm "wildlife, habitat, and recreation areas," and affect "air quality and human health."
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** The urban forest, natural parks, and open spaces within Portland are particularly vulnerable, potentially affecting surrounding communities reliant on these areas.

5. **Air Quality**
   - **Description:** Air quality issues, such as increased ground-level ozone and pollen counts, are linked to higher temperatures.
   - **Climate Risks:** Poor air quality can exacerbate existing respiratory issues and lead to more significant health emergencies.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Areas with historically poor air quality and populations with respiratory illnesses are most at risk, including communities of color and low-income populations.

6. **Landslides**
   - **Description:** The climate risk of "increased incidence of landslides" is highlighted, especially with more intense rain events.
   - **Climate Risks:** Landslides pose risks to the built environment, infrastructure, and private property.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Efforts are aimed at integrating landslide risk reduction approaches into planning, suggesting a focus on areas with more vulnerable infrastructure.

The plan emphasizes that these climate hazards will have significant impacts on Portland and Multnomah County, necessitating targeted interventions for the most vulnerable populations.

1. **Emergency Management:**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Heat, floods, landslides, and other emergencies.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Strengthening emergency management capacity is a long-term action carried out by the City of Portland Bureau of Emergency Management (PBEM) and Multnomah County departments (DCHS, HD, MCEM).
   - **Other Important Attributes:** This option emphasizes responding in culturally appropriate ways and involves increasing the capabilities of volunteer and service organizations to help respond to emergencies *("ACTIONS TO BE COMPLETED BY 2020, Impact Lead agency Timeframe")*.

2. **Community Resilience:**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flooding, extreme heat, respiratory-related illnesses, and mental health impacts.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** This is a long-term improvement effort involving the City (PBEM, BES, Fire) and County (HD, OS, MCEM).
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Focuses on improving the capacity of communities, especially those most vulnerable to climate change impacts, to understand and respond effectively *("ACTIONS TO BE COMPLETED BY 2020, Impact Lead agency Timeframe")*.

3. **Vulnerable Populations:**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Extreme heat, floods, landslides, and wildfire.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Near-term actions led by the City (BPS, BES, PP&R, PBEM, Water, PBOT) and County (DCHS, HD, MCEM, OS).
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Ensures participation and benefits for the most vulnerable communities, focusing on equity and disproportionate climate impacts *("ACTIONS TO BE COMPLETED BY 2020, Impact Lead agency Timeframe")*.

4. **Adaptive Building Techniques:**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** General climate change impacts on buildings.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Mid-term project by the City (BPS).
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Supports a demonstration project incorporating affordability, comfort, safety, and strategies to achieve net-zero energy, water, and waste *("ACTIONS TO BE COMPLETED BY 2020, Impact Lead agency Timeframe")*.

5. **Asset Management:**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Risks to infrastructure from climate variables.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Mid-term actions involving City (Water, BES, PBOT, PP&R, OMF) and County (DCA, DCS).
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Recognizes climate variables in infrastructure management, addressing both conventional and green infrastructure *("ACTIONS TO BE COMPLETED BY 2020, Impact Lead agency Timeframe")*.

6. **Monitoring and Data Collection:**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Various climate change trends.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Mid-term actions involving City (Water, BES, PP&R, PBOT) and County (HD).
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Focuses on tracking trends in streamflows, temperature, storms, river levels, and more, with results used for updating plans and programs *("ACTIONS TO BE COMPLETED BY 2020, Impact Lead agency Timeframe")*.

7. **Climate Migrants:**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Migration trends due to climate change.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Existing and/or ongoing efforts.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Monitors migration trends and researches potential for accelerated migration, emphasizing the importance of planning for future demographic changes due to climate impacts *("ACTIONS TO BE COMPLETED BY 2020, Impact Lead agency Timeframe")*.

The plan highlights several mitigation options to address climate change. Below is a summary of each identified mitigation option, including information regarding cost, timing, location, and other attributes:

1. **Reduced Car Travel**
   - **Timing:** Not specified
   - **Location:** City of Portland, Multnomah County
   - **Important Attributes:** This is part of efforts to reduce carbon emissions through changes in transportation habits, such as promoting biking and transit.

2. **Energy Efficiency**
   - **Important Attributes:** Aims to reduce emissions by improving energy efficiency in buildings and infrastructure.

3. **Reuse and Recycling**
   - **Important Attributes:** Encourages waste minimization as a way to lower emissions.

4. **Biking and Transit**
   - **Important Attributes:** Promotes sustainable transportation options to cut down on vehicle emissions.

5. **Ecoroofs**
   - **Location:** City of Portland
   - **Important Attributes:** Utilizes building roofs to absorb rainwater, provide insulation, create habitat, and help lower urban temperatures.

6. **Home Weatherization**
   - **Important Attributes:** Focuses on reducing energy consumption in homes through improved insulation and other energy-saving measures.

7. **Tree Preservation**
   - **Important Attributes:** Maintains and enhances tree canopy to sequester carbon and provide shade.

8. **Natural Area Restoration and Protection**
   - **Important Attributes:** Focuses on protecting and restoring natural ecosystems to enhance carbon sequestration.

9. **Flood Management**
   - **Important Attributes:** Involves infrastructure and planning strategies to manage stormwater and reduce flood risks, contributing to resilience and emission reductions indirectly.

The plan does not specify detailed cost estimates or precise timelines for these mitigation efforts, which are generally ongoing or part of mid- to long-term strategies. These mitigation options are designed to both reduce emissions and support other benefits like environmental quality, health improvements, and economic prosperity.

The Climate Action Plan for Portland and Multnomah County identifies several mitigation options aimed at reducing carbon emissions. Here are the key mitigation options identified in the plan along with their attributes:

   - **Summary:** Encouraging reduction in car travel as a mitigation strategy to tackle carbon emissions.
   - **Important Attributes:** It mentions using public transportation, biking, and transit as alternatives. The plan states this aligns with regional transportation planning and urban growth strategies.

   - **Summary:** This involves initiatives to improve energy efficiency in buildings and other infrastructure to reduce emissions.
   - **Important Attributes:** This includes home weatherization and building energy upgrades, although the plan does not explicitly comment on cost or timeframe.

   - **Summary:** Strategies to promote reuse and recycling to minimize waste-related emissions.
   - **Location & Other Attributes:** Part of overall solid waste management efforts detailed within the plan.

4. **Ecoroofs and Tree Preservation**
   - **Summary:** Implementing ecoroofs and preserving urban trees as strategies to sequester carbon and reduce heat islands.
   - **Location & Other Attributes:** Focuses on urban areas for implementation; specific cost or timeframe details are not provided.

5. **Urban Form and Transportation**
   - **Summary:** Developing infrastructure that supports low-carbon transportation options and urban growth within established boundaries.
   - **Cost & Timeframe:** The plan mentions ongoing and near-term strategies, advocating for initiatives like orphan highways and mode share targets. Specific costs are not outlined in the document.

6. **Flood Management**
   - **Summary:** It works as both a mitigation and adaptation strategy to address climate-related flood risks through smarter urban planning.
   - **Location & Other Attributes:** Apply to flood-prone areas; timelines and detailed costs are not specified.

The plan highlights that nearly all actions support co-benefits, such as prosperity, equity, environmental quality, and health, and are prioritized based on their potential impact on reducing emissions, equity, and other factors. Specific costs for actions or detailed timeframes are not always provided. The document emphasizes integrating these mitigation options with broader policy decisions, urban planning, and regional collaborations.

**Adaptation Options Identified in the Plan:**

   - **Details Provided:** This option strengthens emergency management capacity to prepare for and respond to emergencies in culturally appropriate ways. It develops response plans that minimize impacts on populations most vulnerable to weather-related emergencies. It also increases the capabilities of volunteer and service organizations and safety net providers to help respond. The timeframe for implementation is long-term. (*Impact Lead agency Timeframe, Action 16A*)

   - **Details Provided:** This option aims to improve community capacity, especially among populations most vulnerable to climate change impacts, to understand, prepare for, and respond. The timeframe for this adaptation is long-term. (*Impact Lead agency Timeframe, Action 16B*)

   - **Details Provided:** This action ensures participation of and benefits to populations most vulnerable to priority climate change impacts. The timeframe for execution is near-term. (*Impact Lead agency Timeframe, Action 16C*)

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Generally related to climate resilience.
   - **Details Provided:** Supports an adaptive building demonstration project considering affordability, comfort, safety, and strategies to achieve net-zero energy, water, and waste. The timeframe is mid-term. (*Impact Lead agency Timeframe, Action 16D*)

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Risk to infrastructure from climate variables.
   - **Details Provided:** Recognizes climate variables as a risk in how the City and County manage infrastructure, including conventional facilities and green infrastructure. The timeframe is mid-term. (*Impact Lead agency Timeframe, Action 16E*)

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Climate-related trends in environmental and infrastructural conditions.
   - **Details Provided:** This involves improving monitoring and data collection to track climate change-related trends such as streamflows, temperature, resource condition, among others. Results will be used in updating plans and programs as needed. The timeframe is mid-term. (*Impact Lead agency Timeframe, Action 16F*)

7. **Cooling Facilities and Ecoroofs:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Heat vulnerability.
   - **Details Provided:** The plan suggests increasing the tree canopy in underserved communities to provide shading, and using ecoroofs to help reduce the impacts of extreme heat. Cooling spaces that are culturally appropriate and highly accessible are critical for residents vulnerable to heat. (*HUMAN POPULATIONS VULNERABLE TO CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS*)

For all options, cost details and specific locations are not extensively provided in the highlighted sections.

The plan identifies several climate policies intended to advance climate justice. These policies focus on addressing climate threats, particularly for populations that face the highest climate vulnerability. Below is a summary of these policies:

1. **Increasing Vegetation and Decreasing Paved Surfaces:**
   - **Climate Threat:** Urban heat island effects and heat-related illnesses.
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** Low-income neighborhoods and communities of color. The increased tree canopy and ecoroofs are suggested as vital methods to reduce the impacts of extreme heat, benefiting those who are most susceptible, including low-income residents heavily reliant on transit and exposed to extreme heat conditions (PREPARING FOR LOCAL IMPACTS IN PORTLAND AND MULTNOMAH COUNTY | 2014).

2. **Providing Cooling Spaces:**
   - **Climate Threat:** Extreme heat events.
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** Older adults who live alone without access to air conditioning. The plan emphasizes culturally appropriate and accessible cooling spaces to support those most vulnerable to heat (PREPARING FOR LOCAL IMPACTS IN PORTLAND AND MULTNOMAH COUNTY | 2014).

3. **Outreach and Partnering with Community Organizations:**
   - **Climate Threat:** General climate vulnerability due to compounded health issues, poor air quality, and lack of resources.
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** Communities of color and low-income populations. The plan calls for outreach strategies and partnership with organizations already working to reduce disparities, ensuring that vulnerable communities are equipped to deal with climate impacts (PREPARING FOR LOCAL IMPACTS IN PORTLAND AND MULTNOMAH COUNTY | 2014).

4. **Promoting Equity in Health, Safety, and Livability:**
   - **Climate Threat:** Barriers to active lifestyles, pollution exposure, and unequal access to resources.
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** Low-income populations and communities of color. The plan outlines commitments to improve health disparities by addressing pollution and access to green space and healthy food (CLIMAT e EQUITY COMMITM eNTs).

Each of these policies addresses specific climate threats and targets vulnerable populations to advance climate justice within the planning jurisdiction.

The plan does not explicitly identify any potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies. However, examining the proposed actions and their possible implications may reveal risks of maladaptation. Here are some concerns based on the plan's content:

1. **Increased Vegetation in Urban Areas**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Urban heat island effect and poor air quality.
   - **Resilience/Adaptation Option Proposed:** "A key means of dealing with these disparities is to increase vegetation and decrease the coverage of paved surfaces, especially in low-income neighborhoods and communities of color." 
   - **Potential for Maladaptation:** If not properly managed, increasing tree canopy and vegetation could potentially exacerbate allergies or introduce non-native species that could disrupt local ecosystems. Additionally, maintenance and water use might be higher than anticipated, potentially stressing local water resources during dry periods.

2. **Adaptive Building Techniques**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Energy efficiency needs and climate variability in temperature extremes.
   - **Resilience/Adaptation Option Proposed:** "Support an adaptive building demonstration project that considers affordability, comfort, safety and strategies to achieve net-zero energy, water and waste." 
   - **Potential for Maladaptation:** Without careful consideration, adaptive building techniques might inadvertently increase costs, making housing less affordable, particularly for low-income residents they aim to protect. There is a risk of exclusion if these infrastructures are not universally accessible or affordable.

3. **Ecoroofs Implementation**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Intense heat events and stormwater management.
   - **Resilience/Mitigation Option Proposed:** "Ecoroofs can help reduce some of the impacts of extreme heat."
   - **Potential for Maladaptation:** The introduction of ecoroofs might require building retrofits that could be costly and lead to unintended structural issues if buildings are not initially designed to support such weight. Moreover, if not constructed with appropriate materials and maintenance, they may not perform effectively, potentially leading to water leakage or degrading in quality over time.

While these actions are integral components of the Climate Action Plan, each carries inherent risks if not properly planned, managed, and assessed for long-term and community-wide impacts.

The plan measures success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options using various metrics and targets. Here are the specific metrics, units, goals, and targets mentioned in the plan:

### **Metrics and Units:**

- **Carbon Emissions Reductions:** The plan aims for an 80 percent reduction in carbon emissions by 2050, with an interim goal of a 40 percent reduction by 2030. Carbon reduction potential is categorized with icons representing different ranges of annual carbon emissions reduction:
  - **More than 8,000 metric tons**: ***CCCC***
  - **2,500 to 8,000 metric tons**: ***CCC***
  - **800 to 2,500 metric tons**: ***CC***
  - **Less than 800 metric tons or foundational efforts**: ***C***

- **Urban Forest Canopy**: Expand the urban forest canopy to cover at least one-third of the city, with a minimum canopy cover of 25 percent for each residential neighborhood and 15 percent for central city, commercial, and industrial areas (**Section: Urban Forest, Natural Systems and Carbon Sequestration Objectives 13**).

- **Impervious Surfaces Reduction**: Reduce effective impervious areas by 600 acres (**Section: Urban Forest, Natural Systems and Carbon Sequestration Objectives 13**).

### **Goals and Targets:**

- **2030 Objectives**:
  - **Building and Energy**: No specific metrics are listed, but reducing emissions in these sectors is crucial to achieving the 2050 goal.
  - **Local Government Operations**: Reduce carbon emissions from City and County operations by 53 percent from fiscal year 06–07 levels (**Section: Local Government Operations 2030 Objectives 19**).
  - **Food and Agriculture**: Reduce consumption of carbon-intensive foods and support a community-based food system (**Section: Food and Agriculture 2030 Objectives 12**).

- **Climate Change Preparation Goals**:
  - Reduce risks and impacts from heat, drought, flooding, and landslides by preparing for changing climate patterns (**Section: Climate Change Preparation 2030 Objectives 14-15**).

- **Community Engagement and Education**:
  - Engage under-represented and under-served populations in policymaking and program implementation, motivating behavioral change to reduce carbon emissions (**Section: Community Engagement, Outreach and Education 2030 Objectives 17-18**).

### **Tracking and Reporting:**

- **Progress Reports**: Annual progress reports will provide updates on local carbon emission trends, fossil fuel use, and the progress in implementing the actions in the Climate Action Plan. The integration of the Equity Objectives is also included (**Section: Climate Action Plan Management Process**).

- **Plan Updates**: Every five years, Portland and Multnomah County will review and revise the actions, updating and identifying new actions for the subsequent five years to achieve the 2030 objectives and the interim emission reduction goal (**Section: Plan Updates**).

These metrics and targets provide a structured approach to measuring and evaluating the success or failure of the plan's actions across various domains.

| **Feature**            | **Details**                                                                                                                                                                                       |
|------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Portland and Multnomah County                                                                                                                                                                     |
| **Population**         | Not explicitly stated in the provided excerpt.                                                                                                                                                    |
| **Threats Identified** | - Heat and poor air quality, particularly affecting low-income populations and communities of color <br> - Urban heat island effects <br> - Flooding <br> - Landslides <br> - Poor water quality   |
| **Measures Identified**| - Increasing vegetation and tree canopy <br> - Enhancing vector control programs <br> - Monitoring and managing landslides <br> - Providing outreach and education about landslide risks          |
```

The plan is for the **City of Hartford** located in Connecticut, United States. Here is the description of the physical and economic landscape based on the content provided in the plan:

### **Geographic Features and Climate**
- Hartford is an **inland city** but is adjacent to the **Connecticut River**, exposing it to flooding risks. Specifically, historic floods and the potential for extreme flooding are significant concerns due to climate change pressures on its **aging system of levees** ("Extreme Flooding").
- The regional climate is experiencing changes such as **warmer, wetter winters** and **hotter, drier summers**, which are anticipated to bring increased pressure on resources and infrastructure ("Warmer, Wetter Winters" and "Hotter, Drier Summers").

### **Demographics and Economic Characteristics**
- Hartford has been losing manufacturing jobs over the last 30 years, with **one-third** of these jobs lost, leading to an **8.5% unemployment rate** noted in 2017, which was the highest in the state ("Economic Development").
- The plan connects climate action efforts with **economic development**, aiming to foster green jobs to simultaneously improve employment opportunities and reduce greenhouse gas emissions within Hartford ("Economic Development").

### **Infrastructure and Resources**
- The document does not mention specific infrastructure like airports or seaports but highlights the potential impact of flooding on the **South Meadows Wastewater Treatment Facility**, a critical infrastructure component for processing sludge-based waste ("Extreme Flooding").
- Hartford is repositioning itself through **green economic development**, aiming to create stable jobs with living wages that cannot be outsourced ("Economic Development").
- The **energy vision** includes promoting cleaner, cheaper, and more reliable energy, reducing dependence on fossil fuels, and cutting energy costs. It emphasizes renewable energy as part of its mitigation options ("Vision Summary").

### **Industries and Economic Drivers**
- Hartford is pushing towards **renewable energy installations** and local agriculture as part of its narrative on climate action, linking economic initiatives to sustainability goals ("Introduction").
- The emphasis on the creation of **green jobs** highlights a potential shift in economic drivers towards environmental and climate-related industries.

The plan does not provide explicit information on population size, demographics (such as age, ethnic composition), average income, specific natural resource deposits, or traditional energy production details like oil and gas extraction. However, it does emphasize a shift towards sustainable practices and economic revitalization aligned with climate responses.

The **City of Hartford Climate Action Plan** addresses resilience, mitigation, and adaptation in various ways:

The plan emphasizes resilience by focusing on strengthening Hartford's ability to cope with climate impacts. The plan aims to "improve public health outcomes, advance the economy, and promote social equity" (Introduction). It underscores using sustainability work as a vehicle for social justice, supporting education, green jobs, and neighborhood revitalization ("Introduction"). Additionally, Hartford aims to create cleaner energy systems and landscapes with trees and meadows that mitigate high heat days and flooding ("Vision Summary").

Mitigation is addressed through efforts to reduce emissions by creating greener, more efficient energy systems, reducing dependence on fossil fuels, and cutting energy costs for all. The plan outlines strategies for enhancing public education on waste, increasing recycling and reuse rates, and reducing vehicle-related emissions through a multi-modal transportation network ("Vision Summary").

Adaptation is addressed with strategies that improve water efficiency, protect against floods, enhance green infrastructure, and promote the availability of nutritious foods that are locally grown. These actions aim to improve health, increase resilience, and provide better protection against climate-related impacts such as flooding and droughts ("Vision Summary").

### **Classification**
Overall, the plan seems to navigate both mitigation and adaptation efforts, with significant room for resilience strategies. Therefore, the plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. It aims to achieve balance by addressing infrastructure, community health, energy efficiency, and green job creation, illustrating a comprehensive approach to both limiting climate change impacts and adjusting to them.

Yes, the plan describes scenarios related to the impacts of climate change that Hartford anticipates and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. 

### **Climate Change Impacts Described in the Plan:**
- **Warmer, Wetter Winters:** The document states that "Warmer, wetter winters" are a climate change impact Hartford will face.
- **Hotter, Drier Summers:** Hartford is expected to experience "Hotter, drier summers" as part of the changing climate.
- **Extreme Flooding:** The plan highlights the risk of "extreme flooding," noting that Hartford's adjacency to the Connecticut River exposes it to destructive floods. The plan describes potential flooding impacts on 25% of Hartford's land area, including residential, commercial, and industrial zones, and the possibility of affecting critical infrastructure like the South Meadows Wastewater Treatment Facility (Chapter: 3 Climate Change Impacts).

These identified climate change impacts shape the planning efforts to address Hartford's vulnerability to such scenarios through various climate policies outlined in the plan.

1. **Warmer, Wetter Winters**
   - **Description:** The climate plan identifies "Warmer, wetter winters" as a climate change impact.
   - **Climate Risks:** These conditions contribute to increased precipitation events, which can lead to challenges in infrastructure maintenance and strain on public resources.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The document does not provide a specific mention of areas or populations vulnerable to warmer, wetter winters.

2. **Hotter, Drier Summers**
   - **Description:** "Hotter, drier summers" is noted as another impact of climate change.
   - **Climate Risks:** These conditions can exacerbate heat-related health issues, increase the demand for water and energy, and strain natural resources and public health systems.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The document does not explicitly state which areas or populations are most vulnerable to hotter, drier summers.

3. **Extreme Flooding**
   - **Description:** The plan discusses "Extreme flooding" as a result of climate change. Hartford's adjacency to the Connecticut River makes it particularly susceptible.
   - **Climate Risks:** Flooding risks include potential impacts on 25% of Hartford’s land area, inundating approximately 3,000 acres of residential, commercial, and industrial areas, and destruction of 20% of the city’s grand list. Key infrastructures like the South Meadows Wastewater Treatment Facility could be affected, leading to regional impacts.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Hartford’s most vulnerable residents and businesses, particularly those in impoverished areas, face significant risks. The plan mentions socioeconomic vulnerability using a map that incorporates Census data on factors such as age and poverty (see "EXTREME FLOODING" section). 

These hazards and their associated risks highlight the climate vulnerabilities faced by Hartford due to climate change impacts.

**1. Manage Flood Risks**

- **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:** Flooding due to extreme weather influenced by climate change.
- **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The plan anticipates significant progress within a 3-year timeframe if external support is received, although specific cost or location details are not provided in the extracted section. However, South Meadows and Connecticut River are mentioned as critical areas.
  - "A massive flood could potentially endanger $1 billion worth of buildings and urban infrastructure." (_Goal 4: Manage Flood Risks_)
  - The focus is on Hartford’s impoverished areas most vulnerable to flooding impacts.
  - Enhancement of the levee system is critical for flood prevention.

**2. Increase Transportation Resiliency**

- **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:** Impact on transportation systems during emergency events and extreme weather.
- **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** No specific cost or timeframe mentioned; Union Station is referenced as an important location.
  - Ensures access to transportation during emergencies.
  - Encourages diversity in transportation modes, incorporating biking and public transportation. (_Goal 5: Increase Transportation Resiliency_)
  - Promotes collaboration with state and regional officials for funding and development.

**3. Increase Energy Resiliency**

- **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:** Power outages during storms and grid instability.
- **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** A microgrid in the Parkville neighborhood is referenced; no specific cost or timeframe provided.
  - The microgrid helps maintain power for critical facilities such as hospitals and grocery stores. (_Goal 5: Increase Energy Resiliency_)
  - Promotes local energy generation diversification.

**4. Increase Resiliency of Trees and Landscapes**

- **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:** Drought, disease, infestation, storms driven by climate change.
- **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** No specific cost or timeframe provided.
  - Focus on ash trees due to their shade coverage and climate change mitigation benefits.
  - A diverse tree canopy is emphasized to strengthen resilience against threats like the emerald ash borer. (_Goal 5: Increase Resiliency of Trees and Landscapes_)

**5. Increase Resiliency of Waste Facilities**

- **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:** Flooding of trash incinerators and sludge treatment plants.
- **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The South Meadows area is highlighted; no specific cost or timeframe provided.
  - Relocation of vulnerable facilities is suggested to avoid catastrophic flooding consequences.
  - Advocacy for reduced emissions and improved environmental footprint of waste facilities. (_Goal 5: Increase Resiliency of Waste Facilities_)

The plan identifies several mitigation options across different action areas. Here is a summary based on the provided information:

1. **Energy Mitigation Options**
   - **Cleaner, Cheaper, and More Reliable Energy:** 
     - *Attributes*: Reduces the likelihood of power outages during storms, creates green jobs, reduces fossil fuel dependence, and cuts energy costs for all (Vision Summary).
     - *Cost, Timing, Location*: Specific details on cost, timing, and location are not provided.

2. **Water Mitigation Options**
   - **Better Protection Through Green Infrastructure**: 
     - *Attributes*: More efficient use of potable water, better protection against floods and droughts, and cleaner waterways by reducing and cleaning stormwater runoff (Vision Summary).

3. **Waste Mitigation Options**
   - **Eradication of Trash and Public Education**:
     - *Attributes*: Boosts diversion, recycling, and reuse rates, which cuts costs, related emissions, and environmental degradation (Vision Summary).

4. **Landscape Mitigation Options**
   - **Landscapes with Trees and Meadows**:
     - *Attributes*: Mitigates the effects of high heat days and flooding, provides ecosystem services, absorbs and filters runoff, offers recreation, and cleans the air (Vision Summary).
   - **Goal 2**: 
     - *Promote Meadows and Native Wildflower Fields*: Encourages meadows as cost-effective and climate-conscious landcare that improves biodiversity and reduces mowing costs (Goal 2).
     - *Cost, Timing, Location*: Cost savings from reduced mowing, no specific timing or location details.

5. **Food Mitigation Options**
   - **Nutritious, Locally Grown, or Non-Carbon-Intensive Food**:
     - *Attributes*: Improves health and resiliency by providing nutritious food readily available across neighborhoods, leading to improved health (Vision Summary).

6. **Transportation Mitigation Options**
   - **Multi-Modal, Affordable Transportation Network**:
     - *Attributes*: Provides safe biking and walking options, reduces vehicle-related emissions, improves air quality, and cuts asthma rates (Vision Summary).

The plan outlines a broad vision for these mitigation measures within each action area but does not specify detailed attributes such as cost, timing, or locations for each option.

Based on the content provided from the City of Hartford Climate Action Plan, the following mitigation options are identified:

1. **Promote Meadows and Native Wildflower Fields**
   - **Cost:** The plan describes this approach as "budget-friendly" (_Climate Action Plan, Goal 2: Promote Meadows and Native Wildflower Fields_).
   - **Timeframe:** Not explicitly stated.
   - **Location:** Applies to public parks and rights of way as well as private properties with large lots (_Goal 2: Promote Meadows and Native Wildflower Fields_).
   - **Other Important Attributes:** This strategy aims to improve biodiversity and ecosystem services while reducing mowing needs, saving gas, and costs. It also contributes to carbon processing in the atmosphere and supports pollinator pathways for bees (_Goal 2: Promote Meadows and Native Wildflower Fields_).

2. **Integrate Green Infrastructure Into Roadway Design**
   - **Timeframe:** Not specified.
   - **Location:** Applicable to roadways across Hartford (_Goal 5: Increase Transportation Resiliency_).
   - **Other Important Attributes:** This involves physical changes to expand the ability of roadways to absorb and process stormwater during extreme rain or flooding events. This ensures road usability and increases resiliency (_Goal 5: Increase Transportation Resiliency_).

3. **Encourage Local Artists' Work in Open Spaces**
   - **Location:** Feasible incorporation in open spaces across Hartford (_Goal 4: Enhance Human-Made Landscapes_).
   - **Other Important Attributes:** This is aimed at beautifying landscapes while enhancing the environmental benefits of urban spaces (_Goal 4: Enhance Human-Made Landscapes_).

4. **Target Brownfield Remediation Investment in High-Opportunity Locations**
   - **Cost:** Involves obtaining clean-up funding, but specific costs are not mentioned (_Goal 4: Enhance Human-Made Landscapes_).
   - **Location:** High-opportunity locations within Hartford (_Goal 4: Enhance Human-Made Landscapes_).
   - **Other Important Attributes:** This option focuses on improving soil quality with the added benefit of harnessing real estate development potential (_Goal 4: Enhance Human-Made Landscapes_).

These strategies are part of a broader effort to mitigate the impacts of climate change and foster environmental sustainability within Hartford. Each option contributes to broader climate goals through various sustainable practices and infrastructure improvements.

The plan identifies several adaptation options, addressing specific climate threats. Here is a summary:

1. **Develop Adaptation Plans for Flooding**
   - **Climate Threat:** This adaptation option addresses the threat of extreme flooding events. It is noted that Hartford is at risk of flooding due to extreme weather caused by climate change (as seen in *GOAL 4: Manage Flood Risks*).
   - **Cost, Timeframe, Location, and Attributes:**
     - **Timeframe:** While a precise timeline is not provided, the plan anticipates that significant headway on strategies including this one can be made within a 3-year timeframe (*INTRODUCTION*).
     - **Location:** Adaptation plans particularly focus on some of Hartford’s most impoverished areas, identified as vulnerable to flood impacts (*GOAL 4: Manage Flood Risks*).

2. **Improve Resiliency of Aging Levee System**
   - **Climate Threat:** This option also targets the threat of flooding and the pressure that climate change places on Hartford’s aging levee system (*GOAL 4: Manage Flood Risks*).
   - **Attributes:** It is categorized as an important physical change strategy necessary to prevent floods.

3. **Develop Siting Guidelines for Flood-Prone Areas**
   - **Climate Threat:** This option aims to address risks in flood-prone areas by ensuring that future projects are well-designed to mitigate flood risk (*GOAL 4: Manage Flood Risks, Strategy C*).
   - **Attributes:** This strategy involves policy and code changes that guide construction in vulnerable areas.

4. **Identify and Assess Vulnerable Water Infrastructure**
   - **Climate Threat:** This option addresses vulnerability of water infrastructure to emergency flooding events (*GOAL 4: Manage Flood Risks, Strategy A*).
   - **Attributes:** This strategy involves an inventory and assessment to identify facilities vulnerable during emergencies.

5. **Support State Water Management Plan to Build Regional Capacity**
   - **Climate Threat:** This addresses the threat of large-scale flooding that may impact real estate, especially in low-income neighborhoods (*GOAL 4: Manage Flood Risks, Strategy D*).
   - **Attributes:** This is a partnership and advocacy approach aimed at protecting Hartford's real estate through flood prevention measures.

While the plan outlines various adaptation strategies, specific information on cost and detailed timelines is not provided within the sections highlighted.

The City of Hartford Climate Action Plan identifies several policies aimed at advancing climate justice. Below are summaries of the policies and the related climate threats and vulnerable populations:

1. **Engagement in the Climate Action Plan**
   - **Climate Policy:** "*Low-income households and persons of color are engaged in this Climate Action Plan, from planning to implementation*." (Section on Social Equity)
   - **Climate Threat:** General climate impacts and socioeconomic challenges.
   - **Vulnerability:** Low-income households and people of color who face disproportionate exposure to pollution and climate impacts.

2. **Access to Shelters and Emergency Facilities**
   - **Climate Policy:** "*All Hartford residents, including those who lack access to adequate heat or air conditioning in their homes, have access to shelters and emergency facilities during flooding, excess snow and ice, and heat waves*." (Section on Social Equity)
   - **Climate Threat:** Flooding, snow, ice, and heat waves.
   - **Vulnerability:** Residents without adequate heating or air conditioning, often within low-income populations lacking access to resources during extreme weather events.

3. **Flood Management and Adaptation**
   - **Climate Policy:** The plan emphasizes managing flood risks, including developing adaptation plans for flooding and supporting a state water management plan to protect low-income neighborhoods. These involve identifying and assessing vulnerable water infrastructure and siting guidelines for flood-prone areas. (Goal 4: Manage Flood Risks)
   - **Climate Threat:** Flooding due to extreme weather exacerbated by climate change.
   - **Vulnerability:** Impoverished areas and facilities located in flood-prone zones, including low-income neighborhoods and critical infrastructure such as wastewater treatment plants.

4. **Visualizing Social Equity in Strategic Planning**
   - **Climate Policy:** "*Our most ambitious goal is the last: to use sustainability work as a vehicle for social justice, strategically targeting projects and initiatives that allow our community to achieve multiple wins in education, green jobs, and neighborhood revitalization.*" (Section: Our Values)
   - **Climate Threat:** Inequities in education, employment, and environmental quality, which can be exacerbated by climate change.
   - **Vulnerability:** Underprivileged residents, who are more susceptible to negative effects due to existing socioeconomic and environmental inequities.

Each of these policies not only targets climate threats but also specifically aims to address the vulnerabilities experienced by low-income and marginalized populations within Hartford.

Based strictly on the document provided, I did not find any explicit mention or identification of unforeseen maladaptive climate policies. However, I can infer potential concerns based on the content.

1. **Policy: Relocation of Trash Incinerator and Sludge Treatment Plant**
   
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:**
     - Extreme weather events causing flooding, which threaten facilities like the trash incinerator and sludge treatment plant. (*"What would happen if an extreme weather event flooded the trash incinerator and sludge treatment plant located in the South Meadows, right on the Connecticut River?"* - Goal 5)

   - **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:**
     - Advocacy for the relocation of these facilities to less vulnerable areas. (*"Advocate for Relocation of Trash Incinerator and Sludge Treatment Plant."* - Goal 5)

   - **Potential for Maladaptation:**
     - While relocating the facilities reduces immediate flood risk, it might lead to increased emissions and resource use related to construction and moving facilities. Additionally, without proper planning, it could transfer the environmental and health burden to another community, potentially leading to environmental justice concerns.
     
2. **Policy: Establishing No-Mow Areas**

     - Promote biodiversity and reduce carbon footprint through habitat conservation for pollinators and native wildflowers. (*"Promoting meadows and wildflowers is a budget-friendly, climate conscious landcare approach."* - Goal 2)

     - Establishing no-mow areas in public parks and encouraging private property owners to create meadows. (*"The City DPW has already established no-mow areas in public parks."* - Goal 2)

     - While beneficial for biodiversity, if not managed correctly, no-mow areas could lead to increased pest populations or invasive species, increasing maintenance costs and potential harm to native ecosystems. Moreover, without proper management and community involvement, these areas may conflict with blight and health ordinances.

These interpretations point to potential unintended consequences and highlight the need for ongoing assessment and community involvement in policy implementation to minimize maladaptive outcomes.

The plan provides several specific metrics and goals to measure the success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options. These include:

### **Adaptation and Resilience**

**Transportation Resiliency:**
- Goal to ensure all community members have access to different modes of safe and affordable transportation (Goal 5 under Transportation).
  
**Tree Canopy Coverage:**
- Plant and nurture 2,500 trees per year. The ultimate goal is to achieve 40% canopy coverage citywide (Goal 1 under Landscape).
- Currently removes 73 tons of major air pollutants annually and sequesters more than 11,000 tons of carbon.

**Energy Efficiency:**

- **Public Properties:**
  - Collect and analyze ENERGY STAR data to measure energy consumption reductions over time as part of benchmarking and retrofit efforts (*Goal 1 under Energy*).
  - Enroll more public buildings in the ENERGY STAR Program for similar benchmarking purposes.

- **Upgrade and Install New Technology:**
  - Technological upgrades and the replacement of streetlights with color-appropriate high-efficiency LEDs aim to reduce energy use and costs, which contribute to savings for taxpayers (*Goal 1 under Energy*).

**Decrease Emissions from Vehicles:**

- **Specific Projects:**
  - Traffic Signal Synchronization Program is aimed at reducing idling among vehicles.
  - Increase the number of stations for car share services to eliminate the need for individual car ownership and reduce vehicle miles traveled (*Goal 3 under Transportation*).

### **Quantifiable Impacts and Units**

- **Air Quality and Carbon Sequestration:**
  - Trees currently remove 73 tons of major air pollutants each year.
  - Annually, they sequester over 11,000 tons of carbon, thus reducing CO2 emissions indirectly.

- **Energy Use:**
  - Trees provide shade savings equating to 3,843,654 kWh in annual energy use.

### **Concrete Goals or Targets**

- **Tree Canopy:**
  - Achieve 40% canopy coverage citywide.
 
- **Energy Efficiency:**
  - Continuous improvement and measurement of energy use and efficiency through audits and adherence to programs like ENERGY STAR.

**Note:** Specific deadlines are not provided in the document, but a 3-year timeframe is generally anticipated for significant progress on the strategies (*Introduction*).

| Feature               | Details                                                                                                                                                                                                                          |
|-----------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name**| Hartford                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| **Population**        | Not explicitly mentioned in the document.                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| **Threats Identified**| - **Extreme Flooding**: "Climate change will place additional pressure on Hartford’s aging system of levees, heightening the flooding risk." Exposure to "highly destructive floods" threatens 25% of Hartford’s land area.       |
|                       | - **Public Health Challenges**: "The city’s low ranking in a majority of social determinants of health—including employment, housing, safety, education, economic security, and environmental quality—presents an opportunity."     |
|                       | - **Air, Water, and Soil Pollution**: Low-income communities are disproportionately exposed to pollution.                                                                                                                        |
| **Measures Identified**| - **Action Areas**: Energy, Food, Landscape, Transportation, Waste, and Water are identified as key focus areas.                                                                                                                 |
|                       | - **Resilience Strategies**: The plan emphasizes "incremental but consistent progress" focusing on public health, economic development, and social equity.                                                                        |
|                       | - **Public Engagement**: "Low-income households and persons of color are engaged in this Climate Action Plan, from planning to implementation."                                                                                   |
|                       | - **Infrastructure Improvements**: Planting and nurturing 2,500 trees per year and creating policies for tree canopy coverage to mitigate and adapt to climate change impacts.                                                    |

|                       | - **Emergency Facilities Access**: Ensuring all residents have access to shelters and emergency facilities during extreme weather events.                                                                                         |
```

The plan provides limited specific details about the physical and economic landscape of the planning jurisdiction, which is the **City of Asheville**. 

- **Geographic Features & Location:**
  - The City of Asheville is located in the Blue Ridge Mountains.
  
- **Energy Production:**
  - The plan outlines activities related to transitioning to 100% renewable energy, such as **solar panel installation on municipal properties** and efforts to reduce carbon emissions and enhance energy efficiency for City-owned facilities. Additionally, there's mention of collaborating with state and utility providers to **promote renewable energy** (_Municipal Climate Action Plan_).
  
- **Local Climate:**
  - While the plan does not explicitly describe the climate's aridity or water challenges, it does highlight measures for water distribution system efficiency and stormwater control measures, indicating some focus on local water resources and management (_Executive Summary_).

- **Key Industries & Economic Activities:**
  - The economy and sustainability efforts focus on sectors such as energy efficiency, transportation electrification, and municipal waste management. There is also mention of environmentally-sound food production and community gardening programs (_Sustainability and Climate Progress_).

Demographic data, specific industries, average income, other geographic infrastructure like airports or seaports, and further economic details are not explicitly detailed in the plan provided.

The plan addresses resilience through several initiatives aimed at ensuring city-owned assets are capable of withstanding and recovering from disruptions. This includes goals such as equipping city assets to prevent, withstand, and recover from disruptions and supporting community-based solutions and infrastructure improvements to withstand and recover from disruptions. For example:

- **Focus Area 1.2:** "*Equip City Assets To Prevent, Withstand, and Recover From Disruptions.*"

- **Focus Area 3.1:** "*Collaborate On and Support Community-Based Solutions and Infrastructure Improvements To Prevent, Withstand, and Recover From Disruptions.*"

Additionally, there are ongoing activities like updating city-owned building standards for resilience considerations.

The plan emphasizes mitigation through efforts to reduce GHG emissions, transition to renewable energy, and enhance energy efficiency. Specific actions include:

- **Goal 1:** "*City-Owned Assets are Resilient, Sustainable, and Efficient*" focuses partly on using 100% renewable energy and enhancing energy efficiency.

- **Program:** The city continues the installation of renewable energy resources on municipal property as part of its mitigation strategies.

Adaptation is incorporated into the plan through strategies that enhance city infrastructure and operations to better handle climate impacts:

- Proposed policies include establishing building energy efficiency operations and maintenance requirements and incorporating equity and sustainability into aging infrastructure processes.

- The plan’s executive summary highlights adaptation actions under "*Goal 3:* The City Supports Sustainability and Resilience for Area Residents and Businesses" by facilitating inclusive sustainability communication and education.

Overall, the plan has a strong focus on both resilience and mitigation, with significant adaptation elements. Therefore, it is best classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**.

The plan does not explicitly describe a detailed scenario of climate change specific to Asheville. However, it refers to the growing need to incorporate climate resilience and equity considerations into emergency response due to "more frequent and more intense storms and weather-related events" as a result of climate change. This implies a scenario where Asheville may face increased climate-related hazards, necessitating integration of resilience and equity into all hazards planning and emergency response plans (Section: Integrate Climate Justice, Equity, and Resilience Best Practices into All Hazards Planning Committee and Emergency Response Plans and Operations).

1. **More Frequent and Intense Storms and Weather-Related Events**

- **Description:** The plan identifies "more frequent and more intense storms and weather-related events" as a significant climate hazard. The growing occurrence of such climate events is attributed to climate change, impacting the planning jurisdiction.
   
   - **Climate Risks:** These events pose risks of increased emergency situations where effective response and resilience are required. As climate change intensifies these weather-related hazards, the plan emphasizes the need for integrating climate resilience and considerations of equity into the city’s emergency responses.
   
   - **Areas or Populations with Most Vulnerability:** The plan highlights that vulnerable groups require special attention. It is crucial to ensure that all residents and communities receive equitable emergency aid and response. Specific measures are needed to overcome language or accessibility barriers which prevent vulnerable communities from receiving aid. Furthermore, the plan suggests collaborating directly with vulnerable communities to ensure hazard mitigation plans are inclusive and consider those needing additional assistance.

Given that the document primarily focuses on organizational and policy-level strategies without extensive specificity on other climate hazards, only one specific hazard with accompanying details is provided.

1. **Update City-Owned Building Standards for Resilience Considerations**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** 
     - This option targets climate-related events such as flooding, drought, extreme temperatures, and wildfires. *“Resilient building design minimizes the loss of critical function due to adverse events such as flooding, drought, extreme temperatures, or wildfires.”* (City of Asheville Municipal Climate Action Plan, Chapter 6)
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:**
     - **Cost:** $ - $$$$
     - **Timeframe:** Short (0-2 years)
     - **Location:** City-owned buildings
     - References in table: *“6 Update City-Owned Building Standards for Resilience Considerations”* (Appendix A, Summary Table)
   - **Other Attributes:**
     - Economic considerations highlight that “the benefits of investments in resilience measures can far outweigh the costs over time.” (City of Asheville Municipal Climate Action Plan, Chapter 6)
     - Infrastructure considerations involve “updating the building standards for City-owned buildings to include appropriate resilience measures.” (City of Asheville Municipal Climate Action Plan, Chapter 6)

2. **Explore City Supported Community Resilience Hub Sites**
     - Addresses natural disasters, weather-related events, or man-made disasters by providing centralized, resilient sites for community engagement and support. *“Resilience hubs offer a centralized location where community members can go before, after, or during natural disasters, weather-related events, or man-made disasters or disruptions.”* (City of Asheville Municipal Climate Action Plan, Chapter 19)
     - **Cost:** $$-$$$$ 
     - **Timeframe:** Medium
     - **Location:** City facilities or known community gathering locations
     - References in table: *“20 Explore City Supported Community Resilience Hub Sites”* (Appendix E, MCAP Framework)
     - Environmental considerations include implementing educational programs on “methods to increase personal or community resiliency,” which may focus on energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions. (City of Asheville Municipal Climate Action Plan, Chapter 19)
     - Economic benefits appear through the provision of device charging, Wi-Fi, and resources during power outages.

3. **Enhance Stormwater Control Measures for City-Owned Property**
     - Targets stormwater-related impacts possibly related to increased rainfall and flooding. *“Enhance Stormwater Control Measures for City-Owned Property.”* (City of Asheville Municipal Climate Action Plan, Table 3)
     - **Cost:** $$$$
     - **Location:** City-Owned Property
     - References in table: *“10 Enhance Stormwater Control Measures for City-Owned Property”* (Appendix A, Summary Table)
     - This approach is essential for preventing infrastructure overloads and damage from excessive stormwater, thus maintaining environmental balance.

4. **Assess and Enhance Efficiency and Resilience of Municipal Water Distribution System**
     - Intended to improve the water distribution system's resilience against climate impacts, possibly including droughts and extreme weather. *“Assess and Enhance Efficiency and Resilience of Municipal Water Distribution System.”* (City of Asheville Municipal Climate Action Plan, Table 3)
     - **Cost:** $$ - $$$$
     - **Location:** Municipal Water Distribution System
     - References in table: *“11 Assess and Enhance Efficiency and Resilience of Municipal Water Distribution System”* (Appendix A, Summary Table)
     - Enhancing resilience ensures continuous water supply, which has economic implications in reducing service disruptions and potential city liability.

These resilience options demonstrate Asheville's commitment to building infrastructure and systems robust enough to withstand anticipated climate challenges. These initiatives not only ensure better preparedness but also are designed to deliver economic and environmental benefits, emphasizing sustainability and security for residents.

**Mitigation Options Identified in the Plan:**

1. **Continue Installation of Renewable Energy Resources on Municipal Property**
   - **Cost:** $$$$
   - **Timing:** Ongoing
   - **Location:** Municipal properties
   - **Attributes:** Requires staff capacity, capital funding, and capital roof replacement funding. It is an existing and ongoing activity.

2. **Utilize Alternatives to On-Site Solar to Meet Targets**
   - **Cost:** $ - $$$$
   - **Timing:** Medium (3-5 years)
   - **Attributes:** Requires operational and capital funding, as well as a dedicated funding source. Procurement program needs approval by the NC Utility Commission.

3. **Expand Energy Efficiency Standards for All New Construction to Retrofits and Upgrades**
   - **Attributes:** Requires capital and operational funding, along with project assessments. Identified as a policy within the MCAP framework.

4. **Establish Building Energy Efficiency Operations and Maintenance Requirements**
   - **Attributes:** Requires staff capacity, staff training, and operational funding.

5. **Incorporate Equity and Sustainability into Processes to Address Aging Infrastructure**
   - **Cost:** $
   - **Timing:** Short (0-2 years)
   - **Attributes:** No resource gaps identified. Focused on climate mitigation and integrating equity and sustainability.

6. **Utilize Green Fleet Policy for Fleet Electrification**
   - **Attributes:** Needs capital and operational funding. It is included as a mitigation strategy to electrify the city's vehicle fleet.

7. **Conduct Low-Carbon Transit Assessment**
   - **Attributes:** Requires capital and operational funding, and access to reliable vehicles meeting operational needs.

8. **Establish Sustainable Oriented Procurement Procedures**
   - **Timing:** Long (6+ years)
   - **Attributes:** Requires staff capacity. Focus on sustainable procurement practices across all departments.

9. **Conduct Solid Waste Master Planning Process**
   - **Attributes:** Requires staff capacity and operational funding.

Each mitigation option has a specific focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and is supplemented by requirements for funding, staff capacity, or training, ensuring that these activities align with the City of Asheville's sustainability and climate goals.

The plan identifies several mitigation options and provides specific details about each. Below is a summary of the identified options, including cost, timeframe, and other important attributes:

   - **Timeframe:** Ongoing
   - **Other Important Attributes:** 
     - Lead Implementers: Capital Projects, Sustainability
     - Resource Gaps: Staff Capacity, Capital Funding, Capital Roof Replacement Funding
   - **Activity Type:** Climate mitigation 
   - **Citation:** (Appendix A)

   - **Timeframe:** Medium (3-5 years)
     - Lead Implementers: Finance and Management Services, Sustainability
     - Supporting Departments: Communication and Public Engagement, Community and Economic Development, Legal
     - Resource Gaps: Operational Funding, Capital Funding, Dedicated Funding Source, Procurement Program Approved by the NC Utility Commission

     - Supporting Departments: Finance and Management Services
     - Resource Gaps: Capital Funding, Operational Funding, Project Assessments

     - Lead Implementers: Capital Projects
     - Supporting Departments: Communications and Public Engagement, Finance and Community Services, Sustainability
     - Resource Gaps: Staff Capacity, Staff Training, Operational Funding

   - **Timeframe:** Short (0-2 years)
     - Lead Implementers: Capital Projects, Equity and Inclusion, Public Works
     - Supporting Departments: Communication and Public Engagement, Parks and Recreation, Sustainability
     - Resource Gaps: None identified

     - Lead Implementers: Public Works (Fleet Services)
     - Supporting Departments: Capital Projects, Finance and Management Services, Sustainability
     - Resource Gaps: Capital Funding, Operational Funding

     - Lead Implementers: Transportation
     - Supporting Departments: Capital Projects, Communication and Public Engagement, Finance and Management Services (Purchasing and Contracting), Sustainability
     - Resource Gaps: Capital Funding, Operational Funding, Access to Reliable Vehicles Meeting Operational Needs

   - **Timeframe:** Long (6+ years)
     - Supporting Departments: All departments and divisions
     - Resource Gaps: Staff Capacity
   - **Activity Type:** N/A

     - Lead Implementers: Public Works (Sanitation Division)
     - Supporting Departments: Sustainability
     - Resource Gaps: Staff Capacity, Operational Funding

The plan identifies several adaptation options, each addressing specific climate threats. Here is a summary based on the provided document:

1. **Establish a Policy for the Purchase, Sale, or Adaptive Reuse of Highly Vulnerable or Underutilized Assets**
   - **Climate Threat:** Vulnerability and underutilization of city assets due to climate impacts.
   - **Location:** City-owned facilities deemed vulnerable.
   - **Attributes:** "The policy will guide decision making regarding the acquisition, disposition or adaptive reuse of assets that are identified as vulnerable in the Climate Resilience Assessment..." ("Executive Summary")

2. **Investigate and Install Building Automation for All City Facilities**
   - **Climate Threat:** Efficiency and operation control in response to climate impacts.
   - **Location:** City facilities.
   - **Attributes:** Integration of technology for better control and efficiency. ("TABLE 3: SUMMARY OF SUSTAINABILITY AND CLIMATE ACTIVITIES")

   - **Climate Threat:** Stormwater management due to increased precipitation and related events.
   - **Location:** City-owned properties.
   - **Attributes:** "Enhancement of stormwater control measures with emphasis on 'Green' infrastructure." ("Executive Summary")

   - **Climate Threat:** Resilience of water systems under climate variability.
   - **Cost:** $$ - $$$$
   - **Location:** Municipal water distribution systems.
   - **Attributes:** Evaluation and improvements to maintain service reliability amidst climate threats. ("TABLE 3: SUMMARY OF SUSTAINABILITY AND CLIMATE ACTIVITIES")

5. **Utilize Urban Forestry Practices on City Land in Priority Neighborhoods to Reduce Heat Island Impacts and Sequester Carbon**
   - **Climate Threat:** Urban heat islands and carbon sequestration.
   - **Cost:** $$
   - **Location:** Priority neighborhoods with low tree canopy.
   - **Attributes:** "Implementing urban forest practices to reduce heat island impacts..." ("Executive Summary")

6. **Explore City Supported Community Resilience Hub Sites**
   - **Climate Threat:** Community preparedness for climate disruptions.
   - **Location:** Community-selected resilience hubs.
   - **Attributes:** "Community hubs for support during climate disruptions..." ("TABLE 3: SUMMARY OF SUSTAINABILITY AND CLIMATE ACTIVITIES")

7. **Conduct Programs for Food Production, Community Gardening, and Edible Plantings on Public Lands**
   - **Climate Threat:** Food security related to climate change impacts.
   - **Location:** Public lands.
   - **Attributes:** "Programs for sustainable food production and gardening as a community resilience strategy." ("TABLE 3: SUMMARY OF SUSTAINABILITY AND CLIMATE ACTIVITIES")

The plan identifies several climate policies aimed at advancing climate justice:

1. **Climate Justice and Sustainability Tools for Planning and Decision Making**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy addresses the need to embed climate justice considerations in all major projects, proposals, budget decisions, resource allocation, and policy development to account for and mitigate climate impacts on BIPOC and frontline communities.
   - **Areas or Populations with the Most Vulnerability:** The BIPOC and frontline communities in Asheville are identified as having the most climate vulnerability due to the disproportionate impacts of climate change they face. The City’s community-driven Climate Justice Initiative particularly focuses on these communities to explore and define concepts of climate equity, justice, and resilience. (*City of Asheville Municipal Climate Action Plan, Chapter: Focus Area 2.1*)

2. **Urban Forestry Practices on City Land in Priority Neighborhoods**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy addresses the threat of heat islands and low tree coverage areas that contribute to higher daytime temperatures, reduced nighttime cooling, higher air-pollution levels, and subsequently, heat and air quality-related health issues.
   - **Areas or Populations with the Most Vulnerability:** Historically BIPOC or low-income neighborhoods are identified as aligning with heat islands and low tree coverage areas. The plan underscores equitably expanding tree coverage through urban forestry projects on city-owned land in these areas to mitigate heat vulnerability and improve air quality and quality of life. (*City of Asheville Municipal Climate Action Plan, Chapter: Focus Area 3.1*)

Based on the provided document, a potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policy could be identified as follows:

### **Policy: Enhance Stormwater Control Measures for City-Owned Property**

1. **The Climate Threat It Is Addressing:**
   - This policy is addressing the threat of flooding and stormwater runoff, which can cause damage to infrastructure, properties, and the environment.

2. **The Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option Proposed:**
   - The policy proposes to "Enhance Stormwater Control Measures for City-Owned Property," which is an adaptation measure. It aims to improve the ability of city properties to manage and control stormwater to reduce the impacts of heavy rainfall and flooding events.

3. **Why It May Cause Inadvertent Maladaptation:**
   - This policy may lead to maladaptation if the stormwater control measures inadvertently increase or shift flood risk to other areas, potentially putting other communities or ecosystems at greater risk. Without careful planning and consideration of the broader hydrological impacts, such measures could result in negative consequences, such as increased runoff to neighboring areas that are not equipped to handle the excess water, thereby shifting the problem elsewhere instead of resolving it. Furthermore, if the control measures focus too heavily on gray infrastructure (like pipes and basins) without integrating green infrastructure solutions, they might reduce biodiversity and diminish natural water absorption capabilities.

> *"Enhance Stormwater Control Measures for City-Owned Property" (MCAP, Table 3: Summary of Sustainability and Climate Activities)*

The plan outlines specific performance measures to track progress towards its sustainability and climate goals:

**Goal 1: City-Owned Assets Are Resilient, Sustainable, and Efficient**

- **Carbon Emission Reduction:** Measured from a FY 2009-2010 baseline. The exact unit is not specified, but it involves tracking reductions in emissions over time.

- **Reduction in Facility or Infrastructure Closures:** Due to flooding, extreme temperatures, wildfires, or landslides. The baseline used for comparison is established within the plan, but specific numerical reductions are not detailed.

**Goal 2: Sustainability and Climate Priorities Are Embedded in City Operations, Participation, and Decision Making**

- **Funds Allocated through Operating and CIP Budgets:** Specifically for sustainability and climate-related projects, though exact monetary values are not detailed.

- **Number of Projects Planned or Implemented with a Sustainability Lens:** The plan does not specify numerical targets but suggests tracking the number of projects as an indicator of progress.

**Goal 3: The City Supports Sustainability and Resilience for Area Residents and Businesses**

- **Number of Trees Preserved, Planted, or Paid Annually:** In compliance with the Tree Canopy Ordinance, the specific number is not given in the excerpt.

- **Increase in Edible and Pollinator Sites:** Tracked through the Asheville Edibles Map. Specific targets are not provided, but an increase is aimed for.

The plan emphasizes periodic review to identify improvement areas, though exact units and metrics for several targets are not detailed in the provided content.

| **Feature**             | **Details**                                                                                                                                               |
|-------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name**  | Asheville                                                                                                                                                 |
| **Population**          | Not explicitly stated in the document.                                                                                                                    |
| **Threats Identified**  | - Flooding                                                                                                                                               |
|                         | - Extreme temperatures                                                                                                                                    |
|                         | - Wildfires                                                                                                                                              |
|                         | - Landslides                                                                                                                                             |
| **Measures Identified** | - Carbon emission reduction from a FY 2009-2010 baseline. *[Tracking Progress]*                                                                           |
|                         | - Use of 100% Renewable Energy for City-Owned Facilities. *[Focus Areas For Goal 1]*                                                                      |
|                         | - Equip City Assets to Prevent, Withstand, and Recover From Disruptions. *[Focus Areas For Goal 1]*                                                       |
|                         | - Embed Sustainability, Resilience, and Equity in Decision-Making and Planning. *[Focus Areas For Goal 2]*                                               |
|                         | - Collaborate On and Support Community-Based Solutions and Infrastructure Improvements. *[Focus Areas For Goal 3]*                                       |
|                         | - Facilitate Inclusive Sustainability, Climate, and Resilience Communications, Education, and Outreach. *[Focus Areas For Goal 3]*                        |
|                         | - Installation of Renewable Energy Resources on municipal properties. *[Appendix A: Summary of Sustainability and Climate Activities]*                    |

|                         | - Implement Energy Efficiency Standards for building retrofits and upgrades. *[Appendix A: Summary of Sustainability and Climate Activities]*            |
|                         | - Implement a transportation fleet electrification pilot program. *[Appendix A: Summary of Sustainability and Climate Activities]*                        |
|                         | - Urban forest practices in neighborhoods with low tree coverage. *[Appendix A: Summary of Sustainability and Climate Activities]*                        |
```

The plan provided does not contain specific details such as the name of the planning jurisdiction, its exact location, population, demographics, or average income. It only refers to "Orlando" in the general text. It also does not include major geographic features like mountains, rivers, deserts, coastline, or key infrastructure details like airports or seaports. Similarly, there is no mention of specific local climate characteristics such as aridity or water challenges.

However, the plan does touch on energy-related initiatives indicating that the city is actively working toward increasing renewable energy sources, specifically solar energy, as noted in the following excerpt:

  - The City of Orlando has a goal to obtain "100% of electricity from clean, renewable sources citywide by 2050" (Clean Energy).
  - There are efforts such as the installation of solar arrays on municipal buildings and "purchased 5.2 MW of solar energy from the Orlando Utilities Commission (OUC) Community Solar Farm" (Clean Energy).

The document does not provide specific information on natural resources, major industries, or economic drivers for the region. The focus is primarily on sustainability goals, actions related to clean energy, and broader urban development initiatives within Orlando, emphasizing improvements in energy efficiency and the enhancement of green spaces.

The plan directly addresses resilience by integrating it as a key overarching theme for the Community Action Plan Update. It emphasizes the importance of preparing all communities, businesses, and residents in Orlando to be resilient to the potential impacts of a changing climate. The plan includes strategies such as increasing urban tree canopy to mitigate the urban heat island effect, which enhances community resiliency. Additionally, it includes goals like implementing a smart microgrid demonstration project for grid resilience and establishing green affordable housing standards (Appendix, Livability).

Mitigation is addressed extensively throughout the plan, as it includes multiple goals and strategies aimed at reducing GHG emissions. These include a targeted 90% reduction in GHG emissions, ensuring 100% of buildings meet green building standards, and obtaining 50% of electricity from renewable sources. Also included are initiatives like implementing solar plus storage demonstrations and encouraging the use of electric and alternative fuel vehicles within the city (Appendix, Overview of Goals, Objectives and Targets).

Adaptation is incorporated through strategies that help the community adjust to the impacts of climate change. These include increasing tree canopy coverage to provide more shade, reduce pollution, and manage stormwater, which is crucial during increased rain events. The plan emphasizes enhancing livability and resilience through such measures, along with promoting equitable access to community resources, which strengthens the adaptability of neighborhoods (Livability section).

Based on the comprehensive approach to resilience, mitigation, and adaptation, the plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. It integrates climate resilience, mitigation efforts, and adaptation strategies, highlighting the city's commitment to a balanced approach in addressing climate change impacts and reducing GHG emissions.

The plan does not explicitly outline a specific scenario of climate change that Orlando will face. However, it emphasizes that "all communities, businesses and residents in Orlando are prepared for and are resilient to the potential impacts of a changing climate" (Introduction). In addition to preparing for those impacts, the plan also highlights the importance of "climate resiliency" as one of the guiding themes for the development of strategies and goals (Introduction). 

Overall, the plan appears to be broadly preparing for various climate-related impacts without specifying particular scenarios.

1. **Urban Heat Island**
   - **Description of the Climate Hazard:** The plan identifies an increase in urban heat island effects due to reduced tree canopy coverage and increased temperatures.
   - **Climate Risks Posed:** The urban heat island effect is expected to lead to increased temperatures in urban areas, which can exacerbate heat stress among residents.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Lower income neighborhoods and communities are noted to have disproportionately lower tree canopy coverage, making them more vulnerable to increased temperatures.

2. **Increased Rainfall and Stormwater**
   - **Description of the Climate Hazard:** The plan highlights increased rainfall events, which are likely to be more significant under changing climate conditions.
   - **Climate Risks Posed:** These increased rainfall events are expected to contribute to stormwater management challenges, including erosion, pollution, and flooding.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** There is no explicit mention of the most vulnerable areas or populations, but the initiatives focus on enhancing stormwater management across the community.

3. **Air Quality Degradation**
   - **Description of the Climate Hazard:** Air quality is identified as a regional issue largely driven by transportation emissions, which could deteriorate further under changing climate conditions.
   - **Climate Risks Posed:** Poor air quality poses health hazards, particularly respiratory issues, to residents across the city.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Certain areas of the city are disproportionately affected by poor air quality, although the specific areas are not identified in the summary provided.

4. **Water Quality Concerns**
   - **Description of the Climate Hazard:** Concerns are raised about water quality, with references to potential contaminants and pollution affecting potable water supplies.
   - **Climate Risks Posed:** Increased potential for polluted or contaminated water supplies could pose significant health risks, as highlighted by the reference to the water crisis in Flint, Michigan.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Older communities with aging plumbing and infrastructure, as well as those relying on well water, are noted to have increased vulnerability to water quality issues.

### Resilience Options Identified in the Plan

#### 1. **Building Neighborhood Resiliency in New Orleans**

- **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:**
  - **Flood Risk:** The project focuses on reducing flood risk through infrastructure improvements and slow land subsidence.
  
- **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:**
  - **Cost:** Awarded $141 million through HUD’s National Disaster Resiliency Competition.
  - **Location:** New Orleans, specifically the Gentilly Resilience District Project.
  - **Timeframe:** Not specified, but it involves comprehensive planning efforts.

  - **Economic Considerations:** Strengthens local workforce development by providing training and creating job opportunities.
  - **Environmental Considerations:** Incorporates new standards for stormwater infrastructure, builds permeable sidewalks, swales, and rain retention gardens, and retrofits existing woodlands.
  - **Infrastructural Considerations:** Expands parks and open spaces for community recreation and integrates recreational enhancement design elements to improve community health and safety.
  
  > (Section: Livability - Best Practice/Case Study)

#### 2. **Increase Urban Tree Canopy and Green Space**

  - **Urban Heat Island Effect:** Mitigates urban heat by enhancing tree canopy and green space coverage.
  
  - **Cost:** Not specified.
  - **Location:** Orlando, focusing on lower-income neighborhoods lacking tree canopy coverage.
  - **Timeframe:** Ongoing initiative to build on successful tree-planting initiatives.

  - **Environmental Considerations:** Provides GHG reduction and air quality benefits. Critical for stormwater management during rain events.
  - **Social and Economic Considerations:** Enhances livability of neighborhoods by inviting more walking and biking, reduces heat impacts, and draws people to local businesses.
  
  > (Section: Livability)

#### 3. **Develop Permanent Supportive Housing for Homeless Families, Veterans, and Climate Refugees**

  - **Displacement from Climate Events:** Provides housing solutions for climate refugees and others displaced due to climate change impacts.
  
  - **Location:** Orlando.
  - **Timeframe:** Not specified, though highlights ongoing and future needs.

  - **Social Considerations:** Addresses affordability issues for homeless veterans, refugees, or low-income earners.
  - **Infrastructural Considerations:** Suggests the development of tiny-house villages with amenities like common houses, garden plots, and playgrounds to create a supportive community atmosphere.
  
---

These resilience options provide a combination of infrastructural improvements, environmental enhancements, and social considerations to address various climate threats faced by the planning jurisdiction. Each initiative is tailored to specific local needs and vulnerabilities, striving to bolster resilience against anticipated climate challenges.

The plan identifies several mitigation options along with various attributes:

1. **Increase Urban Tree Canopy and Green Space**
   - **Attributes:** The plan aims for a 40% tree canopy coverage, emphasizing tree-planting initiatives that particularly target low-income neighborhoods to address disparities in canopy distribution. Benefits include GHG reduction, air quality improvement, and stormwater management.
   - **Cost, Timing, Location:** No specific cost or timing is provided. The initiative is location-focused on areas with lower tree canopy coverage to improve equity and resilience. 
   - **Citation:** (LIVABILITY)

2. **Monitor Citywide Air Quality Using New Smart City Technology**
   - **Attributes:** Implementation of "smart poles" with environmental sensors to monitor air quality, with the goal of developing mitigation measures to address air pollution.
   - **Cost, Timing, Location:** The document does not specify cost or timing. The deployment is citywide, particularly in areas with high pollution levels.

3. **Expand Drive Electric Orlando Program with 100 New Public EV Charging Stations**
   - **Attributes:** The plan includes installing 100 new EV charging stations at popular city locations to encourage electric vehicle adoption, thereby reducing GHG emissions.
   - **Cost, Timing, Location:** Specific costs and timing are not detailed. The charging infrastructure aims for even distribution across popular locations for maximum impact.
   - **Citation:** (TRANSPORTATION)

4. **Increase to Majority of Trips by Foot, Bike, Carpooling, Transit**
   - **Attributes:** This initiative seeks to shift the majority of trips to more sustainable modes of transportation to reduce dependency on fossil fuels and decrease emissions.
   - **Cost, Timing, Location:** No specific cost or timing is provided. The initiative is broad and applies citywide.
   - **Citation:** (APPENDIX)

5. **Implement a Smart Tech Strategy to Improve Multi-Modal Options**
   - **Attributes:** Integration of smart technology within transportation systems to improve reliability and user experience, aiming to reduce traffic congestion and air pollution.
   - **Cost, Timing, Location:** The document does not specify costs or timing. Innovative solutions like smart traffic lights and a unified mobile ticketing platform are included.

6. **Develop 100% Renewable Energy Study with OUC and UCF**
   - **Attributes:** A feasibility study to transition to 100% renewable energy, including examining energy demands and potential for renewable energy generation.
   - **Cost, Timing, Location:** No specific cost or timing is detailed. The study will support the city's transition to renewable energy with consideration of all energy demand sectors.
   - **Citation:** (NEW STRATEGIES)

7. **Increase the Use of Electric Vehicles/Alternative Fuel Vehicles Throughout the City**
   - **Attributes:** Aims to promote the adoption of electric/alternative fuel vehicles to lower emissions from the transportation sector.
   - **Cost, Timing, Location:** Specific costs and timing are not detailed. This initiative is a broad citywide strategy.

8. **Reduce the Dependency of the Local Economy on Energy**
   - **Attributes:** The goal is to lessen the economic reliance on energy through sustainability practices, benefiting the local community and environment.
   - **Cost, Timing, Location:** No specific cost, timing, or location provided. The strategy is citywide and economy-focused.

9. **Implement Solar Plus Storage Demonstration on Critical Infrastructure for Grid Resilience**
   - **Attributes:** This involves a demonstration project to integrate solar energy and storage systems to enhance grid resilience against climate impacts.
   - **Cost, Timing, Location:** Specific costs and timing are not included. The project targets critical infrastructure locations for resilience.

Each of these options is intended to contribute to the city's overall mitigation strategy; however, detailed costs, timing, and specific locations are largely unspecified in the document.

Based on the content provided from the plan, the following **mitigation options** are identified:

   - **Summary:** This initiative aims to increase tree canopy coverage to 40%, focusing especially on lower-income neighborhoods with limited coverage. Benefits include reducing urban heat island effects, GHGs reduction, improving air quality, and aiding stormwater management.
   - **Location:** Citywide, with a focus on lower-income neighborhoods.
   - **Attributes:** Enhancing community livability and resilience.

   - **Summary:** The installation of smart poles, which include environmental sensors, aims to monitor air quality to identify specific pollution concerns and develop mitigation measures.
   - **Attributes:** The initiative involves partnerships with entities like OUC to implement these technologies.

3. **50% of Electricity from Renewables**
   - **Summary:** A goal is set to source half of the city's electricity from renewable sources.
   - **Attributes:** This is part of a broader strategy to reduce dependence on energy and cut GHG emissions.

4. **No Waste to Landfills or Incinerators**
   - **Summary:** This goal aims to eliminate waste disposal in landfills or incinerators, thus reducing GHG emissions from waste management.
   - **Attributes:** Part of the solid waste management strategy.

5. **Establish a “Feebate” or Tax Abatement Policy for New Construction**
   - **Summary:** This policy encourages new constructions to meet high-performance standards through financial incentives.
   - **Attributes:** Supports the transition to green building standards.

6. **Implement a Smart Microgrid Demonstration Project**
   - **Summary:** Partner with OUC for a microgrid demonstration to enhance grid resilience.
   - **Location:** Not specified.
   - **Attributes:** Aims to support energy resilience and reliability.

7. **Implement Solar Plus Storage Demonstration on Critical Infrastructure for Grid Resilience**
   - **Summary:** Solar energy paired with storage will be demonstrated on critical infrastructures to enhance grid resilience.
   - **Location:** Critical infrastructure locations.
   - **Attributes:** Enhances energy security and resilience.

8. **Expand Bicycle Connectivity and Infrastructure**
   - **Summary:** Increase biking infrastructure to promote alternative transportation modes and reduce vehicular emissions.
   - **Location:** Orlando neighborhoods.
   - **Attributes:** Supports reduction of GHG emissions from transportation.

9. **Increase the Use of Electric Vehicles/Alternative Fuel Vehicles**
   - **Summary:** Promotion and infrastructure support for electric and alternative fuel vehicles to reduce GHGs from transportation.
   - **Attributes:** Includes expanding EV charging stations and incentives for eco-friendly vehicle fleets.
  
The document does not specify details on cost or timeframe for these options. However, it emphasizes location and attributes associated with improving citywide energy resilience, promoting sustainable urban development, and reducing GHG emissions.

The plan outlines several adaptation options:

   - **Climate Threat:** The plan addresses the *urban heat island effect* and *stormwater management* concerns due to likely significant rain events as a result of changing climate conditions. 
   - **Attributes:** The plan aims for a goal of *40% tree canopy coverage*. It mentions a focus on *lower-income neighborhoods* that have disproportionately lower tree canopy coverage. The increased canopy will enhance livability by reducing urban heat impacts and provide GHG reduction and air quality benefits (LIVABILITY).

2. **Develop Permanent Supportive Housing for Homeless Families, Veterans and Climate Refugees**
   - **Climate Threat:** The plan acknowledges a likely increase in *climate refugees* due to climate change impacts like hurricanes and other coastal community risks.
   - **Attributes:** An affordable, permanent supportive housing community is suggested as a solution, with the consideration of establishing *tiny-house villages* (WATER).

3. **Establish a Residential Rain Barrel Program**
   - **Climate Threat:** This measure addresses potential water scarcity and stormwater management issues by capturing rainwater.
   - **Attributes:** The city has partnered with the local UF/IFAS Extension office for education and aims to offer *free rain barrel giveaways* through partnerships (WATER).

4. **Amend the Land Development Code to Require Smart Irrigation Technologies**
   - **Climate Threat:** This option addresses water conservation in light of potential *droughts and water scarcity*.
   - **Attributes:** It requires new residential and commercial developments to install smart irrigation technologies to conserve water and detect leaks using sensors (WATER).

5. **Provide Water Conservation Outreach and Initiatives in Communities With Older Plumbing and Infrastructure or Well Water**
   - **Climate Threat:** It addresses potential *water quality issues*, inspired by the crisis observed in Flint, Michigan.
   - **Attributes:** The plan includes the provision of water tests to find contaminants and ongoing efforts to monitor water quality to avoid similar crises (WATER).

These adaptation options mainly target adaptation through infrastructure improvements, technology integration, and community engagement to better prepare the community for the anticipated impacts of climate change. Specific costs and timeframes are not provided in the plan.

The plan identifies several climate policies aimed at advancing climate justice, addressing specific climate threats, and focusing on vulnerable populations:

1. **Policy: Clean Energy for Low-Income Communities Accelerator (CELICA) Plan**
   - **Climate Threat Addressing:** The policy primarily addresses the threat of energy inequity, rising energy costs, and GHG emissions.
   - **Areas/Populations with Most Vulnerability:** The focus is on "low-income communities" that face a higher energy burden and may not have sufficient access to clean energy resources. The plan aims to reduce this burden and create economic opportunities in renewable energy production within these communities. The policy also seeks to foster participation and create green jobs for residents within these vulnerable communities. 

2. **Policy: Increase Urban Tree Canopy and Green Space**
   - **Climate Threat Addressing:** This policy addresses the urban heat island effect, which is likely to exacerbate as climate change leads to higher temperatures and more extreme heat events.
   - **Areas/Populations with Most Vulnerability:** "Lower income neighborhoods and communities have a disproportionately lower percentage of tree canopy coverage." These areas are more exposed to increased heat levels, and the policy aims to ensure equitable distribution of tree planting to mitigate these impacts.

3. **Policy: Permanent Supportive Housing for Climate Refugees**
   - **Climate Threat Addressing:** This strategy addresses the issue of displacement and homelessness due to climate-related disasters, such as hurricanes.
   - **Areas/Populations with Most Vulnerability:** The plan identifies vulnerable groups such as "homeless families, veterans, and climate refugees," for instance, "Puerto Ricans after Hurricane Maria," who have relocated due to climate impacts. It suggests developing affordable housing solutions tailored to these populations.

Each of these policies incorporates elements of climate justice by focusing on reducing the disparities that exacerbate the vulnerability of specific populations to climate hazards while promoting inclusivity and equitable resource distribution.

Based on the document provided, the potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies are:

1. **Establish Green Affordable Housing Standards**

     - This policy aims to reduce the environmental impact and improve sustainability in housing, indirectly addressing threats such as GHG emissions and increased urban heat.
   
   - **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:** 
     - This initiative proposes to improve energy efficiency and sustainability of affordable housing as a resilience and mitigation option.

   - **Why It May Cause Inadvertent Maladaptation:**
     - *Although well-intentioned, if green affordable housing standards increase construction or housing costs without providing sufficient support or incentives, they may exacerbate housing affordability issues. This could lead to displacement of low-income residents or minimize their access to sustainable housing.*

2. **Increase Urban Tree Canopy and Green Space**

     - The plan addresses the urban heat island effect and GHG emissions, while also aiming to improve public health and community resiliency.
   
     - Increasing tree canopy coverage serves as a resilience and mitigation strategy, providing shade, reducing temperatures, and improving air quality.
   
     - *If implementation does not consider the local ecology and water availability, increased planting could strain water resources or introduce non-native species, causing unintended ecological disruption.*

Each of these policies highlights the importance of carefully considering the wider systemic and structural implications of any climate strategy to avoid increasing vulnerabilities or creating new risks inadvertently.

### Metrics Utilized in the Plan

The plan outlines various metrics to measure the success of certain adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options:

**Clean Energy:**
- **Greenhouse Gas Emissions:** Measured in metric tons for Scope 1 and 2 emissions. Baseline is 7,408,100 metric tons, and 2018 data recorded is 7,384,473 metric tons (Appendix Focus Area).
- **Energy from Renewable Sources:**
  - The percentage of total energy derived from renewable sources for city operations.
  - The percentage of total energy derived from renewable sources of the city’s total energy consumption (Appendix Focus Area).
- **Air Quality:**
  - Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration and Particulate matter (PM10) concentration.
  - Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), and Ozone (O3) concentration levels (Appendix Focus Area).

**Green Buildings:**
- **Energy Consumption:**
  - Measured in kilowatt-hours per year (kWh/yr) for municipal buildings and per capita.
  - Total citywide and residential electrical energy use per capita (Appendix Focus Area).

**Transportation:**
- **Electric Vehicles and Alternative Fuel Vehicles:**
  - Increase in the use of electric vehicles and alternative fuel vehicles throughout the city (Overview of Goals, Objectives, and Targets).

### Goals and Targets

The plan sets specific goals and targets for each option:

- **Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions:** Reduce emissions by 90% from 2007 levels (Overview of Goals, Objectives, and Targets).
- **Renewable Energy Use:** Obtain 50% of electricity from renewable sources and ensure clean, renewable energy sources citywide by 2050 (Appendix Focus Area).
- **Green Building Standards:** 
  - Ensure 100% of new and existing buildings meet green building standards.
  - Reduce total electricity consumption by 20% from 2010 levels (Overview of Goals, Objectives, and Targets).
- **Waste Management:** No waste to landfills or incinerators (Overview of Goals, Objectives, and Targets).
- **Transportation Infrastructure:** 
  - Obtain a Gold ranking for the League of American Bicyclists Bicycle Friendly Community Score.
  - Increase miles of safe, sustainable transportation infrastructure, and double street miles that meet "complete streets" criteria (Appendix and Overview).
  - Attain a “good” rating on the Air Quality Index (AQI) 365 days/year (Overview of Goals, Objectives, and Targets).

These metrics and goals reflect the planning jurisdiction's commitment to measurable improvements in adaptation, resilience, and mitigation efforts.

| Feature               | Description                                                                                           |
|-----------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name**| Orlando, Florida                                                                                      |
| **Population**        | Not mentioned in the document                                                                         |
| **Threats Identified**| - Urban heat island effect<br>- Air quality issues<br>- Potential impacts of a changing climate       |
| **Measures Identified**| - Increase tree canopy to mitigate urban heat<br>- Monitor air quality using smart city technology<br>- Develop and enhance walkable villages<br>- Implement smart technology solutions to improve sustainability and resilience |
```

The document provided does not contain detailed information regarding the physical and economic landscape including the specific geography, demographics, average income, or key infrastructure of the planning jurisdiction. The name of the planning jurisdiction is the **City of Albany**.

The plan does mention the following information relevant to climate and infrastructure:

- **Climate and Challenges:**
  - "Climate change is a complex, cross-cutting issue..." (CITY OF ALBANY CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN | 32).
  - "Climate risks include flooding, extreme heat, and wildfire" (CITY OF ALBANY CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN | 8).
  - "...rising sea levels, reduced snowpack in the Sierras, and extreme weather..." (CITY OF ALBANY CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN | 4).

- **Key Infrastructure and Plans:**
  - The **Green Stormwater Infrastructure Plan** aims to "slow stormwater and remove pollutants before the water enters the drain" (CITY OF ALBANY CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN | 32).
  - Mention of transit and transportation, focusing on reducing traffic and promoting walking and biking (CITY OF ALBANY CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN | 32).

- **Energy and Resources:**
  - "The City aims to eliminate fossil fuel use in the transportation sector by making it easy and affordable to choose to walk, bike, or take the bus, and to choose zero emission cars and trucks to move people and goods" (CITY OF ALBANY CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN | 4).
  - "Electrify new and existing buildings... convert the energy supply to renewable electricity" (CITY OF ALBANY CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN | STRATEGIES).

The document emphasizes the City of Albany's focus on sustainability, climate resilience, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions but lacks specific details on demographics, geographic features, and comprehensive economic data.

**Resilience**

The plan emphasizes resilience through strategies like "Accelerate Resilience," which includes actions such as expanding natural systems, climate-adaptive landscape management, and improving emergency management capabilities. It states, "This section prioritizes approaches for expanding and improving natural systems throughout the City to promote resilience and carbon storage, such as through climate-adaptive landscape management, compost, and mulching" (City of Albany Climate Action and Adaptation Plan | 47). Resilience strategies are implemented to ensure that Albany can withstand the inevitable impacts of climate change, focusing on those at the highest risk.

**Mitigation**

Mitigation efforts are substantial in the plan. The City of Albany commits to significant GHG emission reductions with targets of a "60% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2035, carbon neutrality by 2045" (City of Albany Climate Action and Adaptation Plan | 8). Strategies include advancing active, shared, and electric transportation, electrifying new and existing buildings, and facilitating a carbon-free economy (City of Albany Climate Action and Adaptation Plan | 33). These actions aim to prevent climate change by reducing emissions from transportation, natural gas combustion, and promoting clean energy usage.

**Adaptation**

Adaptation is addressed by managing the impacts of climate change, protecting vulnerable systems, and incorporating behavior changes and infrastructure improvements. The plan includes actions like increasing urban tree canopy, restoring streams, and enhancing coastal resilience to prepare for climate impacts. It articulates, "This multi-pronged approach to climate adaptation will ensure Albany is more prepared and resilient" (City of Albany Climate Action and Adaptation Plan | 47).

**Classification**

The plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**, as it provides a well-balanced approach to both reducing GHG emissions and preparing for climate impacts through comprehensive resilience and adaptation strategies.

Yes, the plan describes scenarios of climate change that Albany will face and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation.

- **Temperature Increase and Extreme Heat**: The plan projects that Albany's climate will experience an increase in temperatures. By mid-century, temperatures are expected to rise by 2-4°F throughout the city, with daily maximum temperatures increasing by up to 9°F. The city could experience up to 35 additional days of extreme heat (over 90°F) by the end of the century under a high emissions scenario. Currently, Albany rarely experiences days over 90°F. This poses a risk for heat-related illnesses and increased mortality, particularly affecting vulnerable populations such as the homeless and those with heart conditions. (*City of Albany Climate Action and Adaptation Plan | 13*)

- **Drought and Water Supply Changes**: While annual precipitation levels in California are not expected to change significantly, future temperature increases are likely to cause longer and more intense droughts. This could decrease water from the Sierra Nevada snowpack, which provides approximately 60% of the Bay Area's water. Predictions suggest a decline in the snowpack by 19% between 2025-2050 and by 83% between 2075-2100, affecting Albany's water supply and natural landscape. (*City of Albany Climate Action and Adaptation Plan | 10*)

These scenarios demonstrate the need for the city to implement climate policies focusing on resilience, mitigation, and adaptation, addressing both the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and preparation for these projected climate impacts.

1. **Extreme Heat**

- **Climate Hazard:** "As greenhouse gas emissions increase, temperatures are expected to increase globally, placing growing stress on human health, water resources, energy systems, and other assets. Albany’s climate is no exception. Temperatures are projected to increase 2-4°F throughout the City by mid-century, with daily maximum temperatures increasing by up to 9°F, and up to 35 additional days of extreme heat (over 90°F) expected by the end of the century under the high emissions scenario" (*Extreme Heat*).
   
   - **Climate Risks:** The increased heat may lead to "heat-related illnesses such as heat stroke and heat exhaustion, and extreme heat days could increase the likelihood of heat-related mortality" (*Extreme Heat*).

   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** "Homeless populations, those living in dense urban environments, and those with heart disease or high blood pressure are more susceptible to negative health impacts from climate change" (*Extreme Heat*).

2. **Drought**

   - **Climate Hazard:** "Future temperature increases will likely cause longer and more intense droughts in California" (*Drought*).
   
   - **Climate Risks:** "The combination of warmer temperatures and drought is likely to decrease water from the Sierra Nevada snowpack, which acts as a natural reservoir by storing and distributing surface water across California" (*Drought*).

   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The plan does not specify areas or populations particularly vulnerable to drought in this excerpt.

3. **Vector-borne Diseases**

   - **Climate Hazard:** "Increasing temperatures make vector-borne diseases, carried by insects such as ticks, fleas, and mosquitos, more likely to spread" (*Vector-borne Diseases*).
   
   - **Climate Risks:** "Higher temperatures not only allow mosquitos to inhabit these areas for longer, but also speed up the growth of the virus in the host" (*Vector-borne Diseases*).

   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The plan suggests that although disease risk is growing, "vital services in the Bay Area like healthcare and housing may mitigate the risk of transmission of these diseases" (*Vector-borne Diseases*).

4. **Flooding and Sea Level Rise**

   - **Climate Hazard:** "Climate change is expected to exacerbate flooding through storms and more intense periods of rainfall... Sea level rise can also increase coastal flooding" (*Flooding and Sea Level Rise*).
   
   - **Climate Risks:** "Inland flooding from a 100-year flood could compromise assets along Codornices Creek and the railway" and "sea level rise could disrupt regional transportation routes" (*Flooding and Sea Level Rise*).

   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The plan lists infrastructure like "I-580 and I-80 freeways near the border with Richmond and south of Buchanan Street" as at risk. However, the plan does not specify particular populations in this context (*Flooding and Sea Level Rise*).

5. **Wildfires**

- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The plan lists infrastructure like "I-580 and I-80 freeways near the border with Richmond and south of Buchanan Street" as at risk. However, the plan does not specify particular populations in this context (*Flooding and Sea Level Rise*).

   - **Climate Hazard:** "Increasing drought and temperature are projected to increase the area burned by wildfire throughout California" (*Wildfires*).
   
   - **Climate Risks:** "Smoke from nearby wildfires makes its way into the city, posing public health risks from smoke exposure" (*Wildfires*).

   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** "The State-operated Orientation Center for the Blind and the Albany Unified School District Children’s Center may be at risk due to their proximity to Albany Hill" (*Wildfires*). Additionally, "populations vulnerable to smoke, such as those with heart and lung conditions" are at increased risk (*Wildfires*).

6. **Food Insecurity**

   - **Climate Hazard:** "Warmer temperatures and longer, more intense droughts will also pose an immense challenge to the agricultural sector in California and beyond" (*Food Insecurity*).
   
   - **Climate Risks:** "Food prices are projected to increase overall, which could heighten food insecurity, particularly in low-income households in Albany" (*Food Insecurity*).

   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** "Low-income households in Albany" are most vulnerable due to potential increases in food prices (*Food Insecurity*).

1. **Address time-of-use issues by increasing storage capacity and energy efficiency**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Issues with the electric grid and energy availability during peak usage times.
     - **Cost:** Not specified in detail.
     - **Timeframe:** Near-term.
     - **Location:** Local energy storage projects.
   - **Other Attributes:** This option includes support for property owners to implement renewable energy systems, improve microgrid resilience, and involves regional collaboration for incentive programs. *[Section 4.2.4]*

2. **Advocate for grid 2.0 initiatives**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Current grid's inability to support a 100% renewable energy supply.
     - **Location:** Advocacy on the State level.
   - **Other Attributes:** This measure focuses on accelerating grid 2.0 initiatives needed for renewable energy integration. *[Section 4.2.5]*

3. **Promote climate adaptive landscaping**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Need for carbon sequestration and climate-appropriate species due to changing climate.
     - **Location:** Landscaping projects in the City.
   - **Other Attributes:** Environmental benefits include increasing soil carbon and reducing synthetic fertilizers to support soil health. Collaboration with partners for a planting guide is included. *[Section 4.2.6]*

4. **Support climate resilience and green infrastructure modifications to private property**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Urban heat island effect and environmental impacts of conventional infrastructure.
     - **Location:** Modifications to private property.
   - **Other Attributes:** Economic benefits include cost-effectively increasing resilience with low-emissions devices. Infrastructure modifications include cool roofs and pavements. *[Section 4.2.7]*

5. **Work with FEMA and the City of Berkeley to update flood zone maps**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flooding due to climate change-related weather patterns.
     - **Timeframe:** Mid-term.
     - **Location:** Flood zones in watershed management plans.
   - **Other Attributes:** Infrastructural updates include preparing property owners for adaptation actions. *[Section 4.2.8]*

6. **Continue to restore and maintain creeks to accommodate increased rain events**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Increased extreme weather and rain events.
     - **Timeframe:** Not specified.
     - **Location:** Creeks in the City.
   - **Other Attributes:** Environmental focus on maintaining natural systems for increased resilience. *[Section 4.3.1]*

7. **Continue to manage wildfire risk by implementing vegetation management and fuel reduction programs**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Wildfire risk in hazard areas.
     - **Location:** Albany Hill and areas adjacent to homes.
   - **Other Attributes:** Incorporates habitat management principles alongside fire mitigation efforts. *[Section 4.3.2]*

8. **Partner regionally to address coastal flooding impacts to the Albany waterfront and freeway entrance**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Sea level rise leading to coastal flooding.
     - **Location:** Albany waterfront.
   - **Other Attributes:** Involves partnerships for living shoreline principles for coastal resilience. *[Section 4.3.3]*

9. **Partner regionally to promote water conservation**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Insufficient water resources due to changing climate conditions.
     - **Location:** City-wide.
   - **Other Attributes:** Economic considerations include incentivizing water conservation measures like low-flow technology and graywater systems. *[Section 4.3.4]*

10. **Strengthen emergency management capacity to prepare for and respond to the impacts of climate change**
    - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Risks exacerbated by climate change, including multiple simultaneous emergencies.
    - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:**
      - **Cost:** Not specified in detail.
      - **Timeframe:** Near-term.
      - **Location:** City-wide.
    - **Other Attributes:** Infrastructure improvements include training and equipment for emergency management. *[Section 4.4.3]*

The plan identifies several **mitigation options** aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions:

### **1. Sustainable Transportation**
- **Description:** Advance active, shared, and electric transportation.
- **Timing:** Near-term.
- **Attributes:** This strategy addresses emissions through the electrification of vehicles and active transportation (biking, walking). A new Active Transportation Plan is being developed, focusing on multimodal transportation, pedestrian safety, and accessible infrastructure for all ages and abilities. The plan emphasizes low-stress bike lanes and a seamless regional bike network.  
- **Cost and Benefits:** Not specifically detailed regarding costs, but aims at enhancing resilience, public health, and equity.  
- **Citation:** _City of Albany Climate Action and Adaptation Plan | 33_

### **2. Building Electrification**
- **Description:** Electrify new and existing buildings.
- **Timing:** Not specified.
- **Attributes:** Focuses on installing heat pump hot water heaters, utilizing sustainable building materials, and reducing natural gas use.
- **Cost and Benefits:** Not specifically detailed in the excerpt regarding costs but promises long-term savings from clean electricity.

### **3. Clean Energy Grid Enhancements**
- **Description:** 
  - Address time-of-use issues by increasing storage capacity and energy efficiency.
  - Advocate for grid 2.0 initiatives.
- **Attributes:** Includes local energy storage projects to improve microgrid resilience, supporting renewable energy systems, and promoting energy efficiency. Advocacy at the State level for a renewable-supportive grid.
- **Cost and Benefits:** Public investments to support infrastructure improvements.
- **Citation:** _City of Albany Climate Action and Adaptation Plan | 49_

### **4. Waste Reduction**
  - Develop ordinances for reusables in dine-in restaurants.
  - Promote food waste reduction and low-carbon food choices.
- **Attributes:** Partnering with organizations such as StopWaste for policy development and public education campaigns.
- **Cost and Benefits:** Expected benefits in reducing single-use plastics and promoting sustainable practices.
- **Citation:** _City of Albany Climate Action and Adaptation Plan | 45_

### **5. Urban Forestry and Green Infrastructure**
  - Increase urban tree canopy and landscaped areas.
  - Explore creative possibilities for green infrastructure.
- **Attributes:** Involves creating an Urban Forestry Plan to increase canopy cover, and developing innovative infrastructure solutions like green roofs.
- **Cost and Benefits:** Public investments aimed at resilience building and carbon sequestration.
- **Citation:** _City of Albany Climate Action and Adaptation Plan | 48_

### **6. Facilitating a Carbon-Free Economy**
- **Description:** Commit to low- or no-carbon options for high-emissions purchases and incentivize actions to reduce waste and carbon.
- **Attributes:** Promoting low-carbon alternatives for goods and services typically associated with high emissions.
- **Cost and Benefits:** Not specifically detailed regarding costs but focuses on individual action and economic incentives.

These actions collectively aim at both reducing emissions and building resilience against climate change impacts as part of Albany's comprehensive strategy. The plan emphasizes regional collaboration, advocacy, and local community engagement in implementing these mitigation options.

1. **Sustainable Transportation**
   - *Overview*: Encourages active transportation through improved infrastructure and parking management to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
   - *Timeframe*: Near-term (Next 0-3 years, 2020-2023)
   - *Attributes*: Development of a new Active Transportation Plan (ATP) that analyzes gaps in the active transportation network and prioritizes projects. Focus on multimodal transportation, access to transit, pedestrian safety, bike racks, green infrastructure, and a seamless regional bike network. 

2. **Electrification of New and Existing Buildings**
   - *Overview*: Aims to eliminate natural gas use in buildings by electrifying new and existing constructions.
   - *Timeframe*: Not specified in the provided segments.
   - *Attributes*: Supports the installation of heat pump hot water heaters and sustainable building materials.

3. **Facilitating a Carbon-Free Economy**
   - *Overview*: Commits the City to selecting low- or no-carbon options for high-emission purchases.
   - *Attributes*: Encourages individuals to take actions that reduce waste and daily carbon emissions.

4. **Waste Reduction**
   - *Overview*: Mandates and encourages waste reduction initiatives.
   - *Cost*: Reduces the use of materials with high carbon footprints, thus indirectly reducing costs tied to waste handling and disposal.
   - *Location*: Across Albany, particularly targeting restaurants and solid waste handling.
   - *Attributes*: Collaborates with StopWaste to make reusable foodware mandatory for dine-in restaurants, partner on food donation programs, and launch campaigns promoting low-carbon food choices.

5. **Green Infrastructure Improvements**
   - *Overview*: Promotes climate adaptive landscaping and increases green infrastructure.
   - *Attributes*: Encourages the planting of high carbon-sequestering species, educates on climate-friendly plant species, updates flood zone maps in collaboration with FEMA, and considers innovative plantings like parklets.

6. **Urban Tree Canopy and Landscaped Area**
   - *Overview*: Increases urban canopy cover through a comprehensive Urban Forestry Plan.
   - *Attributes*: Develops planting guides, sets canopy goals, and encourages green infrastructure.

7. **Local Carbon Offset Program**
   - *Overview*: Researches feasibility and impact of a local carbon offset program.
   - *Timeframe*: Mid-term (Next 4-9 years, 2024-2029)
   - *Attributes*: Allows community members to support local climate action and resilience through offset contributions.

8. **Energy Resilience at Critical Facilities**
   - *Overview*: Assesses and improves energy resilience using on-site solar PV and energy storage systems.

The plan focuses on integrating these mitigation strategies into various sectors like transportation, building, waste, and urban forestry to achieve carbon neutrality while enhancing community resilience and efficiency.

Based on the provided sections of the City of Albany Climate Action and Adaptation Plan, the following adaptation options are identified:

1. **Addressing Time-of-Use Issues by Increasing Storage Capacity and Energy Efficiency**
    - **Climate Threat:** Addresses challenges related to the electric grid that might be exacerbated by climate impacts like increased energy demands during extreme weather.
    - **Attributes:** 
        - **Location:** Not specified, but implementation can span across the city’s electrical infrastructure.
        - **Timeframe:** Near-term ("CITY OF ALBANY CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN | 49")
        - **Other Attributes:** There is an intent to streamline permits and collaborate regionally to develop incentive programs. This measure is linked with energy efficiency measures from the Electrification Section.

2. **Promote Climate Adaptive Landscaping**
    - **Climate Threat:** Addresses impacts on landscapes from increased temperatures, changes in precipitation, and the need for carbon sequestration.
        - **Location:** City-wide, focusing on landscaping projects.
        - **Other Attributes:** Includes public education and collaboration for developing and promoting a planting guide on climate-friendly species and landscaping practices to enhance soil and carbon storage.

3. **Support Climate Resilience and Green Infrastructure Modifications to Private Property**
    - **Climate Threat:** Heat islands, flooding, and other climate impacts affecting built environments.
        - **Location:** Private properties within the city.
        - **Other Attributes:** Encourages adaptation upgrades such as cool roofs, green roofs, and pervious surfaces. Emphasizes low-emissions cooling installations for increased resilience with a lower environmental footprint.

4. **Update Flood Zone Maps with Current Understanding of Climate Change Related Weather Patterns**
    - **Climate Threat:** Flooding due to climate change-induced extreme weather events.
        - **Location:** Throughout the city with focus on vulnerable properties.
        - **Timeframe:** Mid-term ("CITY OF ALBANY CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN | 49")
        - **Other Attributes:** Involves collaboration with FEMA and the City of Berkeley. Updates to watershed management plans will help property owners implement adaptation actions.

5. **Restore and Maintain Creeks to Accommodate Increased Rain Events**
    - **Climate Threat:** Increased frequency and intensity of rain events.
        - **Location:** Natural creeks in the city.
        - **No specific timeframe provided in the provided sections.
        - **Other Attributes:** The restoration efforts ensure natural waterways are prepared for heavier precipitation, potentially expanding wildlife habitat as a co-benefit.

6. **Manage Wildfire Risk through Vegetation Management and Fuel Reduction Programs**
    - **Climate Threat:** Wildfire risk possibly exacerbated by hotter, drier conditions.
        - **Location:** Highest hazard areas such as Albany Hill, near homes and recreation areas.
        - **Timeframe:** Near-term ("CITY OF ALBANY CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN | 50")
        - **Other Attributes:** Guided by the Albany Hill Master Plan. Aims for maximum wildlife habitat while mitigating fire risks.

7. **Partner Regionally to Address Coastal Flooding Impacts**
    - **Climate Threat:** Sea level rise and coastal flooding.
        - **Location:** Albany waterfront and freeway entrance.
        - **Timeframe:** Mid-term ("CITY OF ALBANY CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN | 50")
        - **Other Attributes:** Collaboration with entities like the Bay Conservation and Development Commission to utilize living shoreline principles.

8. **Provide Services During Extreme Events**
    - **Climate Threat:** Extreme heat and other severe weather conditions.
        - **Other Attributes:** Focus on maintaining cooling centers, promoting regional services, and enhancing emergency management to address simultaneous climate emergencies efficiently.

These options reflect a mixture of infrastructural, ecological, and policy initiatives aimed at reducing vulnerability and enhancing resilience across various sectors within the city.

**Climate Policies Advancing Climate Justice**

The plan emphasizes equity and climate justice throughout its strategies and actions. Below are key climate policies from the plan that advance climate justice, along with the climate threats they address and the vulnerable populations they focus on:

1. **Climate Policy:** Actions that focus on supporting vulnerable populations.

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The disproportionate impacts of climate change on vulnerable populations.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Low-income populations, communities of color, those with disabilities, and those experiencing homelessness are identified as most susceptible to climate impacts due to limited resources to protect and adapt. (*"Equity is central to addressing climate change."* - City of Albany CAAP, Chapter: Climate and Equity)

2. **Climate Policy:** Integrating equity in the prioritization criteria for evaluating potential actions.

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Unequal effects of climate change and adaptation measures that do not consider all community members equally.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Actions are aimed at ensuring relevance and accessibility for all abilities, ages, races, ethnicities, sexual orientations, gender identifications, socio-economic backgrounds, or religious and cultural beliefs. (*"That is why equity implications of every goal and strategy in this CAAP were considered in the planning process."* - City of Albany CAAP, Chapter: Climate and Equity)

3. **Climate Policy:** An ambitious greenhouse gas emissions reduction target that acknowledges the responsibility of developed societies.

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Global climate impacts resulting from high greenhouse gas emissions predominantly from developed countries.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** While the policy is broader, it indirectly addresses global populations more affected by climate change but less responsible for emissions. (*"An ambitious greenhouse gas emissions reduction target that acknowledges the responsibility of developed societies to minimize harmful impacts to those who did not contribute to the problem."* - City of Albany CAAP, Chapter: Climate and Equity)

These policies aim to address the equity aspect by supporting and protecting populations in Albany that are most vulnerable to climate change risks while contributing to broader global justice objectives.

Based solely on the content provided, the plan does not explicitly mention any potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies. However, we can speculate on areas where inadequate implementation or considerations might lead to maladaptation:

### Policy: Urban Tree Canopy Increase

**1. Climate Threat Addressed:**
- The threat of increased temperatures (urban heat island effect).

**2. Proposed Option:**
- Increasing urban tree canopy cover as a resilience option ("Create and implement a comprehensive Urban Forestry Plan" which focuses on increasing urban canopy cover and carbon sequestration while providing equitably-distributed co-benefits) (City of Albany Climate Action and Adaptation Plan | 48).

**3. Potential for Inadvertent Maladaptation:**
- Without careful planning, tree planting could lead to unintended issues such as sidewalk uplifts or power line interference, which could increase maintenance costs or create hazards.
- The plan notes the importance of addressing unintended consequences: "devising a plan for retiring trees and addressing unintended consequences such as sidewalk uplifts" (City of Albany Climate Action and Adaptation Plan | 48).

### Policy: Soft-Story Retrofit Ordinance

- The threat of structural failure in earthquakes.

- Preparing a comprehensive soft-story retrofit ordinance to ensure that private buildings are resilient during earthquakes (City of Albany Climate Action and Adaptation Plan | 48).

- If not strategically managed, building retrofits could inadvertently prioritize structural resilience over enhancing thermal efficiency or other resilience aspects, potentially leading to increased energy consumption or reduced indoor environmental quality under climate extremes.

### Policy: Promotion of Green Infrastructure

- The threat of increased stormwater runoff and heat.

- Expanding green infrastructure improvements through climate adaptive landscaping and installation of green roofs (City of Albany Climate Action and Adaptation Plan | 49).

- If plants chosen for green infrastructure are not climate-appropriate or improperly managed, it might lead to increased water use or maintenance difficulty, potentially exacerbating water scarcity during droughts.

### General Consideration:
- **Risk of Maladaptation:** Across various policies, the effort to create infrastructure coping with one extreme may increase vulnerability to another. For example, overly focusing on cooling solutions for extreme heat may not account for water scarcity exacerbated by droughts, or focusing infrastructure adaptations for sea level rise might miss the aspect of increased wildfire risks.

These speculative insights are based on a general understanding of climate plans since the document provided does not explicitly mention current or potential maladaptive policies. To accurately identify unforeseen maladaptation, a more detailed analysis of implementation measures, community feedback, and ongoing climate trends within the plan would be required.

**Metrics for Measuring Success:**

The plan outlines several metrics and goals to measure the success of its adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options:

- **Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions:**
  - **60% reduction by 2035** from a 2004 baseline, aiming for carbon neutrality by 2045 (GHG Reduction Targets; Plan Goals).
  - **Reduction in per-capita GHG emissions:** Albany's 2017 per-capita GHG emissions were noted as **3.1 MTCO2e per person**, in comparison to a U.S. average of 15.8 MTCO2e (Plan Goals; City of Albany Climate Action and Adaptation Plan | 15).

- **Greenhouse Gas Emissions Sources:**
  - Current emissions are approximately **53,000 MT CO2e**, largely from transportation and natural gas combustion (Plan Overview).
  - The plan forecasts an estimated **41% reduction in community emissions by 2035**, acknowledging the necessity of additional action to meet the target goals (City of Albany Climate Action and Adaptation Plan | 15).

- **Building and Transportation Systems:**
  - Emphasis on **eliminating fossil fuel use in buildings and transportation**, promoting a **carbon-free local economy** (City of Albany Climate Action and Adaptation Plan | 7, 15).

- **Community Engagement:**
  - **Community engagement is needed** for successful implementation, with examples including minimizing international flights and turning down heaters (Plan Implementation; City of Albany Climate Action and Adaptation Plan | 51).

- **Climate Adaptation and Resilience:**
  - Increasing resilience of natural lands and systems by maximizing installations of green infrastructure (City of Albany Climate Action and Adaptation Plan | 47).

- **Extreme Weather Preparedness:**
  - Strategies for addressing climate-related health risks, intending to achieve **100% population access to emergency buildings** (City of Albany Climate Action and Adaptation Plan | 47).

The plan measures success through these key performance indicators, aiming for transformative changes in emissions reduction, community engagement, and resilience-building projects.

| **Feature**             | **Details**                                                                                                                                                                                                         |
|-------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name**  | City of Albany                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
| **Population**          | Not provided in the document.                                                                                                                                                                                       |
| **Threats Identified**  | - Flooding, extreme heat, and wildfire (Climate Risks) <br> - Transportation and natural gas combustion as sources of emissions                                                                                      |
| **Measures Identified** | - 60% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2035 <br> - Carbon neutrality by 2045 <br> - Implement mitigation strategies like active/shared/electric transportation, electrification of buildings, resilience enhancement |
```

### Physical and Economic Landscape of Atlanta

#### Planning Jurisdiction:
- **Name:** Atlanta
- **Location:** Atlanta, Georgia, within a wider Metro region that includes 29 counties.

#### Population and Demographics:
- **Population:** As of 2016, Atlanta's population reached approximately 473,000 within the city, with projections for the wider 20-county Atlanta region to grow from 5.6 million to 8.0 million by 2040.
- **Demographics:** Atlanta is noted as one of the most ethnically integrated cities in the U.S. "78 counties nationwide experienced a switch in majority-minority population since 2000 and four of these counties are located in the Atlanta region" *(INTRODUCTION ATLANTA’S RESILIENCE CHALLENGES)*.

#### Key Infrastructure:
- **Airports:** Atlanta is a major transportation hub, with Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport being "the most traveled airport in the world for daily passenger flights" *(EXECUTIVE SUMMARY)*.
  
#### Geographic and Natural Features:
- **Geographic Features:** While specific mountains, rivers, or other geographic landmarks are not detailed, the document notes the presence of natural environments that need preservation.
- **Water Challenges:** The development of the "City of Atlanta Green Infrastructure Strategic Action Plan" aims to incorporate sound engineering best practices into stormwater management, aiming to reduce city water runoff by 225 million gallons annually *(City of Atlanta Green Infrastructure Strategic Action Plan (2016))*. 

#### Climate and Environment:
- **Local Climate:** Although specific details about the climate are not included, there are implications of environmental challenges such as stormwater management and infrastructure issues.
- **Environmental Strategies:** Efforts to reduce city water runoff testify to challenges regarding precipitation management and urban water infrastructure.

#### Economic Landscape:
- **Average Income and Economic Inequality:** Although precise average income figures are not provided, Atlanta ranks among the top 10 cities nationally for income inequality *(Vision 2: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY)*.
- **Industries and Economic Drivers:** Atlanta's economic strengths are bolstered by its status as a "transportation hub," its ability to attract "major corporations, including 15 Fortune 500 companies," and "robust and diverse local economy" *(EXECUTIVE SUMMARY & ATLANTA’S RESILIENCE CHALLENGES)*.
  
#### Industries:
- **Key Economic Sectors:** Major corporations and "Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport" play significant roles as economic drivers. The airport "provides over 60,000 jobs and contributes over $34.8 billion in economic impact" *(TARGET 4.3)*.

#### Energy Production:
- **Energy Strategy:** The city has committed to transitioning to 100 percent "clean energy citywide by the year 2035" including municipal operations by 2025, with efforts involving "energy savings performance contract to retrofit approximately 100 municipal facilities for energy and water efficiency" and other initiatives *(TARGET 4.3)*.

The plan places a significant focus on resilience, aiming to "build a resilient Atlanta" through a collaborative effort that addresses "social equity, culture and identity, and climate" (INTRODUCTION ORGANIZING VISION). Various actions are described throughout the document to enhance the resilience of the city, such as **Target 4.1: Adapt and expand City systems to promote resilience planning by 2022** and actions like **Improving responsiveness to Stormwater Flooding** (4.1.4) and establishing a system for joint-infrastructure investments (4.1.2). The plan leverages data, collaboration, and community engagement to address chronic stresses and sudden shocks, aiming at more cohesive and engaged communities (INTRODUCTION EXECUTIVE SUMMARY).

Mitigation efforts are primarily focused on the goal of achieving 100% clean energy citywide by 2035, as stated under **TARGET 4.3: Achieve 100 percent use of clean energy citywide by 2035**. The plan outlines efforts such as retrofitting municipal facilities for energy efficiency and solar installations (INTRODUCTION EXISTING PLANS). Other mitigation actions include promoting water efficiency and increasing access to solar energy (3.5.3).

Adaptation is addressed through actions to modify and expand city systems to enhance resilience. For instance, actions such as launching a restaurant water efficiency pilot program (3.5.1) and creating a stormwater utility fee to develop a comprehensive stormwater management program (3.5.2) reflect adaptation efforts embedded within the resilience focus. These measures aim to adjust systems and improve capabilities to handle climate impacts.

### **Classification of the Plan**

The plan can be classified as an **"Adaptation/Resilience Dedicated"** action plan. Although there is mention of mitigation efforts, the primary focus is directed towards resilience and adaptation as reflected in the strategic actions and visions that aim to build community strength and cohesion while preparing the city's infrastructure and systems to withstand future shocks and stresses.

The plan does not explicitly describe a scenario of climate change the planning jurisdiction will face in detail. However, it does highlight the challenges and contexts under which climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation have been planned. It mentions that Atlanta aims to not only reduce greenhouse gas emissions but also address various economic, social, and environmental stresses that affect resilience. The plan is part of a broad strategy to handle issues like poverty, racial inequity, housing insecurity, and economic decline, many of which intersect with climate risk. The ultimate aim is to create an equitable and inclusive city while preserving and expanding the natural environment, enhancing economic stability, and promoting resilience through diversified urban systems and infrastructure improvements.

1. **High Temperatures**
   - **Climate Hazard:** "Assuming greenhouse gas emission trends continue through 2100, within the next century Atlanta will be above 95 degrees Fahrenheit for more than three months per year."
   - **Climate Risks:** High temperatures pose a risk to Atlanta’s residents and the environment, particularly affecting those who lack access to air conditioning.
   - **Climate Vulnerability:** Infants, the elderly, and those living without air conditioning are most vulnerable to high temperatures.

   - **Climate Hazard:** "As one of the few U.S. metropolitan areas not built around a major local body of water, the city is particularly vulnerable to drought."
   - **Climate Risks:** Low amounts of rainfall have put increasing pressure on the city’s water supply, with potential issues for water reliability and access.
   - **Climate Vulnerability:** The areas most vulnerable are those dependent on the city’s water supply, particularly during periods of reduced rainfall.

3. **Flooding**
   - **Climate Hazard:** "The city faces substantial risk from rainfall flooding...conditions so rare that there is only a 0.01 percent chance."
   - **Climate Risks:** The risk of flash flooding results in significant damage to property and loss of life, as evidenced by historic flooding events in the city.
   - **Climate Vulnerability:** Populations living in low-lying areas and counties in the region are most at risk during flooding events.

**Resilience Options Identified in the Plan**

1. **Establish a System and Evaluation Process for Joint-Infrastructure Investments**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option addresses the need for "Long-Term and Integrated Planning" by fostering leadership and effective management across departments (Section "SUMMARY OF ACTIONS"). 
   
     - **Timeframe:** Long-term; 2018 Q4 launch.
     - **Funding:** Unfunded. 
     - **Location:** Managed by City of Atlanta (Atlanta City Council and other partners). 
   
   - **Other Attributes:** Promotes cross-departmental programs and changes in both capital and operating budgets, addressing economic and management considerations.

2. **Improve Responsiveness to Stormwater Flooding**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addresses risks associated with stormwater flooding and ensures continuity of critical services (Section "SUMMARY OF ACTIONS"). 
   
     - **Timeframe:** Short-term; 2017 Q4 launch.
     - **Funding:** Partially funded by CoA "SWIT".
     - **Location:** Managed by the CoA Department of Watershed Management and partners.
     
   - **Other Attributes:** Environmental and infrastructural improvements focus on identifying projects that reduce legacy stormwater issues and FEMA's pre-disaster funding involvement.

3. **Protect and Expand Atlanta's Tree Canopy**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Enhances protective natural and man-made assets and ensures public health services (Section "SUMMARY OF ACTIONS"). 
   
     - **Timeframe:** Long-term; 2018 Q2 launch.
     - **Funding:** Fully Funded by CoA Tree Recompense Fund.
     - **Location:** Managed by the CoA Department of City Planning and Parks.
   
   - **Other Attributes:** Focus on acquiring forested properties and extensive tree planting, thus providing environmental benefits and preservation efforts.

4. **Develop a Parks and Greenspace Master Plan by 2019**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Enhances protective natural and man-made assets and provides continuity of critical services by increasing park space (Section "SUMMARY OF ACTIONS"). 
   
     - **Funding:** Partially funded by CoA Department of City Planning.
     - **Location:** Managed by CoA Departments including Parks & Recreation.
   
   - **Other Attributes:** Economic and social benefits are expected through increased access to parks within urban areas, boosting community cohesion.

5. **Create a Stormwater Utility Fee**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Ensures continuity of critical services and improves stormwater management (Section "SUMMARY OF ACTIONS"). 
   
     - **Timeframe:** Medium-term; 2017 Q4 Phase 1 launch.
     - **Funding:** Fully funded by CoA Department of Watershed Management.
     - **Location:** Managed by CoA and partners like The Conservation Fund.
   
   - **Other Attributes:** Aims to fund green infrastructure initiatives, offering environmental improvements and infrastructural resilience.

6. **Leverage Crowdsourced Data to Improve City Systems**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Empowers stakeholders and addresses long-term planning needs (Section "SUMMARY OF ACTIONS"). 
   
     - **Timeframe:** Short-term; 2018 Q1 launch.
     - **Funding:** Unfunded.
     - **Location:** Managed by CoA's offices.
   
   - **Other Attributes:** Integrates technological advancements to improve service responsiveness and foster infrastructural decision-making based on community input.

These resilience options reflect the strategic approach taken in the plan to integrate sustainability and manage climate-related threats comprehensively, addressing economic, environmental, and infrastructural concerns in various facets.

Based on the content provided, the plan identifies the following mitigation options:

1. **Clean Energy Atlanta – PACE Financing**
   - **Description:** A $500 million Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) financing program for energy efficiency, on-site renewable energy, and water efficiency improvements.
   - **Cost:** $500 million
   - **Location:** City of Atlanta
   - **Lead Partner:** Invest Atlanta, CoA Mayor's Office of Resilience
   - **Attributes:** Funding available to constituents for energy and water efficiency improvements. It aims to encourage energy-efficient practices across the city.

2. **Alternative Fuel Vehicle Adoption**
   - **Description:** Transition the City fleet to include 20% electric vehicles and 12% other alternative fuel vehicles by 2020.
   - **Cost:** Not specified
   - **Timing:** Targeted completion by 2020
   - **Location:** City government fleet
   - **Lead Partner:** CoA Mayor’s Office of Resilience, Vision Ridge, The Electrification Coalition
   - **Attributes:** Supports public adoption of alternative fuel vehicles to reduce GHG emissions.

3. **Sustainable Building Ordinance**
   - **Description:** Requires City-owned properties to obtain LEED Silver certification for new constructions and major renovations larger than 5,000 square feet, and LEED Certification for Existing Buildings for properties greater than 25,000 square feet.
   - **Location:** City-owned properties
   - **Lead Partner:** CoA Mayor’s Office of Resilience
   - **Attributes:** Aims to enhance building sustainability and reduce environmental impact through construction standards.

4. **Atlanta Better Buildings Challenge**
   - **Description:** Improve energy and water efficiency by 20% by 2020 in over 114 million square feet of commercial building space.
   - **Timing:** Completion by 2020
   - **Location:** Commercial building spaces in Atlanta
   - **Lead Partners:** CoA Mayor’s Office of Resilience, Central Atlanta Progress, Midtown Alliance, Livable Buckhead, Southface Energy Institute
   - **Attributes:** Part of a national program enhancing building efficiency to reduce consumption and emissions.

5. **Commercial Buildings Energy & Water Efficiency Ordinance**
   - **Description:** Requires annual energy and water benchmarking, and energy and water audits in commercial buildings greater than 25,000 square feet.
   - **Location:** Commercial buildings in Atlanta
   - **Attributes:** Encourages energy and water efficiency improvements to reduce commercial building consumption.

6. **Solar Atlanta**
   - **Description:** Installation of 1.5 MW of solar capacity on 24 municipal properties.
   - **Attributes:** Leading by example, the City aims to increase renewable energy use on municipal properties.

7. **Energy Savings Performance Contract**
   - **Description:** Upgrading 100 municipal properties with energy and water efficiency, and operational improvements.
   - **Location:** Municipal properties in Atlanta
   - **Lead Partners:** CoA Mayor’s Office of Resilience, Office of Enterprise Assets Management, Department of Watershed Management, Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport
   - **Attributes:** Aim to reduce carbon emissions while saving taxpayer dollars through efficiency upgrades.

These mitigation options are oriented towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing energy and water efficiency, demonstrating the City of Atlanta's commitment to mitigating climate change through a variety of strategic initiatives.

The plan identifies several mitigation options with varying attributes. Here's a summary:

1. **Commercial Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) Financing**
   - **Description:** A $500 million program providing funding for energy efficiency, on-site renewable energy, and water efficiency improvements.
   - **Timeframe:** Not explicitly stated
   - **Location:** Applies to commercial properties
   - **Important Attributes:** Encourages energy and water efficiency (EXISTING ACTIONS FEEDING INTO TARGET 4.3).

   - **Description:** Transitioning the City fleet to 20% electric vehicles and 12% other alternative fuel vehicles by 2020.
   - **Timeframe:** By 2020
   - **Location:** City fleet vehicles
   - **Important Attributes:** Encourages public adoption of alternative fuel vehicles (EXISTING ACTIONS FEEDING INTO TARGET 4.3).

   - **Description:** Requires City-owned properties to obtain LEED Silver certification for new construction and major renovation.
   - **Timeframe:** Not specified
   - **Location:** City-owned properties greater than 5,000 square feet
   - **Important Attributes:** Green building certifications (EXISTING ACTIONS FEEDING INTO TARGET 4.3).

   - **Description:** Improving energy and water efficiency by 20% by 2020 in commercial buildings.
   - **Location:** Commercial building spaces
   - **Important Attributes:** Over 114 million square feet of committed space (EXISTING ACTIONS FEEDING INTO TARGET 4.3).

   - **Description:** Requires annual energy and water benchmarking, audits in buildings greater than 25,000 square feet.
   - **Location:** Commercial buildings
   - **Important Attributes:** Enforces efficiency standards (EXISTING ACTIONS FEEDING INTO TARGET 4.3).

   - **Important Attributes:** Deploys solar energy (EXISTING ACTIONS FEEDING INTO TARGET 4.3).

   - **Description:** Upgrades 100 municipal properties with energy efficiency, water efficiency, and operational improvements.
   - **Important Attributes:** Reduces carbon emissions, saves taxpayer dollars (EXISTING ACTIONS FEEDING INTO TARGET 4.3).

The plan identifies several adaptation options, each addressing various climate threats. Below are the summarized details:

### Adaptation Options in the Plan

1. **Improve responsiveness to Stormwater Flooding**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Stormwater flooding.
     - **Funding:** Partially Funded; CoA “SWIT”.
     - **Lead Implementing Partners:** CoA Department of Watershed Management, CoA Mayor’s Office of Emergency Preparedness, Atlanta-Fulton County Emergency Management Agency.
     - **Metrics:** Number of potential projects identified resulting in reduction of legacy stormwater projects, number of identified projects included in annual budgeting cycle, number of projects identified for FEMA pre-disaster mitigation funding. 
   - **Resilience Value:** Enhances and Provides Protective Natural and Manmade Assets; Ensures Continuity of Critical Services.  
   - **Citation:** *Vision 4, Target 4.1*.

2. **Create a stormwater utility fee**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flooding and stormwater management.
     - **Funding:** Fully Funded; CoA Department of Watershed Management.
     - **Location:** Citywide as part of stormwater management program.
     - **Metrics:** Volume of pollutants captured by installed Green Infrastructure Best Management Practices (BMPs), number of BMPs installed, number of flooding incidents citywide and at U.S. federal Emergency Management Agency recognized flood-prone areas, amount collected through stormwater utility fee.
   - **Resilience Value:** Ensure Continuity of Critical Services; Enhances and Provides Protective Natural and Man-Made Assets.
   - **Citation:** *Vision 3, Target 3.5*.

3. **Protect and expand Atlanta’s tree canopy**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Urban heat and public health concerns.
     - **Funding:** Fully Funded; CoA Tree Recompense Fund.
     - **Location:** City of Atlanta, focusing on City-owned properties.
     - **Metrics:** Number of acres of forested property purchased and under City management, number of trees planted on City-owned properties.
   - **Resilience Value:** Enhances and Provides Protective Natural and Man-made Assets; Ensures Public Health Services.
   - **Citation:** *Vision 3, Target 3.4*.

4. **Install sustainable energy- and water-efficient infrastructure improvements**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Rising energy costs, drought, and stormwater flooding.
     - **Timeframe:** Ongoing, aiming for installation in 500 homes and businesses each year.
     - **Funding:** Not specifically stated, but implies a combination of grants and city funds.
     - **Location:** In and around homes and businesses within Atlanta.
   - **Resilience Value:** Fosters efficiency and sustainability in infrastructure.

These adaptation options reflect a comprehensive approach to addressing climate threats related to stormwater, flooding, energy use, and urban heat, with specified targets and implementation metrics to measure success. The funding and timeframes vary by project, emphasizing a mix of short-term and long-term investments and activities.

The plan does not explicitly mention specific climate policies that directly advance climate justice. However, it does include actions and targets under broader visions that consider equity and resilience, which could inherently be related to climate justice. Below is a summary of relevant policies and their context:

1. **Community Cohesion and Preparedness Initiatives:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** These actions aim to strengthen community preparedness for disasters, potentially including climate-induced disasters.
   - **Areas or Populations with the Most Vulnerability:** The plan highlights a focus on underserved neighborhoods and minority communities, such as Black youth who face high incarceration rates ("Action 4.4.2 establishes community centers to support LGBTQ+ youth in underserved neighborhoods." - Vision 4).

2. **Affordable Housing and Gentrification Mitigation:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This aligns with protecting vulnerable populations from displacement issues that may be exacerbated by climate impacts such as increased housing demand following disasters.
   - **Areas or Populations with the Most Vulnerability:** Those at risk include residents in gentrifying areas who may be susceptible to displacement, particularly low-income and minority communities ("Many Atlantans identified housing and housing insecurity as a primary concern, especially in the context of increasing gentrification and risk of displacement." - Developing Resilient Atlanta).

3. **Equitable Access and Opportunity:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addresses socio-economic inequities that could be intensified by climate impacts, impacting livelihoods and access to resources.
   - **Areas or Populations with the Most Vulnerability:** Targeted towards low-income workers and minority populations facing barriers to economic stability ("The Targets and Actions under this Vision support improving economic mobility and inter-generational wealth building by focusing on early childhood education and workforce development opportunities for all." - Vision 2).

While not explicitly labeled as climate policies, these initiatives within the plan indicate a systemic approach to equity and resilience, addressing underlying socio-economic vulnerabilities that could exacerbate climate injustice.

Based on the provided document, potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies are not explicitly outlined. However, one can infer from the context specific areas where maladaptation might inadvertently occur. Below are synthesized insights from the plan:

### 1. **Policy:** Improve responsiveness to Stormwater Flooding  
   - **Climate Threat:** Addressing the issue of stormwater flooding within the city.
   - **Option:** Resilience option involving enhancements and the provision of protective natural and man-made assets as well as ensuring the continuity of critical services, led by the CoA Department of Watershed Management and other agencies ("Improve responsiveness to Stormwater Flooding").
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** The policy primarily focuses on short-term improvements that could potentially redirect resources away from long-term sustainable approaches if not carefully managed. The reliance on immediate fixes might lead to further infrastructure dependency that doesn’t accommodate longer-term ecological shifts and could amplify future climate risk if broader systems are not integrated (e.g., addressing root causes like increased urban runoff due to impervious surfaces).

### 2. **Policy:** Create a stormwater utility fee to develop and fund a comprehensive stormwater management program  
   - **Climate Threat:** Flooding incidents citywide, particularly in U.S. federally recognized flood-prone areas.
   - **Option:** Resilience and adaptation option that emphasizes ensuring continuity of critical services and enhancing natural and man-made assets ("Create a stormwater utility fee").
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** While intended to fund long-term management improvements, if the implementation does not carefully balance equitable pricing and provide for socially vulnerable populations, there may be inadvertent financial burdens imposed on lower-income residents, exacerbating existing socio-economic disparities. A heavy financial burden could drive resistance to sustainable initiatives and potentially lead to neglect in stormwater management compliance among financially constrained entities.

### 3. **Policy:** Protect and expand Atlanta’s tree canopy  
   - **Climate Threat:** Loss of natural protective assets and urban heat island effect.
   - **Option:** Resilience and mitigation option through enhancing and providing protective natural assets, supported by the CoA Department of City Planning and others ("Protect and expand Atlanta’s tree canopy").
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** While expanding tree coverage can mitigate urban heat and provide ecosystem services, if poorly planned, it might lead to the selection of non-native species or monocultures that are not resilient to local pest pressures or future climate conditions, leading to ecosystem imbalance or the need for increased resource inputs and management. Additionally, policy driven expansion might prioritize certain areas over communities more overtly impacted by climate change, leading to unequal distribution of benefits.

The plan underscores the importance of integrating equity considerations and long-term planning to avoid adverse effects associated with these policies.

**Metrics for Measuring Success**

1. **Carbon Emissions Reduction:**
   - *Metric:* Reduction in metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions.
   - *Goal:* Achieving 100% clean energy citywide by 2035, with municipal operations transitioning by 2025. (_ACTION 4.3.1: Create and implement a strategy for the City to use 100 percent clean energy._)

2. **Solar Energy Capacity:**
   - *Metric:* Number of megawatts (MW) of solar capacity installed on municipal buildings.
   - *Example:* The City is installing 1.5 MW of solar capacity on 24 municipal properties. (_SUMMARY OF ACTIONS: Solar Atlanta_)

3. **Water Audits:**
   - *Metric:* Number of water audits conducted in commercial buildings greater than 25,000 square feet. (_SUMMARY OF ACTIONS: Commercial Buildings Energy & Water Efficiency Ordinance_)

4. **Energy Efficiency Funding:**
   - *Metric:* Amount of money available for energy-efficiency improvements. (_Clean Energy Atlanta – PACE Financing_)

5. **Alternative Fuel Vehicles:**
   - *Goal:* Transitioning the City fleet to 20% electric vehicles and 12% other alternative fuel vehicles by 2020. (_Alternative Fuel Vehicle Adoption_)

6. **LEED Certification:**
   - *Goal:* City-owned properties greater than 25,000 square feet required to obtain LEED Certification for Existing Buildings. (_Sustainable Building Ordinance_)

7. **Energy and Water Efficiency:**
   - *Goal:* Improving energy and water efficiency by 20% by 2020 across 114+ million square feet of commercial building space. (_Atlanta Better Buildings Challenge_)

8. **Tree Canopy Expansion:**
   - *Metric:* Number of acres of forested property purchased and under City management, number of trees planted on City-owned properties. (_Target 3.4: Protect and expand Atlanta’s tree canopy_)

9. **Stormwater Management:**
   - *Metric:* Volume of pollutants captured by installed Green Infrastructure Best Management Practices (BMPs). (_Create a stormwater utility fee to develop and fund a comprehensive stormwater management program_)

10. **Solar Energy Access:**
    - *Goal:* Increase use and access to solar energy by 2020 through the creation of Solarize Atlanta. (_ACTION 3.5.3_)

**Concrete Goals and Targets:**

- **100% Clean Energy Transition:**
  - *Goal:* 100% clean energy citywide by 2035, with municipal operations goal by 2025. (_TARGET 4.3_)

- **Greenspace Creation:**
  - *Goal:* Create 500 new acres of publicly accessible greenspace by 2022. (_Target 3.4: Create 500 new acres of publicly accessible greenspace by 2022_)

- **Restaurant Water Efficiency:**
  - *Goal:* Launch a restaurant water efficiency pilot program with specific conservation goals for water usage reduction. (_ACTION 3.5.1_)

These metrics and goals are utilized to measure the success of the adaptation, resilience, and mitigation efforts detailed in the plan.

| **Feature**           | **Details**                                                                                                                                             |
|-----------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Atlanta, Georgia                                                                                                                                       |
| **Population**        | 473,000 (in 2016, within city); Metro Atlanta region: 5.6 million in 2016 projected to grow to 8 million by 2040 (29 counties)                         |
| **Threats Identified** | - Economic inequality  <br> - Racial, economic, and social inequity <br> - Lack of affordable housing <br> - Limited transportation networks <br> - Infrastructure deficiencies <br> "Residents are not confident in the ability of the region’s stakeholders to improve critical services, such as public transportation and stormwater management." (Developing Resilient Atlanta)                    |
| **Measures Identified** | - Become a leader in addressing structural racism and promoting racial equity by 2022 <br> - Connect Metro Atlantans to new livable wage jobs <br> - Improve affordable housing access <br> - Improve access to transportation <br> - Create publicly accessible greenspaces <br> - Use clean energy citywide by 2035 <br> - Protect and expand tree canopy <br> - Install sustainable infrastructure improvements in homes and businesses <br> - Develop interfaith coalition and resilience baseline (Target 4.1, 4.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.4) |
```

**Name and Location**: The planning jurisdiction is the City of Boulder, located at the base of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains.

**Geographic Features**: Boulder is characterized by its location at the base of the Rocky Mountains, providing it with a complex topography. The surrounding area includes a vast rural and undeveloped landscape that encircles the city, preserved through decades of progressive land use planning.

**Natural Resources and Environmental Focus**: Boulder places a strong emphasis on environmental sustainability and open space preservation. The city has more than 45,000 acres of open space with 151 miles of trails, with additional resources within the county system.

**Climate**: Boulder is adjusting to a "new normal" of climate change impacts, with increasing global temperatures exacerbating local hazards. The area's natural climate variability poses challenges in predicting extreme events such as flash floods and the complexities of ecological and social stresses.

**Energy Production and Transition**: Boulder is committed to transitioning to a no-carbon energy system as part of its climate action plan. This involves enhancing resilience through local, clean energy systems that integrate renewable energy sources, distributed energy resources, and energy efficiency strategies.

**Economy and Industries**: The document highlights the importance of ensuring the economic vitality of Boulder by identifying risks to economic infrastructure, workforce, and financial services. The local economy benefits from robust fiscal resilience, with less reliance on sales taxes compared to other cities, thereby improving its ability to withstand economic shocks.

**Demographics, Population, and Income**: The document does not provide explicit details about the population, demographics, or average income of Boulder.

**Infrastructure**: Boulder focuses on creating community resilience centers to ensure the continuity of critical life-safety services and infrastructure, highlighting investments in public safety infrastructure as a response to past events.

**Economic Drivers**: While the document does not detail specific industries, it indicates a commitment to economic resilience and preparation against macro-economic trends. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of the business community developing continuity plans to manage economic risks.

**Water and Aridity**: The text does not provide specific information on water challenges or issues related to aridity.

The plan places a strong emphasis on resilience, incorporating it into various aspects of the city's operations and planning processes. Resilience is integrated into the Sustainability Framework and Comprehensive Plan, as stated: *"Integrate resilience principles into Boulder’s Sustainability Framework"*, and *"Integrate resilience into the Boulder Valley Comprehensive Plan"* (Actions 3.3 & 3.4). The establishment of Community Resilience Centers is a key element, ensuring continuity of life-safety services during crises (Action 3.1). The city’s approach to resilience involves transforming and integrating resilience into city operations, thus reinforcing community resilience (Strategy 3 - TRANSFORM & INTEGRATE).

The plan includes elements of mitigation, primarily through its commitment to transitioning to a no-carbon energy system, which aims to *"improve resiliency and address economic and environmental concerns by prioritizing a local, clean energy system that combines Boulder-based generation, integrated storage and other distributed energy resources"* (Envision the Future of Energy). The focus is on strategies like energy efficiency and local power generation to enhance the resilience of energy systems.

Adaptation is addressed through building climate readiness and preparing for future climate impacts. The plan aims to *"Build climate preparedness capacity across the city organization"* by fostering a consistent understanding of climate science and impacts across all city departments (Action 3.2). The emphasis on flexible and adaptive systems to face future uncertainties also highlights the plan's adaptation strategies (Purpose). The plan integrates principles of climate justice by focusing on protecting vulnerable populations during disruptions.

The plan can be classified as an **adaptation/resilience dedicated** plan. While it includes some elements of mitigation, particularly related to transitioning to a clean energy system, the predominant focus is on resilience and adaptation strategies to address climate impacts and ensure community preparedness and sustainability.

Yes, the plan describes several scenarios of climate change that Boulder is planning for. The scenarios highlight the increasing impacts and unpredictability associated with climate change:

- **Unpredictable Climate Events:** Boulder acknowledges adjusting to a "new normal" where the effects of climate change are becoming increasingly apparent. There's recognition that the future includes violent weather events like flash floods which can inundate neighborhoods and roads with little notice, exacerbated by rising global temperatures (BOULDER'S CHALLENGE; An Unpredictable Future).

- **Flash Flooding and Wildfires:** Flash flooding does not conform to established maps, as observed during the 2013 floods, and rising global temperatures may increase the probability of fires by over 600 percent (BOULDER'S CHALLENGE).

- **Temperature and Ecological Impacts:** Temperatures in Colorado have increased by approximately 2°F between 1977 and 2006, leading to longer drought cycles, increased flood and fire risks, and exacerbated threats like insects and diseases affecting the local flora and fauna (BOULDER'S CHALLENGE; COLORADO CLIMATE PLAN).

- **Systemic Risks and Complexity:** The complex topography and natural climate variability make it difficult to predict extreme events, pointing to the need for flexible and adaptive systems that do not commit the community to a single path (BOULDER'S STRATEGIES; PURPOSE). 

These scenarios emphasize the necessity for Boulder to plan and implement resilience, mitigation, and adaptation strategies to manage these wide-ranging potential future conditions and ensure community and infrastructure resilience.

1. **Flash Flooding**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Flash flooding does not follow the boundaries of established flood maps. The 2013 floods demonstrated that flash floods could bring sudden inundation to neighborhoods and roads not historically at risk.
   - **Climate Risks:** These floods can occur with little advance notice, affecting locations that may not have experienced such events in the past, leading to potential unpredictability and disruption.
   - **Areas or Populations with Climate Vulnerability:** Neighborhoods and roads without historical flooding risk are especially vulnerable as they may not be prepared for such events.

2. **Rising Temperatures**
   - **Climate Hazard:** A one-degree Celsius increase in temperature can significantly heighten the probability of fire incidences and extend drought cycles.
   - **Climate Risks:** Risks include increased fire incidence, elongated drought cycles intensifying flood and fire risks, threats to Boulder’s water supply, and exacerbation of insect, exotic weed, and disease threats in flora and fauna.
   - **Areas or Populations with Climate Vulnerability:** The local communities within Boulder, particularly those dependent on these ecosystems and water supply, may be more vulnerable.

   - **Climate Hazard:** Drought cycles are prolonged due to increasing temperatures, affecting water availability.
   - **Climate Risks:** Prolonged drought cycles intensify fire risks and pose threats to Boulder’s water supply.
   - **Areas or Populations with Climate Vulnerability:** Populations relying on the water supply, including agricultural and households, may face increased vulnerability.

4. **Wildfires**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Increased temperatures heighten the risk and incidence of wildfires.
   - **Climate Risks:** The increase in wildfire incidence poses a significant threat to ecosystems, lives, and property.
   - **Areas or Populations with Climate Vulnerability:** Communities in proximity to forested and wildland areas face higher vulnerability.

5. **Pests and Diseases**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Changes in climate lead to an increase in the spread of pests and diseases both in human populations and ecosystems.
   - **Climate Risks:** These influences create risk for human health and ecological balance, threatening biodiversity and human livelihood.
   - **Areas or Populations with Climate Vulnerability:** Vulnerable groups include the flora and fauna communities, as well as possibly low-income or isolated human populations without readily accessible health care.

6. **Economic Disruption**
   - **Climate Hazard:** The hyper-connected economy is susceptible to shocks that can be exacerbated by climate change.
   - **Climate Risks:** Economic shocks could threaten long-term economic vitality, community character, and social cohesion due to rising costs or market changes.
   - **Areas or Populations with Climate Vulnerability:** Business owners and economically vulnerable populations may face heightened impacts if preparedness measures are not implemented effectively.

1. **Create Community Resilience Centers**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option addresses the threat of large-scale, high-impact events that could overwhelm immediate response capabilities or affect the long-term well-being of highly vulnerable segments of the community. It is particularly aimed at ensuring the continuity of critical life-safety services (ACTIONS 3.1).
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The plan does not provide explicit details about the cost, timeframe, and location for this option. However, it highlights the importance of designing and implementing a community-wide network, which indicates a long-term commitment at a broad city-wide scale.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** The centers aim to ensure the operation of critical infrastructure independently, suggesting infrastructural investments. They also plan to include renewable energy assets, promoting environmental sustainability by potentially featuring neighborhood-based load balancing and microgrid development (ACTIONS 3.1).

2. **Foster Climate Readiness**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option focuses on building climate preparedness capacity to address the inconsistencies in understanding climate impacts at the local scale, influenced by larger global and regional climate changes (STRATEGY 3).
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific cost and timeframe details are not provided. The focus is on a systemic city-wide approach to climate information across departments (STRATEGY 3).
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Economic and organizational considerations include training department leaders across various city functions in climate science, enhancing informed decision-making and creating adaptive governance structures (STRATEGY 3).

3. **Advance Sustainability with Resilience**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Integrating resilience principles to enhance sustainability across the city’s policies and programs, addressing a holistic approach to unforeseen events (ACTION 3.3).
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** No specific cost, timeframe, and location details are provided. The integration is through Boulder’s existing Sustainability Framework.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** This option aims at enhancing economic, environmental, and infrastructural systems by placing resilience activity in a relatable, actionable context within the existing sustainability efforts (ACTION 3.3).

4. **Embed Resilience in the Comprehensive Plan**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This involves ensuring the city can handle disruptions and crises, as well as maintaining stability and adaptability to various risks (ACTION 3.4).
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Details on cost and timeframe are not listed. The integration into the Boulder Valley Comprehensive Plan is city-wide and ongoing.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** This adaptation option focuses on interdisciplinary expertise for addressing risks and aligning activities across city departments, involving environmental, economic, and infrastructural considerations (ACTION 3.4).

5. **Manage Thriving Ecosystems**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The threat addressed involves maintaining healthy ecosystems and managing green infrastructure in the face of climate change impacts (ACTIONS 3.5).
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The plan does not specify cost, timeframe, or exact location details. The approach is city-wide with an integrated management strategy.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** The option contributes to ecological resilience by ensuring ecosystem health and sustainability, potentially impacting economic and infrastructural planning (ACTIONS 3.5).

**Note:** The plan primarily outlines strategies at a high level without specific cost or detailed temporal scope. It signifies the importance of a broader implementation across Boulder city systems, focusing on infrastructural and environmental improvements associated with resilience.

The plan identifies several mitigation options focused mainly on reducing emissions and transitioning to a sustainable energy system:

1. **Transition to a No-Carbon Energy System**
   - **Cost:** The plan does not provide specific cost details for this transition but notes the potential for costly maintenance upgrades due to aging infrastructure.
   - **Timing:** While specific timing isn't given, it is part of Boulder’s climate action plan and represents a wholesale, long-term transformation.
   - **Location:** This initiative is citywide, involving Boulder-based energy generation.
   - **Attributes:** The plan details the aim to fundamentally alter energy production, storage, distribution, and use. It stresses the importance of flexibility, redundancy, and robustness, and the transition is intended to benefit low-income communities and protect vulnerable populations. A collective leap of faith and willingness to embrace change is required, even when outcomes aren't entirely clear.

2. **Energy Efficiency and Local Power Generation**
   - **Cost:** While no specific cost information is provided, the plan emphasizes the need to address costly maintenance upgrades for existing infrastructure.
   - **Timing:** Timing is not stated explicitly, but this is part of a broader effort under the climate action plan.
   - **Location:** These strategies will apply across Boulder, focusing on local generation.
   - **Attributes:** These options enhance the resilience of energy systems and the communities they serve, aiming to improve resilience and address economic and environmental concerns by creating a clean energy system.

3. **Integration of Significant Renewable Energy Assets at Community Resilience Centers**
   - **Cost:** No detailed cost information is available, but integrating renewable assets is part of larger resilience investments.
   - **Timing:** This is an immediate priority activity to be implemented over the next two to three years.
   - **Location:** The community resilience centers are citywide, ensuring continuity of critical services and neighborhood-level energy solutions.
   - **Attributes:** These centers will include renewable energy resources foundational to a distributed energy system, enabling neighborhood-based load balancing, battery storage, and microgrid development.

The plan highlights a comprehensive transition emphasizing resilience, equity, and sustainability without providing detailed cost analyses for each option, and framing these efforts as part of a broader strategic vision spanning multiple years.

The plan does not explicitly identify any specific **mitigation options** that focus solely on reducing or preventing emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Instead, it primarily emphasizes resilience and adaptation strategies. The plan does mention Boulder’s commitment to transitioning to a no-carbon energy system as part of its climate action plan, highlighting the integration of resilience principles into energy systems, but no detailed mitigation options such as technologies or practices specifically targeting GHG reductions are listed. 

Here are some related references from the plan:

- **Resilience Principles and Energy Transition:** The city aims to transition to a no-carbon energy system, emphasizing that "this wholesale transformation will fundamentally alter the landscape of energy production, storage, distribution and use" (_"Resilient Energy Systems"_).
- **Local, Clean Energy System:** The city intends to prioritize a "local, clean energy system that combines Boulder-based generation, integrated storage and other distributed energy resources" (_"Envision the Future of Energy"_).

However, specific mitigation options that detail the cost, timeframe, and other attributes concerning these transitions are not detailed in the document provided. The emphasis remains more strongly on resilience and adaptability rather than specified mitigation actions targeting GHG emissions.

The plan outlines several adaptation options that focus on addressing various climate threats. Below is a summary of each adaptation option, including the climate threat it addresses and relevant details provided in the plan about cost, timeframe, location, and other attributes:

### **Adaptation Option: Create Community Resilience Centers**

1. **Climate Threat Addressed:**
   - The option addresses the continuity of critical life-safety services and infrastructure vulnerabilities during extreme events such as natural disasters (e.g., flash flooding) and other high-impact events that stress the infrastructure systems.

2. **Attributes:**
   - **Cost:** The plan does not provide specific cost details.
   - **Timeframe:** Part of immediate priority activities to be implemented over the next two to three years.
   - **Location:** Design and implementation of a communitywide network across Boulder.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** These centers will operate with small-scale or compartmentalized infrastructure systems that can function independently to sustain essential services (energy, water, sanitation) and include renewable energy assets for a distributed energy system. They are also meant to enhance community engagement through outreach and activities.

### **Adaptation Option: Foster Climate Readiness**

   - This adaptation option is aimed at building capacity for climate preparedness across the city organization, addressing inconsistencies in local scale understanding of climate impacts.

   - **Timeframe:** Immediate priority activities over the next two to three years.
   - **Location:** Citywide across Boulder’s organizational operations.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Training programs will be introduced for department leaders in various city departments to build their climate science knowledge. This includes developing flexible planning mechanisms for potential climate impacts through adaptive governance structures.

### **Adaptation Option: Manage Thriving Ecosystems**

   - This option addresses risks to ecosystems and green infrastructure potentially affected by increasing temperatures, droughts, fires, exotic weeds, and diseases.

   - **Timeframe:** Integrated approach to managing ecosystems as part of ongoing adaptation efforts.
   - **Location:** Across the city, focusing on ecosystem management and urban forest strategies.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** The approach enhances resilience to climate threats by managing ecosystems holistically, considering complex ecological connections and climate risks.

### **General Adaptation Descriptions in the Plan:**

- **Scenario Planning:** The plan describes a scenario-based planning process to test programs, actions, and investments against different potential future conditions. It prioritizes "no or low regrets" strategies that are beneficial regardless of how climate changes unfold.
- **Investments in Science and Data:** By integrating data, research advancements, and community engagement in resilience planning, the plan aims to address emerging climate resilience challenges in an adaptable manner.
  
These adaptation options reflect a comprehensive approach focusing on infrastructure resilience, governance preparedness, and ecosystem management to mitigate climate threats effectively across Boulder. The plan emphasizes flexibility and strategic actions aligned with existing city priorities.

The plan does not specifically mention climate policies that are explicitly labeled as advancing climate justice. However, it incorporates elements that can support climate justice through resilience and community preparedness strategies. Below are relevant points extracted from the document:

### Policy: **Create Community Resilience Centers**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** 
  - Vulnerability and interdependencies of core life-safety infrastructure and utilities during crises such as extreme weather events.
- **Areas or Populations with Most Climate Vulnerability:** 
  - High-risk and vulnerable populations requiring continuous operation of critical community services during crises.

### Policy: **Foster Climate Readiness**
  - Broader climate risk due to global and regional climate changes impacting local scales, necessitating climate preparedness.
  - General community risk, with specific attention not detailed, indicates a focus on building capacity across the city organization rather than targeting specific vulnerable populations.

### Policy: **Integrate Resilience Principles into Boulder’s Sustainability Framework**
  - A holistic approach to various climatic, economic, and social challenges without specificity to a singular hazard.
  - While not specifically outlined, the integration into the sustainability framework implies assisting the broader community through systemic resilience improvements.

### General Observation:

While the plan does not singularly emphasize climate justice or detail climate threats or vulnerable populations in these terms, it strives to create resilience through inclusive strategies such as community resilience centers, adaptive governance, and enhancing preparedness that indirectly serves vulnerable communities by maintaining essential services and addressing broad climate risks.

Based strictly on the provided document, the following potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies can be identified:

---

1. **Creation of Community Resilience Centers**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy aims to address the need for continuity of critical life-safety services during extreme events, recognizing "the extreme vulnerabilities and interdependencies of core life-safety infrastructure and utilities (e.g., energy, water, and sanitation)" during crises.

   - **Resilience Option:** The proposed option is "design and implement a communitywide network of resilience centers" which includes small-scale or compartmentalized infrastructure systems that can operate independently "during wide-scale disruption" (Action 3.1 Create Community Resilience Centers).

   - **Potential Maladaptation:** The creation of resilience centers with the capability to 'island' critical infrastructure may inadvertently lead to maladaptation if these centers fail to integrate with citywide utilities, resulting in inefficiencies or resource wastage. Additionally, the focus on infrastructure might overshadow the need for broader systemic approaches that also address social resilience and community-wide integration.

---

2. **Investment in Renewable Energy Systems at Community Centers**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This aspect targets the increasing intensity of natural disasters and disruptions exacerbated by climate change by enhancing energy resilience.

   - **Mitigation and Resilience Option:** The policy involves "the likely integration of significant renewable energy assets at these locations" as foundational elements for a "distributed energy system" with potential "neighborhood microgrid development" (Create Community Resilience Centers).

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** This aspect targets the increasing intensity of natural disasters and disruptions exacerbated by climate change by enhancing energy resilience.

   - **Potential Maladaptation:** If these renewable energy investments do not include considerations for equitable access or affordability, there could be inadvertent societal or economic disparities. Additionally, a sole focus on local generation without effective energy distribution networks could lead to inefficient resource allocation and reliability issues during non-crisis periods.

---

3. **Embedding Resilience in City Operations**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** It addresses the unpredictable impacts of climate change on city systems through "transforming our approach to community resilience."

   - **Adaptation Option:** The option involves "embedding resilience into city operations and systems," such as integrating resilience in the comprehensive plan and sustainability framework to build resilience against environmental, social, and economic shocks (Embed Resilience in City Operations).

   - **Potential Maladaptation:** If these systemic changes do not adequately consider existing social and economic disparities, they could inadvertently intensify these issues. Moreover, embedding resilience without sufficient public consultation might lead to lack of community buy-in or support, limiting the effectiveness of the intended strategies.

---

Based strictly on the provided content from the document, there are no specific quantitative metrics, units, or numerical objectives mentioned for measuring the success or failure of each adaptation, resilience, and mitigation option. The document outlines various strategies and actions but does not detail specific metrics or targets such as reductions in CO₂ emissions or improvements in air quality with exact units or deadlines. The plan emphasizes the need for "thoughtfully integrating resilience" and the transformation of systems but lacks explicit measurable outcomes in the content provided.

| **Feature**         | **Details**                                                                                                                                                                                                                           |
|---------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Boulder                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |
| **Population**      | Not specified in the document                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| **Threats Identified** | - **Natural Events**: Increasing frequency and severity of natural events such as flooding and wildfires (Section: Boulder’s Core Resilience Challenges)                                     |
|                     | - **Economic Threats**: Risks associated with rising housing and commercial real estate costs affecting economic vitality (Section: Boulder’s Challenge)                                        |
|                     | - **Global Risks**: Challenges due to a hyper-connected economy and rapid spread of pests and diseases (Section: An Unpredictable Future)                                                     |
| **Measures Identified** | **Strategies:**                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |
|                     | - **CONNECT AND PREPARE**: Community preparedness, risk awareness, and personalized resilience (Section: Boulder’s Strategies)                                                                 |
|                     | - **PARTNER AND INNOVATE**: Collective problem-solving and leveraging data for resilience (Section: Boulder’s Strategies)                                                                       |
|                     | - **TRANSFORM AND INTEGRATE**: Embedding resilience into city operations (Section: Boulder’s Strategies)                                                                                        |

|                     | **Actions:**                                                                                                                                                                                                                          |
|                     | - Deploying a “Mobile Resilience Lab” for community interaction (Section: Action 1.1)                                                                                                         |
|                     | - Developing a volunteer community preparedness program (Section: Action 1.2)                                                                                                                 |
|                     | - Assessing economic strength and vulnerabilities (Section: Action 1.3)                                                                                                                       |
|                     | - Incentivizing continuity planning for businesses (Section: Action 1.4)                                                                                                                        |
|                     | - Engaging arts to convey risk and resilience themes (Section: Action 1.6)                                                                                                                     |
```

The plan provided does not include specific details about the physical and economic landscape, demographics, average income, major geographic features, key infrastructure, local climate, or specific energy production and natural resources for the jurisdiction of Glendale. Therefore, the following synthesis is generated based on the available document content:

### **City of Glendale: Planning Jurisdiction Overview**

**Location:**  
- **City of Glendale**, California.

**Population and Demographics:**  
- The plan does not specify current population statistics or detailed demographic information.

**Major Geographic Features:**  
- There is no explicit mention of geographic features such as mountains, rivers, deserts, or coastline in the provided text.

**Key Infrastructure:**  
- There is no specific mention of infrastructure like airports or seaports.

**Local Climate and Water Challenges:**  
- The document notes environmental changes due to climate change, such as "increased temperatures, wildfires, reduced water" which threaten habitats and highlight the importance of urban nature in reducing temperatures (Urban Nature section).

**Energy Production and Natural Resources:**  
- The document does not specifically enumerate Glendale’s energy production sources. However, it mentions that the city's efforts relate to energy efficiency and conservation partly funded by the United States Department of Energy (Introduction).
- The plan highlights urban nature's role, mentioning that the City uses Indigenous Tree Ordinance to protect natural habitat and that large tracts of undeveloped lands are preserved for open space purposes.

**Industries and Economic Drivers:**  
- The plan does not provide detailed information on industries and economic drivers essential to the region's economy.

The Greener Glendale Plan indicates sustainability and urban nature preservation efforts but lacks specific data on Glendale's broader physical and economic landscape elements.

The plan includes resilience options primarily under the sections focusing on sustainability and municipal operations improvements. It mentions the transition to a Smart Grid system to enhance "internal communication, information sharing, and operations efficiency" (Cross-Cutting Approaches). It also highlights the creation of a "Climate Adaptation Plan" and the need to "monitor progress and revise Greener Glendale Plan as needed" (Cross-Cutting Approaches). These efforts aim to maintain essential functions and adapt to climate changes, particularly energy and emergency response services.

The plan addresses mitigation by setting clear targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, with goals specified as "6,352 MTCO2e by 2020, and an additional 4,834 MTCO2e by 2035" (Greener Glendale Plan: Municipal Operations). The plan focuses on various sectors such as energy, water, waste, transportation, urban design, urban nature, and environmental health, integrating climate mitigation into the city's operations to achieve these targets.

The plan acknowledges the inevitability of climate change impacts and proposes to "complete a Climate Adaptation Plan" (Greener Glendale Plan: Municipal Operations). It discusses specific local conditions sensitive to climate change, such as high fire hazard areas, air pollution susceptibility, and water supply strains due to reduced snowpack (Climate Change Adaptation). However, adaptation strategies are less elaborated compared to mitigation within the document.

Based on its content, the plan can be classified as a **sustainable/green plan**. It encompasses both mitigation and adaptation elements, with a primary focus on overall sustainability integrating various sectors (energy, water, waste, etc.), although mitigation efforts appear more developed compared to adaptation strategies within the plan.

Yes, the plan describes several scenarios of climate change impacts that the planning jurisdiction, Glendale, will face and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. These scenarios include:

- **Temperature Increases**: "California is already experiencing the effects of climate change. It has seen increased average temperatures, changes in temperature extremes, reduced snow pack in the Sierra Nevada, sea-level rise, and ecological shifts. These trends are expected to continue, and extreme weather events, such as heat waves, droughts, and floods, are expected to intensify" (Greener Glendale Plan: Municipal Operations, Climate Change Adaptation).

- **Fire Hazards**: "Sixty-two percent of Glendale’s land area is within a high fire hazard area. This is largely due to the hilly terrain as well as the fact that many of the City’s residential neighborhoods extend into the urban-wildland interface. These areas are also subject to severe mudslide danger for years following wildfires" (Greener Glendale Plan: Municipal Operations, Climate Change Adaptation).

- **Air Pollution**: Due to its geographical location and high population density, Glendale is highly susceptible to air pollution, which may be exacerbated by climate change through heat waves that further degrade air quality.

- **Water Supply Challenges**: Higher temperatures will increase electrical demand and, along with reduced snowpack, will further strain Glendale’s water supply (Greener Glendale Plan: Municipal Operations, Climate Change Adaptation).

These scenarios are driving the need for climate policies in Glendale to enhance resilience, mitigate emissions, and adapt to changing conditions.

1. **Heat Waves**
   - **Description:** The plan highlights that "heat waves exacerbate poor air quality and high fire hazard conditions" which pose a direct challenge to Glendale.
   - **Risks:** Heat waves are expected to "lead to higher electrical demand" and exacerbate the vulnerability to wildfires and poor air quality.
   - **Vulnerability:** Emergency response teams will be directly challenged, and the city's electrical supply will be strained due to increased demand.

   - **Description:** Glendale's geography is characterized by "sixty-two percent of Glendale’s land area is within a high fire hazard area," largely due to hilly terrain and the urban-wildland interface.
   - **Risks:** Wildfires pose a severe risk of mudslides in the years following fires and directly threaten residential neighborhoods extending into the urban-wildland interface.
   - **Vulnerability:** Areas with hilly terrain and the urban-wildland interface are most vulnerable to fire hazards and subsequent mudslides.

3. **Droughts**
   - **Description:** Droughts are expected to intensify due to reduced snowpack, as documented by historical climate impacts in California.
   - **Risks:** Droughts are likely to strain Glendale’s water supply, as the Sierra Nevada’s snowpack is reduced.
   - **Vulnerability:** The entire water supply infrastructure is vulnerable, making it challenging for Glendale to meet its water needs.

4. **Floods**
   - **Description:** The plan expects that "extreme weather events, such as ... floods, are expected to intensify."
   - **Risks:** Increased risks include damage to people, ecosystems, and infrastructure due to flooding.
   - **Vulnerability:** Populations residing in flood-prone areas and infrastructure are particularly vulnerable.

5. **Air Pollution**
   - **Description:** Glendale's location creates a "higher than average susceptibility to freeway air pollution," with four major freeways passing through the city.
   - **Risks:** Air pollution levels are exacerbated by topography, wind, and temperature patterns that trap pollution within the basin.
   - **Vulnerability:** Areas near major freeways and those at the back of the South Coast Air Basin are especially vulnerable to poor air quality.

These hazards demonstrate essential climate risks tied to increasing temperatures, extreme weather, and geographical vulnerabilities specific to Glendale.

The plan outlines several resilience options to cope with climate threats within the City of Glendale. Here are some key resilience options identified:

1. **Smart Grid Installation**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option addresses the threat of service disruption during extreme heat waves, which can strain energy delivery systems.
   - **Timeframe and Location:** The implementation has unspecified phases, and the benefits from this installation will continue for 15 years. This measure is focused on city operations, enhancing internal efficiency across multiple sectors.
   - **Other Attributes:** The Smart Grid system provides improvements in internal communication, information sharing, and operational efficiency. It enables better coordination, increased efficiency, and faster response time, potentially reducing City resource consumption in transportation, energy, and water consumption, as well as waste (Greener Glendale Plan: Municipal Operations, Page 54).

2. **Climate Adaptation Plan Development**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addresses the increasing temperatures, extreme weather events, and ecological shifts due to climate change, specific to Glendale's geography prone to high fire hazards and air pollution.
   - **Timeframe and Location:** As a part of the Cross-Cutting Approaches, it's specified as a future area for development. No direct timeframe is mentioned in the provided document except that it should be aligned with long-term strategies.
   - **Other Attributes:** Developing a Climate Adaptation Plan is noted as a strategy to support climate change adaptation. It involves collaboration across various departments ensuring alignment with overall city plans and goals (Greener Glendale Plan: Municipal Operations, Page 54).

3. **Tree Planting**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Could mitigate the urban heat island effect and improve air quality, indirectly addressing heat waves and air pollution.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The plan includes planting 3,400 trees by 2020 and an additional 7,750 trees by 2035. The economic and environmental benefits would be significant, although specific cost details are not provided within the excerpt.
   - **Other Attributes:** Trees contribute to carbon sequestration and provide ecological benefits within urban nature settings. This option supports long-term infrastructural and environmental health improvements (Summary Table: Greener Glendale Plan Strategies, Page 10).

Overall, these resilience options are aligned with Glendale’s goals for enhancing its adaptability to climate change, with the focus on improving internal efficiencies and environmental benefits through infrastructural and ecological enhancements.

Based on the "Greener Glendale Plan", several mitigation options are identified. Below is a summary of the information regarding each mitigation option, focusing on aspects such as cost, timing, location, and other significant attributes:

1. **33% Renewable Energy Portfolio:**
   - **Timing:** Included in the cumulative GHG reduction by 2035.
   - **Location:** Applies to municipal operations.
   - **Attributes:** Estimated to reduce 3,256 MTCO2e.

2. **Planting 3,400 Trees by 2020:**
   - **Cost:** Incremental; total cost is $761,600 with a simple payback of 21 years.
   - **Timing:** To be achieved by 2020.
   - **Location:** Urban nature within Glendale.
   - **Attributes:** Expected to reduce 868 MTCO2e.

3. **HVAC Upgrades on 23 Buildings:**
   - **Cost:** $916,746; simple payback of 1.5 years.
   - **Timing:** Part of cumulative reductions but not specified when upgrades are to be completed.
   - **Location:** Various municipal buildings.
   - **Attributes:** Reduces 308 MTCO2e.

4. **Downsizing Vehicles:**
   - **Cost:** Incremental; no additional cost mentioned beyond existing work.
   - **Timing:** Not specifically timed; within cumulative reduction targets.
   - **Location:** Applies to the vehicle fleet.
   - **Attributes:** Reduces 47 MTCO2e.

5. **Energy Efficient computers:**
   - **Cost:** Incremental; no additional cost mentioned.
   - **Timing:** Implied short-term as part of prior reductions.
   - **Location:** Municipal operations.
   - **Attributes:** Reduces 15 MTCO2e.

6. **Idle Control Policy:**
   - **Cost:** $0 cost; incremental.
   - **Timing:** Not specifically timed, aligned with prior reductions.
   - **Location:** City vehicles.
   - **Attributes:** Reduces 12 MTCO2e.

7. **Installation of LED Exit Signs:**
   - **Cost:** $5,700 with a simple payback of 0.1 years.
   - **Timing:** Implemented in previous phases of strategy.
   - **Location:** Municipal buildings.
   - **Attributes:** Reduces 1 MTCO2e.

8. **Switch Diesel to B10 Biodiesel:**
   - **Cost:** Not specified; part of an ongoing strategy.
   - **Timing:** In Phase 2.
   - **Location:** City transportation fleet.
   - **Attributes:** Reduces 765 MTCO2e.

9. **Hybrid Vehicles:**
   - **Cost:** $126,399 with a simple payback of 3.5 years; incremental.
   - **Timing:** Phase 2.
   - **Location:** Vehicle fleet within the city.
   - **Attributes:** Reduces 83 MTCO2e.

10. **Solar Panels on 8 Buildings:**
    - **Cost:** Not specifically detailed.
    - **Timing:** Part of Phase 2 strategies.
    - **Location:** Select municipal buildings.
    - **Attributes:** Reduces 148 MTCO2e.

11. **Reflective Roofing:**
    - **Cost:** $58,576 with a simple payback of 0.2 years; incremental.
    - **Timing:** Included in previous reduction phases.
    - **Location:** On specific buildings.
    - **Attributes:** Reduces 165 MTCO2e.

12. **Electric Vehicles:**
    - **Cost:** $346,602 with a simple payback of 3.5 years; incremental.
    - **Timing:** Part of Phase 3.
    - **Location:** Fleet operations.
    - **Attributes:** Reduces 222 MTCO2e.

13. **Facility Energy Efficiency Upgrades:**
    - **Cost:** Total cost for 8 upgrades is $542,494 with a payback of 7.5 years; varies based on measure.
    - **Location:** Municipal buildings.
    - **Attributes:** Reduces 349 MTCO2e.

14. **Additional 7,750 Trees by 2035:**
    - **Cost:** Not specified.
    - **Timing:** By 2035.
    - **Location:** Urban areas within Glendale.
    - **Attributes:** Reduces 1,978 MTCO2e.

15. **LED Street Lights:**
    - **Cost:** Individual costs not specified; part of ongoing strategies.
    - **Timing:** Phase 3.
    - **Location:** Throughout city streets.
    - **Attributes:** Reduces 2,507 MTCO2e.

These mitigation options are integrated into the planning jurisdiction's efforts to reduce its GHG emissions, aligning with both immediate and long-term climate goals.

The "Greener Glendale Plan" identifies the following mitigation options, which focus on reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions:

1. **33% Renewable Energy Portfolio**
   - **GHG Reduction:** 3,256 MTCO2e
   - **Cost Information:** Not specified
   - **Timeframe:** By 2020 and 2035
   - **Location:** Citywide
   - **Other Attributes:** Part of energy strategies to increase renewable energy use.

2. **Plant 3,400 Trees by 2020**
   - **GHG Reduction:** 868 MTCO2e
   - **Cost Information:** $761,600
   - **Location:** Urban Nature
   - **Other Attributes:** Provides ecological benefits and enhances urban nature.

3. **HVAC Upgrades on 23 Buildings**
   - **GHG Reduction:** 308 MTCO2e
   - **Cost Information:** $916,746 with simple payback of 1.5 years
   - **Timeframe:** Short-term to 2020
   - **Location:** Various municipal buildings
   - **Other Attributes:** Improves energy efficiency in municipal operations.

4. **Retire Underused/Older Vehicles**
   - **GHG Reduction:** 221 MTCO2e
   - **Cost Information:** $0 incremental cost
   - **Timeframe:** Short-term
   - **Location:** Transportation sector
   - **Other Attributes:** Part of optimizing the vehicle fleet for efficiency.

5. **Switch Diesel to B10 Biodiesel**
   - **GHG Reduction:** 765 MTCO2e
   - **Timeframe:** Phase 1
   - **Other Attributes:** Reduces emissions from diesel vehicles.

6. **Hybrid Vehicles**
   - **GHG Reduction:** 83 MTCO2e
   - **Cost Information:** $126,399 with simple payback of 3.5 years
   - **Timeframe:** Phase 2
   - **Other Attributes:** Helps in reducing fuel consumption in municipal fleet.

7. **Electric Vehicles**
   - **GHG Reduction:** 222 MTCO2e
   - **Cost Information:** $346,602 with simple payback of 3.5 years
   - **Other Attributes:** Contributes to reducing emissions from municipal vehicle use.

8. **Reflective Roofing**
   - **GHG Reduction:** 165 MTCO2e
   - **Cost Information:** $58,576 with a simple payback of 0.2 years
   - **Other Attributes:** Increases building energy efficiency by reducing cooling load.

9. **Energy Efficient Upgrades on 8 Buildings**
   - **GHG Reduction:** 349 MTCO2e
   - **Cost Information:** $542,494 with a simple payback of 7.5 years (on average)
   - **Other Attributes:** Reduces energy consumption through efficiency improvements.

10. **LED Street Lights**
    - **GHG Reduction:** 2,507 MTCO2e
    - **Cost Information:** Not specified
    - **Timeframe:** Phase 3
    - **Location:** Citywide street lighting
    - **Other Attributes:** Reduces energy consumption and lighting costs.

Each of these mitigation options is part of the city's strategic focus to lower its carbon footprint while contributing to sustainability and resource efficiency.

Based on the content of the Greener Glendale Plan, the following adaptation options are identified:

### **1. Develop a Climate Adaptation Plan**

  - The adaptation option is aimed at preparing for the "effects of climate change, specifically air quality, fires, floods, and energy and water supply" (Cross-Cutting Approaches).

- **Information on Cost, Timeframe, Location, and Other Attributes:**
  - **Cost:** This option is currently "not funded" and needs to obtain funding and assign staff or a contractor (Cross-Cutting Approaches).
  - **Timeframe:** 
    - Implementation actions need to occur between 2011 and 2013.
    - It is set to be completed by 2020 (Cross-Cutting Approaches).
  - **Location:** No specific location provided; it is a city-wide initiative.
  - **Other Attributes:** This is considered a new measure and forms part of the broader strategy to ensure city readiness against climate-related threats. 

### **2. Monitoring Progress and Revising the Greener Glendale Plan**

  - This option ensures ongoing adaptation to emerging climate threats by adapting the plan as needed (Cross-Cutting Approaches).

    - Monitoring progress and reporting needs to occur annually.
    - Re-inventory and potential revisions are planned every five years (Cross-Cutting Approaches).
  - **Location:** Applies to all city departments and operations as part of the plan’s comprehensive strategy.
  - **Other Attributes:** It emphasizes the importance of data collection and adjustment of strategies based on the performance of existing measures.

### **3. Smart Grid Installation**

  - This adaptation option indirectly addresses multiple climate threats by improving operational efficiency across sectors, thus enhancing resilience to potential climate impacts (Cross-Cutting Approaches).

  - **Cost:** Cost details are not specifically quantified in the plan.
  - **Timeframe:** Benefits from this installation are expected to continue for 15 years (Cross-Cutting Approaches).
  - **Location:** City-wide infrastructure improvement.
  - **Other Attributes:** Involves improvements in communication, information sharing, and operational efficiency. It supports multiple sectors, including energy and water consumption, transportation, and waste management.

These adaptation options illustrate the city's focus on preparing for diverse climate-related impacts through comprehensive planning and infrastructure improvement measures.

The document does not explicitly identify climate policies specifically aimed at advancing climate justice by addressing particular climate threats nor areas or populations with the most climate vulnerability to the identified climate hazards. The plan does, however, outline general strategies and considerations regarding climate adaptation and resilience, which inherently involve addressing vulnerabilities, though they are not detailed in terms of specific populations or areas affected by particular threats. Here are the general policies and threats they address:

1. **General Climate Change Adaptation:**
   - **Climate Threat:** The plan acknowledges that climate change is ongoing and impacts such as increased average temperatures, changes in temperature extremes, reduced snowpack, sea-level rise, and ecological shifts are inevitable ("Climate Change Adaptation").
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** These general threats affect the entire region of Glendale, with specific concerns for areas such as high fire hazard zones due to hilly terrains, and urban-wildland interfaces ("Climate Change Adaptation").

2. **High Fire Hazard Areas:**
   - **Climate Threat:** Increased fire risk, which could be exacerbated by climate change due to rising temperatures and changing weather patterns ("Climate Change Adaptation").
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Sixty-two percent of Glendale's land area is within a high fire hazard area, highlighting the vulnerability primarily in residential neighborhoods extending into urban-wildland interfaces, which also face mudslide risks post-wildfire ("Climate Change Adaptation").

3. **Air Pollution:**
   - **Climate Threat:** Freeway air pollution compounded by geographical factors, like the city's location at the terminus of the South Coast Air Basin's daytime airflows and population density contribute to high pollution levels ("Climate Change Adaptation").
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Residents living close to the four major freeways that pass through Glendale might be more vulnerable to higher air pollution levels ("Climate Change Adaptation").

4. **Water Supply Strain:**
   - **Climate Threat:** Higher temperatures and reduced snowpack will strain water supply ("Climate Change Adaptation").
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** General vulnerability due to regional water supply changes and the need for increased electrical demand which could affect communities across Glendale ("Climate Change Adaptation").

The plan implies a general approach to these vulnerabilities without detailing policies specifically associated with climate justice or specific populations.

The document does not explicitly list any potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies. Therefore, a direct response cannot be provided based on the content of the document. However, the document acknowledges the importance of adaptation in light of climate change impacts and outlines strategies aimed at enhancing resilience and reducing greenhouse gases without detailing any specific policies that may lead to maladaptation. 

If there had been a specific mention of maladaptive policies, the analysis would include:
1. **Climate Threat Addressed:** A summary of the climate threat the policy targets.
2. **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:** A description of the proposed option.
3. **Inadvertent Maladaptation Causes:** An explanation of potential negative impacts or maladaptation.

**Success Measurement of Adaptation, Resilience, and Mitigation Options:**

- **GHG Reduction Targets:**
  - The plan has clearly defined GHG reduction targets. These targets include:
    - 6,352 MTCO2e by 2020.
    - An additional 4,834 MTCO2e by 2035 (Chapter: "Greener Glendale Plan: Municipal Operations").

- **Emission Reduction Estimates:**
  - The plan provides estimated reductions in metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent units (MTCO2e) for various measures it implements (Chapter: "Summary Chart of Greener Glendale Plan Strategies in Relation to Reduction Targets").

- **Cumulative GHG Reductions:**
  - The plan uses a running total of MTCO2e’s reduced to track the progress towards each reduction target (Chapter: "Summary Chart of Greener Glendale Plan Strategies in Relation to Reduction Targets").

- **Symbolic Targets:**
  - The plan denotes symbolic points for GHG reduction milestones:
    - Symbol A: First reduction target of 8% below 2004 levels by 2020.
    - Symbol B: Second reduction target of 13% below 2004 levels by 2035.
    - Symbol C: Ambitious target of 30% below 2004 levels (Chapter: "Summary Chart of Greener Glendale Plan Strategies in Relation to Reduction Targets").

- **Cross-Cutting Approaches:**
  - Smart Grid Installation, though not quantified, is identified as supportive for adaptation (Chapter: "Cross-Cutting Approaches").

- **Progress Indicator Timelines:**
  - Implementation actions and timelines are broken down into four phases:
    - Short-term (2011-2013)
    - Mid-term (2014-2016)
    - Long-term (2017-2020)
    - 2035 Goal
  - These timelines are aligned with the targets set by AB 32 and SB 375 (Chapter: "Strategy Implementation Details").

- **Quantification Challenges:**
  - The plan acknowledges uncertainty in calculating emissions reductions due to assumptions about implementation, technology, and behavior changes. An approximate method is employed using symbols and percentage ranges (Chapter: "Sustainability Focus Areas").

Overall, the plan uses a combination of numeric targets such as MTCO2e reductions and timelines for monitoring progress. It employs percentage reductions and symbols for qualitative assessment of certain objectives' effectiveness.

| Feature          | Description                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |
|------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Glendale                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |
| **Population**   | Not explicitly stated in the document.                                                                                                                                                                                                              |
| **Threats Identified** | - High fire hazard, especially due to hilly terrain and urban-wildland interface. <br> - Severe mudslide danger following wildfires. <br> - Susceptibility to freeway air pollution from four major freeways. <br> - Poor air quality exacerbated by heat waves and trapped pollution in the South Coast Air Basin. <br> - Higher temperatures leading to elevated electrical demand. <br> - Reduced snowpack affecting water supply. <br> *(Climate Change Adaptation Section)* |
| **Measures Identified** | - **Renewable Energy Portfolio:** 33% Renewable Energy. (*Summary Table: Greener Glendale Plan Strategies*) <br> - **Planting Trees:** 3,400 trees by 2020 and an additional 7,750 by 2035. (*Summary Table: Greener Glendale Plan Strategies*) <br> - **HVAC upgrades:** On 23 buildings. (*Summary Table: Greener Glendale Plan Strategies*) <br> - **Developing Local Water Wells:** For improved water access and management. (*Summary Table: Greener Glendale Plan Strategies*) <br> - **Energy Efficiency Policies:** For municipal operations including green building initiatives, LED lighting installations, and facility energy audits. (*Summary Table: Greener Glendale Plan Strategies*) <br> - **Waste Management:** Implement Zero Waste Plan. (*Summary Table: Greener Glendale Plan Strategies*) <br> - **Transportation Policies:** Green Fleet Policy, electric vehicles, and installation of bike lanes. (*Summary Table: Greener Glendale Plan Strategies*) |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction:** Augusta, Georgia

**Location:** Augusta is located in the Southeastern United States on the Georgia and South Carolina line, approximately a two-hour drive east of Atlanta along Interstate-20. The city is situated at the end of navigable water coming up from Savannah, along the Savannah River.

**Population and Demographics:** The document does not provide specific details regarding population numbers or demographic breakdowns. However, it mentions Augusta's sprawling size due to city/county consolidation, which makes it over 330 square miles in area (“New Directions for Augusta”).

**Major Geographic Features:**
- **Rivers:** The Savannah River is a key geographic feature, particularly important as it marks the natural crossing and site where the city was originally sited (“A Brief Look at Augusta Past and Present”).
- **Landforms:** The landscape includes river lowlands on the east, rolling hills to the west, and a series of hills and valleys from north to south with creeks emptying into swamplands and eventually the Savannah River.

**Key Infrastructure:** The document does not mention specific infrastructure like airports or seaports.

**Local Climate and Water Challenges:**
- **Water Challenges:** The Southeast, including Augusta, is experiencing increasing water consumption due to phenomenal growth in the past two decades. While not historically an area with water scarcity issues, it is quickly becoming a point of major regional contention. Experts agree there is not enough water to satisfy all competing demands and ensure an adequate supply for future development (“Regionally...”).

**Energy Production and Natural Resources:** The document does not provide specific details about Augusta's energy production or natural resources.

**Industries and Economic Drivers:**
- **Economic Development Goals:** One of the goals is to increase economic activity and vitality by expanding health sciences businesses near the existing medical complex (“Goals Part of Augusta”).
- **Cultural and Educational Centers:** Augusta is noted as the cultural heart of the region, with educational institutions such as the Georgia Health Sciences University and Paine College within the proposed Priority Development District (“Assets to Build Upon”).
- **Civic and Cultural Institutions:** The city hosts cultural institutions like the Augusta Symphony Orchestra and the Morris Museum and is a sports destination for various competitions (“Assets to Build Upon”).

Overall, the Augusta Sustainable Development Agenda emphasizes regional planning to manage growth and sustainably utilize the area's natural, social, and economic resources for future development.

The plan addresses resilience through its emphasis on promoting a sustainable and integrated community with the aim of maintaining ecosystem functions. It introduces the concept of *Green Infrastructure* as "a strategic approach to integrate natural areas into development plans, for their preservation and enhancement of the developed area" (The Policies 2-107). Moreover, the plan describes the *Augusta Sustainable Development Agenda* as working towards an "active mixed-use environment" and creating a sense of community and place, which are key components of resilience by fostering connected neighborhoods and preserving natural and cultural resources (The Policies 2-99).

The plan involves mitigation efforts through the idea of Smart Growth, which emphasizes reducing urban sprawl, promoting energy conservation, and decreasing traffic congestion (The Policies 2-99). The *Augusta Sustainable Development Agenda* itself identifies the importance of optimizing infrastructure investments and enhancing transportation options, tasks that contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and overall energy use (Realizing the Garden City: Augusta Sustainable Development Agenda 2010 2-10). Additionally, the plan calls to incorporate low-impact development and to manage stormwater effectively (Realizing the Garden City: Augusta Sustainable Development Agenda 2010 2-34).

Adaptation strategies are addressed through the development of planning processes that emphasize regional sustainability. The plan highlights the necessity of adjusting development efforts to bolster natural resources, such as through the protection and enhancement of open spaces (Goals Part of Augusta 2-34). Furthermore, the agenda underscores the relevance of adaptive management strategies, such as the *Context Map and Existing Resources Map*, to ensure new developments are resilient against climate impacts (Green Infrastructure in the Development Approval Process 2-113).

Based on the integration of resilience, mitigation, and adaptation aspects throughout the plan, it can be classified as a **sustainable/green plan**. The Augusta Sustainable Development Agenda takes a comprehensive approach, balancing efforts across building resilience, promoting mitigation strategies, and adopting adaptive management techniques to advance the city’s sustainable development goals.

The plan does not explicitly describe a specific scenario of climate change that the planning jurisdiction (Augusta) will face. Instead, it focuses on sustainable development strategies and frameworks, such as "Smart Growth" and "Green Infrastructure," to enhance resilience and manage growth. It emphasizes the importance of addressing issues like urban sprawl, water scarcity, and inefficient growth patterns (The Policies 2-99, 2-101, 2-107). The agenda outlines the development of projects and policies promoting sustainability but does not directly address a distinct climate change scenario.

The provided sections of the "Augusta Sustainable Development Agenda" do not explicitly list specific climate hazards. As a result, I cannot provide a summary or description of climate hazards, climate risks, areas or populations with climate vulnerability. Please refer to sections of the plan dedicated to climate hazards to address these aspects correctly.

The provided document does not explicitly outline specific resilience options as defined strictly under climate contexts like the reduction of climate vulnerability or adaptation to climate change. However, certain strategic recommendations and projects mentioned do touch upon aspects that may relate to broader resilience building, particularly in urban development. Listed below are adaptations and improvements that aim at enhancing urban resilience in Augusta, though not explicitly categorized under climate resilience options:

1. **Westobou Open Space Network**  
   - **Threat Addressed:** Urban environmental preservation and enhancement.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Part of the "Market Creation Projects" in the "Urban Area Plan," though specific cost or timeframe is not mentioned in the provided excerpt.
   - **Attributes:** Aimed at increasing cultural, performance, and sports facilities in the urban core, potentially leading to enhanced urban livability.

2. **Landscaped Roadways Linking Market Creation Projects**  
   - **Threat Addressed:** Environmental degradation and lack of communal green spaces.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Not specifically outlined; however, linked with broader urban planning initiatives.
   - **Attributes:** Integrates green infrastructure to enhance the visual and ecological quality of urban spaces.

3. **Green Infrastructure Initiatives**  
   - **Threat Addressed:** Urban environmental degradation and the loss of ecosystem services.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Implementation spans over two decades with specific projects listed under the Augusta Sustainable Development Agenda (ASDA), including over $1.1 billion in public and private investment.
   - **Attributes:** Focuses on preserving natural areas, integrates green spaces into development plans, and utilizes smart growth strategies to maintain ecosystem functions.

4. **Low Impact Development for Stormwater Management**  
   - **Threat Addressed:** Urban flooding and groundwater depletion.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specifics not detailed in the provided section.
   - **Attributes:** Incorporates sustainable design to minimize environmental impact and manage stormwater more effectively, highlighted under the environmental recommendations of the plan.

5. **Neighborhood and Housing Revitalization Programs (Oates Creek)**  
   - **Threat Addressed:** Neighborhood decline and poor housing conditions.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Implemented in areas adjoining new growth corridors; precise financial details are not provided in the excerpt.
   - **Attributes:** Emphasizes mixed-income housing and community linkages, promoting economic and social stability.

6. **Green Infrastructure Database and Priorities Map**  
   - **Threat Addressed:** Inadequate integration of environmental planning in urban development.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Not specifically detailed; developed as part of broader planning.
   - **Attributes:** Facilitates identification and preservation of ecologically sensitive areas, including wetlands, forests, and water resources, enhancing urban resilience against environmental threats.

Descriptions of projects and strategic recommendations touch on themes of environmental enhancement, urban development resilience, and integrative planning, albeit with a predominantly infrastructural focus rather than explicit climate resilience categorization.

The plan identifies several mitigation options, primarily focused on regulating land use and managing natural resources. However, detailed information about cost, timing, location, and other important attributes for each mitigation option is not extensively detailed in the provided document segments. Here are the identified mitigation options:

1. **Low Impact Development (LID) Strategies:**
   - **Description:** This strategy aims to enhance stormwater management by designing communities in a way that minimizes environmental impact. It specifically mentions the use of these strategies in groundwater recharge areas.
   - **Citation:** "Use Low Impact Development (LID) strategies." (Section: Recommended Regulatory Protections and Acquisition Strategies)

2. **Zero-Net-Tree-Loss Policy:**
   - **Description:** This policy aims to maintain the existing number of trees in wooded areas and orchards, which helps in carbon sequestration and reducing GHGs.
   - **Citation:** "Adhere to a Zero-Net-Tree-Loss Policy." (Section: Recommended Regulatory Protections and Acquisition Strategies)

3. **75’ Forest Buffer for Streams:**
   - **Description:** Establishing a protective buffer zone around streams to maintain water quality and prevent erosion, thus supporting carbon storage and ecosystem health.
   - **Citation:** "Implement a 75’ Forest Buffer." (Section: Recommended Regulatory Protections and Acquisition Strategies)

4. **Prohibition of Development in Floodplain:**
   - **Description:** Restricting construction activities in floodways to preserve natural landscapes and reduce the risk of infrastructure damage, indirectly contributing to mitigation by preserving ecosystems.
   - **Citation:** "Prohibit development in the Flood way and regulate site design in the Flood way Fringe." (Section: Recommended Regulatory Protections and Acquisition Strategies)

5. **Green Infrastructure in Development Approval:**
   - **Description:** Using Green Infrastructure principles to determine optimal building sites, this approach helps in managing natural resources sustainably and reducing environmental impacts.
   - **Citation:** "Use Green Infrastructure in the development approval process to determine the 'right' locations to build." (Section: Regional Mixed Use Center)

While the plan outlines these strategies, detailed costing, specific timing, and exact locations for the implementation of these strategies are not provided in the excerpted sections. Additionally, the plan emphasizes the importance of these measures in sustaining economic, environmental, and community health, indicating a strong focus on long-term benefits.

The plan does not provide explicit details specifically labeled as "mitigation options." Mitigation options typically refer to efforts to reduce or prevent the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs). However, if considering a broader interpretation involving actions that might contribute indirectly to mitigation efforts through sustainable development, the plan outlines several infrastructure and development projects with indicated costs, timeframes, and locations. Here are the relevant details divided by project areas, which might indirectly relate to sustainability and reducing climate impact:

1. **Rocky Creek Mixed Use Park (#5b)**
   - **Cost:** Total project cost is part of nearly $420 million for major project areas on the city's southside. It involves $269 million in private financing, $92 million in public infrastructure, and $59 million in public financing assistance.
   - **Timeframe:** Planned to occur over a long-term development agenda spanning two decades.
   - **Location:** Southside Agenda Priority Development District, between the medical area and Rocky Creek.
   - **Attributes:** Includes businesses associated with flood protection investment. Aimed at benefiting long-term economic health and environmental resilience.

2. **Southgate Urban Village (#6a)**
   - **Cost:** Part of nearly $420 million total with similar funding splits as Rocky Creek.
   - **Timeframe:** Initial phases might prioritize this project due to potential champions and funding.
   - **Location:** Southside of the Agenda Priority Development District.
   - **Attributes:** Involves mixed-income housing, neighborhood retail, and links to existing public services. Supports urban village concepts promoting sustainability.

3. **Oates Creek Neighborhood Revitalization (#7a)**
   - **Cost:** Integrated into the $420 million budget allocation shared among main project areas.
   - **Timeframe:** Designated for early priority development alongside Rocky Creek and Southgate.
   - **Location:** Southside Agenda Priority Development District.
   - **Attributes:** Focuses on enhancing neighborhood vitality and housing programs, contributing to sustainable urban growth.

The plan emphasizes creating a spirit of collaboration for the successful implementation of these projects, highlighting the significant interplay between public and private investments in contributing to sustainable development goals.

No explicit cost, timeframe, or specific mitigation technologies (e.g., renewable energy installations) are detailed within these project summaries towards direct GHG mitigation activities. Instead, the focus appears more on urban development, infrastructure improvement, and strategic planning with possible secondary sustainability benefits.

Based on the document provided, adaptation options and their corresponding details are not explicitly outlined within the content. However, there are references to various strategic approaches and projects that implicitly contribute to adaptation and resilience building against climate threats. Here is a structured summary of adaptation-related elements extracted from the document:

### **Adaptation Options and Related Details**

#### **1. Green Infrastructure Approach**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option is primarily focused on the preservation and enhancement of natural areas to maintain ecosystem functions, which can help address issues related to urban heat, stormwater management, and ecosystem degradation. 
  - The document suggests creating an inventory and tracking system for green infrastructure components. Cost and timeframe specifics weren't detailed, but implementation is part of a strategic, long-term agenda (at least two decades) outlined in the Green Infrastructure Toolkit by the Atlanta Regional Commission.
  - Location emphasized includes stream corridors and expanded trail and greenway systems along Butler, Rocky, and Spirit Creeks (2-110).

#### **2. Low Impact Development Standards**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option targets urban flooding and stormwater management issues by introducing site design standards that minimize environmental impact.
  - Specific cost, timeframe, and location details are not outlined for the implementation of these standards in the document provided (2-34).

#### **3. Conservation Subdivision Options**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addressing habitat fragmentation and preserving neighborhood quality through expanded conservation subdivision options.
  - The plan mentions areas of natural and ecological value, with the recommendation for expanded Conservation Subdivision options specifically mentioned for Butler Creek (2-34).

#### **4. Neighborhood Revitalization and Improvement**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** This aims to increase resilience through enhanced housing quality and community linkages, indirectly addressing heat stress and climate migrations.
  - Financial estimates include over $1.1 billion for citywide implementation of projects that align with neighborhood revitalization, with financing details mentioned for sectors such as Southgate Urban Village and Oates Creek (2-160).
  - Projects are expected to extend over a twenty-year timeframe.
  - Locations identifying strategies include areas like Upper Broad Street for housing improvements and neighborhood enhancements (2-141).

These entries based on the document outline strategic planning that indirectly contributes to adaptation by reinforcing community resilience, ecological integration, and infrastructure improvements without explicitly detailing climate threats or costs in each case.

The document does not specifically reference climate policies explicitly aimed at advancing climate justice within the content provided. However, there are overarching themes and initiatives related to sustainable development, smart growth, and neighborhood improvements which might have indirect benefits related to climate justice. Below are details from these sections that may align with climate justice principles:

### 1. **Neighborhood Improvement and Revitalization**

  - Indirectly addresses various climate threats by enhancing the quality of housing and infrastructure, which can withstand climate impacts better.
  
- **Populations with Climate Vulnerability:**
  - The plan considers **lower-income residents and the elderly on a fixed income** as vulnerable populations needing support for housing improvements. These groups might be more susceptible to climate-related threats due to economic constraints.
  
- **Relevant Policy Elements:**
  - "Provide grants and training for basic rehab of lower-valued homes of needy, long-term homeowners" (The Policies, 2-141). This aims to improve the resilience of housing stock in vulnerable neighborhoods.

### 2. **Smart Growth and Sustainable Development**

  - Threats from urban sprawl such as increased resource consumption and environmental degradation.
  
  - Vulnerable are generally those residing in sprawling urban areas where resources are not efficiently used, and infrastructure improvements can be costly and less effective.
  
  - "A Sustainable Development Framework... aims to achieve a unique sense of community and place; expand the range of transportation, employment, and housing choices... preserve and enhance natural and cultural resources" (The Policies, 2-99).

### 3. **Green Infrastructure and Land Development**

  - Environmental degradation and loss of natural resources increase vulnerability to climate impacts.
  
  - Areas with ad hoc and unregulated growth leading to inefficient use of natural resources and increased public expenditure, potentially impacting lower-income communities.
  
  - Adoption of "Smart Growth strategies that focus on maintaining ecosystem functions" and integrating "natural areas into development plans" (The Policies, 2-107).

While these policies may indirectly advance climate justice by improving infrastructure, housing, resource efficiency, and access to amenities for vulnerable populations, explicit mention of climate policies targeting climate justice is not evident in the provided content.

Based on the provided document, the plan outlines several strategies and programs centered around sustainable development and smart growth in Augusta. However, the document does not explicitly identify potential maladaptive climate policies. Below are considerations based on the content provided:

1. **Floodplain Development Regulations**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flooding
   - **Option Proposed:** Prohibit development in the floodway and regulate site design in the floodway fringe (The Policies 2-109).
   - **Potential for Maladaptation:** Strict prohibitions and regulations without offering viable alternatives for affected stakeholders may lead to resistance or non-compliance. If stakeholders are not provided with incentives or compensation, this could inadvertently diminish social resilience or economic viability in areas bordering the floodplain.

2. **Zero-Net-Tree-Loss Policy**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Loss of biodiversity and natural resource depletion
   - **Option Proposed:** Adhere to a Zero-Net-Tree-Loss Policy and use the Georgia Forest Land Protection Act for tax relief (The Policies 2-109).
   - **Potential for Maladaptation:** The enforcement of this policy without considering the specific ecological requirements or existing land uses could lead to socioeconomic issues if developers or landowners face significant restrictions or costs. This could potentially increase vulnerability by constraining sustainable development or discouraging compliance. 

These issues highlight the necessity for adaptive management, stakeholder collaboration, and regular policy reviews to minimize the risk of maladaptation.

The document does not specify particular metrics, units, or quantifiable outcomes for measuring the success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options. Additionally, it does not outline concrete goals or targets with deadlines or numerical objectives for these options. Instead, it describes broad strategic initiatives and development strategies like creating opportunities for expanding businesses, improving community spaces, and promoting sustainable development. The emphasis is on integrating natural areas into development plans and building on Smart Growth strategies rather than providing specific measurement criteria for adaptation, resilience, and mitigation efforts.

| **Feature**            | **Details**                                                                                                                                                       |
|------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Augusta, Georgia                                                                                                                                                  |
| **Population**         | Not specified in the document.                                                                                                                                    |
| **Threats Identified** | - "Ad hoc and unbridled growth" leading to inefficiency in travel time and public tax expenditures.<br>- Loss of resources and community character due to sprawl.<br>- Increasing water consumption leading to potential scarcity issues. |
| **Measures Identified**| - Sustainable growth techniques to ensure the availability of natural, social, and economic resources.<br>- Development of a "Green Infrastructure Priorities Map" to manage and protect greenspace.<br>- Implementation of recommended projects and policies aimed at environmental protection, transportation improvements, and community development.                                                             |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction: Tampa, Florida**

**Location and Population:**
- The plan pertains to the city of **Tampa**, located in Florida.

**Physical Landscape:**
- Tampa is "a city surrounded by water" and located on "one of the country’s most productive urban estuaries."
- The city has "a river running through it" and "an incredible tree canopy, recently ranked number one in the world."

- While specific population, demographics, and average income data are not provided, the document highlights the **economic importance of addressing climate change** for Tampa.
- The emphasis on **resilience planning** as an economic benefit is noted, along with the potential to attract companies by improving "Tampa's carbon footprint."
- The Tampa Bay Partnership highlights the cost-saving potential of urban infrastructure resilience, particularly concerning **sea level rise** and potential economic losses.
- The potential risk of "daily tidal inundation" by 2045 in the six-county region of the Tampa Bay Regional Planning Council is estimated to result in "$2.9 billion in property value loss," with associated annual losses of "$34 million in sales, tourism and property tax."
- By 2070, this could escalate to "$238 million" in annual losses.

**Climate and Water Challenges:**
- Known challenges include **"consistently higher temperatures"**, "elevated water levels," and increased storm potential, necessitating adaptation and infrastructure changes.
- **Sea level rise** is a key focus, considering various scenarios predicted by local and national research, highlighting the dependency on "trajectories of increased heat" and measures to reduce **greenhouse gas emissions**.

- Energy use is the largest contributor to **greenhouse gas emissions**, with TECO being the primary energy provider.
- The plan focuses on transitioning to "100% clean and renewable energy" within municipal operations.

**Economic Drivers and Industries:**
- Significant mention is made of the **economic impact of resilience efforts**, suggesting the importance of climate action in attracting businesses and investments.
- There is an expressed aim to channel growth towards areas less affected by climate hazards and increase resources for homes against weather events.
- The integration of natural systems serves both ecological purposes and as part of the economic strategy, with plans to expand and manage the tree canopy and utilize nature-based solutions to address environmental stresses.

- The plan does not explicitly mention specific infrastructure like airports or seaports. However, the emphasis on urban resilience and infrastructure implies attention to critical infrastructure that supports the economy and community.

The plan places a strong emphasis on resilience, focusing on the need to adapt to climatic changes and reduce risks in urban environments. It highlights the necessity to enable "modifications to physical, environmental, and social systems to reduce risk" as climatic factors shift ("Goals and Priorities"). The plan outlines initiatives such as strengthening coordination between departments ("GOV 1"), increasing supply and availability of affordable resilient housing ("HD 1.1"), and creating policies for coastal areas to establish resilient building practices ("HD 2.1").

Mitigation is a core component of the plan, as evidenced by its commitment to "reduce carbon emissions and increase carbon capture" ("Goals and Priorities"). The plan identifies primary sources of carbon emissions through studies and proposes transitioning to 100% clean and renewable energy in municipal operations as a means to reduce the carbon footprint ("Executive Summary"). Initiatives include exploring the potential for green building ordinances and coastline protection fees to build mitigation funds ("GOV 2.1.1").

Adaptation is addressed by acknowledging future impacts of climate change and making necessary infrastructural changes ("Goals and Priorities"). The plan calls for integrating future conditions into planning and capital improvement projects ("GOV 5.1"), and adopting resilient housing strategies in less climate-vulnerable areas ("HD 1.1"). It recognizes the need for new approaches to city-building to mitigate risks, especially along the coast ("New Approaches").

Overall, the plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**, as it places significant emphasis on both reducing GHG emissions and preparing for and adapting to future climate change impacts, while also incorporating resilience strategies.

Yes, the plan describes scenarios of climate change that the City of Tampa will face and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. Below is a summary of a such a scenario:

- **Primary Impacts:** The plan outlines that climate change will disrupt many aspects of traditional ways of life in Tampa, with primary impacts including "increased heat and storms, changes to our coastline, uncertainty of sustainable water sources, and degraded water quality" (Climate Action and Equity Plan, New Approaches).

- **Future Scenarios:** The plan mentions that Tampa will have to prepare for "diverse future scenarios," with infrastructure readiness being a key focus. A 50-year outlook is typical for planning these scenarios (Plan for the Future, GOV 5.1).

- **Sea Level Rise and Economic Impacts:** The future scenarios also involve potential sea level rise, which could range from 2 to 8.5 feet above 2000 levels by 2070. This could lead to significant economic impacts, such as $2.9 billion in property value loss and $238 million lost annually by 2070 in the Tampa Bay region (Climate Action and Equity Plan, The Economic Importance of Addressing Climate Change).

- **Interconnected Impacts:** The plan also acknowledges secondary effects forcing changes in food, energy, transportation, and stormwater systems, requiring new approaches to city-building and risk mitigation (Climate Action and Equity Plan, New Approaches).

These scenarios underscore the City's need to integrate resilience, mitigation, and adaptation options into its planning efforts.

1. **Increased Heat and Storms**
   - **Description of the Climate Hazard:** The plan identifies increased heat and storms as primary impacts of climate change. 
   - **Climate Risks:** These changes will disrupt traditional ways of life, affecting various systems and necessitating new approaches to city-building and risk mitigation, particularly at the coastal edge.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** While the plan does not specify particular areas or populations, it implies that the coastal areas will be significantly impacted.

2. **Changes to Coastlines**
   - **Description of the Climate Hazard:** The plan acknowledges that climate change will result in changes to coastlines.
   - **Climate Risks:** There will be effects on the city's infrastructure and potentially require major economic inputs to adapt, especially in coastal areas.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Coastal communities, including historic communities along the coastline, are likely to be more vulnerable.

3. **Uncertainty of Sustainable Water Sources and Degraded Water Quality**
   - **Description of the Climate Hazard:** Climate change will lead to uncertainty regarding sustainable water sources and degraded water quality.
   - **Climate Risks:** This could impact food, energy, transportation, and stormwater systems, demanding significant changes.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The plan does not specify, but areas reliant on these resources might be more vulnerable.

4. **Flooding**
   - **Description of the Climate Hazard:** Flooding risks are associated with increased hazards resulting from climate change.
   - **Climate Risks:** Flooding could test the infrastructure of water resource delivery systems, necessitating safeguarding measures.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Critical facilities such as wastewater treatment plants and pump stations are identified as needing protection.

5. **Sea Level Rise**
   - **Description of the Climate Hazard:** Sea level rise is implied in the context of coastal and flooding risks.
   - **Climate Risks:** Increases risk to infrastructure and requires significant adaptation efforts.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas near the coastline and low-lying regions are likely more vulnerable.

6. **Saltwater Intrusion and Groundwater Rise**
   - **Description of the Climate Hazard:** Saltwater intrusion and groundwater rise are associated with changes to hydrological systems.
   - **Climate Risks:** They pose risks to water conservation and maintaining healthy ecosystems.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The plan highlights groundwater systems as particularly vulnerable.

The plan does not provide extensive details for each hazard but underscores the importance of comprehensive strategies to address these risks, particularly for vulnerable coastal and low-lying communities.

1. **Building Resilience into Urban Infrastructure**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Sea level rise and daily tidal inundation, potentially resulting in significant property value loss and economic impact, including loss in sales, tourism, and property taxes by 2045 and 2070.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** This option does not specify precise costs or timeframe but mentions that building resilience into infrastructure could save communities more than two dollars for every dollar spent. It is suggested to apply in the Tampa Bay six-county region.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Economic considerations are highlighted with potential savings and preventing substantial economic losses. It includes cross-referencing multiple scenarios of sea level rise and notes the potential significant property and tax revenue losses without action ("CLIMATE ACTION AND EQUITY PLAN").

2. **Integrating Climate Resilience into Project Planning**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Uncertainty from increased heat, storms, sustainable water source questions, and degraded water quality.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** No specific costs or timelines are provided; the focus is on a comprehensive project planning framework across Tampa ("CLIMATE ACTION AND EQUITY PLAN, CHAPTER/17").
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Emphasizes the interconnectedness of urban infrastructure and the necessity for major economic inputs, especially in coastal areas. This option emphasizes the integration of resilience into all capital improvement projects for comprehensive planning and risk mitigation, fostering economic stability ("NEW APPROACHES").

3. **Orienting Plans toward Funding Opportunities**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Not directly linked to specific threats but addresses resilience funding.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Includes exploring potential policies and integrating funding opportunities in planning to align with state or federal support across City projects in Tampa.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** FEMA's 6-to-1 benefit ratio for resilience spending is noted. Economic considerations are addressed, aiming to leverage external funds and enhance infrastructure resilience over the long term ("GOV 2.2").

4. **Develop Place-Based Planning Frameworks**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Sea-level rise and related risks to coastal areas.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific costs and timeframe are not provided. It involves location-specific frameworks such as Adaptation Action Areas and planning overlay zones for future impacts in Tampa ("GOV 3.1").
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Focuses on community goals and funding strategies, underscores the importance of adaptation measures, and anticipates future changes in sea levels, enhancing environmental resilience through specialized policies ("GOV 3.1").

Each resilience strategy emphasizes differing aspects such as economic incentives, integrated planning, and infrastructural adjustments, addressing both current and future climate threats.

The plan outlines several mitigation options, described as initiatives across different sectors and strategies. Here's a summary of the mitigation options along with any available information regarding cost, timing, location, and other attributes:

1. **Tree Planting and Shade Canopy Initiatives:**
   - *Initiative:* Conduct an intense tree planting effort along trails and integrate tree plantings into new mobility projects.
   - *Attributes:* These projects aim to provide shading and contribute to carbon emission reduction (#TLU 1.2.4, #TLU 1.2.6).
   - *Cost/Timing/Location:* Specific details on cost, timing, and location are not provided.

2. **Solar Panels and Renewable Energy:**
   - *Initiative:* Install solar panels at municipal facilities and mandate solar readiness in all new constructions (#E 1.2.1, #E 1.2.2).
   - *Attributes:* Intended to transition to clean and renewable energy.
   - *Cost/Timing/Location:* Cost, timing, and location details are not provided.

3. **Energy Efficiency in Municipal Facilities:**
   - *Initiative:* Direct consistent funding towards building renovations for energy reduction (#E 1.1.1).
   - *Attributes:* Focus on improving energy efficiency in municipal operations.
   - *Cost/Timing/Location:* Detailed information is not provided.

4. **Transition to Electric Vehicles (EVs):**
   - *Initiative:* Create an EV Readiness Ordinance and increase the City's electric and hybrid vehicle fleet (#E 1.3.1, #E 2.3.1).
   - *Attributes:* Aims to transition the public sector away from fossil fuels.
   - *Cost/Timing/Location:* Specifics are not mentioned.

5. **Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) Reduction:**
   - *Initiative:* Track and monitor VMTs in the City and set targets for reduction (#TLU 1.1.1).
   - *Attributes:* Focused on reducing vehicular emissions.
   - *Cost/Timing/Location:* Not specified.

6. **Carbon Footprint Evaluation and Retrofit Opportunities:**
   - *Initiative:* Use a carbon footprint lens to evaluate facility performance and identify retrofit opportunities (#WW 1.1.1).
   - *Attributes:* To reduce energy use in water facility operations.
   - *Cost/Timing/Location:* Details are not provided.

7. **Urban Transportation Initiatives:**
   - *Initiatives:* Include expanding transit systems, creating complete streets, and integrating alternative mobility choices (#TLU 1.2.8, #TLU 1.3).
   - *Attributes:* To reduce reliance on vehicle-centric infrastructure.
   - *Cost/Timing/Location:* Specific details are absent.

8. **Incentives and Partnerships for Solar Access:**
   - *Initiative:* Facilitate community connections with solar programs and review district codes for solar installation opportunities (#E 2.2.1, #E 2.2.2).
   - *Attributes:* Encouraging solar energy adoption in residential and commercial sectors.

The mentioned initiatives aim to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, enhance energy efficiency, and transition towards renewable energy. However, the plan does not provide specifics on cost, timing, or precise locations for these mitigation actions.

The plan outlines several mitigation options, each with distinct attributes:

1. **Tree Planting and Green Space Enhancement**
   - *Initiative*: Include tree planting and demolition information in a coordinated GIS database.
   - *Cost, Timeframe, and Location*: Not explicitly detailed.
   - *Other Attributes*: This initiative is a part of administrative changes to mitigate climate impacts (Section GOVERNANCE, GOV 4.1.2).

2. **Hiring a Data Manager**
   - *Initiative*: Hire a data manager to support mitigation efforts.
   - *Other Attributes*: This aims to expand data and analysis capabilities to support mitigation and adaptation (Section GOVERNANCE, GOV 4.1.3).

3. **Improving Municipal Energy Efficiency and Transition to Renewable Energy**
   - *Initiative*: Improve energy efficiency in municipal facilities.
   - *Other Attributes*: Initiatives include direct funding for energy reduction renovations and installations of solar panels (Section ENERGY, E 1.1 & E 1.2).

4. **Reducing Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT)**
   - *Initiative*: Inventory VMT and set reduction targets.
   - *Other Attributes*: Focus on mitigating emissions through traffic reduction strategies (Section TRANSPORTATION AND LAND USE, TLU 1.1.1).

5. **Increasing Shading in Public Areas**
   - *Initiative*: Provide tree canopy within pedestrian mobility networks and conduct tree planting efforts.
   - *Other Attributes*: This includes initiatives like planting trees along trails and within new mobility projects (Section TRANSPORTATION AND LAND USE, TLU 1.2.3 - TLU 1.2.8).

6. **Transition to Electric Vehicles (EVs)**
   - *Initiative*: Create an EV Readiness Ordinance.
   - *Other Attributes*: Ensures access to EV charging in various property developments (Section ENERGY, E 2.3.1).

7. **Enhancing Land Use Policies for Alternative Transportation**
   - *Initiative*: Implement Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) zoning and prioritize high-density locations for multi-modal transit.
   - *Other Attributes*: These policies aim to mitigate anthropogenic emissions by encouraging alternative mobility choices (Section TRANSPORTATION AND LAND USE, TLU 1.3.1 - TLU 1.3.4).

8. **Waste Management Improvements**
   - *Initiative*: Recycling or reusing ash residue from waste management.
   - *Other Attributes*: The initiative focuses on reducing the environmental footprint of waste management processes (Section WASTE MANAGEMENT, WM 4.1.1).

9. **Building Resilient Housing in Less Climate-Vulnerable Areas**
   - *Initiative*: Increase supply of affordable resilient housing.
   - *Other Attributes*: Includes zoning alterations for "missing middle" density and accessory dwelling units (Section HOUSING AND DEVELOPMENT, HD 1.1.1 - HD 1.1.3).

Each initiative mainly emphasizes strategic planning and policy implementation aimed at reducing carbon emissions and increasing resilience infrastructure. Direct cost, timeframe, and location specifics are generally not detailed in the plan, but the focus is on integrating these mitigation options into city-wide initiatives and ongoing projects.

The plan identifies several adaptation options to address various climate threats. Below is a summary of each adaptation option, including the climate threat it addresses and any provided information regarding cost, timeframe, location, and other important attributes:

1. **Adaptation Action Areas and Planning Overlay Zones**:
   - **Climate Threat**: Future sea-level rise impacts.
   - **Attributes**: Initiative involves identifying and developing Adaptation Action Areas and creating planning overlay zones relating to sea-level rise. (GOV 3.1.1, GOV 3.1.2)

2. **Future Planning Guidance through Post Disaster Redevelopment Plan**:
   - **Climate Threat**: Future conditions that require planning adjustments.
   - **Attributes**: Integration of future conditions into planning and capital improvement projects is emphasized. This initiative serves to align plans with anticipated future challenges. (GOV 5.1.1, GOV 5.1.2)

3. **Saltwater Intrusion and Groundwater Study**:
   - **Climate Threat**: Impacts of saltwater intrusion and groundwater rise.
   - **Attributes**: The initiative calls for studying and addressing these impacts to protect water resources and maintain healthy ecosystems. (WW 2.1.1)

4. **Safeguarding Utilities from Flooding**:
   - **Climate Threat**: Increased hazards to water resource delivery infrastructure due to climate change.
   - **Attributes**:
     - Ensures backup power at facilities (WW 2.2.1).
     - Installs submersible pumps at the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WW 2.2.2).
     - Conducts vulnerability assessments for flooding and future conditions at critical facilities (WW 2.2.3).
     - Resolves stormwater issues for wastewater pump station vulnerabilities (WW 2.2.4).
   - No specific cost, timeframe, or location details provided.

These adaptation initiatives collectively aim to reinforce infrastructure and environmental resilience against specific climate threats identified in the plan. Further details about cost, specific timeframe, and exact locations are not comprehensively detailed in the document.

The plan identifies several climate policies aimed at advancing climate justice, each addressing specific climate threats and focusing on vulnerable populations and areas.

1. **Affordable Resilient Housing Policy**
   - **Climate Threat:** The policy addresses the risk of rising sea levels and potential climate-related hazards affecting housing stability, particularly in coastal areas. The goal is to ensure the availability of housing that is resilient to these threats.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The focus is on providing affordable housing in less climate-vulnerable areas to protect communities historically living along coastlines and ensure their safety and access to services. This initiative also addresses issues of "climate gentrification, weatherization, and the maintenance of historic structures" (_HD 1.1_).

2. **Community Weatherization and Fortification Resources**
   - **Climate Threat:** This policy aims to mitigate the impact of severe weather events and improve energy efficiency in homes through weatherization and fortification efforts.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Emphasis is placed on helping those "with less economic capacity that have strong local social networks," ensuring these communities can withstand climate-related events (_HD 1.2_).

3. **Increased Community Engagement**
   - **Climate Threat:** The overarching risk of climate change impacts is addressed by enhancing community engagement and integrating input from all residents.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** This engagement ensures the needs and voices of vulnerable communities, particularly those historically underserved, are included in planning and resilience-building efforts (_EXECUTIVE SUMMARY_).

4. **General Climate Action with an Equity Focus**
   - **Climate Threat:** The broad threats of climate change, such as increased storms, heat, and sea-level rise, are addressed through integrated climate action.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The plan acknowledges that "the causes and impacts of climate change are disproportionately shared," and seeks to embed equity in all policies to "ensure policies and infrastructure improvements benefit all communities across the city," particularly traditionally underserved ones (_INTRODUCTION_).

These policies collectively aim to build resilience and ensure equitable climate protection across Tampa, particularly focusing on those historically marginalized.

Based on the provided plan, here are potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies:

1. **Overlay Zones for Infrastructure Planning in Coastal Areas**
    - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Rising sea levels and stormwater impacts creating challenges for coastal areas.
    - **Option Proposed:** Creating overlay zones for infrastructure planning to enhance resilient building practices. (_"Overlay zones for infrastructure planning"_ in HD 2.1.1)
    - **Potential Maladaptation:** Overlay zones might inadvertently focus resources and attention on designated areas while other vulnerable areas may be neglected. This could lead to unequal protection, potentially increasing vulnerability for non-overlay areas.

2. **Increasing Design Flood Elevations**
    - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Increased risk of flooding due to climatic changes.
    - **Option Proposed:** Increasing design flood elevations for new constructions as part of resilient building practices. (_"Increased design flood elevations"_ in HD 2.1.1)
    - **Potential Maladaptation:** While this could reduce flood damage risk for new constructions, it might increase costs, leading to affordability issues. This could push vulnerable populations into more high-risk, less-regulated areas, increasing their vulnerability rather than reducing it.

3. **Strict Enforcement of Building Codes in Coastal Areas**
    - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Environmental challenges and high hazard risks in coastal areas.
    - **Option Proposed:** Ensures strict enforcement of current Florida Building Codes. (_"Ensure strict enforcement of the most current Florida Building Codes through the permitting process"_ in HD 2.1.2)
    - **Potential Maladaptation:** Strict codes may result in significant construction costs, which may not be affordable for all residents. This could result in socio-economic displacement as individuals may move to less regulated and potentially more hazardous areas.

4. **Creating Fees for Projects Deferring Climate Costs**
    - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The need for funding adaptation projects as federal grants are insufficient.
    - **Option Proposed:** Establishing fees, such as green building ordinances or coastline protection mitigation fees. (_"Explore the potential to build mitigation and adaptation funds through policies such as a green building ordinance or a coastline protection mitigation fee for new sea wall projects"_ in GOV 2.1.1)
    - **Potential Maladaptation:** While intended to generate funding, these fees might discourage development or renovation in necessary areas due to increased costs, possibly stalling necessary adaptive actions or displacing residents who can't afford additional costs.
    
5. **Self-assessed Climate Funds through Overlay Districts**
    - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Funding future adaptation needs and community planning strategies.
    - **Option Proposed:** Creating self-assessed climate funds through overlay districts. (_"Work with communities to create self-assessed climate funds through overlay districts, based on future needs and community planning strategies"_ in GOV 2.1.2)
    - **Potential Maladaptation:** Self-assessed funds may lead to disparities where wealthier communities are better able to prepare and fund adaptation measures, leaving less affluent communities with inadequate resources to address climate threats.

The plan includes several methods for measuring the success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options:

- **Tracking and Monitoring Progress:**
  - The plan specifies that the Sustainability and Resilience Officer will be responsible for tracking and monitoring progress of priority initiatives and objectives. It states, "Key metrics derived from this monitoring will be reported in the next iteration of Tampa’s Climate Action and Equity Plan, and on the City’s website." (Tracking Progress)

- **Specific Metrics for Mitigation:**
  - The plan details a greenhouse gas inventory conducted every 5 years as a part of tracking emissions. It states, "Continue to conduct a greenhouse gas inventory every 5 years." (E 1.4.3 Mitigate Study)

- **CO₂ Emissions Data:**
  - The city's emissions data is presented, with the City of Tampa emitting approximately "13.7 metric tons of carbon dioxide per person, per year," resulting in a total of 5.5 million metric tons of carbon dioxide annually. (How Tampa Contributes to Climate Change)

- **Energy Use Metrics:**
  - Energy use accounts for 47.0% of emissions. The city plans to hire an Energy Manager, and use tools such as the ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager to track and benchmark energy consumption. (E 1.4 Track and Monitor Energy Use)

- **Transportation Emissions Metrics:**
  - Metrics include the tracking of vehicle miles traveled (VMTs) and electric vehicle transitions. The plan aims to "prioritize reducing vehicle miles traveled (VMTs) through planning and multi-modal transportation options." (Prioritize Reducing Vehicle Miles Traveled)

- **Tree Canopy Goals:**
  - Increasing Tampa’s tree canopy is highlighted as a priority to mitigate GHGs and improve the environment. The specifics on the extent of increase or time frame aren't detailed. (Increase Tampa’s Tree Canopy)

- **Milestones for Transition to Electric Vehicles:**
  - Transition to electric vehicles is an ongoing initiative, which involves evaluating electrical energy sourcing and fleet needs. (Transition to EVs)

The plan does not provide specific numeric goals or deadlines for these metrics beyond the regular reporting and auditing processes specified.

| Feature              | Description                                                                                                                                                       |
|----------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Tampa                                                                                                                                                           |
| **Population**         | The document does not specify the population of Tampa.                                                                                                          |
| **Threats Identified** | - Higher temperatures                                                                                                                                           |
|                      | - Elevated water levels                                                                                                                                            |
|                      | - Increased storms                                                                                                                                                 |
|                      | - Disproportionate impacts on vulnerable communities                                                                                                               |
| **Measures Identified**| - Reduce greenhouse gas emissions                                                                                                                                |
|                      | - Adapt infrastructures                                                                                                                                            |
|                      | - Climate Action Categories (e.g., Energy, Water and Wastewater, Transportation and Land Use, Habitat and Environment, Governing for Resilience)                  |
|                      | - Transition to 100% clean and renewable energy                                                                                                                    |
|                      | - Strengthen transportation options, increase community engagement, and use nature-based solutions                                                                 |
|                      | - Expand and manage tree canopy                                                                                                                                    |

|                      | - Establish Local Scale Communication and Engagement strategy                                                                                                      |
|                      | - Promote training and workforce development around climate change                                                                                                 |
|                      | - Strengthen coordination between departments                                                                                                                      |
|                      | - Increase revenue to fund climate action                                                                                                                          |
|                      | - Expand data and analysis capabilities within city planning and operations                                                                                        |
```

The provided document, the Athens Sustainability Action Plan, does not include detailed information about the physical or economic landscape of Athens in terms of its exact location, population, demographics, or average income. It also does not provide extensive detail on geographic features such as mountains, rivers, deserts, or coastline, nor does it mention key infrastructure like airports or seaports.

However, some relevant economic factors are highlighted in the sections related to the economy and energy:

- **Sustainable Economy:**
  - A sustainable economy in Athens requires: 
    - All workers earning a living wage.
    - Utilization of local businesses over non-local ones.
    - Inclusion of externalities in pricing appropriately.
    - Use of tax revenues for public benefits like infrastructure projects, code enforcement, and protection services (Action Plan, Economy Introduction).

- **Local Economy and Initiatives:**
  - "Buy local" is emphasized with the recognition of the Athens Farmers' Market and the 30-Mile Meal project, suggesting a focus on supporting local agriculture and food systems (Economy Introduction).

- **Transportation:**
  - The document mentions existing infrastructure such as the Hockhocking Adena Bikeway and a robust bus system, emphasizing the importance of sustainable transportation (Transportation Introduction).

- **Energy Production and Natural Resources:**
  - Energy priorities involve a shift towards solar development and renewable energy. Athens leases a solar array at the Athens Community Center, and there is interest from neighborhoods in forming solar cooperatives (Energy Introduction).
  - There is also an effort to improve energy efficiency through programs offered by the Southeast Ohio Public Energy Council (SOPEC), including energy audits and electrical aggregation (Energy Action Plan).

- **Environmental Resources:**
  - There is no specific mention of major geographic features such as mountains or rivers, nor details about aridity or water challenges.
  - However, suggestions for water conservation demonstrate consideration for sustainable water use (Housing and Development Action Plan).

- **Economic Drivers:**
  - Mention of a business incubator suggests support for entrepreneurial growth, although specific industries are not detailed (Economy Action Plan).
  - The importance of increasing private-sector jobs due to an over-reliance on government-funded jobs is noted (Economy Action Plan).

While the document does not provide comprehensive demographic or geographic data, it does emphasize sustainability through local initiatives, energy efficiency, and economic objectives aimed at fostering a resilient community.

The plan focuses on building resilience by identifying key priorities such as "improving the green infrastructure to benefit air quality," which helps in coping with climate hazards by maintaining essential functions (**Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Introduction**). It also addresses "decreasing emissions from vehicular traffic" and "reducing energy usage," contributing to the resilience of the community by adapting infrastructure for gas emission reductions (**Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Introduction**).

Mitigation is addressed through strategies like promoting renewable energy programs, reducing energy consumption, and increasing the solar capacity installed (**Athens Sustainability Action Plan Key Recommendations**; **Energy, Action Plan**). The plan also aims to account for and reduce greenhouse gas emissions through "sustainable greenhouse gas emissions" practices, using renewable energy and alternative transportation (**Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Introduction**).

Adaptation strategies in the plan include sustainable water consumption practices and support for walking and biking to work to reduce vehicular usage (**Housing and Development, Action Plan**). It emphasizes the reduction of waste through initiatives like curbside composting and recycling programs (**Athens Sustainability Action Plan Key Recommendations**).

Based on the provided information, the plan can be classified as a **sustainable/green plan**. It addresses multiple aspects of sustainability, including energy, water, waste, transportation, and village infrastructure, with a balanced focus on resilience, mitigation, and adaptation efforts.

The plan does not explicitly describe a specific scenario of climate change that Athens will face. However, it emphasizes the importance of sustainability and outlines various strategic actions to promote resilience, mitigation, and adaptation in response to climate change impacts. For instance, the plan underscores the negative impacts of rising greenhouse gas concentrations, including global temperature increases, sea-level rises, severe climate events, and biodiversity loss, as recognized at the United Nations COP 21 Climate Change Conference in December 2015. 

The plan also highlights the need for reducing greenhouse gas emissions through sustainable energy usage and alternative transportation to prevent "irreversible ecological changes to the planet" by reducing CO₂ concentrations to below 400ppm. These measures suggest an implicit understanding of the climate threats the jurisdiction aims to address but do not provide a detailed climate change scenario (Athens Sustainability Action Plan, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Introduction).

1. **Rising Greenhouse Gas Concentrations**
   - **Climate Hazard:** The plan recognizes rising greenhouse gas concentrations as a significant climate hazard. It directly relates this to increased global temperatures, sea levels, severe climate events, and loss of biodiversity. 
   - **Climate Risks:** The risks include further ecological and environmental changes that could disrupt life as we know it.
   - **Climate Vulnerability:** The plan does not explicitly mention specific areas or populations with the most climate vulnerability to rising greenhouse gas concentrations.

2. **Vehicular Emissions**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Vehicular traffic emissions are noted as a concern, contributing to air quality deterioration.
   - **Climate Risks:** The risks involve poor air quality, which can affect human health and the environment.
   - **Climate Vulnerability:** The plan highlights the implementation of no-idle policies by Athens City Schools and the City of Athens to manage this risk. Specific populations or areas are not detailed in terms of vulnerability.

3. **Energy Consumption and Waste**
   - **Climate Hazard:** High energy consumption and inefficient use of energy are highlighted as hazards due to their impact on emissions and ecological sustainability.
   - **Climate Risks:** Wasted city funds and increased greenhouse gas emissions are stated risks associated with high energy usage.
   - **Climate Vulnerability:** The plan does not specify populations or areas with heightened vulnerability to this hazard, but suggests that reduction in consumption can lead to broad sustainability benefits.

4. **Stormwater Management**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Ineffective stormwater management is identified as a hazard, particularly in relation to heavy rainfall and runoff.
   - **Climate Risks:** Potential risks include flooding, water contamination, and increased burden on infrastructure.
   - **Climate Vulnerability:** The plan does not detail specific populations at risk but indicates the necessity of an effective stormwater management plan.

5. **Fracking Risks**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Fracking and injection wells are mentioned as potential hazards, particularly regarding water contamination.
   - **Climate Risks:** The risks include contamination of the water supply and potential legal challenges at the local level.
   - **Climate Vulnerability:** The document notes that the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (ODNR) will not approve fracking within the wellhead, acknowledging a preventive measure rather than detailing vulnerable populations.

6. **Water Consumption**
   - **Climate Hazard:** High water consumption is noted as a climate hazard due to its associated energy requirements and potential depletion of water resources.
   - **Climate Risks:** The risks include increased energy demand, higher carbon emissions, and potentially running out of water resources in the future.
   - **Climate Vulnerability:** The plan suggests reducing water consumption universally without specifying particularly vulnerable populations or areas.

The plan emphasizes community involvement and efforts to collectively mitigate these hazards, but it does not provide a detailed vulnerability assessment of specific populations for each hazard.

The plan identifies several resilience options, summarized as follows:

1. **Improve Multi-Modal Transportation Network**
   - **Climate Threat:** Addresses climate risk related to transportation emissions and energy usage, aiming to reduce reliance on single-occupancy vehicles.
   - **Details:** No specific cost or timeframe provided, but the goal is to have 70% of the population regularly walk or bike to work by 2030 (Housing and Development, Action Plan). Location is within the City of Athens.
   - **Attributes:** Economic benefits include decreased traffic and increased parking availability. Environmental benefits from reduced emissions. Infrastructure improvements include bike lanes, pedestrian infrastructure, and enhanced public transit.

2. **Increase Green Infrastructure for City Projects and Private Development**
   - **Climate Threat:** Mitigates climate impacts related to urban heat and flooding, enhancing stormwater management.
   - **Details:** Specific costs or timeframes are not mentioned. Green infrastructure is to be integrated across various city locations.
   - **Attributes:** Environmental benefits are significant, supporting air quality and biodiversity. It involves infrastructural changes that promote sustainability and community well-being.

3. **Retrofitting Homes and Rentals for Energy Improvements**
   - **Climate Threat:** Addresses energy consumption and energy efficiency, reducing dependency on carbon-intensive energy sources.
   - **Details:** A rolling program is suggested, but specific costs and timeframes are not provided (Housing and Development, Action Plan).
   - **Attributes:** Economic benefits through reduced energy costs for residents. Infrastructural improvements such as energy-efficient retrofitting that enhance building sustainability.

4. **Support Local Entrepreneurship and Local Products**
   - **Climate Threat:** Enhances economic resilience, reducing reliance on external markets susceptible to climate disruptions.
   - **Details:** Specific costs or timeframes are not provided. Focus is local, within Athens.
   - **Attributes:** Strengthens the local economy, promotes sustainable practices, and reduces carbon footprints through local production and consumption ("Key Recommendations").

5. **Water Conservation and Management**
   - **Climate Threat:** Addresses water scarcity and energy consumption related to water distribution.
   - **Details:** Guidelines exist for water use reduction, but specific costs and timeframe data are not mentioned (Water, Introduction).
   - **Attributes:** Environmental benefits from conserving water resources and reducing energy usage associated with water management. Supports long-term sustainability of city water resources.

The plan includes recommendations but does not detail specific cost, timeframe, or location data for each resilience option. Instead, it emphasizes community involvement, economic sustainability, and significant environmental considerations through its proposals.

Based on the Athens Sustainability Action Plan provided, the following mitigation options are identified:

1. **Reduce Energy Consumption and Develop Renewable Energy Programs**
   - **Attributes:** The plan emphasizes the development of renewable energy programs focusing on locally generated renewables. It also includes solar development, electrical aggregation, and incentives for renewable energy use.
   - **Cost & Timing:** There are few local monetary incentives, but federal solar tax credits are available through 2023, and Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) financing programs are permitted by state law. Timing is linked with these incentives and aggregate electricity usage goals for 2020 and 2030.
   - **Location:** The initiatives involve the broader Athens area.

2. **Retrofitting Homes for Energy Improvements**
   - **Attributes:** Establish programs to retrofit homes and rentals for energy improvements.
   - **Cost & Timing:** The plan mentions creating a rolling program to facilitate energy efficiency improvements, particularly for landlords and low-income homeowners, but does not specify costs or timing in detail.

3. **Zero Waste Initiatives (Waste and Recycling)**
   - **Attributes:** Initiatives include curbside composting, recycling of hard-to-recycle materials, and reduction of total waste generated.
   - **Cost & Timing:** Cost details are not provided, but actions like reducing landfill waste and increasing recycling are set for 2020 and 2030 targets.
   - **Location:** These initiatives are city-wide and involve municipal offices.

4. **Transportation Fuel Usage Reduction**
   - **Attributes:** Improve multi-modal transportation network, public transit, and bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure.
   - **Cost & Timing:** Specific timing is set for 2020 and 2030 goals regarding transportation fuel usage.
   - **Location:** Efforts apply to the city, with specific focus on city transportation systems and infrastructure improvements.

5. **Incentives for Zero Waste Business Practices**
   - **Attributes:** Encourage businesses to participate in zero waste programs and provide incentives for them.
   - **Cost & Timing:** Price incentives are suggested but not specified in detail, with targets aligned with 2020 and 2030 goals.
   - **Location:** Implemented city-wide with a focus on businesses.

Each mitigation option's implementation relies largely on community engagement, city council initiatives, and ongoing support from local organizations and programs like the Southeast Ohio Public Energy Council (SOPEC).

The Athens Sustainability Action Plan outlines several mitigation options aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing sustainability within the city. Below is a summary of the mitigation options identified, along with any specific information regarding cost, timeframe, location, and other important attributes as provided in the plan.

**1. Reduce Energy Consumption per Person**
   - **Timeframe:** Goals are set for 2020 and 2030.
   - **Location:** Applicable city-wide, with emphasis on residential areas.
   - **Attributes:** Includes developing renewable energy programs with a focus on locally generated renewables, and establishing programs to retrofit homes and rentals for energy improvements and encouraging more efficient new construction. (_Key Recommendations_)

**2. Renewable Energy Increase**
   - **Cost:** Not specified, but mentions monetary incentives like federal solar tax credits and PACE financing.
   - **Timeframe:** Goals set for 2020 and 2030.
   - **Location:** City-wide with specific mention of solar cooperatives forming in neighborhoods.
   - **Attributes:** Encourages solar development and electrical aggregation through SOPEC. The plan emphasizes moving residential energy consumption to 90% from renewable sources by 2030. (_Energy, Action Plan_; _Energy, Introduction_)

**3. Zero Waste Initiatives**
   - **Location:** City-wide.
   - **Attributes:** This includes initiatives such as curbside composting, recycling of hard-to-recycle materials, and reducing total waste generated from all sources with a 20% decrease from the baseline in waste sent to landfill by 2030. (_Key Recommendations_; _Waste and Recycling, Action Plan_)

**4. Transportation Improvements**
   - **Cost:** Not specified, but mentions inclusion in budget considerations.
   - **Attributes:** Focuses on improving the multi-modal transportation network including public transit, bicycle, and pedestrian infrastructure, with the aim of decreasing emissions from city fleet and resident transportation. Incorporates the use of electric vehicles. (_Transportation, Action Plan_; _Athens Sustainability Action Plan Greenhouse Gas Emissions_)

**5. Increase Green Infrastructure**
   - **Location:** City projects and private development.
   - **Attributes:** Enhancements in green infrastructure to benefit air quality and provide a sustainable environment. (_Key Recommendations_; _Greenhouse Gas Emissions_)

The document does not provide specific costs or detailed timeframes beyond the mentioned goals for 2020 and 2030, nor does it specify exact locations for implementation, except for city-wide or neighborhood-focused initiatives.

Based on the content provided in the Athens Sustainability Action Plan, the following adaptation options are identified:

---

**1. Solar Development**

---

- **Climate Threat:** This adaptation option addresses the threat of energy crisis and the need to transition to renewable energy sources to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
  - **Cost:** There are few regional or local monetary incentives in the Athens area for renewable energy installations. Federal solar tax credits (ITC) are available through 2023. State law permits federal Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) financing programs.
  - **Location:** Solar panels are being installed on homes in the City of Athens and the city leases a solar array at the Athens Community Center. Neighborhoods are considering forming solar cooperatives.
  - **Other Important Attributes:** Solar Development was identified as a priority by community members at the initial public meeting. (*Energy, Introduction*)

---

**2. Ground Source Heat Exchange**

- **Climate Threat:** This addresses the need for sustainable and efficient heating solutions to reduce reliance on fossil fuels.
  - **Cost:** Not explicitly stated but implies potential initial investment for installation.
  - **Location:** Regional companies are available to install these systems in the Athens area.
  - **Other Important Attributes:** Included as part of priorities for energy sustainability by the community. (*Energy, Introduction*)

---

**3. Water Use Reduction**

- **Climate Threat:** The threat of water scarcity and the need for efficient water use.
  - **Cost:** Not directly stated, but suggests residents consider modifications to home landscaping and install WaterSense appliances.
  - **Location:** City-wide, with specific attention to rental properties.
  - **Other Important Attributes:** Goals for water use per capita are set for 2020, aiming to further reduce by 2030. (*Housing and Development, Action Plan*)

---

**4. Green Infrastructure**

- **Climate Threat:** Addresses the threat of poor air quality and stormwater-related environmental impacts.
  - **Cost:** Not detailed, but investments in green infrastructure are encouraged.
  - **Location:** City projects and private development are encouraged to increase green infrastructure.
  - **Other Important Attributes:** Associated with improving air quality and sustainability of developments. (*Key Recommendations*)

---

**5. Multi-Modal Transportation Network Improvement**

---

- **Climate Threat:** Addresses emissions from vehicular traffic and promotes sustainable transport options.
  - **Cost:** Not specified, but mentions improving existing infrastructure.
  - **Timeframe:** Continuous improvements with goals set for increasing bike lane access and encouraging walking and biking to work.
  - **Location:** Improvements in bike paths, public transportation integration, and pedestrian infrastructure.
  - **Other Important Attributes:** Integration with campus transit and Athens Public Transit. (*Transportation, Introduction*

---

6. **Incentives for Renewable Energy Use**

- **Climate Threat:** Counteracting dependency on non-renewable energy sources and reducing overall emissions.
  - **Cost:** Encouragement without extensive financial support; federal incentives highlighted.
  - **Location:** City-wide availability with specific incentives for renewable energy.
  - **Other Important Attributes:** Federal solar tax credits and PACE financing. (*Energy, Introduction*)

---

These options reflect a combination of technological solutions, regulatory measures, and community-oriented actions to adapt to climate threats identified by the community and the Sustainability Commission.

The plan mentions several policies related to energy, housing and development, transportation, and greenhouse gas emissions that indirectly address climate justice by aiming for equitable access and benefits. Here, I summarize examples related to climate justice from the document, although specific mentions of vulnerable populations or areas are not explicitly detailed:

1. **Policy: Lease of Solar Array and Electrical Aggregation**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy addresses the threat from greenhouse gas emissions, which contribute to climate change and its impacts such as global warming.
   
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** While the plan does not explicitly detail vulnerable populations, the aim to allow all residents access to renewable-sourced electricity suggests a focus on equitable access to sustainable energy for the entire community, which may particularly benefit lower-income residents who typically have less access to renewable options.
   
   - *Quote:* "The City of Athens leases a solar array, which is located at the Athens Community Center, and participates in electric aggregation which includes renewable sourced electricity." (Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Introduction)

2. **Policy: Increase in Middle-to-Low Income Housing**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Housing and development policies addressing the efficiency of buildings are linked to reducing energy consumption and managing greenhouse gas emissions.
   
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** This policy particularly targets middle-to-low income populations who are more vulnerable to the effects of inadequate housing and may have less capacity to afford energy-efficient housing.
   
   - *Quote:* "Increase in middle-to-low income housing within the City of Athens." (Key Recommendations)

3. **Policy: Sustainability Awareness and Education Program**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy seeks to address the overarching climate threat by ensuring community-wide understanding and involvement in sustainability efforts, which can lead to better preparedness and response to climate impacts.
   
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** While not explicitly mentioned, the intent to educate and raise awareness may be particularly beneficial to underserved communities who may lack access to information on sustainability and climate change impacts.
   
   - *Quote:* "Create a sustainability awareness and education program." (Key Recommendations)

These policies collectively imply a strategic direction towards inclusive and equitable access to renewable energy, efficient housing, and knowledge dissemination, which can help mediate the impact of climate change on more vulnerable segments of the population.

Based on the provided document, the following potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies can be identified:

1. **Policy: Encouraging energy-efficient temperature set points in public buildings.**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy addresses the threat of increased energy consumption contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change.
   - **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:** *Mitigation.* The policy proposes energy efficiency measures as a means to reduce energy consumption and thus lower emissions.
   - **Inadvertent Maladaptation Reason:** While encouraging energy-efficient temperature set points can reduce emissions, it may inadvertently cause discomfort or decreased productivity among building occupants, particularly if the temperature set points do not consider the specific needs of the users or if they are implemented without proper communication and consensus among the occupants. The policy indicates, "*encourage energy efficient temperature set points (68 degrees F in winter; 78 degrees F in summer) in public buildings, where feasible*," suggesting there is room for potential resistance or unintended consequences (Energy, Action Plan).

2. **Policy: Development of renewable energy infrastructure through neighborhood cooperatives.**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy addresses the threat of reliance on non-renewable energy sources and associated greenhouse gas emissions.
   - **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:** *Mitigation.* The policy advocates for the use of renewable energy sources to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
   - **Inadvertent Maladaptation Reason:** While the formation of neighborhood cooperatives for renewable energy infrastructure can lead to increased renewable energy adoption, it might disproportionately benefit neighborhoods with higher socioeconomic status, potentially increasing inequalities. The emphasis on neighborhood-specific solutions, "*investigate neighborhood cooperatives for renewable infrastructure purchases,*" can inadvertently lead to unequal access across different areas within the city (Energy, Action Plan).

3. **Policy: No-idle policies for vehicular traffic.**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy addresses air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from vehicular traffic.
   - **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:** *Mitigation.* The policy seeks to reduce emissions by minimizing idling in vehicles.
   - **Inadvertent Maladaptation Reason:** Implementing no-idle policies may lead to potential maladaptation if they are not complemented with supportive infrastructure or initiatives, such as ensuring smooth traffic flow or providing alternative transport options. The plan mentions, "*Athens City Schools and the City of Athens have no-idle policies*," but without adequate alternative transportation systems or traffic management, this could lead to increased emissions from start-stop traffic patterns rather than idle emissions reduction (Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Introduction).

It is important to address these potential maladaptive aspects to ensure that the policies contribute positively towards overall climate resilience and sustainability.

**Athens Sustainability Action Plan: Metrics and Goals for Adaptation, Resilience, and Mitigation Options**

1. **Greenhouse Gas Emissions:**
      - Reduction in annual electricity usage measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh). 
        - Current Data: "158,328,150 kWh," 2020 Goal: "134,578,927.5 kWh," 2030 Goal: "79,164,075 kWh."
      - Reduction in annual natural gas usage measured in hundred cubic feet (ccf).
        - Current Data: "5,236,930 ccf," 2020 Goal: "4,451,390.5 ccf," 2030 Goal: "2,618,465 ccf."
      - Transportation fuel usage for city fleet and residents measured in gallons.
        - City Fleet: Current: "104,639 gallons," 2020 Goal: "88,943.15 gallons," 2030 Goal: "52,319 gallons."
        - Residents: Current: "4,104,978 gallons," 2020 Goal: "3,489,231 gallons," 2030 Goal: "2,052,489 gallons."  
      - Reduction in landfill waste measured in tons.
        - Current: "13,149 tons," 2020 Goal: "11,176 tons," 2030 Goal: "6,574 tons."

2. **Total Energy Consumed:**
     - Total Energy Consumed measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh).
       - Current Data: "158,328,150 kWh," 2020 Goal: "150,411,742.5 kWh," 2030 Goal: "126,662,520 kWh."

     - Athens Public Transit Ridership.
       - Current: "436,109 riders per year," 2020 Goal: "479,719 riders," 2030 Goal: "872,218 riders."
     - Miles of arterial road with sharrows or bike lanes.
       - Current: "4.79 miles," 2020 Goal: "7.5 miles," 2030 Goal: "15 miles."
     - Bicycle Parking Capacity Uptown.
       - Current: "14 bikes," 2020 Goal: "18 bikes," 2030 Goal: "30 bikes."

4. **Waste and Recycling:**
     - Number of businesses enrolled in Zero Waste Program.
       - Current: "23 businesses," 2020 Goal: "29 businesses," 2030 Goal: "50 businesses."
     - Total tons of waste to landfill per year.
       - Current: "13,149 tons," 2020 Goal: "10% decrease from baseline," 2030 Goal: "20% decrease from baseline."
     - Total tonnage of recycling per year.
       - Current: "3,836 tons," 2020 Goal: "Diversion of 90% of recyclable materials from landfill," 2030 Goal: "Diversion of 95%."
     - Total tons of organic matter diverted to compost per year.
       - Current: "2,056 tons," 2020 Goal: "50% of organic material being composted," 2030 Goal: "80%."

5. **Water:**
     - Total municipal water transmitted measured in gallons.
       - Current: "708,733,000 gallons," 2020 Goal: "637,859,700 gallons," 2030 Goal: "531,549,750 gallons."
     - Total municipal water transmitted, gallons per capita.
       - Current: "29,883 gallons," 2020 Goal: "26,894.7 gallons," 2030 Goal: "22,412 gallons."
     - Spiked usage notifications.
       - 2020 Goal: "25% reduction," 2030 Goal: "50% reduction."

These metrics and goals establish clear benchmarks and timelines for evaluating the success or failure of the adaptation, resilience, and mitigation strategies outlined in the Athens Sustainability Action Plan.

| **Feature**         | **Details**                                                                                                                                         |
|---------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Athens                                                                                                                                             |
| **Population**      | Not specified in the document                                                                                                                        |
| **Threats Identified** | - Rising greenhouse gas concentrations negatively impacting global temperatures and severe climate events. <br> - Energy consumption and emissions from vehicular traffic. |
| **Measures Identified** | - Reduce water and energy consumption per person.  <br> - Develop renewable energy programs. <br> - Increase zero waste initiatives. <br> - Improve transportation network. <br> - Increased middle-to-low income housing.<br> - Support local entrepreneurship.<br> - Increase green infrastructure.<br> - Education and awareness programs. <br> - Decrease emissions from vehicular traffic. <br> - Move to alternative energy sources. |
```

The plan focuses on **Cleveland**, located in the state of **Ohio**, United States. Cleveland is a city known historically for its role in manufacturing and industry.

### **Demographics and Income**
- While the plan does not specify the exact population, it highlights that a significant portion of the community faces challenges such as poverty and homelessness, with demographics mentioned specifically focusing on a large percentage of Black and Latino/a populations.
- Economic indicators such as the average income are not directly provided in the plan, but the discussion surrounding vulnerability and poverty suggests income disparities among residents.

### **Geographic Features**
- Cleveland has proximity to **Lake Erie**, which offers climatic and environmental significance.
- The city's environmental challenges stem from historical urbanization and industrialization, affecting once extensive forests and leading to reduced tree cover as low as 17.9% as of 2017 (Chapter 1: Introduction).

### **Climate Description**
- Cleveland faces climate impacts such as **extreme heat and poor air quality**, exacerbated by low tree cover and vulnerabilities related to chronic health issues and poverty (Resilience).
- The plan mentions that Cleveland's climate benefits from moderate summer temperatures traditionally (What Do We Risk Losing If We Do Not Act on the Climate Crisis).

### **Economic Landscape and Key Infrastructure**
- The economy in Cleveland has been historically based on **industry and manufacturing**. The presence of industries, while providing jobs, has also left significant pollution, indicating a strong industrial heritage but also pointing to challenges with pollution and climate pollution (Section 9).
- Key infrastructure mentioned includes initiatives like the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority (GCRTA)'s efforts with transportation and climate action (What Has Changed Since 2018?).

### **Energy Production and Natural Resources**
- Cleveland's energy comes primarily from fossil fuels with only 31% from clean energy, highlighting a target to transition fully to pollution-free sources, such as solar, wind, and batteries (Section 4).
- The text points to a need for greater investment in infrastructure to support a transition to renewable energy for Cleveland's future resilience and economic stability.

- The business community and manufacturing are highlighted as crucial sectors, particularly in developing clean energy and tapping into recent federal policies and investments, contributing to job creation and economic growth (Sections 45, 9).
- Cleveland is experiencing investment growth in manufacturing and clean energy sectors, fostering workforce development and training opportunities, with plans to target key demographics for inclusion in future economic opportunities (Section 45).

These elements collectively illustrate Cleveland's landscape as a historically industrial city on the shores of Lake Erie, grappling with significant challenges and opportunities related to climate action and economic transition.

The plan aims to make Cleveland resilient to the impacts of climate change by 2050. It includes components focused on resilience, as evident in the focus areas and actions that emphasize community empowerment, infrastructure improvements, and education. For example, one of the cross-cutting priorities is "Resilience (R)," which is a recurring theme across various actions, such as, "Explore the creation of rebates and incentives to help residents flood-proof their properties" and "Examine opportunities to help residents relocate from hazard-prone areas" (Chapter 7). Goals and actions also focus on "strengthening the capacity of Cleveland's residents to adapt to and address the climate crisis" (Chapter 7).

The plan dedicates significant efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and move towards net zero emissions by 2050. It organizes these efforts under focus areas like Clean Energy and Clean Transportation. For instance, it evaluates actions based on their potential impact to reduce GHG emissions both short-term (by 2030) and long-term (by 2050) (Chapter 6). The City aims to cut pollution from industry significantly as it "cannot meet its climate targets unless industry moves away from fossil fuels" (Chapter 3).

The plan places importance on adaptation by addressing vulnerabilities and identifying actions that help residents adapt to climate change. Actions such as empowering residents through education and resources, and providing climate change trainings and listening sessions, help in adaptation efforts (Chapter 7). The City also recognizes the need to address the root causes of vulnerability, such as poverty and homelessness, which are critical for effective adaptation (Chapter 14).

Considering the elements and the extensive approach covering resilience, mitigation, and adaptation goals, the plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. The document demonstrates a balanced approach in addressing both the reduction of emissions and increasing the capability of communities and systems to adapt to climate change.

Yes, the plan describes different scenarios of climate change that Cleveland is planning for, including both a Business As Usual (BAU) scenario and an Implementation Scenario.

### **Business As Usual (BAU) Scenario:**
- Under the BAU scenario, the following assumptions are made:
  - Cleveland's population will remain constant through 2050.
  - Economic growth, reflected by GDP per resident, will remain unchanged through 2050.
  - Use of electricity, natural gas, industrial processes, transportation fuel, and solid waste creation will all remain constant.
  - The fuel efficiency of light-duty vehicles is expected to improve.
  
- **Emission Outcomes:** Under this scenario, emissions would decrease from 11.66 MMtCO₂e in 2018 to 8.89 MMtCO₂e and 8.69 MMtCO₂e in 2030 and 2050, respectively. This represents only a 4% reduction by 2030 and 6% by 2050 compared to 2018 levels, indicating that "the City cannot hope to make real progress towards meeting its ambitious climate targets without taking the actions outlined in this CAP." (Chapter 3: Developing the Climate Action Plan: Process)

### **Implementation Scenario:**
- In contrast to the BAU scenario, the Implementation Scenario involves the City and its partners fully carrying out the climate actions identified in the plan. Though details of specific outcomes under this scenario are not mentioned here, the document clarifies its alignment with ambitious targets of reducing emissions by "63.3% through 2030 and having no emissions by 2050." (Chapter 5: Developing the Climate Action Plan: Assessing Climate Risks & Vulnerabilities)

**Potential Consequences Under a High Warming Scenario:**
- Cleveland's climate could change to resemble that of Arkansas, with an increase in days above 90°F.
- Significant impacts include extreme heat affecting daily lives, poor air quality worsening respiratory issues, threats to Lake Erie's health, and disruptions to local wildlife.
- Measures such as air conditioning for schools may become necessary, and low-income residents may struggle to afford essential utilities.

These scenarios guide the development of climate policies focusing on enhancing resilience and implementing effective mitigation and adaptation actions.

**1. Poor Air Quality**

   - **Climate Hazard Description:** "Cleveland continues to struggle with persistent air pollution." The city is regularly ranked as one of the country’s “Asthma Capitals,” and has the seventh highest asthma rate in the country (Chapter 5).
   - **Climate Risks Posed:** Air pollution results in premature deaths, asthma attacks, and lost workdays. Climate change worsens air quality challenges, including increased wildfire activity affecting smog and soot levels. This is exemplified by the hazardous air quality from Canadian wildfires in summer 2023 (Chapter 5, Chapter 17).
   - **Vulnerable Populations and Areas:** Cleveland’s most vulnerable residents, including seniors, children, and low-income families, are disproportionately harmed. People with respiratory health issues will be forced to stay indoors during poor air quality days (Chapter 17, Chapter 32).

**2. Extreme Heat**

   - **Climate Hazard Description:** Clevelanders are increasingly suffering from extreme heat as annual temperatures rise. With seven of the hottest years occurring since 2010, extreme heat is becoming more frequent (Chapter 5).
   - **Climate Risks Posed:** Extreme heat could see Cleveland’s climate becoming more like Arkansas, with a substantial increase in 90°F days. It threatens residents' daily lives and the functioning of schools, with potential school closures and significant costs for air conditioning (Chapter 32).
   - **Vulnerable Populations and Areas:** Vulnerable groups include low-income residents, the elderly, and those with health problems. Cleveland's urban heat island hotspots are prioritized for mitigation interventions (Action 120, Chapter 98).

**3. Heavy Precipitation & Flooding and Severe Summer Storms**

   - **Climate Hazard Description:** Cleveland has experienced some of its wettest years since 2010, with a near one-third increase in precipitation since 1950, leading to increased flooding and severe summer storms (Chapter 5, Chapter 9).
   - **Climate Risks Posed:** Heavy precipitation exacerbates flooding risks, threatening infrastructure and public safety. Past tornadoes and storms have caused significant damage and power outages (Chapter 17).
   - **Vulnerable Populations and Areas:** Population groups vulnerable to impacts include those living in low-income and disadvantaged areas, identified as particularly susceptible to climate impacts (Chapter 98).

1. **Goal 14: Strengthen the capacity of Cleveland's residents to adapt to and address the climate crisis**
   - **Specific Climate Threats Addressed:**
     - This goal broadly addresses the ability of residents to cope with various climate hazards and adapt to the impacts of climate change, such as extreme heat and flooding.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:**
     - **Action 124:** Explore the creation of rebates and incentives to help residents flood-proof their properties.
       - **Score:** 28 points 
     - **Action 125:** Examine opportunities to help residents relocate from hazard-prone areas, such as the creation of voluntary home buyout programs.
       - **Score:** 16 points
     - Cross-cutting priorities for these actions include Equity (E), Economic Mobility (EM), and Resilience (R). These actions target improvements at the community and individual property levels, involving economic incentives and relocation for higher resilience.

2. **Objective 35: Empower residents to take climate action in their communities**
     - This objective supports community-level adaptation and resilience-building against climate vulnerabilities.
     - **Action 126:** Create climate change educational resources for local schools, community organizations, and neighborhood-level champions, including reestablishing the Climate Ambassadors program.
       - **Score:** 35 points
     - **Action 127:** Provide climate change trainings and listening sessions with elected & public officials.
       - **Score:** 33 points
     - **Action 129:** Coordinate with community-based organizations to develop neighborhood-level climate action implementation plans.
       - **Score:** 37 points
     - These actions enhance social and institutional resilience capacities by providing knowledge and building community networks. They involve educational and participative approaches to empower residents and officials, focusing on fostering a knowledgeable and collaborative community.

3. **Broader Urban and Environmental Resilience Strategies**
     - Includes threats from extreme heat, flooding, and declining air quality.
     - Not explicitly quantified in the document but involve city-wide plans extending to 2030 and 2050, aiming for infrastructure improvements and nature-based solutions.
     - Economic and infrastructural focuses include generating green jobs, reducing energy costs, and improving public health outcomes. The action highlights the integration of social and environmental facets, as seen in promoting sustainable urban forests, enhancing green spaces, and supporting urban agriculture.

These identified actions align with the City of Cleveland’s broader initiative to build resilience by implementing community-focused, educational, and infrastructure-enhanced strategies to mitigate climate-related risks.

The plan identifies several mitigation options with varying details. Here are the options alongside their summarized information:

1. **Transition to Clean Energy**
   - **Cost and Timing:** The plan acknowledges a significant upfront investment but emphasizes the cost-saving benefits over time, including saving $3.4 million annually in energy costs.
   - **Attributes:** Transitioning to 100% clean energy to cut pollution, reduce power outages, and lower costs, with a focus on solar, wind, and battery solutions. *(Executive Summary)*

2. **Building Upgrades**
   - **Cost and Timing:** Acknowledges initial costs but stresses long-term savings in energy expenses.
   - **Location:** Residential and commercial buildings citywide.
   - **Attributes:** Replacing older, inefficient infrastructure with newer electric models to reduce energy waste and overall emissions. *(Executive Summary)*

3. **Transportation Improvements**
   - **Cost and Timing:** Initial investments required in public transit and infrastructure.
   - **Location:** Throughout Cleveland.
   - **Attributes:** Enhancing public transit service, expanding bike lanes, replacing vehicles with electric models, and improving pedestrian infrastructure to reduce transportation emissions. *(Executive Summary)*

4. **Industry Pollution Reduction**
   - **Cost and Timing:** Implies necessary investment in cleaner technologies.
   - **Location:** Industrial sectors within Cleveland.
   - **Attributes:** Transitioning away from fossil fuels, with a focus on education, investment attraction, and regulation to combat industrial emissions. *(Executive Summary)*

5. **Nature-Based Solutions**
   - **Cost and Timing:** Not detailed.
   - **Location:** Citywide, focusing on urban environments.
   - **Attributes:** Protecting natural environments, planting trees, and increasing green spaces to lower pollution and enhance climate resilience. *(Executive Summary)*

6. **Regenerative Urban Agriculture**
   - **Location:** Applicable citywide, focusing on urban agriculture opportunities.
   - **Attributes:** Supporting local food systems and reducing emissions through sustainable practices. *(Goals and Objectives)*

7. **Circular Economy Initiatives**
   - **Cost and Timing:** Envisions investments that offer long-term economic and environmental benefits.
   - **Location:** Industrial and citywide applications.
   - **Attributes:** Emphasizing waste reduction, material reuse, and educating businesses on sustainable practices. *(Goals and Objectives)*

8. **Improve Energy Productivity and Decarbonization**
   - **Cost and Timing:** Investments in technology and efficiency upgrades implied.
   - **Location:** Focused on Cleveland's industrial operations.
   - **Attributes:** Targeting a 30% improvement by 2030, emphasizing decarbonization efforts to promote sustainability. *(Goals and Objectives)*

The plan underscores the importance of an "all-hands-on-deck" approach, implying that stakeholder collaboration and robust funding efforts are crucial for effective implementation. *(Step 5: Funding & Implementation)*

**Mitigation Options Identified:**

1. **Providing 100% Clean Electricity to All Users**

   - **Cost and Timeframe:** While specific costs are not detailed, the plan emphasizes the necessity of reaching 100% clean electricity by 2030 as part of achieving the Science-Based Targets (SBTs).
   - **Location and Attributes:** This action is aimed city-wide, impacting all electricity users to transition from fossil fuel-based to clean energy sources like solar, wind, and batteries. It is expected to improve health and cut pollution (`“Achieving these outcomes would be extremely difficult, but the additional benefits are dramatic.”`).

2. **Ensuring that 100% of Vehicle Sales are for Electric Vehicles (EVs)**

   - **Cost and Timeframe:** No specific cost is mentioned, but achieving this by 2030 is a city goal.
   - **Location and Attributes:** This initiative would apply to all of Cleveland, promoting the use of EVs to reduce transportation pollution, which accounts for about 20% of climate pollution in Cleveland (`“The COVID-19 pandemic changed how Clevelanders travel”`).

3. **Retrofitting 5% of All Residential and Commercial Buildings Each Year**

   - **Cost and Timeframe:** Specific costs are not detailed, but there is an emphasis on the urgency to complete retrofits yearly up to 2030.
   - **Location and Attributes:** Focus is on existing structures to make them energy-efficient, especially by replacing gas appliances with electric ones to reduce associated emissions (`“Help residents upgrade their homes and workplaces.”`).

4. **Capturing and Storing 20% of GHG Emissions from Industrial Processes by 2030**

   - **Cost and Timeframe:** No direct costs are outlined, but the plan indicates significant challenges in achieving this by 2030.
   - **Location and Attributes:** Targeted at industrial sectors within Cleveland, emphasizing the need to curb industrial pollution since the city cannot meet its climate targets without addressing this (`“Because Cleveland does not control the industrial sector, the City is committed to educating businesses about climate solutions.”`).

5. **Increase Access to and Use of Clean Energy**

   - **Cost and Timeframe:** The plan outlines creation of access to clean energy as central while noting increased electric demand will necessitate grid updates, but specific costs are not noted.
   - **Location and Attributes:** The goal is city-wide, improving health and reducing costs by moving to sustainable energy solutions (`“Giving all Clevelanders access to affordable clean energy is central to this plan.”`).

6. **Upgrade Buildings to Reduce Energy Waste**

   - **Cost and Timeframe:** The plan mentions potential energy cost savings of $3.4 million annually, creating 1,500 jobs but specific costs are not detailed.
   - **Location and Attributes:** Efforts will focus on retrofitting residential and commercial buildings across the city to improve energy efficiency and reduce pollution (`“Currently, buildings in the City, particularly houses, are old and leaky.”`).

7. **Promote Nature-Based Solutions**

   - **Cost and Timeframe:** It mentions actions ongoing, but no specific costs are noted.
   - **Location and Attributes:** Solutions like protecting plants, improving parks, and tree planting help reduce climate pollution and increase city resilience (`“Nature gives us models to follow to lower pollution and increase resilience.”`).

8. **Circular Industry Practices**

   - **Cost and Timeframe:** By 2030, aims to cut waste in industrial settings by 30%.
   - **Location and Attributes:** Implements circular economy principles city-wide to reduce emissions from industry and create economic opportunities (`“Support regenerative urban agriculture and local food systems.”`).

9. **Optimize Funding Opportunities and Increase Stormwater Absorption Capacity**

   - **Cost and Timeframe:** No explicit costs are provided.
   - **Location and Attributes:** City-wide, aiming to increase stormwater absorption by 25% through optimized funding and development patterns (`“Optimize funding opportunities and development patterns to increase Cleveland’s capacity to absorb stormwater by 25%.”`).

Each mitigation option aims to address different facets of Cleveland's emissions and climate impact, focusing on systemic changes across various sectors such as energy, transportation, and industry.

The plan identifies several adaptation options to address various climate threats. Below is a summary for each adaptation option identified:

### **Adaptation Option 1: Flood-proofing Properties**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flooding
- **Details:** The plan includes an action to "explore the creation of rebates and incentives to help residents flood-proof their properties" (Action 124). 
  - **Cost, Timeframe, Location, and Important Attributes:** 
    - The total score for this action is 28 points.
    - It is recognized as a cross-cutting priority with Energy (E), Environmental Mitigation (EM), and Resilience (R).

### **Adaptation Option 2: Voluntary Home Buyout Programs**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Relocation from hazard-prone areas
- **Details:** Action 125 discusses examining "opportunities to help residents relocate from hazard-prone areas, where appropriate, such as the creation of voluntary home buyout programs."
    - The total score for this action is 16 points.
    - It is identified as important for Energy (E), Environmental Mitigation (EM), and Resilience (R).

### **Adaptation Option 3: Climate Change Educational Resources**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** General climate awareness and education
- **Details:** The plan includes creating "climate change educational resources for local schools, community organizations, and neighborhood-level champions" (Action 126).
    - Total score: 35 points.
    - Cross-cutting priorities: Energy (E), Environmental Mitigation (EM), Resilience (R).

### **Adaptation Option 4: Climate Change Trainings and Listening Sessions**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Lack of awareness and preparedness among officials
- **Details:** The plan proposes to "Provide climate change trainings and listening sessions with elected & public officials" (Action 127).
    - Total score: 33 points.
    - Cross-cutting priorities: Environmental Mitigation (EM), Resilience (R).

### **Adaptation Option 5: Expanding the Cleveland Climate Action Fund**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Funding for local climate action
- **Details:** Action 128 mentions "Reinvigorating and expanding the Cleveland Climate Action Fund."

### **Adaptation Option 6: Neighborhood-level Climate Action Implementation Plans**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Community-specific climate risks
- **Details:** The plan includes coordinating "with community-based organizations to develop neighborhood-level climate action implementation plans" (Action 129).
    - Total score: 37 points.

These adaptation options are aimed at empowering residents, improving education and awareness on climate change, providing financial incentives, and developing localized strategies to respond to climate threats.

The plan identifies several climate policies to advance climate justice, each addressing specific climate threats:

1. **Policy: Planting Trees and Maintaining Green Spaces**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Urban heat island effect and flash floods.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** People of color and residents in formerly redlined neighborhoods, which are 4.7°F warmer than other parts of Cleveland. These areas often have less tree cover and are more susceptible to heat and flooding hazards. (_Equity_)

2. **Policy: Expansion of Public Transit and Clean Vehicles**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Air pollution and transportation-related GHG emissions.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Disadvantaged communities exposed to higher levels of air pollutants like PM2.5, which affects health outcomes. This includes areas with higher proportions of Black, Latino, and Asian-American residents. (_Equity_)

3. **Policy: Weatherizing Homes and Electrifying Appliances**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Indoor air quality and high energy costs.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Low-income residents who are housing cost burdened, spending significant portions of their income on utilities. This policy aims to assist families in reducing energy costs and improving air quality. (_Equity_)

4. **Policy: Resilience Hubs and Cooling Centers**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Extreme heat and power outages.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Frontline communities, particularly those with elderly, disabled, or low-income residents who are more affected by heat and have limited ability to cope with power outages. (_Developing the Climate Action Plan: Assessing Climate Risks & Vulnerabilities_)

5. **Policy: Transportation to Shelters and Cooling/Warming Centers**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Access to safe environments during extreme weather events.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Disabled residents and those unable to easily access transportation during hazard events, impacting their safety and ability to cope. (_Developing the Climate Action Plan: Assessing Climate Risks & Vulnerabilities_)

6. **Policy: Clean Energy Access**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** High energy costs and air pollution from fossil fuel usage.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** All Cleveland residents, with a focus on ensuring affordable clean energy access, especially for those in pollution-heavy industrial areas. (_Executive Summary_)

Each of these policies is specifically designed to address both climate threats and the socio-economic and environmental challenges faced by Cleveland's most vulnerable populations.

Based on the document provided, I could not find any explicit mention of potential maladaptive climate policies. However, it's important to regularly assess policies to ensure that efforts to address climate threats do not inadvertently increase vulnerability or harm specific communities or ecosystems. For example, efforts to air condition schools in response to extreme heat might increase GHG emissions if not coupled with sustainable energy solutions. Therefore, careful monitoring and evaluation of implemented climate policies are crucial to avoid possible maladaptation.

The plan measures the success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options through a variety of specific metrics and targets. These include reductions in emissions, improvements in air quality, and objectives addressing specific environmental and social impacts. Here are the details based on the content provided:

### **Metrics and Units**

- **GHG Reductions:**
  - The plan outlines that the actions should result in a 47% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 and a 79% reduction by 2050, from 2018 levels. This is measured in metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO₂e). (Chapter 8: Implementation)
  - Specific objectives include achieving 155.88 million metric tons of CO₂e reduction by Cleveland’s community by 2030. (Chapter 8: Implementation)

- **Air Quality Improvements:**
  - There was a reduction in smog levels, from 75 parts per billion (ppb) in 2018 to 73 ppb in 2023. The number of days exceeding federal ozone standards decreased from 13 in 2018 to 6 in 2023. (Success Stories Since 2018)

### **Concrete Goals and Targets**

- **Vehicle Emissions:**
  - Objective 21 aims for at least 15% of fleet vehicles across the City to be zero emissions vehicles by 2030, reaching 100% by 2045. This includes a target reduction of 37,000 MtCO₂e by 2030 and 347,000 MtCO₂e by 2050. (Chapter 46; Objective 21)
  
- **Renewable Energy and Circular Economy:**
  - By 2030, the City plans to promote sustainable management of the urban forest and halt deforestation of the tree canopy. (Nature-Based Solutions)
  - An objective under Circular Industry is to improve energy productivity and decarbonize industrial operations by 30% by 2030. (Nature-Based Solutions)
  - Aim to reduce waste in industrial settings by 30% by 2030. (Chapter 46; Circular Industry)
  - The transition to a Circular Economy includes identifying funding and investments for this transition by 2030. (Chapter 46; Circular Industry)

- **Flood and Extreme Heat Resilience:**
  - Develop strategies to mitigate the risk of extreme heat and reduce Cleveland's vulnerability to extreme precipitation and flooding. (Nature-Based Solutions)

- **Broad Scope Targets:**
  - Successfully preventing the melting of 68.7 billion tons of ice through CAP actions, equivalent to offsetting emissions of 24.6 million cars or 28 coal-fired power plants. (Chapter 51)

The plan provides a robust framework with measurable outcomes and well-defined deadlines for achieving the City's climate adaptation, resilience, and mitigation goals.

| **Feature**          | **Details**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
|----------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | City of Cleveland                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |
| **Population**       | Not specified directly in the document. However, it states that "nearly nine in ten Cleveland residents (87%) live in low-income and disadvantaged areas (LIDAC)" and "Clevelanders live below the poverty line, leaving them at risk of shocks like severe storms and power outages" (Chapter 5, Resilient People section).                                 |
| **Threats Identified** | - Poor air quality: "Cleveland continues to struggle with persistent air pollution," and "climate change is already worsening the City’s air quality challenges" (Chapter 5).<br>- Extreme heat: "Seven of the 10 hottest years on record in Cleveland have occurred since 2010" (Chapter 5).<br>- Heavy precipitation and severe storms (Chapter 5).                                         |
| **Measures Identified** | - Infrastructure investments and nature-based solutions to reduce vulnerability (Resilient People section).<br>- Community engagement through programs like the Mayor’s Children and Youth Cabinet, and Northeast Ohio Youth Climate Summit (Resilient People section).<br>- Identifying and prioritizing high-impact actions for implementation by 2030 (Step 5). |
```

The plan provided does not include detailed information about the physical and economic landscape of the planning jurisdiction, which is the City of Minneapolis. It mainly focuses on climate-related strategies and policies. However, a few general aspects about disparities and infrastructure within Minneapolis are discussed.

### **Location and Demographics:**
- **Planning Jurisdiction:** City of Minneapolis.
- **Location:** The city is a part of the United States, though the specific state is not mentioned in the extracted sections.
- **Population Demographics:** There is a mention of disparities across "neighborhoods, housing types, income classes, and ethnic groups" (Chapter 6), indicating a diverse demographic profile, but exact details on population size or average income are not provided.

### **Geographic Features:**
- The document does not specify geographic features such as mountains, rivers, deserts, or coastlines. There is no mention of the presence of specific natural landmarks or features like airports or seaports.

### **Climate:**
- **Local Climate:** The plan notes that "extreme heat events, which are expected to increase, will impact the very young, the elderly, and those without access to air conditioning disproportionately" (Introduction). There is no explicit mention of aridity or water challenges in the document excerpts.

### **Infrastructure and Income:**
- The plan mentions that "transportation opportunities, tree canopy, and access to recycling services vary across Minneapolis neighborhoods," highlighting disparities in infrastructure (Chapter 6).

### **Energy Production and Natural Resources:**
- **Energy:** The plan aims to "increase use of local, renewable energy" to account for 10 percent of the total electricity consumed by 2025 (Chapter 6). Specific details about current energy production methods or sources like oil, gas, or renewables are not offered.

### **Industries and Economic Drivers:**
- The plan does not explicitly detail industries or economic drivers that are crucial to the region. There is a more focused discussion on achieving "economic opportunity, social equality, and environmental sustainability" through emissions reduction and energy efficiency (Chapter 6).

This response is based solely on the document excerpts provided and lacks detailed descriptions of Minneapolis's physical and economic landscape, which might be available elsewhere in the full plan or other city resources.

The Minneapolis Climate Action Plan addresses resilience, mitigation, and adaptation to varying extents, giving significant emphasis to mitigation efforts while recognizing the need for resilience and adaptation strategies.

- The plan identifies the importance of assessing and building resilience to climate changes and impacts, with a specific focus on vulnerable communities: "*Minneapolis should explore the potential impacts and responses and build resiliency in local government and the community, with a specific focus on elderly, low-income and communities of color that are the most vulnerable*" (Chapter 5).

- The plan has a strong focus on mitigating climate change through targeted greenhouse gas emissions reductions. It includes multiple strategies across sectors such as improving energy efficiency, increasing use of renewable energy, reducing vehicle miles traveled, and shrinking the waste stream. Specific targets include reducing citywide greenhouse gas emissions by 15% by 2015 and 30% by 2025 using 2006 as a baseline (Chapter 3 & 6).

- While primarily focused on mitigation, the plan acknowledges the inevitability of climate change impacts and the necessity for adaptation: "*Even with deliberate action, the effects of climate change will be felt by Minneapolis residents...The Climate Action Plan is an essential part of a larger effort to mitigate and ultimately adapt to global climate change*" (Introduction).

Based on the summarized content, the plan can be classified as a **mitigation primary climate action plan**. This classification reflects its main focus on implementing strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, while it also provides some allowances and recognition of the importance of resilience and adaptation to climate change.

Yes, the plan describes scenarios of climate change impacts that the City of Minneapolis is preparing for, particularly focusing on resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. 

- The plan recognizes that "the earth’s climate is changing, and human activities are major contributors to that change" and highlights the need for urgent action to prevent being "locked in to warming that will have catastrophic impacts for future generations" (Chapter 1: Introduction).

- It acknowledges that "the impacts will not be felt equally" and emphasizes that "many of the poorest regions of the world... will be hardest hit by sea level rise, drought, extreme heat, and severe weather" (Chapter 1: Introduction). Within Minneapolis, impacts such as "extreme heat events" will disproportionately affect "the very young, the elderly, and those without access to air conditioning" (Chapter 1: Introduction).

- The executive summary notes global climate impacts like "droughts, extreme weather events, disrupted ecosystems, rising sea levels, and ocean acidification" (Executive Summary).

The plan is intended to serve as a comprehensive roadmap for emissions reduction targets, taking into account scenarios of climate change to implement strategies across sectors such as Buildings & Energy, Transportation & Land Use, and Waste & Recycling. The plan also includes a focus on building resilience against impacts already being felt, with a specific emphasis on "building social and environmental equity" (Chapter 4: Plan Development).

**1. Extreme Heat Events**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** The plan describes an expected increase in extreme heat events, projecting nearly 70 days over 90°F and 28 days over 100°F annually by the end of the century. In the period between 1960 and 1990, Minneapolis-Saint Paul averaged only 11 days over 90°F and less than two days over 100°F each year. (*Chapter 2: Climate Change - Background and Impacts*)
   - **Climate Risks:** Increased heat-related deaths and illnesses, exacerbation of lung diseases such as asthma due to rising ozone pollution, and overall public health impacts. (*Chapter 2: Climate Change - Background and Impacts*)
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The elderly, very young, those with existing health concerns, lower-income and historically marginalized communities, particularly those without access to air conditioning or green spaces, are identified as particularly vulnerable to extreme heat. Urban environment factors like paved surfaces and building materials that absorb heat further exacerbate risks in these populations. (*Chapter 2: Climate Change - Background and Impacts*)

**2. Air Quality Degradation**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** An increase in ozone pollution is mentioned, which is expected to accompany rising temperatures. (*Chapter 2: Climate Change - Background and Impacts*)
   - **Climate Risks:** The plan outlines the risk to public health, especially the exacerbation of lung diseases like asthma. (*Chapter 2: Climate Change - Background and Impacts*)
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Those with existing health issues such as asthma, lower-income, and marginalized communities with less access to healthcare are particularly vulnerable. The lack of green spaces and air conditioning may further increase these risks. (*Chapter 2: Climate Change - Background and Impacts*)

**3. Floods and Droughts**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** The plan expects stronger precipitation events, possibly leading to severe floods and droughts due to increased summertime evaporation. (*Chapter 2: Climate Change - Background and Impacts*)
   - **Climate Risks:** Risks include damage to infrastructure, homes, and environments, particularly affecting agriculture and forestry, which will face new challenges from changing ecological and weather systems. (*Chapter 2: Climate Change - Background and Impacts*)
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas with less tree canopy and more impervious surfaces, which can lead to overwhelmed stormwater systems, are identified as more vulnerable, as evidenced by past flooding in Duluth (2012) and southeastern Minnesota (2007). (*Chapter 2: Climate Change - Background and Impacts*)

**4. Increased Prevalence of Water- and Insect-borne Diseases**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** The plan mentions the likelihood of more prevalent water- and insect-borne diseases as summers become more difficult with intense heat waves. (*Chapter 2: Climate Change - Background and Impacts*)
   - **Climate Risks:** The increased prevalence of diseases can pose significant public health challenges. (*Chapter 2: Climate Change - Background and Impacts*)
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Vulnerable populations include those with existing health concerns and economically disadvantaged communities, which may have less access to healthcare resources. (*Chapter 2: Climate Change - Background and Impacts*)

Based strictly on the content provided from the plan, here are the resilience options identified, along with the necessary details:

1. **Building Resiliency to Climate Changes and Impacts**  
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** General climate changes and impacts.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The plan does not specify the cost, timeframe, or location for this resilience option in the provided sections.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Focus specifically on elderly, low-income, and communities of color that are most vulnerable. This indicates a consideration for social equity and the disproportionate impacts on certain communities. (*Chapter 5: Implementation Goals*)

2. **Advance Equity in Infrastructure and Environmental Benefits**  
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Disparities in infrastructure and environmental impacts which may be exacerbated by climate change.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Implementation in an equitable manner across neighborhoods and communities. The plan suggests prioritizing neighborhoods with cumulative pollution impacts and high energy burdens.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Emphasizes ensuring the activities do not disproportionately negatively impact low-income and communities of color, with investments directed towards the most disadvantaged communities. (*Chapter 5: Implementation Goals*)

3. **Expand the Urban Tree Canopy**  
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Risks associated with inadequate tree cover and related climate impacts such as air quality and temperature regulation.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The plan highlights inequity in tree canopy distribution, with a focus on low-income and communities of color. No specific cost or timeframe details are provided.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Trees provide air quality improvements, carbon sequestration, and shade which reduce energy demand. Reforestation efforts prioritize neighborhoods lacking adequate tree cover. (*Chapter 5: Implementation Goals; Chapter 6: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Strategies*)

4. **Promote Natural Landscapes**  
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Climate impacts on water use and carbon emissions.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Encouragement for private property owners to transition from turf lawns, specific cost or location details are not provided.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Reduces water use, carbon-intensive inputs, and potentially improves stormwater management. It carries educational and resilience-building benefits. (*Chapter 6: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Strategies*)

5. **Integrate Climate Change Policies into Homegrown Minneapolis and Food Council Efforts**  
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Indirect carbon emissions and adaptation needs related to food production.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific details on these aspects are not outlined.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Focus on reducing carbon emissions, building climate resilience, and ensuring access to land for growing healthy food in diverse neighborhoods. (*Chapter 6: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Strategies*)

The plan emphasizes integrating resilience building with equity considerations, ensuring that the most vulnerable populations are prioritized in infrastructure and environmental improvements.

The plan identifies several mitigation options aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions in Minneapolis. Here's a summary of each identified option, including their cost, timing, location, and other important attributes:

### **1. Energy Efficiency Improvement in Buildings**
- **Summary:** Strategies are identified to improve energy efficiency in commercial and residential buildings by 20% and 15% respectively by 2025.
- **Cost:** Focus on "cost-effective energy efficiency strategies" for public buildings.
- **Timing:** By 2025.
- **Location:** Commercial, residential, and public buildings throughout Minneapolis.
- **Attributes:** City and public buildings are expected to "lead the way."

### **2. Increase Use of Local, Renewable Energy**
- **Summary:** Aim to increase the use of local or directly purchased renewable energy to 10% of the total electricity consumed in the city by 2025.
- **Cost:** Involves regulatory changes to appropriately value and incentivize renewable energy.
- **Location:** Across the city.
- **Attributes:** Encourages the purchase of green power and making renewables more accessible and widespread.

### **3. Reduce Vehicle Miles Traveled**
- **Summary:** Aim to reduce vehicle miles while improving accessibility and building walkable, safe neighborhoods.
- **Cost:** Not specified.
- **Location:** Citywide.
- **Attributes:** Includes improving access to transit, and making walking and biking inviting and safe. Cleaner fuels for transportation will be promoted.

### **4. Shrink Waste Stream**
- **Summary:** Reduce waste, encourage reuse, and increase recycling of organic and inorganic material.
- **Cost:** Not specified, but states "efficient processing of our wastewater."
- **Timing:** Recycling rate target of 50% by 2025.
- **Attributes:** Expanding composting and organic material collection; providing information on the lifecycle impacts of purchasing decisions.

### **5. Increase Conservation in District Heating and Cooling Systems**
- **Summary:** Improve efficiency using technologies like combined heat and power in the downtown district heating and cooling system.
- **Location:** Downtown Minneapolis.
- **Attributes:** Opportunities to retrofit natural gas fired plants for combined heat and power generation.

### **6. Support Other Government Entities and Small Businesses in Emissions Reductions**
- **Summary:** Collaborate with entities like Hennepin County and University of Minnesota and support minority-owned businesses in emissions reduction.
- **Cost:** Expansion of assistance programs like MNTAP for small businesses.
- **Attributes:** Equal representation from minority-owned businesses is targeted.

### **7. Monitor New Technologies and Reassess Strategies**
- **Summary:** Implement promising new technologies for improving energy efficiency and reducing emissions.
- **Timing:** Regular reassessment is implied.
- **Attributes:** Includes real-time pricing coupled with smarter appliances and advanced energy management technology.

The plan emphasizes cost-effectiveness, equitable access, particularly for low-income and communities of color, and aims for multiple co-benefits such as job creation and improved public health.

The plan identifies several **mitigation options** aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing sustainability in Minneapolis. Below are the options along with relevant attributes such as cost, timeframe, location, and other important attributes mentioned in the plan:

1. **Improving Energy Efficiency in Buildings**:
   - **Cost**: The plan emphasizes **cost-effective** energy efficiency strategies, particularly for public buildings.
   - **Timeframe**: Targets a **20% improvement in energy efficiency** for commercial buildings and a **15% improvement** for residential buildings by **2025**.
   - **Location**: Applies citywide to commercial, residential, and public buildings.
   - **Important Attributes**: The city will lead by example in public buildings to set a benchmark for energy efficiency improvements.

2. **Increasing Use of Renewable Energy**:
   - **Cost**: Involves regulatory changes to **value and incentivize renewable energy**.
   - **Timeframe**: Aim to increase renewable energy usage to **10% of total electricity** consumed in the city by **2025**.
   - **Location**: Citywide initiative covering various sectors.
   - **Important Attributes**: Supports purchasing green power and making renewables more accessible.

3. **Reducing Vehicle Miles Traveled and Improving Transportation**:
   - **Cost**: Encourages investment in **cleaner fuels** for transportation.
   - **Timeframe**: **Not explicitly mentioned**, but embedded in strategies targeting improvement.
   - **Location**: Throughout Minneapolis, focusing on transit, walking, and biking access.
   - **Important Attributes**: Prioritizes making neighborhoods walkable, safe, and accessible to decrease dependency on personal vehicles.

4. **Waste Reduction and Recycling**:
   - **Cost**: Expands composting and organics collection with the goal to increase the recycling rate to **50% by 2025**.
   - **Timeframe**: Continuous efforts leading up to **2025**.
   - **Location**: Citywide efforts to shrink the waste stream.
   - **Important Attributes**: Encourages residents to consider the **lifecycle impacts of their purchasing decisions** and increases recycling capacities.

5. **Implementation of Efficient Takeoff and Landing Procedures** at Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport:
   - **Cost**: Involves technological investments in **pre-set flight paths and GPS-based navigation**.
   - **Timeframe**: **Not specified** within the strategy.
   - **Location**: Specific to the Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport.
   - **Important Attributes**: Aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate airport noise through improved procedures.

The plan underscores the need for **community efforts and partnerships** with various stakeholders, including private businesses and regional entities. It also stresses the importance of ongoing evaluation and adjustment of strategies based on new technological developments and progress assessments. Additionally, there is a focus on ensuring these mitigation strategies benefit everyone equitably across the city's diverse neighborhoods ([Chapter 6: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Strategies](#)).

The plan does not explicitly detail specific adaptation options. However, it does reference the importance of building resilience and assessing climate impacts, indicating a broader approach towards adaptation.

**1. Building Resilience:**

- **Climate Threat:** The plan acknowledges that climate changes and impacts are already being felt in Minneapolis and emphasizes the importance of building resilience in local government and the community, particularly focusing on vulnerable groups like the elderly, low-income populations, and communities of color. 
- **Attributes:** The adaptation goal is to begin assessing and building resilience, although specific details regarding cost, timeframe, and location are not provided. It reflects the broader commitment of Minneapolis to "explore the potential impacts and responses and build resiliency" (Chapter 5: Implementation Goals).

The document mostly focuses on emissions reduction as a mitigation strategy. Adaptation is implied as part of building community resilience to ongoing climate impacts, especially emphasizing equity and justice considerations. Specific adaptation measures, with detailed attributes like cost or location, are not outlined in this particular text.

The plan identifies several climate policies aimed at advancing climate justice. Here is a summary of these policies, along with the associated climate threats and vulnerable populations:

1. **Policy: Advance Equity in Infrastructure and Environmental Benefits**
   - **Climate Threat:** Disparities in infrastructure and environmental benefits, which may be exacerbated by climate change impacts.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Low-income communities and communities of color, particularly those that already experience cumulative pollution impacts and high energy burdens.
   - **Summary:** The plan calls for implementing climate action strategies in a manner that ensures activities do not disproportionately negatively impact vulnerable communities. It emphasizes addressing disparities wherever possible and prioritizing neighborhoods with cumulative pollution impacts for strategy implementation, as well as directing financial investments towards disadvantaged communities. Outreach efforts should be conducted through community and neighborhood organizations in multiple languages to maximize engagement. (*Chapter 5: Implementation Goals*)

2. **Policy: Environmental Justice Working Group (EJWG) Recommendations**
   - **Climate Threat:** The disproportionate impact of climate change and greenhouse gas emissions strategies which could exacerbate existing inequities.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Communities of color, American Indians, and low-income communities.
   - **Summary:** The Environmental Justice Working Group (EJWG) was established to ensure that the voices of those most impacted by climate change were represented and supported within the planning process. The EJWG aimed to ensure that strategies developed did not exacerbate existing inequities or environmental and health burdens. (*Chapter 4: Plan Development*)

3. **Policy: Monitor Progress with Equity Indicators**
   - **Climate Threat:** Unequal distribution of climate action benefits and potential persistent inequities despite climate action.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** All neighborhoods, income classes, and races within the city, particularly those previously underrepresented in benefits.
   - **Summary:** The plan emphasizes the need to track community-wide greenhouse gas emissions and report the implementation of climate action strategies with equity indicators. This is to ensure that strategies, financial investments, emissions, and energy burden reductions are experienced equitably across various demographics. (*Chapter 5: Implementation Goals*)

These policies reflect Minneapolis's commitment to addressing climate threats while ensuring social and environmental equity, particularly protecting and benefiting the most climate-vulnerable populations.

Based strictly on the content provided in the document, there is no explicit mention of specific climate policies that might lead to maladaptation. However, one can infer potential maladaptive aspects from the emphasis on multiple benefits, equity, and careful consideration of long-term impacts. The document does recognize that strategies may be more or less successful than expected, indicating an awareness of potential policy adjustments. 

The document suggests an evaluation approach to ensure policies do not inadvertently lead to maladaptation:

   - Climate change impacts such as extreme heat, droughts, and severe weather events.

2. **Proposed Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:**
   - Strategies to reduce emissions equitably and efficaciously, prioritize vulnerable communities, and implement policies with multiple benefits, such as improved public health and economic savings.
   - For example, emphasizing strategies "with multiple benefits" and avoiding shifting emissions or impacts outside the city (*Chapter 5: Implementation Goals*).

3. **Potential Maladaptation Concerns:**
   - **Inadvertent Consequences:** There's an acknowledgment that due to unforeseen barriers or policy changes at various levels, some strategies may be less effective or yield different outcomes than anticipated, highlighting a risk for maladaptation if such strategies fail to adapt to changing circumstances.
   - **Equity Concerns:** The document mentions the need to ensure climate action does not disproportionately affect low-income communities and communities of color and that any revisions incorporate environmental justice representation (*Chapter 7: Implementation*).

The presence of a dynamic plan that revisits goals and strategies suggests an effort to avoid maladaptive policies by being adaptable based on ongoing evaluations and new developments.

### Success Measurement and Metrics

**Mitigation Goals and Metrics:**

   - **Targets:**
     - Reduce citywide greenhouse gas emissions by **15 percent by 2015** and **30 percent by 2025**, using 2006 emissions as a baseline. (_Introduction_)
     - Specific strategies should achieve a reduction of emissions **19 percent below 2006 levels by 2015**, and **33 percent below 2006 levels by 2025**. (_Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Strategies_)

2. **Energy Efficiency:**
     - Improve energy efficiency in commercial and residential buildings by **20 percent and 15 percent, respectively**, by 2025 from a growth baseline. (_Implementation Goals_)

3. **Renewable Energy:**
   - **Objective:**
     - Increase the use of local or directly purchased renewable energy to **10 percent of the total electricity consumed in the city by 2025**. (_Implementation Goals_)

4. **Transportation:**
   - **Focus:**
     - Reduce vehicle miles traveled while improving accessibility, walkability, and safety in neighborhoods. (_Implementation Goals_)

5. **Waste Reduction:**
   - **Target:**
     - Increase recycling rate to **50 percent by 2025**. (_Implementation Goals_)

**Monitoring and Reporting:**

- **Annual Progress Tracking:**
  - Monitor community-wide greenhouse gas emissions, report on the implementation of climate action strategies and impacts, and include equity indicators to measure effectiveness across neighborhoods, income classes, and races. (_Implementation Goals_)

- **Community Engagement and Equity:**
  - Address disparities in infrastructure and environmental benefits, prioritize strategy implementation in neighborhoods with cumulative pollution impacts and high energy burdens, and ensure outreach in multiple languages. (_Implementation Goals_)

**Emissions Reduction Contributions:**

- **Projected Contributions:**
  - Buildings and transportation are expected to contribute the majority of projected emissions savings by 2025, with buildings providing **66 percent** and transportation providing **17 percent** of the savings. Increased renewable energy will account for **13 percent**, waste reduction and recycling efforts **5 percent**. (_Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Strategies_)

These measurements involve specific percentage reductions and numerical objectives for emissions reductions, energy efficiency improvements, renewable energy usage, waste management, and transportation enhancements, indicating clear targets and timelines for achieving objectives in climate action.

| Feature               | Details                                                                                                                                                 |
| **Location/City Name** | Minneapolis                                                                                                                                             |
| **Population**         | Not specified within the document                                                                                                                       |
| **Threats Identified** | - Sea level rise, drought, extreme heat, and severe weather impacting poorest regions globally (Chapter 1: Introduction)                                  |
|                       | - Extreme heat events, water- and insect-borne diseases, low air quality, floods, and droughts (Chapter 2: Climate Change - Background and Impacts)         |
|                       | - Increase in heat-related deaths, illnesses, and ozone pollution. Vulnerable populations affected disproportionately (Chapter 2: Climate Change - Background and Impacts) |
|                       | - Threats to public health, economic livelihood, and resource supplies (Executive Summary)                                                                |
| **Measures Identified** | - Reduce GHG emissions 15% by 2015 and 30% by 2025 from a 2006 baseline (Chapter 1: Introduction)                                                            |
|                       | - Improve energy efficiency, increase renewable energy use, reduce vehicle miles traveled, and shrink waste stream (Chapter 6: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Strategies) |
|                       | - Regional collaborations, community outreach, tracking progress with equity indicators (Chapter 7: Implementation)                                        |
|                       | - Building resiliency with focus on vulnerable populations (Chapter 5: Implementation Goals)                                                                  |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction: Erie County**

- **Location and Geography:** Erie County is located in the Western New York region. It is characterized by its proximity to Lake Erie, which influences its climate and environmental conditions. The county is not near the ocean, indicating it lacks coastal features like seaports but benefits from significant freshwater resources.
  
- **Population and Demographics:** While the exact population is not specified in the document, the plan does mention that the county has areas with deep challenges related to housing stock, mobility issues, and influence from past economic policies like redlining, suggesting diverse demographic challenges. Vulnerable populations are highlighted, including "elderly, youth, and disadvantaged communities" (Chapter 3).

- **Economy and Income:** The document does not mention specific average income figures or detailed demographic statistics. It does note that economic development and workforce strategies are aimed to foster an "equitable and robust green economy" (Chapter 8).

- **Key Infrastructure:** The document does not specify infrastructure such as airports or seaports but mentions broadband internet access as a required utility being expanded through "ErieNet" (Chapter 8).

- **Climate and Environmental Conditions:** Erie County is experiencing noticeable climate changes such as increased temperatures, severe storms, and changing precipitation patterns. These trends raise risks that include "increased temperatures and more frequent and intense heat wave events" and "increased intensity of both floods and drought" (Chapter 3). The county is buffered by its temperate climate and fertile soils and has less vulnerability relative to coastal areas.

- **Energy Production and Natural Resources:** The document does not specify types of energy production like oil or gas but focuses on transitioning to renewable energy and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, aligning with sustainability goals like creating "zero-emission homes" (Housing and Neighborhood Resiliency Goal).

- **Industries and Economic Drivers:** The county aims to reduce GHG emissions through focus areas such as transportation, commercial energy consumption, and residential energy consumption. The plan stresses the need to address issues such as housing affordability and adaptability and to create compact, walkable neighborhoods (Chapter 8). Economic development strategies include encouraging businesses to reduce GHG emissions and investing in climate resilience and renewable energy.

the plan outlines a vision for economic growth that is environmentally sustainable and socially equitable, indicating a strong emphasis on transitioning to a green economy while recognizing and addressing the historical challenges faced by marginalized communities.

The plan places significant emphasis on resilience by focusing on minimizing exposure to climate-driven hazards and building capacity to tackle such challenges. A key strategy highlighted is to "minimize exposure and build capacity to address climate-driven hazards, such as extreme heat, flooding, and wind" (Chapter 3). The plan outlines initiatives such as increasing tree canopy, enhancing stormwater management, and developing green infrastructure. Additionally, public health and addressing inequities are central themes, with actions planned to equip cooling centers and address social vulnerabilities (Strategy 3).

Mitigation efforts in the plan include actions to "significantly reduce or sequester GHG emissions" with a focus across several sectors like transportation, housing, economic development, and energy (Introduction). The plan includes strategies such as "promoting agriculture and food system solutions," "phasing out fossil fuel dependency" and pushing for "net zero carbon emission buildings" (Sector Chapters). The plan also discusses leveraging funding through state and federal initiatives to support solutions like cleaner energy (Funding for Climate Action).

Adaptation strategies are intertwined with the resilience efforts, with a focus on preparing for and adapting to current and future climate impacts. The plan highlights the need to enhance public health infrastructure, develop a Heat Emergency Plan, and advocate for more resilient electric grids (Strategy 3: Resilience). It involves engaging various community partners and leveraging cross-sector collaboration to improve adaptive capacity (Implementation).

Based on the outlined elements, the plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. The plan conveys a balanced approach towards both reducing emissions and enhancing resilience and adaptation to climate impacts.

Yes, the plan describes the climate change scenarios that Erie County will face and is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation accordingly. Some of the major climate change impacts expected in the Western New York region, including Erie County, include:

- **Increased Temperature Trends:** There will be increasing temperatures, more frequent and intense heat wave events. *(Chapter 3 - Climate Resiliency)*

- **Severe Weather Events:** The region will experience more severe storms and changing precipitation patterns, leading to increased intensity of floods and drought. *(Chapter 3 - Climate Resiliency)*

- **Wind and Precipitation Events:** More intense wind and precipitation events will occur, magnified by warmer lake temperatures. *(Chapter 3 - Climate Resiliency)*

- **Agricultural Changes:** Longer growing seasons will result, along with changes in what types of crops can be effectively grown. *(Chapter 3 - Climate Resiliency)*

- **Lake Level Variability:** There will be more variability in lake levels and increased shoreline erosion on Lake Erie. *(Chapter 3 - Climate Resiliency)*

- **Public Health Threats:** Warmer Lake Erie temperatures will exacerbate algal blooms, leading to polluted water, and there will be amplified threats to public health, such as reduced air quality and increased risk of disease-carrying insects. *(Chapter 3 - Climate Resiliency)*

The plan also acknowledges that Erie County, while vulnerable, has less vulnerability and more nature-based resiliency than many places, due to factors such as existing temperate climate and proximity to significant freshwater resources. *(Chapter 3 - Climate Resiliency)* The plan emphasizes the importance of understanding and addressing these threats to maintain Erie County as a vibrant and livable place.

### Identified Climate Hazards and Associated Risks

1. **Increase in the frequency and intensity of heat waves**
   - **Climate Hazard:** "Increased temperatures and more frequent and intense heat wave events."
   - **Climate Risks:** Stress on the power grid due to higher cooling demand, increased health impacts, especially for vulnerable populations (elderly, youth, and pregnant women).
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** Urban areas with old, under-insulated housing stock and lack of access or affordability to air conditioning, specifically areas predominantly in and around the City of Buffalo with a high percentage of low-income and mobility-limited populations.

2. **Increase in frequency and severity of flooding**
   - **Climate Hazard:** "Increased intensity of both floods and drought," magnified by warmer lake temperatures.
   - **Climate Risks:** More frequent local flooding, including County land, homes, and roadways; increased debris in sewer systems; reduced drinking water quality during flooding events.
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** Areas prone to flooding hotspots with current and past flooding history.

3. **Increase in wind damage**
   - **Climate Hazard:** "More intense wind and precipitation events."
   - **Climate Risks:** More power outages, reduced tree health, and increased safety risk for workers.
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** Areas with a high density of trees and older infrastructure susceptible to wind damage.

4. **Changing habitat suitability for species/diseases**
   - **Climate Hazard:** "Changes in habitat suitability can lead to changes in the geographic range of many species."
   - **Climate Risks:** Increased exposure and health impacts to vector-borne diseases and presence of invasive species.
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** Areas where health risks are increased due to the presence of disease-carrying species, evolving with changing climate conditions.

5. **Accessibility and mobility challenges for vulnerable populations**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Limited access to critical lifeline services during and after extreme events and emergencies.
   - **Climate Risks:** Poor access to care during emergencies, especially for less mobile or disadvantaged populations.
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** Rural communities and areas with high concentrations of vulnerable populations with limited transportation services.

**1. Climate-Resilient Housing Development**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option addresses threats from flooding and extreme heat. _"Support the development of climate-resilient housing (both new housing and retrofitted existing housing) while preventing the displacement of current residents."_ (Chapter 7 • Housing and Neighborhood Resiliency)
- **Timeframe and Location:** This is a Medium-Term indirect initiative by the DEP in partnership with housing organizations, private philanthropy, local municipalities, developers, NYS Homes and Community Renewal (NYSHCR), and PPG. (Chapter 7 • Housing and Neighborhood Resiliency)
- **Other Attributes:** The initiatives focus on providing energy efficiency, renewable energy production, and energy storage in housing policies, and it includes community engagement to ensure inclusive participation in decision-making processes. (Chapter 3 • Climate Resiliency)

**2. Neighborhood Microgrids Initiative**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** This initiative targets resilience to disasters with a particular focus on the needs of disadvantaged communities. _"ECLIPSE will investigate creating neighborhood microgrids to increase resilience to disasters while prioritizing the needs of disadvantaged communities throughout the County."_ (Chapter 7 • Housing and Neighborhood Resiliency)
- **Timeframe and Location:** It is a Medium-Term directed initiative involving collaborations between DEP, UB, utilities, local municipalities, developers, and neighborhood organizations. (Chapter 7 • Housing and Neighborhood Resiliency)
- **Other Attributes:** The initiative advocates for renewable energy capacity at the neighborhood level to maintain critical services during outages. (Chapter 3 • Climate Resiliency)

**3. Re-Treeing and Creating Green Spaces**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option addresses urban heat and stormwater management challenges. _"Developing or securing opportunities to support re-treeing, creating green spaces in neighborhoods (including the use of existing vacant lots when possible), and allowing community members to have a say in how green space is used."_ (Chapter 7 • Housing and Neighborhood Resiliency)
- **Timeframe and Location:** This is a Short-Term direct/indirect initiative by DEP in cooperation with Buffalo Sewer Authority (BSA), neighborhood organizations, local municipalities, and PPG. (Chapter 7 • Housing and Neighborhood Resiliency)
- **Other Attributes:** These efforts are environmentally focused, aiming to improve air quality and manage stormwater infiltration for better public health outcomes. (Chapter 3 • Climate Resiliency)

**4. Green Infrastructure Projects**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** This initiative focuses on improving water infiltration and management during flooding events. _"Conserve existing trees and vegetation as well as invest in the development and maintenance of green infrastructure projects to improve water infiltration capacity, retention, and stormwater management."_ (Chapter 3 • Climate Resiliency)
- **Other Attributes:** Green infrastructure includes both natural and manufactured spaces that provide habitat and shade, aiming to address inequities and improve public health through infrastructural enhancements. (Chapter 3 • Climate Resiliency)

**5. Coastal Resilience**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** This strategy aims to address shoreline erosion due to less ice coverage and lake seiche events. _"The County will work with local, state, and federal government partners to identify opportunities to develop coordinated approaches to make our coastal areas more resilient."_ (Chapter 3 • Climate Resiliency)
- **Other Attributes:** Emphasizes collaborative efforts with various governmental partners, focusing on protecting homes, businesses, and infrastructure along Lake Erie. (Chapter 3 • Climate Resiliency)

**6. Social Vulnerability Reduction**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Aims to address generally high social vulnerabilities especially in certain areas of the County. _"Strategies to reduce the overall social vulnerability of Erie County residents will help improve the overall livelihoods of residents throughout the County and help reduce the impacts of extreme events."_ (Chapter 3 • Climate Resiliency)
- **Other Attributes:** The approach considers disparities impacting emergency preparedness, aiming to boost resilience among vulnerable populations economically and socially. (Chapter 3 • Climate Resiliency)

Each option outlined has a strong focus on community involvement, equity, and sustainability principles, aligning economic and environmental considerations for comprehensive climate resilience.

The plan identifies several mitigation options, including:

1. **Electrification & Renewable Energy**
   - **Cost**: The plan does not explicitly state the cost but mentions funding support such as the provision of low-interest loans for residential solar systems.
   - **Timing**: Medium-term (before year 2040).
   - **Location**: County-wide.
   - **Attributes**: Includes providing homeowners and landlords access to affordable capital to switch to fully electric residential solar systems with energy storage. (_Chapter 9: Strategy 1_)

2. **Energy Storage & Demand Management**
   - **Cost**: Information on specific costs is not provided. It implies financial challenges addressed by grants and partnerships.
   - **Timing**: Implied ongoing basis; no specifics provided.
   - **Location**: County-wide, particularly emphasizing areas with existing infrastructure and needs.
   - **Attributes**: Focuses on increasing energy resilience, reducing GHG emissions, and ensuring equitable benefits of energy infrastructure. (_Chapter 9: Strategy 4_)

3. **Decarbonized Power Sector**
   - **Cost**: Not directly discussed.
   - **Timing**: Implemented over a medium and long-term horizon (by 2040 and 2050, respectively).
   - **Location**: County-wide initiatives in collaboration with energy providers and stakeholders.
   - **Attributes**: Involves transitioning to cleaner energy sources and includes partnerships with utility companies. (_Chapter 9: Strategy 2_)

4. **Building Performance & Efficiency Education**
   - **Cost**: Information on specific costs is not provided but emphasizes cost-effectiveness for residents.
   - **Timing**: Emphasized as a short-term priority.
   - **Location**: County-wide educational initiatives.
   - **Attributes**: Targets educating the public on building performance to optimize energy use and reduce emissions. (_Chapter 9: Strategy 1_)

The plan also implies funding sources and cost-sharing options through grants and legislation such as the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) to finance these mitigation efforts, though specific cost figures or detailed financial plans are not extensively discussed.

   - **Summary:** The plan includes a strategy for increasing electrification and promoting renewable energy sources.
   - **Timeframe:** Various actions are classified as short-term, medium-term, and long-term.
   - **Location:** Applicable across Erie County.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** It mentions supporting the implementation of heat pumps and the creation of systems for neighborhood solar installations and energy storage. *(Chapter 7)*

2. **Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy**
   - **Summary:** Focused on building performance and efficiency education, decarbonizing the power sector, and energy storage and demand management.
   - **Timeframe:** Includes short-term and medium-term actions.
   - **Location:** Same region as above.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** The plan discusses offering low-interest loans and supporting widespread heat pump adoption. *(Chapter 9)*

3. **Nature-based Solutions**
   - **Summary:** Strategies involve conserving resilient lands, restoring ecosystems, and improving connectivity for wildlife.
   - **Timeframe:** Short-term actions with longevity in implementation.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Increase and preserve tree canopy, which aids in carbon sequestration. *(Chapter 10)*

4. **Smart Growth**
   - **Summary:** Encourages investments in areas with existing utility infrastructure and discourages sprawl.
   - **Timeframe:** Includes ongoing and short to medium-term actions.
   - **Location:** Aimed at directing development to designated areas.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Supports municipal planning updates to increase density and promote mixed-use development. *(Chapter 7, Strategy 4)*

5. **Agricultural and Food Systems**
   - **Summary:** Promotes sustainable agricultural practices to both protect ecosystems and reduce emissions.
   - **Timeframe:** Short to medium-term actions are considered.
   - **Location:** Can be applied throughout rural and urban agricultural areas.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Emphasizes ecosystem protection and the coordination of efforts to impact food systems positively. *(Chapter 11)*

No specific cost details are provided for these options in the plan, but funding through grants and state and federal partnerships is mentioned as a significant enabler.

1. **Heat Emergency Plan**

   - **Climate Threat:** *Increase in the frequency and intensity of heat waves.* The plan highlights the need to develop a heat emergency plan to address stress on the power grid, increased health impacts, and issues with old housing stock with inadequate air conditioning. 
   - **Attributes:** The development of this plan would include creating systems to assist vulnerable residents during heatwaves and increasing communication with electric utility companies. The specific cost, timeframe, and location are not detailed in the provided content.

2. **Flood Management through Green Infrastructure**

   - **Climate Threat:** *Increase in frequency and severity of flooding.* This includes more frequent local flooding impacting land, homes, and roadways, as well as reduced drinking water quality.
   - **Attributes:** The plan suggests conserving trees and vegetation and investing in green infrastructure projects to improve water infiltration. It also calls for mapping previous flooding hotspots and avoiding development in high-flood-risk areas. The cost, timeframe, and location for these actions are not specified.

3. **Wind Damage Mitigation**

   - **Climate Threat:** *Increase in wind damage.* The document addresses concerns such as power outages and tree damage.
   - **Attributes:** Adaptation options include increasing power backup system capacity, planting wind-resistant trees, and providing financial support for proactive tree removal. Specific cost, timeframe, and location details are not mentioned.

4. **Monitoring Changing Species/Diseases**

   - **Climate Threat:** *Changing habitat suitability for species/diseases.* This addresses increased exposure to vector-borne diseases.
   - **Attributes:** The plan advises increasing monitoring of species, providing training for county employees, and conducting outreach to reduce disease impacts. No specific cost, timeframe, or location is given.

5. **Community Shelter and Transportation Access**

   - **Climate Threat:** *Accessibility and mobility challenges for vulnerable populations.* This emphasizes access to critical services during emergencies.
   - **Attributes:** Suggestions include identifying local community shelters in vulnerable areas and increasing access to public transportation, especially in rural areas. Costs and specific implementation details are not provided.

These adaptation options focus on reducing vulnerabilities and improving resilience against projected climate impacts. The plan prioritizes measures that address public health and safety, infrastructure resilience, and environmental protection but does not detail specific costs, timeframes, or locations for each measure.

The plan outlines several climate policies aimed at advancing climate justice. Below are the identified policies along with the climate threats they address and the areas or populations that are most vulnerable:

1. **Disadvantaged Communities Definition and Identification**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Structural disadvantages that have historically caused marginalized communities to bear a disproportionate burden of climate change impacts and pollution.
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** Historically marginalized communities, including people of color, Indigenous people, low-income populations, and women. These communities face heightened climate vulnerabilities due to structural disadvantages ("Chapter 2 • Climate Justice").

2. **Just Transition**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The socioeconomic impacts of transitioning from fossil fuel-based energy to renewable and sustainable sources.
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** Workers displaced from fossil fuel industries and historically disadvantaged communities. The policy aims to ensure these workers are retrained and able to secure good jobs in clean energy industries ("Chapter 2 • Climate Justice").

3. **Equity Focus in Planning Process**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Systemic exclusion from environmental decision-making processes.
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** Frontline communities such as Black, Indigenous, People of Color (BIPOC), and low-income communities. These groups are historically excluded from decision-making, and the plan prioritizes their involvement ("Chapter 2 • Climate Justice").

4. **Racial Equity Impact Analysis Tool**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Potential oversight of equity considerations in climate strategies and actions.
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** Vulnerable populations that may be adversely impacted if equity is not incorporated throughout climate action planning. The tool helps review outputs with a justice lens to ensure focus on equity ("Chapter 2 • Climate Justice").

Through these policies, the plan seeks to address the specific vulnerabilities of disadvantaged communities and ensure equitable climate resilience and adaptation efforts.

Based strictly on the provided document, the plan does not expressly list specific policies that are explicitly identified as having potential for maladaptation. However, some general actions, when implemented without careful consideration, may inadvertently lead to maladaptive outcomes. Here are some interpretations:

1. **Policy: Increased electrification and reliance on the electric grid**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy addresses the threat of severe storms that cause power outages, as noted in "Electric Grid Resilience" (§ 3.1.2) and mitigates the broader issue of climate change through electrification strategies.
   - **Resilience/Mitigation/Adaptation Option:** The plan advocates installing backup power systems for critical facilities to improve electric system resilience during power outages.
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** Without concurrent investments or planning in renewable energy sources and energy storage solutions, increased reliance on the electric grid might lead to higher reliance on fossil fuels if renewable energy is not sufficiently integrated. This could inadvertently increase GHG emissions if not carefully managed and could make the system vulnerable if fossil fuel prices rise or supplies are disrupted.

2. **Policy: Increase power backup system capacity**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy aims to mitigate the negative impact of more frequent and severe storms that may cause power outages ("Increase in wind damage" resilience option).
   - **Resilience/Mitigation/Adaptation Option:** The installation of mobile generators and micro-grids is mentioned as a resilience strategy against power outages.
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** If the backup systems rely on diesel or other fossil fuel generators without integration with renewable energy sources, this approach could lead to increased GHG emissions and long-term fossil dependency, undermining sustainability goals.

3. **Policy: Development of green infrastructure for flood management**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy addresses flooding through improving water infiltration capacity and stormwater management.
   - **Resilience/Mitigation/Adaptation Option:** Investment in green infrastructure projects to manage frequent local flooding is highlighted under the "Increase in frequency and severity of flooding" resilience option.
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** If not planned considering long-term climate scenarios, these investments might not provide the anticipated resilience if climate change leads to flooding that exceeds planned infrastructure capacity. Additionally, if not maintained, green infrastructure might fail, resulting in worsened flooding outcomes.

In summary, while the document outlines proactive climate policies, the absence of integrated, renewable energy solutions and dynamic, future-oriented planning could potentially lead to unintended negative consequences. Each policy requires detailed assessment and ongoing adaptation to evolving climate conditions to prevent maladaptation.

The plan incorporates several strategies to measure the success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options. However, the document does not explicitly list detailed metrics, such as reductions in CO2 emissions or improvements in air quality using specific units, for tracking these outcomes. It seems to prioritize overarching goals and action items more generally. Here are the relevant aspects related to metrics and targets as described in the plan:

### **Key Strategies and Goals:**

- **Climate Policies:**
  - "The identified Goals, Strategies, and Action Items included in this Plan will significantly reduce or sequester GHG emissions in Erie County" (Chapter 1: Introduction).

- **Implementation Framework:**
  - "The implementation timeframe is segmented into Short-term (by 2030), Medium-term (by 2040), and Long-term (by 2050)" (Chapter 1: Introduction).

### **Stated Goals and Strategies Across Sectors:**

- **Consumption and Waste Reduction:**
  - **Goal:** "Responsible production and consumption of resources and sustainable management of waste" (Chapter 5: Consumption and Waste).

  - **Goal:** "Create a safe, equitable, and affordable multi-modal transportation system that enhances mobility and access, phases out fossil fuel dependency, connects communities, supports a resilient supply chain, and decreases GHG emissions" (Chapter 6: Transportation).

- **Housing and Neighborhood Resiliency:**
  - **Goal:** "Foster zero-emission homes and neighborhoods that promote health and protect residents from extreme weather" (Chapter 7: Housing and Neighborhood Resiliency).

- **Economic and Workforce Development:**
  - **Goal:** "Foster an equitable and robust green economy" (Chapter 8: Economic and Workforce Development).

- **Commercial Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy:**
  - **Goal:** "Move toward net zero carbon emission buildings and supporting the transition to a decarbonized electrical grid" (Chapter 9: Commercial Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy).

- **Nature-based Solutions:**
  - **Goal:** "Protect intact landscapes, restore degraded ecosystems, and improve equitable access to green infrastructure, tree canopy, and open space" (Chapter 10: Nature-based Solutions).

- **Agriculture and Food Systems:**
  - **Goal:** "Promote agriculture and food system solutions" (Chapter 11: Agriculture and Food Systems).

### **Implementation and Accountability:**

- The plan emphasizes "engaging with our community, securing state and federal funding sources, and leveraging partnerships" to ensure successful implementation (Chapter 1: Introduction).

- Annual reporting on the implementation of near-term action items is planned to maintain accountability and assess progress (Chapter 1: Introduction).

### **Conclusion:**

While explicit, quantifiable metrics (e.g., specific tons of CO2 reduction) and units are not detailed in the document, the plan sets broad goals across different sectors related to reducing GHG emissions and promoting resilience and adaptation within Erie County. Deadlines for achieving these goals are structured in terms of short-term, medium-term, and long-term horizons, providing a framework for evaluation over time.

| **Feature**                | **Description**                                                                                                                                                                               |
|----------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name**     | Erie County                                                                                                                                                                                   |
| **Population**             | Not specified in the document                                                                                                                                                                 |
| **Threats Identified**     | - Increase in the frequency and intensity of heat waves                                                                                                                                        |
|                            | - Increase in frequency and severity of flooding                                                                                                                                              |
|                            | - Increase in wind damage                                                                                                                                                                     |
|                            | - Changing habitat suitability for species/diseases                                                                                                                                           |
|                            | - Accessibility and mobility challenges for vulnerable populations                                                                                                                            |
| **Measures Identified**    | - Increase communication and coordination with electric utility companies                                                                                                                    |
|                            | - Enhance outreach and awareness about heat vulnerability and ways to avoid impacts                                                                                                           |
|                            | - Develop a heat emergency plan                                                                                                                                        |

|                            | - Create a system to check on and aid vulnerable residents during heat waves                                                                                                                         |
|                            | - Conserve trees and maintain green infrastructure for stormwater management                                                                                                                  |
|                            | - Avoid development in high flood-risk areas                                                                                                                                                  |
|                            | - Increase power backup system capacity                                                                                                                                                       |
|                            | - Plant wind-resistant trees                                                                                                                                                                  |
|                            | - Financial support for proactive tree removal                                                                                                                                               |
|                            | - Increase monitoring of changing species and health risks                                                                                                                                    |
|                            | - Provide information to reduce impacts from disease-carrying species                                                                                                             |
|                            | - Increase access to public transportation, especially in rural communities                                                                                                                  |
```

The document provided does not contain specific details about the physical and economic landscape, including the demographics, average income, geographic features, key infrastructure, local climate, energy production, or industries and economic drivers of the planning jurisdiction. The information focusing on demographics, average income, geographic features such as mountains, rivers, deserts, coastline, key infrastructure like airports or seaports, and specific industries is not explicitly mentioned. The plan instead focuses on climate action strategies, sustainability initiatives, and the city's approach to mitigating and adapting to climate change effects. If further information regarding these aspects is needed, consulting additional resources or sections not provided here would be advisable.

- The plan includes strategies that aim to create a healthier, more sustainable, and **resilient community** for City residents and businesses. It highlights the importance of the CAP in ensuring **compliance with State-recommended GHG reduction targets** while also creating a **safer, healthier, sustainable, and more economically-prosperous City for all residents** (Chapter 1-1, Chapter 5-13).

- The primary focus of the plan is on **reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions**. It provides GHG reduction strategies to reduce the City's annual per capita GHG levels, aligning these with State targets (Chapter 1-2). The plan focuses on mitigation strategies across sectors such as energy use, transportation, land use, and solid waste (Chapter 1-1). It also quantifies the emission reduction targets to ensure they are feasible and in line with State emissions reduction mandates (Chapter 1-2).

- While adaptation is addressed, it is not the sole focus of the plan. The document mentions that actions to address climate change involve **both adaptation and mitigation, which in coordination can complement each other and reduce climate change risks** (Chapter 2-4). The plan includes a **Vulnerability Assessment** that provides likely future environmental conditions, addressing the City's susceptibility to climate change impacts (Chapter 2-4).

Based on the information provided in the document, the plan can be classified as a **mitigation primary climate action plan**. The emphasis is more on reducing GHG emissions and achieving specific reduction targets in alignment with State mandates, while adaptation and resilience measures are supportive but secondary goals.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change that the planning jurisdiction will face and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation.

### **Scenario Summary:**

- **State and Local Impacts:**  
  The State is expected to experience:
  - **Hotter and drier conditions**
  - **Reductions in winter snow** and **increases in winter rains**
  - **Sea level rise**
  - **Increased occurrence of extreme weather events**

  These impacts will have compounding effects on economic systems throughout the State, leading to significant financial losses without action ("CLIMATE ACTION PLAN 2-4").

- **Wildfire Risk:**
  - Wildfires are expected to increase in frequency, size, and intensity due to increased temperatures induced by climate change. Even under a "medium" warming scenario predicted by the IPCC, wildfire risk is projected to increase by 55% in California ("CLIMATE ACTION PLAN 2-5").

- **Precipitation and Flood Risk:**
  - Increased temperatures are expected to shift winter precipitation from snow to rain, increasing flood potential as water that would normally be held in snowpacks flows into the Central Valley during rainstorm events ("CLIMATE ACTION PLAN 2-4").

- **Sea Level Rise:**
  - In an extreme scenario involving rapid Antarctic ice sheet loss, sea level along the State’s coastline could rise by up to 10 feet by 2100 ("CLIMATE ACTION PLAN 2-4").

### **Planning for Resilience, Mitigation, and Adaptation:**
- The plan discusses a coordinated strategy of adaptation and mitigation to complement each other and reduce climate change risks ("CLIMATE ACTION PLAN 2-4").
- The City has prepared a Vulnerability Assessment to inform policies to adapt to identified future conditions ("CLIMATE ACTION PLAN 2-5").
- Efforts will be directed towards GHG reduction strategies, with specific targets aligned with State goals, to reduce per capita GHG levels ("CLIMATE ACTION PLAN 1-2").

**1. Increased Rate of Wildfires**

- **The climate hazard:** "Wildfire risk is based on a combination of factors including precipitation, winds, temperature, and vegetation." Wildfires are anticipated to grow in number and size throughout the state due to increased temperatures induced by climate change. "Even under the 'medium' warming scenario predicted by IPCC, wildfire risk will likely increase by 55 percent in California" (Chapter 2, Climate Action Plan 2-5).

- **The climate risks it poses to the planning jurisdiction:** While urbanized Elk Grove itself is unlikely to experience increased fire risk directly, wildfires in surrounding areas, such as the Sierra Nevada, affect air quality within the planning area. "Wildland fires produce substantial emissions of particulate matter (i.e., smoke, soot), which may cause adverse health effects" (Chapter 2, Climate Action Plan 2-5).

- **Areas or populations with the most climate vulnerability to the identified climate hazard:** In the mostly urbanized city, wildfire hazards are low, but they could occur with greater frequency in areas where development has expanded into previously rural areas. Grass fires could occur in portions of the South and East study areas that are currently undeveloped (Chapter 2, Climate Action Plan 2-5).

**2. Drought and Water Scarcity**

- **The climate hazard:** The State will experience hot and dry conditions with reductions in winter snow and increases in winter rains. The driest four-year statewide precipitation on record from 2012 through 2015 exemplifies this trend (Chapter 2, Climate Action Plan 2-4).

- **The climate risks it poses to the planning jurisdiction:** A decreasing supply of freshwater is anticipated under even the most conservative climate change scenarios. The Sierra snowpack is projected to see significant reductions in its historic average by 2050 and 2100, affecting Elk Grove's water supplies derived from snowmelt (Chapter 2, Climate Action Plan 2-9).

- **Areas or populations with the most climate vulnerability to the identified climate hazard:** Localized populations that rely on the planning area's water supplies for both consumption and agriculture might face water shortages due to decreased ability to store and transport fresh water (Chapter 2, Climate Action Plan 2-9).

**3. Extreme Heat and Heat Waves**

- **The climate hazard:** As temperatures rise, heat waves are expected to occur more frequently. The past rates of one to two heat waves per decade in Sacramento County are expected to increase to approximately three heat waves per year in Elk Grove in the next 50 years (Chapter 2, Climate Action Plan 2-6).

- **The climate risks it poses to the planning jurisdiction:** Heat waves are expected to significantly impact public health, degrade air quality, and increase mosquito breeding, which corresponds to a rise in mosquito-borne diseases (Chapter 2, Climate Action Plan 2-6).

- **Areas or populations with the most climate vulnerability to the identified climate hazard:** Vulnerable populations, such as the elderly and the young, are more likely to be impacted due to lacking sufficient resources to adapt to these effects, potentially exacerbating social equity issues (Chapter 2, Climate Action Plan 2-7).

**4. Flooding**

- **The climate hazard:** Increased severity and frequency of flood events are forecasted due to more intense rainfall events (Chapter 2, Climate Action Plan 2-9).

- **The climate risks it poses to the planning jurisdiction:** Localized flood events could increase in periods of heavy rain, potentially displacing water storage and flood protection balance, leading to vulnerable areas experiencing more frequent flooding (Chapter 2, Climate Action Plan 2-9).

- **Areas or populations with the most climate vulnerability to the identified climate hazard:** Several areas in the city fall within the 500-, 200-, and 100-year floodplains. These areas are at increased risk due to the existing levee system's potential failure as a result of land subsidence and other stressors (Chapter 2, Climate Action Plan 2-9).

**5. Negative Impacts on Wildlife**

- **The climate hazard:** Rising temperatures are causing species to migrate north or to higher elevations in California, disrupting the food chain and affecting ecosystems (Chapter 2, Climate Action Plan 2-6).

- **The climate risks it poses to the planning jurisdiction:** Water and food supplies are expected to be more variable and shift, leading to potential conflicts with animal breeding seasons and other natural processes (Chapter 2, Climate Action Plan 2-6).

- **Areas or populations with the most climate vulnerability to the identified climate hazard:** Species unable to migrate face the danger of extinction, including cold-water fish and endemic species sensitive to climate variability (Chapter 2, Climate Action Plan 2-6).

Based on the provided excerpts from the Climate Action Plan, the following resilience options are identified:

### Option 1: General Adaptation Strategies
1. **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:**
   - The excerpt discusses the need to address **general risks** posed by climate change, such as "hotter and drier conditions, reductions in winter snow and increases in winter rains, sea level rise, and the increased occurrence of extreme weather events" that California is expected to experience (Chapter 2, CLIMATE ACTION PLAN 2-4).

2. **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:**
   - The plan does not specify exact costs or timeframes for these general adaptation measures within the provided excerpts. These strategies address the overall spectrum of climate change impacts rather than targeting a specific locality.

3. **Other Important Attributes:**
   - Economic impacts are significant, with the California Climate Adaptation Strategy estimating **sector-wide losses** of "‘tens of billions of dollars per year in direct costs’" without action (Chapter 2, CLIMATE ACTION PLAN 2-4).
   - The need for adaptive strategies to prevent economic losses indicates a focus on **economic resilience** and safeguarding infrastructure.
   - Rising temperatures and altered precipitation are seen as threats to **water management systems**, potentially increasing pressures on flood control infrastructure (Chapter 2, CLIMATE ACTION PLAN 2-4).

### Option 2: Hydrology and Water Resources Study
   - Focuses on addressing **hydrology patterns, water quality issues**, and threats to water security due to climate change (Chapter 2, CLIMATE ACTION PLAN 2-5).

   - Specific costs or timeframes for the related studies or measures are not provided in the excerpts. These efforts are likely ongoing given their importance in the adaptation strategy.
   - Location-specific studies are implied, focusing on the state of California and the City of Elk Grove due to provided climate vulnerability assessments.

   - The study intends to support long-term environmental sustainability by focusing on ensuring water security and managing risks posed by **extreme precipitation and drought** (Chapter 2, CLIMATE ACTION PLAN 2-5).

### Option 3: Addressing Health Risks and Social Equity
   - Focuses on the **climate penalty** effects, which increase health risks due to rising ground-level ozone and air-borne health-damaging particles with warming temperatures (Chapter 2, CLIMATE ACTION PLAN 2-7).

   - Cost is not specifically enumerated for this strategy, but impacts would broadly affect public health across the state, including vulnerable populations.
   - No specific timeframe is mentioned for mitigating these health risks, and strategies are likely part of ongoing efforts.

   - There is a recognition of existing **vulnerable populations** like the elderly and the young being more susceptible to climate impacts that exacerbate health outcomes and increase costs. Therefore, addressing health risks involves **social equity considerations** (Chapter 2, CLIMATE ACTION PLAN 2-7).

### Option 4: Wildfire Risk Management
   - Concentrates on the **increased risk and intensity of wildfires** as temperatures rise, even under "medium" warming scenarios predicted by the IPCC (Chapter 2, CLIMATE ACTION PLAN 2-5).

   - Again, there are no explicit costs or timeframes detailed for this mitigation measure. It is implied these actions have incurred costs considering the significant scale of addressing increased wildfire risks across the state.
   - The urban nature of Elk Grove suggests resilience measures will be integrated primarily in **rural or undeveloped areas** where urban expansion meets wildlands.

   - Acknowledges indirect risks to urban Elk Grove from wildfires through **poor air quality** caused by smoke, which impacts public health despite no direct wildfire threat (Chapter 2, CLIMATE ACTION PLAN 2-5).

The plan identifies several mitigation options categorized under different policy topics. Here is a summary of these mitigation options, along with details on cost, timing, location, and other attributes:

### **Innovative and Efficient Built Environment**

1. **Building Stock: Promote Energy Conservation**
    - **GHG Reductions per Year (2030):** 790 MTCO₂e
    - **Cost to the City:** Medium
    - **Private Investment:** High
    - **Responsible City Department:** Planning, Building, and Public Works

2. **Building Stock: Upgrade Residential Appliances in Existing Development**
    - **GHG Reductions per Year (2030):** 1,593 MTCO₂e

3. **Building Stock: Upgrade Nonresidential Appliances in Existing Development**
    - **GHG Reductions per Year (2030):** 291 MTCO₂e

4. **Building Stock: Encourage or Require Green Building Practices in New Construction**
    - **GHG Reductions per Year (2030):** 192 MTCO₂e

5. **Building Stock: Phase in Zero Net Energy Standards in New Construction**
    - **GHG Reductions per Year (2030):** 5,804 MTCO₂e

6. **Building Stock: Electrification in New and Existing Residential Development**
    - **GHG Reductions per Year (2030):** 19,259 MTCO₂e

7. **Building Stock: Solar Photovoltaics in New and Existing Residential and Commercial Development**
    - **GHG Reductions per Year (2030):** 2,918 MTCO₂e

8. **SMUD Greenergy and SolarShares Programs**
    - **GHG Reductions per Year (2030):** 10,755 MTCO₂e

9. **Increase City Tree Planting**
    - **GHG Reductions per Year (2030):** 273 MTCO₂e

### **Resource Conservation**

1. **GHG Reductions by 2030:** 13,147 MTCO₂e
    - The cost to the city and private investment levels are unspecified in the provided content.
    - Detailed information on specific measures within this category is available in Appendix B.

### **Transportation Alternatives and Congestion Management**

1. **Local Transportation Demand Management program**
    - **2030 Reductions:** 16,880 MTCO₂e
    - **2050 Reductions:** 29,673 MTCO₂e
    - **Attributes:** Seeks a 10% reduction in local road VMT by 2050; supported by a TDM program with incremental effectiveness.
    - **Method:** Based on the Victoria Transport Policy Institute's research.

2. **Pedestrian and Bicycle Travel**
    - **2030 Reductions:** 418 MTCO₂e
    - **2050 Reductions:** 745 MTCO₂e
    - **Attributes:** Implementation of the Bicycle, Pedestrian, and Trail Master Plan; includes development integration of pedestrian design and increased bicycle parking standards.
    - **Method:** Follows CAPCOA guidebook estimates for VMT reductions.

Each policy topic and associated measure has detailed descriptions and calculations included, as documented in Appendix B of the plan.

### **Mitigation Options Identified in the Plan**

The plan categorizes mitigation options under three main policy topics: 

1. **Innovative and Efficient Built Environment**
2. **Resource Conservation**
3. **Transportation Alternatives and Congestion Management**

Here is a summary of the mitigation options including cost, timeframe, location, and other important attributes:

#### **1. Innovative and Efficient Built Environment**
- **Mitigation Measures**:
  - **Building Stock**: 
    - *Promote Energy Conservation*: Contributes to GHG reductions by promoting energy conservation in buildings.
    - *Upgrade Residential Appliances in Existing Development*: Targets upgrading appliances for better energy efficiency.
    - *Encourage or Require Green Building Practices*: Involves promoting green building practices in new constructions.
    - *Phase in Zero Net Energy Standards*: Gradually implement zero net energy standards in new constructions.
    - *Electrification*: Focus on electrifying new and existing residential developments.
    - *Solar Photovoltaics*: Encourage the use of solar photovoltaics in new and existing residential and commercial buildings.

- **Cost**: 
  - Medium cost to the city. 
  - High private investment required. (Chapter 4-7)

- **Timeframe**: 
  - Significant reductions by 2030 and more by 2050.

- **Other Attributes**: 
  - Supported by programs like SMUD Greenergy and SolarShares.

#### **2. Resource Conservation**
- **Mitigation Measures**: 
  - Policies aimed at efficient usage of resources and conservation efforts, contributing to GHG reductions. Specific measures from this topic are not detailed in the excerpts provided.

  - Costs are included within the summary of policy topics, but specific cost details for individual resource conservation measures are not included in the provided excerpts.

  - Contribution to reductions by 2020, 2030, and extends to 2050.

#### **3. Transportation Alternatives and Congestion Management**
  - Implementation of Transportation Demand Management programs to reduce Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) and encourage pedestrian and bicycle travel through infrastructure improvements such as bike lanes and increased bicycle parking. 

  - High cost to the city.
  - High private investment needed. (Chapter 4-34)

  - The aim is to achieve reductions by 2030 and further by 2050.

  - Integration with the Bicycle, Pedestrian, and Trail Master Plan to promote safer and more convenient bicycle and pedestrian travel. By 2030, a 5% reduction in local road VMT is targeted, with a 10% reduction by 2050. 

Overall, these mitigation options are integrated into the city's plan to achieve GHG reductions and are supported by various responsible city departments and public agencies. The plan emphasizes the importance of both public and private investment, engagement, and adherence to established targets for significant GHG emission reductions.

The plan identifies several adaptation options, addressing various climate threats. Here is a summarized list for each identified adaptation option:

### 1. Vulnerability Assessment (VA)
- **Climate Threat:** The Vulnerability Assessment addresses the anticipated impacts of climate change, including hotter and drier conditions, reductions in winter snow, sea level rise, and increased occurrence of extreme weather events. These impacts can result in economic losses and risks to environmental and infrastructural assets.
- **Plan Information:**
  - **Cost:** Not explicitly stated in the plan. It is implied to be part of regular planning procedures. 
  - **Timeframe:** The plan does not specify the exact timeline but suggests ongoing assessment aligned with city planning and updates.
  - **Location:** City of Elk Grove.
  - **Attributes:** The VA is a critical tool for informing policies in the Elk Grove General Plan, focusing on services, health, and safety for adaptation purposes. It complies with the California Government Code and informs local planning to mitigate identified risks.

### 2. Study of Hydrology Patterns, Water Quality Issues, Land Use, Native Species
- **Climate Threat:** These studies help address changes in precipitation that exacerbate wildfires and flooding risks due to altered snowpack dynamics and increased rainfalls.
  - **Cost:** Not detailed in the plan.
  - **Timeframe:** Continual study with no specific end date; part of ongoing adaptation efforts.
  - **Location:** Statewide, including regions such as the Sierra Nevada and Central Valley.
  - **Attributes:** These studies assist in understanding climate change impacts on local ecosystems and water systems, which is crucial for effective planning and adaptation.

### 3. Wildfire Risk Mitigation
- **Climate Threat:** Increased temperature and precipitation changes that lead to a higher frequency and intensity of wildfires.
  - **Timeframe:** Ongoing with a focus on monitoring and adaptation strategies to counteract increased wildfire risks.
  - **Location:** Mostly affects rural and forested areas, but urbanized areas could be indirectly impacted through air quality.
  - **Attributes:** Utilizes the "medium" warming scenario predicted by IPCC, indicating a likely increase in wildfire risk by 55% in California. Emphasizes understanding the effects on air quality for urban areas like Elk Grove.

These adaptation options form part of the City of Elk Grove’s broader climate adaptation strategy, integrated with its general planning efforts to build resilience against anticipated climate threats.

The plan does not directly outline specific climate policies focusing solely on advancing climate justice. However, it addresses climate justice components by highlighting social equity issues and vulnerable populations. Here is a summary based on the given content:

### **Identified Climate Policies that Include Elements of Climate Justice:**

1. **Social Equity and Resource Distribution**
   - **Climate Threat Being Addressed:** The plan mentions the "climate penalty," where rising temperatures increase ground-level ozone and airborne health-damaging particles. These changes can exacerbate public health issues, despite reductions achieved through smog-forming emissions control (Chapter 2 CLIMATE ACTION PLAN 2-7).
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Vulnerable populations, such as the elderly and the young, are more likely to be impacted by these climate change effects. These groups often lack sufficient resources to adapt to these effects and require assistance to respond to both the short and long-term impacts of climate change.

2. **Sector-Wide Economic Impacts**
   - **Climate Threat Being Addressed:** The compounded impacts of climate change, such as hotter and drier conditions, sea level rise, and increased occurrence of extreme weather events, will affect economic systems (Chapter 2 CLIMATE ACTION PLAN 2-4).
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The unequal distribution of resources and increased costs to address community-wide health risks underline the need to proactively address social equity issues to reduce financial strain on local governments.

These components of the plan point to addressing equity in resource distribution and support for vulnerable populations, which are integral parts of advancing climate justice.

The document does not explicitly identify specific maladaptive climate policies. However, based on the general content related to climate policies and strategies within the document, the potential for maladaptation can be considered in the context of the following areas:

1. **Wildfire Resilience Measures**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The plan addresses the risk of increased wildfires due to "increased temperatures induced by climate change" and exacerbated conditions like "precipitation, winds, temperature, and vegetation" (Chapter 2, Climate Action Plan 2-5).
   - **Resilience Option:** The plan mentions mitigation strategies tailored to local needs and assessing risks of wildfire in urban and rural expansions (Chapter 2, Climate Action Plan 2-5).
   - **Potential Maladaptation Reason:** While urbanized Elk Grove itself is considered low-risk, expanding development into rural areas could inadvertently increase exposure and vulnerability to wildfires, potentially leading to increased risk instead of improved resilience.

2. **Flood Control Measures**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The plan acknowledges the increased potential for floods due to "increase in precipitation falling as rain rather than snow," affecting hydrology patterns "placing more pressure on California’s levee/flood control system" (Chapter 2, Climate Action Plan 2-4).
   - **Adaptation Option:** The City plans to study water quality and hydrology patterns, and this assessment informs policies aimed at improving flood resistance (Chapter 2, Climate Action Plan 2-5).
   - **Potential Maladaptation Reason:** Over-reliance on outdated flood control infrastructure may not account for future climate variability, potentially increasing vulnerability in the long term if changes aren't adaptive to more frequent and severe flood events.

3. **Species Protection Initiatives**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Rising temperatures have impacts like "species moving north in California or to higher elevations" and disruption of food chains (Chapter 2, Climate Action Plan 2-6).
   - **Adaptation Option:** Policies and undertakings could focus on conserving existing habitats and protecting against species extinction.
   - **Potential Maladaptation Reason:** Efforts that fail to consider changes in ecosystems with new climates could lead to static protections that don't suit migratory shifts or new habitat formations, thereby wasting resources on areas that may not be viable in future climates.

These are considerations inferred from the document's content regarding potential maladaptation risks rather than explicitly stated maladaptive policies.

### **Success Metrics and Measurement Methods**

The plan outlines several metrics and target indicators to measure the success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options. These include:

- **GHG Emissions Reductions:** 
  - The plan measures reductions in **Metric Tons CO₂ equivalent (MTCO₂e).**
  - Concrete reduction targets are set for the years 2020, 2030, and 2050.
  - *"Annual emissions would be reduced by 295,431 MTCO₂e, a 30 percent reduction from the legislative-adjusted BAU scenario for 2050."* (Chapter 4)

- **Per Capita GHG Emissions:**
  - Targets for per capita emissions are specified as:
    - *"7.6 MTCO₂e per capita by 2020."*
    - *"4.1 MTCO₂e per capita by 2030."*
    - *"1.4 MTCO₂e per capita by 2050."* (Chapter 3)

- **Legislative-Adjusted BAU Forecast with CAP Measures:**
  - The plan measures the emissions forecast adjusted for legislative measures in MTCO₂e to ensure it aligns with the per capita targets. 
  - *"975,506 MTCO₂e by 2020,"* *"826,589 MTCO₂e by 2030,"* and *"675,971 MTCO₂e by 2050."* (Chapter 3)

- **Policy Topic Reductions:**
  - Specific reductions for each policy topic (innovative and efficient built environment, resource conservation, and transportation alternatives) are quantified.
  - For example, *"An Innovative and Efficient Built Environment: -12,826 MTCO₂e by 2020,"* *"-41,875 MTCO₂e by 2030,"* and *"-200,077 MTCO₂e by 2050."* (Chapter 4)

- **Development and Adoption of Mitigation Measures:**
  - *"Achieve VMT reductions for new land use and transportation projects by 2020."* (Chapter 4)
  - *"Development and adoption of a fee-based mitigation program to offset project-level and cumulative VMT impacts from new land use and transportation projects by 2025."* (Chapter 4)

- **Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) Indicators:**
  - Target to *"Divert 10 percent of local vehicle miles traveled (VMT) to alternative modes through increased business serving local residents by 2030."* (Chapter 4)

- **Target Indicators for Monitoring:**
  - These indicators serve to monitor the implementation of measures across policy topics. They include development and adoption of mitigation measures and alternative VMT indicators. (Chapter 4)

### **Monitoring and Updating**

- The City will update the monitoring and reporting tool to track progress and ensure the anticipated reductions are met. Additional policies and measures can be modified or added if reductions do not occur as expected. (Chapter 5)

- The outcome of the plan is to reach specific GHG reduction targets by 2020, 2030, and set the city on a path for long-term reductions by 2050. (Chapter 5)

| Feature                | Details                                                                                                               |
|------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | City of Elk Grove                                                                                                     |
| **Population**         | - 163,093 (2013)                                                                                                      |
|                        | - 181,257 (2020)                                                                                                      |
|                        | - 218,503 (2030)                                                                                                      |
|                        | - 291,481 (2050)                                                                                                      |
| **Threats Identified** | - Hotter and drier conditions                                                                                         |
|                        | - Reductions in winter snow and increases in winter rains                                                             |
|                        | - Sea level rise                                                                                                      |
|                        | - Increased occurrence of extreme weather events                                                                      |
|                        | - Increased rate and intensity of wildfires                                                                           |
| **Measures Identified**| - Innovative and Efficient Built Environment                                                                          |
|                        | - Resource Conservation                                                                                               |
|                        | - Transportation Alternatives and Congestion Management                                                               |
|                        | - GHG reduction strategies divided into measures per sector                                                            |
|                        | - Monitoring and updating mechanisms for Climate Action Plan to meet GHG reduction targets                           |
|                        | - Vulnerability Assessment to inform policies based on local demographics and scientific climate projections           |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction:** City of San Diego

**Location:** The City of San Diego boasts 17 miles of coastline and is known for its temperate climate.

- Population characteristics indicate diversity, with around thirty percent of the City's residents being Hispanic or Latinx, roughly one-sixth being Asian, and a little more than half being White. 
- More than forty percent of San Diegans speak a language other than English at home.

**Key Geographic Features:**
- San Diego is characterized by its coastline, which spans 17 miles, contributing to its natural beauty and attraction.
- Climate Resilient SD identifies four primary climate change-related hazards impacting the city: extreme heat, extreme rainfall or drought, wildfires, and sea level rise.

- The plan highlights challenges posed by a changing climate, including extreme heat, changes in precipitation patterns, wildfires, and sea level rise, all of which pose risks to residents, infrastructure, and the natural environment.

- San Diego has a strong economy built on four key sectors: innovation and manufacturing, tourism, military, and international trade.
- Tourism is emphasized as San Diego’s second largest industry, employing 194,000 people across the county and generating $940 million for the local economy. Protecting natural spaces and recreation opportunities is crucial for maintaining San Diego's economy and quality of life for the future.

- While the plan does not specify the city's specific sources of energy production such as oil, gas, or renewables, it does emphasize the importance of protecting natural spaces and utilizing adaptive pathways to manage natural resources responsibly.
  
- Major infrastructure mentioned in relation to climate risks includes coastline infrastructure, where adaptive strategies are considered for mitigating coastal flooding and erosion. There's no direct mention in the provided excerpts of airports, seaports, or other specific infrastructure.
  
Overall, San Diego is portrayed as a diverse, economically strong city with significant focus on protecting its natural and cultural resources in the face of climate change challenges.

The plan emphasizes resilience as a key component, focusing on the ability of San Diego to "bounce back—and forward—after a climate event" (City of San Diego Climate Resilient San Diego). It aims to improve the resilience of San Diego’s communities by preparing for climate impacts such as extreme heat, rainfall, wildfires, and sea level rise (Our Resilient City). The plan is designed to maintain essential services while also providing equitable opportunities for a thriving future (City of San Diego Climate Resilient San Diego).

Mitigation is addressed primarily within the broader framework of the city’s Climate Action Plan, which aims to "reduce greenhouse gas emissions, slow down global warming, and avoid the worst potential impacts of climate change" (Mitigation vs. Adaptation). Although mitigation is mentioned, the main emphasis of the Climate Resilient SD is on adaptation and resilience.

**Adaptation:** 

Adaptation is a central focus of the plan, which is described as the "City’s comprehensive adaptation and resilience plan" (Our Resilient City). The plan outlines strategies to minimize climate risks and increase San Diego’s capacity to adapt, recover, and thrive in a changing climate. Adaptation strategies include prioritizing communities most vulnerable to climate change and promoting local-based solutions (How We Will Thrive).

**Plan Classification:**

Overall, the plan is best classified as an **adaptation/resilience dedicated** plan. It centers on building local capacity to adapt and recover from climate-related hazards, with resilience as a primary objective.

Yes, the plan does describe scenarios of climate change that the City of San Diego will face, and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. The plan identifies four primary climate change-related hazards for the city:

- **Extreme heat**
- **Extreme rainfall or drought**
- **Wildfires**
- **Sea level rise**

The plan mentions that "Climate change is already impacting our city and can be felt in the daily lives of residents" (3). It also recognizes that not all communities are affected equally: "These impacts are not felt equally across all our community members, with some communities experiencing the impacts more strongly, with fewer resources to prepare and respond" (3).

The level of impact these climate change hazards will have on the city's people, assets, and resources was assessed through a detailed Climate Change Hazard Vulnerability Assessment, considering exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity (3). 

Furthermore, the plan indicates the need for resilience and adaptation strategies to address these scenarios by stating: "Climate Resilient SD is the City’s comprehensive adaptation and resilience plan that focuses on increasing local capacity to adapt, recover and thrive in changing climate" (4).

**1. Extreme Heat**

   - **Description:** The plan identifies extreme heat as a significant climate hazard impacting the City of San Diego and mentions that residents experience days of extreme heat, which is a direct effect of climate change. 
   
   - **Climate Risks:** Extreme heat events pose risks to public health and safety. The risks include health impacts like heat exhaustion or heat stroke, especially for vulnerable populations that lack resources to mitigate these impacts.
   
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Socially vulnerable populations face disproportionate and unequal risk from extreme heat exposure, including those who may have fewer resources to prepare for and respond to heat events. 

**2. Extreme Rainfall or Drought**

   - **Description:** Changes in precipitation, including both extreme rainfall events leading to flooding and drought conditions, are highlighted as a major climate hazard for the City.
   
   - **Climate Risks:** The risks associated with these changes include flooding and drought, which can lead to transportation delays, damage to infrastructure, and potentially negative consequences for water supply and quality.
   
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The plan does not specify particular areas or populations that are more vulnerable to extreme rainfall or drought, but it implies that existing infrastructure and areas prone to flooding may face significant risk.

**3. Wildfires**

   - **Description:** Wildfires have been identified as a primary climate change hazard for San Diego, with changing frequency and severity that increase the risk.
   
   - **Climate Risks:** Wildfires pose potential risks to various city assets and services. Police stations and water pump stations are highly vulnerable to wildfires, which could delay emergency response and disrupt essential services.
   
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas that are highly susceptible to wildfires, such as those within fire-hazard severity zones, are at higher risk. Vulnerable populations include those living near these high-risk zones.

**4. Sea Level Rise**

   - **Description:** Sea level rise and related coastal hazards, such as coastal erosion and storm surge, are identified as significant climate risks.
   
   - **Climate Risks:** Sea level rise could damage critical infrastructure such as lifeguard stations, bridges, and wastewater treatment plants, potentially leading to coastal flooding and erosion.
   
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Coastal areas and critical infrastructure near the shoreline are particularly vulnerable. Assets such as community parks, beaches, and historical sites near the coast are at heightened risk.

1. **Identify Critical Transportation Network Elements and Create Emergency Transportation Alternatives**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Extreme weather events that could affect transportation routes.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Near to Midterm timeframe, exact cost not specified.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** This strategy prioritizes corridors that act as evacuation routes or provide access to critical facilities. Evacuation plans should address vulnerable populations, include all modes of transportation, address needs of people with disabilities and homelessness, and consider route planning, notification testing, emergency sheltering, and road maintenance (_Appendix A_).

2. **Develop Flood Assistance Program**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flooding.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Midterm timeframe, exact cost not specified.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** This program could include technical advice or materials, such as sandbags and plastic sheeting. It aims to provide flood protection information and resources to community residents and businesses, ensuring vulnerable populations have access to these resources at low or no cost (_Appendix A_).

3. **Establish Levees Inspection and Maintenance Program**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flood protection.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** This program includes conducting inspections, addressing maintenance deficiencies, updating the Levee System Operation and Maintenance Manual, and enforcing floodplain regulations to protect structures from flooding (_Appendix A_).

4. **Update Open Space and Community Park Plans**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Impact of climate change on natural integrity.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Near and ongoing, cost not specified.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Considerations include habitat shifts, habitat expansion or corridor connections, preservation and restoration of natural features, increased native plantings, and protection of cultural resources. This aims to protect open space and parkland against climate impacts and improve natural resiliency (_Appendix A_).

5. **Implement Nature-based Shoreline Protection**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Coastal flooding and erosion.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Develop a coastal resilience master plan identifying locations for nature-based solutions such as beach nourishment, living shorelines, and dune restoration to mitigate coastal flooding and erosion, improve coastal resiliency, protect habitat, and increase recreational opportunities (_Appendix A_).

6. **Integrate Climate Resilience and Equity in Capital Improvement Program**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Climate change hazards.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Integrates Climate Equity Index and hazard maps into planning, considering future operation, maintenance, and repair costs due to climate-related hazards. Prioritizes resilience investments in vulnerable communities (_Appendix A_).

7. **Develop Workforce Preparedness Training and Programs**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Emergency response capacity during climate hazards.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Updates emergency management plans to include climate hazards and provides disaster preparedness training to City employees. Provisions for redundancy and backup resources for critical operations (_Appendix A_).

8. **Account for High Heat Days in Staff Planning**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Extreme heat.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Ensures staff compliance with the Illness and Injury Prevention Plan, and provides heat protective measures like cooling breaks, sun protection, and hydration (_Appendix A_).

9. **Consider Renewable Generation and Energy Storage Systems**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Energy disruptions due to climate change.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Near to Midterm, cost not specified.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Evaluates microgrid installations and renewable energy sources to increase resiliency, reduce costs, and support grid stability. Assesses the implementation of microgrids and energy efficiency improvements for City buildings (_Appendix A_).

These options collectively aim to address climate change impacts while factoring in practical, economic, and infrastructural considerations to build a resilient and adaptable San Diego.

Based on the content provided, the plan does not explicitly mention specific mitigation options aimed solely at reducing or preventing the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs). The focus appears to be predominantly on adaptation and resilience strategies. However, there are some actions that have co-benefits that contribute to mitigation, such as promoting renewable energy and enhancing energy efficiency. Here are some instances that indirectly relate to mitigation:

1. **Consider Combining Renewable Generation with Battery Energy Storage Systems and/or Microgrid Installations**
    - **Cost**: Not explicitly mentioned.
    - **Timing**: Near to Mid-term.
    - **Location**: City capacity for climate change-driven energy disruptions.
    - **Attributes**: This option aims to increase resiliency in the face of climate change-driven energy disruptions, reduce energy costs, and support a stable electric grid. It assesses implementation of microgrids and battery storage systems to provide backup power for critical city operations and communities, and utilizes renewable energy sources. (_Appendix A: Climate Hazards Adaptation Strategy and Additional Information_)

2. **Incentivize Installation of Cool Roofs and Green Roofs**
    - **Timing**: Near and ongoing.
    - **Location**: City areas with a strong emphasis on Transit Priority Areas, Communities of Concern, and areas of high heat risk.
    - **Attributes**: The expansion of cool roof and Eco-roof programs to broader areas in the City is considered, with potential cooling and air quality benefits. (_Appendix A: Climate Hazards Adaptation Strategy and Additional Information_)

3. **Identify City Buildings Appropriate for Installation of Distributed Energy Resources Like Battery Energy Storage and Microgrids**
    - **Location**: City buildings.
    - **Attributes**: This action is intended to increase the City’s capacity to respond to climate change-driven energy disruptions and reduce energy costs, while considering size requirements and improving energy efficiency during emergency responses. (_Appendix A: Climate Hazards Adaptation Strategy and Additional Information_)

4. **Support Expansion and Management of Active Transportation Network**
    - **Location**: Citywide, focusing on connectivity to employment and residential areas.
    - **Attributes**: Expanding the active transportation network includes improving sidewalks, bike lanes, and public transit facilities, which could indirectly contribute to reducing GHG emissions by promoting less reliance on traditional vehicles. (_Appendix A: Climate Hazards Adaptation Strategy and Additional Information_)

5. **Explore Siting Renewable Generation Projects on City-Owned Land, Landfills, Lakes, and Reservoirs**
    - **Timing**: Medium-term.
    - **Location**: City-owned lands, landfills, lakes, and reservoirs.
    - **Attributes**: This strategy supports the generation of renewable energy, which can mitigate GHG emissions. (_Appendix A: Climate Hazards Adaptation Strategy and Additional Information_)

These measures, while focused on resilience and adaptation, include elements that contribute to mitigation by promoting renewable energy, energy efficiency, and sustainable transportation solutions. They include aspects of timing, potential benefits, and implementation context, even if specific monetary costs are not detailed.

The plan identifies several mitigation options. Here is a summary of the information provided for each:

1. **Promote water conservation through updates to City irrigation system.**
   - **Cost:** Not explicitly mentioned.
   - **Timeframe:** Mid-term.
   - **Attributes:** Updates to irrigation systems can conserve water and save energy by increasing irrigation precision to avoid runoff or excess saturation of soil. (*Appendix A, Policy CCS-2*)

2. **Account for high heat days when planning City staff duties.**
   - **Timeframe:** Near-term and ongoing.
   - **Attributes:** Ensure staff have adequate cooling breaks, sun protection, and hydration. Comply with the Illness and Injury Prevention Plan. (*Appendix A, Policy CCS-4*)

3. **Consider the value of combining renewable generation with battery energy storage systems and/or microgrid installations.**
   - **Timeframe:** Near to mid-term.
   - **Location:** City-owned facilities.
   - **Attributes:** Increases resiliency in the face of climate change-driven energy disruptions, reduces energy costs, and supports a stable electric grid. (*Appendix A, Policy CCS-4*)

4. **Support expansion and management of active transportation network.**
   - **Attributes:** Expand infrastructure such as sidewalks, bike lanes, and public transit facilities. Consider future climate conditions and implementation of bioswales for floodwater retention. (*Appendix A, Policy RE-2*)

5. **Incentivize installation of cool roofs and green roofs.**
   - **Location:** Focus on areas with high heat risk and transit priority areas.
   - **Attributes:** Assessment of cool roof requirements and feasibility of expanding the Eco-roof program to other areas of the City. (*Appendix A, Policy RE-2*)

The plan identifies several adaptation options to address various climate threats. Below is a summary of each adaptation option, including the climate threat it is addressing and other important attributes such as cost, timeframe, and location:

1. **Option: Identify critical transportation network elements and create emergency transportation alternatives and detours for vulnerable routes.**
   - **Climate Threat:** Extreme weather events.
   - **Attributes:** 
     - **Timeframe:** Near to Mid-term.
     - **Core Benefits:** Protect public health and safety.
     - **Cost:** Not specified.

2. **Option: Develop flood assistance program.**
   - **Climate Threat:** Flooding.
     - **Core Benefits:** Ensure vulnerable populations have access to resources at low or no cost.

3. **Option: Establish levees inspection and maintenance program.**
     - **Core Benefits:** Protect structures from flooding.

4. **Option: Develop an ecosystem fire recovery master plan.**
   - **Climate Threat:** Wildfire.
     - **Core Benefits:** Protect and improve ecosystem health.

5. **Option: Develop an action plan to support the completion of the City’s Multiple Species Conservation Plan Preserve.**
   - **Climate Threat:** Biodiversity loss.
     - **Core Benefits:** Protect environmental quality and biodiversity.

6. **Option: Continue to implement land management practices.**
   - **Climate Threat:** Ecosystem degradation.
     - **Timeframe:** Near, Ongoing.
     - **Core Benefits:** Support ecosystem function and healthy watersheds.

7. **Option: Protect, restore and enhance urban canyons.**
   - **Climate Threat:** Ecosystem health and biodiversity loss.
     - **Core Benefits:** Provide recreational opportunities and heat mitigation.

8. **Option: Implement nature-based shoreline protection methods.**
   - **Climate Threat:** Coastal flooding and erosion.
     - **Core Benefits:** Improve coastal resiliency and protect habitat.

9. **Option: Prepare and implement a facility climate change action plan for Point Loma Wastewater Treatment Plant.**
   - **Climate Threat:** Sea level rise, changes in precipitation.
     - **Core Benefits:** Reduce impacts related to wastewater system.

10. **Option: Continue efforts to increase wastewater diversion.**
    - **Climate Threat:** Increased precipitation intensity and coastal flooding.
    - **Attributes:**
      - **Timeframe:** Near to Mid-term.
      - **Core Benefits:** Increase adaptive capacity of the wastewater system.
      - **Cost:** Not specified.

11. **Option: Conduct detailed site assessments at active, vulnerable waste and wastewater facilities.**
    - **Climate Threat:** Climate change hazard risk.
      - **Timeframe:** Mid to Long-term.
      - **Core Benefits:** Identify site-specific mitigation options.

12. **Option: Integrate projected increases in wildfire frequency and intensity into watershed management.**
    - **Climate Threat:** Wildfire.
      - **Timeframe:** Mid-term.
      - **Core Benefits:** Ensure minimal disruption to City services.

13. **Option: Promote water conservation through updates to City irrigation system.**
    - **Climate Threat:** Drought and water scarcity.
      - **Core Benefits:** Conserve water and save energy.

14. **Option: Develop workforce preparedness training opportunities and programs.**
    - **Climate Threat:** Climate events affecting city services.
      - **Timeframe:** Near, Ongoing.
      - **Core Benefits:** Quickly restore essential City services.

15. **Option: Build redundancy and/or backup resources available to support critical operations during an emergency event.**
    - **Climate Threat:** Emergency events disrupting critical services.
      - **Core Benefits:** Maintain critical City services.

16. **Option: Implement a knowledge transfer and training program.**
    - **Climate Threat:** Loss of natural hazard response procedures due to staff turnover.
      - **Core Benefits:** Retain response protocols.

17. **Option: Create web map for primary climate change hazard.**
    - **Climate Threat:** Lack of up-to-date geographical data.
      - **Core Benefits:** Keep data updated for hazard projections.

18. **Option: Develop resilient design guidelines.**
    - **Climate Threat:** Future precipitation, sea level rise, wildfire, and heat.
      - **Core Benefits:** Reduce exposure to climate change hazards.

19. **Option: Hold community trainings for emergency response and preparedness.**
    - **Climate Threat:** Insufficient community response to climate events.
      - **Core Benefits:** Enhance community preparedness.

20. **Option: Expand and amplify wayfinding and public outreach campaigns for wildfire response.**
    - **Climate Threat:** Wildfire evacuations.
      - **Core Benefits:** Support community preparedness.

The plan identifies several climate policies aimed at advancing climate justice. Here is a summary of each policy, including the climate threat it addresses and the areas or populations with the most climate vulnerability:

### **Policy RE-1: Prioritize resilience investments and implementation of strategies in Communities of Concern**

1. **Climate Threat**: 
   - Various climate hazards, with a focus on addressing inequities and prioritizing investment in climate resilience.
2. **Areas or Populations with Climate Vulnerability**:
   - Communities of Concern identified in the Climate Equity Index, which measures access to opportunity and potential impacts of climate change.

### **Policy RE-2: Foster vibrant, healthy, and sustainable communities**

   - Extreme heat and air quality issues.
   - Vulnerable populations, particularly low-income residents and families, with initiatives to increase access to healthy food markets and parks, and improve infrastructure such as transportation networks and green spaces.

### **Policy RE-3: Prioritize strategies with multiple benefits that increase the adaptive capacity of the City’s most vulnerable communities**

   - Urban heat and general climate change impacts.
   - Initiatives focus on urban greening and implementing strategies in communities identified as vulnerable based on climate change vulnerability assessments.

### **Policy RE-4: Deepen community partnerships to support greater community involvement in resilience action and plan implementation**

   - General climate change impacts.
   - Encourages partnerships with local schools, universities, tribal organizations, and community-based organizations, with a focus on removing barriers to participation and promoting environmental stewardship.

### **Policy RE-5: Ensure vulnerable communities have resources necessary to respond to climate change impacts**

   - Extreme heat and other climate-related vulnerabilities.
   - Communities of Concern and populations at risk from heat exposure, with initiatives such as resilience hubs, Cool Zones program, and community resilience microgrants.

Based on the content provided from the plan, the following potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies are identified:

1. **Policy**: Incentivize installation of cool roofs and green roofs. 
   - **Climate Threat**: Extreme heat events.
   - **Adaptation Option**: The plan proposes the adaptation strategy of installing cool roofs and green roofs to mitigate the impacts of extreme heat by cooling buildings and potentially reducing energy use for air conditioning.
   - **Potential for Maladaptation**: While cool roofs and green roofs can provide cooling benefits, if not properly designed for the local environmental conditions, they could lead to unintended consequences. For instance, cool roofs may increase reflectivity that leads to higher temperatures in surrounding areas, also known as the albedo effect, which might contribute to creating heat islands if not managed properly. Additionally, green roofs require water and maintenance, which could inadvertently increase resource use in drought-prone areas.

2. **Strategy**: Explore siting renewable generation projects on City-owned land, landfills, lakes, and reservoirs.
   - **Climate Threat**: Energy disruptions due to climate change.
   - **Mitigation Option**: This mitigation strategy aims to increase energy resilience by using City-owned land for renewable energy projects like solar panels.
   - **Potential for Maladaptation**: Siting renewable generation projects on sensitive environmental locations like lakes or reservoirs may disrupt local ecosystems and water management systems. If not carefully assessed, such projects might lead to degradation of aquatic habitats or conflict with other land uses, such as recreation or conservation areas. This could inadvertently cause more harm than the intended benefit of increasing renewable energy capacity.

The potential areas for maladaptation highlight the importance of thorough environmental and social assessments before implementation, ensuring that adaptation or mitigation strategies do not compromise other critical environmental or community needs.

The document does not explicitly provide specific metrics, units, or concrete numerical goals for measuring the success or failure of each adaptation, resilience, or mitigation option. However, it does emphasize a framework of ongoing community involvement and adaptive implementation to adjust strategies as needed. Here is a summary based on the provided content:

- **Adaptive Implementation:**
  - The plan highlights the need for "continued effort to monitor the success and outcomes of adaptation strategies as they are implemented" and mentions that the "Climate Resilient SD plan should be updated regularly, at least every 5 years" ("Living Document"). 
  - Specific outcomes or metrics are not explicitly detailed, but it mentions that "continued equitable public engagement throughout plan implementation will ensure that community voices continue to be heard" to meet community needs ("Implementation Framework").

- **Community Involvement and Flexible Implementation:**
  - The plan refers to the need for "adaptive implementation" and mentions that it is a "flexible framework" to increase the City’s capacity to adjust to a changing climate ("Adaptive Implementation").

- **Prioritization of Adaptation Strategies:**
  - Specific decision-making criteria for strategy prioritization include "cost, effectiveness, lifespan, and core benefits" ("Policy CCS-5").

- **Core Benefits:**
  - While specific metrics are not listed, the document discusses "core benefits" which might serve as an implied metric. Core benefits are described as "services and benefits provided by adaptation strategies beyond risk mitigation," including improving air quality and providing recreational opportunities ("How We Will Thrive").

Although specific units or metrics such as tons of CO₂ reductions or index values for air quality improvements are not provided, the document emphasizes flexible policies and ongoing revisions to the plan to reflect best practices and community needs.

| **Feature**            | **Details**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                |
|------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | City of San Diego                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |
| **Population**         | The specific population is not provided in the document.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |
| **Threats Identified** | - Extreme heat  <br> - Extreme rainfall or drought  <br> - Wildfires  <br> - Sea level rise  <br> - Coastal erosion  <br> - Flooding  <br> - Particulate air pollution                                                                                                                                                     |
| **Measures Identified**| - Develop an ecosystem fire recovery master plan. <br> - Continue implementation of the Multiple Species Conservation Plan Preserve. <br> - Land management practices to support ecosystems and watersheds. <br> - Protect, restore, and enhance urban canyons. <br> - Develop emergency transportation and evacuation plans. <br> - Levee inspection and maintenance program. |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction:** City of Long Beach

**Location:** Long Beach, California

- The city is recognized for its diversity, described as a "source of strength, vibrancy, and resilience" but also noted for racial and economic disparities.

**Environmental Features:**
- The plan highlights the **Los Angeles River channel** as a geographic feature where the risk of urban flooding is expected to increase.
- Long Beach is identified as a coastal area, with mention of its location by the **Pacific Ocean**. The **Port of Long Beach**, referred to in the plan as the POLB Harbor District, is a significant infrastructure feature.

- Long Beach experiences spatial manifestations of racial and economic disparities, and low-income communities of color are noted as historically excluded from neighborhoods with less environmental pollution.
- The **Port of Long Beach** is a key infrastructure feature that strategic climate and adaptation planning would affect.
- Economic opportunities in Long Beach are envisioned through sustainable infrastructure projects such as building efficiency retrofits, decarbonization of energy generation, and transit infrastructure support jobs creation.

**Climate:**
- The local climate is characterized by impacts from climate change such as extreme heat, with its impacts being more concentrated in Central, West, and North Long Beach.
  
**Energy Production:**
- The plan outlines strategies related to energy production, highlighting efforts for building decarbonization and increasing electricity generation from renewable sources.

- Key industries include transportation, heavily influenced by the presence of the **airport** and **seaport**.
- The plan emphasizes policies aiming to increase the presence of electric vehicles and the development of infrastructure to support this transition.

**Water and Aridity Challenges:**
- While water challenges are not explicitly detailed in the provided information, the plan mentions the need for addressing urban flooding and the risk factors associated with climate impacts, suggesting concerns about water management.

Overall, Long Beach's strategic climate plan encompasses a vision for a sustainable future incorporating economic development, community resilience building, and spatial justice efforts, particularly for low-income and diverse communities affected by historical environmental and economic inequities.

The Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP) for the City of Long Beach places a significant focus on resilience by targeting the ability of the city to cope with climate hazards through adaptation measures. The plan outlines how "adapting Long Beach to climate change" is essential to address existing and future climate impacts such as extreme weather events. The plan aims to create a more "equitable, low-carbon, climate-resilient future" by embedding strategies for climate adaptation in city planning ([Introduction](#)).

The plan addresses mitigation by setting out strategies to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It emphasizes reducing the city's impact on the climate by reducing these emissions and contributes to California's climate goals, such as reducing emissions to 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality by 2045. This is underscored by a community-wide GHG inventory that has been established as part of the plan ([Introduction](#); [Emissions Reduction Targets](#)).

Adaptation is heavily featured in the plan with strategies specifically designed to adjust infrastructures and behaviors in response to climate change, such as "extreme heat, worsening air quality, drought, and SLR [sea-level rise] and flooding." It includes a climate vulnerability assessment and a roadmap for implementing policies and projects to bolster the city's adaptation efforts. The plan also includes monitoring and evaluation measures to ensure adaptive actions remain effective ([Introduction](#); [Climate Adaptation Process](#)).

Based on the emphasis placed on both reducing GHG emissions and implementing strong adaptation strategies, the plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. It addresses both mitigation and adaptation in a balanced manner, providing a comprehensive approach to tackling climate change and its impacts on the city.

Yes, the plan describes scenarios of climate change that the City of Long Beach will face and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation.

- **Extreme Heat:** The plan outlines "projected days of extreme heat (95 degrees and above), which will increase from 4 days (1980-2000) to 9 days (2008-2017), 11-16 days mid-century, and 11-37 days by the end of the century" (Executive Summary).

- **Sea Level Rise and Precipitation:** Projections indicate a "sea level rise of 11 inches by 2030, 24 inches by 2050, and 66 inches (mid-range) to 2100, with potential for a high range of 37 inches by 2050 and 66 inches by 2100." This increase, combined with high tides and storms, is expected to increase flooding inland (Executive Summary).

- **Air Quality:** Rising temperatures are expected to worsen air pollution, which will affect those sensitive to poor air quality and communities near emission sources (Executive Summary).

- **Drought:** Changes in temperature and precipitation are anticipated to worsen drought conditions, reduce snowpack, and limit access to imported water (Executive Summary).

The plan notes that as climate models and projections are improved and updated with new data and observations, they will inform future updates of the Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP) (Executive Summary).

**1. Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding**

- **The Climate Hazard:** "Sea level rise and coastal flooding are expected to result from increasing temperatures and changing precipitation patterns" (Section 11.1).
  
- **The Climate Risks:** Storm surges and coastal flooding have the potential to "cause injury, loss of life, displacement and increased mental health burden" (Appendix C, Section 12.1). With an estimated 24 inches of sea level rise (SLR) and a 100-year storm surge, "over 22,000 residents are at risk of exposure to flooding" (Appendix C, Section 12.1).

- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The Southeastern portion of Long Beach "is susceptible to coastal and riverine flooding and has a higher share of residents over the age of 65 than other parts of the City" (Appendix C, Section 12.1). Elderly people may be particularly vulnerable due to difficulties in evacuation and health risks from flooding conditions.

- **The Climate Hazard:** Riverine flooding is often connected with extreme precipitation events and can exacerbate flooding risks in coastal areas (Appendix C, Section 12.1).
  
- **The Climate Risks:** Similar to sea level rise, riverine flooding can lead to injury, displacement, and mental health issues due to frequent and severe flood events (Appendix C, Section 12.1).

- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas that experience riverine flooding include those with "higher shares of elderly residents," making evacuation and adaptation more challenging (Appendix C, Section 12.1).

**3. Extreme Heat**

- **The Climate Hazard:** Extreme heat events are projected to increase significantly, from an average of four extreme heat days (over 95°F) to 11-16 days by mid-century and 11-37 days by the end of the century (Appendix C, Section 2.3).
  
- **The Climate Risks:** Extreme heat can cause "heat-related mortality, cardiovascular-related mortality, respiratory morality, and increase hospital admission and emergency department visits" (Appendix C, Section 12.2).

- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Vulnerability is heightened for "children, the elderly, people with respiratory disease, and those who work outdoors." Environmental factors like limited green space and neighborhoods with high levels of impervious surfaces also increase vulnerability (Appendix C, Section 12.2).

**4. Drought**

- **The Climate Hazard:** Climate change is expected to "increase the severity and length of future droughts statewide" due to changes in precipitation and temperatures (Appendix C, Section 2.4).
  
- **The Climate Risks:** Droughts can strain water resources, impacting agriculture and potable water supplies, and increase vulnerability of urban populations to water shortages (Appendix C, Section 2.4).

- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Drought impacts are assessed broadly across physical and human systems, considering both exposure to the hazard and existing vulnerabilities (Appendix C, Section 2.4).

**5. Air Quality**

- **The Climate Hazard:** Higher temperatures are expected to increase "the frequency, duration, and intensity of conditions conducive to air pollution formation" (Appendix C, Section 2.5).
  
- **The Climate Risks:** Air quality decline can lead to "asthma and other cardiovascular and respiratory diseases," exacerbating health issues in vulnerable populations (Appendix D).

- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Vulnerable communities, especially those near emissions sources, and those with pre-existing health conditions, may suffer the most from declining air quality (Appendix D).

1. **Increase Presence of Reflective Streets, Surfaces, Shade Canopies, and Bus Shelter Amenities**
   - **Climate Threat:** Extreme Heat
   - **Details:** Not specifically stated in terms of cost or timeframe.
   - **Other Attributes:** This option aims to reduce heat absorption and provide cooling, enhancing human comfort during extreme heat events.

2. **Expand Usage of Green Infrastructure and Green Streets**
   - **Climate Threat:** Drought
   - **Other Attributes:** Green infrastructure can assist in managing water resources more sustainably during times of drought.

3. **Address Sea Level Rise in Citywide Plans, Policies, and Regulations**
   - **Climate Threat:** Sea Level Rise and Flooding
   - **Details:** Includes incorporation of adaptation strategies into City lease negotiations.
   - **Other Attributes:** Targeted at long-term planning, this involves policy adjustments to manage future risks associated with rising sea levels.

4. **Update the City's Existing Stormwater Management Plan**
   - **Other Attributes:** Focused on reducing the risk of flooding through improved stormwater management systems.

5. **Relocate/Elevate Critical Infrastructure**
     - **Cost:** High
     - **Location:** Bay Shore Drive in Alamitos Bay
   - **Other Attributes:** Ensures that critical infrastructure remains operational and protected from flood risks. Implementing actions include shoreline protection and infrastructure retrofitting to accommodate extreme scenarios.

6. **Retrofit/Extend Seawalls and Storm Surge Barriers**
   - **Other Attributes:** The physical enhancement of existing infrastructure to better cope with increased flooding risks.

7. **Enhance Outreach and Education Related to Water Conservation**
   - **Other Attributes:** Aims to inform the public and encourage conservation practices to sustain water supplies during dry periods.

8. **Update the Floodplain Ordinance and Establish a Flood Impacts Monitoring Program**
   - **Other Attributes:** Monitoring is intended to track flood impacts over time, assess adaptation strategy effectiveness, and guide future planning.

9. **Investigate Feasibility of Managed Retreat in the Longer Term**
   - **Details:** Anticipated action from 2050 to 2100
   - **Other Attributes:** Considers relocating communities and assets from areas with long-term exposure risks to sea level rise.

These identified resilience options are formulated to enhance the city's ability to maintain essential functions amid rising temperatures, flooding, and droughts, with a focus on planning and infrastructural changes for sustainable future adaptation.

The City of Long Beach Climate Action Plan outlines several mitigation options targeting greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions in various sectors. Below is a summary of the identified options, including their cost, timing, and other important attributes, as specified in the plan:

#### 1. Oil and Gas Sector
- **Option:** Implement Near-Term Measures to Reduce Emissions Related to Oil and Gas Extraction.
- **Cost:** Potential Cost Level: Medium to High.
- **Timing:** Medium term.
- **Key Attributes:** 
  - Infrastructure, technology, reporting, and regulatory efforts.
  - Partnerships with federal, state, and regional agencies and the private sector.
  - Co-benefits include improved air quality.
  - Equity Strategy: Prioritize air quality and public health co-benefits for low-income communities.

#### 2. Transportation Sector
- **Option:** Integrate SB 743 Planning with the CAAP Process to Evaluate and Mitigate Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT).
- **Cost:** Potential Cost Level: Low.
- **Timing:** Short term.
  - Focus on reducing VMT using strategies like subsidized transit passes, bike share facilities, and employer-based programs.
  - Equity Strategy: Ensure benefits for core and low-income transit riders, including reduced public transit fares and expanded affordable options.
  - Co-benefits include reduced traffic congestion, air pollution, and transportation cost burdens.
  - Implementing Actions:
    - Evaluate effectiveness of new VMT thresholds.
    - Monitor mitigation strategies working in other cities.
    - Consider funding strategies for VMT mitigation like in-lieu fees and regional programs.

#### 3. Building and Energy Sector
- **Option:** Civic Center Energy and Water Efficiency.
- **Cost:** Not explicitly provided, but includes capital investment for achieving LEED standards.
- **Timing:** Existing program.
  - City Hall and Port Headquarters meet LEED standards with energy-efficient features.
  - Rooftop photovoltaic panels generate solar energy.
  - Rainwater capture and storage for irrigation.
  
### Key Considerations and Overall Approach
- **Distribution of GHG Reductions:** Building and Energy actions account for 68% of reductions, Transportation 8%, and Waste 24%.
- **Implementation Strategy:** Actions identified contribute to achieving GHG targets, with technical feasibility, city capacity for implementation, public feedback, equity analysis, and cost considerations.
- **Additional Attributes:** 
  - Monitoring and future updates in response to changes in energy portfolio and GHG forecasts.
  - Long-term goal of carbon neutrality by 2045, necessitating additional actions beyond current plans.

As outlined, each mitigation option is associated with specific targets, costs, and benefits, including equity considerations to ensure inclusion and access across varying demographic segments.

The plan identifies several mitigation options across different sectors. Here is a summary of the information provided for each identified mitigation option:

### **1. BE-8: Implement Near-Term Measures to Reduce Emissions Related to Oil and Gas Extraction**

- **Cost:** Medium to High
- **Timeframe:** Medium
- **Location:** Long Beach
  - Implement the suite of near-term measures included in the CAAP Oil and Gas Technical Memorandum.
  - Targeted emissions reduction from upstream (extraction), midstream (oil refining), and downstream (fuel transport and end use).
  - Focus on infrastructure, technology, reporting, and regulatory efforts.
  - **Equity Strategy:** Prioritize actions providing air quality and public health co-benefits to low-income communities most impacted by climate change.
  - **Co-benefits:** Improved air quality.

### **2. T-9: Integrate SB 743 Planning with the CAAP Process**

- **Cost:** Low
- **Timeframe:** Short
  - Evaluate the effectiveness of Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) reductions resulting from SB 743 compliance in achieving GHG reduction targets.
  - Ensure VMT reduction strategies benefit core and low-income transit riders.
  - **Equity Strategy:** Provide reduced public transit fares and expand affordable transportation options.
  - **Co-benefits:**
    - Reduced traffic congestion and air pollution.
    - Reduced transportation cost burden for residents and employees.
    - Increased funding for transit passes and amenities supporting low-income populations.

### **3. BE-2: Increase Use of Solar Power**

- **Cost:** Low to Medium
  - Promote increased solar power infrastructure installation and usage in buildings and municipal projects.
  - Overcome barriers to solar installation, such as aging and damaged roofs.
  - Collaborate with partners like GRID Alternatives to provide affordable solar power solutions.
  - **Equity Strategy:** Provide solar installation at free or reduced cost for low-income communities.
    - Reduced household energy costs.
    - Increased access to solar energy benefits.
    - Local job creation in solar infrastructure installation.

The plan identifies several adaptation options to address climate impacts. Below are the summaries of each adaptation option:

### 1. Extreme Heat
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Extreme Heat
- **Adaptation Options:** Increase the presence of reflective streets, surfaces, shade canopies, and bus shelter amenities.
  - **Cost:** Not specified
  - **Timeframe:** Not specified
  - **Location:** Not specified
  - **Other Important Attributes:** The plan emphasizes projects at City-owned properties in environmental justice communities to provide public benefits such as enhanced green spaces and cooling centers. It also focuses on reducing the urban heat island effect through community consultation (City Leadership and Funding- Extreme Heat).

### 2. Air Quality
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Air Quality
- **Adaptation Options:** 
  - Collaboration with various agencies to improve air quality data.
  - Phasing out fossil-fuel-powered lawn and garden equipment.
  - **Other Important Attributes:** Actions to improve air quality will provide significant co-benefits in reducing GHG emissions and tackling extreme heat impacts (City Leadership and Funding- Air Quality).

### 3. Drought
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Drought
- **Adaptation Options:** Expand usage of green infrastructure and green streets. Incorporate recycled water, greywater, and rainfall capture.
  - **Location:** City-owned properties
  - **Other Important Attributes:** Implementation of demonstration projects for community education purposes and incorporation in City-owned facilities (City Leadership and Funding- Drought).

### 4. Sea Level Rise and Flooding
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Sea Level Rise and Flooding
  - Address sea level rise in citywide plans, policies, and regulations.
  - Update the City’s existing Stormwater Management Plan.
  - Relocate/elevate critical infrastructure such as riverine levees and flood-proof vulnerable sewer pump stations.
  - Elevate streets/pathways and retreat/realign beach parking lots.
  - Retrofit/extend seawalls and storm surge barriers.
- **Attributes for FLD-5 (Stormwater Management Plan):** 
  - **Cost:** Low to Medium
  - **Timeframe:** Short
  - **Location:** Citywide, with an emphasis on areas with the highest need
  - **Other Important Attributes:** Include assessing the Plan from the perspective of social vulnerability to climate change and prioritize projects in low-income communities. Implement actions like tree planting for stormwater runoff minimization (Adaptation Actions - FLD-5).

- **Attributes for FLD-11 (Elevate Riverine Levees):**
  - **Cost:** Medium to High
  - **Timeframe:** Medium
  - **Location:** Major river channels at risk of overtopping
  - **Other Important Attributes:** High degree of interagency and regulatory coordination required. Design and permitting should begin well before overtopping is expected to occur (Adaptation Actions - FLD-11). 

**Note:** Exact cost and timeframe details for many options are not mentioned in the provided content. Each adaptation action includes an equity strategy prioritizing vulnerable communities (Adaptation Actions - section descriptions).

Based on the document provided:

### Climate Policy: Sustainable Planning in an Environmental Justice Context

   - The plan acknowledges that climate change exacerbates existing environmental health burdens, with extreme heat identified as a significant threat. This extreme heat stems from the climate change-induced phenomena such as the Urban Heat Island Effect.

2. **Areas or Populations with the Most Climate Vulnerability:**
   - The communities most vulnerable to this threat are identified as low-income communities and communities of color, particularly in Central, West, and North Long Beach. These areas experience some of the highest pollution impacts in California, with many areas being worse off than 95 percent of the state. The plan highlights "racial and economic disparities" as influential factors that contribute to climate vulnerability in these communities. (_Sustainable Planning in an Environmental Justice Context_)

### Climate Policy: Social Vulnerability Reduction

   - The threat of diminished health outcomes due to socioeconomic and racial inequities, exacerbated by extreme climate events like heatwaves, floods, storms, and droughts.

   - The policy is aimed at addressing social vulnerabilities prevalent in certain demographics, such as people of color, low-income residents, and those with limited linguistic proficiency. The Social Vulnerability Index developed includes factors like educational attainment below high school, unemployment, asthma, and low birth weight, with heightened exposure in North, Central, and West Long Beach. (_Understanding Climate Change in Long Beach_)

### Climate Policy: Air Quality Improvements

   - Poor air quality impacting public health.

   - Low-income communities of color, particularly those living in areas with poor air quality near local oil and gas operations, are specifically targeted for the reduction of emissions and air pollution. These populations are positioned along the Los Angeles River channel where urban flooding risk is projected to increase, coupling with their heightened vulnerability to air pollution. (_How We Are Going to Reduce Our Vulnerability to Climate Impacts_ & Climate Action and Adaptation Plan_)

The plan strategically acknowledges and aims to tackle the compounded risks faced by the most vulnerable populations in Long Beach due to climate change and systemic inequities.

Based on the provided document content, no explicit potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies are identified. However, adaptation actions and policies are developed considering various factors like the likelihood of vulnerability, effectiveness in increasing resilience, and technical feasibility. They also emphasize addressing structural and systemic inequities, focusing on strong, positive, and inclusive impacts, particularly on low-income communities affected by climate change. According to the document, the city aims to constantly evaluate and adapt its actions to avoid maladaptation, though specific maladaptive examples are not detailed therein. 

**If a policy led to maladaptation, potential areas for oversight could include:**

- **Focus Area:** Sea level rise and flooding.
  - **Policy Option:** Incorporating long-term adaptive management into planning and investment decisions.
  - **Potential Maladaptation Cause:** This could potentially lead to infrastructure investments that may not adapt swiftly enough to changing climate projections, thereby locking vulnerable areas into outdated approaches and possibly increasing their susceptibility to unexpected severe impacts over time.
  
For such policies, it is critical to ensure continuous monitoring and reassessment processes to quickly identify necessary adjustments or the introduction of new actions to prevent negative impacts or heightened vulnerability.

### Adaptation Actions - Metrics

- **Extreme Heat:**
  - Number of **hospitalizations** for heat-related sickness during extreme heat events.
  - **Number of publicly accessible cooling centers** in the city and within extreme heat vulnerability zones.
  - **Visitor count** to cooling centers during extreme heat events.
  - **Accessibility measures** including hours of operation and proximity to transit.
  - **Percent of bus stops** with shade structures, seating, and real-time arrival information.
  - **Regulatory changes** to require cool roofs and cool walls.
  - **Updated City standards** to use reflective materials for streets and surfaces.
  - **Number of lane miles** of pavement treated with "cool pavement" by the City.

  - **Measure of local air pollutants.**

- **Drought:**
  - Number of **gallons of water** used per person per day.
  - Usage of **recycled water and greywater**.

- **Flooding:**
  - **Critical infrastructure** retrofitted or relocated to protect from flooding.

### Mitigation Actions - Metrics

  - **Percent increase in ridership** on Long Beach Transit, Metro Blue Line, and regional transit routes.
  - Tons of **organic waste collected** from commercial and multifamily properties.

- **General Metrics:**
  - Community-wide **electricity consumption**.
    - Data source: Southern California Edison.
  - Community-wide **natural gas consumption**.
    - Data source: City of Long Beach Energy Resources Department.
  - Barrels of **oil extracted** in the city.
  - **Daily vehicle miles traveled.**
    - Data source: Southern California Association of Governments or "big data" providers.
  - Total **tons of waste disposed** of in landfills.
    - Data source: California Department of Resources.

- **2030 GHG Reduction Target:**
  - Aim to achieve **emissions rates of 3.04 MT CO₂e** per SP. This compares to the City’s 2030 business-as-usual forecast of 3.34 MT CO₂e/SP. Overall, a reduction of **192,659 MT CO₂e** is required to meet the 2030 target.

- **2045 Carbon Neutrality Goal:**
  - Aspirational goal to achieve **net carbon neutrality citywide** by 2045. 
  - This requires eliminating nearly all of the estimated **1.5 million MT CO₂e** emissions forecast, with carbon offsets compensating for emissions that future technologies cannot reduce. 

These metrics and targets will inform the city's monitoring and reporting framework, as outlined in their Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP).

| Feature             | Description                                                                                                                                     |
|---------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name**   | City of Long Beach                                                                                                                             |
| **Population**           | The document references demographic data such as, "_Hispanic / Latino, 13 percent Black or African American, 13 percent Asian_" ([APPENDIX CCAECOM FINAL Vulnerability Assessment Section 12](APPENDIX C)).                   |
| **Threats Identified**   | - Rising temperatures worsening air pollution ([Executive Summary Air Quality Drought](EXECUTIVE SUMMARY))                                     |
|                         | - Projected sea level rise and increased risk of coastal flooding ([APPENDIX CCAECOM FINAL Vulnerability Assessment Section 12](APPENDIX C))    |
|                         | - Urban heat island effect, particularly impacting low-income areas and communities of color ([EXECUTIVE SUMMARY](EXECUTIVE SUMMARY))        |
|                         | - Drought conditions leading to reduced snowpack and water availability ([EXECUTIVE SUMMARY](EXECUTIVE SUMMARY))                              |
| **Measures Identified**  | - Expand usage of green infrastructure and green streets ([Executive Summary Safebandb adaptableb infrastructureb](ES))                         |
|                         | - Install additional water fountains and other actions to increase public access to water ([ES Executive Summary healthy, resilient population](ES))           |
|                         | - Encourage urban agriculture practices and increase monitoring and regulation of the oil extraction process to improve air quality ([ES Executive Summary Air Quality](ES)).    |
|                         | - Enhance accessibility to cooling centers ([ES Executive Summary healthy, resilient population](ES))                                                                                                                                                         |
```

### Planning Jurisdiction Overview

**Name and Location:**
- **Planning Jurisdiction:** City of Albuquerque
- **Location:** United States

**Geographic Features:**
- The city is **bordered by the Sandia Mountains to the east** and is centered around the **Rio Grande** river. There is no mention of deserts or coastlines within the city.

**Infrastructure:**
- The plan does not provide specific details about key infrastructure such as airports or seaports.

- Albuquerque is recognized for having **350 sunny days a year** and a **high elevation**, making it ideal for solar energy generation (Renewable Energy). 
- There is an implied presence of **water challenges** as the plan discusses the need for water conservation strategies, including water reclamation and creating a Climate Action Plan water budget (Water Conservation & Smart Planning).

- The plan identifies that Albuquerque is home to diverse communities, specifically **frontline communities** which include Indigenous, Black, and other communities of color, as well as communities of low-income.

**Economy and Economic Development:**
- **Economic Landscape:** The plan emphasizes transitioning from extractive to **regenerative economic activities**, including growth in waste reuse, local food and agriculture, energy efficiency, and renewable energy (Economic Development).
- **Job Projections:** By 2030, renewable energy actions could create **up to 8,830 new jobs**. 
- **Key Economic Drivers:** Renewable energy plays a significant role in Albuquerque's economy. Albuquerque is noted for its potential and ongoing initiatives in solar energy (Renewable Energy).

- Albuquerque's energy comes from various sources, including **solar, wind, and geothermal**. The Public Service Company of New Mexico (PNM) is committed to transitioning to 100% emissions-free energy by 2040, phasing out coal and some natural gas plants (Renewable Energy).

**Industries:**
- Key sectors identified include **local food and agriculture, waste, recycling, and renewable energy**. Economic strategies align with **Just Transition principles**, focusing on sustainable practices and celebrating environmental systems (Economic Development).

**Additional Notes:**
- The city's commitment to achieving **100% renewable energy use for government operations by 2025** highlights Albuquerque's dedication to adopting clean energy solutions (Renewable Energy).

The plan places a strong focus on **resilience** with several strategies aimed at strengthening community infrastructure and natural systems to withstand climate impacts. For instance, it prioritizes the development and maintenance of green spaces, community gardens, and food forests within a 10-minute walk of all residential spaces to improve resilience and enhance the quality of life (**CLIMATE ACTION PLAN44**). The plan also emphasizes the importance of increasing vegetation cover city-wide to reduce the heat island effect and address wildlife needs, especially in frontline communities (**CLIMATE ACTION PLAN44**).

**Mitigation** efforts are prevalent throughout the plan, with strategies focused on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainability. Specific strategies include localizing food production systems to reduce transportation emissions (**CLIMATE ACTION PLAN42**) and investing in green infrastructure such as rainwater collection to address urban heat island effects (**CLIMATE ACTION PLAN38**). Furthermore, there's encouragement to electrify new city facilities and support code requirements for private building electrification (**APPENDIX B**).

The plan incorporates significant **adaptation** measures, emphasizing adjustments to systems to minimize climate change harm. Strategies include monitoring a climate action plan water budget to support climate mitigation efforts and developing a water security strategy in collaboration with local water management entities (**CLIMATE ACTION PLAN44**). Additionally, promoting the use of drought-tolerant plants is suggested to help communities adapt to changing climate conditions (**APPENDIX B**).

Based on the outlined strategies, this document can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. The plan addresses both climate mitigation and adaptation strategies comprehensively, with embedded resilience principles prioritizing the needs of the local community and frontline groups.

**Summary of Climate Change Scenario:**

The plan does not provide a specific scenario or detailed description of future climate change the planning jurisdiction with Albuquerque will face. However, it acknowledges that the region is threatened by "the current climate and ecological crises" (INTRODUCTION) and outlines the necessity of climate action in response to City Resolution R-19-187’s declaration of a climate emergency. It mentions the commitment to fulfilling GHG reduction goals outlined by the Paris Climate Agreement (INTRODUCTION). The plan is crafted with the understanding that "frontline communities—those who have been and will be impacted 'first and worst' by the climate crisis" (EXECUTIVE SUMMARY) are central to the planning process. Although a detailed scenario is not outlined, the emphasis on the inclusion of diverse community voices highlights the jurisdiction's awareness of varied vulnerabilities and exposures to climate impacts.

1. **Heat Island Effect**
   - **Climate Hazard:** The plan identifies the heat island effect as a significant climate hazard.
   - **Climate Risks:** It exacerbates local temperature increases, leading to further climate change impact on urban areas.
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** Prioritized greening in frontline communities, which are often most impacted by higher temperatures due to lack of vegetation and resources like air conditioning.

2. **Water Scarcity**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Concerns around water supply are highlighted in the plan as a major hazard.
   - **Climate Risks:** Water shortages present risks to sustainability and health, potentially impacting access to water resources and leading to competition for water use.
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** Frontline communities are indicated as vulnerable, with additional efforts to engage them in water conservation strategies such as purchasing farmland to increase wetland areas. 

3. **Air Pollution**
   - **Climate Hazard:** The plan emphasizes the link between climate change and worsening air quality.
   - **Climate Risks:** Associated health risks include respiratory issues and other health outcomes negatively affected by increases in air pollution.
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** Vulnerable populations include those with existing health disparities, often found in frontline communities disproportionately exposed to pollution sources.

4. **Biodiversity Loss**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Ecosystem health is threatened by climate-related biodiversity losses.
   - **Climate Risks:** Loss of biodiversity impacts ecosystem services, affecting food security and resilience against extreme weather.
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** Indigenous and other marginalized communities who depend on biodiversity for cultural and economic reasons are highlighted as particularly vulnerable.

5. **Extreme Weather Events**
   - **Climate Hazard:** The plan alludes to extreme weather as a continuing climate threat.
   - **Climate Risks:** These events pose risks to infrastructure, public safety, and can disrupt local economies.
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** Economically disadvantaged and underrepresented communities who may have less capacity to recover from such events are identified as having heightened vulnerability.

The plan focuses on equity and ensuring that frontline and historically disadvantaged communities are prioritized in climate action initiatives, as they bear a disproportionate burden of these identified hazards.

Based on the content provided, here are the resilience options identified in the plan along with their summaries:

1. **Greening Efforts in Frontline Communities**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The plan aims to address heat island effects and improve access to green spaces.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** 
     - **Initiation Phase:** Long-Term (By 2031)
     - **Priority:** Primary
     - **Constraints:** Investment, Policy
     - **Benefits:** Adaptation & Resilience, Economic Development, Equity Building, Health Outcomes, Quality of Life
     - **Favorable Policy Environment:** Yes
   - **Other Important Attributes:** The strategy emphasizes developing green spaces, community gardens, and food forests within a 10-minute walk of all residential spaces, improving safe trails and biking infrastructure for equitable distribution, and banning glyphosate products to support environmental functions. [CLIMATE ACTION PLAN44]

2. **Community and Economic Development Opportunities**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The strategy tackles the socio-economic vulnerability of frontline communities to climate change.
     - **Initiation Phase:** Mid-Term (By 2026)
     - **Constraints:** Awareness, Behavior Change, Investment, Policy
     - **Benefits:** Economic Development, Equity Building, Health Outcomes, Quality of Life
   - **Other Important Attributes:** It involves restoring land, water, and air while investing in frontline, underrepresented, and economically disadvantaged communities and local infrastructure, including initiatives like solar installation apprenticeships and green redevelopment using vacant lots. [CLIMATE ACTION PLAN42]

3. **Water Conservation & Smart Planning**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This strategy is aimed at conserving water resources amid climate-induced water scarcity.
     - **Constraints:** Behavior Change, Policy
     - **Benefits:** Climate Mitigation, Economic Development, Health Outcomes, Quality of Life
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Creating and monitoring a Climate Action Plan water budget and developing a water security strategy through collaboration and data sharing with local water management authorities. [CLIMATE ACTION PLAN44]

4. **Sustainable Development & Land Use Planning**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addresses risks associated with increased urban heat and extreme weather events.
     - **Priority:** Secondary
     - **Constraints:** Awareness, Investment
     - **Benefits:** Adaptation & Resilience, Climate Mitigation, Economic Development, Equity Building, Health Outcomes, Quality of Life
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Incorporating green infrastructure, like rainwater collection, into new construction and reviewing land use practices to prioritize water conservation and support sustainable development. [CLIMATE ACTION PLAN38]

5. **Transit Access & Investment**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Enhances resilience by prioritizing vulnerable populations' access to transportation during climatic events.
     - **Benefits:** Air Quality, Climate Mitigation, Economic Development, Equity Building, Health Outcomes, Quality of Life
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Includes increasing funding for public transit, free transit to needy communities, re-evaluating and improving transit routes, and investing in infrastructure to improve transportation safety and access. [CLIMATE ACTION PLAN40]

6. **Public Sustainability Education**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Tackling the lack of awareness regarding climate threats and sustainable practices.
     - **Initiation Phase:** Near-Term (By 2022)
     - **Constraints:** Awareness, Behavior Change, Investment, Policy, Technology
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Developing educational campaigns focusing on the energy-water nexus, waste reduction, and broader climate issues like greenhouse gases and green jobs, in partnership with frontline communities. [CLIMATE ACTION PLAN43]

These resilience options collectively aim to enhance Albuquerque's capacity to cope with climate impacts through community-centered strategies, infrastructural improvements, and educational initiatives, emphasizing socio-economic and environmental sustainability.

The plan identifies the following mitigation options along with their attributes:

1. **Localize Systems of Production**
   - **Summary:** Reduce transportation time and emissions by localizing systems of production, such as in food and agriculture.
   - **Timing:** Near-Term (By 2022), ongoing.
   - **Priority:** Primary.
   - **Constraints:** Behavior Change (B), Policy (P), Technology & Infrastructure (T).
   - **Benefits:** Air Quality (AQ), Climate Mitigation (CM), Economic Development (ED), Health Outcomes (HO), Quality of Life (QL).

2. **Strengthen Local Food System**
   - **Summary:** Increase community gardens and promote farm-to-fork culinary tourism in frontline communities.
   - **Constraints:** Investment (I), Policy (P), Technology & Infrastructure (T).
   - **Benefits:** Air Quality (AQ), Climate Mitigation (CM), Economic Development (ED), Equity Building (EQ), Health Outcomes (HO), Quality of Life (QL).

3. **Community and Economic Development Mitigating Climate Change**
   - **Summary:** Efforts include local recycling, processing yard waste to compost, solar installation opportunities, and using City-owned vacant lots for community gardens.
   - **Timing:** Mid-Term (By 2026), ongoing.
   - **Constraints:** Behavior Change (B), Investment (I), Policy (P).
   - **Benefits:** Adaptation & Resilience (AR), Economic Development (ED), Equity Building (EQ), Health Outcomes (HO), Quality of Life (QL).

4. **Transit Access & Investment**
   - **Summary:** Increase funding and access to public transportation and promote it as a socially responsible option.
   - **Timing:** Mid-Term (By 2026), ongoing for some elements.
   - **Benefits:** Adaptation & Resilience (AR), Air Quality (AQ), Climate Mitigation (CM), Economic Development (ED).

5. **Vehicle Emissions Reduction**
   - **Summary:** Transition mass transit to zero emissions, promote electric vehicle rideshare, and convert city vehicles to electric.
   - **Timing:** Mid-Term (By 2026).
   - **Priority:** Not specified.
   - **Constraints:** Behavior Change (B), Investment (I), Policy (P), Technology & Infrastructure (T).
   - **Benefits:** Air Quality (AQ), Climate Mitigation (CM).

6. **Green Buildings & Development**
   - **Summary:** Support legislation for energy standards and development of energy-efficient buildings.
   - **Timing:** Long-Term (By 2031) for some; Mid-Term (By 2026) ongoing for others.
   - **Priority:** Primary for some.
   - **Constraints:** Awareness (A), Policy (P).

7. **Renewable Energy Development**
   - **Summary:** Promote community solar programs, solar development in communities, and grid modernization.
   - **Constraints:** Awareness (A), Behavior Change (B), Policy (P).

Each mitigation option is aligned with various constraints and benefits, indicating the cross-cutting approach to addressing climate change in the planning jurisdiction.

The plan identifies several mitigation options and provides details about them regarding costs, timeframes, locations, and other attributes. Here is a summary of each:

### **1. Localize Systems of Production**
- **Summary:** The plan aims to localize systems of production, particularly in food and agriculture, to reduce transportation time and emissions.
- **Timeframe:** Near-Term (By 2022)
- **Priority:** Secondary
- **Constraints:** Behavior Change, Policy, Technology & Infrastructure
- **Policy Benefits:** Climate Mitigation, Economic Development, Equity Building, Air Quality, Quality of Life
- **Location/Target:** Local systems
- **Cost-related:** Investments are not specified but involve changing behaviors, policies, and infrastructure. 
- **Other Important Attributes:** Ongoing focus.

### **2. Strengthen Local Food Systems**
- **Summary:** Increase community gardens and promote local culinary tourism in frontline communities to shorten the supply chain and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
- **Timeframe:** Near-Term (Ongoing)
- **Priority:** Primary
- **Constraints:** Investment, Policy, Technology & Infrastructure
- **Policy Benefits:** Climate Mitigation, Economic Development, Equity Building, Air Quality, Health Outcomes, Quality of Life
- **Location/Target:** Frontline Communities
- **Cost-related:** Requires investment in technology and policy changes.

### **3. Renewable Energy Development**
- **Summary:** Support local and state-wide standards for community solar programs and grid modernization prioritizing low-income areas.
- **Timeframe:** Mid-Term (Ongoing)
- **Constraints:** Awareness, Behavior Change, Policy
- **Policy Benefits:** Adaptation & Resilience, Climate Mitigation, Economic Development, Equity Building
- **Location/Target:** Low-income areas
- **Cost-related:** Investment in policy and technology required.
- **Other Important Attributes:** Engage frontline communities in decision-making.

### **4. Vehicle Emissions Reduction**
- **Summary:** Transition mass transit to zero emission fuel sources.
- **Timeframe:** Mid-Term
- **Constraints:** Behavior Change, Investment, Policy, Technology & Infrastructure
- **Policy Benefits:** Air Quality, Climate Mitigation, Health Outcomes, Quality of Life
- **Location/Target:** Citywide
- **Cost-related:** Investment needed in behavior change and technology.

### **5. Energy Efficiency for Frontline Communities**
- **Summary:** Promote access to programs offering incentives for energy efficiency improvements.
- **Constraints:** Awareness, Behavior Change, Investment
- **Policy Benefits:** Adaptation & Resilience, Climate Mitigation, Economic Development, Equity Building, Health Outcomes, Quality of Life
- **Cost-related:** Investment in awareness and programs.
- **Other Important Attributes:** Engagement with existing plant guidance.

### **6. Green Buildings & Development**
- **Summary:** Support consistent and timely adoption of energy standards for buildings.
- **Constraints:** Behavior Change, Investment, Policy
- **Policy Benefits:** Adaptation & Resilience, Climate Mitigation, Air Quality, Economic Development, Equity Building, Health Outcomes, Quality of Life
- **Cost-related:** Investment and policy changes required.
- **Other Important Attributes:** Focus on urban infill and redevelopment.

### **7. Promote Rideshare Options with Electric Vehicles**
- **Summary:** Prioritizing increased options for frontline communities.
- **Timeframe:** Near-Term
- **Constraints:** Awareness, Behavior Change, Policy, Technology & Infrastructure
- **Policy Benefits:** Air Quality, Climate Mitigation, Equity Building, Health Outcomes, Quality of Life
- **Cost-related:** Investments in awareness and infrastructure.

### **8. Conversion of City Fleet Vehicles to Electric**
- **Summary:** Sustain efforts to convert city fleet vehicles.
- **Constraints:** Investment
- **Policy Benefits:** Air Quality, Climate Mitigation
- **Cost-related:** Investment needed in technology.

These strategies show a focus on reducing emissions through localized systems, increased energy efficiency, promotion of clean transit, and investment in renewable energy, particularly targeting communities that are most vulnerable.

The plan identifies several adaptation options aimed at addressing a variety of climate threats. Below are the adaptation options identified, along with their summarized details:

### Adaptation Option: Local Food Systems

- **1. Climate Threat Addressed:** This option addresses threats related to transportation emissions and the resilience of local food systems by reducing dependency on extended supply chains.
  
- **2. Details:**
  - **Cost:** Not directly specified; involves investment ("I") in community infrastructure.
  - **Timeframe:** Near-Term (by 2022) and Ongoing ("NT Ongoing").
  - **Location:** Implementation focuses on frontline communities.
  - **Other Attributes:** It involves increasing community gardens and promoting local farm-to-fork tourism, coordinated through education and collaboration efforts. The strategy also aims to support local economies and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. (**Section: Localize systems of production...**)

### Adaptation Option: Community Development Opportunities

- **1. Climate Threat Addressed:** This option addresses climate change impacts by fostering community resilience and social equity through economic opportunities.
  
  - **Cost:** Involves investment ("I"), policy changes ("P"), behavior changes ("B"), and awareness efforts ("A").
  - **Timeframe:** Mid-Term (by 2026) and Ongoing ("MT Ongoing").
  - **Location:** Targets frontline, underrepresented, and economically disadvantaged communities.
  - **Other Attributes:** It includes opportunities for solar installation apprenticeships, land revitalization, recycling efforts, and green redevelopment. The initiatives are integrated with climate mitigation goals. (**Section: Provide community and economic development opportunities...**)

### Adaptation Option: Green Spaces and Vegetation

- **1. Climate Threat Addressed:** This option addresses heat island effect and urban climate vulnerabilities by expanding green space and tree cover.
  
  - **Cost:** Includes investment ("I") and policy implementation ("P").
  - **Timeframe:** Long-Term (by 2031) and Ongoing ("LTP Ongoing").
  - **Location:** Citywide, with a priority on frontline communities.
  - **Other Attributes:** Strategies include creating tree preservation ordinances, banning harmful products like glyphosate, and promoting climate-resilient vegetation. This option enhances air quality, urban resilience, and water retention. (**Section: Greening Efforts in Frontline Communities...**)

### Adaptation Option: Wetland and Water Resources Protection

- **1. Climate Threat Addressed:** This strategy combats water scarcity issues exacerbated by climate change.
  
  - **Cost:** Involves investment ("I") and policy work ("P").
  - **Location:** Focus on areas where the City can purchase and preserve farmland and wetlands.
  - **Other Attributes:** Supports water supply sustainability, habitat conservation, and outdoor recreation opportunities. Expands efforts such as smart water usage and drought-tolerant plants. (**Section: Create opportunities for the City of Albuquerque to purchase...**)

These adaptation options are part of a comprehensive effort to enhance Albuquerque's resilience against the impacts of climate change, considering local socio-economic contexts and environmental challenges.

The Albuquerque Climate Action Plan identifies several climate policies aimed at advancing climate justice. Here's a summary:

1. **Community and Economic Development Opportunities**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy addresses the threat of climate change-driven economic and social inequalities, particularly those that exacerbate vulnerabilities in underserved communities.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** It targets "frontline, underrepresented, and economically-disadvantaged communities," recognizing them as those who "will be impacted 'first and worst' by the effects of climate change." These communities include "Indigenous, Black and other communities of color, as well as communities of low-income" (ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT RECOMMENDATIONS).

2. **Greening Efforts in Frontline Communities**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy attempts to mitigate urban heat island effects and improve overall environmental quality by increasing vegetation cover.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** It prioritizes "frontline communities," ensuring that green spaces are within "a 10-minute walk of all residential spaces," thus enhancing access to natural spaces for communities with limited prior access (CLIMATE ACTION PLAN44).

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** It addresses threats related to water scarcity, aiming to ensure water security amidst changing climate conditions.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** While it targets the overall community, there is an underlying emphasis on collaboration with local entities to ensure equitable distribution of water resources, indirectly benefiting those in marginalized areas (CLIMATE ACTION PLAN44).

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving public transit infrastructure and accessibility.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** It specifically focuses on "youth, students, older persons, and residents with low incomes," as well as "low-income neighborhoods, seniors, and people with disabilities," aiming to improve transit equity and access (CLIMATE ACTION PLAN40).

5. **Public Sustainability Education**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The policy addresses the lack of awareness and education regarding the link between climate actions and equity.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Focusing on public education, this strategy aims to reach and empower frontline communities to engage in sustainability practices effectively, recognizing their significant stakes in climate outcomes (CLIMATE ACTION PLAN43).

Each of these policies is designed with the explicit intent of addressing the vulnerabilities of communities that face heightened risks due to historic and systemic disinvestment and disproportionate exposure to climate hazards.

Based on the content provided, the document does not explicitly mention specific maladaptive climate policies. However, I can infer certain policies that may pose potential maladaptive risks:

1. **Policy:** Prohibition of Glyphosate Products

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The policy is addressing the environmental health impact, by reducing chemicals that might deplete soil health and affect pollinator species.
   
   - **Option Proposed:** The policy proposes environmental improvements through banning harmful glyphosate products, encouraging natural mulch replacement, and enhancing understory vegetation to reduce water runoff and improve aquifer health.
   
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** The banning of glyphosate products, if not carefully managed with effective alternatives, could inadvertently lead to increased pest issues which might result in higher use of other harmful chemicals, and potentially increase farming costs, impacting the sustainability of environmentally-friendly farming practices.

2. **Policy:** City-wide Planning for Wetland Expansion

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** It aims to address water supply issues and improve habitat and outdoor recreation through the expansion of wetlands.
   
   - **Option Proposed:** Purchasing farmland for wetland expansion as a means to enhance resilience to water shortages and improve biodiversity.
   
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** If the plan to purchase farmland for wetland conversion does not adequately consider the needs and practices of local agricultural stakeholders, it could result in reduced food production and economic impacts on farming communities, thus inadvertently impacting food security and local economies.

These inferences highlight potential areas where policies might require careful evaluation and adjustment to avoid inadvertent maladaptation.

The document does not provide explicit units or specific numerical objectives for tracking the success or failure of each adaptation, resilience, and mitigation option. However, it mentions that metrics have been developed to facilitate future action and follow-up reporting on implementation. Here is how the plan intends to measure success or failure:

### Metrics and Strategies
- **Implementation Metrics:** The plan incorporates metrics to guide the trajectory of future climate action and assess progress. The **metrics will be used by the Sustainability Office** to assess progress towards greenhouse gas mitigation and climate justice. (Chapter: Executive Summary)
  
- **Annual and Quarterly Assessments:** "The City will review and assess progress towards the goals and strategies included in this plan on an annual basis." There will be quarterly check-in meetings to update and gather input regarding CAP implementation. (Chapter: Conclusion, Chapter: Executive Summary)

- **Education and Awareness:** There is an investment in "public education campaigns about mitigating climate change," although no specific units of measurement or goals are mentioned. (Section: Education & Awareness)

- **Strategy Categories:** The plan includes 50 strategies covering various topics such as **sustainable buildings, renewable energy, clean transportation, recycling and waste, economic development, and climate-conscious neighborhoods and resources.** These strategies are intended to create actionable pathways towards a more sustainable and equitable community. (Chapter: Outcomes)

- **Accountability for Producers and Polluters:** Targets increased recycling of electronics and textiles and the reduction of construction and other waste, using public policy to reduce plastic waste. However, no specific numbers or deadlines are mentioned. (Section: Waste & Recycling)

While these sections of the plan describe the framework for assessing progress and maintaining accountability, it lacks specific and explicit metrics like reductions in CO₂ emissions or improvements in air quality in quantifiable units such as tons, percentages, or index values.

| **Feature**             | **Description**                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |
|-------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name**  | Albuquerque                                                                                                                                                                                                                               |
| **Population**          | The document does not specify the current population of Albuquerque.                                                                                                                                |
| **Threats Identified**  | *Climate and ecological crises* that impact all residents, with a focus on how frontline communities are affected "first and worst." Threats include disparities in energy burdens, health outcomes, and accessibility.                          |
| **Measures Identified** | Strategies aimed at promoting *resilience, mitigation, and adaptation.* These include developing sustainable buildings, promoting renewable energy, clean transportation, waste and recycling, economic development, education and awareness. |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction:** City of Bozeman, Montana.

**Location:** Bozeman, located in the Rocky Mountain West region of the United States.

**Population and Demographics:** The plan does not provide specific details about the population size, demographics, or average income for Bozeman.

- **Mountains:** The region is part of the Rocky Mountains.
- **Rivers, Deserts, Coastline:** The plan does not explicitly mention rivers, deserts, or coastline features specific to Bozeman.
- **Infrastructure:** There is no detailed mention of specific infrastructure like airports or seaports.

- **Challenges:** The city faces various climate-related challenges, including increased urbanization and stress on natural resources. Climate change has been noted to potentially lead to temperature variability, shifts in precipitation, varying risks of severe weather events, and changes to features such as mountain snowpack and drought ("Local Climate Impacts & Planning Landscape").

**Water Challenges:** 
- The city has prioritized water supply, conservation, and drought management planning since adopting the 2012 Integrated Water Resources Plan. The 2017 Drought Management Plan includes a vulnerability assessment and defines response actions based on four stages of drought.

- The plan does not provide specific information on local energy production, such as oil, gas, or renewables, nor does it detail natural resources.

- Bozeman has a bustling economy that, along with a growing population, has led to rapid changes. While the plan does not specify particular industries or economic drivers, it underlines the importance of increasing resilience through policy mechanisms and planning efforts ("City Resilience Efforts").

**Overall Economic Context:**
- The City has been part of initiatives such as the National League of Cities’ Sustainable Cities Institute Leadership in Community Resilience program, aiming to generate insights into local resilience challenges and opportunities.

**Summary of How the Plan Addresses Resilience, Mitigation, and Adaptation:**

- **Resilience:**
  - The plan emphasizes resilience extensively through various strategies and actions aimed at building the ability of systems to cope with climate hazards. For example, Strategy 4 involves "Climate Resilience Planning & Integration," which aims to integrate resiliency goals into economic development master planning, long-term capital improvement plans, and emergency response (CRPI 1-4). It also includes infrastructure and capital planning which focuses on building operational resilience (Strategy 1). Additionally, the plan highlights inter-agency community partnerships and ongoing climate monitoring to enhance local resiliency (IaCP & OCMRA).

- **Mitigation:**
  - The plan devotes relatively less direct focus to mitigation compared to resilience and adaptation. It does mention efforts to "reduce key vulnerabilities of municipal facilities" (Conclusion), which can implicitly involve mitigation actions. However, specific mitigation options such as renewable energy or emissions reduction strategies are not detailed in the sections provided.

- **Adaptation:**
  - Adaptation is a core component of the plan. This is evident in the strategies outlined for building resilience against various climate impacts like extreme heat, drought, floods, reduced snowpack, wildfires, and winter storms. The adaptation efforts are woven into public policies like enhancing water conservation services and developing formal administrative commitments to plan for climate hazards (PPP 1-2).

- The plan can be classified as **adaptation/resilience dedicated**. It primarily focuses on identifying vulnerabilities and building resilience and adaptation strategies, with less emphasis on direct mitigation actions related to reducing GHG emissions.

Yes, the plan describes scenarios of climate change that the City of Bozeman will face and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. The scenarios are primarily based on projected changes under two emissions scenarios: RCP 4.5 (stabilization scenario) and RCP 8.5 (business-as-usual scenario).

**Stabilization emissions scenario (RCP 4.5):**
- Projected temperature changes from historical conditions (1971-2000) to mid-century (2040-2069) show an increase in average annual temperature by +4.5 ˚F and +5.6 ˚F by end-of-century (2070-2099).
- Average daily summer maximum temperature is expected to rise by +4.5 ˚F (mid-century) and +6.5 ˚F (end-of-century).
- There will be +25 additional days above 90 ˚F (mid-century) and +29 days by the end-of-century.
- An increase in freeze-free days above 32 ˚F by +30 days (mid-century) and +41 days (end-of-century).
- Average annual precipitation shows a slight increase of +0.9 inch/year (mid-century) and +1.1 inch/year (end-of-century), but summer precipitation is expected to decrease by -0.1 inch/month during both periods.

**Business-as-usual emissions scenario (RCP 8.5):**
- Under this scenario, average annual temperature is projected to rise by +6.0 ˚F (mid-century) and +9.8 ˚F (end-of-century).
- The average daily summer maximum temperature is predicted to increase by +6.0 ˚F (mid-century) and +11.8 ˚F (end-of-century).
- The number of days above 90 ˚F will increase by +33 days (mid-century) and +54 days (end-of-century).
- Freeze-free days above 32 ˚F are projected to increase by +41 days (mid-century) and +70 days (end-of-century).
- Average annual precipitation is anticipated to increase by +1.2 inch/year (mid-century) and +1.7 inch/year (end-of-century), with a decrease in summer precipitation by -0.1 inch/month.

The plan explains that these changes in climate will result in a combination of hotter days and variable precipitation, leading to interrelated local climate impacts such as decreased snowpack, more severe droughts, increased wildfire risk, and subsequent economic and social effects such as water availability issues and potential migration due to climate-induced hazards. 

**Citations:**
- Climate Vulnerability Assessment and Resiliency Strategy, Table 1 and 2.
- Climate Vulnerability Assessment and Resiliency Strategy, Local Climate Impacts & Planning Landscape.

**1. Extreme Heat**  
   - **Description:** Extreme heat is described as a climate stressor that is becoming more frequent and intense in Bozeman.  
   - **Risks:** The plan identifies that extreme heat may lead to impacts on the health and well-being of the community, particularly regarding heat stress, discomfort due to building conditioning loads, operating conditions (energy demand), and air quality (urban heat island effects).  
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The most vulnerable buildings to extreme heat are primarily community centers serving diverse and vulnerable populations, along with facilities lacking climate control for workers and/or no operational plan for increased extreme heat. Notable vulnerable facilities include the Law & Justice Center, Shops Complex, Bozeman Senior Center, Lindley Center, and Story Mill Community Center.  

**2. Floods**  
   - **Description:** Floods are identified as an acute shock that is becoming more severe.  
   - **Risks:** The interplay of anticipated climate impacts and human-related interventions makes future flood risk difficult to assess. The plan indicates that more frequent precipitation events paired with the inability to store increased volumes of water put the community at risk for flooding-related issues.  
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Vulnerable buildings include those located in the floodplain, such as Bozeman City Hall, Bozeman Fire Department Station #1, and Story Mill Community Center.  

**3. Drought**  
   - **Description:** Drought is considered a stressor that is becoming more frequent and intense.  
   - **Risks:** The document highlights vulnerabilities due to large water uses and the potential inability to make adjustments to dependencies on water.  
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Drought affects operations critically dependent on water, and limited contingencies can further exacerbate vulnerability.

   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Drought affects operations critically dependent on water, and limited contingencies can further exacerbate vulnerability.  

**4. Reduced Mountain Snowpack**  
   - **Description:** This stressor is explained as showing a decline in volume.  
   - **Risks:** Reduced snowpack affects water supply, leading to potential challenges in delivering water to residents.  
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Critical infrastructure like the Water Treatment Plant is identified to have high to medium vulnerability regarding water supply dependency, limited water storage availability, location and access of treatment operations, and the need for cross-jurisdictional coordination.  

**5. Wildfire**  
   - **Description:** Wildfires pose an acute shock that is becoming more extensive, frequent, and intense.  
   - **Risks:** The risk involves the potential impact on building materials, smoke vulnerability impacting occupants, and challenges in location and access during fire-related events.  
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Facilities with high vulnerability face risks due to their construction materials, limited defensible space, and lack of fire suppression systems.  

**6. Winter Storms**  
   - **Description:** Winter storms are recognized as an acute shock becoming more severe.  
   - **Risks:** Challenges in operations, potential damage to facilities, and compromise of outdoor equipment storage which can impact critical response time are identified risks.  
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Buildings that are not well-prepared for snow may experience operational challenges, which can lead to further vulnerabilities.

1. **Infrastructure & Capital Planning**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The strategy addresses multiple climate threats including extreme weather events such as heat, cold, and floods, as well as wildfires.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Although specific costs and timeframes are not detailed, it includes critical infrastructure projects aimed at limiting damage and protecting human health. Locations specifically mentioned include Bozeman City Hall, Professional Building, Shops Complex, and others.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Focuses on improving operational performance, communication redundancies, and implementing renewable energy and best practices in stormwater management. This strategy aims to improve infrastructural resilience and operational flexibility.

2. **Hazard Event Protocols & Training**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This strategy targets preparedness for extreme heat, cold, and wildfire smoke.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** There are no specific details on costs or timelines provided.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** It emphasizes the importance of internal communication plans and cross-training for emergency procedures, contributing to faster and more coordinated responses during extreme events.

3. **Public Policies & Programs**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This strategy addresses general climate resilience, focusing on water conservation and flood management.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific details on costs and timeframe are not given; however, water conservation measures and stormwater management updates are pertinent.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Includes efforts to revise codes for mandatory water conservation, maintain tiered water pricing, regulate and enhance flood control infrastructure which impacts economic and environmental sustainability, and implement efficient and regulatory-compliant stormwater engineering standards.

4. **Climate Resilience Planning & Integration**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This strategy aims to incorporate resilience goals into broader city planning, focusing on long-term infrastructure adaptation.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Costs and timeframes are not explicitly mentioned; locations involve multiple city projects.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Integrating resilience into economic development, emergency response, and community planning ensures cohesive, systematic growth with a robust infrastructure that considers future climate change impacts.

5. **Inter-agency Community Partnerships**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Focuses on collective action to address climate impacts on water resources.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** There's no specific mention of cost, timeframe, or location.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Promotes shared responsibility, efficient action, and data-driven understanding of climate equity impacts to ensure environmental and social considerations are addressed collaboratively.

6. **Awareness & Education**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Primarily addresses general climate resilience through public engagement.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specifics on costs and timeframes are not detailed.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Public campaigns raise awareness about climate resilience and involve community-wide education, contributing to informed decision-making and improved personal and community resilience.

7. **Ongoing Climate Monitoring & Risk Assessment**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Focuses on adapting to various climate threats by enhancing monitoring efforts.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Costs and detailed timeline are not mentioned; focus areas include streamflow, stormwater, and groundwater monitoring.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** These efforts support evidence-based assessments of vulnerability and risk, guiding strategic resilience building in fundamental infrastructural systems and helping to inform decision-making processes.

The plan primarily focuses on adaptation and resilience strategies and does not explicitly identify specific mitigation options aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions or providing detailed information on those aspects like cost, timing, or location. Most of the strategies and actions in the plan aim at improving resilience and adapting to climate impacts rather than direct mitigation of emissions. Here are some relevant actions that could indirectly contribute to mitigation through energy efficiency and infrastructure improvements:

1. **ICP 8: Create a demonstration project at a critical facility that showcases structural and operational resiliency, renewable energy plus storage, energy and water efficient building design, and best practices in stormwater management.**
   - **Location:** Critical facility such as Bozeman Public Safety Center and Community Centers.
   - **Attributes:** It involves renewable energy and energy storage, water-efficient design, and stormwater management, exemplifying the potential for indirect mitigation through operational efficiency.

2. **PPP 8: Incorporate efficient and renewable energy processes, technologies, and energy storage in existing and future City operations for energy load reduction and peak load management.**
   - **Location:** City operations.
   - **Attributes:** This could help in reducing overall energy usage and emissions indirectly by improving energy efficiency and managing energy loads.

It's important to note that these actions are part of a broader set of adaptation and resilience strategies rather than strictly mitigation-focused strategies aimed at reducing GHG emissions directly. They represent opportunities for sustainable practices that complement the City’s resilience planning efforts.

The plan does not explicitly identify specific mitigation options focused on reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Instead, the strategies outlined focus primarily on adaptation and resilience measures. However, some actions detailed in the plan could have indirect mitigation benefits through their focus on resource efficiency and resilience.

### Potential Indirect Mitigation Options:

1. **ICP8: Demonstration Project at a Critical Facility**
    - **Summary**: This project aims to showcase structural and operational resilience, integrate renewable energy with storage, and emphasize energy and water-efficient building design alongside best practices in stormwater management.
    - **Details Provided**: 
        - **Location**: Bozeman Public Safety Center and Community Centers
        - **Partners**: NorthWestern Energy
        - **Primary Hazards**: Not specified
        - **Attributes**: Emphasizes renewable energy and energy-efficient design.
    - **Cost, Timeframe, and Other Attributes**: Not detailed in the plan.

2. **PPP8: Incorporation of Efficient and Renewable Energy Processes**
    - **Summary**: Focused on incorporating efficient and renewable energy technologies and energy storage in city operations for energy load reduction and peak load management.
    - **Partners**: NorthWestern Energy
    - **Primary Hazards**: Not specified

The plan focuses more on adaptation and resilience rather than direct mitigation options, and specific details on cost, timeframe, and exact locations for these indirect mitigation activities are not provided.

### **1. Infrastructure & Capital Planning**
- **Climate Threat:** Multiple hazards, including wildfire smoke, extreme weather events, heat, and floods.
- **Details:** 
  - *ICP1:* Continues building out backup power and communications redundancies. No specific cost or timeframe provided, but locations include municipal facilities such as Bozeman City Hall and Bozeman Public Safety Center. *(Strategy 1)*
  - *ICP2:* Increases air filtration in critical facilities, addressing wildfire smoke. No cost or timeframe specified. *(Strategy 1)*
  - *ICP3:* Provides covered parking for first responders, enhancing response during severe weather. *(Strategy 1)*
  - *ICP4:* Evaluates facilities for cooling needs to protect health during heat waves. *(Strategy 1)*
  - *ICP5:* Automates dam controls to improve response to wildfires or floods, enhancing operational flexibility. *(Strategy 1)*
  - *ICP6:* Feasibility assessments for groundwater storage, addressing drought. *(Strategy 1)*
  - *ICP7:* Pursues forest restoration to protect the municipal watershed, related to wildfire and drought. *(Strategy 1)*
  - *ICP8:* Creates a demonstration project showcasing resilience at a critical facility, with no costs or timeframe provided. *(Strategy 1)*

### **2. Hazard Event Protocols & Training**
- **Climate Threat:** Extreme heat, cold, and wildfire smoke.
  - *HEPT1-HEPT3:* Develops emergency communication plans and training; focuses on adaptability during adverse weather, but lacks specified costs or timelines. *(Strategy 2)*

### **3. Public Policies & Programs**
- **Climate Threat:** Broad climate-related impacts.
  - *PPP2-PPP3:* Enhances water conservation programs and revises codes for water use, addressing drought. No specific details on cost or timeline. *(Strategy 3)*
  - *PPP5-PPP6:* Updates stormwater engineering standards to enhance urban flood resilience. *(Strategy 3)*

### **4. Climate Resilience Planning & Integration**
- **Climate Threat:** Climate hazards and their integration into planning.
  - *CRPI1-CRPI4:* Incorporates climate change and resilience into varied plans, addressing system-wide climate threats with no specified costs or timelines. *(Strategy 4)*

### **5. Inter-agency Community Partnerships**
- **Climate Threat:** Community-wide climate impacts.
  - *IaCP1-IaCP4:* Promotes partnerships for collective resiliency efforts, addressing water-related climate impacts. No specific cost or timeframe given. *(Strategy 5)*

### **6. Awareness & Education**
- **Climate Threat:** General awareness of climate risks.
  - *AE1-AE4:* Involves public education campaigns on climate preparedness, lacking specific cost and location details. *(Strategy 6)*

### **7. Ongoing Climate Monitoring & Risk Assessment**
- **Climate Threat:** Monitoring local climate change impacts.
  - *OCMRA1-OCMRA3:* Expands climate assessments and monitoring efforts for systems like stormwater and snowpack. Specific cost or timeline details are not provided. *(Strategy 7)*

Each strategy identifies adaptation actions with the goal of reducing vulnerabilities and improving the resilience of the City of Bozeman's infrastructure and systems, but the plan does not provide specific cost or timeframe details for these initiatives.

The plan does not explicitly identify specific climate policies that advance climate justice directly. However, it mentions actions that touch on aspects related to climate justice, particularly through assessing climate equity and coordinating with services for vulnerable populations.

**Climate Policy: Assess Climate Equity**

   - The plan does not specify a single climate threat for the assessment of climate equity. However, addressing climate equity generally involves understanding how various climate threats, such as extreme heat, floods, drought, and wildfire, intersect with demographic factors.
   
2. **Areas or Populations with Most Climate Vulnerability:**
   - The plan indicates an intention to better understand how local climate impacts intersect with community demographics to address needs as necessary. This implies a focus on vulnerable populations across various climate threats.

**Climate Policy: Coordinate with Social Services and Health Agencies**

   - This coordination addresses multiple climate threats, primarily focusing on those that impact vulnerable residents, such as extreme weather events and their associated socio-economic impacts.

   - The policy highlights coordination with agencies that assist vulnerable residents, including transient populations. It lists community centers as a priority asset in this endeavor (IaCP 4).

**Potential Unforeseen Maladaptive Climate Policies**

1. **Policy: Increasing Air Filtration Capabilities in Critical Facilities**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Wildfire smoke
   - **Option Proposed:** Resilience option involves increasing air filtration capabilities in critical facilities to cope with wildfire smoke.
   - **Inadvertent Maladaptation Reason:** While improving air filtration is intended to protect indoor air quality during wildfire events, relying heavily on filtration instead of addressing the root causes of wildfire frequency and intensity may divert resources from more holistic fire prevention and landscape management strategies. This could inadvertently increase vulnerability to wildfires over the long term by not addressing underlying causes.

2. **Policy: Covered Parking for First Responder Vehicles and Critical Snow Removal Equipment**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Extreme weather events
   - **Option Proposed:** Resilience option includes providing covered parking for first responder vehicles and critical snow removal equipment to ensure reliable service and improve response time during extreme weather events.
   - **Inadvertent Maladaptation Reason:** Installing covered parking addresses immediate service reliability challenges but may inadvertently prioritize funding for infrastructure over efforts to reduce emissions or improve community-wide climate resilience. The focus on infrastructure protection alone may sideline broader systemic resilience or mitigation efforts.

3. **Policy: Automated Dam Controls at Middle Creek Dam**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Wildfire or flood events
   - **Option Proposed:** Resilience option involves pursuing automated dam controls at Middle Creek Dam to improve operational flexibility.
   - **Inadvertent Maladaptation Reason:** Automating dam controls aims to manage water resources more efficiently during extreme events, but it could increase dependence on technology without fail-safes for technology failure or human oversight. Over-reliance on automation may reduce preparedness for manual operations during extreme conditions or technical failures, potentially increasing vulnerability during critical moments.

4. **Policy: Science-Based Forest Restoration for Watershed Protection**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Municipal watershed protection
   - **Option Proposed:** Resilience option involves continuing to pursue science-based forest restoration measures.
   - **Inadvertent Maladaptation Reason:** This focus on forest restoration could inadvertently become maladaptive if it does not consider changing species survival due to climate change. Rigid restoration practices may not adapt well to shifts in biodiversity or ecosystem dynamics, resulting in compromised long-term resilience goals.

5. **Policy: Demonstration Project on Structural and Operational Resilience**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addressing multiple infrastructure-related climate vulnerabilities
   - **Option Proposed:** Resilience and mitigation strategy involves creating a demonstration project showcasing resilience and best practices.
   - **Inadvertent Maladaptation Reason:** If the demonstration project's outcomes do not scale efficiently or match broader climate change scenarios faced by other city areas, resources might be concentrated on showcasing rather than broad application. This could lead to imbalance in resilience efforts across the entire community, emphasizing isolated innovation over extensive systemic improvement.

The document does not provide specific metrics, units, or concrete numerical goals for measuring the success or failure of each adaptation, resilience, and mitigation option. Instead, it outlines strategies, actions, and departmental responsibilities aimed at building resilience and adapting to climate vulnerabilities in Bozeman. The plan describes broad objectives and intentions, such as enhancing infrastructure resiliency, implementing emergency protocols, integrating climate resilience into planning efforts, and fostering community partnerships, without specifying quantifiable outcomes or exact tracking mechanisms for reductions in emissions or other impacts.

For example, the "Resiliency Implementation Roadmap" emphasizes reducing vulnerabilities and supporting resilience, but it does not outline specific measurement criteria or deadlines. The focus is on collaborative efforts and enhancing existing programs rather than establishing concrete, quantifiable metrics.

**Key Notables from the Plan:**

- **Strategic Opportunities:** Describes strategies as “timely and strategic opportunities to enhance Bozeman’s climate resilience” within an organizational framework without specifying numerical targets (section on Resiliency Implementation Roadmap).

- **Departmental Responsibilities:** Assigns responsibilities to specific departments for implementing actions (e.g., IT, Facilities, Fire, and Police for building redundancies) but does not cite exact expected outcomes or units of measure (Strategy 1: Infrastructure & Capital Planning).

In summary, while the plan outlines a structure for building climate resilience, it lacks explicit metrics, units, and deadlines for tracking the success or failure of its adaptation and resilience options.

| **Feature**         | **Details**                                                                                                                                                                                                   |
|---------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Bozeman                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
| **Population**     | Not specified in the document                                                                                                                                                                                 |
| **Threats Identified** | - Extreme Heat: "Projected to increase in Bozeman" (Local Climate Impacts)  <br> - Floods: "More frequent precipitation events" (Local Climate Impacts)  <br> - Drought: "More frequent and intense" (Local Climate Impacts)  <br> - Reduced Mountain Snowpack: "Decline in volume" (Local Climate Impacts)  <br> - Wildfire: "More extensive, frequent, and intense" (Local Climate Impacts)  <br> - Winter Storms: "More severe" (Local Climate Impacts)  |
| **Measures Identified** | - **Climate Resilience Planning & Integration**: "Advocate for integration of climate resilience within local policy and planning efforts." (Planning Landscape)  <br> - **Ongoing Climate Monitoring & Risk Assessment**: "Support evidence-based, ongoing assessments of the organization’s vulnerability and risk to changes in local climate." (Strategy 7: Ongoing Climate Monitoring & Risk Assessment)  <br> - **Partnership Opportunities**: "Identify partnership opportunities to reach Montana State University and the community on the importance of being prepared." (Strategy 7: Ongoing Climate Monitoring & Risk Assessment)  |
```

The provided document does not include specific details about the physical and economic landscape of the planning jurisdiction, such as its location, population, demographics, or average income. It references the planning jurisdiction as the "City of Richmond" but does not provide detailed geographic or demographic data.

### Key Geographic and Environmental Features:

- **Natural Resources:** The document mentions natural resources such as the James River, green spaces, and trees, and notes the importance of evaluating the risks and vulnerabilities to natural resources (RVAgreen 2050 | Climate Equity Action Plan 2030, Terrestrial Habitats).

- **Land Coverage and Environmental Challenges:** Richmond is characterized by a significant percentage of impervious surfaces, accounting for 36% of the land, which contributes to higher temperatures during heat waves and increased stormwater runoff during extreme storms (RVAgreen 2050 | Climate Equity Action Plan 2030, Environment). Additionally, the city has slightly over 40% tree canopy coverage, which is not evenly distributed and affects urban heat distribution (RVAgreen 2050 | Climate Equity Action Plan 2030, Environment).

The document does not provide specific information regarding major geographic features such as mountains, deserts, or coastlines, nor does it detail key infrastructure like airports or seaports.

### Economic Landscape and Climate:

- **Business and Economic Activity:** "Richmond’s centers of economic activity are critical to the city’s economic well-being," with businesses providing employment, income, and tax revenue (Economic Development & Planning, Built Assets Vulnerability and Risk). The vulnerability of small businesses to flooding and power outages caused by extreme weather is highlighted (Economic Development & Planning, Built Assets Vulnerability and Risk).

- **Economic Development Zones:** The document discusses economic development zones and districts, including enterprise zones and the Greater Richmond Convention Center, as critical to the city’s economy (Economic Development & Planning, Built Assets Vulnerability and Risk).

### Local Climate and Challenges:

- **Climate Factors:** The major climate risks affecting Richmond are identified as heat, precipitation, and sea level rise. Adaptation and mitigation priorities are set based on these climate factors (Planning for Climate Resilience).

- **Critical Infrastructure Impact:** The plan highlights issues with aging infrastructure and the compounding effects of climate impacts, such as rising sea levels, storm surges, heat waves, and extreme weather events. Critical infrastructure includes water and sewage systems, roads, bridges, and power plants (Critical Infrastructure Impacts).

### Energy Production and Natural Resources:

The document does not provide detailed information about the city’s energy production, such as oil, gas, or renewables, nor does it mention specific natural resources beyond the general references to the James River, green spaces, and trees.

### Industries and Economic Drivers:

While the document does not explicitly list the industries and economic drivers for Richmond, it emphasizes the importance of business centers and economic development zones as sources of employment and economic resilience (Economic Development & Planning, Built Assets Vulnerability and Risk).

Overall, the document focuses on the city’s strategies for climate resilience, adaptation, and mitigation rather than providing comprehensive demographic or economic details.

The plan significantly focuses on resilience, particularly emphasizing preparing the community and city government for extreme heat, severe storms, and flooding. It notes, "Climate resilience or adaptation, preparedness, and readiness is helping our community and city government respond to the impacts of climate change, such as extreme heat, severe storms, and flooding" (*ES-5 | RVAgreen 2050 at a Glance*). Resilience is addressed through strategies that enhance "the resilience of Richmond’s community, natural resources, and critical infrastructure to the impacts of climate change" (*5-9 | Climate Resilience*).

Mitigation is also a major focal point of the plan, with strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and pollution. The City of Richmond aims for a "45% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 and net zero gas emissions by 2050" (*4-1 | Climate Action*). Additionally, there is an emphasis on net-zero energy design and green building practices to further reduce emissions (*BE-18 | Buildings and Energy*).

Adaptation is encompassed within the climate resilience strategies. The plan integrates adaptation measures in its approach to improve "resilience to the local impacts of climate change" and to "prepare for, adapt, and improve resilience to the local impacts of climate change" (*2-3 | Background: Getting to RVAgreen 2050*).

The RVAgreen 2050 Climate Equity Action Plan 2030 can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. This is because it equally addresses mitigation through the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and adaptation/resilience through preparing for climate impacts such as extreme weather and community resilience.

Yes, the plan describes several scenarios of climate change that the City of Richmond, referred to as the planning jurisdiction, expects to face. The key scenarios include:

- **Heat:** Richmond is already experiencing hotter average temperatures and more heat waves, which are projected to increase in the future. The plan mentions future climate impacts such as extremes in heat, with the number of hot days (above 95ºF) and the number of heat waves expected to rise ("Climate Vulnerability and Risk Assessment Process").

- **Precipitation:** Richmond's average annual precipitation and the number and intensity of heavy precipitation events are projected to increase. The plan points out difficulties in forecasting precipitation due to its variability, yet recognizes an upward trend in extreme precipitation events (greater than two inches) in recent decades and anticipates further increases ("5-3 | Climate Resilience").

- **Sea Level Rise:** The city is also preparing for sea level rise, with projections for future impacts mapped ("Climate Vulnerability and Risk Assessment Process").

These climate challenges inform the resilience, mitigation, and adaptation strategies planned for Richmond, focusing on extreme heat, severe storms, and flooding. The City aims to prepare its infrastructure and community for these anticipated climate conditions ("5-1 | Climate Resilience").

   - **Description:** Richmond is expected to experience increasing temperatures, characterized by a rising number of hot days (above 95ºF) and heat waves that persist for three days or more at 95ºF.  
     *Citation: `RVAgreen 2050 | Climate Vulnerability and Risk Assessment Process`*
   - **Climate Risks:** Extreme heat presents significant threats to human health, exacerbating existing health problems, such as cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses, and increasing the risk of heat-related illnesses like heat exhaustion and heat stroke. Rising temperatures may also contribute to aggression, violence, and crime. Additionally, Richmond’s winter is shortening, affecting seasonal patterns like pollen seasons.  
     *Citation: `RVAgreen 2050 | Climate Vulnerability and Risk Assessment`*
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Individuals with pre-existing health conditions, and socially vulnerable groups, including those lacking access to air conditioning, are at higher risk.  

2. **Sea Level Rise**
   - **Description:** Sea level rise projections affect low-lying and coastal areas.  
   - **Climate Risks:** Rising seas pose a risk of flooding, threatening public and private properties, leading to economic losses, and impacting community infrastructure.  
     *Citation: `RVAgreen 2050 | Climate Vulnerability and Risk Assessment Technical Report`*
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Flood-prone lands and infrastructure serving socially vulnerable groups are at particular risk.  

3. **Extreme Precipitation**
   - **Description:** An increase in annual precipitation and the number of days with rainfall exceeding 1” and 2” is projected.  
   - **Climate Risks:** Heavy rainfall can lead to flooding, which disrupts critical services such as healthcare and public safety, and causes damage to infrastructure and property.  
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Populations in flood-prone areas, especially those who are socially vulnerable, are at greater risk, including those reliant on public infrastructure like public housing and food pantries.  

Based strictly on the content provided, the resilience options identified in the plan are summarized as follows:

### 1. Design and Retrofit Homes for Flood Risk
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flooding, extreme storm events.
  - **Timeframe:** 2022-2025
  - **Related 2030 Action Plan Strategies:** Resilient Design Guidelines (BE-4.2)
  - Provides resilience to flooding, sea level rise, and extreme weather events.
  - Enhances community resilience and promotes racial equity and environmental justice.
  - Benefits include support for affordable housing, and neighborhood health and well-being.

### 2. Incentivize Relocation of Housing in Flood Risk Areas
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flooding, sea level rise.
  - **Timeframe:** 2026-2030
  - Aims to improve resilience to flooding and sea level rise, protecting the community.
  - Encourages equitable housing solutions and considers economic and health well-being.

### 3. Ensure Public Housing and Community Facilities Have Air Conditioning
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Heat
  - **Related 2030 Action Plan Strategies:** Climate-Ready Affordable Housing (C-1.1)
- **Other Attributes:**
  - Focuses on enhancing community resilience and addressing heat threats.
  - Prioritizes racial equity, environmental justice, and affordable housing.

### 4. Establish Backup Power Systems for Critical Facilities
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flood, Heat
  - **Related 2030 Action Plan Strategies:** Municipal Resilient Infrastructure Assessment (BE-1.4), Resilient Design Guidelines (BE-4.2)
  - Aims to strengthen flooding and extreme heat resilience along with upholding government accountability.
  - Helps to safeguard health and well-being during power disruptions.

### 5. Create Business Preparedness Programs
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flood, Sea Level Rise, Heat
  - **Related 2030 Action Plan Strategies:** Climate Action and Resilience Information Navigator (C-1.3), Organizational Collaboration (C-2.3)
  - Emphasizes business resilience to multiple climate threats.
  - Supports community stability and promotes racial equity.

### 6. Install Microgrids at Critical Facilities
  - **Related 2030 Action Plan Strategies:** Municipal Resilient Infrastructure Assessment (BE-1.4), Solar Installation Incentives and Access (BE-3.2)
  - Strengthens extreme weather resilience and enhances community resilience.
  - Encourages renewable energy use for increased energy security.

### Other Resilience Recommendations Include:
- **Conducting Climate Vulnerability and Risk Assessments**
  - **Location:** City property and operations.
  - **Timeframe:** 2022-2030
  - Aims to identify resilience needs and plan sustainable futures equitably.
  
- **Developing Climate Resiliency Plans for Transportation Infrastructure**
  - Adopts Envision and the Climate Equity Index for project funding and execution.
  
These strategies are designed not only to address specific climate threats but also to incorporate economic and equitable considerations that contribute to the plan’s overall objectives for a resilient Richmond community.

The plan outlines several mitigation options that focus on solar energy, residential energy burden reduction, and municipal climate impact mapping. Below is a summary of each mitigation option along with the relevant details:

### **Mitigation Options Identified**

#### **1. Solar Energy Installation and Accessibility**
- **Cost:** Not explicitly detailed; however, the plan mentions encouraging installations through increasing funding.
- **Timing:** 2022-2030
- **Location:** Citywide, focusing on residential areas and incentivizing opportunities.
  - "Encourage solar installations through the removal of zoning restrictions, incentivizing opportunities, and increasing funding for microgrids" (BE-3.2).

#### **2. Solar Energy Education & Outreach**
- **Cost:** Not specifically mentioned.
- **Timing:** No explicit timeline mentioned.
- **Location:** Citywide, focusing on frontline communities.
  - "Provide equitable education and outreach to make homes and small businesses healthy, safe, and affordable through solar installations" (BE-3.1).

#### **3. Reducing Residential Energy Burden**
- **Cost:** Not included.
- **Location:** Focus on "Richmond’s most vulnerable communities."
  - Implement measures to improve residential resilience to climate change (BE-2.1).

#### **4. Municipal Climate Impact Mapping**
- **Cost:** Not explicitly stated.
- **Timing:** 
  - GHG tracking implementation is planned for 2026-2030.
- **Location:** City operations.
  - Establish a "protocol for tracking greenhouse gas emissions and planning for climate impacts" (BE-7).

#### **5. Development Incentives and Zoning**
- **Timing:** 2026-2030
- **Location:** New developments across the city.
  - Incorporation of "proffers or impact fees for green infrastructure on new development" (Planning and Development Review, Strategy ENV-3.2).

Each option is strategically aimed at lowering greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing renewable energy use, with a significant focus on equity and accessibility for vulnerable communities.

The plan identifies the following mitigation options:

1. **Solar Energy Education & Outreach (BE-3.1)**
   - **Summary:** Provide equitable education and outreach to make homes and small businesses healthy, safe, and affordable through solar installations, focusing on frontline communities and reducing disproportionately high energy burden in these neighborhoods.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** The focus is on equitable education with specific attention to frontline communities to reduce energy burdens.

2. **Solar Installation Incentives and Access (BE-3.2)**
   - **Summary:** Encourage solar installations through the removal of zoning restrictions, incentivizing opportunities, and increasing funding for microgrids.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Involves removing zoning restrictions and providing incentives for solar installation, as well as increasing funding for microgrids to support renewable energy transition.

3. **Develop Distributed Energy, Renewables, Energy Storage**
   - **Summary:** This involves expanding the city's capacity for distributed energy, renewable adoption, and energy storage solutions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
   - **Timeframe:** 2022-2030.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** This initiative underlines the shift towards renewable energy sources as a means to combat climate change and emphasizes the community and governmental accountability.

For these mitigation options, the plan aligns these initiatives with the goals of increasing community resilience and advancing racial equity and environmental justice.

The plan identifies several adaptation options, each addressing specific climate threats. Below is a summary of each adaptation option, including the climate threat it addresses and details on cost, timeframe, location, and other important attributes:

### 1. Incentivize Relocation of Housing in Areas of Flood Risk
- **Climate Threat:** Flood, Sea Level Rise
- **Timeframe:** 2026-2030
  - Resilience benefits include flooding and sea level rise resilience, extreme weather events resilience, and community resilience.
  - Equity benefits focus on racial equity and environmental justice.

### 2. Ensure Public Housing and Community Facilities Have Air Conditioning
- **Climate Threat:** Heat
- **Timeframe:** 2022-2025
  - Provides resilience benefits similar to extreme weather events and community resilience.
  - Emphasizes racial equity, environmental justice, and health and well-being.

### 3. Establish Backup Power Systems for Critical Facilities
- **Climate Threat:** Flood, Heat
  - Enhances government accountability and health and well-being.
  - Supports resilience to flooding, extreme weather events, and extreme heat.

### 4. Conduct Climate Vulnerability Assessment of the Tree Canopy
  - Focuses on racial equity and environmental justice.
  - Supports neighbourhood health and well-being through environmental planning.

### 5. Develop Distributed Energy, Renewables, Energy Storage
- **Climate Threat:** Flood, Sea Level Rise, Heat
- **Timeframe:** 2022-2030
  - Involves government accountability and community wealth growth.
  - Enhances resilience across multiple climate threats.

### 6. Develop an Urban Heat Island Readiness and Reduction Plan
- **Climate Threat:** Extreme Heat and Drought
  - Targets vulnerable populations and ecosystems.
  - Emphasizes the implementation of structures like benches and shade at bus stops.

### 7. Retrofit Existing Homes for Flood Risk and Extreme Storms
- **Climate Threat:** Flood
  - Supports resilience in affordable housing and community health and well-being.

### 8. Conduct a Climate Vulnerability and Risk Assessment of All City Property
- **Climate Threat:** General
- **Cost:** Sustainability is specified as a factor but without explicit amounts.
  - Identifies and prioritizes specific resilience projects.
  - Aims at reducing future costs due to climate impacts.

These adaptation options reflect a wide-ranging approach to building resilience against multiple climate threats impacting Richmond's community, infrastructure, and environment.

**Climate Policies Identified to Advance Climate Justice**

1. **Incentivize relocation of housing in areas of flood risk**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flood and sea level rise.
   - **Vulnerable Areas or Populations:** The policy specifically targets racial equity and environmental justice by addressing locations with high flood risks which may disproportionately affect marginalized communities. (*RVAgreen 2050 | Climate Vulnerability and Risk Assessment Technical Report*)

2. **Ensure public housing and community facilities have air conditioning (retrofit or new construction)**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Heat.
   - **Vulnerable Areas or Populations:** Targets the affordable housing sector, specifically focusing on racial equity and environmental justice, which implies a focus on marginalized communities living in public housing. (*RVAgreen 2050 | Climate Vulnerability and Risk Assessment Technical Report*)

3. **Establish backup power systems for critical facilities**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flood and heat.
   - **Vulnerable Areas or Populations:** The policy focuses on community resilience and government accountability, highlighting the importance for facilities serving these communities, potentially targeting marginalized and underserved populations. (*RVAgreen 2050 | Climate Vulnerability and Risk Assessment Technical Report*)

4. **Consider a holistic review of the multiple threats/stressors health care facilities experienced across the system during COVID - develop an improvement plan that incorporates climate risks**
   - **Vulnerable Areas or Populations:** Encompasses affordable housing and neighborhoods, with an emphasis on racial equity and environmental justice, aiming to support vulnerable populations adversely affected by these climate threats. (*RVAgreen 2050 | Climate Vulnerability and Risk Assessment Technical Report*)

5. **Climate vulnerability assessment of the tree canopy specifically**
   - **Vulnerable Areas or Populations:** This initiative takes into account racial equity and environmental justice, aiming to enhance environmental conditions in neighborhoods with vulnerable communities by addressing urban heat islands and access to green spaces. (*RVAgreen 2050 | Climate Vulnerability and Risk Assessment Technical Report*)

These policies are central to the plan's intent to align climate resilience efforts with equity, ensuring that those most affected by climate threats are prioritized and supported through thoughtful policy-making and implementation.

1. **Urban Heat Island Readiness and Impervious Surface Reduction Plan**
   - **Climate Threat:** Urban Heat Island effect.
   - **Option:** As part of the mitigation and adaptation strategies, the plan focuses on reducing impervious surfaces to counteract the Urban Heat Island effect (Chapter 7, "RVAgreen 2050 | Climate Equity Action Plan 2030").
   - **Potential for Maladaptation:** The text highlights a concern that such a strategy could "lead to a higher cost of living" (Chapter 7, "Cross-Cutting Outcomes"). This potential increase in the cost of living might disproportionately affect lower-income residents, exacerbating socio-economic inequalities and possibly increasing their vulnerability to climate impacts.

2. **Neighborhood Prioritization for Extreme Precipitation and Flooding Resilience**
   - **Climate Threat:** Extreme precipitation and flooding.
   - **Option:** Using community input and data to identify and prioritize neighborhoods for resilience projects targeting extreme precipitation and flooding (Chapter 7, "Objective 3: Reduce risks and impacts to the community and natural environment from extreme precipitation and flooding").
   - **Potential for Maladaptation:** While not directly outlined in the text as a maladaptive risk, the potential maladaptive aspect could arise if the prioritization inadvertently neglects or underfunds vulnerable or disenfranchised communities that may not have the same capacity for community input or political influence, therefore not receiving needed interventions. 

These examples illustrate the complexity of climate policy planning, where unintended consequences can arise if equity considerations are not adequately addressed throughout the planning and implementation stages.

**Metrics and Measurements for Success:**

   - *Metrics:* Total community GHG emissions measured in metric tons of CO2 equivalent (MTCO2e).
   - *Goals:* Reduce GHG emissions to 45% below 2008 levels by 2030.
   - *Targets:* Per capita GHG emissions by census tract (MTCO2e).

2. **Advanced Green Economy:**
   - *Metrics:* Number and percentage of green jobs.
   - *Goals:* Increase the number of green jobs and residents completing training related to climate action and resilience by race and ethnicity.

3. **Cleaner and More Efficient Buildings:**
   - *Metrics:* Total building energy use measured in British thermal units (Btu).
   - *Goals:* Decrease building energy use.
   - *Indicators:* Percentage of households with high energy burden by race and ethnicity.

4. **Cleaner and More Efficient Transportation:**
   - *Metrics:* Percentage of travel not with single-occupancy internal combustion engine vehicles.
   - *Goals:* Increase mode shift towards more efficient transportation modes.

5. **Climate-Ready Community:**
   - *Metrics:* Number of residents receiving information on climate change impacts through various communication channels.
   - *Goals:* Increase community awareness and resilience.
   - *Indicators:* Percentage of population facing "high vulnerability" to climate change as per the Climate Equity Index by race and ethnicity.

6. **Improved Air Quality:**
   - *Metrics:* Citywide and average Air Quality Equity Score.
   - *Goals:* Improve air quality scores.
   - *Indicators:* Air quality improvements modeled after Tree Equity Score.

7. **Increased Flood Resilience:**
   - *Metrics:* Number of incidents and calls for standing water, flooding, and emergency service.
   - *Goals:* Reduce flooding incidents reported.
  
8. **Increased Heat Resilience:**
   - *Metrics:* Temperature difference between hottest and coolest areas of the city.
   - *Goals:* Reduce temperature vulnerabilities as per the Climate Equity Index.

9. **Less Landfill Waste:**
   - *Metrics:* Total waste going to landfill measured in tons.
   - *Goals:* Decrease waste diverted to landfills.

10. **More Green Space and Trees:**
    - *Metrics:* Citywide average Tree Equity Score.
    - *Indicators:* Percentage of population within a 10-minute walk of a public park with green space by race and ethnicity.

**Targets and Timelines:**

- The plan aims for a 45% reduction in GHG emissions below 2008 levels by 2030. 
- Other targets focus on increasing efficiency, resilience, and equity through constant monitoring and data collection, aligning closely with overarching goals by 2030. 

**General Outcome Measurements:**

- Progress is tracked by specific indicators for each outcome, alongside equity-focused indicators to ensure equitable climate action progress. The Office of Sustainability identified 24 indicators to track progress towards the 12 outcomes defined in the plan.

| **Feature**             | **Details**                                                                                           |
|-------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name**  | Richmond                                                                                              |
| **Population**          | Not specified in the provided document excerpt.                                                       |
| **Threats Identified**  | - Extreme Heat <br> - Sea Level Rise <br> - Extreme Precipitation                                    |
| **Measures Identified** | - Priority planning areas for high vulnerability identified <br> - Climate Equity Action Plan 2030    |
```

The provided document does not contain specific information regarding the physical and economic landscape of the planning jurisdiction. There is no mention of the name, location, population, demographics, or average income for the jurisdiction. Likewise, there are no details about geographic features such as mountains, rivers, deserts, coastline, or key infrastructure like airports or seaports.

Similarly, the document lacks specific climate information, such as discussions of aridity or water challenges, and does not detail any aspects of the city’s energy production or natural resources. While the plan does outline various goals and objectives related to energy and resource management, it does not mention specific industries or economic drivers that are crucial to the region.

Therefore, based on the content provided, it is not possible to answer the question with the level of detail requested.

The plan addresses resilience through various strategies and provides a foundation for Chatham County to cope with climate-related hazards. It includes fostering "jurisdictional collaboration to facilitate continuity and create a level playing field in land use decisions and green space protection" (3.1). Additionally, the plan emphasizes "educating and increasing public awareness" about transportation and green space management, which are critical elements for building community resilience (TRANSPORTATION, 3).

The plan includes several mitigation options aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Examples include:

- "Reduce countywide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 20% by 2020 from a 2006 baseline year." (1 Greenhouse Gas Reduction)
- Actions like using "biodiesel for the County fleet" and requiring "cool roofing in all new structures" support this goal (1 Greenhouse Gas Reduction).
- Implementing "environmentally preferable procurement policies" and creating a "business challenge" to meet GHG reduction goals (CLIMATE CHANGE).

Adaptation elements are present in the plan, aiming to adjust to anticipated climate impacts. Objectives like "Prepare and adopt a climate change adaptation plan for Chatham County by 2011" illustrate an adaptive approach (Tr). There are also plans to "hire a qualified authority to conduct analysis and prepare an adaptation plan" (Objective 1).

The plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. It is well-balanced, addressing both mitigation strategies to reduce GHG emissions and adaptation measures to prepare for climate impacts. The plan incorporates elements of resilience as well, aiming to build capacity for coping with climate change effects in Chatham County.

The plan does not provide a detailed scenario of climate change specific to the planning jurisdiction, Chatham County. However, it does acknowledge the potential impacts of climate change by stating, "AS A COASTAL COUNTY, CHATHAM COUNTY will be among the first to be impacted by the effects of Climate Change in the coming decades. Exactly what the effects will be are yet to be determined." (*REGIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE INITIATIVE*). The plan is focused on establishing and implementing policies and strategies to address the uncertainties associated with climate change impacts, rather than emphasizing a specific scenario.

1. **Sea Level Rise**
   - **Climate Hazard:** The plan notes that as a **coastal county**, Chatham County will be among the first to be impacted by the effects of climate change, including rising sea levels.
   - **Climate Risks:** The risks associated with sea level rise include potential local and regional effects which can affect infrastructure, ecosystems, and communities.
   - **Vulnerability:** The plan implies that all coastal areas within Chatham County are vulnerable to this hazard, but specific populations are not identified.

2. **Saltwater Intrusion**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Saltwater intrusion is the movement of saline water into freshwater aquifers, which can threaten the availability and quality of potable water.
   - **Climate Risks:** Potential threats to the water system, including saltwater intrusion, could compromise drinking water sources, impacting both water availability and safety.
   - **Vulnerability:** Although the plan mentions minimizing vulnerabilities, it does not specify particular areas or populations that are more vulnerable.

3. **Storms/Coastal Hazards**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Coastal hazards including storms and other weather-related impacts could be exacerbated by climate change.
   - **Climate Risks:** These hazards pose risks to lives, infrastructure, and the local economy, which can be significant given the county’s coastal nature.
   - **Vulnerability:** The plan suggests that coastal areas would be particularly at risk, though specific populations are not outlined.

4. **Drought**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Drought refers to prolonged periods of deficient rainfall relative to the statistical multi-year average for a region.
   - **Climate Risks:** Drought could impact water availability, affecting both domestic use and industrial needs.
   - **Vulnerability:** Specific areas or populations with high vulnerability are not explicitly identified in the document.

   - **Climate Hazard:** Extreme weather events, generally exacerbated by climate change, include various phenomena such as hurricanes, heatwaves, and heavy rainfall.
   - **Climate Risks:** The risks may include infrastructural damage, economic loss, and potential harm to residents.
   - **Vulnerability:** The plan does not specify particular areas or populations; however, generally, communities with older infrastructure or inadequate resources might be more vulnerable.

1. **Grey Water Ordinance for New Development**
   - **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:** This option targets the reduction of GHG emissions associated with wastewater treatment.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** While the plan does not specify cost, timeframe, or location, it is part of the countywide effort to reduce GHG emissions from new developments. 
   - **Other Important Attributes:** This aligns with the environmental objective of minimizing wastewater emissions through regulatory changes in building practices (see Objective 3, Action Item A).

2. **Development of a Resilient Water System**
   - **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:** It targets threats including saltwater intrusion, pharmaceuticals, drought, and sea level rise.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** This is a long-term strategy (referred to as "mt & lt" medium- and long-term). Costs are not detailed.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** This encompasses storage, conveyance, demand variables, conservation, and treatment options, ensuring the water system's resilience to both climate and anthropogenic activities (see 5, Objective 1).

3. **Organizing a Stakeholder Group for Water Management**
   - **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:** This addresses a broad range of water-related threats by creating an implementation plan.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Identified as a short-term ("st") initiative. Financial details and exact locations are not provided.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Includes collaboration with technical, management, environmental, and regulatory individuals, aimed at assessing impacts on water resource longevity (see 5, Objective 1, Action Item C).

4. **Creation of a Regional Climate Change Initiative**
   - **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:** General climate change impacts through regional collaboration and GHG emission reductions.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Establish and build by 2009. The exact cost is not specified but involves a regional scope involving entities like local schools and industries (see 4, Objective 1).
   - **Other Important Attributes:** This includes partnering with local institutions, like SCAD, to promote awareness and branding, fostering a regional support network to enhance resilience against climate change impacts (see 4, Action Items A-D).

5. **Species Diversity and Habitat Conservation**
   - **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:** The impacts of environmental change on biodiversity and ecosystems.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Not explicitly stated. It's grouped under areas for future focus.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** A focus on preserving natural systems and biodiversity aligns with ensuring long-term ecosystem resilience (see 6, Areas of Future Focus).

These resilience options primarily reflect efforts at regulatory changes, regional collaboration, and system-wide upgrades which aim to address climate threats specific to Chatham County. Economic, environmental, and infrastructural considerations are a central theme across various strategies, underscoring a commitment to sustainable development and climate adaptability.

The plan outlines several mitigation options designed to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and promote sustainable energy use. Below is a summary of each identified mitigation option, including information about cost, timing, location, and other important attributes, where available:

1. **Require LEED Silver buildings for any new County-funded buildings:**
   - **Timing:** Immediate as part of an overall reduction strategy.
   - **Location:** County-funded buildings.
   - **Other Attributes:** Part of a broader aim to reduce future GHG emissions.

2. **Use fly ash/slag in all concrete for County construction projects (minimum 25%):**
   - **Timing:** Immediate implementation.

3. **Recycling of 25% construction and demolition (C&D) waste from development projects countywide:**
   - **Timing:** Immediate as a reduction strategy.

4. **Adopt a grey water ordinance for new development:**
   - **Timing:** Immediate as part of emissions reduction.

5. **Create "green collar" jobs via construction apprenticeship programs:**
   - **Other Attributes:** Aimed at education and job creation alongside emissions reduction.

6. **Provide tax exemptions for buildings receiving LEED Gold or higher certifications:**
   - **Cost:** Exemptions likely reduce taxes collected but incentivize building efficiency.

7. **Update building code for water efficiency in new installations:**
   - **Timing:** Immediate.
   - **Other Attributes:** Part of minimizing resource use.

8. **Require new CAT buses be hybrid, electric, or natural gas:**
   - **Location:** Applies to new public transportation options.

9. **Require moisture sensors on all irrigation systems countywide:**
   - **Location:** Applicable throughout the county.

10. **Update building code for no/low-cost energy efficiency measures:**
    - **Timing:** Immediate.
    - **Location:** Applies to all local building codes.

11. **Car wash facilities to recycle their water:**
    - **Location:** Countywide.

12. **Use biodiesel for the County fleet:**
    - **Location:** County fleet.

13. **Require "cool" roofing in all new structures countywide:**
    - **Location:** New constructions across the county.

14. **Comprehensive upgrade of existing County-owned buildings:**
    - **Cost:** Funding not specified, but suggests upgrades across various systems.
    - **Timing:** As contracts or mechanisms allow.

15. **Purchase or generate green power for municipal operations:**
    - **Location:** Municipal operations.

16. **Implement an environmentally preferable procurement policy:**
    - **Other Attributes:** Includes Energy Star requirements for new office equipment.

17. **Create a "business challenge" for meeting GHG reduction goals:**
    - **Other Attributes:** Involves support and recognition for participating businesses.

18. **Implement a countywide weatherization program for low-income housing:**
    - **Location:** Targeted low-income housing.

19. **Subsidize employees’ CAT fare:**
    - **Cost:** Subsidy implies county funding to partially offset public transit costs.

20. **Create a revolving fund for energy conservation measures on County-owned buildings:**
    - **Cost:** Implies initial outlay with potential savings/paybacks from energy savings.

21. **Implement climate change and energy conservation education programs:**
    - **Other Attributes:** Education-focused, involving community outreach.

22. **Implement environmental education in all public school curriculum:**
    - **Timing:** Immediate/ongoing.
    - **Location:** All public schools.

23. **Establish a carpooling system, such as the Coastal Commuters program:**
    - **Location:** Applies throughout the region the program covers.

No specific details about overall costs, long-term savings, or specific localized implementation details for most options are provided in the plan.

The plan identifies several mitigation options aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption. Here is a summary of each option as outlined in the plan:

1. **Require LEED Silver or Higher Certification for New County-Funded Buildings**:
   - **Cost**: Not specified
   - **Timeframe**: Not specified
   - **Location**: County-funded buildings
   - **Attributes**: Incentives provided include tax exemptions for buildings achieving LEED Gold or Platinum certification.

2. **Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling**:
   - **Location**: Countywide
   - **Attributes**: Requires 25% of construction and demolition waste from any development project to be recycled.

3. **Grey Water Ordinance**:
   - **Location**: New development
   - **Attributes**: Aims to reduce GHG emissions from wastewater treatment.

4. **Green Building Apprenticeships**:
   - **Attributes**: Focuses on creating "green collar" jobs through apprenticeship programs.

5. **Hybrid, Electric, or Natural Gas Buses**:
   - **Attributes**: Requirement for all new CAT buses.

6. **Update Building Codes for Energy Efficiency**:
   - **Cost**: No-cost/low-cost measures specified
   - **Attributes**: Includes measures like Low-E windows and insulation improvements.

7. **Cool Roofing Requirements**:
   - **Location**: New structures countywide
   - **Attributes**: Cool roofs required to reduce energy usage.

8. **Green Power Purchase/Generation for Municipal Operations**:
   - **Attributes**: Focuses on purchasing or generating green power.

9. **Green Fleet Program**:
   - **Location**: County vehicle fleet
   - **Attributes**: Incorporates hybrid vehicles and anti-idling policies.

10. **Weatherization Program for Low-Income Housing**:
    - **Cost**: Not specified
    - **Timeframe**: Not specified
    - **Location**: Countywide
    - **Attributes**: Implements a program for low-income housing to improve energy efficiency.

11. **Energy Conservation Education Program**:
    - **Location**: County residents
    - **Attributes**: Educates residents on energy conservation.

12. **Renewable Energy Goals**:
    - **Timeframe**: 5% renewable energy usage by 2010
    - **Attributes**: Increase renewable energy use and production.

The plan provides various strategies but does not specify the cost or specific timeframes for most options. However, it emphasizes countywide implementation and the collaboration of various entities to achieve these goals.

Based on the plan, the following adaptation options are identified:

1. **Preparation and Adoption of a Climate Change Adaptation Plan:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Not explicitly defined; however, explicitly targeting general impacts from climate change on the jurisdiction.
     - **Timeframe:** The plan aims for adoption by 2011.
     - **Location:** Chatham County.
     - **Additional Notes:** The plan involves hiring a qualified authority for conducting analysis and preparation.

2. **Develop an Action Plan Based on Adaptation Recommendations:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Broader climate impacts identified through the adaptation plan.
     - **Timeframe:** Development by 2012.
     - **Additional Notes:** Based on recommendations from the climate change adaptation plan.

Unfortunately, the document referenced does not provide more specific details on costs, specific locations beyond Chatham County, or detailed attributes for each adaptation option.

The provided document does not explicitly identify climate policies specifically tailored to advance climate justice in terms of addressing the climate threat, areas or populations with the most climate vulnerability. However, general strategies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and addressing climate change impacts are included, which may have indirect benefits for vulnerable populations.

If specific climate justice policies were mentioned, they cannot be identified with the information provided. Please refer to a more detailed section of the document for specific climate justice policies and targeted vulnerable populations.

Based on the provided sections of the plan, there are no explicit references to potential maladaptive climate policies. The plan generally outlines a comprehensive approach to climate resilience, mitigation, and adaptation without specifying unintended negative consequences that qualify as maladaptive. 

However, climate policies can sometimes have unforeseen maladaptive outcomes due to implementation challenges or context-specific factors not explicitly mentioned in the plan. Such potential issues might arise from:

- **Insufficient Integration:** Measures could inadvertently cause maladaptation if they fail to integrate effectively across sectors or do not consider local vulnerabilities. For example, energy efficiency mandates might not account for social impacts on low-income populations lacking the means to comply, leading to economic disparities.

- **Resource Allocation:** Overemphasis on certain areas (e.g., green building legislation) without equitable resource allocation might neglect broader infrastructural resilience needs or inadvertent ecological impacts.

- **Exclusion of Local Context:** Policies could be maladaptive if they do not incorporate local ecological, social, and economic contexts, or if they impose a one-size-fits-all solution.

For any specific maladaptive outcomes, a detailed analysis of implementation procedures and local contexts is essential, which goes beyond what's presented in the plan extracts provided. Therefore, it’s advisable to consider these potential risks in ongoing policy evaluations.

The plan outlines several metrics and targets to measure the success of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options. Here are the specific measures and goals mentioned:

**Greenhouse Gas Reduction:**

- The plan sets a target to reduce countywide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by **20% by 2020** from a **2006 baseline year**. (*Section: Climate Change 1 :: Greenhouse Gas Reduction*)

**Energy Efficiency and Consumption:**

- Improve the energy efficiency of County-owned buildings to **reduce total energy consumption by 15% by 2010**, based on the baseline year chosen through ICLEI's greenhouse gas inventory process. (*Section: ENERGY 1 :: Energy Efficient County Buildings*)
- Reduce community energy consumption by **5% of total energy consumed by 2010**, excluding county governmental usage, based on the baseline year chosen through the ICLEI GHG inventory process. (*Section: ENERGY 2 :: Community Energy Consumption*)

**Transportation-Related Consumption:**

- Reduce energy consumption for transportation by the County. Specific strategies are to be developed based on established baselines. (*Section: ENERGY 3 :: Transportation-Related Consumption*)

**Renewable Energy:**

- Increase renewable energy use and production throughout the County to **5% of total energy consumption by 2010** based on the baseline year chosen by the County. (*Section: ENERGY 4 :: Renewable Energy*)

**Additional Mitigation and Adaptation Measures:**

- Require **25% construction and demolition (C&D) waste from any development project** countywide to be recycled. (*Section: Objective 3 - Action Item A: Implement reduction strategy*)
- Require all new CAT buses to be **hybrid, electric, or natural gas**. (*Section: Objective 3 - Action Item A: Implement reduction strategy*)
- Plant **365 new trees each year**. (*Section: CLIMATE CHANGE 1 :: Greenhouse Gas Reduction*)

**Public Transportation and Modal Integration:**

- Implement a green fleet program for transit systems requiring a **10% increase of fleet vehicles annually until full conversion**. (*Section: TRANSPORTATION 2 :: Modal Integration*)
- Increase bicycle trips to **3% of all trips by 2012** and to **5% of all trips by 2015**. (*Section: TRANSPORTATION 2 :: Modal Integration, Action Item D*)

**Education and Awareness:**

- Design and implement a countywide climate change education plan by the end of **2009**. The plan includes multiple action items to engage the public and increase awareness. (*Section: CLIMATE CHANGE 3 :: Education & Awareness*)

These measures and targets illustrate the plan's approach to tracking progress and demonstrate defined numerical objectives and deadlines.

| **Feature**          | **Description**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |
|----------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Chatham County, Georgia                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |
| **Population**      | Not specified in the document                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              |
| **Threats Identified** | • Climate change impacts, including GHG emissions <br> • Environmental impacts on natural resources <br> • Coastal hazards and weather <br> • Pressure on groundwater resources, such as saltwater intrusion <br> • Built environment impacts on estuarine environment <br> • Unemployment and poverty <br> • Inefficient land use and resource management <br> • Transportation's environmental impacts |
| **Measures Identified** | • Adoption of GHG reduction strategies <br> • Creation of adaptation plans <br> • Implementation of green building practices (LEED certifications) <br> • Development of energy-efficient infrastructure <br> • Increase of renewable energy production <br> • Promotion of sustainable land use and protection of green spaces <br> • Improvement in stormwater management and water conservation         |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction Overview:**

- **Name of Planning Jurisdiction:** Indianapolis
- **Location:** Indianapolis, Indiana, United States

**Population and Demographics:**

- *The plan does not provide specific data on population size, demographics, or average income.*

- *The plan does not discuss specific geographic features such as mountains, rivers, deserts, or coastlines. Detailed information on key infrastructure like airports or seaports is also not provided.*

- *The climate-related challenges, such as aridity or water challenges, are not detailed. However, the plan does refer to the city's efforts to manage stormwater infiltration and address the urban heat island effect through increased greenery (NR:1C, NR:1D).*

  - The city aims for a significant portion of its energy to come from renewable sources, with a target of "20% of energy consumed in Indianapolis comes from renewable sources by 2025" (EN:1). 
  - "By 2020, the City of Indianapolis will transition 25% of municipal energy usage to renewable sources" with aspirations towards "100% renewable energy use by 2028" (EN:1A).
  
- **Natural Resources:**
  - The plan mentions efforts to sustain and expand green spaces and tree canopies (NR:1D) and emphasizes native planting and the removal of invasive species (NR:1A).
  
- The economy objective highlights initiatives to support job opportunities, particularly in green jobs and re-entry training programs, indicating an economic focus on workforce development and sustainability (EC:1B, EC:2B).
- Efforts include developing and piloting a green business/energy efficiency training program for the re-entry population (EC:2B) and the creation of green job opportunities for youth through partnerships with sustainability-related businesses (EC:1A).
  
*The plan largely focuses on initiatives for sustainability and resilience rather than providing comprehensive details about the physical and economic landscape.*

The plan places a strong emphasis on building community resilience by integrating resilience measures into infrastructure and public health. For example, "All new infrastructure is designed, built and maintained to be resilient to the anticipated impacts of climate change" and initiatives such as "increase the number of residents with emergency preparedness resources and training in our most vulnerable neighborhoods based on the 2018 Vulnerability Assessment before 2022" demonstrate the focus on resilience (*Built Environment Objective 2* and *Public Health & Safety Objective 2*).

Mitigation efforts are prominently featured in the plan with objectives aimed at achieving carbon neutrality and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The plan includes actions such as "Achieve net zero GHG emissions by 2050," and initiatives like developing energy benchmarking and disclosure policies highlight the commitment towards mitigation (*Overarching Goals* and *Built Environment Objective 1*).

Adaptation strategies in the plan focus on preparing systems for anticipated climate changes, such as the action to "systematically integrate climate change projections into all future capital projects by 2020" (*Built Environment Objective 2*). Further actions like improving stormwater retention programs and expanding the use of green infrastructure support adaptation aims.

Based on the emphasis across resilience, mitigation, and adaptation as outlined in the document, the plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. The plan balances strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions with initiatives that aim to adapt to and prepare for the impacts of climate change while enhancing community resilience.

Yes, the plan describes potential impacts of climate change the planning jurisdiction, Indianapolis, will face. It notes that:

- "As GHGs rise so do the number and the intensity of extreme weather events, such as torrential rains that contribute to flooding and destroy homes and infrastructure" (*Thrive Indianapolis*).
- It mentions temperature increases that can "contribute to poor air quality and negatively impact the health of the people of Indianapolis, specifically the young, older adults, and those with existing asthma or other respiratory issues" (*GHG Emissions*).
- The plan acknowledges the need for the community to "act to both understand and reduce our contribution to GHG emissions in the air" to build a safer, cleaner, and healthier Indianapolis (*Thrive Indianapolis*).

1. **Extreme Weather Events**
   - **Climate Hazard:** "As GHGs rise so do the number and the intensity of extreme weather events, such as torrential rains that contribute to flooding and destroy homes and infrastructure."
   - **Climate Risks:** These events lead to flooding, which can "destroy homes and infrastructure," creating significant dangers to both built and natural environments.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Vulnerable populations with a "reduced ability to respond" to these impacts are highlighted, but specific areas aren't distinctly mentioned in the context of extreme weather beyond flooding.

2. **High Temperatures**
   - **Climate Hazard:** "Temperature increases can contribute to poor air quality and negatively impact the health of the people of Indianapolis, specifically the young, older adults and those with existing asthma or other respiratory issues."
   - **Climate Risks:** Heat is identified as "the number one weather-related killer." Rising temperatures exacerbate health issues and air quality problems.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Those residing in areas with high temperatures and limited tree cover, as these are "where our most vulnerable populations reside."

3. **Poor Air Quality**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Associated with rising temperatures, the document emphasizes that "poor air quality negatively impact[s] the health of the people of Indianapolis."
   - **Climate Risks:** Air quality issues specifically harm "the young, older adults and those with existing asthma or other respiratory issues."
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** While not explicitly detailing areas, the vulnerable are those with pre-existing health conditions that make them susceptible to air pollution exacerbated by climate change.

   - **Climate Hazard:** Resulting from "torrential rains that contribute to flooding."
   - **Climate Risks:** Flooding causes destruction of homes and infrastructure, directly impacting those living in susceptible areas.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Flood-prone zones, likely overlapping with socioeconomically vulnerable neighborhoods identified in related assessments like the Social Vulnerability Index.

1. **Develop an energy benchmarking and disclosure policy for municipal and commercial buildings:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Reducing GHG emissions contributes to resilience by lessening the impacts of climate change exacerbated by these emissions.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, Location:** First-year disclosure completed by the end of 2020; capital cost (<$1m) / program implementation (<$100k).  
   - **Attributes:** Implementation benefits include increased resilience for socially vulnerable areas/populations and GHG reduction potential. (*Built Environment Objective 1, BE:1A*)

2. **Require all new commercial construction to meet electric vehicle (EV) readiness requirements:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Reducing reliance on fossil fuels minimizes air pollution and supports systemic resilience to energy shocks.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, Location:** By 2020, with the goal to increase charging infrastructure at workplaces.  
   - **Attributes:** Initial costs not specified, identified high GHG reduction potential. (*Built Environment Objective 1, BE:1B*)

3. **Systematically integrate climate change projections into all future capital projects:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Anticipates and mitigates infrastructure vulnerabilities to climate impacts.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, Location:** By 2020; capital cost not specified.  
   - **Attributes:** Enhances resilience against projected climate impacts. (*Built Environment Objective 2, BE:2A*)

4. **Pilot the city’s first energy resource center:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Facilitates community preparedness and resilience against natural disasters.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, Location:** Before 2021; capital cost (<$1m) / program implementation (<$100k).  
   - **Attributes:** Acts as a resilience hub offering disaster preparedness information. (*Public Health & Safety Objective 2, PH:2C*)

5. **Expand workforce preparedness training including climate change information:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Prepares workforce and public health providers for climate-induced service disruptions.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, Location:** Before 2022; capital cost ($1-5m) / program implementation ($100-500k).  
   - **Attributes:** Focuses on rapidly restoring essential services after crises. (*Public Health & Safety Objective 2, PH:2D*)

6. **Improve onsite stormwater retention programs:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Mitigates flooding risks exacerbated by increased rainfall and storm events.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, Location:** Register 500 properties by 2022; implementation cost <$1m.  
   - **Attributes:** Incentives for rain barrels, rain gardens, and green roofs improve local stormwater management. (*Built Environment Objective 2, BE:2B*)

7. **Increase street sweeping operations:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Enhances stormwater drainage capacity, reducing flood risk.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, Location:** Countywide; implementation cost <$1m.  
   - **Attributes:** Improves overall urban water management. (*Built Environment Objective 2, BE:2D*)

8. **Expand multimodal transportation options:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Enhances community mobility resilience by reducing reliance on single-mode transport affected by climate impacts.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, Location:** Target to increase by 2025 over 2016 levels.  
   - **Attributes:** Includes increasing transit services and safety improvements. (*Transportation & Land Use, TL:1*)

For each option, the plan emphasizes equity and resilience benefits by considering socially vulnerable populations, implementing sustainable practices, and enhancing preparedness to climate-related threats.

The plan identifies several mitigation options as follows:

### **1. Develop an Energy Benchmarking and Disclosure Policy**

- **Objective/Action**: "Develop an energy benchmarking and disclosure policy for municipal and commercial buildings with the first-year disclosure completed by the end of 2020." (BUILT ENVIRONMENT OBJECTIVE 1, BE:1A)
- **Cost**: Capital cost < $1m / Program implementation < $100k
- **Timing**: Complete first-year disclosure by the end of 2020.
- **Location/Attributes**: Municipal and commercial buildings.

### **2. Require Electric Vehicle (EV) Readiness in New Construction**

- **Objective/Action**: "Require all new commercial construction to meet electric vehicle (EV) readiness requirements for 20% of parking spaces by 2020, with the goal of significantly increasing charging infrastructure at businesses and workplaces." (BUILT ENVIRONMENT OBJECTIVE 1, BE:1B)
- **Timing**: By the end of 2020.
- **Location/Attributes**: New commercial constructions.

### **3. Establish Low-Interest Loans for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy**

- **Objective/Action**: "Establish low-interest loans for energy efficiency and renewable energy improvements in new and existing buildings, sustained by a revolving loan fund from a combination of financing sources." (BUILT ENVIRONMENT OBJECTIVE 1, BE:1C)
- **Cost**: Capital cost > $5m / Program implementation > $500k
- **Location/Attributes**: New and existing buildings.

### **4. Increase Electric Vehicle (EV) Ownership**

- **Objective/Action**: "Increase electric vehicle (EV) ownership 300% by 2025 from the 2017 baseline of 760 vehicles." (TRANSPORTATION & LAND USE OBJECTIVE 2, TL:2)
- **Cost**: Capital cost > $5m
- **Timing**: By 2025.
- **Location/Attributes**: Countywide, focusing on increasing ownership and infrastructure for EVs.

### **5. Promote Water Conservation**

- **Objective/Action**: "Through the Energy Benchmarking program, promote initiatives that improve water conservation with 1,000 participating businesses by 2022." (NATURAL RESOURCES OBJECTIVE 2, NR:2D)
- **Cost**: Not explicitly stated for this specific initiative.
- **Timing**: By 2022.
- **Location/Attributes**: 1,000 participating businesses.

### **6. Convert IndyGo Fleet to Electric**

- **Objective/Action**: "Convert remaining IndyGo fleet to electric by 2031." (TRANSPORTATION & LAND USE OBJECTIVE 2, TL:2C)
- **Cost**: Not specified.
- **Timing**: Fully converted by 2031.
- **Location/Attributes**: IndyGo public transit fleet.

### **7. Reduce the Burning of Gasoline and Diesel**

- **Objective/Action**: "Reduce the burning of gasoline and diesel by increasing the use of transportation alternatives through the Indy Moves Plan and promoting idling reduction programs." (NATURAL RESOURCES OBJECTIVE 2, NR:2C)
- **Cost**: Not explicitly stated in the respective objective.
- **Location/Attributes**: Countywide with a focus on transportation alternatives.

These mitigation options are designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by promoting energy efficiency, increasing the use of renewable energy, and encouraging sustainable transportation practices.

The plan identifies several mitigation options, each with specific cost, timeframe, and other attributes:

1. **Develop an energy benchmarking and disclosure policy for municipal and commercial buildings (BE:1A)**
   - **Cost:** Capital cost is less than $1 million, and program implementation cost is less than $100,000. 
   - **Timeframe:** First-year disclosure to be completed by the end of 2020.
   - **Location:** Municipal and commercial buildings.
   - **Attributes:** Aims to increase energy efficiency and reduce GHG emissions.

2. **Require all new commercial construction to meet electric vehicle (EV) readiness (BE:1B)**
   - **Cost:** Capital cost is not explicitly stated, may fall under cheaper investments.
   - **Timeframe:** By 2020. 
   - **Location:** New commercial constructions.
   - **Attributes:** EV readiness requirements for 20% of parking spaces to increase EV infrastructure.

3. **Establish low-interest loans for energy efficiency and renewable energy improvements (BE:1C)**
   - **Cost:** Capital cost is greater than $5 million, and program implementation cost is greater than $500,000.
   - **Timeframe:** Not explicitly mentioned.
   - **Location:** New and existing buildings.
   - **Attributes:** Sustained by a revolving loan fund from a combination of financing sources to promote energy improvements.

4. **Convert remaining IndyGo fleet to electric by 2031 (TL:2C)**
   - **Cost:** Part of broader financial strategies, specific costs not outlined.
   - **Timeframe:** By 2031.
   - **Location:** IndyGo transit system.
   - **Attributes:** Intended to reduce GHG emissions by using electric vehicles in public transportation.

5. **Reduce gasoline and diesel burning through transportation alternatives (NR:2C)**
   - **Cost:** Costs associated with transportation plans and promoting idling reduction programs.
   - **Timeframe:** Not explicitly mentioned, aligned with broader Indy Moves Plan.
   - **Location:** Throughout Indianapolis’ transportation systems.
   - **Attributes:** Promotes use of transportation alternatives and idling reduction programs to reduce emissions.

Each of these mitigation options contributes to reducing GHG emissions and includes various measures related to energy efficiency, electric vehicle infrastructure, and alternative transportation systems.

The plan identifies several adaptation options within different objectives and actions. Here is a summary of the adaptation options, the climate threats they address, and the relevant information related to cost, timeframe, location, and other attributes:

### **Adaptation Options**

1. **Systematically Integrate Climate Change Projections**
   - **Objective/Action:** BE:2A
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Anticipated impacts of climate change on infrastructure.
     - **Cost:** Not specified, but aligns with overall investment priorities based on the 2018 Vulnerability Assessment.
     - **Timeframe:** By 2020
     - **Location:** Applicable to all future capital projects.
     - **Attributes:** Ensures new infrastructure can withstand current and projected impacts.

2. **Improving Onsite Stormwater Retention Programs**
   - **Objective/Action:** BE:2B
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Stormwater management challenges due to increased precipitation and extreme weather.
     - **Cost:** Costs are indicated with "$$, " suggesting a moderate-range expense ($1-5m).
     - **Timeframe:** Register 500 properties by 2022.
     - **Location:** Applicable to residential and non-residential properties.
     - **Attributes:** Includes incentivizing rain barrels, rain gardens, and green roofs.

3. **Pilot Energy Resource Center**
   - **Objective/Action:** PH:2C
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Natural disasters and hazards impacting neighborhoods.
     - **Cost:** Not specifically outlined; it's implied under varying program options between $ and $$.
     - **Timeframe:** Before 2021
     - **Location:** Acts as a resilience hub for a neighborhood.
     - **Attributes:** Provides physical, web, and mobile resources to prepare residents for natural disasters and hazards.

4. **Increase Green Spaces**
   - **Objective/Action:** NR:1B
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Urban heat island effect and insufficient stormwater infiltration.
     - **Cost:** Not explicitly detailed; ranges from $ to $$, indicating moderate capital/program costs.
     - **Timeframe:** Ensure implementation by 2022.
     - **Location:** City parks and greenways.
     - **Attributes:** Aimed at improving stormwater infiltration and ongoing maintenance.

5. **Plant Additional Native Trees**
   - **Objective/Action:** NR:1D
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Urban heat island and stormwater management.
     - **Cost:** Not explicitly provided, implying it involves moderate to significant capital and program investments.
     - **Timeframe:** Plant 30,000 additional trees by 2025.
     - **Location:** Specifically targets neighborhoods in most need.
     - **Attributes:** Increases canopy, reduces runoff, and mitigates urban heat.

Each adaptation option aims to address specific climate threats through strategic planning, engaging multiple locations, and leveraging financial investments with varying cost implications indicated in the document. The enhancements target infrastructure resilience, community preparedness, stormwater management, and the urban environment to better cope with the anticipated impacts of climate change.

The plan identifies various climate policies aimed at advancing climate justice. Here are the summarized details for each:

1. **Equitable Engagement Process**  
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The plan recognizes that existing chronic stressors such as *"living at or below the federal poverty level, experiencing homelessness, living in high crime neighborhoods, being exposed to poor air quality, and having limited transportation options,"* are exacerbated by extreme weather events due to climate change.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** *"Those struggling with these chronic stressors are also going to be the ones most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change."* The focus is on ensuring that all community members, particularly those *"historically underrepresented,"* are engaged in the plan development.

2. **Social Vulnerability Index**  
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The vulnerability to shocks, stressors, and the impacts of a changing climate, which includes factors like high temperatures and flooding.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Identified through a Social Vulnerability Index, which combines *"12 socioeconomic factors"* and highlights areas and neighborhoods of greatest need for capital improvements. *"People living below 200% of the federal poverty level, adults aged 65 and over, youth under 18, no-vehicle households,"* among others, are identified as vulnerable.

3. **Tree Canopy Expansion**  
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The urban heat island effect and extreme heat events.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas outlined in a map with *"very high social vulnerability"* and those recorded as having maximum summertime temperatures. These areas are prioritized for enhancing the community's resilience through increased tree canopy.

4. **Increase Community Resilience by Prioritizing Equity**  
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The overall threat of climate change impacting vulnerable communities.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Focuses on *"socially vulnerable area populations,"* highlighting the importance of integrating equity in policy, planning, and project implementation to increase resilience.

These policies collectively aim to integrate climate justice by prioritizing those most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, ensuring an equitable approach to resilience, adaptation, and mitigation strategies.

Based on the provided content from the "Thrive Indianapolis" plan, no explicit potential maladaptive climate policies are mentioned. However, there are a few areas where potential for maladaptation might be considered, although they are speculative:

1. **Energy Efficiency in New Buildings**

   - **Addressed Climate Threat:** The threat is the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) related to energy use in buildings, contributing to climate change.
   - **Option Proposed:** "Require all new commercial construction to meet electric vehicle (EV) readiness requirements for 20% of parking spaces by 2020, with the goal of significantly increasing charging infrastructure at businesses and workplaces." (BE:1B)
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** While the aim is to increase energy efficiency and promote electric vehicles (EVs), if the transition isn't paired with a corresponding increase in the clean energy supply for those vehicles, it could inadvertently lead to increased demand on current non-renewable energy sources, thus not effectively reducing overall GHG emissions.

2. **Infrastructure Resilience**

   - **Addressed Climate Threat:** Infrastructure vulnerability to climate change impacts like flooding and extreme weather events.
   - **Option Proposed:** "Systematically integrate climate change projections into all future capital projects by 2020, ensuring new infrastructure can withstand current and projected impacts." (BE:2A)
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** Prioritizing climate projections in infrastructure may lead to overspending on resilience for climate scenarios that may not fully materialize, thus diverting resources from pressing current social and environmental needs. Additionally, it may result in rigid infrastructure solutions that are less adaptable to changing conditions.

3. **Transportation Upgrades**

   - **Addressed Climate Threat:** Transportation-related GHG emissions and congestion.
   - **Option Proposed:** "Continue to identify opportunities to create temporary pedestrian-only zones in our cultural and entertainment districts by 2020." (TL:1E)
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** If these pedestrian zones reduce accessibility for individuals with limited mobility or do not consider equitable access to these areas, they could inadvertently increase social disparities or economic challenges for affected businesses.

It is important to note that these points are speculative and based on potential critiques of the policies outlined. The actual impact would depend on their implementation and contextual factors within Indianapolis.

### **Adaptation, Resilience, and Mitigation Metrics**

**Built Environment:**
- **Baseline and Targets for GHG Emissions from Buildings:**
  - Baseline: 9,638,165 mtCO2e (2016)
  - 2025 Target: Reduction in emissions (exact amount not specified)
  - Baseline: 88,509,707 MMBTU (2016)
  - 2025 Target: Reduction to 70,807,766 MMBTU
- **Green Building Metrics:**
  - # of green buildings (LEED certified or Energy Star Rated)
  - # of buildings disclosing energy use annually

**Energy:**
- **Renewable Energy Use:**
  - Baseline: 8% of municipal energy use from renewable sources (2016)
  - 2025 Target: 75%
- **GHG Emissions from Energy Generation:**
  - Baseline: 1,291,888 mtCO2e (2016)
  
**Waste & Recycling:**
- **GHG Emissions from Waste Sector:**
  - Baseline: 44,794 MTCO2e (2016)
  - Target: Reduction to 35,835 MTCO2e

**Transportation & Land Use:**
- **GHG Emissions from Transportation Sector:**
  - Baseline: 4,947,294 MTCO2e (2016)
  - 2025 Target: Reduction to 3,957,835 MTCO2e
- **Commuters Metrics:**
  - % of commuters who drive alone
  - Miles of bike lanes
  - # of EVs registered

**Public Health & Safety:**
- **Air Quality Metrics:**
  - # of annual days air quality impacts vulnerable populations
  - % of adults who are overweight or obese
  - % of children who are active at least 60 minutes per day

**Natural Resources:**
- **Environmental Quality:**
  - # of days not meeting National Air Quality Standards
  - % of samples that exceed Indiana Water Quality Standards for E.coli

- **ALL New Infrastructure:**
  - Designed for resilience and to withstand climate impacts with priority on equity.
  
- **Energy Benchmarking:**
  - Develop energy disclosure policy for buildings by 2020.
  
- **Renewable Energy Infrastructure:**
  - Increase EV readiness in commercial construction for 20% of parking spaces by 2020.
  
- **Participation Goals:**
  - 1,000 businesses in water conservation initiatives by 2022.
  
Each of these metrics and targets are intended to be tracked at specified intervals, with performance metrics reported every three years and output metrics reported annually. These measurements are critical for evaluating the effectiveness of the climate adaptation, resilience, and mitigation strategies outlined in the plan.

| Feature             | Details                                                                                                            |
|---------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | **Indianapolis**                                                                                                 |
| **Population**          | "despite the total population growing approximately 4% from 2010 to 2016" (Introduction)                       |
| **Threats Identified**  | - Extreme weather events (e.g., torrential rains, flooding) (Introduction)                                       |
|                         | - Poor air quality and health impacts (e.g., impact on young, older adults, asthmatics) (Climate Change & Indianapolis) |
|                         | - Heat, ozone, and mosquito-related illnesses (Public Health & Safety)                                          |
| **Measures Identified** | - Increase multimodal transportation options (Transportation & Land Use)                                        |
|                         | - Launch a coordinated preparedness campaign (Public Health & Safety)                                           |
|                         | - Pilot energy resource centers (Public Health & Safety)                                                        |
|                         | - Transition to energy efficiency and natural gas from coal power (Energy)                                      |
|                         | - Develop and deploy stormwater and water quality education programs (Natural Resources)                        |
|                         | - Plant 30,000 native trees by 2025 (Natural Resources)                                                         |
|                         | - Develop a Community Health Improvement Plan (Public Health & Safety)                                         |
```

The plan does not provide explicit information regarding the physical and economic landscape details such as population, demographics, or average income for the City of Anaheim, the planning jurisdiction. However, it is clear that the city is located in California, USA.

### **Key Economic and Physical Features:**

  - **Anaheim Public Utilities (APU):** Focuses on providing sustainable, affordable, and reliable electric and water services to its customers, including residential and business sectors.

  - **Investments in Renewable Power Supplies:**
    - APU has shifted investments towards renewable energy, including solar projects and methane capture power generation system within the Frank R. Bowerman Landfill in Orange County.
    - It aims to transition from fossil-fuel resources to renewable and carbon-free resources, promoting solar and wind energy, among others.
    - "APU met its 2020 renewable energy procurement goal of 33%," with anticipation towards more renewables and energy storage investments (Investments in Renewable Power Supplies).

### **Environmental and Climate Considerations:**

- **Water Conservation and Challenges:**
  - The jurisdiction experienced a historic drought and focused on promoting water conservation as a habitual practice beyond temporary state mandates. "As the 2015 GHG plan was being written, California was experiencing a historic drought...Anaheim continued to promote water conservation as a way of life" (Water Conservation and Drought Resiliency).
  - The city exceeded its goals, achieving a "30% per capita water use reduction" equating to a significant reduction in CO₂ emissions (Water Conservation and Drought Resiliency).

### **Natural Resources:**

- **Renewable Resources:**
  - Solar, wind, biomass, landfill gas, geothermal, and small-scale hydro are identified as qualifying renewable resources (Qualifying Renewable Resources).
  
The document primarily focuses on Anaheim’s efforts to reduce GHG emissions and transition towards sustainable energy rather than detailing its economic or geographical landscape comprehensively.

The plan provides various strategies and initiatives that cover resilience, mitigation, and adaptation, making it a comprehensive approach to climate change.

- The plan promotes **water conservation and drought resiliency**, emphasizing water use reduction education, more stringent building standards, replacement of inefficient lawns, and increasing recycled water for non-potable uses. (Section: Water Conservation and Drought Resiliency)
- Efforts to transform gardens with drought-tolerant landscapes and water recycling demonstration facilities also contribute to community resilience. (Section: Notable Accomplishments 2015—2020)

- **Greenhouse Gas Reductions:** The plan includes GHG emissions reductions through the divestiture of coal power plants, increased reliance on renewables, and energy storage investments. Since 2015, emissions from the power supply have been reduced by 40%. (Section: Greenhouse Gas Reductions from Power Supplies)
- **Investments in Renewables:** The city invested in renewable power supplies, including a methane capture power generation system and a large-scale solar project. They met a 2020 goal of producing 33% of energy from renewable resources. (Section: Investments in Renewable Power Supplies)
- **Distributed Solar Energy Systems:** The plan aims to increase distributed solar installations from an initial 2030 goal of 37 MW to 50 MW and 75 MW by 2045. (Section: Distributed Solar Energy Systems)
- **Transitioning Fleet to Electric Vehicles (EVs):** APU is transitioning its fleet to EVs, helping reduce GHG emissions. A rebate program for other city departments supports this transition. (Section: Fleet Electric Vehicles)

- **Shade Trees and Street Lighting:** Though not detailed in the provided sections, these initiatives likely contribute to urban heat reduction and adaptation strategies in public spaces.
- **Transportation Electrification:** Efforts to electrify transportation aim to improve air quality, which can be a form of adaptation to changing climate conditions. (Section: Transportation Electrification to Improve Air Quality)

### **Plan Classification**
The plan can be classified as a **sustainable/green plan** as it addresses all three components—resilience, mitigation, and adaptation—through comprehensive strategies and initiatives focusing on sustainability and environmental friendliness while also aligning with state policies for a carbon-free energy future.

The plan does not explicitly describe a detailed scenario of climate change that Anaheim will face. However, it addresses the need to transition towards a sustainable future with renewable resources and mentions achieving a "carbon-free energy future in the state of California" in accordance with state policies such as Senate Bill 100 (Introduction). The document emphasizes the role of Anaheim Public Utilities (APU) in reducing GHG emissions and transitioning from fossil fuels to sustainable resources. It also highlights past challenges, such as the historic drought, and the importance of water conservation which "contributes to the reduction of GHG emissions" (Water Conservation and Drought Resiliency). These elements suggest a focus on resilience, mitigation, and adaptation efforts without presenting a specific climate change scenario.

The plan does not explicitly list specific climate hazards presenting climate risks for the planning jurisdiction in the provided excerpts. As a result, there is no detailed description of climate hazards, their associated risks, or vulnerable populations outlined in the provided text. Therefore, without further explicit information from additional content in the plan, it is not possible to generate a numbered list of climate hazards based on the current document excerpts.

The plan identifies the following resilience options:

### Water Conservation and Drought Resiliency
1. **Climate Threat Addressed:** 
   - Drought and water scarcity.
   
   - **Timeframe:** The plan mentions achieving a 30% reduction in per capita water use since 2015, exceeding the 2020 goal of 20%. Future savings are expected from continued efforts.
   - **Location:** City of Anaheim, as part of the broader utility goals laid out in the plan.

   - **Economic and Environmental Considerations:** Reducing water consumption corresponds to a reduction in energy required to distribute water, thereby reducing GHG emissions. Future initiatives include conservation education, stringent building standards, and increased recycled water for non-potable uses.

### Investments in Renewable Power Supplies
   - GHG emissions from fossil fuels contributing to climate change.
   
   - **Timeframe:** Transition began in 2006 with ongoing investments in renewable energy.
   - **Location:** Includes projects like the methane capture system at Frank R. Bowerman Landfill in Orange County and a solar project in Riverside County.

   - **Economic, Infrastructural, and Environmental Considerations:** Investment in renewables aims to minimize costs associated with wholesale market prices and reduce reliance on fossil fuel resources. Emphasis on a smooth transition towards carbon-free resources.

### Fleet Electric Vehicles
   - Emissions from transportation impacting air quality and contributing to climate change.
   
   - **Timeframe:** As of 2020, APU has integrated 30 EVs and hybrid vehicles into their fleet.
   - **Location:** City of Anaheim.

   - **Economic and Environmental Considerations:** Reducing GHG emissions by transitioning to EVs. The fleet transition includes providing rebates to other city departments for vehicle upgrades, with ongoing collaboration to enhance EV technology for heavy-duty vehicles.

### General Remarks Across Programs
- There are no specific tables, charts, or detailed cost breakdowns within the provided extract for each individual resilience option. The information is generally described in terms of percentage goals and reductions achieved.
- Emphasis is uniformly placed on aligning local initiatives with state policies and legislation, such as Senate Bill 100 which targets a carbon-free energy future by 2045.

The plan identifies several mitigation options, which include investments in renewable power supplies, water conservation and drought resiliency, energy efficiency, and fleet electrification. Below is the summarized information for each option:

1. **Investments in Renewable Power Supplies**
   - **Cost:** The cost exposure to wholesale market prices was minimized through a structured power purchase agreement.
   - **Timing:** Initial investments began in 2006, with ongoing projects such as the large-scale solar project in Riverside County, which, once online, will produce 36 MW of clean energy.
   - **Location:** Investments include a methane capture power generation system at the Frank R. Bowerman Landfill in Orange County and a solar project in Riverside County.
   - **Attributes:** The plan continues to mold a mix of renewables and other carbon-free resources like hydro power from Hoover Dam.

   >“APU has invested in a methane capture power generation system at the Frank R. Bowerman Landfill in Orange County.” (Investments in Renewable Power Supplies)

2. **Water Conservation and Drought Resiliency**
   - **Cost:** No specific cost details provided, but future savings predicted from continued education and more stringent building standards.
   - **Timing:** The water conservation efforts began around the historic drought before 2015 and continue into the future.
   - **Location:** Conservation efforts are community-wide in Anaheim.
   - **Attributes:** Key actions include achieving 30% per capita water use reduction since 2015, promoting conservation as a way of life, and plans for replacing inefficient lawns and appliances.

   >“APU exceeded its 2020 goal of 20% per capita water use reduction by achieving 30% which equates to 481,000 MTCO2e since 2015.” (Water Conservation and Drought Resiliency)

>“APU exceeded its 2020 goal of 20% per capita water use reduction by achieving 30% which equates to 481,000 MTCO2e since 2015.” (Water Conservation and Drought Resiliency)

3. **Energy Efficiency**
   - **Cost:** No specific cost details, but efforts include partnerships for weatherization and LED lighting upgrades.
   - **Timing:** Energy conservation programs have been implemented through 2020, with a focus on ongoing efficiency assessments.
   - **Location:** Encompasses homes, businesses, and schools within Anaheim.
   - **Attributes:** Initiatives included lighting upgrades and weatherization, contributing to energy savings equivalent to 237,000 MTCO2e reductions, involving assessments for 46 schools.

   >“Through 2020, APU’s cumulative energy savings from its conservation programs totaled 411,000,000 kilowatt-hours (kWh), which is equivalent to 237,000 MTCO2e reductions.” (Energy Efficiency)

4. **Fleet Electrification**
   - **Cost:** The plan mentions rebating assistance for city departments to transition vehicles, though specific cost amounts are not disclosed.
   - **Timing:** Transition started by 2020, with plans to continue increasing the number of electric vehicles.
   - **Location:** Targeted at the city fleet within Anaheim, including departments beyond APU.
   - **Attributes:** Focuses on transitioning fleet to EVs, providing rebate assistance, with collaboration efforts for electrifying heavy duty vehicles also in place.

   >“APU is transitioning its fleet to EVs for functions such as meter reading, pool vehicles, and safety inspections...As of 2020, there are 30 EVs and hybrid vehicles in APU’s fleet.” (Fleet Electric Vehicles)

The plan identifies several **mitigation options** which include:

1. **Renewable Power Supplies**:
   - **Investments in Renewable Energy**: APU has been investing in renewable power supplies since 2006, with notable investments like a methane capture power generation system at the Frank R. Bowerman Landfill in Orange County and a large-scale solar project in Riverside County expected to produce 36 MW of clean energy ("Investments in Renewable Power Supplies").
   - **Cost and Timeframe**: The plan emphasizes investments began prior to state mandates, highlighting cost-effective procurement strategies like minimizing exposure to wholesale market prices ("Investments in Renewable Power Supplies").
   - **Location**: Projects are mainly located within California, such as Orange County and Riverside County ("Investments in Renewable Power Supplies").

2. **Fleet Electrification**:
   - **Transitioning to Electric Vehicles (EVs)**: APU is transitioning its fleet to electric vehicles, including passenger vehicles like Chevrolet Bolts and Nissan Leafs, and is providing rebate assistance to other city departments ("Fleet Electric Vehicles").
   - **GHG Reduction**: As of 2020, the transition accounts for a 0.5 MTCO2e reduction in GHG emissions, with an increased target of 32K MTCO2e by 2045 ("Fleet Electric Vehicles").
   - **Important Attributes**: Collaboration with other utilities is ongoing to develop options for heavy-duty operating equipment to support broader electrification efforts ("Fleet Electric Vehicles").

3. **Energy Efficiency Programs**:
   - **Lighting Upgrades and Weatherization**: Programs focusing on energy efficiency resulted in cumulative energy savings and GHG reductions, with lighting upgrades to efficient LEDs highlighted as significant contributors ("Energy Efficiency").
   - **GHG Reduction and Savings**: Through 2020, energy efficiency programs have resulted in 237,000 MTCO2e reductions. School energy efficiency assessments contribute to this with an additional 9,800 MTCO2e reduction ("Energy Efficiency").
   - **Locations and Partners**: Partnership with SoCalGas and 46 private and public schools to conduct efficiency assessments at local campuses ("Energy Efficiency").

4. **Water Conservation**:
   - **Conservation Efforts and Outcomes**: Efforts include promoting water conservation, stricter building standards, and replacing inefficient appliances. This achieved a 30% reduction in per capita water use ("Water Conservation and Drought Resiliency").
   - **GHG Reduction**: Achieved a corresponding reduction of 481,000 MTCO2e since 2015 ("Water Conservation and Drought Resiliency").

These mitigation options are designed and implemented to meet the GHG reduction targets set forth in the plan, which align with state policies and directives like Senate Bill 100 ("Introduction").

The plan identifies the following adaptation options:

1. **Water Conservation and Drought Resiliency**
   - **Climate Threat:** This adaptation option addresses the threat of drought and the associated water scarcity.
     - The plan mentions that as a result of multi-year drought conditions, Anaheim anticipated increased water consumption. However, the city continued to promote water conservation as a lifestyle change to adapt to this new environment. (_Water Conservation and Drought Resiliency_)
     - Anaheim exceeded its 2020 goal with a 30% per capita water use reduction, equivalent to 481,000 MTCO₂e of emissions reduced since 2015. This was achieved through conservation education, stricter building standards, replacing inefficient lawns and appliances, and increasing the use of recycled water for non-potable uses. (_Water Conservation and Drought Resiliency_)

2. **Turf Replacement Rebate Program**
   - **Climate Threat:** The program aims to mitigate the impact of drought by promoting drought-tolerant landscaping.
     - Recognizes residents and businesses who transform their gardens with drought-tolerant landscapes involving California-native plants and drip irrigation systems. (_Notable Accomplishments, 2015—2020_)
     - This program functions as part of the city's response to comply with a state mandate to reduce water usage, contributing to the larger goal of water conservation as a drought adaptation strategy. (_Notable Accomplishments, 2015—2020_)

3. **Water Recycling Demonstration Facility**
   - **Climate Threat:** This facility addresses water scarcity due to drought conditions by providing an alternative water source for non-potable purposes.
     - The facility, located in Downtown Anaheim, was extended by running purple pipe to a nearby park for irrigation in 2018. It supports median, park, and other outdoor irrigation needs with educational signage to inform customers about water recycling in the city. (_Notable Accomplishments, 2015—2020_) 

The plan focuses on sustainable practices and community involvement as key attributes for these adaptation options. It emphasizes long-term lifestyle changes and infrastructural improvements to address ongoing climate threats.

The document provided does not explicitly mention any climate policies that specifically address climate justice, nor does it discuss particular climate threats or identify areas or populations with significant climate vulnerability related to climate justice. The focus of the document is primarily on greenhouse gas reduction strategies and initiatives for sustainable electric and water practices.

Based on the provided document, specific details regarding maladaptive climate policies are not explicitly mentioned. However, potential unforeseen maladaptive outcomes can be inferred through analysis:

1. **Policy: Transition to Natural Gas as Transitional Energy Source**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The reliance on fossil fuels and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
   - **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:** The plan proposes a transition towards renewables while using "existing cleaner natural gas (natural gas emits about half the GHGs as coal) to provide a smooth transition" (GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTION PLAN: SUSTAINABLE ELECTRIC AND WATER INITIATIVES, Section: GHG REDUCTIONS FROM POWER SUPPLIES).
   - **Potential for Maladaptation:** While natural gas produces fewer emissions than coal, it is still a fossil fuel and contributes to GHG emissions and climate change. Over-relying on natural gas as a 'cleaner' alternative could delay the full transition to renewable energy sources, resulting in a prolonged emission of GHGs.

2. **Policy: Continued Use of Fossil Fuel Plants for Renewable Integration**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The variability and intermittency of renewable energy sources.
   - **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:** "APU utilizes fossil fuel power plants to integrate renewables in the near term, but over time will transition towards carbon-free resources" (GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTION PLAN: SUSTAINABLE ELECTRIC AND WATER INITIATIVES, Section: History).
   - **Potential for Maladaptation:** Dependence on fossil fuel plants as a means of integrating renewables could lead to sustained emissions, lock-in of carbon-intensive infrastructure, and delay investments in more sustainable solutions like energy storage technologies or grid optimization.

In both instances, the transitional use of fossil fuels, while mitigating some emissions, could result in continued environmental impact and delay the complete adaptation to truly sustainable energy systems, prolonging dependency on fossil fuels.

### **Metrics for Measuring Success**

#### **Greenhouse Gas Reductions**
- **Reduction in GHG Emissions:** 
  - "APU cumulatively reduced GHG emissions by 1,908,300 MTCO₂e through 2020." (GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTION PLAN)
  - The "2020 target of GHG emissions reduction from APU's power supply was 20% or 480,000 MTCO₂e," and actual emissions were reduced "by 40% or 940,000 MTCO₂e." (GHG REDUCTIONS FROM POWER SUPPLIES)

#### **Water Conservation**
- **Per Capita Water Use Reduction:** 
  - APU exceeded its "2020 goal of 20% per capita water use reduction by achieving 30% which equates to 481,000 MTCO₂e since 2015." (WATER CONSERVATION AND DROUGHT RESILIENCY)

#### **Transportation Electrification**
- **Number of Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Infrastructure:**
  - Originally set a "target of supporting 2,000 EVs registered in Anaheim by 2020," achieved approximately 4,000 EVs equating to over "10,000 MTCO₂e in GHG reductions." (TRANSPORTATION ELECTRIFICATION TO IMPROVE AIR QUALITY)
  - Target increased to "16,000 vehicles by 2030" and "25,000 by 2045."
  - 200 public access chargers by 2020 with a program to accelerate charging stations. (TRANSPORTATION ELECTRIFICATION TO IMPROVE AIR QUALITY)

#### **Fleet Electric Vehicles (EVs)**
- **City Fleet GHG Emission Reduction:**
  - Current status of "30 EVs and hybrid vehicles" equates to "0.5 MTCO₂e in GHG reduction." (FLEET ELECTRIC VEHICLES)
  - Targets for 2030 and 2045 are outlined as "1.2K* and 32K* MTCO₂e" respectively. (FLEET ELECTRIC VEHICLES)

#### **Energy Efficiency**
- **Cumulative Energy Savings:**
  - "APU’s cumulative energy savings from its conservation programs totaled 411,000,000 kilowatt-hours (kWh)," equivalent to "237,000 MTCO₂e reductions." (ENERGY EFFICIENCY)

#### **Distributed Solar Energy Systems**
- **Installed Capacity and GHG Reduction:**
  - The goal was to support "27 MW of distributed solar installed in Anaheim by 2020," with "about 34 MW installed" equating to "204,000 MTCO₂e in GHG reductions." (DISTRIBUTED SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS)
  - 2030 and 2045 goals set at "50 MW and 75 MW respectively." (DISTRIBUTED SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS)
  
- **Renewable Power Supplies Transition:**
  - SB 100 requires "retail electricity to be carbon-free by 2045." APU aims to increase reliance on renewables and energy storage investments. (GHG REDUCTIONS FROM POWER SUPPLIES)

- **Water Use Targets:**
  - Conservation education and measures aimed at further reducing water usage, promoting recycled water. (WATER CONSERVATION AND DROUGHT RESILIENCY)

- **Solar for Schools Program:**
  - "2020 target of 14 schools was met," with ongoing evaluations for additional implementation in subsequent phases. (DISTRIBUTED SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS)

The plan employs these detailed metrics to evaluate the efficacy of each mitigation and adaptation strategy, ensuring alignment with broader state objectives and sustainability goals.

| **Feature**             | **Details**                                                                                                                                                   |
|-------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name**  | Anaheim                                                                                                                                                       |
| **Population**          | *Not specified in the document*                                                                                                                                |
| **Threats Identified**  | - Historic Drought <br> - Water consumption increase                                                                                                           |
| **Measures Identified** | - Water conservation programs which led to a 30% per capita water use reduction ("Water Conservation and Drought Resiliency") <br> - Implementation of Shade Trees through TreePower program ("Shade Trees") <br> - Energy efficiency initiatives <br> - Promotion of electric vehicles ("Transportation Electrification to Improve Air Quality") <br> - Solar energy systems ("Distributed Solar Energy Systems")                               |
```

### Planning Jurisdiction: New Orleans, Louisiana

**Location and Geographic Features:**

- **Jurisdiction**: The planning jurisdiction is New Orleans, located in the state of Louisiana.
- **Geographic Features**: The corridor discussed, Alcee Fortier Boulevard, is on the periphery of the city. There is no specific mention of mountains, rivers, deserts, or coastline within the provided document, nor any key infrastructure like airports or seaports.

- **Population Growth**: The population near Alcee Fortier Boulevard has experienced significant growth, more than double the city average in recent years, with a 22 percent increase reflecting recovery from Hurricane Katrina.
- **Demographics**: The feature indicates low income levels nearly 40 percent below the city median, reflecting continued economic hardship in the community.

- **Economic Resilience**: The corridor facilitates economic resilience by leveraging its location with a convenience-based market and unique cultural attributes that attract visitors. However, St. Claude Avenue sees challenges with rapidly increasing housing costs and low median income, which are limiting residential growth and may force some residents out.
- **Key Economic Drivers**: Alcee Fortier Boulevard is highlighted as part of a targeted investment strategy incorporating public and private sectors to bolster economic and physical recovery, emphasizing long-term resilience.

**Physical Attributes and Infrastructure:**

- **Physical Improvements**: There have been recent improvements, such as streetscaping and pedestrian amenities, with ongoing discussions about pedestrian safety and public space enhancements (e.g., further streetscaping and pedestrian access across Michoud Lagoon). A new streetscape project slated for Newton Street may include widened neutral grounds, repaired sidewalks, bike lanes, and more, indicating a commitment to improving corridor infrastructure.
- **Infrastructure Challenges**: The corridor experiences drainage challenges, with clogged catch basins and damaged drain structures exacerbating flooding risk—especially for properties south of St. Claude Avenue, which fall into the Special Flood Hazard Areas. Limited parking and aging building facades also present challenges.

- The plan does not provide specific information about the climate of New Orleans (e.g., aridity or water challenges).

- There is no mention of energy production, natural resources, or reliance on industries such as oil, gas, or renewables in the document.

- **Commerce and Retail**: The corridor supports a mix of retail and service establishments but could benefit from more diverse business types, with noted high retail leakage indicating opportunities for development.
- **Cultural and Business Centers**: The reopening of historic sites such as St. Roch Market and facilities like the Healing Center presents economic potential through increased visitor engagement and local business vitality.

This summary captures the physical and economic landscape of New Orleans according to the Main Street Resilience Plan, focusing on the specific corridors studied within the document.

The Main Street Resilience Plan is significantly oriented towards resilience, focusing on enhancing the ability of New Orleans' commercial corridors to recover from adverse events. Key elements of resilience addressed in the plan include:

- **Resilient New Orleans**: The plan establishes a broad strategy to ensure long-term resilience through actions such as creating a resilience retrofit program for buildings and developing small business resilience initiatives. (_Current and Previous Resilience Work_)
- **Resilient Commercial Buildings Program**: Strategies are outlined for reducing vulnerability to weather events, incorporating building hardening measures, and maintaining the architectural character of corridors. (_Cross Corridor Actions: Resilient Commercial Buildings Program_)
- **Stormwater Resilience Enhancements**: The plan addresses flooding concerns through small-scale improvements in stormwater infrastructure, emphasizing increased permeability and public outreach for innovative stormwater management. (_Cross Corridor Actions: Stormwater Resilience Enhancements_)

While the plan primarily focuses on resilience and adaptation, it indirectly supports mitigation through actions that reduce potential environmental impacts, such as improved stormwater management and building retrofits.

The plan strongly addresses adaptation by adjusting systems to minimize harm from expected climate impacts. Initiatives include:

- **Assessment Methodology**: Identifying and measuring resilience against shocks and stresses, which include both immediate disaster events and ongoing socio-economic challenges. (_Assessment Methodology_)
- **Vermilion Resiliency Plan**: Despite not focusing solely on New Orleans, this referenced plan emphasizes cultural preservation and economic development as critical aspects of community resilience. (_Current and Previous Resilience Work_)

Given the emphasis on resilience and adaptation with indirect mitigation benefits, the Main Street Resilience Plan can be classified as an **adaptation/resilience dedicated** plan.

The plan does not specifically describe a scenario of climate change in terms of projections or forecasts of future climate conditions. Instead, it focuses on the current vulnerabilities to shock events and stresses, and the condition of infrastructure and buildings within New Orleans' Main Streets. The plan is designed to enhance resilience to both natural and man-made adversities by targeting public and private investment in the areas of greatest vulnerability within Main Street commercial corridors. 

Key aspects considered include:

- **Shocks** such as floods, hurricanes, storm surges, and high winds (Section 12, Assessment Methodology).
- **Stresses** like land subsidence, street flooding, coastal erosion, and social stresses which include issues like concentrated poverty and access to public health services (Section 12, Assessment Methodology).

1. **Flood (10+ Year Event)**
   - **Description:** Short-duration, high-intensity shock event related to flooding occurring at intervals of ten or more years.
   - **Risks:** May result in significant flooding which could lead to property damage, economic loss, and infrastructure failure.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas noted with deficiencies in drainage systems, and structures on the corridor are at risk.

2. **Hurricane**
   - **Description:** High-intensity shock event associated with hurricanes.
   - **Risks:** May cause extensive damage to infrastructure, disrupt services, and trigger floods and storm surges.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Coastal areas and buildings with at-grade foundations and unprotected windows or doors.

3. **Storm Surge**
   - **Description:** A shock event characterized by elevated sea levels caused by a hurricane or storm.
   - **Risks:** Can lead to severe flooding and flood damage in coastal and low-lying areas.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Coastal areas and neighborhoods in the 100-year floodplain.

4. **High Winds**
   - **Description:** Short-duration event involving strong winds often associated with hurricanes.
   - **Risks:** Could cause structural damage, downed power lines, and transportation disruptions.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas with poor structural conditions and businesses without preparedness plans.

5. **Dam/Levee Failure**
   - **Description:** High-intensity shock involving the failure of infrastructure meant to manage water bodies.
   - **Risks:** Catastrophic flooding, water supply contamination, and infrastructure damage.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Communities relying on these infrastructures for flood protection.

6. **Tornadoes**
   - **Description:** A short-duration and high-impact atmospheric event.
   - **Risks:** Result in building damage, injuries, or death.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas with buildings in below-average condition.

7. **Lightning**
   - **Description:** Shock event associated with atmospheric electrical discharge.
   - **Risks:** May cause fires, infrastructure damage, and power outages.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas with overhead lines or lacking proper grounding.

8. **Hail**
   - **Description:** Short-duration event characterized by the falling of solid precipitation.
   - **Risks:** Could lead to physical damage to vehicles, buildings, and agricultural produce.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Structures with unprotected windows or those in poor condition.

9. **Winter Storms**
   - **Description:** High-intensity shock events associated with low temperatures, snow, ice, or sleet.
   - **Risks:** Potential to cause transportation disruptions, power outages, and infrastructure stress.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas with outdated infrastructure not designed for cold climates.

10. **Thunderstorms**
    - **Description:** Short-duration shock event involving heavy rain, winds, and lightning.
    - **Risks:** Can lead to flooding, infrastructure damage, and water contamination.
    - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Structures with inadequate roofing or drainage systems.

11. **Hazardous Spills**
    - **Description:** High-impact environmental shock event resulting in the release of dangerous substances.
    - **Risks:** Contamination of land and water resources, and potential health impacts.
    - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Communities near industrial areas or lacking emergency response plans.

**Note:** The plan also addresses various physical and social stresses that, while not necessarily classified as climate hazards, contribute significantly to the overall climate vulnerability of the area.

#### 1. Resilient Commercial Buildings Program

  - This program addresses vulnerabilities to weather events, such as extreme weather conditions that could damage buildings.

  - The plan suggests expanding facade improvement and renovation loans to include building hardening as required elements. This indicates potential ongoing expenses, but exact costs or timeframes are not explicitly mentioned.
  - The location focus is primarily on commercial corridors in New Orleans, as described in the "Resilient Commercial Buildings Program" section.

  - Building hardening measures aim to protect major systems like HVAC, electrical, and plumbing, as well as elements like windows and doors from wind or debris.
  - Economically, these improvements are intended to enhance business prosperity and success by improving accessibility, operations, and maintenance.
  - Holistic improvements aim to maintain and enhance the architectural and urban design character of the corridors, aligning with potential historic preservation goals.

#### 2. Stormwater Resilience Enhancements

  - This set of strategies addresses flooding from storm events, which is a major concern throughout the city and on Main Street corridors.

  - The plan includes small-scale improvements to city stormwater infrastructure. Exact costs or timeframes are not specified, but various actions are proposed to be implemented incrementally to enhance resilience.
  - Locations are specified for Main Street corridors in New Orleans.

  - The strategies emphasize increasing the permeability of paving and hard surfaces using hydraulic modeling and permeable surfaces or Low Impact Development controls.
  - A public outreach program is recommended to gauge community interest and support for stormwater management improvements.
  - Economically, the measures aim to reduce potential flood damages while promoting effective stormwater management practices.

Each of these resilience options focuses on improving the capacity of physical infrastructure and the community to handle distinct climate threats, thereby contributing to the overall resilience of New Orleans' commercial corridors.

The plan identifies several mitigation options, which focus on flood risk reduction and resilience improvements. Below are the mitigation options along with their relevant information regarding cost, timing, location, and other attributes as provided in the plan:

1. **Hazard Mitigation Plan Update:**
   - **Location & Implementation:** The City of New Orleans updates its Hazard Mitigation Plan every five years as a federal requirement. It involves improving water retention systems which are related to the city's overall flood risk management. 
   - **Cost & Funding:** The details on costs are not specified in the plan. However, this mitigation is part of the federally mandated Disaster Mitigation Act requirements.

2. **Corridor Improvements:**
   - **Location:** These improvements pertain to several commercial corridors within the city of New Orleans, particularly focusing on streetscapes in areas like Oretha Castle Haley Boulevard, Broad Street, and Newton Street.
   - **Timing:** Streetscape improvements are in various stages, from designed to partially completed.
   - **Attributes:** The improvements include overlaying different types of programs like façade improvement and street rehabilitation to maximize benefits.

3. **Resilient Commercial Buildings Program:**
   - **Location:** Targets buildings across Main Street corridors that are vulnerable to weather events.
   - **Timing:** The specific timing is not detailed, but the program involves ongoing expansion and revisions to the building code.
   - **Attributes:** The program includes expanding façade improvement loans to include building hardening, such as elevating exterior equipment and using water-resistant materials for floodproofing.

4. **NORA Façade ReNEW:**
   - **Cost & Funding:** It is a reimbursable grant program for building improvements, suggesting an implicit cost coverage for property owners undertaking resilience upgrades.
   - **Location:** Targeted at three commercial corridors: Bayou Road, Oretha Castle Haley Boulevard, and St. Claude Avenue.

5. **Stormwater Resilience Enhancements:**
   - **Location:** These are specifically aimed at addressing flooding on Main Street corridors with localized stormwater infrastructure improvements.
   - **Attributes:** Enhancements include increasing pavement permeability and using hydraulic modeling to measure effectiveness. It also involves updating hydraulic models with new data from ongoing assessment projects.

6. **Tax Increment Finance (TIF) Districts and Improvement Districts:**
   - **Location:** Described as potential financing mechanisms for corridor improvements in New Orleans.
   - **Attributes:** These are financial tools intended to fund infrastructure improvements by using funds generated from specific tax sources or assessments.

There is a focus on improving stormwater management through green infrastructure and enhancing building resilience, especially regarding flood protection. The plan provides general strategies and references funding mechanisms but lacks specific cost and implementation timing details for most options.

The plan identifies several mitigation options, each described with various attributes:

1. **Improving Water Retention Systems:**
   - **Description:** This is related to continued participation in FEMA’s Community Rating System (CRS).
   - **Timeframe:** Part of an ongoing strategy updated every five years since the first adoption.
   - **Location:** City of New Orleans.
   - **Other Attributes:** Part of the City of New Orleans Hazard Mitigation Plan, aiming to reduce potential losses from both natural and man-made hazards. *(source: City of New Orleans Hazard Mitigation Plan)*

2. **Redesign Excess Pavement for Storm Water Management:**
   - **Description:** Recommendation to redesign excess pavement on specific streets to support stormwater management.
   - **Timeframe:** Not specified in the plan.
   - **Location:** Specific streets identified with triangular shapes where redesign is possible.
   - **Other Attributes:** Utilizes green infrastructure adaptations, such as bio-infiltration. *(source: Main Street Resilience Plan 56 Recommendations)*

3. **Encouraging Flood Protection of Historic Structures:**
   - **Description:** Amending the floodplain management ordinance to require owners of historic structures to consider alternative means of flood protection.
   - **Location:** Historic structures throughout the planning jurisdiction.
   - **Other Attributes:** Aims to balance flood protection with maintaining architectural character. *(source: Main Street Resilience Plan 65 Resilient Commercial Buildings Program)*

4. **Façade Improvement and Building Hardening:**
   - **Description:** Expanding façade improvement programs to include building hardening.
   - **Cost:** Could be funded through grants or programs like NORA’s Façade ReNEW.
   - **Timeframe:** Construction and funding phases not clearly detailed.
   - **Location:** Various commercial corridors in New Orleans.
   - **Other Attributes:** Includes measures like elevating HVAC units, installing door/window protection, and reinforcing exterior elements. *(source: Main Street Resilience Plan 65 Resilient Commercial Buildings Program)*

5. **Tax Increment Finance (TIF) Districts:**
   - **Description:** Financing corridor improvements through TIF districts.
   - **Cost:** Depends on sales tax-based revenue.
   - **Location:** Needs geographic boundaries for effectiveness.
   - **Other Attributes:** Uses sales tax increments to fund infrastructure improvements, typically requiring a large retailer. *(source: Main Street Resilience Plan 66 Corridor-Funded Improvements)*

6. **Improvement Districts:**
   - **Description:** Creating special assessment districts to generate funds for infrastructure enhancements.
   - **Cost:** Involves property tax or parcel fee.
   - **Timeframe:** Requires legislative creation and voting process for execution.
   - **Location:** Commercial corridors within New Orleans.
   - **Other Attributes:** Encourages local legislation for easier creation of such districts. *(source: Main Street Resilience Plan 66 Corridor-Funded Improvements)*

These options span across improving physical infrastructure, enhancing legal frameworks, and using financial mechanisms to mitigate climate impacts effectively.

### Adaptation Options Identified in the Plan

1. **Redesign Excess Pavement for Storm Water Management**
     - Flooding from storm events.
   - **Information Provided:**
     - **Location:** Identified at certain triangular parcels within corridors.
     - **Attributes:** Use green infrastructure adaptations to manage stormwater. Specific green areas for implementation are indicated on a map provided.
     - **Important Attributes:** Paved areas are converted to improve stormwater management, reducing runoff to vulnerable community parts. *(Main Street Resilience Plan, 56 Recommendations)*

2. **Stormwater Resilience Enhancements**
     - Flooding due to compromised stormwater infrastructure.
     - **Strategies:** Incremental improvements to city’s stormwater infrastructure.
     - **Location:** Implementation throughout the city and Main Street corridors.
     - **Important Attributes:** Involves increasing permeability of surfaces and updating hydraulic models to include data from new inspection and survey projects. Agencies like Department of Public Works will update procedures for inspection. *(Main Street Resilience Plan, 68 Stormwater Resilience Enhancements)*

3. **Resilient Commercial Buildings Program**
     - Vulnerability of buildings to weather events and potential flooding.
     - **Location:** Across Main Street corridors with a focus on buildings with ground-level utility equipment or unprotected openings.
     - **Attributes:** Includes building hardening, such as elevating HVAC units, protecting doors and windows, and floodproofing. Encourage renovations that improve resiliency while maintaining neighborhood character.
     - **Important Attributes:** Building retrofits aligned with architectural preservation strategies, with the potential for funding through grant programs similar to NORA’s Façade ReNEW. *(Main Street Resilience Plan, 65 Resilient Commercial Buildings Program)*

4. **Green Infrastructure Adoptions on St. Bernard Avenue**
     - Stormwater runoff leading to increased flood risk.
     - **Location:** St. Bernard Avenue and surrounding Main Street corridors.
     - **Attributes:** Encourages the development of a Merchants’ Association to support resilience strategies and the integration of green infrastructure.
     - **Important Attributes:** Advocates the presence of an organization to champion coordinated actions and resilience measures in recognition of stormwater management benefits. *(Main Street Resilience Plan, 56 Recommendations)*

These adaptations aim to address specific vulnerabilities and enhance resilience across targeted regions by involving community organizations and utilizing existing funding frameworks.

The document provided does not explicitly mention "climate justice" nor does it outline specific climate policies directly addressing climate justice. However, there are elements of the plan that touch upon related themes of social and economic vulnerability, particularly within the context of resilience and urban planning.

While specific climate policies focusing on climate justice are not detailed, the plan does aim to address vulnerabilities and risks faced by certain areas or populations. The document references vulnerabilities related to economic factors, infrastructure conditions, and social stresses. These elements indirectly relate to climate justice by recognizing the socio-economic and physical infrastructure disparities that can exacerbate climate vulnerabilities.

For a more detailed assessment beyond the available content, it would be beneficial to review the plan’s sections on shocks and stresses, as well as the detailed corridor assessments, which could potentially shed light on targeted actions intending to reduce vulnerabilities in certain populations or areas. Here are some inferred points from the document:

- **Corridor Vulnerabilities:** The plan identifies vulnerabilities such as inadequate street design that not only increases pedestrian risks but also affects community vitality and economic development. These factors suggest that economically disadvantaged areas may face more risks in the event of a climate-induced event like flooding or severe storms.

- **Health and Preparedness:** The availability and density of healthcare facilities along with emergency preparedness are indicators that can be associated with climate justice. Areas or populations lacking sufficient healthcare access or preparedness plans are potentially more vulnerable to climate threats.

For each climate policy to be directly connected to climate justice in terms of specific threats and vulnerable populations, one would need a more focused section or policy document directly addressing these intersections which is not explicitly provided here.

Based on the provided document, here are the potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies:

1. **Policy: Increasing Permeability of Hard Surfaces in Stormwater Resilience Enhancements**

     - Flooding from storm events that remains a major concern throughout the city and on several Main Street corridors.
     - Citation: _"Flooding from storm events remains a major concern throughout the city and on several of the Main Street corridors."_ (Stormwater Resilience Enhancements)

   - **Resilience/Mitigation/Adaptation Option Proposed:**
     - Increasing the permeability of existing paving and other hard surfaces.
     - Conducting detailed hydraulic modeling to determine the effectiveness of increased permeability in reducing flooding.
     - Citation: _"The impacts of storm events may be reduced by increasing the permeability of existing paving and other hard surfaces." (Stormwater Resilience Enhancements)_

   - **Potential Maladaptation:**
     - Increasing permeability might lead to water seeping into underground infrastructure or foundations, potentially destabilizing them if not properly managed.
     - Introducing permeable surfaces indiscriminately without considering soil composition and below-ground infrastructure could inadvertently lead to increased subsidence or unexpected waterlogging in areas not designed to handle additional water absorption.

2. **Policy: Encouraging the Use of Permeability Modifiers**

     - Inadequate infrastructure to handle significant water runoff during events, leading to increased flooding risks.
     - Citation: _"A public outreach program should be established to gauge the residential and business communities’ interest in instituting permeability modifiers."_ (Stormwater Resilience Enhancements)

     - Implementing public outreach programs to gain support for innovative stormwater management techniques like permeability modifiers.
     - Citation: _"Outreach should include an educational component to enhance community awareness of and support for innovative stormwater management techniques." (Stormwater Resilience Enhancements)_

     - Without adequate public understanding and correct implementation, permeability modifiers could be improperly installed, leading to ineffective stormwater management.
     - Public engagement might not translate into actual implementation, leading to a false sense of security without tangible results on the ground.

By addressing potential maladaptations, proactive measures should be taken to carefully evaluate each policy's implications and ensure proper oversight in their implementation to prevent adverse effects.

The document provided does not explicitly state metrics, units, or target goals for measuring the success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options in terms of reductions in CO₂ emissions or improvements in air quality. Instead, it focuses on resilience assessment indicators, establishing primarily qualitative metrics related to commercial corridors' resilience to physical and social stresses. Below are the main takeaways on how success or failure might be inferred:

- **Assessment Indicators for Resilience:**
  - The plan uses the City Resilience Framework, evaluating indicators like:
    - Access to affordable fresh food and groceries.
    - Presence of healthcare facilities and pharmacies along the corridor.
    - Density of health-related code violations.
    - Preparedness of businesses measured by the presence of emergency plans and backup power systems.  
    - Condition of drainage infrastructure and effectiveness measured through flood depth and National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) claims.
    - Physical condition of buildings, with metrics such as the percentage of unprotected windows or doors and buildings in below-average condition.

- **Surveys and Original Data Collections:**
  - Three original surveys were conducted to gather data not readily available from traditional sources, focusing on elements like infrastructure condition and business preparedness (e.g., Business Survey, Building Survey).

- **Resilience Strategies:**
  - The plan discusses implementing small-scale improvements to enhance stormwater infrastructure resilience (e.g., increasing permeability of surfaces).

- **Mention of General Improvements:**
  - The plan indicates that specific measurable goals or targets regarding numerical objectives are absent from the document, suggesting that assessment criteria are more descriptive and indicative of existing conditions rather than precise quantitative outcomes.

Thus, while the plan leverages qualitative and comparative criteria for resilience assessment, it lacks explicit quantitative metrics or numerical objectives aiming at emission reductions or quality improvements. The focus is more on identifying vulnerabilities within corridors and recommending infrastructural and procedural improvements.

| **Location/City Name** | **Population** | **Threats Identified**                                                                                       | **Measures Identified**                                                                                                                                                           |
|------------------------|----------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| New Orleans            | Not specified  | - Flood (10+ Year Event), Hurricane, Storm Surge, High Winds, Dam/Levee Failure, Tornadoes, Lightning, Hail | - Resilient New Orleans plan, NOLA Ready campaign, Hazard Mitigation Plan, Business resilience programs, Resilience retrofit program for buildings, Small business resilience program |
|                        |                | - Economic Event or Market Crash, Extreme Heat or Cold, Utility Outage                                       |                                                                                                                                                                                   |
|                        |                | - Land Subsidence, Street Flooding, Coastal Erosion, Drought, Contamination, Aging Infrastructure            |                                                                                                                                                                                   |
|                        |                | - Dramatic Changes in Real Estate Prices, Access to Capital, Violence, Concentrated Poverty                  |                                                                                                                                                                                   |
```

The plan provides detailed information about the planning jurisdiction, Fort Collins, and its climatic and economic landscape as follows:

### **Location and Demographics**
- **Name of the Planning Jurisdiction:** City of Fort Collins
- **Location:** Fort Collins is located in the state of Colorado.
- **Population:** The plan does not specify the current population of Fort Collins.
- **Demographics and Average Income:** The document does not provide specific details on demographics or average income.

- **Major Geographic Features:** While the plan does not detail specific geographic features within Fort Collins, the state of Colorado is known for its mountainous terrain.
  
### **Key Infrastructure**
- The document does not specify key infrastructure such as airports or seaports within Fort Collins.

### **Local Climate and Environmental Challenges**
- **Climate:** Fort Collins faces climate-related challenges such as increased temperatures and extreme weather events. Notable climate patterns mentioned include:
  - "Soaring summer temperatures," with models predicting that summers could be up to 6°F higher by 2040 (Chapter 1).
  - Possibilities of "longer and more intense droughts."
  - "Less snowpack, with earlier snowmelt runoff," impacting stream flows and moisture availability in the summer (Chapter 1).
  - Increased frequency of "heavy downpours," raising flooding risks (Chapter 1).
- These conditions highlight challenges related to aridity and water availability.

- **Energy Production:** Fort Collins owns an electric utility and collaborates with regional power supply partners such as Platte River Power Authority. This ownership provides:
  - "Control of energy decisions, access to low-cost capital and flexible financing" (Page 14).
- **Natural Resources:** The document does not specify other natural resources in the Fort Collins area.

- **Key Industries:** 
  - The presence of Colorado State University, which plays a role in climate change research and contributes significantly to the local population.
  - Fort Collins is recognized as a "Platinum Bike Friendly Community," which is an attraction for new businesses and residents as biking is a significant means of transportation and recreation (Page 12).
- **Economic Drivers:** 
  - Local businesses are supported, and there is an emphasis on reducing home and business energy costs, motor vehicle fuel costs, and dependence on foreign fuel sources (Page 8).
  - The community is involved in innovative climate solutions, with initiatives like the FortZED zero energy district and a plan for Zero Waste by 2030. Fort Collins also contributed to national programs like the USDA’s Climate Hubs program (Page 13).

The document does not provide comprehensive information on specific income levels or detailed demographics, but it emphasizes Fort Collins' efforts in environmental sustainability, resilience, and economic adaptations in response to climate challenges.

- Fort Collins' plan emphasizes increasing resilience through various strategies such as building efficiency, alternative transportation, and renewable energy adoption. These efforts aim to protect community infrastructure and enhance the local economy against extreme climate events. The plan states, "there are many recognized co-benefits to increasing the overall resiliency of the built environment, transportation, energy and water systems and local economy" (INCREASED RESILIENCY).

- The plan outlines a comprehensive framework for emissions reduction with a focus on transforming energy use in buildings, transportation, electricity, and waste management. This effort is primarily described in "Emissions Reduction Strategies" and involves tactics such as increasing energy efficiency in buildings, advancing renewable energy supplies, and reducing emissions from transportation and waste (CHAPTER 3).

- Adaptation is addressed as a crucial need alongside mitigation. The plan states, "adapting to the impacts of climate change is also an important need," with objectives to minimize damage from events like droughts, floods, and fires (INCREASED RESILIENCY). The plan includes strategies designed to help the community prepare for and recover from climate impacts.

The plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. It dedicates significant attention to both reducing emissions (mitigation) and preparing the community for climate impacts (adaptation and resilience).

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change that the planning jurisdiction, Fort Collins, will face and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. The documented scenario includes:

- **Increasing Temperatures:** "Soaring summer temperatures. Days in which the thermometer climbs past 90 degrees F, once rare, will become commonplace. Climate models...predict it is highly likely our summers will be up to 6°F higher by 2040" (Chapter 1 - Need for Climate Action).

- **Droughts:** "Longer and more intense droughts. These will have cascading negative effects on all environmental fronts" (Chapter 1 - Need for Climate Action).

- **Water Resources:** "Less snowpack, with earlier snowmelt runoff. This means reduced stream flows and soil moisture in summer months" (Chapter 1 - Need for Climate Action).

- **Extreme Weather:** "Despite the increasing frequency of drought conditions, the rainfall that does come may be more concentrated in heavy downpours, increasing the risks of flooding" (Chapter 1 - Need for Climate Action).

- **Forest Threats:** "Higher temperatures and lower soil moisture will increase the threats to forests from fire, insects, and disease..." (Chapter 1 - Need for Climate Action).

- **Health and Safety:** "More severe heat waves and storms will threaten human health, perhaps even human lives" (Chapter 1 - Need for Climate Action).

The plan acknowledges that Fort Collins is especially vulnerable to these effects of climate change, motivating the need for enhanced actions to reduce emissions and prepare for these challenges (Chapter 3 - Why Accelerate Fort Collins’ Climate Action Goals).

**1. Soaring Summer Temperatures**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** Days in which temperatures exceed 90 degrees F, which were previously rare, will become common, with a predicted increase of summer temperatures by up to 6°F by 2040.
   - **Climate Risks:** Increased heat exacerbates ground-level ozone and smog, worsens visibility, and negatively affects citizens' health.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** While specific vulnerable populations aren't detailed for this hazard, it is implied that health effects from increased heat particularly affect those sensitive to air quality.

**2. Longer and More Intense Droughts**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** Increased frequency and intensity of droughts.
   - **Climate Risks:** Cascading negative effects on the environment, impacting areas such as native trout viability, urban forest productivity, and national forests.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The hazard affects environmental systems and industries reliant on water, like agriculture and forestry.

**3. Reduced Snowpack and Earlier Snowmelt Runoff**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** Less snow accumulation and earlier timing of snowmelt.
   - **Climate Risks:** Results in reduced stream flows and soil moisture during summer, potentially causing water scarcity when it is most needed.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas dependent on consistent water supply from snowmelt during summer are particularly vulnerable.

**4. Heavy Downpours Leading to Increased Flood Risks**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** Despite drought, rainfall events may become more intense and concentrated.
   - **Climate Risks:** Potential for increased flooding risks.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas prone to flooding and infrastructure related to water management are particularly at risk.

**5. Threats to Forests from Higher Temperatures and Lower Soil Moisture**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** Higher temperatures and lower soil moisture levels.
   - **Climate Risks:** Increased threats from fire, insects, and disease which affect recreation, timber industry, and air and water quality.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Forests and industries like recreation and timber, as well as public health sectors concerned with air and water quality.

**6. More Severe Heat Waves and Storms**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** Increase in severe heat waves and storms.
   - **Climate Risks:** Threatens human health and potentially lives.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Vulnerable populations likely include the elderly, children, and individuals with pre-existing health conditions or inadequate housing during extreme heat events.

The Fort Collins Climate Action Plan identifies several resilience options, each addressing specific climate threats, with various attributes detailed. Below is a summary:

### Building Efficiency
   - Extreme heat events.
   - No specific cost, timeframe, or location details are provided for building efficiency initiatives.
   - Provides safer, healthier refuge options during extreme heat.
   - Offers reduced cooling and heating demands, creating a more comfortable and productive environment.  
   - *Reference: "More efficient buildings offer reduced cooling and heating demands to energy systems and provide a more comfortable and productive environment for occupants."* (Increased Resiliency)

### Use of Alternative Transportation and Increased Electric Vehicle Adoption
   - Air pollution from transportation emissions.
   - No specific data provided on cost, timeframe, or location.
   - Reduces air pollutants such as nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide.
   - Supports air quality strategies and offers health benefits for vulnerable populations during hot days or heat waves.  
   - *Reference: "Increased use of fuel-efficient and electric vehicles would significantly assist in reducing air pollutants such as nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide."* (Increased Resiliency)

### Increased Distributed and Renewable Energy Sources
   - Extreme events affecting community services.
   - No specific cost, timeframe, or location data provided.
   - Protects critical services like hospitals and emergency management facilities by combining distributed renewable energy with microgrid technology.  
   - *Reference: "Combining the use of distributed and renewable energy resources with microgrid or 'islanding' technology can assist in protecting valuable community services."* (Increased Resiliency)

### Waste Reduction and Diversion
   - Extreme events generating large amounts of waste.
   - Preserves landfill capacity and handles unrecoverable waste during extreme events.  
   - *Reference: "Strategies to divert waste from landfills during recovery from extreme events can assist in preserving landfill capacity."* (Increased Resiliency)

### Carbon Sequestration and an Increased Urban Forest
   - Urban heat island effect.
   - Reduces urban heat islands and provides cooling.
   - Includes sustainable building practices and green street infrastructure.
   - Enhances water quality and reduces demand.  
   - *Reference: "Increased urban forest can assist in the reduction of the urban heat island effect and provide localized cooling."* (Increased Resiliency)

The plan emphasizes these strategies collectively as part of increasing resilience against anticipated climate-related disasters, although it lacks detailed breakdowns of costs, specific timeframes, or precise geographical implementations.

The plan identifies several mitigation options to address climate change. Below are the options along with their cost, timing, location, and other important attributes as provided in the document:

1. **Reduce Energy Use in Buildings**
   - **Cost and Timing:** The strategies evaluate the cumulative cost, savings, and net impact through the 2050 planning horizon. Preliminary estimates suggest a range of cumulative costs and savings with net costs/savings potentially totaling between $300 million in 2020 and between $2-6 billion in savings by 2050 *("PRELIMINARY COSTS AND SAVINGS ESTIMATES", "FIGURE 12. PRELIMINARY COSTS, SAVINGS AND NET CUMULATIVE IMPACTS (2.5%-5% DISCOUNT RATE)")*.
   - **Key Strategies:** Build Efficiency From the Start, Make Existing Homes More Efficient, and Increase Energy Efficiency in the Institutional, Commercial, and Industrial Sectors are expected to contribute to reductions in emissions *("CHAPTER 3 Emissions Reduction Strategies")*.
   - **Percentage Contribution:** Represents significant reductions ranging from 2% to 27% in various sectors by 2030 and 2050 *("FIGURE 7. ESTIMATED PERECENT OF TOTAL EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS FROM CAP FRAMEWORK")*.

2. **Reduce Energy Use in Transportation**
   - **Cost and Timing:** Implementing transportation-related strategies will entail costs that may include upfront investments necessary for developing infrastructure and incentives for fuel-efficient vehicles, with long-term savings expected from reduced fuel usage.
   - **Key Strategies:** Focus on shifting land use patterns to shorten trips, promoting multimodal transport, and accelerating the adoption of fuel-efficient and electric vehicles *("CHAPTER 3 Emissions Reduction Strategies")*.
   - **Percentage Contribution:** Expected to reduce emissions by 2% to 7% by 2050 *("FIGURE 7. ESTIMATED PERECENT OF TOTAL EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS FROM CAP FRAMEWORK")*.

3. **Reduce Emissions from Electricity**
   - **Cost and Timing:** Cost estimates for renewable energy options vary; implementation is expected to show savings by 2050 with potential indirect economic benefits from increased investment in local power generation *("INCREASED RESILIENCY")*.
   - **Key Strategies:** Advance utility-scale renewable energy supply and solar adoption, and shift heating loads to biofuels, geothermal, and electrification *("CHAPTER 3 Emissions Reduction Strategies")*.
   - **Percentage Contribution:** Aims for 30% reduction by 2030 *("FIGURE 7. ESTIMATED PERECENT OF TOTAL EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS FROM CAP FRAMEWORK")*.

4. **Reduce Waste and Eliminate Landfill Emissions**
   - **Cost and Timing:** Strategies to divert waste during recovery from events can preserve landfill capacity, contributing to savings and emissions reductions, with indirect economic and social benefits *("PRELIMINARY COSTS AND SAVINGS ESTIMATES")*.
   - **Key Strategies:** Road to Zero Waste and Carbon Sequestration efforts *("CHAPTER 3 Emissions Reduction Strategies")*.
   - **Percentage Contribution:** Potentially represents 17% reductions from baseline emissions by 2020 *("FIGURE 7. ESTIMATED PERECENT OF TOTAL EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS FROM CAP FRAMEWORK")*.

### **Attributes and Implications**
- **Social and Environmental Co-Benefits:** Improvements to public health, comfort, air quality, and reductions in fossil fuel dependency *("MULTIPLE CO-BENEFITS OF CLIMATE ACTION")*.
- **Challenges and Caveats:** Some strategies carry the risks of higher initial costs and the need for equitable access and implementation across communities *("TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE CONSIDERATIONS")*.

The plan identifies several mitigation options aimed at reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through various strategies. The information provided in the plan regarding cost, timeframe, location, and other important attributes for each mitigation option is summarized below:

### **1. Reduce Energy Use in Buildings**
  - "Build in Efficiency From the Start": This involves incorporating energy efficiency in new building designs.
  - "Make Existing Homes More Efficient": Enhancing the efficiency of pre-existing residential buildings.
  - "Increase Energy Efficiency in the Institutional, Commercial, and Industrial Sectors": Focused on increasing efficiency across various sectors.

- **Cost and Timeframe:** 
  - *Preliminary Costs and Savings:* There is an acknowledgment of upfront investment, with potential cumulative savings by 2050.
  - *Estimated Percent Reduction from 2005 Baseline*: By 2020 - 32%, by 2030 - 73%, and by 2050 - 86% (Building sector contributes various percentages across the timeline).

### **2. Reduce Energy Use in Transportation**
  - "Shift Land Use Patterns to Shorten Trips and Reduce the Need to Drive": Changing urban planning to reduce commute distances.
  - "Drive Adoption of Multimodal Transport": Encouraging various transit modes.
  - "Accelerate Adoption of Fuel Efficient and Electric Vehicles": Promoting the use of more efficient and electric vehicles.

  - No specific costs are detailed, although the upfront costs for infrastructure are implied.
  - *Percent Reductions by Adopting Fuel Efficient and Electric Vehicles*: 2% by 2020, 2% by 2030, and 6% by 2050.

### **3. Reduce Emissions from Electricity**
  - "Advance Utility-Scale Renewable Energy Supply": Expanding large-scale renewable projects.
  - "Advance Residential and Commercial Solar Adoption": Increasing solar energy installations.

- **Cost and Timeframe:**
  - *Cumulative Cost Savings from 2015*: Ranges from $300 million at the minimum in 2020 to $10,800 million at the maximum in 2050.
  - *Advance Utility-Scale Renewable Energy Supply* contributes substantial reduction: 30% by 2030 and 11% by 2050.

### **4. Reduce Waste and Eliminate Landfill Emissions**
  - "Road to Zero Waste /Carbon Sequestration": Strategies aimed at reducing landfill emissions through better waste management.

  - No specific costs are provided; however, strategies are expected to contribute to carbon sequestration.
  - *Percent Reductions*: 17% by 2020, 7% by 2030, and 9% by 2050.

### **Other Attributes and Considerations:**
- **General Financial Considerations:**
  - *Preliminary Analysis Suggests Benefits Outweigh Costs*: Despite upfront investments, long-term benefits are projected to outweigh these costs.
  - *Risks and Caveats*: The document includes risk considerations to manage financial and implementation challenges effectively.

- **Location and Applicability:** 
  - These strategies apply to the City of Fort Collins and entail engagement from community members, city departments, and local businesses to achieve these goals.

These mitigation strategies are outlined as part of a broader Climate Action Plan aiming to achieve specific GHG reduction targets while considering economic, environmental, and social benefits.

The plan identifies several adaptation options to address different climate threats. Here is a summarized response for each:

1. **Building Efficiency**
   - **Information:** This option focuses on creating safer, healthier refuge environments during heat events, reducing cooling and heating demands, and offering a comfortable environment for occupants. The plan does not provide specific information on cost, timeframe, or location. It emphasizes the role of efficient buildings in addressing increased temperatures through better energy usage (*CLIMATE ACTION PLAN FRAMEWORK – March 2015 INCREASED RESILIENCY*).

2. **Use of Alternative Transportation and Increased Electric Vehicle Adoption**
   - **Climate Threat:** Poor air quality and health impacts associated with increased heat levels.
   - **Information:** The adoption of fuel-efficient and electric vehicles is promoted to reduce air pollutants, such as nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide, thus supporting air quality and benefiting vulnerable populations during hot days. The plan does not specify cost, timeframe, or precise locations, but suggests improvements in transportation infrastructure to support this adaptation option (*CLIMATE ACTION PLAN FRAMEWORK – INCREASED RESILIENCY*).

3. **Increased Distributed and Renewable Energy Sources**
   - **Climate Threat:** Disruptions to community services during extreme events.
   - **Information:** Promotion of microgrid or "islanding" technology to support critical services such as hospitals and emergency management facilities. The plan mentions the resilience benefit but lacks detailed cost, timeframe, or location information (*CLIMATE ACTION PLAN FRAMEWORK – INCREASED RESILIENCY*).

4. **Waste Reduction and Diversion**
   - **Climate Threat:** Limited landfill capacity in the aftermath of extreme weather events.
   - **Information:** Strategies aim to divert waste from landfills, preserving their capacity during recovery. The plan does not provide specific cost, timeframe, or location data but acknowledges the importance of landfill preservation post-event (*CLIMATE ACTION PLAN FRAMEWORK – INCREASED RESILIENCY*).

The document emphasizes that adaptation options are part of a broader resilience strategy necessary to cope with the impacts of climate change experienced in Fort Collins, such as droughts, floods, and fires. However, specific details regarding costs, implementation timelines, or precise implementation locations are not provided within the sections reviewed.

The plan does not explicitly mention climate policies specifically aimed at advancing climate justice. Therefore, there is no information available in the provided excerpts regarding:

1. The climate threat it is addressing for climate justice-specific policies.
2. The areas or populations with the most climate vulnerability to the identified climate hazard for climate justice-specific policies. 

The document focuses on emission reduction strategies, resilience-building, and adaptation measures broadly for the Fort Collins community.

Based on the content provided in the "CLIMATE ACTION PLAN FRAMEWORK – March 2015," the document does not explicitly identify potential maladaptive climate policies. However, it does outline potential risks and considerations that can imply inadvertent maladaptation within their climate action strategies. Below are interpretations of where maladaptation could arise based on the risks and strategies mentioned:

1. **Investment in Renewable Energy Technologies**
   
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The goal here is to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions by reducing dependence on fossil fuels and increasing the adoption of renewable energy sources.
   
   - **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:** The increased reliance on renewable energy sources like solar and wind power, integrating them into the electricity grid, and strategies like microgrid or "islanding" technologies.
   
   - **Why It May Cause Inadvertent Maladaptation:** The document mentions that "adding lots of renewable electricity to the grid could result in instability if not properly managed" (CLIMATE ACTION PLAN FRAM EWORK – March 2015, FIGURE 4). This instability can lead to less reliable electricity, which might compromise critical infrastructure during extreme events, resulting in increased vulnerability instead of enhancing resilience. Additionally, reliance on rare earth minerals for renewable energy strategies could lead to environmental degradation and conflicts elsewhere, shifting vulnerability to other regions.

2. **Building Retrofitting for Efficiency**
   
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The need to reduce energy consumption, especially during extreme heat events, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and provide comfortable living environments.
   
   - **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:** The plan suggests undertaking building efficiencies and retrofits to provide safer environments and reduce energy demands.
   
   - **Why It May Cause Inadvertent Maladaptation:** Implementation costs could "present challenges to low-income groups in meeting basic human needs such as food, shelter, and health care" if higher utility rates or retrofitting costs disproportionately impact them (CLIMATE ACTION PLAN FRAM EWORK – March 2015, TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE IMPACTS). This could lead to increased social and economic vulnerability among these populations.

3. **Intensive Urban Forestry and Sequestration Projects**
   
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The urban heat island effect and the need for carbon sequestration.
   
   - **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:** Promoting increased urban forestry and sustainable agricultural practices for carbon storage and sequestration.
   
   - **Why It May Cause Inadvertent Maladaptation:** While not directly mentioned as maladaptive, the risks associated with "higher land use intensity for wind and solar power production" (CLIMATE ACTION PLAN FRAM EWORK – March 2015, TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE IMPACTS) implies land use conflict. Intensive land use for afforestation projects might interfere with local agricultural production or biodiversity, potentially leading to negative environmental and social outcomes.

These assessments are based on identifying areas where the proposed actions, risks, or considerations could inadvertently lead to increased vulnerability or negative impacts despite the intention to adapt or mitigate climate change.

**Metrics for Measuring Success or Failure:**

The Fort Collins Climate Action Plan Framework outlines specific metrics for tracking the success of climate strategies. These metrics, along with units and related goals, include:

- **Percent Change in Community GHG Inventory:** This metric measures the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions relative to the baseline year of 2005. It is essential for tracking progress towards overall emissions reduction targets. This is expressed as a percentage change.

- **Percent Change in Municipal Government GHG Inventory:** Similar to the community GHG inventory, this measures the change in emissions specific to municipal operations compared to 2005, also in percentage terms.

- **Percent Change in Electricity Use:** Tracked as kilowatt hours (kWh) per capita compared to the baseline year of 2005, this measures reductions in electricity consumption.

- **Percent Renewable Energy in Electricity Portfolio:** This tracks the percentage of renewable energy used in the Fort Collins electricity supply.

- **Cumulative and Annual kWh Distributed Solar Installed:** This quantifies the amount of solar energy installed annually and cumulatively within Fort Collins.

- **Percent Population Who Commute by Bike:** This percentage reflects shifts in transportation habits toward more sustainable modes, like cycling.

- **Annual % Waste Diversion and Pounds Waste Generated/Capita:** Waste metrics track the diversion of waste from landfills and the amount of waste generated per person, contributing to reduced landfill emissions.

- **Percent Change in Population from 2005 and Percent Change in Sales and Use Tax from 2005:** These metrics provide context for understanding emissions relative to economic activity and population growth.

**Concrete Goals or Targets:**

- **GHG Emissions Reductions:** The plan includes ambitious targets for reducing GHG emissions to 20% below 2005 levels by 2020, 80% by 2030, and achieving carbon neutrality by 2050.

- **Emissions Reduction from Buildings:** Targets include making existing homes and sectors more efficient, with estimated reductions of 20% in 2020, 15% in 2030, and 21% in 2050 for residential efficiency improvements.

- **Adoption of Multimodal Transport and Electric Vehicles:** The plan aims to drive 3% adoption of multimodal transport in each timeline marker and accelerate the adoption of electric vehicles with a target increase from 2% in 2020 to 6% by 2050.

- **Increase Renewable Energy Supply:** Goals include advancing residential and commercial solar adoption, aiming for 18% reduction in 2020 from solar, decreasing to 10% by 2050.

- **Waste Reduction and Materials Regeneration:** There is a target to follow a "Road to Zero Waste" strategy, with 17% emissions reduction by 2020, dropping to 9% by 2050.

The detailed measurement of impacts and progress through these metrics supports accountability and ongoing evaluation of Fort Collins' climate action strategies. (Chapter 7: Accountability: Plan, Do, Check, Act; Chapter 3: Emissions Reduction Strategies)

| **Feature**         | **Details**                                                                                                                                                        |
|---------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Fort Collins                                                                                                                                                     |
| **Population**      | More than 80% of Americans live in urban areas mentioned, indicating significant urbanization including Fort Collins, though specific population is not detailed.    |
| **Threats Identified**   | - **Soaring summer temperatures:** Days over 90°F becoming common, summers up to 6°F warmer by 2040, more heatwaves.<br>   - **Longer and more intense droughts**: Impacting trout viability, and forest productivity.<br>   - **Less snowpack and earlier snowmelt runoff**: Leading to reduced stream flows and water availability.<br>   - **Increased flood risk from heavier downpours**.<br>   - **More severe heat waves**: Threatening human health and lives.         |
| **Measures Identified** | - **Reduction in energy use in buildings and transportation**.<br>   - **Reduce emissions from electricity and waste**.<br>   - **Increase renewable energy adoption**.<br>   - **Make homes and sectors more efficient**.<br>   - **Shift to zero waste and improve carbon sequestration**.<br>   - Specific targets for emissions reductions: 20% below 2005 levels by 2020, 80% by 2030, carbon neutrality by 2050.                    |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction: City of Boston**

**Location and Geography:**
- Boston's favorable location is enhanced by *"three rivers ﬂowing into a sheltered harbor well-suited for waterborne trade."* This strategic setting contributed to Boston's growth into a significant commercial city. 
- The city's core was historically the narrow Shawmut Peninsula, but extensive land-filling efforts over the centuries expanded Boston's footprint significantly, especially along the coastline and riverbanks, making the city more vulnerable to climate change impacts.

- Boston is described as the largest residential and commercial center in New England, with a total economic output of *"$160 billion in annual economic output."*
- The city is a hub for *"financial institutions, higher education, and medical services."* It is also integral to the region’s transportation network, with notable infrastructure including subway lines, bus services, commuter rail lines, ports, and Logan International Airport.

- The plan mentions that Boston is home to over *"656,000 residents and 718,000 jobs."* However, it does not provide specific details on demographics or average income.

- Boston faces increasing climate challenges, particularly *"coastal and riverine ﬂooding, as well as other hazards, like stormwater ﬂooding and extreme heat."* Historical events such as Hurricane Irene in 2011 and Hurricane Sandy in 2012 demonstrated these vulnerabilities.

- The document does not provide specific information on Boston's energy production or natural resources.

**Key Economic Drivers:**
- Key economic sectors include financial services, education, and healthcare, reflecting Boston's role as a center for *"financial institutions, higher education, and medical services."*

**Challenges and Opportunities:**
- While Boston has historically benefited from its geographic setting and economic focus, the increasing risks of climate change necessitate adaptations to maintain its economic vitality and livability. The city is committed to becoming *"a resilient, climate-ready Boston"*, integrating climate adaptation as a tool for both economic development and sustainable growth.

### Resilience

The plan addresses resilience by emphasizing the importance of creating robust systems across different domains to cope with climate hazards:

- **Community Engagement:** The plan highlights engaging local communities to gather insights for tailored resilience initiatives. For instance, local climate resilience committees are established to work alongside the communities (_Initiative 4-1_).
- **Infrastructure and Systems:** It discusses preparing infrastructure for future climate conditions and creating new resilient systems. Systems like communication, power, and transportation are highlighted as areas needing coordination to address vulnerabilities (_Strategy 6_).
- **Layered Approach:** By creating layers of protection and designing for flexibility and adaptability, the plan aims to create systems that can withstand changes in climate over time (_Initiative 4-5_).

### Mitigation

While the focus is more on resilience and adaptation, the plan touches on aspects related to mitigation:

- **Green Infrastructure:** The use of green infrastructure such as tree canopies and bioswales serves dual purposes of reducing heat impact and contributing to overall environmental benefits such as carbon sequestration (_ADAPTING TO CLIMATE CHANGE_).
- **Renewable Energy:** The integration of solar panels and district microgrids indicates a shift towards sustainable energy systems, which inherently help to mitigate GHG emissions (_ADAPTING TO CLIMATE CHANGE_).

### Adaptation

Adaptation is thoroughly addressed throughout the plan:

- **Climate Projections and Flood Maps:** Regular updates to climate projections and the creation of updated local flood maps are fundamental steps to inform adaptation efforts (_Strategy 1_).
- **Local Climate Resilience Plans:** Developing local climate resilience plans to coordinate district-scale adaptation efforts is a central strategy, covering areas from flood protection to addressing extreme heat (_Strategy 4_).
- **Economic Development:** Adaptation is leveraged as a tool for economic development, by creating jobs and ensuring climate adaptation projects comply with local hiring practices (_Strategy 3_).

### Classification

The plan can be classified as **adaptation/resilience dedicated**. The primary focus is on building resilience and adapting to climate change challenges through multiple strategies, especially in the context of preparing communities, protecting infrastructure, and developing local resilience plans. Mitigation is addressed but is not the dominant component of the plan.

Yes, the plan describes scenarios of climate change that the planning jurisdiction will face and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. 

**Scenarios:**

- The plan makes use of three emissions scenarios from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for its climate projections:

  - **A high-emissions scenario:** Described as a continuation of business as usual.
  - **A medium-emissions scenario:** Projected emissions remain around their current levels through 2050 and then are slowly reduced in the second half of the century through moderate emissions reductions.
  - **A low-emissions scenario:** Net global emissions are reduced to less than a third of their current levels by 2050 and are brought to zero by about 2080 through major emissions reductions (Executive Summary, xvii xvi).

- **Local Climate Impacts:**

  - The plan notes that future climate conditions in the Boston region will include extreme temperatures, sea level rise, heavy precipitation, and coastal storms. These projections are used to inform plans for a strong, resilient future (Executive Summary, xvii xvi).

- **Projection Implications:**

  - The plan emphasizes that the longer-term impacts of climate change depend greatly on the global community's success in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In the short term, the impacts for the next few decades appear relatively consistent, regardless of the scenario, because of past emissions, but the farther into the future, the more variable the projections become based on current and future actions (Executive Summary, xvii xvi).

- **Effects and Planning:**

- The plan emphasizes that the longer-term impacts of climate change depend greatly on the global community's success in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In the short term, the impacts for the next few decades appear relatively consistent, regardless of the scenario, because of past emissions, but the farther into the future, the more variable the projections become based on current and future actions (Executive Summary, xvii xvi).

  - The plan recognizes that some effects, like increased temperatures, are city-wide while others, like coastal and riverine flooding, are more localized. Thus, adaptation actions are needed to be coordinated to effectively address multiple community priorities (Executive Summary, li l).

The description of these scenarios guides the planning jurisdiction's strategies in resilience, mitigation, and adaptation efforts.

1. **Extreme Heat**  
   *Description:*  
   - "Heat is a chronic hazard, a stress that the city faces every year. As average temperatures rise and the frequency, duration, and intensity of heat waves increase, heat mortality rates will also rise." (*Climate Vulnerability Assessment*)  
   - "Boston will experience both an increase in average temperatures and more extreme heat events." (*Climate Vulnerability Assessment*)  

   *Climate Risks:*  
   - "Negative health impacts often accompany extreme heat. These consequences may include direct loss of life, increases in respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, and challenges to mental health." (*Climate Vulnerability Assessment*)  
   - "The heat will increasingly stress the city’s energy supply and related infrastructure as people seek ways to cool down." (*Climate Vulnerability Assessment*)  

   *Vulnerable Areas/Populations:*  
   - "Temperatures are hottest in areas of the city that experience the urban heat island effect, but on very hot days, the entire city is at risk for the health impacts of extreme heat, especially those with health or other physical challenges, such as older adults or those with medical illness." (*Climate Vulnerability Assessment*)  
   - The assessment focuses on "socially vulnerable populations, people who are more vulnerable to climate hazards because they already experience stressors, such as poverty, poor health, and limited English proficiency." (*Climate Vulnerability Assessment*)

2. **Stormwater Flooding**  
   - "Stormwater flooding and extreme heat are evaluated as frequent or chronic hazards that gradually degrade personal and economic well-being and directly expose parts of every neighborhood in Boston." (*Climate Vulnerability Assessment*)  
   - "Frequent stormwater flooding has been assessed using a 10-year, 24-hour design storm." (*Climate Vulnerability Assessment*)  

   - "Even with current sea levels and precipitation intensities, Boston’s existing stormwater drainage system is designed to handle 4.8 inches of rain in 24 hours and can become overwhelmed by fairly frequent rain events." (*Climate Vulnerability Assessment*)  
   - "Conveying collected stormwater will prove even more challenging with the addition of sea level rise and more intense precipitation." (*Climate Vulnerability Assessment*)  

   - The entire city is exposed, particularly "frequent rain events lead to pooling of water on streets and localized flooding." (*Climate Vulnerability Assessment*)  
   - The plan does not specifically mention populations most vulnerable to stormwater flooding, but general references to "socially vulnerable populations" and neighborhood effects can be inferred.

3. **Coastal and Riverine Flooding**  
   - "Coastal and riverine flooding is expected to be an acute hazard for much of the remainder of the century, experienced through major storm events with immediate and long-lasting impacts." (*Climate Vulnerability Assessment*)  

   - "As sea levels continue to rise, coastal flooding from high tides is expected to become a chronic hazard, potentially flooding many low-lying neighborhoods along the waterfront on a monthly basis." (*Climate Vulnerability Assessment*)  
   - "This is in addition to acute storm events, which are expected to become more severe and cause greater damage over time." (*Climate Vulnerability Assessment*)  

   - "Focus Areas" that have been examined for coastal flood hazard include Charlestown, Charles River neighborhoods, East Boston, Dorchester, Downtown, South Boston, and South End. Roxbury serves as an illustrative example of the interplay of the three hazards with multiple social vulnerability factors. (*Climate Vulnerability Assessment*)  
   - "Socially vulnerable populations" who experience stressors such as poverty, poor health, and limited English proficiency are especially at risk. (*Climate Vulnerability Assessment*)

1. **Green Infrastructure & Expanded Urban Tree Canopy**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Extreme heat and stormwater flooding.
     - Develop an action plan to expand Boston’s urban tree canopy. Canopy inventory to be launched, completed within five years. *(Executive Summary xliii xlii)*
     - Develop a green infrastructure location plan for public land and rights-of-way. Green infrastructure location plan is launched within two years. *(Executive Summary xliii xlii)*
     - Provides co-benefits of reducing urban heat and improving air quality.
     - Environmental benefits include enhanced biodiversity and stormwater management.

2. **District-Scale and Harbor-Wide Flood Protection**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Coastal and riverine flooding.
     - District-scale interventions are less complex and time-consuming than harbor-wide interventions. Evaluation and implementation underway to address significant coastal flood risk faced today. *(Climate Resilience Initiatives 105 104)*
     - Harbor-wide flood protection system feasibility study to assess overall risk reduction strategies. *(Executive Summary liii lii)*
     - Offers economic benefits through reduced flood damages and potential development of additional spaces for economic opportunities.
     - Infrastructural considerations include the creation of new flood defenses and protective measures.

3. **Resilient Infrastructure Systems**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Future climate conditions affecting city infrastructure.
     - Develop a sustainable operating model for green infrastructure on public land. Adopted by City as a new operating model within five years. *(Executive Summary xliii xlii)*
     - Ensures infrastructure systems are prepared to support life under more extreme conditions.
     - Potential to integrate climate-ready solutions at a city-wide level.

4. **Adapted Buildings & Climate-Ready Zoning**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flood risks from increased frequency and intensity of storms.
     - Create regulatory environment and financial tools for climate-ready buildings. *(Executive Summary xxxvii xxxvi)*
     - May offer economic incentives for building retrofits.
     - Includes considerations on zoning changes and building codes to facilitate adaptation.

5. **Community Preparedness and Engagement Initiatives**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** General preparedness for multiple climate hazards.
     - Support educated, connected communities for operational preparedness. *(Executive Summary xxxvii xxxvi)*
     - Aims to enhance the community's ability to respond and adapt to climate change impacts.
     - Focus on empowering local communities to take part in resilience planning.

The plan outlines the following mitigation options, primarily focused on energy solutions and green infrastructure:

1. **Community Energy Solutions**
   - **Summary:** The plan highlights the development of community energy solutions, such as district energy systems or microgrids, to increase energy reliability and decrease greenhouse gas emissions. Priority is given to "areas with clusters of affordable housing or critical facilities" (*Strategy 7*).
   - **Cost:** The plan does not specify costs.
   - **Timing:** 
     - **Within 2 Years:** Launch feasibility studies for community energy solutions.
     - **Within 5 Years:** Implement community energy solutions at high-priority sites.
   - **Location:** High-priority sites, particularly those with affordable housing clusters or critical facilities.
   - **Other Attributes:** The focus is on decentralization and redundancy to maintain operations during power failures, especially during increased heat waves.

2. **Green Infrastructure**
   - **Summary:** The expansion of green infrastructure is proposed to manage stormwater, mitigate heat, and provide additional benefits. This approach builds on past investments to meet federal standards, address climate hazards like extreme heat and stormwater flooding, and provide equitable access to green space (*Strategy 8*).
   - **Cost:** Specific costs are not listed, but the plan suggests developing sustainable funding sources.
     - **Within 2 Years:** Develop a green infrastructure location plan.
     - **Within 5 Years:** Evaluation of incentives for support is completed. 
   - **Location:** Public and private lands, with high-priority sites identified by evaluating current and future climate change hazards.
   - **Other Attributes:** Emphasis on developing a sustainable operating model and creating design guidelines for improvements on private properties to support co-benefits.

3. **Zoning and Building Regulations**
   - **Summary:** The plan recommends updating zoning and building regulations to support climate readiness, which involves ensuring new developments are prepared for future climate conditions (*Strategy 9*).
   - **Cost:** There is no specific mention of costs.
   - **Timing:**
     - **Within 2 Years:** Review of zoning code launched.
     - **Within 5 Years:** Zoning changes are implemented.
   - **Location:** City-wide, focusing on areas in need of zoning code revisions to meet future conditions.
   - **Other Attributes:** Advocacy for amendments to the Massachusetts Building Code and strategies to increase climate-ready retrofits for existing buildings.
   
These mitigation options address the need for decentralization of energy resources, expansion of natural systems for climate resilience, and regulatory updates to accommodate future climate scenarios.

Based on the content provided from the City of Boston's Climate Ready Boston plan, several mitigation options are identified:

1. **Flood Protection Overlay Districts (FPOD):**
   - **Timeframe:** Policies for FPOD are studied within two years, and enacted within five years.
   - **Location:** Flood Protection Overlay Districts are to be established in strategically important "breach points" where floodwaters can inundate large inland areas.
   - **Important Attributes:** New development proposals in these areas need to demonstrate potential integration with future flood protection systems. There is an emphasis on areas where waterfront development is rapidly progressing, necessitating new flood protection infrastructure ("Executive Summary lix lii City of Boston: Climate Ready Boston").

2. **District-Scale Flood Protection:**
   - **Timeframe:** Evaluation initiated within two years and completed for highest-priority sites within five years; continued implementation for additional sites in the long-term.
   - **Location:** Potential flood defense locations include strategic areas such as Piers Park to Central Square, Porzio Park, Wood Island, and others ("Executive Summary lv liv City of Boston: Climate Ready Boston").
   - **Cost and Attributes:** The evaluation framework considers factors like flood risk reduction benefits, recreation, economic development, environmental impacts, cost, and land ownership. The solutions are based on detailed feasibility studies that incorporate technical and public engagement processes.

3. **Green Infrastructure:**
   - **Timeframe:** Location plans are launched with an operating model adopted within two years.
   - **Location:** Public lands and rights-of-way are targeted for green infrastructure implementation.
   - **Cost and Attributes:** The focus is on developing sustainable funding sources and maintenance programs. Other tools and incentives are evaluated to support green infrastructure expansion on both public and private properties ("Executive Summary xli xlii City of Boston: Climate Ready Boston").

4. **District-Level Energy Solutions:**
   - **Timeframe:** Feasibility studies launched within two years, leading to implementation at high-priority sites within five years.
   - **Important Attributes:** These include decentralization and redundancy through community energy solutions like district energy systems or microgrids to maintain energy reliability and reduce GHG emissions. Priority sites are areas with affordable housing and critical facilities ("Executive Summary xli xlii City of Boston: Climate Ready Boston").

5. **Zoning and Building Regulations:**
   - **Timeframe:** Zoning changes are reviewed and implemented in the medium term.
   - **Location:** City-wide for new developments and building retrofits.
   - **Attributes:** The revisions to the zoning code aim to include considerations for future climate conditions and advocate for changes in the Massachusetts Building Code to promote climate readiness. The emphasis is on creating regulations that support climate-ready buildings ("Executive Summary xli xlii City of Boston: Climate Ready Boston").

These mitigation options collectively aim to enhance the city’s resilience to climate impacts, reduce GHG emissions, and integrate adaptation within urban planning and infrastructure development.

The plan identifies the following adaptation options, along with the associated climate threats and details:

### **1. Establish Greater Boston Panel on Climate**
- **Climate Threat:** General climate change projections.
  - **Timeframe:** Develop climate projections every five years.
  - **Important Attributes:** Aim to update climate projections to inform adaptation plans and policies. (_Executive Summary, Strategy 1_)

### **2. Develop Local Climate Resilience Plans**
- **Climate Threat:** Increased temperatures, coastal and riverine flooding.
  - **Timeframe:** Initial plans are launched within two years, with further implementation plans extending to the long-term.
  - **Location:** Primarily targeting neighborhoods with specific climate vulnerabilities.
  - **Important Attributes:** Plans should include district-scale flood protection, infrastructure adaptation, and land-use planning (_Executive Summary, Strategy 4_).

### **3. Create Coastal Protection System**
- **Climate Threat:** Coastal and riverine flooding.
  - **Timeframe:** Evaluation of district-scale flood defenses starts within two years.
  - **Location:** Boston waterfront and other identified flood-prone areas.
  - **Important Attributes:** Incorporate "gray" and "green" infrastructure investments (_Executive Summary, Strategy 5_).

### **4. Coordinate Infrastructure Investments**
- **Climate Threat:** General infrastructure vulnerabilities due to climate change.
  - **Timeframe:** Infrastructure Coordination Committee (ICC) established within two years.
  - **Important Attributes:** Coordinate existing and future infrastructure with up-to-date climate projections. Evaluate cascading vulnerabilities and align adaptation efforts with other planning priorities. (_Executive Summary, Strategy 6_).

### **5. Develop District-Level Energy Solutions**
- **Climate Threat:** Power failures and heat waves.
  - **Timeframe:** Feasibility studies launched within two years.
  - **Important Attributes:** Pursue community energy solutions, such as district energy systems or microgrids, focusing on areas with clusters of affordable housing or critical facilities. (_Executive Summary, Strategy 7_).

### **6. Expand Use of Green Infrastructure**
- **Climate Threat:** Stormwater management and heat.
  - **Timeframe:** Initiatives to develop location plans and operating models within two years.
  - **Important Attributes:** Expansion of green infrastructure on public and private lands with sustainable funding sources and maintenance programs. (_Executive Summary, Strategy 8_).

### **7. Retroﬁt Existing Buildings**
- **Climate Threat:** Various climate hazards including flooding.
  - **Timeframe:** Resilience audit program started within two years.
  - **Location:** Priority for buildings in flood-prone areas or serving vulnerable populations.
  - **Important Attributes:** Develop a toolkit of financing strategies and implement resilience audits for building retrofits. (_Executive Summary, Strategy 10_).

### **8. Launch Climate Ready Buildings Education Program**
- **Climate Threat:** General climate hazards.
  - **Timeframe:** Launched within two years.
  - **Important Attributes:** Educates property owners and users about climate-ready building practices. (_Executive Summary, Strategy 2_).

Each adaptation option addresses a specific climate threat, with plans tailored to the needs of different community areas and infrastructure while also focusing on the timeframe and resources available.

The plan identifies several climate policies aimed at advancing climate justice. Here are the policies outlined in the document, along with the climate threat they address and the areas or populations identified as most vulnerable:

1. **Expand education and engagement of Bostonians on climate hazards and action.**
   - **Climate Threat:** General climate hazards impacting the community.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** "Vulnerable populations who are more susceptible to the impacts of climate change," including community facilities and businesses (Executive Summary, xxxviii).

2. **Leverage climate adaptation as a tool for economic development.**
   - **Climate Threat:** General climate adaptation needs due to increased infrastructure and building investments required by climate change.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Communities needing equitable economic development, including minority- and women-owned businesses (Executive Summary, xxxix).

3. **Develop local climate resilience plans to coordinate adaptation efforts.**
   - **Climate Threat:** Increased temperatures city-wide and localized coastal and riverine flooding.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Neighborhoods with social and economic needs, specifically areas threatened by flooding hazards (Executive Summary, xxxviii).

4. **Expand the use of green infrastructure and other natural systems.**
   - **Climate Threat:** Stormwater management difficulties and extreme heat.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** General public, particularly those needing improved health and safety (Executive Summary, xli).

5. **Update zoning and building regulations to support climate readiness.**
   - **Climate Threat:** Lack of preparedness in current building and land-use regulations for future climate conditions.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** General populations impacted by outdated building codes (Executive Summary, xli).

6. **Retrofit existing buildings against climate hazards.**
   - **Climate Threat:** Near-term flood risks and other climate hazards.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Existing buildings, especially those with public purposes or housing vulnerable populations (Executive Summary, xli).

These policies collectively aim to innovate in areas of city planning, adaptation, building codes, and infrastructure, thereby addressing climate risks disproportionately impacting vulnerable communities across Boston.

Based on the provided document, no explicit potential maladaptive climate policies are directly identified. However, several strategies and initiatives could have unintended consequences if not carefully managed, leading to possible maladaptation. Here are some general considerations that might potentially lead to maladaptation based on the planning strategies mentioned:

1. **Climate Policy: Coastal Protection System**
   - **Climate Threat:** Coastal and riverine flooding.
   - **Option Proposed:** The creation of a coastal protection system involving "major 'gray' and 'green' infrastructure investments" with building-scale, district-scale, and harbor-wide measures (Strategy 5).
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** If not carefully planned, such infrastructure might inadvertently increase vulnerability in adjacent areas not protected by these measures by redirecting water or creating a false sense of security that inhibits individual preparation. Additionally, implementing heavy "gray" infrastructure without integrating sufficient ecological considerations might damage local ecosystems.

2. **Climate Policy: Updating Zoning and Building Regulations**
   - **Climate Threat:** Future climate conditions impacting new development.
   - **Option Proposed:** Proposing new land-use and building regulations to ensure development is ready for future climate conditions (Strategy 9).
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** Overly stringent or poorly conceived regulations may lead to increased housing costs or reduced economic opportunities, disproportionately impacting low-income or marginalized communities, which can exacerbate existing vulnerabilities rather than mitigate them.

3. **Climate Policy: Decentralized Energy Solutions**
   - **Climate Threat:** Increased frequency and intensity of heatwaves.
   - **Option Proposed:** Implementation of community energy solutions, such as district energy systems or microgrids (Strategy 7).
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** If these systems are not equitably distributed or maintained, they might leave certain vulnerable populations without access to reliable energy, thereby increasing their risk during extreme weather events.

These considerations illustrate how certain policies could lead to maladaptation if not thoroughly evaluated and adjusted to ensure they do not inadvertently undermine long-term resilience or disproportionately affect vulnerable populations.

The document does not specify detailed metrics, units, or numerical objectives for measuring the success or failure of each adaptation, resilience, and mitigation option. Instead, it outlines initiatives and strategies with timelines for implementation and identifies broad goals and approaches. For instance, the plan includes deadlines for when specific actions, such as launching programs or updating policies, should take place but does not provide explicit quantitative metrics or targets for outcomes such as reductions in CO2 emissions or improvements in air quality. 

Here are some related points from the document regarding adaptations and resilience strategies:

- Climate projections are to be updated every five years, but specific metrics for success are not detailed.
- Under strategy initiatives, there are timelines set for the completion of feasibility studies, the launch of programs, and the establishment of committees and frameworks (e.g., "Establish a Greater Boston Panel on Climate to update climate projections every ﬁve years").
- No specific numerical objectives, such as CO2 emission reductions in tons or air quality improvements in percentages, are mentioned in the provided sections of the plan.

Overall, the plan focuses on procedural and temporal milestones rather than explicit quantitative outcome targets.

| **Location/City Name** | **Population** | **Threats Identified**                                                                                                         | **Measures Identified**                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
|------------------------|----------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Boston                 | 656,000        | - Extreme Heat - Stormwater Flooding - Coastal and Riverine Flooding                                                                                          | - Developing local climate resilience plans (e.g., "local plans to address climate" changes; "protection alignments that block various flood sources") - Flood protection interventions ("nine locations") - Educating and engaging the public |
```

The plan specifically addresses the planning jurisdiction of **New Orleans, Louisiana**, but it does not provide detailed demographic or economic statistics such as population, demographics, or average income.

### **Geographic and Infrastructural Overview:**
- New Orleans is located in **Southern Louisiana**, a region noted for its unique geography, influencing its vulnerability to climate change.
- Key geographic features include:
  - **Coastal Land:** The area is significantly impacted by sea level rise and coastal land loss.
  - **Levee and Flood Protection Systems:** Necessary due to the exposure to storm surges from coastal erosion and intense weather events.
  
- Important infrastructure elements include the **stormwater and wastewater pumping facilities** which are energy-dependent and critical for managing the city's drainage and flood risks.

### **Climate Characteristics:**
- The climate is characterized by increased **intensity of weather events** and **sea level rise**.
- Additionally, the city faces challenges related to its **soft soils**, which become saturated during storms, affecting infrastructure longevity and leading to flooding issues.

### **Energy and Natural Resources:**
- **Energy Production:** New Orleans produces energy, primarily from fossil fuels, but the plan outlines a shift towards clean energy to achieve net-zero emissions by 2040-2050, with regulations influencing **Entergy New Orleans**.
- **Renewables and Decarbonization:** Efforts are underway to transition to cleaner energy sources, notably through **green hydrogen** and **offshore wind energy** initiatives.

### **Economic Landscape:**
- The **local climate action economy** is a focal point for development, aiming to create jobs and projects aligned with sustainability.
- The economy is being diversified, with strides towards developing an **energy cluster strategy** centered on green hydrogen.
- Economically, the region is transitioning from its historical roots in oil and gas toward cleaner technologies.

- Major industries in the region include energy, with a shift towards renewables indicated by collaborations like the **Louisiana Wind Energy Hub** at UNO.
- Economic drivers are also influenced by the city's efforts to incorporate climate considerations into purchasing, aiming for **sustainable economic growth**.
  
Overall, while the plan discusses several aspects of New Orleans' climate and infrastructure challenges, specific economic statistics and comprehensive details about demographic attributes are not provided.

The plan addresses resilience through various strategies that focus on building strong infrastructure to adapt to climate change. It highlights the need for comprehensive systems to prepare for future shocks and invest in equity to create reliable conditions for all city residents. Key actions include implementing microgrid pilots for energy resilience and improvements to critical water and drainage infrastructure: 

- **"We are returning our attention to another global crisis that disproportionately threatens our city. New Orleans is on the frontlines of climate change."** (Introduction)
- **"We launched the world’s first comprehensive city resilience strategy in 2015 to confront our most urgent threats, adapt our city to our changing natural environment, invest in equity, create flexible and reliable systems, and prepare for future shocks."** (Background)
- **"Increase resilience of our energy and water infrastructure."** (ADAPTATION AND NATURE)

The plan outlines a range of mitigation strategies focused on reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It emphasizes increasing recycling rates, promoting the use of renewable energy, and decreasing reliance on fossil fuels. The plan highlights progress toward the goal of net-zero emissions by 2050 and includes specific measures such as waste management improvement, clean energy investments, and promoting non-auto travel:

- **"This update keeps us focused on reducing community-wide greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to climate change."** (Background)
- **"Divest the City’s investments in fossil fuels and invest in clean energy and climate solutions."** (RAMP UP THE LOCAL CLIMATE ACTION ECONOMY)
- **"Increase recycling rates through infrastructure and education."** (WASTE—6% OF GHG EMISSIONS)

Adaptation strategies are prominent throughout the plan, focusing on adapting infrastructure and processes to the changing climate. Specific initiatives include expanding green infrastructure projects, conducting a tree survey to increase the city's canopy, and integrating nature-based solutions to handle stormwater:

- **"Complete at least 15 green infrastructure projects by 2035 to divert an additional 80M gallons from stormwater system."** (ADAPTATION AND NATURE)
- **"Build additional green infrastructure: Economic Opportunity, Equity, Public Health."** (ADAPTATION & NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS)

Considering the content of the plan, its emphasis appears to be balanced between mitigation and adaptation strategies. The plan demonstrates a comprehensive approach by integrating significant measures for both reducing emissions and adapting to climate impacts, alongside developing resilience. Therefore, the plan can be classified as an **"equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan."**

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change that the City of New Orleans will face, and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. The scenario includes:

- **Current Reality:** "For New Orleans, climate change is not a future scenario, but a current reality." The city is experiencing challenges due to its unique geography.

- **Sea Level Rise and Weather Events:** New Orleans is facing sea level rise and an increased intensity of weather events, which are expected to accelerate coastal land loss, increase storm surge exposure, and place additional stress on the levee and flood protection systems.

- **Storm Intensity:** Climate change is projected to cause greater intensity in storm events, including hurricanes and severe storms, which can lead to flood and wind damage.

- **Flooding Challenges:** Intense rainfall and limited capacity of pipes and pumps cause direct damage to roadways, homes, businesses, and infrastructure. This also affects emergency response and recovery efforts.

- **Soil and Infrastructure:** The city's soft soils becoming saturated during severe storms can lead to downed trees and power lines, causing outages that compromise energy-dependent facilities and increase power interruption.

- **Dry Stretches and Subsidence:** Changing rainfall patterns may result in longer dry stretches, exacerbating shallow subsidence and reducing the longevity of infrastructure.

- **Extreme Heat Episodes:** More extreme heat episodes threaten the health of residents and the reliability of infrastructure systems, increase air pollutants, and exacerbate respiratory illnesses and allergy problems.

- **Health Risks:** A sustained warmer climate increases the risk of vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, and Zika virus.

- **Volatility in Winter Weather:** Increased cold snaps and volatility in winter weather put stress on aging infrastructure.

The City acknowledges these climate impacts and is planning climate policies to address them. The strategies focus on resilience, mitigation, and adaptation to minimize harm and adapt to these changes.

**1. Sea Level Rise and Storm Surge**

   - **Climate Hazard:** Sea level rise is expected to accelerate coastal land loss, increasing storm surge exposure (Chapter 4).
   - **Climate Risks:** These changes put stress on levee and flood protection systems and increase exposure to storm surge (Chapter 4).
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** South Louisiana’s unique geography makes it particularly vulnerable (Chapter 4).
  
**2. Increased Intensity of Storm Events Including Hurricanes and Severe Storms**

- **Climate Hazard:** Sea level rise is expected to accelerate coastal land loss, increasing storm surge exposure (Chapter 4).
  
   - **Climate Hazard:** Climate change is projected to cause greater intensity in storm events, leading to flooding and wind damage (Chapter 4).
   - **Climate Risks:** Intense rainfall results in flooding, hampers emergency response, and causes power outages due to downed trees and power lines (Chapter 4).
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas with outdated or limited capacity drainage systems are more vulnerable (Chapter 4).
  
**3. Extreme Heat Episodes**

   - **Climate Hazard:** More extreme heat episodes threaten health and infrastructure reliability (Chapter 4).
   - **Climate Risks:** Heat episodes lead to higher concentrations of air pollutants and ozone, exacerbating respiratory illnesses and allergy problems, alongside increased risk of heat stroke (Chapter 4).
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Socially vulnerable neighborhoods with sparse green space act as “heat islands,” making them up to eight degrees hotter (Chapter 4).
  
**4. Vector-Borne Diseases**

   - **Climate Hazard:** A sustained warmer climate increases the risk of diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, and Zika virus (Chapter 4).
   - **Climate Risks:** These diseases pose health risks to residents (Chapter 4).
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas with high populations and limited health infrastructure may be more susceptible (inferred from Chapter 4).
  
**5. Cold Snaps and Volatile Winter Weather**

   - **Climate Hazard:** The document notes increased cold snaps and winter weather volatility in recent years (Chapter 4).
   - **Climate Risks:** These conditions stress aging infrastructure (Chapter 4).
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Older infrastructure systems are more susceptible to damage from these weather conditions (Chapter 4).

1. **Green Infrastructure**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:**  
     The plan addresses storm surge, coastal land loss, flooding due to intense rainfall, and extreme weather events.  
     *"Green infrastructure systems naturally hold and retain stormwater."*

   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:**  
     - *"Set a goal to complete at least 15 additional green infrastructure projects by 2035 that will divert an additional 80M gallons."*  
     - *"Since 2018, the City has completed or begun implementation on six green infrastructure projects that will divert approximately 11.8M gallons of water from the City’s stormwater system."*  

   - **Other Important Attributes:**  
     - **Economic:** Creates opportunities for small and minority-owned businesses through "debundling" contracts method.
     - **Environmental:** Increases carbon capture through tree planting and reduces urban heat islands.  
     - **Infrastructural:** Enhances stormwater management and reduces runoff.  
     - **Equity:** Sets a goal for 10% canopy coverage in all neighborhoods to ensure equity.  

2. **Community Adaptation Program (CAP)**

     Stormwater management improvements to mitigate flood risk.  
     *"The Community Adaptation Program provided a $5 million investment in residential stormwater management improvements."*

     - Location: Gentilly Resilience District.  
     - Investment: $5 million towards residential improvements.  
     - Timeframe: *"Provided improvements to owner-occupied single-family homes with household incomes at or below 80% of area median income."*  

     - Targets historically African-American-owned residences.  
     - No cost to homeowners for improvements.
     - Enhancements in stormwater runoff retention.  

3. **Energy and Water Infrastructure Resilience**

     Increased storm and flood risk impacting infrastructure systems.  
     *"Make resilience improvements to critical water and drainage infrastructure."*

     - **Timeframe:** Currently underway; table shows various entities involved like SWB, DPW.  
     - **Funding:** Existing, grants, bonds.  

     - **Infrastructural:** Focus on enhancing the resilience of energy and water systems to withstand extreme weather events.  
     - **Social and Economic:** Supports public health, equity, and creates job opportunities.  

4. **Microgrid Projects for Energy Resilience**

     Power interruptions during extreme weather events impacting the city's energy infrastructure.  
     *"Implement microgrid pilot(s) for energy resilience."*  

     - **Timeframe:** Currently underway.

     - **Timeframe:** Currently underway.  

     - Supports energy independence and resilience by allowing localized power generation.  
     - **Economic and Environmental:** Reduces dependency on centralized power sources and enhances sustainability.  

The plan identifies several mitigation options:

1. **Divestment from Fossil Fuels and Investment in Clean Energy and Climate Solutions**
   - **Cost:** No specific cost mentioned.
   - **Timing:** Full divestiture by 2025.
   - **Location:** Not specified, but implies broad application across city investments.
   - **Important Attributes:** Part of an economic opportunity to create a more equitable and sustainable economy by leveraging the City's financial resources. Mayor Cantrell is coordinating efforts with global city leaders. (Source: _Ramp Up The Local Climate Action Economy_)

2. **Energy Sector Improvements**
   - **Cost:** Cost details are not specified.
   - **Timing:** The plan aims for 43% reduction by 2035 and 29% by 2050 in energy sector emissions.
   - **Important Attributes:** Focuses on clean energy to reduce emissions significantly, which also influences reductions in transportation. The strategy includes increasing local renewable energy development to 255 MW by 2035 and 100% clean electricity by 2035. (Source: _Reduction Trajectory: 2035 and 2050_ & _Strategies Actions_)

3. **Transportation Enhancements**
   - **Cost:** Not specified, but involves federal, grants, and existing funds.
   - **Timing:** Aiming for 45% reduction by 2035 and 36% by 2050 in transportation sector emissions.
   - **Location:** Citywide with infrastructure development.
   - **Important Attributes:** Consists of diversifying travel choices, increasing transit ridership, investing in bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure, and converting the city and RTA fleets to zero-emissions vehicles. Investment includes developing 75 miles of low-stress bikeways by 2025 and converting 75% of RTA's fleet to low/no emissions by 2030. (Source: _Strategies Actions_)

4. **Waste Management Adjustments**
   - **Cost:** Specific financial investments are not mentioned, but new grants are a funding source.
   - **Timing:** A 3% reduction by 2035 and 2% by 2050 in waste sector emissions is projected.
   - **Location:** Throughout New Orleans.
   - **Important Attributes:** Focus on increasing recycling rates to a 25% diversion rate by 2030 and commissioning a solid waste master plan by 2024. (Source: _Strategies Actions_)

5. **Trees and Offsets**
   - **Cost:** Not detailed.
   - **Timing:** Projected 9% reduction by 2035 and 33% by 2050 in emissions through tree planting and offsets.
   - **Important Attributes:** Focuses on carbon sequestration potential through tree planting with a goal of 40,000 new trees by 2030 and maintaining a 50% tree canopy by 2030. Also, factors in ecosystem health, community engagement, and climate justice. (Source: _Reduction Trajectory: 2035 and 2050_ & _Adaptation and Nature-Based Solutions_)

These options collectively aim to address climate mitigation for New Orleans and are part of the comprehensive strategy laid out to reach emissions reduction goals by 2035 and 2050.

The plan identifies several mitigation options across different sectors. Here is a summary of the identified mitigation options, including information about cost, timeframe, location, and other important attributes:

1. **Energy**:
   - **Option**: Divest City's Investments in Fossil Fuels and Invest in Clean Energy and Climate Solutions
     - **Timeframe**: Full divestiture by 2025.
     - **Attributes**: Economic opportunity is highlighted as a co-benefit.

   - **Option**: 100% Clean Electricity
     - **Timeframe**: 100% by 2035.
     - **Attributes**: Monitored annually; integral to reducing emissions in energy and transportation sectors.

   - **Option**: Increase Local Renewable Energy Development
     - **Timeframe**: 255 MW by 2035.
     - **Attributes**: Includes installation by customer types like utility-scale, residential, commercial, industrial.

   - **Option**: Launch Community Solar
     - **Timeframe**: 55 MW by 2025.
     - **Attributes**: Supports renewable energy accessibility with a focus on community involvement.

2. **Transportation**:
   - **Option**: Diversify Transportation to Increase Non-Auto Trips
     - **Timeframe**: Reduce auto trips to less than 50% by 2030.
     - **Attributes**: Increase transit ridership and invest in safe bicycle infrastructure are included.

   - **Option**: Zero Emissions Vehicles (ZEV)
     - **Timeframe**: 75% of RTA’s fleet low or no-emissions by 2030; 100% by 2050.
     - **Attributes**: Emphasizes reducing air pollution; electric vehicle charging infrastructure developments are underway.

- **Option**: Zero Emissions Vehicles (ZEV)

3. **Waste**:
   - **Option**: Increase Recycling Rates through Infrastructure and Education
     - **Timeframe**: Target a 25% diversion rate by 2030.
     - **Attributes**: Highlights public health, equity, and environmental benefits, alongside plans for a new Materials Recovery Facility (MRF).

   - **Option**: Composting and Reducing Organic Waste
     - **Timeframe**: Ongoing efforts.
     - **Attributes**: Targeted to reduce waste-related emissions and create value from waste management.

4. **Nature-Based Solutions**:
   - **Option**: Green Infrastructure and Tree Planting
     - **Timeframe**: Complete at least 15 green infrastructure projects by 2035; Plant 40,000 trees by 2030.
     - **Attributes**: Provides resilience, public health benefits, and community engagement opportunities; supports water retention and carbon sequestration.

5. **Urban Development**:
   - **Option**: Implement "Complete Streets" Policy
     - **Timeframe**: Underway to accommodate all users (walkers, cyclists, drivers).
     - **Attributes**: Focuses on enhancing road usage efficiency and safety.

Each of these options plays a role in mitigating GHG emissions through diverse and complementary strategies aimed at energy, waste, transportation, and natural systems. The timing and details of implementation are crucial for integrating these solutions into broader climate action efforts.

The plan identifies several adaptation options, each addressing various climate threats. Below is a summary:

### 1. **Build Additional Green Infrastructure**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** The plan identifies climate change-related hazards such as regional sea level rise, storm surge, coastal land loss, flooding, and increased storm intensity. Green infrastructure is seen as a method to adapt to these changing climate conditions by retaining stormwater instead of moving it away, thereby reducing flood risks.
  - **Economic Opportunity, Equity, Public Health:** This adaptation option provides various co-benefits beyond just climate adaptation, such as improvements in public health and economic opportunity.
  - **Timeframe:** Complete at least 15 green infrastructure projects by 2035 to divert an additional 80 million gallons from the stormwater system. The status is marked as "Underway."
  - **Funding:** Funding sources include existing budgets and grants.

### 2. **Conduct a Citywide Tree Survey and Canopy Analysis**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** The lack of green space, which contributes to urban heat islands and poor air quality, especially affecting socially vulnerable neighborhoods. Enhancing urban greenery is an adaptation action to mitigate heat and improve living conditions.
  - **Timeframe:** Complete by 2030 with a target of a 50% tree canopy.
  - **Lead:** Parks and Parkways, SOUL, and NOLA Tree project are responsible.
  - **Status:** Marked as "Complete."

### 3. **Plant 40,000 Trees**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** The initiative addresses threats of urban heat islands and the need for cooling solutions throughout the city.
  - **Timeframe:** 40,000 new trees citywide by 2030.
  - **Lead:** Parks and Parkways.
  - **Status:** Marked as "Underway."

### 4. **Increase Resilience of Energy and Water Infrastructure**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Increased extreme heat and cold instances place additional stress on infrastructure systems, risking reliability in energy and water supply.
  - **Actions:** Conduct energy resilience study, map community energy assets, and develop recommendations. Implement microgrid pilot(s) for energy resilience.
  - **Status:** Different statuses for various projects, including "In development" and "Underway."
  - **Funding:** Existing budgets, grants, and bonds are sources of funding.

The plan identifies several climate policies aimed at advancing climate justice. Here they are, along with the climate threats they address and the areas or populations with the most climate vulnerability:

1. **Climate Action Equity Working Group (CAEWG) Initiatives**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Social inequity exacerbating the challenges of climate change.
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** The CAEWG’s efforts focus on enhancing community participation to address heightened challenges for socially vulnerable populations, likely including areas with sparse green spaces that are considered “heat islands” and neighborhoods prone to increased pollution and health risks.

2. **Increase Opportunities in Environmentally Sustainable Sectors for African-American Residents**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Economic inequality and lack of access to environmentally sustainable job opportunities, which can worsen with climate change.
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** African-American residents are specifically targeted to increase their participation and representation in sustainable sectors, thereby addressing social and economic inequities.

3. **Heat Island Reduction through Increased Green Infrastructure and Trees**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Extreme heat episodes leading to health issues and increased air pollution.
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** Socially vulnerable neighborhoods lacking green space and shade, which act as "heat islands," experiencing temperatures up to eight degrees hotter than other parts of the city.

4. **Establish Equity Framework for Energy Decisions**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Energy insecurity and inequitable access to clean energy solutions.
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** All New Orleanians, with a focus likely on communities that historically have had less access to sustainable energy and face higher energy costs.

5. **Promote Local Business Engagement in Low-Carbon Economy**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Economic vulnerability related to transitioning to a low-carbon economy.
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** Local businesses, particularly minority-owned businesses, are prioritized to engage in the low-carbon economy, fostering economic resilience and inclusivity. 

These policies reflect a comprehensive approach to integrating climate justice through social equity, vulnerability reduction, and economic opportunities, especially targeting populations that are disproportionately affected by climate impacts.

Based on the provided document, no explicit maladaptive climate policies are directly identified. However, potential areas for unforeseen maladaptation might arise from certain policy implementations. Here's an analysis of possible scenarios:

### 1. **Policy: Divestment from Fossil Fuels and Investment in Clean Energy**
     - The policy addresses the threat of greenhouse gas emissions contributing to climate change.
   - **Option:**
     - **Mitigation Option:** The policy proposes to "Divest the City’s investments in fossil fuels and invest in clean energy and climate solutions" (Setting Priorities: A Summary of Actions).
   - **Potential Maladaptation Concerns:**
     - If the shift to clean energy investments does not consider existing economic dependencies on fossil fuels, it may disrupt local economies or lead to a loss of jobs in sectors that cannot quickly transition to the new economy. This could inadvertently increase the socio-economic vulnerability of certain community segments rather than decrease it.

### 2. **Policy: Promotion of Green Infrastructure**
     - This policy addresses flooding and stormwater management issues.
     - **Adaptation Option:** The strategy involves the "BUILD ADDITIONAL GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE" for climate change adaptation (Adaptation & Nature-Based Solutions).
     - Unintended consequences may include the possible misplacement of such infrastructure that may lead to property value increases, inadvertently displacing lower-income residents or businesses from newly desirable areas, thus increasing social inequity instead of addressing it.

These potential maladaptive scenarios are speculative and emphasize the importance of robust and inclusive planning processes to mitigate unintended outcomes of climate policy initiatives.

**The plan measures success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options using the following specific metrics and goals:**

### **Mitigation and Energy-Related Metrics:**

- **Clean Energy and Renewable Development:**
  - **Target:** 100% clean electricity by 2035. 
    - **Metric:** Power mix for energy generation supplied to the local grid.
  - **Goal:** Increase local renewable energy development to 255 MW by 2035.
    - **Metric:** KW installed by customer type (utility-scale, residential, commercial, industrial).
  - **Community Solar:**
    - **Target:** 55 MW by 2025.
    - **Metric:** # of subscribers/projects and KW installed.
  - **City Property Solar Installations:**
    - **Target:** Solar on city property by end of 2024.
    - **Metric:** KW of solar installed.

  - **Goal:** 2% annual savings by 2024.
  - **Metric:** EnergySmart annual performance.

### **Transportation-Related Metrics:**

- **Mode of Transport:**
  - **Non-Auto Trips:**
    - **Target:** Reduce auto trips to less than 50% by 2030.
    - **Metric:** Travel activity by mode share.
  - **Increase Transit Ridership:**
    - **Target:** Make transit over 20% of trips by 2030.
    - **Metric:** Ridership data from RTA and mode share.
    
- **Bicycle and Infrastructure:**
  - **Bicycle Infrastructure:**
    - **Target:** 75 miles low-stress bikeways by 2025.
    - **Metric:** Low-stress bikeways by mile.
  - **Bike Share System Expansion:**
    - **Target:** 2,000 e-assist bikes by 2025.
    - **Metric:** Number of shared bikes in service.

### **Emission Reduction and Climate Goals:**

- **Citywide Goals:**
  - **Target:** Divest the City’s investments in fossil fuels with full divestiture by 2025.
    - **Metric:** % of city investments in fossil fuels.
  - **Zero Emissions Vehicle Fleet:**
    - **Target:** 75% of RTA’s fleet will be low or no-emissions by 2030; 100% by 2050.
    - **Metric:** % of fleet low/no emissions.

### **Waste and Recycling:**

- **Recycling Rates:**
  - **Goal:** Increase recycling rates with a 25% diversion rate by 2030.

### **Adaptation and Nature-Based Solutions:**

- **Green Infrastructure:**
  - **Target:** Complete 15 green infrastructure projects by 2035.
    - **Metric:** Divert 80M gallons from stormwater system.
    
- **Tree Planting:**
  - **Goal:** Plant 40,000 trees by 2030.
  - **Tree Canopy:**
    - **Target:** 50% tree canopy by 2030.
    - **Metric:** Canopy coverage in all neighborhoods.

### **Monitoring and Reporting:**

- **Climate Action Dashboard:**
  - **Goal:** Add climate action data dashboard to city website by end of 2023.
    - **Metric:** Dashboard on website and minimum annual updates.

These targets include specific timeframes for implementation and progress tracking through annual or multiple-year metrics. Metrics are primarily focused on percentages, kilowatts (KW), infrastructure mileage, and gallons, ensuring that progress can be adequately monitored against set baselines.

| Feature                  | Description                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
|--------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name**   | New Orleans                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| **Population**           | Not specified in the document.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     |
| **Threats Identified**   | - **Sea level rise and weather events:** "Sea level rise and a projected increase in the intensity of weather events are expected to accelerate coastal land loss." <br> - **Storm events and flooding:** "Projected to cause greater intensity in storm events, including hurricanes and severe storms." <br> - **Extreme heat:** "More extreme heat episodes will directly threaten the health of our residents and the reliability of infrastructure systems." <br> - **Air pollutants and allergens:** "Causes higher concentrations of air pollutants and greater amounts of ozone." <br> - **Vector-borne diseases:** "Increases the risk of diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, and Zika virus." |
| **Measures Identified**  | - **Recycling and waste management:** "Increase recycling rates through infrastructure and education"; "Commission a solid waste master plan." <br> - **Green infrastructure and trees:** "Increase green infrastructure"; "Plant 40,000 trees by 2030." <br> - **Energy resilience:** "Conduct energy resilience study"; "Implement microgrid pilot(s)." <br> - **Transportation diversification:** "Implement 'Complete Streets' policy"; "Invest in safe, low-stress, and comprehensive bicycle infrastructure." <br> - **GHG emissions reduction:** "Ramp up investment in the local climate action economy"; "Divest the City's investments in fossil fuels and invest in clean energy." |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction: City of Chicago**

- **Location:** Central location in the United States, along Lake Michigan.
- **Population:** Not explicitly mentioned in the provided excerpts.
- **Demographics:** A rich history of migration and immigration has shaped the city's character and vibrancy. Chicago is a diverse city with people from different racial and ethnic backgrounds (no specific demographic percentages provided).
- **Average Income:** Specific average income figures are not provided in the excerpts; however, it is mentioned that disparities fall along geographic, racial, and socioeconomic lines.

- **Lake Michigan:** Provides both an abundance of fresh water and a host of economic and recreational opportunities.
- **Infrastructure:**
  - **Transportation System:** Includes many of the nation’s busiest railroads and interstates; home to two world-class airports—O'Hare International Airport, recognized as the best-connected airport in the nation.
  - **Infrastructure Challenges:** Nearly one quarter of the city's water mains are more than 100 years old, and most bridges were built before 1950.

- **Climate Change Vulnerability:** Notably reduced susceptibility to wildfires, hurricanes, and rising sea levels due to its geographic location.
- **Weather Events:** The city experiences extreme weather events such as blizzards, floods, and heatwaves.

- **Renewables Commitment:** The city is committed to powering all public buildings using 100 percent renewable energy by 2025.
  
- **Economic Diversification:** Chicago has one of the most diversified urban economies in the United States, with no single industry employing more than 14% of the city's workforce.
- **Major Corporations:** Home to more than 400 major corporations and recognized as the most promising city for foreign investment in the Americas.
- **Strategic Investments:**
  - The city has made significant infrastructure investments through Mayor Emanuel’s “Building a New Chicago” initiative, which includes transportation and school infrastructure.
  - There is a focus on reducing unemployment and improving economic opportunities.
- **Resilience Projects:** Includes investments in infrastructure to combat extreme weather and promote a more connected, resilient urban environment.

The information above is derived from sections of the "Resilient Chicago" framework and initiatives mentioned therein, without specific figures for average income or precise demographic breakdown.

The plan emphasizes resilience through actions aimed at enhancing urban resilience across three main pillars: Strong Neighborhoods, Robust Infrastructure, and Prepared Communities. It establishes 12 goals and 50 actions to support these areas. Resilience is a core component, with a focus on connecting residents to opportunities and collaborating within the government to prepare for natural hazards and disasters. For example, one resilience action includes applying a resilience lens to hazard mitigation planning. The plan structures its actions to contribute toward resilience goals and addresses the ongoing resilience challenges faced by the city due to historical neglect and emerging threats like climate change. Resilience is further integrated through initiatives like the Resilient Corridor Project aimed at stormwater management and reducing basement flooding.

- **"Resilient Chicago also highlights the important work of several local organizations as part of its Organization Features and details specific Calls to Action that residents can take to help build the city’s urban resilience."** (Resilient Chicago)

Mitigation is addressed through the strategy’s commitment to reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, aligned with global agreements like the Paris Agreement. The plan targets significant reductions in emissions, such as the aim for a 26 to 28 percent reduction in GHGs from 2005 levels by 2025. The plan also includes a strategy to power all public buildings with 100% renewable energy by 2025. Various mitigation options include energy efficiency, renewable energy programs, and policies under initiatives like the Future Energy Jobs Act (FEJA), which are central to Chicago's GHG reduction efforts. 

- **“The City will lessen the impacts of climate change and serve as a model for other municipalities to follow. Chicagoans – and more broadly, residents around the world – stand to benefit from local leadership on this issue in the form of less severe weather events, increased food security, better health outcomes, and more stable livelihoods overall.”** (Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Report: Upholding Chicago’s Commitment to the Paris Agreement)

Adaptation is addressed within the resilience framework by preparing communities and infrastructure to be adaptive to climate impacts. The plan includes developing a hazard mitigation strategy with resilience goals and metrics to minimize the negative impacts of disasters. It involves adopting best practices for hazard mitigation planning that incorporate detailed analyses of climate change impacts. The plan’s actions aim to equip the city to face future challenges by enhancing its capacity to adapt to ongoing climatic and socioeconomic changes.

- **“To understand the risks posed by natural hazards and to develop long-term strategies to reduce their impacts on people, property, and the environment, the City regularly undergoes a hazard mitigation planning process.”** (Action 42: Apply a Resilience Lens to Hazard Mitigation Planning)

Based on the comprehensive approach addressing all components equally and with a significant focus on resilience strategies, the plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**.

The plan does not provide a specific scenario of climate change but does highlight the challenges and resilience strategies the planning jurisdiction, Chicago, is undertaking in response to climate change. Some key elements include:

- **Commitment to GHG Reduction**: "Mayor Emanuel issued an Executive Order committing Chicago to a 26 to 28 percent reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from 2005 levels by 2025" (Overview).

- **Climate Challenges**: Climate change is described as "the foremost challenge facing current and future generations" and emphasizes efforts to lessen climate impacts (Benefits).

- **Strategy Creation**: A new report and climate action plan are in development to meet emission targets and broaden resilience strategies, including energy efficiency and renewable energy programs (Overview).

- **Resilience Building Initiatives**: The plan mentions multiple resilience initiatives such as "Building a New Chicago," "CTA enhancements," and the "Resilient Corridor Project" to improve infrastructure, transportation, environment, and sustainability (Step 2: Understand Existing Efforts).

- **Addressing Climate Vulnerabilities**: The planning process seeks to incorporate resilience goals and metrics to mitigate "the social, economic, and environmental impacts of disasters" (Apply a Resilience Lens to Hazard Mitigation Planning).

These strategies collectively outline the policies and actions being planned or implemented to address climate-related impacts despite not detailing a specific climate change scenario.

1. **Storms (Extreme Weather Events)**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Severe weather conditions causing significant disturbance.
   - **Climate Risks:** Such events "instantaneously threaten a city’s ability to function."
   - **Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:** Residents "most vulnerable to the negative impacts" and those "living in high-risk geographic areas," as well as "disconnected Chicagoans" who lack resources and preparedness.

2. **Flooding**
   - **Climate Hazard:** The overflow of water onto land usually dry, as identified in "Resilient Corridor Project that creates stormwater management landscapes and reduces basement flooding."
   - **Climate Risks:** Leads to "significant property loss, illness, injury," and in some cases, death.
   - **Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:** "Disconnected Chicagoans," particularly those with inadequate resources or access to information, and areas most impacted by extreme weather.

3. **Heatwaves (Urban Heat) - Indirectly Mentioned as part of Urban Heat Response Pilot Project**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Extended periods of excessively hot weather.
   - **Climate Risks:** Risk of illness and fatalities, impacting "the health and well-being of communities."
   - **Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:** Vulnerable residents in urban settings, particularly without cooling resources or facilities.

4. **Natural Disasters (General)**
   - **Climate Hazard:** A broad category encompassing various extreme conditions.
   - **Climate Risks:** They can "result in loss of life, damage to buildings and infrastructure, and have devastating consequences for communities and their well-being."
   - **Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:** "Senior residents, people with disabilities, and residents living in high-risk geographic areas."

1. **"Building a New Chicago" Investments**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Critical infrastructure resilience, which may relate to extreme weather events and infrastructure failure.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, Location:** No specific cost is mentioned. It includes park, water, transportation, and school infrastructure investments. Specific timeframes and locations within Chicago are not detailed in the provided content.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Focuses on improving critical infrastructure and transportation systems, ensuring they are robust against potential climate impacts such as storms and flooding. 

2. **Resilient Corridor Project**
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, Location:** No specific cost or timeframe is provided. It aims to create stormwater management landscapes.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Reduces basement flooding and enhances environmental sustainability by managing stormwater and minimizing flood risks.

3. **Smart Lighting Program**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Energy efficiency and reduction of GHGs.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, Location:** The program aims to replace more than 270,000 public lights to reduce electricity consumption by 50-75% by 2021.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Environmental and economic considerations include significant energy savings and reducing carbon emissions.

4. **Universal Pre-Kindergarten**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Not directly related to a climate threat but a resilience action under social resilience to ensure education access.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, Location:** Implemented by 2021 across Chicago.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** It addresses socioeconomic and educational resilience, contributing to community preparedness by enhancing education access.

5. **Public Safety Enhancements**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Structured enhancements for city security, indirectly related to resilience against social stress and emergencies.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, Location:** Includes hiring over 1,000 additional sworn officers by 2018.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Increases field and de-escalation training, uses body-worn cameras for officers, and aims to create sustainable reforms in city policing.

**Additional Resilience Components:**

- **100% Renewable Energy for Public Buildings:** Aims to power all public buildings with renewable energy by 2025.
  - **Climate Threat Addressed:** GHG emissions, supporting energy independence and sustainability.
  - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, Location:** Implemented by 2025, no specific costs provided.
  - **Other Important Attributes:** Supports environmental sustainability and reduces dependence on fossil fuels.

**General Considerations:**
- The plan incorporates elements of **economic, educational, and infrastructural improvements** to increase resilience. An explicit focus is on not only preparing for climate risks but also addressing social and economic disparities that could exacerbate these risks. The strategy includes financial analysis to evaluate feasibility and funding, but specific cost details for individual actions are not provided.
- The plan highlights both flagship resilience actions—broad, systemic improvements—and **equity-focused actions** aimed at directly addressing social disparities.

1. **Reduction of Carbon Emissions:**
   - *Summary:* The plan aims to reduce carbon emissions in accordance with the original Paris Climate Agreement by 2025.
   - *Cost:* Not specified in the document.
   - *Timing:* By 2025.
   - *Location:* Citywide.
   - *Other Attributes:* Part of the city's commitment as a member of the C40 cities network. 

2. **Public Buildings Powered by Renewable Energy:**
   - *Summary:* All public buildings are to be powered by 100% renewable energy sources by 2025.
   - *Location:* All public buildings in the city.
   - *Other Attributes:* This is aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

3. **Smart Lighting Program:**
   - *Summary:* Replacement of more than 270,000 public lights to consume 50-75% less electricity by 2021.
   - *Timing:* By 2021.
   - *Other Attributes:* Contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by lowering electricity consumption.

4. **Green Infrastructure Projects:**
   - *Summary:* Deployment of green infrastructure such as permeable pavement and rain gardens to manage stormwater and reduce urban heat island effects.
   - *Cost:* Not explicitly mentioned, but involves capital investment.
   - *Timing:* Ongoing, with pilots planned and a broader rollout intended.
   - *Location:* Focus on areas like Austin, Calumet Heights, Auburn Gresham, and Englewood.
   - *Other Attributes:* Aimed at reducing stormwater runoff, improving air and water quality, reducing flood incidents, and engaging community partners.

5. **Solar Energy and Clean Energy Jobs:**
   - *Summary:* Promotion of solar projects and clean energy sector jobs.
   - *Timing:* Not explicitly mentioned, ongoing initiatives.
   - *Other Attributes:* Special emphasis on providing access and incentives for low- to moderate-income communities to partake in renewable energy options.

The plan highlights various metrics such as GHG emission reduction, cost savings in energy, and engagement of community partners as potential indicators to measure the success of these mitigation initiatives.

Based on the content of the plan, the following mitigation options are identified:

1. **Smart Lighting Program**
   - **Summary:** The program aims to replace more than 270,000 public lights to consume 50-75 percent less electricity.
   - **Cost:** The document does not specify the cost.
   - **Timeframe:** To be completed by 2021.
   - **Location:** Citywide across Chicago.
   - **Attributes:** This initiative is part of efforts to reduce electricity consumption and subsequently decrease GHG emissions.

2. **Reduction of Carbon Emissions**
   - **Summary:** The goal is to reduce carbon emissions in accordance with the original Paris Climate Agreement.
   - **Timeframe:** By 2025.
   - **Attributes:** This aligns with international climate agreements to minimize the city's carbon footprint.

3. **Renewable Energy for Public Buildings**
   - **Summary:** All public buildings are to be powered by 100 percent renewable energy sources.
   - **Attributes:** This is part of the strategy to transition to clean energy, thereby reducing dependence on fossil fuels.

4. **Green Infrastructure Solutions**
   - **Summary:** Implement projects like permeable pavement, rain gardens, and bioswales.
   - **Cost:** Estimated costs will be reviewed based on capital investment needed.
   - **Timeframe:** Pilot projects' solution design completion is aimed for fall 2019.
   - **Location:** Areas such as Austin, Auburn Gresham, Englewood, and Calumet Heights.
   - **Attributes:** These projects aim to manage stormwater effectively and provide multiple environmental benefits like reducing urban heat island effects and improving air and water quality.

5. **Solar Energy Initiatives**
   - **Summary:** Initiatives aim to enhance access to renewable energy, particularly community solar, for low- to moderate-income communities.
   - **Timeframe:** The document does not specify a timeframe.
   - **Location:** Citywide emphasis, with potential focus on low- to moderate-income communities.
   - **Attributes:** The goal is to encourage participation in renewable energy efforts and provide financial savings through reduced energy costs.

Each mitigation option is part of a broader set of strategies to reduce Chicago’s GHG emissions, improve energy efficiency, and transition towards more resilient and sustainable energy systems.

1. **Citywide Downspout Disconnection Campaign**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This adaptation option addresses flooding and stormwater management.
     - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** These specifics are not detailed; however, the action “Conduct a Citywide Downspout Disconnection Campaign” is listed under "Action 19" in the plan. 
     - **Other Attributes:** It is part of the broader goal to increase investment in green infrastructure to reduce flood risk and create more sustainable neighborhoods (Action Template Structure).

2. **Space to Grow Program**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This program is targeted at managing stormwater and reducing flood risk.
     - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specifics regarding cost, implementation timeframe, and location are not provided.
     - **Other Attributes:** Identified as "Action 20" and part of the green infrastructure strategy aimed at creating livable neighborhoods.

3. **Our Great Rivers Chicago Vision**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Manages riverine and other water-related climate threats.
     - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Not specifically detailed in the excerpts provided.
     - **Other Attributes:** Listed as "Action 21," contributing to flood risk mitigation and enhancing sustainable urban development.

4. **Stormwater Trading Program**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Focused on stormwater management to alleviate flooding risks.
     - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific information on these attributes is not provided.
     - **Other Attributes:** The program is acknowledged as "Action 22" in the green infrastructure strategy.

5. **Green Stormwater Infrastructure Strategy 2.0**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addresses stormwater management challenges and associated flooding risks.
     - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Details are not provided in the text.
     - **Other Attributes:** An advanced strategy ("Action 23") to boost green infrastructure deployment.

6. **Urban Heat Response Pilot Project**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This project is aimed at dealing with heat waves and urban heat islands.
     - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The pilot project is noted as "developing 1-5 years" timeline, conducted by "City Tech Collaborative."
     - **Other Attributes:** It is aimed at reducing vulnerabilities to extreme weather events for disconnected Chicagoans under "Goal 2" of prepared communities.

These adaptation options are structured to bolster Chicago’s resilience to climate change, specifically targeting stormwater management to reduce flood risks and strategies to combat urban heat, thus contributing to sustainable urban development.

The plan identifies several climate policies to advance climate justice, as follows:

1. **Urban Heat Response Pilot Project**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The project addresses urban heat, which is a significant climate hazard causing heatwaves and elevated temperatures in urban areas.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** The pilot will benefit heat-vulnerable populations, such as *senior residents, youth, outside workers, people with disabilities, and those with chronic medical conditions* (Action 43).

2. **Resilience Lens in Hazard Mitigation Planning**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy addresses various hazards and natural disasters, encompassing a range of climate threats like extreme weather events.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Those most vulnerable include *senior residents, people with disabilities, and residents living in high-risk geographic areas* (Action 42).

3. **Goal 2: Reduce Vulnerabilities to Extreme Weather Events for Disconnected Chicagoans**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The aim is to mitigate the impacts of extreme weather events.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** It acknowledges that *the most vulnerable residents can endure a tremendous burden due to inadequate resources, preparedness, or access to key information and services* (Goal 2).

These policies reflect a commitment to addressing climate vulnerabilities in specific populations that are disproportionately affected by climate hazards.

The document does not explicitly identify potential maladaptive climate policies. The text focuses on current and proposed resilience, mitigation, and adaptation efforts addressing various climate-related challenges. However, while the document does not directly label any policies as maladaptive, I can infer potential risks based on the context and nature of climate policies discussed:

**1. Building a New Chicago Investments**
   - **Climate Threat:** Infrastructure vulnerabilities due to climate change (e.g., flooding, extreme weather).
   - **Resilience Option:** Improving "park, water, transportation, and school infrastructure" (EXISTING CITY EFFORTS IDENTIFIED, INFRASTRUCTURE AND TRANSPORTATION).
   - **Potential Maladaption:** Large-scale infrastructure projects may inadvertently lead to maladaptation if they increase emissions through construction activities or disrupt local ecosystems. Additionally, these projects may not adequately incorporate future climate projections, resulting in infrastructure that is unfit for future climate conditions.

**2. Reduction of carbon emissions in accordance with the Paris Agreement by 2025**
   - **Climate Threat:** High levels of greenhouse gas emissions contributing to global warming.
   - **Mitigation Option:** Reducing "carbon emissions in accordance with the Paris Climate Agreement by 2025" (EXISTING CITY EFFORTS IDENTIFIED, ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY).
   - **Potential Maladaption:** If actions to achieve this reduction focus too heavily on quick fixes, such as relying on carbon credits without accompanying local emissions reductions, this could lead to reliance on offset mechanisms that do not contribute to systemic change or resilience at the local level. This might deprioritize deep, structural changes necessary for long-term sustainability.

**3. Smart Lighting Program**
   - **Climate Threat:** Energy inefficiency contributing to greenhouse gas emissions.
   - **Mitigation Option:** "Replace more than 270,000 public lights that will consume 50-75 percent less electricity by 2021" (EXISTING CITY EFFORTS IDENTIFIED, ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY).
   - **Potential Maladaption:** While the intent is to enhance energy efficiency, if the procurement and installation process does not account for lifecycle emissions or uses materials that are not sustainably sourced, this could inadvertently increase environmental burdens elsewhere. Moreover, if these efforts are not coupled with broader systemic energy management practices, they could provide incomplete solutions that don't address wider system inefficiencies. 

These points are speculative as the document doesn't directly identify or evaluate the maladaptive potentials of the climate policies it describes.

The plan measures the success or failure of each adaptation, resilience, and mitigation option using various metrics and indicators. Below are specific metrics and goals outlined in the plan:

### **Adaptation and Resilience Metrics:**

- **Stormwater and Flooding**
  - **Number of new green infrastructure projects constructed within Chicago** and reduction in **flood incidents and basement flood reports** (no specific units mentioned) (Resilient Chicago, pg. 89)
  - **Increase in overall stormwater detention volume**, measured in gallons (Resilient Chicago, pg. 123)
  - **Volume of stormwater runoff reduced** (no specific units mentioned) (Resilient Chicago, pg. 89)
  - Improvements in **air and water quality** (Resilient Chicago, pg. 89)
  - **Reduction in economic damage from flooding** for residents in specified communities (no specific units mentioned) (Resilient Chicago, pg. 89)

- **Riverfront and Recreation**
  - **Acres** of additional riverfront parks and preserves by 2030 (Resilient Chicago, pg. 84)
  - **Miles** of continuous riverfront trail built by 2030 (Resilient Chicago, pg. 84)
  - **Reductions in urban heat island effects** (no specific units mentioned) (Resilient Chicago, pg. 84)

### **Mitigation Metrics:**

- **Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Reduction**
  - **Reduction in city GHG emissions** (specific percentage not given in this section) (Resilient Chicago, pg. 102)
  - **Reduction of overall carbon footprint** of public and private buildings (no specific units mentioned) (Resilient Chicago, pg. 102)

- **Energy and Transportation**
  - Increase in rates of adoption of **renewable energy** (no specific units mentioned) (Resilient Chicago, pg. 102)
  - **Dollar value of new investments** in clean transportation and infrastructure (Resilient Chicago, pg. 102)
  - **Amount of climate-focused legislation passed** (no specific units mentioned) (Resilient Chicago, pg. 102)

- **Job Creation and Economic Impact**
  - **Number of jobs** in the clean energy sector within Chicago (no specific units mentioned) (Resilient Chicago, pg. 112)

### **Specific Goals and Targets:**

- Commit to a **26 to 28 percent reduction in GHG emissions** from 2005 levels by 2025, consistent with the Paris Agreement (Resilient Chicago, pg. 102)
- Efforts to **reduce GHG emissions** to lessen the impacts of climate change (Resilient Chicago, pg. 102)

### **Equity Impacts:**

- Emphasis on including traditionally underrepresented groups in climate policy decision making (Resilient Chicago, pg. 102)
- Programs designed to increase access to renewable energy options for low- to moderate-income communities (Resilient Chicago, pg. 112) 

These metrics and goals provide a structured framework for assessing the progress of climate adaptation, resilience, and mitigation efforts within the plan.

| **Feature**           | **Detail**                                                               |
|-----------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name**| Chicago                                                                 |
| **Population**        | Not specified in the document                                           |
| **Threats Identified**| - **Shocks:** Storms (Extreme Weather Events), Economic Crash, Flooding, Infrastructure Failure <br> - **Stresses:** Violence, Access to Quality Education, Racism, Income and Employment Inequality |
| **Measures Identified**| - Address disparities between neighborhoods <br> - Address root causes of crime and violence <br> - Ensure provision of critical infrastructure <br> - Promote engaged, prepared, and cohesive communities <br> - Universal pre-kindergarten for all 4-year-olds by 2021 <br> - Public buildings powered by renewable energy sources by 2025 <br> - Smart Lighting Program by 2021 <br> - CPD reforms and additional officer hires |
```

The plan does not provide specific details about the physical and economic landscape, demographics, average income, or major geographic features such as mountains, rivers, deserts, and coastline of Evanston. Information about key infrastructure like airports or seaports is also not included. 

However, the document does mention that Evanston is a Great Lakes city, implying proximity to one of the Great Lakes, which means it is not subject to threats such as hurricanes or sea level rise, but it still faces risks from intense storms, hotter temperatures, drought-like conditions, human migration, and threats to water quality (Executive Summary). 

The plan outlines a vision for Evanston by 2050 that includes all energy produced and consumed is from clean and renewable sources, suggesting a focus on renewable energy production and consumption (Introduction, Evanston 2050 Vision). Further, "100% clean and renewable electricity by 2030" and "zero waste by 2050" are cited as ambitious goals related to energy production (Executive Summary).

Information about economic diversity or primary industry sectors specifically driving Evanston’s economy is not provided in the document. Instead, the document emphasizes the city's commitment to sustainable actions to support economic growth and job creation, suggesting an economic outlook that integrates climate resilience and sustainable practices (Guiding Principles).

The plan places significant emphasis on climate resilience, highlighting the importance of preparing social, ecosystem, and built environments for climate impacts. It identifies local climate hazards including extreme heat, shorter winters, storms, and drought, along with resultant impacts such as infrastructure stress, human migration, flooding, and air pollution. To respond to these threats, the plan delineates six focus areas:

The plan places significant emphasis on climate resilience, highlighting the importance of preparing social, ecosystem, and built environments for climate impacts. It identifies local climate hazards including extreme heat, shorter winters, storms, and drought, along with resultant impacts such as infrastructure stress, human migration, flooding, and air pollution. To respond to these threats, the plan delineates six focus areas: 

- Green Infrastructure
- Health Impacts of Extreme Heat
- Resilience Regulations
- Community Networks and Education
- Emergency Preparedness and Management
- Vulnerable Populations

The goal is to ensure Evanston remains resilient and climate-ready, with a strong focus on building community resilience, enhancing emergency preparedness, and safeguarding vulnerable populations. *"Climate resilience is the task of evaluating the changing climate and preparing the community for anticipated changes and the impact they will have on the community and its infrastructure."* (Climate Resilience)

Mitigation is addressed with ambitious goals to drastically reduce GHG emissions. The plan stresses the importance of local actions to cap global temperature increases, setting specific reduction targets (50% by 2025, 80% by 2035, and carbon neutrality by 2050). It outlines six focus areas for mitigation:

- Building Efficiency
- Renewable Energy
- Zero Waste
- Transportation and Mobility
- Urban Canopy and Green Space
- Outreach, Education, and Behavior Change

The focus on mitigating actions in these areas, particularly buildings, which account for 80% of the city's emissions, underscores the importance of emissions reduction. *"Climate Mitigation explores the far-reaching ways in which many daily routines are tied to larger systems that account for much of the City’s emissions..."* (Executive Summary)

Adaptation efforts are integrated within the resilience strategies, emphasizing the city’s capacity to adjust and adapt to new climate conditions. The plan recognizes the interconnectedness of mitigation and adaptation measures and their dual benefits in reducing both emissions and vulnerability. *"Although Evanston...is relatively insulated from threats...it is not insulated from increasingly intense storms, the influx of invasive species, hotter temperatures, drought-like conditions, human migration, threats to water quality..."* (Executive Summary)

The City of Evanston's Climate Action and Resilience Plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. It thoroughly integrates both mitigation measures to significantly reduce GHG emissions and adaptation/resilience strategies to prepare for climate impacts, reflecting an approach that addresses the multifaceted nature of climate change challenges.

Yes, the plan describes scenarios of climate change that Evanston will face and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. The local impacts of climate change in Evanston have been identified, with specific climate hazards projected for mid-century (2050) and end-century (2075). The key climate hazards and their expected impacts are summarized as follows:

- **Climate Hazards**:
  - **Extreme Heat**: An increase in extremely hot days, over 95°F and 100°F.
  - **Shorter Winters**: A decrease in the number of days below freezing.
  - **Storms**: An increase in extreme precipitation events.
  - **Drought**: An increase in drought conditions.  
  (*City of Evanston | Climate Action and Resilience Plan | cityofevanston.org/climate23*)

- **Climate Impacts**:
  - **Infrastructure Stress**: With increased heat and severe storms, physical infrastructure will be tested.
  - **Human Migration**: The Chicago region may see an influx of climate refugees.
  - **Flooding**: Higher risk of flooding and associated damage.
  - **Invasive Species/Pests**: Increase in invasive species and pests.
  - **Air Pollution**: Poor air quality and an increase in aeroallergens.  

These scenarios guide the climate resilience focus areas and corresponding policy and program solutions to ensure Evanston remains resilient in the face of climate change.

   - **Climate Hazard:** "Increase in extremely hot days, over 95°F and 100°F."
   - **Climate Risks:** Increased heat events will stress physical infrastructure and pose health risks, particularly leading to "increased risk of heat stroke and exhaustion" and a "decrease in overall air quality," which can worsen conditions for existing health issues like cardiovascular disease and respiratory illnesses.
   - **Populations with Vulnerability:** Vulnerable groups such as the elderly, children, outdoor workers, and individuals engaged in outdoor activities are most affected. Also, "vulnerable populations" like lower-income residents and those without access to cooling facilities face heightened risks.

2. **Shorter Winters**
   - **Climate Hazard:** "Decrease in number of days below freezing."
   - **Climate Risks:** Not explicitly detailed in terms of risks to infrastructure or populations, but may have ecological impacts, such as on local flora and fauna.

3. **Storms**
   - **Climate Hazard:** "Increase in extreme precipitation events."
   - **Climate Risks:** Increased risk of flooding, which leads to infrastructure stress and potential displacement. There is also a higher "risk of flooding and associated damage."
   - **Populations with Vulnerability:** Areas with inadequate drainage systems and vulnerable populations who may experience "financial strain" as utility costs rise.

   - **Climate Hazard:** "Increase in drought conditions."
   - **Climate Risks:** Potential impacts on water supply and quality, which may lead to increased costs and limited access to essential services.
   - **Populations with Vulnerability:** Not explicitly described in terms of specific populations, but could affect all residents to some degree, especially those with limited financial resources.

5. **Invasive Species/Pests**
   - **Climate Hazard:** "Increase in invasive species and pests."
   - **Climate Risks:** Ecological imbalance and potential harm to local agriculture and ecosystems.
   - **Populations with Vulnerability:** Not specified in terms of human populations, but may impact local biodiversity which is integral for community services and agriculture.

6. **Air Pollution**
   - **Climate Hazard:** "Poor air quality and increase in aeroallergens."
   - **Climate Risks:** Potential health issues such as exacerbating allergies and respiratory problems, which are aggravated by extreme heat.
   - **Populations with Vulnerability:** Vulnerable groups such as children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing health conditions are particularly at risk.

Given the nature of these hazards, the City undertakes actions that include improving building codes, emergency preparedness, and community education to mitigate and adapt to the identified climate risks.

    - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Increased precipitation and storm-related events.
    - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The plan discusses equitable distribution but does not provide specific details on cost, timeframe, and location.
    - **Other Important Attributes:** Rain gardens are used to capture and naturally filter increased precipitation into the soil. This contributes to improved resilience while enhancing environmental quality.

2. **Health Impacts of Extreme Heat**
    - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Extreme heat and the increasing number of hot days.
    - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific cost and timeframe details are not provided.
    - **Other Important Attributes:** Protection of public health, especially for vulnerable populations during extreme heat events.

3. **Resilience Regulations**
    - **Climate Threat Addressed:** General climate hazards affecting structures.
    - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** No specific data on cost, timeframe, and location. However, it involves reviewing and updating building codes and zoning.
    - **Other Important Attributes:** Involves encouraging alternative energy systems and updating plumbing codes, which may lead to cost savings and energy efficiency.

4. **Community Networks and Education**
    - **Climate Threat Addressed:** General lack of preparedness for climate hazards.
    - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** No specific cost or timeframe given, but focuses on community-wide education initiatives.
    - **Other Important Attributes:** Enhances social resilience through education and preparedness initiatives.

5. **Emergency Preparedness and Management**
    - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Extreme weather events and disasters.
    - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific cost and location details are not provided, but tasks include updating emergency plans and improving emergency communications.
    - **Other Important Attributes:** Involves coordinating with community partners and updating response protocols to enhance preparedness.

6. **Vulnerable Populations**
    - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Impacts disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations such as increased utility bills and flooding.
    - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Actions such as assessing infrastructure for properties serving vulnerable populations and establishing financial assistance protocols are included without explicit cost or timeframe.
    - **Other Important Attributes:** Emphasis on climate justice and equity, ensuring vulnerable populations are prioritized and supported.

***Reference:*** Based on contents from the sections titled *Climate Resilience Focus Areas* and *Emergency Preparedness and Management Climate Resilience*.

The plan identifies several **mitigation options** within its **Climate Mitigation** section, focusing on reducing greenhouse gas emissions through various strategies. Below is a summary for each identified option based on the attributes mentioned:

### **Building Efficiency**
- **Goal:** Reduce building energy consumption by 35% by 2035 (from 2005 levels).
  - **Timing:** Target set for 2035.
  - There is no detailed information regarding cost, location, or other specific attributes in the excerpt provided.

### **Renewable Energy**
- **Goal:** Achieve 100% renewable electricity supply for all Evanston accounts by 2030.
  - **Timing:** Target set for 2030.
  - **Cost:** Not explicitly mentioned.
  - **Location:** Covers all Evanston accounts.

### **Zero Waste**
- **Goal:**
  - Increase the community waste diversion rate to 50% by 2025,
  - 75% by 2035,
  - and Zero Waste by 2050 (from 2017 levels).
  - **Timing:** Targets for 2025, 2035, and 2050.
  - No specific details on cost or other attributes are provided in the excerpt.

### **Transportation and Mobility**
- **Goals:**
  - Reduce vehicle miles traveled; increase trips made by walking, bicycling, and transit.
  - Increase use of electric vehicles; decrease carbon emissions from vehicles and equipment.
  - No explicit timing, cost, or location details are provided in the excerpt.

### **Urban Canopy and Green Space**
- **Goal:** Preserve and restore Evanston’s urban canopy, natural areas, native vegetation, and green space.
  - **Location:** Throughout Evanston.
  - There is no detailed information regarding timing, or cost in the excerpt provided.

### **Electricity Aggregation Program**
- **Impact:** Resulted in a reduction of 445,154 MTCO2e of emissions.
  - **Cost:** Not explicitly mentioned but implied savings from emission reductions.
  - **Other Important Attributes:** Equivalent to the emissions of 95,322 passenger vehicles driven for one year. Participating residents within Evanston benefit from 100% renewable energy since 2012.

### **General Attributes for All Mitigation Options:**
- **Cost:** The plan mentions that sustainable actions and solutions are not inherently more expensive but can lead to cost savings, economic growth, and job creation. It also considers the cost of inaction.
- **Adaptability:** The need to adapt and innovate as circumstances evolve, aligning with new technologies and social justice dimensions, is emphasized.

The details provided in the excerpts do not include specific costs, exact locations for all projects, or detailed timing beyond the goals. The plan generally advises that these options support emissions reduction and promote sustainability.

The plan identifies several mitigation options under different focus areas within the Climate Mitigation section. Here's a summary:

### **1. Building Efficiency**
- **Goal:** *Reduce building energy consumption by 35% by 2035 from 2005 levels* (City of Evanston | Climate Action and Resilience Plan).
  - Involves *reducing energy consumption in buildings*, which account for a significant portion of emissions (City of Evanston | Climate Action and Resilience Plan).
  - Improvement is part of the broader goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050.

### **2. Renewable Energy**
- **Goal:** *Achieve 100% renewable electricity supply for all Evanston accounts by 2030* (City of Evanston | Climate Action and Resilience Plan).
  - Part of the plan involves using *renewable energy sources* to replace current electric supply.

### **3. Zero Waste**
- **Goal:** 
  - *Increase the community waste diversion rate to 50% by 2025, 75% by 2035, and achieve Zero Waste by 2050* (City of Evanston | Climate Action and Resilience Plan).
  - Mitigation through waste reduction contributes significantly to decreased emissions.

### **4. Transportation and Mobility**
- **Goals:** 
  - *Reduce vehicle miles traveled and increase trips made by walking, bicycling, and transit.*
  - *Increase the use of electric vehicles; decrease carbon emissions from vehicles and equipment* (City of Evanston | Climate Action and Resilience Plan).
  - Involves enhancing *non-motorized transport options and electrifying vehicles* to reduce emissions from the transportation sector.

### **5. Urban Canopy and Green Space**
  - *Preserve and restore Evanston’s urban canopy, natural areas, native vegetation, and green space* (City of Evanston | Climate Action and Resilience Plan).
- **Cost and Location:** 
  - Includes preserving green areas like *Isabella Woods and Clark Street Beach Bird Sanctuary* (City of Evanston | Climate Action and Resilience Plan).
  - Focused on maintaining or increasing carbon sequestration capabilities and enhancing the ecosystem.

### **6. Outreach, Education, and Behavior Change**
  - *Educate, motivate, and empower Evanston residents, institutions, and businesses to take meaningful action to fight climate change and improve community resilience* (City of Evanston | Climate Action and Resilience Plan).
  - Involves a focus on behavior change, education, and community engagement to support broader mitigation efforts.

### **7. Electricity Aggregation Program**
- **Achievement:** 
  - Since 2012, provided 100% renewable energy to participating residents, resulting in a *reduction of 445,154 MTCO2e* (City of Evanston | Climate Action and Resilience Plan).

Each mitigation option in the plan targets different sectors contributing to greenhouse gas emissions, aiming for both short-term and long-term reductions. The cost is addressed through a guiding principle of being *Cost-Effective and Affordable* and considering the cost of inaction (City of Evanston | Climate Action and Resilience Plan). Timeframes align with target years specified such as 2025, 2030, 2035, and 2050.

The City of Evanston’s Climate Action and Resilience Plan outlines several adaptation options to address various climate threats, with associated details provided to varying extents across the options:

### Adaptation Options Identified:

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option addresses increased extreme precipitation events and flooding.
   - **Details:** 
     - Promote native landscaping and encourage rain gardens to enhance stormwater absorption.
     - Include features for stormwater absorption in City-owned spaces and promote an “Adaptive Planting List” for selecting appropriate trees.

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option is meant to mitigate the impacts of extreme heat days increasing above 95°F and 100°F.
     - Develop cooling centers and educate residents on heat events. 
     - Enhance tree canopy to reduce urban heat.
   
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** It aims to improve local regulations to strengthen resilience against various climate impacts, including extreme heat and flooding.
     - This may involve updating building codes and land-use regulations to encourage resilience. The specific details concerning cost and regulation implementations were not provided.

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** It aims to improve local regulations to strengthen resilience against various climate impacts, including extreme heat and flooding.

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Impacts from various climate-related hazards including extreme weather events.
     - Efforts in building community networks to better prepare and educate the community on climate-induced events. Timeframes and cost specifics were not enclosed.

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This preparation is especially aimed at extreme weather events, including severe storms and flooding.
     - Establish and update community resilience plans and enhance emergency communication and coordination with critical facilities like hospitals for disaster response.

6. **Vulnerable Populations Climate Resilience**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Socio-economic disparities can exacerbate vulnerabilities in climate change impacts.
     - Focus on equity-centered adaptation plans to ensure that vulnerable populations receive targeted interventions in emergency scenarios and benefit equitably from adaptation plans.

#### General Implementation Attributes:
- **Cost & Affordability:** The plan aims to implement cost-effective and affordable solutions and recognize cost savings through effective climate adaptation strategies.
- **Equity-centered:** Focus on ensuring equitable treatment and involvement of all community members, irrespective of race, color, income, etc.
- **Timeframe:** The overall goal for many adaptation strategies, like reaching carbon neutrality, has been set for 2050, although specific timeframes for each adaptation option are not detailed.

This summary gives a high-level overview of the adaptation options as set out in the Evanston Climate Action and Resilience Plan, highlighting the nature of the threats addressed and the framework for implementation in terms of cost, equity, and resilience-building.

The City of Evanston's Climate Action and Resilience Plan identifies several climate policies addressing climate justice by focusing on vulnerable populations and hazards. Below are the summarized policies:

### Policy 1: Proactive Identification and Support for Vulnerable Populations

- **Climate Threat:** The policy addresses various climate hazards such as increased flooding, higher utility bills, and financial stresses due to climate impacts.
- **Vulnerable Populations:** "Community members who are placed at a disadvantage in preparing for and/or responding to climate hazards," including "lower-income residents, people of color, immigrants, refugees, the elderly, children, people with disabilities, historically marginalized communities, renters, and those without access to cars" (*Vulnerable Populations Climate Resilience*). Different hazards can affect various vulnerable populations differently, highlighting the importance of identifying these groups for targeted support.

### Policy 2: Emergency Preparedness and Infrastructure Assessment

- **Climate Threat:** This policy tackles extreme weather events, which are expected to become more common due to climate change. The plan highlights potential emergencies such as flooding, power outages, and extreme heat.
- **Vulnerable Populations:** Ensuring facilities that serve vulnerable populations are resilient to climate hazards, specifically targeting "hospitals, medical service providers, senior homes, childcare facilities, shelters" (*Climate Resilience*).

### Policy 3: Health Impacts of Extreme Heat

- **Climate Threat:** The threat from extreme heat, which can exacerbate health conditions and lead to increased health risks such as heat stroke and exhaustion.
- **Vulnerable Populations:** Those "already susceptible to temperature increases," including "the elderly, children, workers who perform outdoor labor, and individuals involved in outdoor recreational activities" (*Health Impacts of Extreme Heat Climate Resilience*).

### Policy 4: Equitable Energy and Transport Solutions

- **Climate Threat:** The policy addresses threats posed by energy price instability and transportation needs, particularly under extreme conditions.
- **Vulnerable Populations:** It aims to "buffer low-income residents from fuel price spikes" and supports alternative transportation modes for those without access to vehicles, emphasizing the need to enhance resilience for economically vulnerable populations (*Vulnerable Populations Climate Resilience*).

By implementing these policies, the plan seeks to address environmental and climate justice and ensure equitable support and resilience-building among its most vulnerable populations.

Based on the document content, here's an identification of potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies:

1. **Policy: Landscaping and Green Infrastructure Regulations**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy addresses the threat of increased precipitation and the need for capturing rainwater, especially during extreme precipitation events, to prevent flooding.
   - **Resilience Option Proposed:** The promotion and equitable distribution of green infrastructure, such as rain gardens, to filter rainwater naturally.
   - **Potential for Maladaptation:** While increasing green infrastructure is a resilience strategy, if not properly managed or maintained, it can inadvertently lead to increased maintenance burdens on local governments or communities, especially if these systems fail during severe weather events or do not work effectively in capturing rainwater as intended. Moreover, if green infrastructure installations are not distributed equitably, it could exacerbate existing inequalities by failing to provide benefits to all community members.

2. **Policy: Urban Canopy and Green Space Expansion**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The policy targets the threat of increased temperatures and the urban heat island effect by proposing the expansion of the urban canopy.
   - **Mitigation/Adaptation Option Proposed:** Plant shade trees to reduce ambient temperatures and the necessity for indoor cooling.
   - **Potential for Maladaptation:** Without proper species selection and management, the introduction of new tree species could lead to increased water usage or introduction of invasive species, which could strain local water resources or disrupt local ecosystems. Also, poorly planned plantings might increase susceptibility to drought or disease, leading to more extensive long-term maintenance and possible negative interactions with infrastructure.

3. **Policy: Zero Emission Technology in Transportation**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy targets the reduction of GHG emissions from transportation sectors.
   - **Mitigation/Adaptation Option Proposed:** Transition to zero-emission vehicles and equipment.
   - **Potential for Maladaptation:** Rapid transitioning without sufficient infrastructure, such as chargers or maintenance facilities for zero-emission vehicles, might lead to economic burdens or accessibility issues, especially affecting low-income or marginalized communities who may rely on older, traditional vehicles and cannot easily switch to the new technology. Additionally, the production and disposal of new vehicle technologies may have overlooked environmental impacts.

These entries provide an overview of why the proposed policies could result in maladaptation due to oversight in equitable access, maintenance requirements, or unintended environmental impacts.

### Climate Mitigation and Resilience Metrics

#### **Performance Metrics**

1. **Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction**:
   - **Reductions in CO2 emissions (GHG Reduction Targets)**:
     - *2025*: Achieve a **50% reduction** in GHG emissions from the 2005 baseline.
     - *2035*: Achieve an **80% reduction** in GHG emissions from the 2005 baseline.
     - *2050*: Achieve **carbon neutrality**.
   - Units: *Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MTCO2e)*.

2. **Building Efficiency**:
   - **Building Energy Consumption**:
     - *2025*: Reduce building energy consumption by **25%** from 2005 levels.
     - *2035*: Reduce building energy consumption by **35%** from 2005 levels.
     - *2050*: Reduce building energy consumption by **50%** from 2005 levels.
   - Annual Metrics:
     - Total energy consumed in applicable units.
     - Average daily water consumption per capita.
     - Number, type, and energy-use intensity of buildings participating in implemented programs (e.g., benchmarking, retro-commissioning).
     - Number of high performance residential and commercial buildings.

3. **Renewable Energy**:
   - Achieve **100% renewable electricity supply** for all Evanston accounts by *2030*.
   - Reduction of **445,154 MTCO2e** through the City’s electricity aggregation program.

4. **Zero Waste**:
   - Targets for Community Waste Diversion Rate:
     - *2025*: **50%** from 2017 levels.
     - *2035*: **75%** from 2017 levels.
     - *2050*: **100%** (Zero Waste) from 2017 levels.
     - Total weight of material disposed of within the community by month and type.
     - Number of active accounts per waste service.
     - Number of deconstruction projects in Evanston annually.
     - Total weight of reclaimed material utilized in projects, renovations, and new construction.

5. **Transportation and Mobility**:
   - **Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) Reduction**:
     - *2025*: Reduce community vehicle miles traveled by **20%** from 2005 levels.
     - *2035*: Reduce community vehicle miles traveled by **35%** from 2005 levels.
     - *2050*: Reduce community vehicle miles traveled by **50%** from 2005 levels.
     - Number of trips made by walking.
     - Number of trips made by bicycling.
     - Number of trips made by public transit.

6. **Urban Canopy and Green Space**:
   - Performance Metrics:
     - Net new trees planted:
       - *2025*: **500** net new trees.
       - *2035*: **1,000** net new trees.
       - *2050*: **2,000** net new trees.
     - Number of properties with Natural Wildlife Federation Wildlife Habitat Certification.
     - Number of pesticide-free public parks and other properties.

7. **Outreach, Education, and Behavior Change**:
   - Performance Metrics for Individual Carbon Footprint Reductions:
     - *2025*: Each resident reduces their carbon footprint by at least **10%**.
     - *2035*: Each resident reduces their carbon footprint by at least **25%**.
     - *2050*: Each resident reduces their carbon footprint by at least **50%**.
     - Number of businesses recognized by the sustainable business recognition program.
     - Number of residents participating in the “MyCARP” initiative.
     - Number of public events held to educate, motivate, and empower residents and businesses.

The plan highlights these metrics as a way to monitor progress and success across various initiatives, with specific targets and deadlines set to ensure effectiveness in combating climate change and building resilience.

| Location/City Name | Population | Threats Identified                                                                                                                                                                     | Measures Identified                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |
|--------------------|------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|

| Evanston           | Not specified in the document | - Increase in extremely hot days, over 95°F and 100°F<br> - Decrease in number of days below freezing<br> - Increase in extreme precipitation events<br> - Increase in drought conditions | - **Climate Mitigation:** Achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, increase building efficiency, promote renewable energy<br> - **Urban Canopy and Green Space:** Preserve and expand urban canopy, plant new trees, reduce pesticide use<br> - **Emergency Preparedness and Management:** Develop a community resilience plan, update emergency plans for climate change-related situations<br> - **Vulnerable Populations:** Identify and support vulnerable populations, conduct outreach, improve infrastructure servicing vulnerable groups<br> - **Implementation and Accountability:** Establish equitable and outcome-focused planning, maintain partnerships<br> - **Resilience Options:** Regulations, community education, and support for alternative transportation  |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction: City of Lincoln**

The plan does not explicitly provide detailed demographic data such as population, average income, or specific infrastructure like airports or seaports. There is also no mention of major geographic features like mountains, rivers, deserts, or coastline. However, the plan does provide certain insights into the area and its climate-related challenges and infrastructure.

### **Key Features & Infrastructure:**
- **Flooding in Salt Creek Watershed Basin:** Strategies are being developed to build resilience from flooding in this basin, indicating local water challenges. (*Introduction*)
- **Single Water Source Vulnerability:** The risks associated with reliance on a single water source are recognized as an area of exposure for Lincoln. (*Lincoln’s Climate Risks*)

- **Climate Risks:**
  - Lincoln is expected to experience "warmer, drier summers," "wetter springs," "extreme rain events," "more frequent drought," and "more frequent and intense floods." 
  - There are potential consequences such as economic instability, especially impacting the agricultural sector. (*Introduction*)

### **Energy Production & Natural Resources:**
- **Energy Transition:**
  - The plan includes transitioning to low-carbon energy sources, emphasizing increased renewable energy integration through incentive-based programs and existing initiatives focused on reducing reliance on fossil fuels. (*Key Initiatives*, *Transition to Low-Carbon Energy*)
- **Commitment to Sustainable Energy:** Lincoln Electric System (LES) has been actively reducing its fossil fuel usage and promoting energy efficiency for over a decade. (*Introduction*)

### **Economic Drivers and Industries:**
- **Agriculture:** Mentioned as a potentially impacted economic sector due to climate risks, indicating its importance to the local economy. (*Introduction*)
- **Green Jobs Growth:** Promotion of job opportunities in the green economy, including training and support for clean occupations, suggests a focus on renewable energy industries and employment in sustainable sectors. (*Align Economic Development Goals with Climate Realities to Ensure a Thriving Economy*)

Overall, while specific details about the economic landscape, population, or major geographic features are not provided, the plan focuses on Lincoln's strategies to address its climate risks and transition to a sustainable, resilient future through energy and economic transformation.

The plan emphasizes increasing resilience to climate hazards and integrating climate resilience strategies throughout City actions and ordinances. It highlights the importance of "building resilience from flooding in the Salt Creek Watershed Basin" and recognizing the interdependency of systems impacted by climate change, ensuring protection and "resilience to the impacts of climate change" ("Strategic Vision," "Introduction"). Resilience options include initiatives like implementing recommendations from the Salt Creek Resiliency Study, updating the floodplain map, and conducting outreach and education about flood risks ("Key Initiatives").

Mitigation is a significant focus of the plan, with an ambitious target of reducing net greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050. The plan outlines numerous strategies such as increasing energy efficiency, transitioning to renewable energy, and decarbonizing transportation ("Strategic Vision"). Key initiatives include researching investments in renewable energy, promoting workforce development in green sectors, and maintaining a AAA bond rating by disclosing annual GHG emissions ("Key Initiatives").

Adaptation is addressed through initiatives aimed at adjusting to climate impacts, like supporting the expansion of disease-outbreak management planning and enhancing air monitoring systems for climate-related health issues ("Key Initiatives"). Furthermore, strategies to secure a second source of water supply and develop regenerative agriculture practices on City-owned property are part of adaptation efforts ("Key Initiatives").

Based on the breadth of strategies addressing both resilience and mitigation, the plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan.** The plan lays out a comprehensive approach, targeting both reduction of emissions and increasing the city's capacity to adapt and become resilient to climate change impacts.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change impacts that Lincoln will face and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. According to the plan: 

- Lincoln is expected to experience **"warmer, drier summers, wetter springs, more extreme rain events, more frequent drought, more frequent and intense floods, potential economic instability from impacts to the state’s agricultural sector, and a range of climate-related health impacts"** including heat-related illnesses, respiratory illnesses, and increased insect-borne diseases (*Introduction*).

- It identifies **"flooding, drought, extreme heat, and public health problems"** as some of the most significant climate-related risks Lincoln faces in coming decades, and these risks will potentially impact everyone in the community (*Introduction*).

- The plan delineates 12 main areas of risk where climate impacts intersect with existing social and infrastructure vulnerabilities, including:
  - Flooding
  - Drought
  - Single Water Source
  - Public Health Risks
  - Disproportionate Impacts on Vulnerable Populations
  - Financial and Workforce Resources Not Aligned with Climate Risks and Opportunities
  - City Policies Not Aligned with Climate Risks and Opportunities
  - Auto-Reliant Transportation System
  - Reliance on Fossil Fuels
  - External Control Over Food Supplies
  - Vulnerable Natural Resources
  - Public Awareness (*Lincoln’s Climate Risks*).

These scenarios underpin the strategies and initiatives identified in the plan to mitigate and adapt to these expected changes and build resilience.

1. **Flooding**
   - *Description*: The plan identifies flooding as a significant climate hazard exacerbated by climate change.
   - *Climate Risks*: Flooding poses risks to infrastructure and public safety. Specific vulnerabilities include the potential for damage to built environments and essential infrastructure in flood-prone areas.
   - *Vulnerable Areas/Populations*: Areas along creeks and rivers, including the Salt Creek Watershed Basin, are particularly vulnerable. There is also a focus on outreach and education efforts for landowners and business owners in revised floodplains. (*"Account for proper management of projected stormwater runoff based on updated precipitation data" and "Continue and enhance current outreach and education efforts with landowners and business owners located in the revised floodplain about their flood risk."*)

   - *Description*: Drought is identified as a hazard due to potentially longer periods of dry conditions affecting the jurisdiction.
   - *Climate Risks*: Drought impacts include stress on the water supply, which is notably a single source for the city.
   - *Vulnerable Areas/Populations*: The lack of diversification in water sources makes the entire jurisdiction vulnerable, necessitating efforts to secure additional water sources.

3. **Public Health Risks**
   - *Description*: The plan acknowledges that climate change affects public health through various channels.
   - *Climate Risks*: Potential health impacts include heat-related illnesses, respiratory conditions, and increased incidence of vector-borne diseases.
   - *Vulnerable Areas/Populations*: Vulnerable populations include young children, the elderly, non-English speaking residents, and those living in poverty. Specific initiatives target these groups with educational programs and improved care strategies. (*"Continue educational programs for childcare providers on climate-related health issues for young children" and "Include enhanced provisions in caring for non-English speaking people, residents living in poverty and elderly residents."*)

4. **Heat-related Hazards**
   - *Description*: Extreme heat events are anticipated as a consequence of climate change.
   - *Climate Risks*: Risks include heat stress and strain on infrastructure such as cooling systems, impacting both public health and comfort.
   - *Vulnerable Areas/Populations*: The identification of heat islands and the selection of public cooling centers for extreme heat days target areas and populations most susceptible to heat. (*"Identify public cooling centers for extreme heat days" and "Assess the heat island impacts in Lincoln and map results."*)

5. **Reliance on Fossil Fuels**
   - *Description*: The current dependence on fossil fuels is discussed as a hazard that intersects with climate risks.
   - *Climate Risks*: This reliance contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and limits energy security and resilience.
   - *Vulnerable Areas/Populations*: The entire jurisdiction faces vulnerability due to reliance on non-renewable energy sources, necessitating a transition to low-carbon energy as a strategic goal.

6. **Vulnerable Natural Resources**
   - *Description*: Natural resources are at risk due to climate impacts, which may affect ecosystems and biodiversity.
   - *Climate Risks*: Degradation of habitats and resources critical to ecological and human systems creates a significant risk.
   - *Vulnerable Areas/Populations*: Areas with critical habitats, such as riparian zones, are particularly vulnerable, and preserving these areas is key to resilience. (*"Increase minimum stream corridor requirements along creeks and rivers providing additional flood damage prevention, preserving riparian / other critical habitat."*)

7. **Disproportionate Impacts on Vulnerable Populations**
   - *Description*: Climate impacts do not affect all residents equally, with vulnerable groups facing greater challenges.
   - *Climate Risks*: Disproportionate impacts threaten social equity and access to resources and services.
   - *Vulnerable Areas/Populations*: Populations particularly at risk include the elderly, low-income residents, and non-English speakers. Efforts are made to include these groups in participatory decision-making and care processes. (*"Continue to implement public accommodations to vulnerable people to a participatory decision-making process" and "Ensure emergency operations plans to reflect responses to climate related risks."*)

The plan identifies several resilience options as part of its climate adaptation and mitigation strategies. Below is a summary of these resilience options, categorized by the specific climate threat they address, along with details on cost, timeframe, and location, as well as any other important attributes:

### 1. **Flooding and Storm Resilience**

- **Implement Recommendations of the Salt Creek Resiliency Study**
  - **Climate Threat:** Flooding
    - Supports increased stream corridor requirements to prevent flood damage and preserve critical habitats. 
    - Updates regulatory standards for building elevation requirements based on new precipitation data.
    - Location details involve flood-prone areas.
  - **Attributes:** Infrastructural and environmental considerations include improved water quality, flood damage prevention, and habitat preservation. (_Section on Key Initiatives_)

- **Prepare for federal adoption of an updated floodplain map**
  - **Climate Threat:** Increased precipitation and streamflow
    - Outlines procedures for updating floodplain maps to reflect new precipitation data from NOAA Atlas 14.
    - Calls for developing strategies for Salt Creek levees and a comprehensive breach scenario analysis.
  - **Attributes:** Infrastructural considerations include protection and mitigation strategies in local Hazard Mitigation Plans. (_Section on Key Initiatives_)

### 2. **Public Health and Extreme Heat Resilience**

- **Continue the Workplace Heat Alert Program (WHAP)**
  - **Climate Threat:** Extreme heat events
  - **Details:** Ongoing adaptation, with guidance from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) on creating safer work environments during heat events.
  - **Attributes:** Economic considerations involve protecting employee safety which could mean reduced healthcare costs and maintaining productivity. (_Section on Key Initiatives_)

- **Develop a public health heat response plan**
  - **Climate Threat:** Extreme heat
  - **Details:** Uses guidance from the CDC and involves creating a comprehensive heat wave response.
  - **Attributes:** Public health primarily targets reducing heat-related illnesses. (_Section on Key Initiatives_)

- **Identify public cooling and warming centers**
  - **Climate Threat:** Extreme temperature events (both heat and cold)
  - **Details:** No precise cost or timeframe details provided; infrastructure includes communal centers for temperature relief.
  - **Attributes:** Essential public health infrastructure to support vulnerable populations during extreme temperature events. (_Section on Key Initiatives_)

### 3. **Water Supply Resilience**

- **Strategy to secure a second source of water supply**
  - **Climate Threat:** Drought and single water source risk
  - **Details:** Describes securing diverse water supply options but lacks detail on cost or timeframe.
  - **Attributes:** Aims at increasing water resilience to supply interruptions and ensuring long-term water security. (_Section on Align Economic Development Goals with Climate Realities_)

### 4. **Community and Infrastructure Resilience**

- **Continue to adapt the "MyLNK" app for emergency management**
  - **Climate Threat:** General climate-related emergency management
  - **Details:** Ongoing process with an emphasis on communication technology to relay updates.
  - **Attributes:** Enhances public awareness and participation in resilience strategies. (_Section on Key Initiatives_)

- **Assess health equity impacts of climate change**
  - **Climate Threat:** Public health risks and vulnerability
  - **Details:** Utilizes the CDC’s model to address differential impacts on human health.
  - **Attributes:** Focuses on equitable resilience, ensuring that plans are inclusive and socially just. (_Section on Key Initiatives_)

These resilience options are part of a comprehensive approach to address the multifaceted climate risks Lincoln faces, with a focus on enhancing infrastructure, public health, and environmental management.

The plan identifies several mitigation options, grouped mainly under the action areas of transitioning to low-carbon energy, improving protections for residents, and expanding the recognition of sustainable practices. Below is a summary of the identified mitigation options including information on cost, timing, location, and other important attributes:

1. **Incentive-Based Renewable Energy Programs**
   - **Summary:** The plan continues incentive-based programs promoting the installation of renewable energy systems across residential, commercial, and industrial sectors. This includes offering rebates, attractive net metering pricing, tax incentives, and others.
   - **Timing:** Ongoing initiative.
   - **Other Attributes:** "C" indicates this is a continuing initiative supported by existing resources and does not require additional approval ("Transition to Low-Carbon Energy" action area).

2. **Energy Efficiency Programs (TIF, PACE, and LES SEP)**
   - **Summary:** Programs to promote energy efficiency in commercial and residential buildings are continued and expanded.
   - **Other Attributes:** "C" indicates a continuing initiative supported by existing resources and does not require additional approval ("Transition to Low-Carbon Energy" action area).

3. **Public-Private Partnership Feasibility for Energy Efficiency Retrofits**
   - **Summary:** Investigate the feasibility of public-private partnerships to finance energy efficiency retrofits of existing buildings.
   - **Other Attributes:** "C" indicates a continuing initiative supported by existing resources ("Transition to Low-Carbon Energy" action area).

4. **Green Recognition Program**
   - **Summary:** Continued promotion and awards for local businesses and leaders in energy efficiency prioritizing sustainable practices.
   - **Other Attributes:** "C" indicates a continuing initiative ("Transition to Low-Carbon Energy" action area).

5. **Carbon Sink Inventory**
   - **Summary:** Conduct a carbon sink inventory to assess and enhance carbon sequestration.
   - **Timing:** New initiative.
   - **Other Attributes:** "N" indicates a new initiative requiring tracking and analysis ("Transition to Low-Carbon Energy" action area).

6. **Emissions-Reduction Analysis**
   - **Summary:** Conduct an emissions-reduction analysis of key initiatives to evaluate net benefits including organic waste diversion.
   - **Other Attributes:** "N" indicates a new initiative ("Transition to Low-Carbon Energy" action area).

7. **Landfill Gas Alternatives Analysis**
   - **Summary:** Complete analysis and implement the best option for reducing GHG emissions and optimizing revenue from landfill gas.
   - **Location:** Bluff Road Landfill.
   - **Other Attributes:** "N" indicates a new initiative aimed at waste management and emissions reduction ("Transition to Low-Carbon Energy" action areas).

8. **Performance Metrics for GHG Reduction Goals**
   - **Summary:** Create performance metrics for progress toward the 80 by 2050 GHG reduction goal.
   - **Other Attributes:** "N" indicates a new initiative for measurement and reporting ("Transition to Low-Carbon Energy" action area).

9. **Annual GHG Emissions Calculation and Reporting**
   - **Summary:** Calculate and report community GHG emissions annually, including other climate-relevant performance metrics.
   - **Other Attributes:** "N" indicates a new initiative for transparency and monitoring ("Transition to Low-Carbon Energy" action area).

10. **Return-on-Investment Analysis for Energy Efficiency and Renewables**
    - **Summary:** Investigate return-on-investment for energy efficiency measures and renewable sources for major city facility projects.
    - **Timing:** New initiative.
    - **Location:** Includes Central Library project, Multimodal Transit Center, Bus Facility, and other major city projects.
    - **Other Attributes:** "N" indicates a new initiative to integrate sustainability into city planning ("Transition to Low-Carbon Energy" action area).

These options, outlined in the plan, focus on leveraging existing resources, investigating new opportunities and technologies, and continuing efforts in energy efficiency and renewable energy as part of the overall climate strategy.

Here are the identified mitigation options from the plan along with their summaries:

1. **Incentive-Based Programs for Renewable Energy Systems**
   - **Description:** Continue incentive-based (residential, commercial, or industrial) programs promoting the installation of renewable energy systems.
     - *Cost:* Not specified, incentives may include rebates, tax incentives, and other benefits.
     - *Timeframe:* Ongoing as indicated by "C" (continuing/ongoing initiative).
     - *Location:* City-wide.
     - *Other Important Attributes:* Includes offering rebates on purchasing equipment, attractive net metering pricing, height allowances, setback, and area-based incentives, expedited permitting (Key Initiatives 11).

2. **Incentive Programs for Energy Efficiencies**
   - **Description:** Continue and expand incentive-based programs via Tax-Increment Financing (TIF) and Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) to promote energy efficiencies in commercial and residential buildings.
     - *Cost:* Not specified.
     - *Timeframe:* Ongoing as indicated by "C".
     - *Other Important Attributes:* Promoted by Lincoln Electric System (LES) through its Sustainable Energy Program (SEP) (Key Initiatives 11).

3. **Feasibility of Public-Private Partnership for Energy Efficiency**
   - **Description:** Continue investigating the feasibility of public-private partnership that finance energy efficiency retrofits of existing buildings.
     - *Other Important Attributes:* Involves Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) and Energy Service Company (ESCO) (Key Initiatives 11).

   - **Description:** Continue green recognition program that promotes and awards local businesses and leaders in energy efficiency who prioritize sustainable practices.
     - *Other Important Attributes:* Promoted by the Health Department (Key Initiatives 11).

   - **Description:** Conduct a carbon sink inventory.
     - *Timeframe:* Timeline not explicitly stated, categorized as a new initiative indicated by "N".
     - *Other Important Attributes:* Part of broader climate action evaluation and planning (Key Initiatives 11).

6. **Emissions Reduction Analysis**
   - **Description:** Conduct an emissions-reduction analysis of key initiatives including organic waste diversion from the landfill.
     - *Other Important Attributes:* Includes evaluation of net benefits alongside landfill gas alternatives analysis (Key Initiatives 11).

7. **Landfill Gas Alternatives**
   - **Description:** Complete the Bluff Road landfill gas alternatives analysis and pursue the implementation of the option that best reduces GHG emissions.
     - *Location:* Bluff Road landfill.
     - *Other Important Attributes:* Intends to optimize City revenue of the gas stream (Key Initiatives 11).

8. **Performance Metrics for Emission Reduction**
   - **Description:** Create relevant performance metrics for measuring progress toward the 80 by 2050 goal.
     - *Other Important Attributes:* Aims to support strategic vision and goals for emission reduction (Key Initiatives 11).

9. **Annual GHG Emissions Calculation**
   - **Description:** Calculate community Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG) annually and report findings.
     - *Timeframe:* Annual.
     - *Other Important Attributes:* Involves reporting findings with other climate relevant performance metrics (Key Initiatives 11).

10. **Return-on-Investment Analysis for Energy Projects**
   - **Description:** Investigate the return-on-investment potential associated with energy efficiency measures, renewable sources of energy, greenspace, and natural landscapes for major City facility projects.
     - *Location:* Major City facility projects, including Central Library project, Multimodal Transit Center, and Bus Facility.
     - *Other Important Attributes:* Supports decision-making for energy and infrastructure projects (Key Initiatives 11).

1. **Implement Recommendations of the Salt Creek Resiliency Study**
     - The plan focuses on increasing minimum stream corridor requirements to provide additional flood damage prevention, preserving riparian/other critical habitat, and contributing to improved water quality. 
     - It also involves updating stormwater runoff management and amending regulatory standards based on updated precipitation data.
     - **Location:** Salt Creek Watershed Basin
     - **Attributes:** Includes amending the requirements of the Drainage Criteria Manual and restricting the development of critical infrastructure like schools, hospitals, and emergency infrastructures within flood-prone areas. *(Key Initiatives, 52)*

2. **Prepare for Federal Adoption and Make Publicly Available an Updated Floodplain Map**
     - Reflects increased precipitation and streamflow projections.
     - Identification of vulnerabilities related to Salt Creek levees and inclusion of prevention, protection, mitigation, response, and recovery strategies.
     - **Location:** Lincoln
     - **Attributes:** Includes developing a comprehensive Salt Creek levee breach and overtop scenario analysis and communication plan for affected residents. *(Key Initiatives, 53)*

3. **Enhance Outreach and Education Efforts in the Revised Floodplain**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flood Risk Awareness
     - Continues current outreach and education strategies.
     - **Location:** Areas in the revised floodplain
     - **Timeframe:** Ongoing initiative requiring continued enhancement. *(Key Initiatives, 54)*

4. **Develop a Strategy to Secure a Second Source of Water Supply**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Drought and Single Water Source Dependency
     - Focus on securing a second source of water to mitigate risks associated with reliance on a single water source.
     - **Attributes:** Classified as a new initiative. *(Key Initiatives, 43)*

5. **Support and Fund Expansion of Disease-Outbreak Management Planning**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Public Health Risks
     - Continuing effort to bolster disease outbreak management related to human, plant, animal, and agricultural risks. *(Key Initiatives, 57)*

These options target climate impacts like flooding, drought, and public health by enhancing infrastructure, regulation, and community engagement. Specific cost details are not provided in the plan excerpts. Initiatives like securing a second water source and educational outreach are marked as new, indicating recent focus or reallocation of resources towards these efforts.

The plan identifies several climate policies to advance climate justice by addressing various climate threats and focusing on vulnerable populations. Below is the summary of the climate policies:

### 1. **Flooding and Drought:**
- **Climate Threat:** Flooding and drought are identified as significant risks due to climate change, impacting water supply and increasing the likelihood of extreme weather events.
- **Vulnerable Populations:** The plan highlights the disproportionate impacts on vulnerable populations and emphasizes the need to focus on impacts to vulnerable neighborhoods and businesses. It aims to "focus on impacts to vulnerable neighborhoods and businesses are also critical" in the adoption of resilience strategies. (Section: Introduction)

### 2. **Public Health Risks:**
- **Climate Threat:** The plan identifies climate-related health impacts, including heat-related illnesses, respiratory illnesses, and increased insect-borne diseases, as significant risks.
- **Vulnerable Populations:** Particular attention is given to young children in educational programs, as indicated by the initiative to "continue educational programs for childcare providers on climate-related health issues for young children." (Section: Key Initiatives)

### 3. **Disproportionate Impacts on Vulnerable Populations:**
- **Climate Threat:** The broader impacts of climate change, including economic and health aspects, exacerbate vulnerabilities in already at-risk populations.
- **Vulnerable Populations:** The plan emphasizes that "negative impacts of the climate crisis have a greater effect on the members of our community who are most exposed," and that the planning and pursuit of climate action must consider social and environmental justice to ensure equal opportunities for success for all Lincoln residents. (Section: Introduction)

These policies underscore the city's commitment to climate justice by prioritizing actions that mitigate climate threats while elevating the needs of the most vulnerable communities.

Based on the information provided in the plan, the following potential maladaptive climate policies can be identified:

1. **Floodplain Development Restrictions**
   - **Climate Threat:** The policy addresses the threat of flooding.
   - **Option:** Amend regulatory standards to restrict the development of critical infrastructure like schools, hospitals, emergency, and communication infrastructure within flood-prone areas (52 Implement recommendations of the Salt Creek Resiliency Study).
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** While the policy aims to prevent increased vulnerability to flooding, it could inadvertently concentrate essential services and infrastructure in other areas that may also become vulnerable to different climate impacts, potentially straining resources and services in those locations.

2. **Vulnerable Populations Accommodations**
   - **Climate Threat:** The policy targets the disproportionate climate impacts on vulnerable populations.
   - **Option:** Continuing public accommodations to vulnerable people to participate in decision-making processes (60 Continue to implement public accommodations to vulnerable people...).
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** If not properly implemented, this policy could lead to tokenistic involvement without genuine influence, thus failing to reduce vulnerability and potentially increasing disenfranchisement or mistrust among these groups.

3. **Transportation and Fossil Fuel Dependence**
   - **Climate Threat:** The policy deals with the resilience impacts from reliance on fossil fuels and auto-reliant transportation systems.
   - **Option:** Promote taking public transit to work and support individuals with barriers to employment by providing education, training, and career counseling (46 Workforce Development...).
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** If the policy does not adequately address accessibility and convenience of public transport, or if it disproportionately burdens low-income commuters without providing viable alternatives, it could inadvertently worsen access to employment opportunities or increase transportation costs for these groups.

These policies, while well-intentioned, highlight the importance of carefully considering both intended and unintended consequences in climate action planning to avoid maladaptation.

### Metrics and Goals for Adaptation, Resilience, and Mitigation Options

**1. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction:**
- **Goal:** Reduce net greenhouse gas emissions 80% by 2050 relative to 2011 levels.
- **Metric:** Calculation of community GHG emissions annually and report findings with other climate-relevant performance metrics.
- **Action:** Create relevant performance metrics for measuring progress towards the "80 by 2050" goal. *(Key Initiatives, Transition to Low-Carbon Energy, 9, 8)*

**2. Carbon Sequestration:**
- **Action:** Conduct a carbon sink inventory. *(Key Initiatives, Transition to Low-Carbon Energy, 5)*

**3. Water Usage:**
- **Goal:** Meet the community water usage goal of 110 gallons of water per day per person or less. *(Key Initiatives, Maximize Natural Climate Solutions, 84)*

**4. Resilience:**
- **Action:** Strategies to secure a second source of water supply. *(Introduction, 4, Key Initiatives, Align Economic Development Goals with Climate Realities to Ensure a Thriving Economy, 43)*
- **Metric and Action:** Implement recommendations from the Salt Creek Resiliency Study, which includes:
  - Increased minimum stream corridor requirements for flood damage prevention.
  - Amend regulations based on updated precipitation data (NOAA Atlas 14).
  - Update floodplain maps and assess vulnerabilities. *(Key Initiatives, Improve Protections for and with Lincoln Residents, 52, 53)*

**5. Air Quality Monitoring:**
- **Action:** Continue air monitoring system to include additional real-time monitors for PM2.5 in multiple areas. *(Key Initiatives, Improve Protections for and with Lincoln Residents, 58)*

**6. Economic Development:**
- **Action:** Maintain AAA bond rating through disclosure of annual GHG emissions. *(Key Initiatives, Align Economic Development Goals with Climate Realities to Ensure a Thriving Economy, 37)*

**7. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy:**
- **Action:** Continue incentive-based programs promoting the installation of renewable energy systems and expanding energy-efficiency programs for buildings. *(Key Initiatives, Transition to Low-Carbon Energy, 1, 2)*

**8. Educational and Community Engagement:**
- **Action:** Develop a comprehensive outreach and education strategy related to flood risks and climate-related health issues. *(Key Initiatives, Improve Protections for and with Lincoln Residents, 54, 59)*

**9. Performance Metrics Development:**
- **Action:** Develop relevant performance metrics for implementing key initiatives. *(Strategic Vision)*

**10. Climate Considerations:**
- **Action:** Incorporate climate considerations in the Comprehensive Plan. *(Key Initiatives, Align Economic Development Goals with Climate Realities to Ensure a Thriving Economy, 39)*

### Deadlines and Specific Objectives
- **Timeframe:** Prioritize 120 key initiatives over the next six years, focusing on various strategic actions including decarbonizing city operations and building resilience from flooding. *(Introduction, resilience planning and community engagement process)*

These metrics and goals exemplify Lincoln's approach to tracking the effectiveness of its climate adaptation, resilience, and mitigation strategies and ensure alignment with its overarching strategic vision for a sustainable future.

| **Feature**           | **Details**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |
|-----------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Lincoln                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          |
| **Population**        | Not specified in the document                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
| **Threats Identified** | - Flooding  <br> - Drought  <br> - Single Water Source  <br> - Public Health Risks  <br> - Disproportionate Impacts on Vulnerable Populations  <br> - Financial and Workforce Resources Not Aligned with Climate Risks and Opportunities  <br> - City Policies Not Aligned with Climate Risks and Opportunities  <br> - Auto-Reliant Transportation System  <br> - Reliance on Fossil Fuels  <br> - External Control Over Food Supplies  <br> - Vulnerable Natural Resources  <br> - Public Awareness |

| **Measures Identified** | - Enhance mosquito surveillance programs and update public health mosquito action plan  <br> - Add real-time PM2.5 monitors  <br> - Enhance Air Quality Index (AQI) forecasting  <br> - Conduct self-assessment for flood risk communication involving multiple city departments  <br> - Transition to low-carbon energy  <br> - Build a decarbonized and efficient transportation system  <br> - Align economic development goals with climate realities  <br> - Improve protections for residents  <br> - Build a resilient local food system  <br> - Maximize natural climate solutions  <br> - Reduce waste  <br> - Engage residents in creating a climate-smart future  <br> - Continue "MyLNK" app adaptation  <br> - Ensure emergency plans for climate-related risks  <br> - Workplace Heat Alert Program continuation  <br> - Include enhanced provisions for vulnerable residents  <br> - Coordinate with National Weather Service for heat warnings  <br> - Identify public cooling and warming centers  <br> - Assess health equity impacts  <br> - Public health heat response plan development  <br> - Expand disease reporting systems  <br> - Develop tick surveillance program |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction:** City of Los Angeles

**Location & Geographic Features:**
- Los Angeles is located in California, the most populous state in the U.S.
- The planning jurisdiction spans **469 square miles**, making it the largest city by area in the U.S.
  - **Coastline:** The city is situated along the coast, experiencing sea-level rise affecting coastal infrastructure, ports, and beaches.
  - **Los Angeles River:** Ecosystem restoration efforts are underway for the LA River, restoring connectivity and flood-risk management.
  - There is no explicit mention of mountains or deserts in the excerpt provided.

**Population & Demographics:**
- **Population:** Over 4 million people reside in Los Angeles, representing a diverse cultural mosaic.
- **Demographics:**
  - A significant portion, **37.8%** of Los Angeles' population is foreign-born.
  - There is a growing diversity with communities comprising Latino, Black, Asian/Pacific Islander, White, Native American, and others.

- **Median Household Income:** $51,538, with **22%** of the population living in poverty.
- **Renters:** 62% of Angelenos are renters.
- **Regional GDP:** $1 trillion.
- **Industries & Economic Drivers:**
  - Los Angeles serves as a world-class cultural and economic hub, witnessing growth in public transit, air quality improvements, and green technology.
  - Major infrastructure includes **Los Angeles International Airport (LAX),** the fourth busiest in the world, and the **Port of Los Angeles,** the largest container port in the western hemisphere.
  - The region facilitated $272 billion in trade during 2016.
  - Following the Aliso Canyon methane leak, efforts are in place to transition to a **100% renewable energy supply.**
  - The LADWP (Los Angeles Department of Water and Power), the largest municipal utility in the country, supports this transition through solar and energy storage projects.

**Local Climate & Environmental Challenges:**
- The plan mentions **extreme heat days,** with an increase in days where temperatures exceed 95°F by mid-century if no mitigation is undertaken.
- **Aridity & Water Challenges:** The focus is on capturing stormwater, restoring watersheds, and managing water supply reliability given the long-term implications of climate change on water resources.
- **Climate Risks:** Los Angeles faces coastal impacts like severe storms and higher sea levels, increasing the severity of such events.
  
- **Airport:** LAX
- **Seaport:** Port of Los Angeles
- **Utility:** LADWP has a 7,880 megawatt electric capacity, distributing an average of 438 million gallons of water per day.

The plan places a significant emphasis on resilience, encompassing various goals and actions aimed at enhancing the city's ability to withstand and respond to disruptions. Key initiatives include integrating resilience principles into government operations, requiring resilience as a guiding principle for land use decisions, and fortifying critical infrastructure. The plan highlights the importance of making resilience-building a permanent aspect of the City's systems and services, and emphasizes collaboration with different sectors to enhance resilience (Chapter 3: Prepared and Responsive City).

The plan includes several mitigation efforts aimed at reducing emissions and enhancing sustainability. Actions proposed involve transitioning to zero-emissions technology, implementing fossil-fuel-free streets, and expanding renewable energy sources. These measures are part of broader efforts to fight air pollution, improve air quality, and address the global threat of climate change (Chapter 4: Pioneering and Collaborative Partner).

Adaptation is addressed through strategies and actions that focus on preparing for and reducing climate vulnerability. The plan features a development of an urban heat vulnerability index, promoting biodiversity, and incorporating sea level rise modeling into local plans. Community participation and education are also emphasized to support adaptation efforts (Chapter 2: Strong and Connected Neighborhoods).

The plan should be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. It demonstrates a balanced commitment to both reducing emissions and preparing for climate impacts through resilience strategies and adaptation measures.

Yes, the plan describes scenarios of climate change that the planning jurisdiction, Los Angeles, will face. These scenarios include:

- **Sea Level Rise:** Los Angeles expects an acceleration in sea level rise, with projections of one to two feet over the next 30 years and six feet or more by the end of the century. This increase is expected to impact coastal infrastructure, ports, and beaches, leading to events such as flooding during high tides, increased coastal erosion, and saltwater contamination of freshwater sources. *“Los Angeles will experience accelerated SEA LEVEL RISE of one to two feet over the next 30 years and six feet or more by the end of the century."* (Coastal Hazards)

- **Extreme Heat:** There is a recognition of the need to develop strategies to prepare for higher temperatures and more frequent extreme heat events. *“DEVELOP AN URBAN HEAT VULNERABILITY INDEX AND MITIGATION PLAN TO PREPARE FOR HIGHER TEMPERATURES AND MORE FREQUENT EXTREME HEAT.”* (Appendix B: Summary of Actions by Interest Area)

- **Drought and Water Reliability:** The plan addresses concerns about water reliability due to climate change impacts, emphasizing the importance of expanding and protecting water sources. *“EXPAND AND PROTECT WATER SOURCES TO REDUCE DEPENDENCE ON IMPORTED WATER AND STRENGTHEN THE CITY’S LOCAL WATER SUPPLY”* (Appendix B: Summary of Actions by Interest Area)

- **Coastal Flooding and Tsunamis:** The plan acknowledges coastal flooding risks exacerbated by climate change and includes tsunamis as a non-climate-related but significant risk. Tsunamis could have a catastrophic impact on the densely populated coastal areas. *“While not related to climate change, TSUNAMIS can cause rapid coastal impacts on a catastrophic scale.”* (Coastal Hazards)

These scenarios inform the development of climate policies aimed at enhancing resilience, reducing emissions, and adopting adaptation strategies to mitigate potential climate risks and vulnerabilities.

1. **Climate Change**
   - *Description:* The plan identifies climate change as an overarching stress impacting the city's environment and infrastructure.
   - *Climate Risks:* The plan implies overall increased climate variability, which is not tied to a specific risk but underlines the cumulative risk of diverse hazards.
   - *Vulnerable Areas/Populations:* Generally, all populations are impacted by overarching climate change effects, especially vulnerable populations already facing disparities.

2. **Air Quality/Pollution**
   - *Description:* Air quality and pollution are identified as chronic stressors damaging public health.
   - *Climate Risks:* Poor air quality exacerbates health issues and impacts overall quality of life, heightening risks associated with respiratory conditions.
   - *Vulnerable Areas/Populations:* Vulnerable communities, possibly due to location in industrial zones or areas with high vehicular traffic, face greater exposure.

3. **Urban Heat Island**
   - *Description:* The plan discusses urban heat islands as a localized hazard due to the concentration of heat in urban areas.
   - *Climate Risks:* Intense heat increases energy demand, strains infrastructure, jeopardizes public health, and contributes to heat-related illnesses.
   - *Vulnerable Areas/Populations:* Communities with fewer trees and green spaces bear the brunt of extreme heat, as indicated in the plan's goal to grow an equitable tree canopy.

4. **Extreme Heat**
   - *Description:* Extreme heat events are more frequent due to rising temperatures.
   - *Climate Risks:* They pose significant health risks including heat stroke and dehydration, increase energy demands, and impact public safety.
   - *Vulnerable Areas/Populations:* The most vulnerable include older adults, young children, those without air conditioning, and those in high-density urban settings.

5. **Drought**
   - *Description:* Drought conditions are noted as increasingly common and severe.
   - *Climate Risks:* Drought stresses local water supplies, impacts agricultural output, and increases the risk of wildfires.
   - *Vulnerable Areas/Populations:* Communities reliant on agriculture or imported water supplies are at heightened risk.

6. **Severe Weather and Flooding**
   - *Description:* Severe weather patterns and flooding events are becoming less predictable.
   - *Climate Risks:* They threaten infrastructure integrity, displace populations, and cause economic disruption.
   - *Vulnerable Areas/Populations:* Low-lying communities and those with inadequate drainage systems face elevated flooding risks.

7. **Sea Level Rise**
   - *Description:* Sea level rise is specifically anticipated due to climate change impacts.
   - *Climate Risks:* It leads to coastal erosion, increased flooding risk, and saltwater intrusion into freshwater systems.
   - *Vulnerable Areas/Populations:* Coastal areas, particularly low-lying neighborhoods around ports like the Port of Los Angeles, are highly vulnerable.

8. **Extreme Cold**
   - *Description:* Extreme cold is identified as a climate hazard, though less emphasized than heat.
   - *Climate Risks:* It can lead to health issues such as hypothermia and strain energy resources for heating.
   - *Vulnerable Areas/Populations:* Those without adequate heating, such as low-income or homeless populations, are more susceptible.

1. **Develop an Urban Heat Vulnerability Index and Mitigation Plan**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Higher temperatures and more frequent extreme heat. 
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The action is listed as part of Chapter 2, Goal 6, with a timeframe for development and implementation unspecified.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** This will support the preparation for higher temperatures and more frequent extreme heat events by assessing and prioritizing vulnerable communities. It aims for more equitable urban planning and mitigation efforts.

2. **Neighborhood Retrofit Pilot Program**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Higher temperatures.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Listed under Chapter 2, Goal 6. The goal is to test cooling strategies but specific timeframe particulars and cost details are not provided.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** The program will analyze and implement neighborhood-level cooling strategies, enhancing community resilience in targeted areas.

3. **Tree Planting in Communities**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Urban heat and equitable distribution of green cover.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** This action is planned to be completed by 2028 and is part of Chapter 2, Goal 6. No specific cost details are mentioned.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** The focus is on growing a more equitable tree canopy to combat urban heat islands and improve air quality.

4. **Expand and Protect Water Sources**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Dependence on imported water and strengthening of local water supply.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Listed under Chapter 3, Goal 8; however, no particular cost or location details are provided.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** The action aims to ensure resilience of local water systems amidst potential climate impacts affecting water availability.

5. **Transition to Zero-Emissions Technology at the Port of L.A.**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Emissions and air quality issues.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Found under Chapter 4, Goal 12; specific implementation dates and cost are not detailed.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** This will not only contribute to climate mitigation efforts but also improve air quality and enhance disaster resilience infrastructure.

6. **Integrate Sea Level Rise Modeling into Local Plans**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Sea level rise and its associated impacts.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** This action falls under Chapter 4, Goal 12. Implementation specifics in terms of cost or location are absent.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Key to planning long-term infrastructure resilience and community safety in coastal areas.

7. **Fortify Public Health and Healthcare Critical Infrastructure**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Shocks and stressors affecting public health systems.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Included in Chapter 4, Goal 14; further specifics on cost or precise timing are not given.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** It involves leveraging partnerships with public health organizations to improve community health and wellness, potentially mitigating broader health disparities.

8. **Implement Stormwater Projects**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flood risks and local water supply enhancement.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** This action is under Chapter 4, Goal 12. No detailed costing or schedule information is provided.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** It will reduce local pollution and conserve water, offering both environmental and infrastructural benefits.
    
9. **Revitalize the Los Angeles River Watershed**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Biodiversity and ecosystem degradation.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Spelled out under Chapter 4, Goal 13. Specifics on timing and financial considerations were not described.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** The initiative is crucial for ecosystem and biodiversity protection and revitalization, enhancing overall ecological resilience.

**Note:** Each resilience option aims to tackle specific threats while considering economic, environmental, and infrastructural aspects, even if exact costs and timeframes are not comprehensively detailed within the plan.

1. **Transition to Zero-Emissions Technology at the Port of L.A.:**
   - **Timing:** Not specified in the document.
   - **Location:** Port of Los Angeles.
   - **Attributes:** This action aims to reduce emissions, improve air quality, and build disaster resilience. (*Appendix B: Summary of Actions by Interest Area*)

2. **Transition to Fossil-Fuel-Free Streets:**
   - **Location:** General application to streets, location specifics not provided.
   - **Attributes:** This mitigation option is aimed at fighting air pollution and helping tackle the global threat of climate change. (*Appendix B: Summary of Actions by Interest Area*)

3. **Develop Combined Solar and Energy Storage Pilots:**
   - **Timing:** Not specified specifically, but set as a goal.
   - **Location:** Not specified in the document.
   - **Attributes:** Designed to create a more reliable energy infrastructure in the face of future climate impacts and hazards. (*Appendix B: Summary of Actions by Interest Area*)

4. **Implement Stormwater Projects:**
   - **Location:** Throughout the Los Angeles River watersheds.
   - **Attributes:** These projects aim to reduce pollution and capture local water supply. (*Appendix B: Summary of Actions by Interest Area*)

5. **Leverage Flood Mitigation Infrastructure:**
   - **Timing:** Long Term.
   - **Location:** Along the Los Angeles River.
   - **Attributes:** This aims to maintain flood protection and increase the utility of stormwater, supporting goals like alleviating drought and developing additional water storage. (*Appendix B: Summary of Actions by Interest Area*)

6. **Innovate More Resilient and Sustainable Buildings:**
   - **Location:** Throughout Los Angeles.
   - **Attributes:** Advanced through "Building Forward L.A." to encourage sustainable building practices. (*Appendix A: Summary of Actions by Chapter*)

7. **Develop a Clean Energy and Smart Grid Infrastructure:**
   - **Attributes:** Aimed at ensuring the infrastructure is reliable in the face of future climate impacts and hazards. (*Appendix B: Summary of Actions by Interest Area*)

The plan outlines the importance of these options but does not specify the cost for each. The timing and specific locations for some options are also generally mentioned or remain unspecified. The overarching goal is to enhance resilience, sustainability, and emissions reductions throughout Los Angeles.

The plan identifies several mitigation options, each with specific attributes:

1. **Transition to Zero-Emissions Technology at the Port of L.A.**
   - **Summary**: This option aims to reduce emissions, improve air quality, and build disaster resilience.
   - **Timeframe**: Not explicitly mentioned, but is part of long-term strategies.
   - **Location**: Port of Los Angeles.
   - **Other Attributes**: Focuses on reducing emissions at a major transport hub and source of pollution. 

2. **Transition to Fossil-Fuel-Free Streets**
   - **Summary**: Aimed at fighting air pollution and tackling the global threat of climate change.
   - **Timeframe**: Not explicitly mentioned, likely part of ongoing efforts to reduce urban emissions.
   - **Location**: Citywide initiative throughout Los Angeles.
   - **Other Attributes**: Part of broader city efforts to combat climate change by reducing reliance on fossil fuels in transportation.

3. **Develop a Clean Energy and Smart Grid Infrastructure**
   - **Summary**: Create reliable infrastructure that can withstand future climate impacts and hazards.
   - **Timeframe**: Long-term initiative.
   - **Location**: Citywide in Los Angeles.
   - **Other Attributes**: Involves investment in infrastructure to ensure reliability and efficiency in energy use and distribution.

4. **Expand Combined Solar and Energy Storage Pilots**
   - **Summary**: Promotes sustainability and resilience through renewable energy.
   - **Timeframe**: No specific timeframe mentioned, but implied to be an ongoing initiative.
   - **Location**: Selected pilot areas within the city.
   - **Other Attributes**: Focuses on increasing city resilience to climate impacts through sustainable energy solutions.

5. **Incorporate Sea Level Rise Modeling into Local Plans**
   - **Summary**: This involves updating infrastructure and planning against the impacts of sea level rises.
   - **Timeframe**: Long-term approach.
   - **Location**: Coastal areas and regions prone to sea level impacts.
   - **Other Attributes**: Emphasizes using advanced models to predict and adapt to future climate conditions, ensuring infrastructure resilience.

6. **Implement Stormwater Projects**
   - **Summary**: Aimed at reducing pollution and capturing local water supply.
   - **Timeframe**: Not explicitly mentioned.
   - **Location**: Throughout the city's watersheds.
   - **Other Attributes**: Links flood mitigation with environmental protection and water conservation strategies.

Each mitigation option involves significant planning and coordination across various timelines and locations, focusing on long-term sustainability and resilience goals.

The plan identifies several adaptation options to address various climate threats. Here is a summary of each:

1. **Urban Heat Vulnerability Index and Mitigation Plan**
   - **Climate Threat:** Higher temperatures and more frequent extreme heat.
   - **Attributes:** The plan involves developing an Urban Heat Vulnerability Index and a mitigation plan. No specific cost or location details are provided.

   - **Climate Threat:** Higher temperatures.
   - **Attributes:** This adaptation option aims to test cooling strategies. The timeframe and location details are not specified.

3. **Tree Planting in Communities with Fewer Trees**
   - **Climate Threat:** Increasing urban heat and lack of shade.
   - **Attributes:** The goal is to grow a more equitable tree canopy by 2028. Specific costs are not detailed.

   - **Climate Threat:** Dependence on imported water and water scarcity.
   - **Attributes:** This action seeks to strengthen the city’s local water supply. The timeframe, cost, and location details are not specified.

5. **Prioritize Key Neighborhoods for Stormwater Capture**
   - **Climate Threat:** Stormwater management and flood risk.
   - **Attributes:** Focuses on urban greening and community benefits. Specific costs and timeframes are not detailed.

6. **Proactively Address Flood Risk Through Policy and Infrastructure Planning**
   - **Attributes:** The adaptation involves policy, communication, and infrastructure planning. No specific cost or location details are provided.

7. **Transition to Zero-Emissions Technology at the Port of L.A.**
   - **Climate Threat:** Emissions and air quality.
   - **Attributes:** Efforts will be made to reduce emissions and improve air quality. The timeframe and cost details are not provided.

8. **Incorporate Sea Level Rise Modeling into Local Plans**
   - **Climate Threat:** Sea level rise.
   - **Attributes:** This involves incorporating leading science into planning efforts. Timeframe, cost, and location specifics are not provided.

9. **Expand Climate and Emergency Preparedness in Local Food System**
   - **Climate Threat:** Food system vulnerabilities.
   - **Attributes:** The plan is to expand climate and emergency preparedness. Specific costs and timeframe are not mentioned.

10. **Develop a Strategy to Sustain Biodiversity and Tree Health**
    - **Climate Threat:** Ecological resilience.
    - **Attributes:** The goal is to support long-term ecological resilience. Timeframe, specific cost, and location details are not provided.

11. **Modernize Venice Pumping Plant to Reduce Flooding Risk**
    - **Climate Threat:** Flooding capacity and sewage risk.
    - **Attributes:** Involves constructing a new force main sewer. The cost is significant as it supplements the existing infrastructure. Specific timeframe and location details are provided related to Venice.

12. **Develop an Integrated Water Management Framework (One Water L.A.)**
    - **Climate Threat:** Water management and climate risks.
    - **Attributes:** Uses CREAT to evaluate infrastructure vulnerability and emphasizes integrating climate resilience. An additional 10% investment in capital costs is suggested to avoid 90% of future expenses. Specific timeframes and location details are not provided.

Each of these adaptation options highlights a specific climate threat and outlines measures to mitigate those threats. However, detailed cost estimates, timeframe specifics, and precise location information are often not included in the plan.

The plan identifies several climate policies aimed at advancing climate justice by addressing specific climate threats and targeting areas or populations most vulnerable to these threats.

### **1. Urban Heat Vulnerability Index and Mitigation Plan**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy targets **higher temperatures and more frequent extreme heat** events.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Populations most at risk of heat-related health problems are prioritized. A framework will identify neighborhoods and populations most vulnerable, engaging community members and stakeholders to enhance heat resilience ("Chapter 2, Goal 6").

### **2. Transition to Fossil-Fuel-Free Streets**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy aims to **fight air pollution and tackle climate change**.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The policy emphasizes the importance of improving air quality, particularly for disadvantaged communities. The goal is to enhance health and prosperity by eliminating emissions in one major area by 2030 ("Chapter 4, Goal 12").

### **3. Planting Trees in Communities with Fewer Trees**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy addresses **heat and air quality issues** due to the urban heat island effect.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Communities with low tree canopy cover, typically burdened by poor air quality and higher heat risk, are targeted. These areas usually have lower average household incomes, thus more vulnerable to climate impacts ("Appendix A, Goal 6").

### **4. Neighborhood Retrofit Pilot Program**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** This program is designed to manage **higher temperatures** and adapt to climate-related heat impacts.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The pilot focuses on communities in need of increased vegetation cover and reflectivity to improve heat resilience. It engages community members in designing neighborhood-appropriate solutions ("Chapter 2, Goal 6").

### **5. Increase Access to Open Space in Underserved Neighborhoods**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy works to reduce **heat impacts** and improve **public health**.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** It targets underserved neighborhoods lacking adequate access to open spaces, who face greater risks to health and wellbeing due to climate change ("Chapter 3, Goal 6").

By implementing these policies, the plan seeks to promote climate justice through targeted interventions that address the specific needs of the most vulnerable populations in Los Angeles.

Based strictly on the content provided in the document, no explicit mention of specific maladaptive climate policies is present. However, potential unforeseen maladaptations can be inferred in certain areas of the plan.

### 1. Urban Heat Mitigation Strategies

**Summary:**

   - Higher temperatures and more frequent extreme heat. The plan specifically aims to tackle the urban heat island effect and extreme heat risks. (*"DEVELOP AN URBAN HEAT VULNERABILITY INDEX AND MITIGATION PLAN TO PREPARE FOR HIGHER TEMPERATURES AND MORE FREQUENT EXTREME HEAT."* - *Appendix B*)
   
2. **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:** 
   - Development and implementation of an urban heat vulnerability index and mitigation plan. Additionally, a neighborhood retrofit pilot program to test cooling strategies is proposed, including increased vegetation cover and reflectivity. (*"A neighborhood retrofit pilot program to test heat-adaptation strategies will inform future citywide implementation efforts—including increased vegetation cover, reflectivity, and community empowerment tools."* - *Appendix B*)

3. **Potential Maladaptation:**
   - While planting trees and increasing vegetation cover are powerful strategies for cooling and heat resilience, there is a risk that if not properly managed or if non-native species are used, these strategies could lead to increased water use in an already drought-prone area. This could exacerbate local water scarcity, pose additional stress on water resources, or inadvertently harm local ecosystems if invasive species are introduced. The plan does not specify details about species selection or resource management, which could lead to maladaptation.
   
### 2. Transition to Zero-emissions Technology

   - Air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions contributing to climate change. (*"TRANSITION TO ZERO-EMISSIONS TECHNOLOGY AT THE PORT OF L.A. TO REDUCE EMISSIONS, IMPROVE AIR QUALITY, AND BUILD DISASTER RESILIENCE."* - *Appendix B*)
   
   - Transitioning to zero-emissions technology at the Port of L.A. to reduce emissions and improve air quality. This involves leveraging clean air investments and energy innovation. (*"Leverage clean air investments and energy innovation at the Port of L.A. to improve air quality, achieve significant emission reductions, and address energy vulnerabilities."* - *Appendix B*)

   - Transitioning to zero-emissions technology requires significant upfront investment and may rely on specific technologies or infrastructures not yet fully tested at a commercial scale. There is a potential risk that without adequate infrastructural support or economic readiness, this transition could disproportionately impact workers reliant on older technology or create short-term economic instability. Complications in technology transition could lead to increased operational costs or emissions in other areas, such as through increased shipping costs or dependency on imported cleaner technology, that might not align with local energy sources or employment opportunities.

These inferred potential maladaptions suggest areas where additional details or considerations could bolster the intended outcomes and avoid unintended consequences.

The plan lays out several metrics, goals, and targets for measuring the success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options:

1. **GHG Emission Reductions:**
   - **Target Reductions:** The city aims to reduce emissions 45% below 1990 levels by 2025 and 80% by 2050. This target is noted to prevent additional climate impacts and build resilience. 
   - **San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan Update:** Seek to reduce greenhouse gases from port-related sources to 40% below 1990 levels by 2030 and 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. (*Resilient Los Angeles*, Pioneering and Collaborative Partner)

2. **Air Quality Improvements:**
   - **Zero-Emissions Technology at the Port of L.A.:** Emphasizes reducing emissions to improve air quality. (Transition to Zero-Emissions Technology at the Port of L.A. Action 74)

3. **Tree Canopy and Urban Heat Mitigation:**
   - **Tree Planting Goal:** Plant trees in communities with fewer trees to grow a more equitable tree canopy by 2028. (Chapter 2, Action 34)
   - **Urban Heat Vulnerability Index:** Develop this index and a mitigation plan to prepare for higher temperatures and more frequent extreme heat. (Chapter 2, Action 32)

4. **Biodiversity and Ecosystem Resilience:**
   - **Region’s Biodiversity Strategy:** Develop a strategy to sustain the region’s biodiversity and tree health to support long-term ecological resilience. (Action 78)

5. **Equity and Inclusivity:**
   - **Equity Indicators:** Develop new citywide equity indicators to inform and measure inclusive investments and policy-making. (Goal 8)

6. **Renewable Energy and Infrastructure:**
   - **Renewable Energy Target:** Expand renewable energy to 65% of the power source by 2036. (*Resilient Los Angeles*, Leadership and Engagement)
   - **Resilient Infrastructure Goals:** Engage in long-term capital planning to limit disruption, save money, and ensure that major projects make L.A. stronger in the face of shocks and stresses. By 2022, a process for collaboration in capital planning across agencies should be in place. (Integrate Resilience and Sustainability Principles into City Capital Planning)

7. **Climate Science and Adaptation Strategy:**
   - **Consistent with the Paris Agreement:** Develop adaptation strategies consistent with the Paris Climate Agreement to ensure climate resilience planning is robust. (Goal 12)
   
8. **Sea Level Rise Modeling:**
   - **Incorporation into Local Plans:** Incorporate leading science, modeling, and policy guidance into planning for neighborhoods impacted by projected sea level rise. (Action 76)

Please note that specific metrics in terms of units like tons or index values have not been detailed for each goal, rather broad targets and timeframes have been specified.

| **Feature**        | **Details**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               |
|--------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name**   | Los Angeles                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              |
| **Population**     | *"Over four million Angelenos"* (Introduction); *"2020 pop. 4,040,904"* (Introduction)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |
| **Threats Identified**   | - **Extreme Heat**: *"prepare for higher temperatures and more frequent extreme heat"* (Appendix B: Summary of Actions by Interest Area)<br> - **Air Quality/Pollution**: *"transition to fossil-fuel-free streets to fight air pollution"* (Appendix B: Summary of Actions by Interest Area)<br> - **Sea Level Rise**: *"incorporate sea-level rise modeling into local plans"* (Appendix B: Summary of Actions by Interest Area)<br> - **Earthquakes**: *"adopt emergency land-use tools to address displacement and redevelopment in advance of a major earthquake"* (Appendix A: Summary of Actions by Chapter) |

| **Measures Identified** | - **Urban Heat Vulnerability Index**: *"develop an urban heat vulnerability index and mitigation plan"* (Appendix B: Summary of Actions by Interest Area)<br> - **Water Management**: *"expand and protect water sources to reduce dependence on imported water"* (Appendix B: Summary of Actions by Interest Area)<br> - **Zero-Emissions Technology**: *"transition to zero-emissions technology at the port of L.A."* (Appendix B: Summary of Actions by Interest Area)<br> - **Emergency Preparedness**: *"launch an earthquake early warning system"* (Appendix B: Summary of Actions by Interest Area)    |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction: City of Phoenix, Arizona**

- **Population**: Phoenix is part of the fastest growing county in the nation and is the fifth largest city in the U.S. ("LETTER FROM THE MAYOR").
- **Ranking**: It is ranked as the 4th most desirable city for millennials and the 11th best city to start a business ("EXECUTIVE SUMMARY").
- **Economic Strength**: The city's economy is strong, with a $158 million surplus realized in 2021, thanks to solid fiscal management and direction from the city leadership ("EXECUTIVE SUMMARY").

### **Geographic Features and Infrastructure**

- **Desert Environment**: Phoenix is a "modern desert city" located in the "heart of the Sonoran Desert" ("LETTER FROM THE MAYOR"). It is characterized by a unique backstory of human ingenuity in resource management.
- **Water System**: The city’s water infrastructure includes a canal system with historic roots dating back to the Hohokam people. The Drought Pipeline Project is one of the significant infrastructure projects to address water challenges exacerbated by climate change ("FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC").
- **Parks System**: Residents have access to the largest municipal park system in the nation, consisting of 48,000 acres of parks and preserves ("EXECUTIVE SUMMARY").

### **Climate and Water Challenges**

- **Climate Characteristics**: Phoenix experiences a significant amount of sunshine, with residents enjoying 300 days of sunshine annually. The local climate presents challenges such as extreme heat and monsoon seasons ("LETTER FROM THE MAYOR", "EXECUTIVE SUMMARY").
- **Water Management**: The city emphasizes the importance of wise water management and is committed to providing a clean and reliable 100-year water supply ("LETTER FROM THE MAYOR", "Significant Climate Actions Included in This Report").

### **Energy Production and Resources**

- **Energy Goals**: To transition city operations to carbon neutrality through energy use reduction and solar projects by 2030. The city supports increased energy efficiency, renewable energy, and new electric vehicle charging requirements in building codes ("Significant Climate Actions Included in This Report").
- **Participation in Global Efforts**: As a C40 City, Phoenix is recognized for its local and state efforts to advocate for a cleaner grid and increased access to solar energy ("ACTIONS MATRIX - STATIONARY ENERGY").

### **Economic Drivers**

- **Sustainable Initiatives**: Phoenix is leveraging sustainability to modernize its economy, attract new jobs, foster new talent, and drive a low-carbon, zero-waste economy. Companies in Phoenix are establishing climate goals and developing technologies to support this transition ("LETTER FROM THE MAYOR").
- **Resource Innovation Campus**: An initiative to attract businesses that turn waste into resources, supporting the city's path toward zero waste by 2050 ("Significant Climate Actions Included in This Report").

Overall, the City of Phoenix is positioning itself as a leader in sustainability and climate resilience, aiming to become the most sustainable desert city on the planet. It focuses on enhancing its already strong economy while addressing climate-related challenges and ensuring equitable development.

The plan addresses resilience by setting specific goals to enhance the city's ability to withstand climate impacts. Key actions include implementing the Tree and Shade Master Plan, building a network of "cool corridors" by 2050, and improving water stewardship with a reliable 100-year water supply. The focus is on increasing resilience against heat and ensuring a sustainable local food system. The plan also highlights ongoing actions such as utilizing the Heat Vulnerability Walkshed Tool to identify neighborhoods that will benefit from heat mitigation strategies (Introduction; Phoenix Resilience).

Mitigation is addressed through various actions aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The plan sets ambitious targets such as transitioning city operations to carbon neutral by 2030, promoting energy efficiency and renewable energy in building codes, and supporting the use of electric vehicles (EVs) and expanding public transit to achieve carbon-neutral transportation by 2050. The plan also includes measures like achieving carbon-neutral buildings city-wide by 2050 and creating a Resource Innovation Campus to move toward zero waste (Significant Climate Actions Included in This Report; Stationary Energy Sector (SES) Goals).

Adaptation strategies are embedded in numerous goals focused on adjusting city systems to the impacts of climate change. These include becoming a top tier Heat-Ready City by 2025, implementing the Tree and Shade Master Plan, and enhancing local food systems for sustainability and equity. The city's planning also involves working with state and national energy goals, emphasizing collaboration with electric utility companies (Equity and Environmental Justice; Local Government Leading the Way).

Considering the balanced approach to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (mitigation) and enhance the city's ability to cope with climate impacts (resilience and adaptation), the plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. It addresses both components comprehensively, with significant actions and goals targeting each area.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change for which the planning jurisdiction is preparing climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation.

- **Business as Usual (BAU) Scenario:** The plan outlines a BAU scenario based on Phoenix’s previous GHG emissions inventories, predicting emissions to be 21,192,854 MT CO2eq by 2030 and over 24,562,619 MT CO2eq by 2050. The scenario includes evaluating feasible climate actions to meet reductions necessary for the Paris Climate Agreement goals, including a 50% GHG reduction by 2030 from the 2018 baseline and achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. (Chapter: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Model)

- **C40 Pathways Model Scenario:** This scenario outlines goals and commitments adopted by the city, such as the 2050 Sustainability Goals and C40 Cities Deadline 2020. It includes planned actions from Arizona Public Service (APS) and Salt River Project (SRP), expected market trends for electric vehicles, and federal initiatives to increase electric vehicle sales. Waste reduction goals, increased solar deployment, and transitions in travel behavior are also part of this scenario to achieve substantial GHG emissions reductions. (Chapter: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Model)

- **Targets and Goals:** The scenario encompasses significant goals such as becoming a carbon-neutral city by 2050, supporting 280,000 electric vehicles by 2030, implementing the Tree and Shade Master Plan by 2030, and creating a healthy local food system by 2050, among others. The scenario includes setting targets for energy, transportation, waste, air quality, local food systems, heat, and water to increase resilience against climate impacts. (Chapters: The Vision: 2050 Goals, Phoenix Resilience, Actions Matrix)

These described scenarios provide a framework for implementing policies aimed at resilience, mitigation, and adaptation to anticipated climate changes.

1. **Heat**
   - **Climate Hazard Description:** "Predicted average surface temperatures will increase mildly, if GHG emissions are moderately decreased (RCP 4.5), or severely, if GHG emissions continue to increase unabated (RCP 8.5) ... surface temperature will increase over the 21st century and heat waves will occur more often and last longer." ("Phoenix Climate Hazard Assessment")
   - **Climate Risks:** "Exposure to hotter temperatures and heat waves has increased heat-associated deaths in Arizona ... wildfires have burned twice the area than what would have had climate change not occurred ... increased heat and drought will affect agriculture as heat stress reduces yield." ("Phoenix Climate Hazard Assessment")
   - **Areas or Populations with Most Vulnerability:** "During high ozone pollution advisory days, mortality risk is increased if concurrent with a heat wave ... the region also has a disproportionately high number of cases of West Nile virus, plague, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, and Valley fever cases." ("Phoenix Climate Hazard Assessment")

2. **Droughts**
   - **Climate Hazard Description:** "Higher temperatures are increasing the drought in the Colorado River Basin and have resulted in a loss of 60% of the volume in Lake Mead, from which Phoenix, along with other cities and agricultural users, draws water." ("Phoenix Climate Hazard Assessment")
   - **Climate Risks:** "Risk of water shortages has increased as a result of reduced water volume in Lake Mead and Lake Powell." ("Phoenix Climate Hazard Assessment")
   - **Areas or Populations with Most Vulnerability:** The text does not explicitly define specific vulnerable areas or populations related to drought, but it mentions the importance of water sources like Lake Mead, affecting all residents relying on these water supplies.

1. **Air Quality Resilience**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed**: Poor air quality.
   - **Details**:
     - *Cost, Timeframe, and Location*: No specific cost or specific location provided. However, the goal is broadly to meet the U.S. EPA National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS).
   - **Other Attributes**: Improving air quality will help mitigate health risks, enhance environmental quality, and comply with federal standards.

2. **Local Food System Resilience**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed**: Food insecurity and disruptions in food supply chains.
     - *Cost, Timeframe, and Location*: General goals are outlined with no specific cost or location mentioned. The timeframe references goals by 2050, such as access to affordable, healthy, local, and culturally appropriate food.
   - **Other Attributes**: Supports economic growth by recognizing and encouraging businesses that produce, process, and distribute local food. Policies are proposed to address challenges like climate change and urbanization.

3. **Heat Resilience**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed**: Increasing urban heat.
     - *Cost, Timeframe, and Location*: A network of 100 "cool corridors" is to be created in vulnerable communities by 2030. Increase shade in parks and streets to achieve a 25% tree and shade canopy by 2030.
   - **Other Attributes**: Enhancing resilience to heat through increased vegetation also provides recreational spaces, improves public health, and reduces cooling energy demands.

4. **Water Resilience**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed**: Water security challenges.
     - *Cost, Timeframe, and Location*: Infrastructure projects target water security without specific cost/location details. Goals include reducing water use to 155 GPCD by 2030.
   - **Other Attributes**: Improvements will involve stormwater management, waste-water utilization, and promote water conservation in both residential and commercial sectors.

5. **General Resilience**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed**: Broad threats posed by climate change including drought, extreme temperatures, and socio-economic disparities exacerbated by climate impacts.
     - *Cost, Timeframe, and Location*: Overall plan timeframe extends to 2050 with a focus on regularly updating the plan based on new data and community input.
   - **Other Attributes**: Emphasizes the integration of climate justice by prioritizing underserved communities and embedding equity in all actions, thus addressing socio-economic vulnerabilities.

**Charts and Tables**: No specific tables, charts, or images with detailed cost or timeline data are referenced in the document. However, the overall plan mentions general actions and long-term goals.

The plan identifies several mitigation options aimed at reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and transitioning to a sustainable, carbon-neutral city. Here are the mitigation options identified in the plan along with associated information on cost, timing, location, and other important attributes:

1. **Transitioning City Operations to Carbon Neutral by 2030**
   - **Timing:** By 2030.
   - **Attributes:** Involves energy use reduction and implementation of local and utility-scale solar projects. (Chapter: Significant Climate Actions Included in This Report)

2. **Increase Public Transit and Electric Vehicles**
   - **Cost:** Estimated funding for Transportation 2050 is $31.5 billion over 35 years.
   - **Timing:** Progress by 2035 with increased costs to customers, reaching $60 per month by 2050.
   - **Attributes:** Focuses on increasing public transit options, transition of internal combustion engine vehicles to electric vehicles, and increasing public transit convenience. (Financial and Economic section)

3. **Solar Energy Generation Systems on Affordable Housing Developments**
   - **Timing:** Short Term (2020-2025).
   - **Location:** Affordable housing developments.
   - **Attributes:** Part of the APS Solar Communities Program, aiming to promote equity in resource distribution and demonstrate commitment to sustainability. (How to Read the Climate Action Plan section)

4. **Grid Decarbonization & Increased Use of Green Gas**
   - **Timing:** By 2035 for a carbon pollution-free electricity sector.
   - **Attributes:** A national executive order supports decarbonization, targeting cleaner energy grids. (GHG Reductions Modeling section)

5. **Regional Active Transportation Network**
   - **Timing:** Continuous through 2030.
   - **Location:** Regional.
   - **Attributes:** Focuses on encouraging walking and cycling as part of a strategic shift in transportation. (GHG Reductions Modeling section)

6. **Zero Waste Goal by 2050**
   - **Timing:** Ongoing efforts with a 2050 goal.
   - **Attributes:** Involves increasing recycling and reducing food waste in line with EPA goals. (GHG Reductions Modeling section)

7. **Tree and Shade Master Plan**
   - **Cost:** Supported by over $5 million in annual funding.
   - **Location:** City-wide, particularly on city streets, parks, and rights of way.
   - **Attributes:** Aims to double the tree and shade canopy, supported by public donations and cool corridor projects. (Goal H3 section)

8. **Resource Innovation Campus by 2030**
   - **Attributes:** Aims to attract businesses that turn waste into resources, contributing to the path to zero waste by 2050. (Significant Climate Actions Included in This Report section)

These mitigation options collectively address various components of GHG emissions, including energy, transportation, waste management, and urban infrastructure, demonstrating a comprehensive approach towards achieving net-zero GHG emissions by 2050.

**Mitigation Options Identified in the Climate Action Plan:**

1. **Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency:**
   - **Cost:** The plan mentions the development of a Sustainability Bond Framework to attract investors, exemplified by the Drought Pipeline Project for water infrastructure, hinting at costs associated with large-scale infrastructure (Financial and Economic).
   - **Timeframe:** Transition of city operations to carbon neutral electrical use by 2030 (Significant Climate Actions).
   - **Location:** City-wide, with specific focus on stationary energy sector developments (SES Chapter).
   - **Attributes:** Investments in clean energy and energy efficiency improvement projects; goals to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050; focus on carbon pollution-free electricity sector by 2035 (Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Model).

2. **Electric Vehicles and Public Transit:**
   - **Cost:** Transition to 100% GHG reductions by 2050 will increase costs for residential customers from $18/month by 2035 to $60/month by 2050 (Financial and Economic).
   - **Timeframe:** Support for 280,000 electric vehicles in the city by 2030 and carbon neutral transportation by 2050 (Significant Climate Actions).
   - **Location:** City-wide deployment of electric vehicles and public transit systems (Practical and Technological).
   - **Attributes:** Focus on reducing dependence on single occupancy vehicles; plans to expand bus and high-capacity transit options (Significant Climate Actions).

3. **Waste Reduction:**
   - **Cost:** No specific cost details provided.
   - **Timeframe:** Goals include increasing recycling rates to 50% by 2030 and achieving zero waste by 2050 (Scenario).
   - **Location:** City-wide efforts to address waste sector emissions (Scenario).
   - **Attributes:** Aiming for a 50% reduction in food waste by 2030 and attracting businesses that convert waste into resources as part of a Resource Innovation Campus (Significant Climate Actions).

4. **Tree Planting and Shade Development:**
   - **Timeframe:** Implementing the Tree and Shade Master Plan by 2030 (Significant Climate Actions).
   - **Location:** Development of "cool corridors" and increasing urban tree canopy (Significant Climate Actions).
   - **Attributes:** Becoming a "Heat-Ready City" by 2025; focus on improving air quality and increasing green spaces (Significant Climate Actions).

5. **Local Food Systems:**
   - **Timeframe:** Creating a sustainable local food system by 2050 (Significant Climate Actions).
   - **Location:** City-wide, focusing on equitable food distribution (Significant Climate Actions).
   - **Attributes:** Ensuring affordable and culturally appropriate food availability city-wide (Significant Climate Actions).

6. **Building Code Improvements:**
   - **Timeframe:** Achieving carbon-neutral buildings city-wide by 2050 (Significant Climate Actions).
   - **Location:** City-wide; implementing renewable energy and electric vehicle charging requirements (Significant Climate Actions).
   - **Attributes:** New construction aims to be net-positive in energy and materials by 2050 (Significant Climate Actions).

7. **Action Tracking and Evaluation:**
   - **Timeframe:** Evaluation every two years with updates every five years (Evaluate).
   - **Location:** City-wide monitoring system led by Climate Liaisons (Monitor and Evaluate).
   - **Attributes:** Continuous improvement with regular updates to ensure meeting GHG reduction targets (Evaluate).

Each mitigation option is part of the city's broader aim to reduce GHG emissions by 50% by 2030 and achieve net-zero emissions by 2050, as part of their commitments to climate action and sustainability (Overview and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Model).

The plan identifies several adaptation options focusing on resilience and preparing for various climate threats. Each option is categorized by the climate threat it addresses, along with relevant information like cost, timeframe, location, and other attributes:

1. **Heat Adaptation Options**
   
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Extreme heat and urban heat island effects.
     - **Plan Details:** The city aims to become a top-tier Heat-Ready City by 2025, implementing the Tree and Shade Master Plan by 2030 and building a network of 200 “cool corridors” by 2050. (*Significant Climate Actions Included in This Report*)
     - **Cost/Timeframe:** The timeframe includes short-term (2020-2025), medium-term (2025-2035), and long-term (2035-2050). Cost details are not explicitly mentioned, but actions often require collaboration and investment. (*HOW TO READ THE CLIMATE ACTION PLAN*)
     - **Location:** Focused city-wide, with priorities for areas suffering from extreme heat.

2. **Water Resilience Options**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Water scarcity and drought conditions.
     - **Plan Details:** The city continues to lead in water stewardship, ensuring a clean and reliable 100-year water supply and improving water resource conservation. (*Significant Climate Actions Included in This Report*)
     - **Cost/Timeframe:** No specific costs are mentioned, but actions occur within the same timeframe categories mentioned above (short, medium, and long term). (*HOW TO READ THE CLIMATE ACTION PLAN*)
     - **Location:** City-wide with particular emphasis on areas vulnerable to water scarcity.

3. **Local Food System Adaptation**
   
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Food insecurity and climate impacts on food systems.
     - **Plan Details:** The goal is to create and maintain a healthy, sustainable, equitable, and thriving local food system with healthy, affordable, and culturally appropriate food for all residents by 2050. (*Significant Climate Actions Included in This Report*)
     - **Cost/Timeframe:** Long-term goal, with specific plans for short-term implementation. 
     - **Location:** City-wide, focusing on accessible food resources.

4. **Air Quality Resilience Options**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Poor air quality affecting health and ecosystems.
     - **Plan Details:** Actions include decreasing ozone precursor emissions to improve regional air quality standards. (*Significant Climate Actions Included in This Report*)
     - **Cost/Timeframe:** Similar timeframes as other actions (short, medium, and long term). Cost is implied to require investment in technology and policy changes.
     - **Location:** City-wide but especially in areas with industrial and vehicular emissions.

5. **General Resilience Enhancements: Microgrids and Conservation Programs**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Energy and infrastructure vulnerabilities.
     - **Plan Details:** Implementation of microgrids, new conservation, and renewable-energy programs to enhance system resilience. (*Stationary Energy*)
     - **Cost/Timeframe:** Part of ongoing and pending actions, aligning with short to long-term goals.
     - **Location:** Applicable to various city sectors, including energy-constrained locations.

These adaptation options collectively aim to address significant climate change threats to the city’s systems and are aligned with a long-term vision to enhance resilience.

Based strictly on the provided document, the climate policies identified to advance climate justice and their associated details are as follows:

### **Climate Policy 1: Prioritizing Investments in Underserved Communities**

- **Policy Summary:** "Create an inclusive and equitable city, prioritizing investments in previously underserved communities" (Significant Climate Actions, 1).
  - **Climate Threat Addressed:** General climate change impacts including heat and air quality issues.
  - **Vulnerable Populations:** Black, Indigenous, and People of Color, lower-income individuals, historically underrepresented groups, children and older adults, and those experiencing multiple environmental burdens. These groups are identified as experiencing greater vulnerability to climate impacts such as heat extremes and poor air quality (How Climate Change Impacts Overburdened Communities).

### **Climate Policy 2: Office of Diversity, Equity & Inclusion Creation**

- **Policy Summary:** "In 2021, City Council approved to create a new department in the City Manager's Office: The Office of Diversity, Equity & Inclusion" (Local Government Leading the Way, 1a).
  - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Overburdening from historic and current climate-related harms (heat, air quality).
  - **Vulnerable Populations:** Communities of color, other marginalized groups, and those who are most impacted by heat and air quality-related issues.

### **Climate Policy 3: Heat Relief Network Participation**

- **Policy Summary:** "The Human Services Department joins cities across the region in a nationally recognized Heat Relief Network" (Local Government Leading the Way, 1b).
  - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Extreme heat.
  - **Vulnerable Populations:** Vulnerable populations who require outreach and education regarding heat relief measures.

### **Climate Policy 4: Low-Income Weatherization Assistance Program**

- **Policy Summary:** "The Neighborhood Services Department delivers a Low-Income Weatherization Assistance Program" (Local Government Leading the Way, 1d).
  - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Energy consumption and indoor air quality.
  - **Vulnerable Populations:** Residents within the 200% Federal Poverty Level.

### **Climate Policy 5: Tree and Shade Master Plan Implementation**

- **Policy Summary:** "The city has recently established the Office of Heat Response and Mitigation to lead the implementation of the Tree and Shade Master Plan" (Local Government Leading the Way, 1g).
  - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Urban heat island effect, extreme heat.
  - **Vulnerable Populations:** Communities most impacted by heat.

These policies collectively focus on addressing the overarching climate threats of heat and air quality by targeting vulnerable populations that are often marginalized and empowering them through equitable investments and resources.

Based on the document provided, the planning jurisdiction identifies potential barriers and considerations to climate action, but there are potential risks of maladaptation that could arise. Here's a summary of potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies:

---

### **Potential Policy: Transition to Electric Vehicles**

   - **Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Transportation** - The policy aims to mitigate emissions by promoting electric vehicles, reducing reliance on internal combustion engine vehicles.

2. **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:**
   - **Mitigation Option** - Transition to electric vehicles to cut emissions in the transportation sector.

---

   - Due to "practical and technological barriers" existing within Phoenix, transitioning to electric vehicles might inadvertently focus resources on areas less impactful on emissions owing to the widespread nature of the city and the need for "approximately equal thirds of travel by active transportation, public transit, and electric vehicles" (Section: Overcoming Barriers to Meeting our Climate Action Goals).
   - This focus could inadvertently neglect investments in active transportation and public transit, acting counter to overall mobility equity and access goals if not carefully monitored and balanced.

### **Potential Policy: Increased Public Transit Options**

   - **Transportation Sector Emissions** - The policy aims to reduce emissions and environmental impact through increased public transit options.

   - **Mitigation and Adaptation Option** - Expansion of public transit infrastructure to facilitate lower-emission travel options and improve resilience to transportation-related climate impacts.

   - The barrier section identifies "political and social" considerations, noting preferences for individual vehicle use due to widespread geography (Section: Overcoming Barriers to Meeting our Climate Action Goals).
   - Massive investments in public transit without concurrent improvements in grid decarbonization and effective public negotiation may lead to underutilized infrastructure given the average trip distance and cultural preferences for individual vehicle transit, potentially diverting funds from more effective or locally relevant mitigative efforts.

### **Potential Policy: Renewable Energy Expansion**

   - **Stationary Energy Sector GHG Emissions** - The initiative focuses on reducing emissions from energy generation sectors.

   - **Mitigation Option** - Adoption of clean energy and energy efficiency projects, including renewable energy expansion.

   - The document suggests that legal and institutional authority limits the city's ability to fully execute these plans independently of utility companies (Section: Overcoming Barriers to Meeting our Climate Action Goals).
   - There might be a risk that city efforts to expand renewables exceed utility capacity or regulatory constraints, resulting in a potential investment in incompatible technologies without broader systemic alignment or community benefit.

---

Such potential maladaptive outcomes underline the importance of integrated planning and stakeholder engagement to ensure the efficacy and sustainability of climate actions.

- **GHG Emissions Reductions:**
  - The plan aims to "reduce GHG emissions by a minimum of 50% by 2030 and to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050" (Chapter: PATH FORWARD).
  - The Business as Usual (BAU) scenario predicts emissions "expected to be 21,192,854 MT CO2eq by 2030" and "over 24,562,619 MT CO2eq by 2050" (Chapter: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Model).
  - The Pathways model developed by C40 Cities evaluates GHG emissions reductions with a goal of at least "50% GHG reduction by 2030 from the 2018 baseline" (Chapter: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Model).

  - Establish air pollutant baseline levels and set reduction targets to meet U.S. EPA National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) (Chapter: GOAL 1 TARGET 1).
  - The plan aims to meet World Health Organization Air Quality Guidelines for particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and sulfur dioxide, with Phoenix already meeting guidelines for nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide (Chapter: GOAL 1 TARGET 1).

- **Sector-Specific Goals:**
  - *Stationary Energy Sector:*
    - Achieve net-zero GHG emissions for municipal operations electricity use by 2030 (Goal SES1).
    - Design and construct all new buildings within the city to Living Building Challenge, Net-Positive Design, or equivalent design standards by 2050 (Goal SES4).

  - *Transportation Sector:*
    - Rapidly accelerate electric vehicle (EV) adoption in the community with a target of 50% of all vehicle sales being electric vehicles by 2030 (Goal TS3).
    - Reduce the percentage of single occupant vehicle trips to 60% of all trips (Goal TS4).

  - *Waste as a Resource:*
    - Capture landfill gas and convert 100% of the methane (up to 1,500 SCFM) from the SR 85 landfill into renewable natural gas by March 2023 (Goal WR2).
    - Implement the transition to green alternatives from environmentally hazardous materials (Goal WR4).

- **Additional Goals:**
  - Network of 200 "cool corridors" by 2050 to become a top tier Heat-Ready City (Chapter: Significant Climate Actions).
  - Create and maintain a healthy, sustainable, and thriving local food system by 2050 (Chapter: Significant Climate Actions).

- **Deadlines and Specific Numerical Objectives:**
  - Reduction target of "50% GHG emissions reduction by 2030" (Chapter: Getting Beyond 50% GHG Emissions Reductions by 2030).
  - Achieve "net-zero emissions by 2050" (Chapter: PATH FORWARD).
  - Implement programs to meet US EPA National Ambient Air Quality Standards and develop new policies and programs by 2025 (Chapter: GOAL 1 TARGET 1).

| Feature               | Description                                                                                                                                                           |
|-----------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name**| Phoenix                                                                                                                                                               |
| **Population**        | Fifth largest city in the U.S. 12% population growth from 2012 to 2018                                                                                                 |
| **Threats Identified**| - Climate change risks and impacts related to increasing temperatures, heat, and air quality issues.                                                                          |
|                       | - Vulnerability due to climate hazards, particularly for communities of color and marginalized groups.                                                                             |
| **Measures Identified**| - Transition city operations to carbon neutral by 2030.                                                                                                              |
|                       | - Strong investment in solar energy and renewable resources.                                                                                                                        |
|                       | - Deployment of cool pavements and establishment of cool corridors and Tree and Shade Master Plan.                                                                              |
|                       | - Creation of the Office of Diversity, Equity & Inclusion, and Office of Heat Response and Mitigation.                                                              |
|                       | - Engagement in Heat Relief Network to educate vulnerable populations.                                                                                               |
|                       | - Promote electric vehicle charging and expanding public transit for carbon neutrality.                                                                                                  |
|                       | - Set goals for water security, food systems, and air quality improvements.                                                                                    |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction:** Philadelphia

**Location:** Philadelphia is the urban center of the "Greater Philadelphia" region, comprising 12 counties across Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland, as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau. It is situated at the confluence of the Schuylkill River and the Delaware River. Fairmount Park, which is roughly 9,200 acres, is noted as the nation's largest urban park. 

**Population and Demographics:** As of July 1, 2019, Philadelphia has an estimated population of 1,584,064. Demographic characteristics include:
- Persons under 18 years: 21.6%
- Persons 65 years and over: 14%
- Female population: 52.7%
- Foreign born persons: 13.9%
- Black population: 43.6%
- White population: 34.3%
- Hispanic or Latino: 15.2%
- Asian: 7.8%

**Physical Geography:** 
- Philadelphia straddles two major rivers: the Schuylkill River and the Delaware River.
- The city benefits from Fairmount Park, considered the largest urban park in the nation.

**Local Climate:** Philadelphia falls within a humid continental climate zone with four distinct seasons, including hot summers and cold winters. Historical average temperatures are 41.9°F in winter and 84.5°F in summer. Precipitation occurs consistently throughout the year, with higher amounts in spring and summer. 

**Key Infrastructure:** 
- Philadelphia International Airport (not expressly mentioned but can be implied as a key piece of infrastructure from flooding context) 
- Port of Philadelphia contributes to regional emissions and receives attention for emission reduction.

**Energy Production and Resources:**
- No specific mention of oil or gas production; however, emphasis is on reducing fossil fuel use and promoting clean energy.
- Ongoing efforts are in place to explore and invest in low-carbon alternative energy sources such as geothermal and solar systems.
  
**Natural Resources:** Emphasis on promoting urban agriculture and the creation of a local food network, involving efforts like FarmPhilly and the Urban Agriculture Master Plan.

- The city is focusing on industries related to clean energy, construction, and energy efficiency, which are pivotal for job creation and economic growth.
- Reduction in fossil fuel extraction and fracking is highlighted to prevent environmental degradation.
- Investments in a green economy and job creation in energy efficiency and clean energy projects are key drivers.
  
**Economic Characteristics:**
- Highlighted as having a high poverty rate, though it has recently begun to decline.
- Unemployment peaked at 12% in July 2012, but the labor force has been increasing since 2010.
- Economic impacts heavily consider job creation, cost savings on utilities, and long-term economic competitiveness.

**Economic Impacts of Climate Change:**
- Severe weather events could cost the city significantly financially.
- Rising temperatures are projected to increase annual cooling costs, disproportionately affecting low-income residents.

(Philadelphia Climate Action Playbook, Greenworks Philadelphia)

The Philadelphia Climate Action Playbook includes numerous strategies focused on enhancing resilience in the face of climate change. The plan discusses the importance of *"community capacity," "public safety," "heat preparedness,"* and *"flood preparedness"* (PHILADELPHIA CLIMATE ACTION PLAYBOOKGREENWORKS PHILADELPHIA 36). An example of a key resilience initiative is the *"Beat the Heat Hunting Park: A Community Heat Resilience Plan,"* which was developed in collaboration with local community organizations to address heat issues in vulnerable neighborhoods (PHILADELPHIA CLIMATE ACTION PLAYBOOKGREENWORKS PHILADELPHIA 37).

Mitigation efforts are oriented toward reducing greenhouse gas emissions through several actions. The plan outlines efforts in three main areas: *"Reducing our Contribution to Climate Change,"* *"Utilizing Nature as a Solution to Climate Pollution,"* and specifically through sections focusing on *"Buildings and Industry,"* *"Transportation,"* and *"Waste"* (PHILADELPHIA CLIMATE ACTION PLAYBOOKGREENWORKS PHILADELPHIA 4). The pursuit of a *"100% clean electricity grid,"* advocating for *"clean energy production,"* and exploring renewable energy projects are highlighted as crucial mitigation strategies (PHILADELPHIA CLIMATE ACTION PLAYBOOKGREENWORKS PHILADELPHIA 18).

The plan extensively addresses adaptation by preparing for projected climate impacts such as hotter and wetter weather. This is where adaptation strategies like *"Climate Informed Planning"* and the establishment of a *"citywide adaptation roadmap"* are emphasized to integrate climate change impacts into future plans (PHILADELPHIA CLIMATE ACTION PLAYBOOKGREENWORKS PHILADELPHIA 35). Various forthcoming plans such as the City's *"Climate Change Adaptation Plan,"* and updates to existing plans, highlight the City's commitment to adaptation (PHILADELPHIA CLIMATE ACTION PLAYBOOKGREENWORKS PHILADELPHIA 38).

Based on the detailed focus on both mitigation and adaptation strategies, the Philadelphia Climate Action Playbook can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change that Philadelphia is planning for. The City anticipates a future with "hotter, wetter weather" due to climate change, an impact that is already beginning to be seen (PHILADELPHIA CLIMATE ACTION PLAYBOOKGREENWORKS PHILADELPHIA 35). Specifically, Philadelphia can expect:

- **Hotter Temperatures:** "Already, residents in the city have noticed our summers getting hotter. In the 1900’s we had an average of four days above 95°F annually. By 2100, that number could reach up to 52 days" (PHILADELPHIA CLIMATE ACTION PLAYBOOKGREENWORKS PHILADELPHIA 10).
- **Increased Precipitation:** There will be more rain in the warmer months, and increased snowfall during winter, leading to "a hotter, wetter future" (PHILADELPHIA CLIMATE ACTION PLAYBOOKGREENWORKS PHILADELPHIA 18).

The City is planning climate policies in response to these anticipated conditions to ensure resilience, mitigation, and adaptation.

1. **Hotter Temperatures**
   - *Climate Hazard:* Philadelphia can expect hotter weather due to climate change. The number of days above 95°F annually could increase from an average of four days in the 1900s to up to 52 days by 2100. 
     - *Climate Risks:* Increased occurrences of heat-related illnesses, heat stroke, respiratory diseases exacerbation, and mental stress. It also raises annual air conditioning costs by $1,000,000.
     - *Vulnerable Populations:* Hotter neighborhoods are typically low-income communities and communities of color, which are likely to have higher vulnerability to heat.
   
2. **Increased Precipitation**
   - *Climate Hazard:* There is an expectation of more precipitation, with more rain in the warmer months and increased snowfall during winter. 
     - *Climate Risks:* This change leads to more frequent flooding along the Schuylkill and Delaware Rivers, causing flooding near Philadelphia International Airport, Eastwick, Manayunk, and introducing flooding to new parts of the city. It also increases injuries, displacement, infectious diseases, and mental stress.
     - *Vulnerable Populations:* The elderly, children, and people of low socioeconomic status are most affected by more powerful storms and flooding. 

3. **Powerful Storms**
   - *Climate Hazard:* More powerful storms like Hurricanes Sandy and Irene.
     - *Climate Risks:* These storms cost the City hundreds of thousands of dollars to recover from and pose a danger to human health. 
     - *Vulnerable Populations:* Vulnerable residents such as the elderly, children, and individuals with low socioeconomic status are most impacted by these storms.

   - *Climate Hazard:* Flooding from increased precipitation and powerful storms. 
     - *Climate Risks:* Economic burdens of $200,000 to $2,000,000 per severe weather event; potential property damage; increased injuries and displacement.
     - *Vulnerable Populations:* Low-income residents who face additional economic burdens from flooding and cooling costs.

   - *Climate Hazard:* Expected sea level rise of four feet by 2100 under a scenario of moderate greenhouse gas emissions.
     - *Climate Risks:* Simulation of four feet of sea level rise plus a Category 1 storm shows extensive impact on coastal areas.
     - *Vulnerable Populations:* Areas along the Schuylkill River and other low-lying zones may face increased risks.

The plan identifies several resilience options:

1. **Beat the Heat Hunting Park:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option addresses extreme heat in heat-vulnerable neighborhoods.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The plan involved an eight-month community engagement process and was released in July 2019. It is specifically focused on the Hunting Park neighborhood in North Philadelphia.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** The plan engaged over 600 residents and resulted in Philadelphia’s first neighborhood heat plan. It emphasized the importance of community involvement and collaboration with organizations like Esperanza and the Hunting Park Neighborhood Advisory Committee. (*"Highlight: Beating the Heat Hunting Park"* and *"Key Goals and Metrics"* sections).

2. **Adaptive Management in Parks and Gardens:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option addresses flooding and extreme heat.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Investment details are not specifically mentioned, but it involves green landcover to manage climate threats citywide.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** It involves using adaptive management to help Philadelphia's parks and gardens flourish under new climate conditions. This not only helps manage floods and heat but also supports the environmental health of neighborhoods (*"ENVIRONMENT — Adaptive management can"*).

3. **Green Workforce Development:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This indirectly addresses various climate threats by increasing community capacity and resilience through job creation.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific cost and timeframe details are not mentioned.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Economic benefits include job creation in clean energy sectors and support for sustainable business incentives (*"Green Workforce Development"*).

4. **Investments in Climate Resilient Infrastructure:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option addresses climate change impacts broadly like severe weather and flooding.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific cost details are not mentioned, but long-term cost savings are highlighted as a benefit.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Economic benefits include job creation, asset protection, and supporting economic resilience (*"ECONOMY  — Proactive measures"*).

5. **Citywide Climate Resiliency Strategy:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This broadly addresses multiple threats associated with climate change like extreme weather and flooding.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The strategy is forthcoming, and cost specifics are being determined as part of an ongoing planning process.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Emphasizes the importance of comprehensive planning and integrating climate impacts into future city frameworks (*"Key Goals and Metrics"* and *"Timeline and Cost"* sections).

These options collectively aim to enhance Philadelphia's resilience to various climate challenges through community engagement, strategic planning, and investments in green infrastructure and workforce development.

The plan identifies several mitigation options, summarized as follows:

1. **City Wide Composting**:
   - **Description**: The plan details exploring the feasibility of citywide compost collection and launching a Community Composting Network to expand residents’ access to composting. It also mentions working with Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP) and Philadelphia Parks and Recreation (PPR) to test urban composting sites.
   - **Attributes**: 
     - *Potential to create the first urban composting permit for Pennsylvania.*
     - *Support PHL airport in implementing a composting program.*
     - *Divert organic waste from PPR facilities to composting.*
     - *Demonstrate opportunities for food waste diversion in commercial and industrial sectors.*

2. **Carbon Sink Network**:
   - **Description**: The plan explores the feasibility of further carbon sink options as new technologies and strategies emerge.
     - *Advocate for the preservation of current carbon sinks in the region and globally.*

3. **Low-Carbon Thermal Energy**:
   - **Description**: The plan discusses exploring and investing in low-carbon alternative energy sources, promoting geothermal heating and cooling systems, and solar heat systems.
     - *Evaluate operations of Philadelphia Gas Works for potential emissions reductions.*

4. **Low Carbon Economy**:
   - **Description**: The plan proposes hastening the development of a low carbon economy through energy collaboration with large regional businesses and institutions.
     - *Educate around industrial emissions.*
     - *Reduce emissions from the port of Philadelphia.*

The document does not provide explicit details on costs, timing, or location for these mitigation options. The plan indicates a strategic focus and intention to explore and invest, but specific figures on cost, timelines, or geographical targets are not provided within the sections reviewed.

1. **Citywide Clean Electricity Supply**
   - **Description:** Philadelphia aims to work towards a 100% clean electricity grid through **local renewable energy purchasing and generation**. The plan includes advocating at the State, Regional, and Federal levels for clean energy production and policies that open markets to clean energy. It explores renewable energy projects in key utilities and infrastructure, such as PWD and PHL. 
     - **Timeframe/Cost:** No specific information provided on timeframe and cost in the document.
     - **Location:** Key utilities and infrastructure such as PWD and PHL.
   - **Citations:** "Reducing our Contribution to Climate Change" (PHILADELPHIA GREENWORKS PLAYBOOK, 18)

2. **Low Carbon Thermal Energy**
   - **Description:** Explore and invest in low-carbon alternative energy sources by tracking technological developments, evaluating implementation opportunities, and promoting geothermal heating and cooling systems and solar heat systems. The plan also emphasizes evaluating the operations of Philadelphia Gas Works (PGW) for potential emissions reductions.
     - **Timeframe/Cost:** No specific information provided on timeframe, a budget of 1196900 is indicated for associated actions.
     - **Location:** Various implementation locations in Philadelphia under evaluation.
   - **Citations:** "Reducing our Contribution to Climate Change" (PHILADELPHIA GREENWORKS PLAYBOOK, 22)

3. **Low Carbon Economy**
   - **Description:** Encourage the development of a low carbon economy through energy collaboration with large regional businesses and institutions through the Climate Collaborative of Greater Philadelphia. It involves educating around industrial emissions and reducing emissions from the Port of Philadelphia.
     - **Timeframe/Cost:** No specific timeframe provided, an associated budget of 2450000 is indicated.
     - **Location:** Regional businesses and the Port of Philadelphia.

4. **Utilizing Nature as a Solution to Climate Pollution**
   - **Description:** Actions to remove carbon pollution from the atmosphere including exploring the feasibility of further carbon sink options as new technologies and strategies emerge. The plan advocates for the preservation of current carbon sinks in the region and globally.
     - **Location:** Regional and global carbon sinks preservation.
   - **Citations:** "Utilizing Nature as a Solution to Climate Pollution" (PHILADELPHIA GREENWORKS PLAYBOOK, 33) 

The document does not specify detailed costs, timeframes, or detailed geographic focus beyond what is summarized above.

The Philadelphia Climate Action Playbook identifies several adaptation options to address climate threats. Below are the adaptation options and the corresponding details based on the plan:

1. **Heat Preparedness through Community Engagement**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Extreme heat, particularly in vulnerable neighborhoods like Hunting Park ("PHILADELPHIA CLIMATE ACTION PLAYBOOKGREENWORKS PHILADELPHIA," 37).
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The plan does not specify costs but indicates that the process involved an eight-month community engagement with various local organizations in North Philadelphia ("PHILADELPHIA CLIMATE ACTION PLAYBOOKGREENWORKS PHILADELPHIA," 37).
   - **Other Attributes:** The initiative included surveys and workshops leading to the development of a neighborhood heat plan ("PHILADELPHIA CLIMATE ACTION PLAYBOOKGREENWORKS PHILADELPHIA," 37).

2. **Climate Prepared Communities**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Public health risks induced by climate change, such as extreme heat and flooding ("PHILADELPHIA CLIMATE ACTION PLAYBOOKGREENWORKS PHILADELPHIA," 35-36).
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The plan does not provide specific cost or timeframe details but mentions the ongoing exploration of neighborhood-level interventions, like the Beat the Heat initiative ("PHILADELPHIA CLIMATE ACTION PLAYBOOKGREENWORKS PHILADELPHIA," 35-36).
   - **Other Attributes:** Coordination through the interagency Flood Risk Management Task Force is mentioned as part of this effort ("PHILADELPHIA CLIMATE ACTION PLAYBOOKGREENWORKS PHILADELPHIA," 35-36).

3. **Climate Informed Planning**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** General climate change impacts, integrating them into future city planning ("PHILADELPHIA CLIMATE ACTION PLAYBOOKGREENWORKS PHILADELPHIA," 35).
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** No specific cost or timeframe is mentioned. This option is part of creating a citywide adaptation roadmap ("PHILADELPHIA CLIMATE ACTION PLAYBOOKGREENWORKS PHILADELPHIA," 35).
   - **Other Attributes:** This action builds upon existing municipal adaptation plans ("PHILADELPHIA CLIMATE ACTION PLAYBOOKGREENWORKS PHILADELPHIA," 35).

4. **Flood Preparedness through Green Landcover Investments**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flooding and extreme heat ("PHILADELPHIA CLIMATE ACTION PLAYBOOKGREENWORKS PHILADELPHIA," 36-37).
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The plan mentions ongoing efforts but does not specify exact costs or timelines ("PHILADELPHIA CLIMATE ACTION PLAYBOOKGREENWORKS PHILADELPHIA," 36-37).
   - **Other Attributes:** Focus on adaptive management for enhancing parks and gardens to manage environmental changes ("PHILADELPHIA CLIMATE ACTION PLAYBOOKGREENWORKS PHILADELPHIA," 36-37).

These strategies reflect efforts to adapt to changing climate conditions through community engagement, planning, and infrastructure development.

The plan identifies several climate policies that advance climate justice, addressing various climate threats and focusing on vulnerable populations and areas:

1. **Beat the Heat Hunting Park**
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Hunting Park, a heat-vulnerable neighborhood in North Philadelphia, with active environmental advocacy and collaborations with local organizations such as Esperanza, Hunting Park Neighborhood Advisory Committee, and others (_"Highlight: Beat the Heat Hunting Park"_).

2. **Green City, Clean Waters Program**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Stormwater runoff and localized flooding.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas prone to stormwater runoff and localized flooding, highlighting Eastwick community's vulnerability to flooding (_"Environmental Justice Advisory Commission"_).

3. **Equitable Green Space and Tree Coverage**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Heat and flooding resilience.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Low-income neighborhoods and communities of color that have the fewest street trees and other green spaces in Philadelphia, affecting heat and flood resilience (_"Co-Benefits EQUITY"_).

4. **Climate Prepared Communities**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Public health risks induced by climate change.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Neighborhood-level interventions such as Beat the Heat Hunting Park indicate a focus on communities with high heat vulnerability and related health risks. Engagement includes utilizing interagency Flood Risk Management Task Force to address these issues (_"Climate Prepared Communities"_).

These policies not only address direct climate threats but also aim to reduce existing social inequalities, particularly for frontline communities who will disproportionately experience these climate impacts.

Based on the content provided in the "Philadelphia Climate Action Playbook," there are no specific policies mentioned that clearly stand out as causing potential unforeseen maladaptive outcomes. The document emphasizes integrated and equitable climate strategies in resilience, adaptation, and mitigation, aligning with community needs and systemic sustainability measures. However, one could contemplate potential inadvertent maladaptive outcomes in the general sense:

### General Consideration of Potential Maladaptive Outcomes:

**1. Increased Use of Air Conditioning.**

- **Climate Threat:** **Heatwaves and increased temperatures.**
  - As noted: "The increase in average temperature is projected to raise annual air conditioning costs in the city by $1,000,000 annually." (PHILADELPHIA CLIMATE ACTION PLAYBOOKGREENWORKS PHILADELPHIA 12)

- **Option:** **Using air conditioning as a response to increased heat.**
  - The increase in temperatures encourages higher reliance on air conditioning to maintain indoor comfort levels.

- **Potential Maladaptation:** 
  - **Increased Energy Consumption:** Leads to higher electricity demand, potentially increasing GHG emissions if the energy source is not entirely renewable.
  - **Economic Burden:** Disproportionately affects low-income residents due to higher electricity costs, as they "spend a higher percentage of their income on energy bills." (PHILADELPHIA CLIMATE ACTION PLAYBOOKGREENWORKS PHILADELPHIA 12).
  
**2. Urban Agriculture Initiatives.**

- **Climate Threat:** **Food security challenges due to climate impacts on traditional agriculture.**
  - Actions intend to "support a local food network where all people have the power to access, own and control our food, land, and labor." (PHILADELPHIA CLIMATE ACTION PLAYBOOKGREENWORKS PHILADELPHIA 36)

- **Option:** **Development of urban agriculture via the Urban Agriculture Strategic Plan.**
  
  - **Water Resource Strain:** The possible increase in water demand to sustain agriculture may lead to strain on local water resources, particularly during drought conditions.
  - **Biodiversity Concerns:** Improper management of urban agriculture could disrupt local ecosystems.

These considerations reflect potential challenges, but the document does not explicitly cite maladaptive policies. Instead, the focus within the playbook appears directed towards proactive and considered climate responses.

**Metrics and Measurements of Success**

1. **Carbon Emissions Reduction**
   - *Reducing our Contribution to Climate Change*: The City of Philadelphia plans to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. It has set specific reduction targets, such as achieving citywide carbon pollution reduction by 25% from baseline levels, cutting municipal energy use by 20%, and sourcing 100% clean energy for municipal operations ("Timeline of GHG Reduction Goals").
   - The GHG inventory assesses the progress every two years, with updates published as bi-annual reports ("Monitoring the Playbook").

2. **Waste Reduction and Management**
   - *Waste Sector*: The plan aims for a 70% reduction in municipal, residential, commercial, and industrial waste by 2050. Baseline numbers are based on data from the Municipal Waste Management Plan and Waste Audit ("Waste").
   - Goals include achieving a citywide waste diversion rate of 90% by 2035 and eliminating food and organic waste from landfill and waste-to-energy streams ("Highlight: Food Waste").

3. **Energy and Economy**
   - *Low-Carbon Economy*: The plan proposes reducing the carbon dioxide-equivalent output of industry by 80% by 2050 ("Low-Carbon Economy").
   - *Long-term Cost Savings*: Efforts that could benefit health outcomes and productivity, leading to reduced citywide healthcare costs, mitigate risk of property damage, and lead to long-term utility or transportation cost savings ("ECONOMY Jobs").

4. **Transportation**
   - *Transportation Section*: It assumes a 10% reduction in Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) and an 88% market share for electric vehicles (EVs) by 2050 according to the Drexel 80x50 Report ("TRANSPORTATION").

5. **Public Health and Safety**
   - *Public Safety*: Efforts could minimize disruptions to energy or mobility during emergencies, improve flood and fire safety, and increase access to essential services such as hospitals ("Public Safety").

6. **Climate and Environmental Equity**
   - *Equity*: Adaptation planning prioritizes addressing social inequalities and differentiated impacts in various neighborhoods. Goals include community engagement and increasing green space access in underserved areas ("EQUITY— Climate change impacts").
   - Increasing tree coverage and green spaces in underserved communities to support resilience to heat and flooding ("EQUITY").

7. **Extreme Heat Preparedness**
   - *Extreme Heat Preparedness*: Goals include improving indoor temperature control, mitigating the urban heat island effect, and reducing heat risks for vulnerable populations ("Extreme Heat Preparedness").

8. **Flood Mitigation**
   - *Flood Mitigation*: Measured by increasing the amount of permeable surface cover and increasing flood resilience by preserving and restoring land and waterways ("Flood mitigation").

9. **Leadership**
   - Evaluates whether City government is reducing emissions or preparing for climate change, and assesses the potential influence on other governmental actions ("LEADERSHIP Lead by example").

Overall, these metrics suggest clear objectives and goals, such as specific percentage reductions and deadlines for assessments, which help measure and ensure the success of Philadelphia's climate plan interventions.

| **Feature**             | **Details**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|-------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name**  | Philadelphia                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
| **Population**          | Total Population (estimates, July 1, 2019): 1,584,064                                                                                                                                                                                                                           |
| **Threats Identified**  | - Hotter, wetter weather due to climate change <br> - Heat vulnerability in neighborhoods like Hunting Park <br> - Flood risk <br> - Increased precipitation and stronger storms                                                                                                    |
| **Measures Identified** | - Create a citywide adaptation roadmap integrating climate change impacts into planning <br> - Implement recommendations from the PDPH Climate Change and Health Plan for public health risks <br> - Develop Citywide Climate Resiliency Strategy <br> - Beat the Heat Hunting Park plan |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction Name:** City of Bellevue

- Bellevue is located between the shores of Lake Washington and Lake Sammamish.
- The city is characterized by its natural beauty, with parks, trails, and urban forests being easily accessible to most residents.

- Bellevue is home to residents from all corners of the globe, suggesting a diverse population.
- However, specific details about the population size, demographics, and average income are not provided in the plan.

- Significant geographic features include Lake Washington and Lake Sammamish.
- Bellevue is described as a city combining the innovation and cosmopolitan feel of a big city with the relative calm of a suburb.
  
- While the document mentions major companies like T-Mobile, Microsoft, and Amazon, it does not specifically mention key infrastructure like airports or seaports.

- The plan indicates that cities like Bellevue will play an important role in addressing climate change and sustainable resource use, underscoring the relevance of a sustainable approach to the city's future.

- The plan outlines a goal for renewable energy, with targets for increased percentages of renewable energy sources reaching 100% by 2045.
- Efforts include promoting rooftop solar and reducing energy impacts through increased efficiency in buildings.

- Bellevue hosts major companies such as T-Mobile, Microsoft, and Amazon.
- Economic responsibility and addressing the challenges of climate change are crucial for supporting well-paying green jobs and sustaining a healthy environment.

The plan provides a vision for addressing environmental stewardship as a vital aspect of sustaining Bellevue's economic competitiveness and social vibrancy while advancing its goals for a sustainable future.

The plan addresses resilience by aiming to incorporate "long-term impacts of climate change into plans and capital projects" and emphasizing the importance of community resilience, particularly in light of challenges such as COVID-19. The plan states, "climate change will also have a disproportionate impact on some local populations" and acknowledges the need to "commit special focus when implementing all actions in this plan to ensure the continued and improved prosperity and quality of life of these populations in the face of a changing climate" (INTRODUCTION 16).

Mitigation efforts are prominently featured in the plan, identifying strategies to reduce emissions and prepare for climate change impacts. Specific actions include a range of mitigation measures such as the "strategies to achieve communitywide greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets of 50% by 2030 and 80% by 2050" (CLIMATE CHANGE 37). The plan also mentions initiatives like "building energy efficiency improvements," "electric vehicles - likely adoption," and "state/regional clean fuel standard" (CLIMATE CHANGE 37).

The plan contains adaptation strategies, specifically highlighted in the conduct of a "climate vulnerability assessment to understand long-term risks and vulnerabilities associated with climate change and identify next steps for enhancing resiliency" (CLIMATE CHANGE 40). This is designed to inform the city's strategies to support those most affected by climate-related challenges.

**Plan Classification**

Given the balanced attention to both mitigation (with strong GHG reduction targets and actions) and adaptation (via resilience strategies and vulnerability assessments), the plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change that the planning jurisdiction, Bellevue, will face. The plan highlights several climate impacts and vulnerabilities that Bellevue is preparing for through climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation:

- **Increasing Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming:** The document states, "Scientists overwhelmingly agree that an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is causing a steady increase in global temperature," attributing the primary cause to the burning of fossil fuels (Introduction 16).

- **Global and Local Consequences:** The plan lists global consequences such as "ocean acidification and rising sea levels; damaging weather events such as heat waves, storms, heavy rainfall and flooding, and droughts; more frequent and intense wildfires; and disrupted ecosystems affecting biodiversity and food production." Specifically for Bellevue, it mentions "threats from severe heat and wildfire smoke" affecting vulnerable populations (Introduction 16).

- **Population and Economic Impact Projections:** It is projected that without action, Bellevue’s greenhouse gas emissions could increase by 20% by 2050 due to population and job growth compared to a 2011 baseline. Federal, state, and regional policies are expected to reduce emissions by over 40% by 2050, while local actions could reduce them by almost 75%, with a remaining 5% reduction needed to meet regional goals (Climate Change 36).

- **Urgency and Preparedness:** The plan emphasizes that "Bellevue must be prepared for the rapidly changing climate and the associated risks," highlighting potential impacts on "systems, economy, culture, and livelihoods." It points out that climate change is happening faster than expected, introducing risks such as "food insecurity, energy insecurity, and heat-related illnesses" (Introduction 14).

These projections and concerns demonstrate the foundation for Bellevue's climate policies focusing on resilience, mitigation, and adaptation to address both current and anticipated future climate impacts.

   - **Climate Hazard:** Heat waves are identified as damaging weather events caused by the increase in global temperature due to rising greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
   - **Climate Risks:** These events pose risks of heat-related illnesses and strain on public health services.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** People who are older, low-income, disabled, persons of color, experiencing homelessness, or who work outside are cited as being most vulnerable to threats from severe heat.

2. **Changing Precipitation Patterns**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Refers to the alterations in rainfall events, which can include both heavy rainfall leading to flooding and periods of drought.
   - **Climate Risks:** These alterations can result in food insecurity, energy insecurity, and other economic and public health risks.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** The document does not specify particular populations for this hazard beyond emphasizing the general vulnerability of marginalized or underserved communities.

3. **Wildfire Risk**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Includes the increased frequency and intensity of wildfires.
   - **Climate Risks:** Risks include respiratory health problems and elevated demands on emergency services.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** As with other hazards, individuals who are older, low-income, or disabled, as well as those experiencing homelessness or who work outside, face heightened vulnerability.

4. **Rising Sea Levels**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Caused by the warming of global temperatures, leading to the melting of ice caps and ocean thermal expansion.
   - **Climate Risks:** Although not detailed in the provided sections, generally, this could include increased flooding and erosion risks, impacting infrastructure and housing.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Not explicitly identified, but similar groups as mentioned above are expected to be most vulnerable.

5. **Severe Weather Events**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Includes storms and heavy rainfall events.
   - **Climate Risks:** Damages infrastructure, disrupts ecosystems, and presents public safety threats.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Vulnerable populations broadly include those specified for other hazards—older adults, low-income individuals, and marginalized communities.

6. **Ocean Acidification**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Resulting from increased GHG emissions, leading to changes in marine environments.
   - **Climate Risks:** Affect biodiversity and food production origins from marine life.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Not specifically mentioned in the excerpt provided, but communities reliant on marine resources may be implied.

Based on the document provided, the following resilience options are identified in the plan, along with the specified details:

### **Resilience Option 1: Climate Vulnerability Assessment**
   - Long-term risks and vulnerabilities associated with climate change, including acute and chronic climate change impacts and public health-related impacts.
   - Quote: "Perform a climate vulnerability assessment to understand long-term risks and vulnerabilities associated with climate change and identify next steps for enhancing resiliency." (Strategies and Actions, C.1.1)
   
2. **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:**
   - Timeframe: 2021-2022
   - Location: Bellevue
   - Quote: "CD 2021-2022" (Implementation Plan 112)

   - The assessment will focus on the reduction in the severity of impacts and increasing the speed of recovery to mitigate major disruptions in community operations. 
   - It involves gathering community data through inclusive outreach and engagement.
   - Quote: "This effort will help to inform the next major Comprehensive Plan update to continue to advance Bellevue’s resiliency." (Strategies and Actions, C.1.1)

### **Resilience Option 2: Participate in King County Cities Climate Collaboration (K4C)**
   - Regional climate protection and strategies for climate impact mitigation.
   - Quote: "Continue participating in the King County Cities Climate Collaboration to support the achievement of countywide K4C goals." (Strategies and Actions, C.1.2)

   - Ongoing
   - Location: King County region, including Bellevue
   - Quote: "Policy / Staff CD Ongoing" (Implementation Plan 112)

   - Participation aims to share best practices, develop regional strategies, and advance climate protection throughout the King County region.
   - Quote: "Identify synergies and economies of scale to develop regional programs." (Strategies and Actions, C.1.2)

### **Resilience Option 3: State Advocacy**
   - Support for achieving resiliency and plan goals at the state level.
   - Quote: "Advocate for state-level policies and funding that support the achievement of the plan goals." (Strategies and Actions, C.1.3)

   - Ongoing
   - State-level advocacy impacting Bellevue
   - Quote: "Policy CMO Ongoing" (Implementation Plan 112)

   - State-level action is required to achieve several of the goals and targets outlined in the plan.

### **Resilience Option 4: Climate Equity**
   - Mitigating the disproportionate impact of climate change on historically underserved and underrepresented communities.
   - Quote: "Prioritize climate mitigation and adaptation investments in historically underserved and underrepresented communities." (Strategies and Actions, C.1.4)

   - Timeframe: Starting in 2021
   - Quote: "Planning / Capital CD 2021" (Implementation Plan 112)

   - Aims to ensure continued and improved prosperity and quality of life for vulnerable populations in the face of climate change.
   - Quote: "Commit special focus when implementing all actions to ensure quality of life of these populations." (Introduction, Environmental Stewardship Plan) 

These resilience options reflect the planning jurisdiction's commitment to assessing vulnerabilities, fostering collaboration, advocating for supportive policies, and ensuring equitable adaptation measures.

The plan outlines several mitigation options with information on cost, timing, location, and other attributes as follows:

### **1. Green Employee Commutes**
- **Action Type:** Policy / Planning / Capital
- **Timing:** 2021-2022
- **Details:** This option aims to "reduce the drive alone rate for city employees through incentives and by improving commute options by site location." It relates to expanding municipal mobility options. (Implementation Plan 126)

### **2. Green Fleet Strategy**
- **Details:** The strategy involves developing a long-term plan and policies for purchasing electric vehicles and installing charging infrastructure at city-owned facilities. (Implementation Plan 126)

### **3. Reduce Fuel Use**
- **Details:** Involves piloting fuel reduction technology on fleet vehicles and equipment. (Implementation Plan 126)

### **4. EV Readiness**
- **Action Type:** Policy
- **Details:** Introducing electric vehicle charging readiness requirements for new commercial, multi-family, and single-family buildings to exceed state building code requirements. (Implementation Plan 116)

### **5. EV Infrastructure**
- **Action Type:** Capital / Policy & Partnerships
- **Timing:** 2022
- **Details:** Increase electric vehicle charging infrastructure through partnerships, incentives, and targeted investments. (Implementation Plan 116)

### **6. Electrify Heavy Duty Vehicles**
- **Action Type:** Planning
- **Timing:** 2021-2025
- **Details:** Partner with local organizations to identify funding sources and opportunities to electrify buses and heavy-duty vehicles. (Implementation Plan 116)

### **7. Clean Fuel Standard**
- **Details:** Support a regional or statewide Clean Fuel Standard to reduce emissions from transportation fuels and support funding for clean fuels. (Implementation Plan 116)

### **8. Mobility Implementation Plan**
- **Details:** Develop a Mobility Implementation Plan that decreases per capita vehicle miles traveled through prioritization and investments in transit and non-motorized modes. (Implementation Plan 115)

### **9. Transportation Impact Fees**
- **Timing:** 2020-2021
- **Details:** Consider expanding the Transportation Impact fee program to support construction to improve non-motorized transportation. (Implementation Plan 115)

### **10. Curbside Management**
- **Details:** Explore strategies to manage curbside space for uses such as ride-share, buses, and pedestrians. (Implementation Plan 115)

Each of these mitigation options includes strategies to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and facilitate the transition to more sustainable and efficient transportation and infrastructure systems. The plan accounts for both immediate and long-term actions with various stakeholders involved in planning and implementation within the specified timeframes.

The plan identifies several mitigation options aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve sustainability, and enhance the resilience of city operations. Here's a summary of the mitigation options along with relevant information regarding cost, timeframe, location, and other attributes:

### Mitigation Options:

1. **Green Employee Commutes**
   - **Action Type:** Policy / Planning / Capital
   - **Objective:** Reduce the drive-alone rate for city employees by improving commute options and providing incentives.
   - **Timeframe:** 2021-2022
   - **Location:** City employee commute sites.

2. **Green Fleet Strategy**
   - **Objective:** Develop long-term plans and policies for purchasing electric vehicles and installing charging infrastructure at city-owned facilities.

3. **Reduce Fuel Use**
   - **Objective:** Pilot fuel reduction technology on fleet vehicles and equipment.
   - **Location:** On city fleet vehicles.

4. **Improve Municipal Building Performance**
   - **Action Type:** Planning / Capital
   - **Objective:** Conduct building tune-ups and implement efficiency measures at city-owned buildings.
   - **Timeframe:** 2023-2025
   - **Location:** City-owned buildings.

5. **Implement Sustainable Operations**
   - **Action Type:** Planning / Reporting
   - **Objective:** Monitor and report progress towards Environmental Stewardship goals.

6. **Sustainable Training Initiatives**
   - **Action Type:** Policy / Planning / Training
   - **Objective:** Incorporate sustainability commitments into city staff training and develop sustainability training for capital projects with a pilot rating system.
   - **Timeframe:** 2021-2024
   - **Location:** Across city departments.

7. **Building Retrofits and Electrification**
   - **Action Type:** Analysis / Planning / Capital
   - **Objective:** Plan for deep energy retrofits and building electrification of city-owned facilities.

8. **Green, Local Procurement and Waste Reduction**
   - **Objective:** Implement environmentally preferable purchasing policies, reduce operational waste, and divert construction & demolition waste from landfills.
   - **Location:** City operations and capital projects.

9. **Expand Mobility and Transition to Electric Vehicles**
   - **Action Type:** Planning, Capital/Policy & Partnerships
   - **Objective:** Develop Mobility Implementation Plans, increase EV charging infrastructure, electrify heavy-duty vehicles, support Clean Fuel Standards, and enhance multimodal mobility.
   - **Timeframe:** Varying from 2020 to 2025 depending on the specific action.
   - **Location:** Across the city, affecting new developments and existing transport infrastructure.

10. **Commute Trip Reduction**
    - **Action Type:** Analysis
    - **Objective:** Continue the Commute Trip Reduction program and study the impact of COVID-19 on commuting patterns.
    - **Timeframe:** Ongoing
    - **Location:** Citywide, involving city employers.

### Attributes:
- **Cost:** Information on costs is not detailed; however, cost savings and potential funding sources such as city funds, utility revenues, and federal/state grants are mentioned.
- **Timeframe:** The timeframes vary by action, typically starting from 2020 to 2025.
- **Other Attributes:** Actions are categorized under strategies such as sustainable procurement, emissions mitigation, and fleet management, indicating a comprehensive approach across different city operations. The use of existing city funds and external funding sources is emphasized to support these mitigation efforts.

The plan identifies several adaptation options to address various climate threats. Below is a summary of each identified adaptation option, including the climate threat it addresses and relevant information regarding cost, timeframe, location, and other important attributes:

---

**1. Climate Vulnerability Assessment**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Long-term risks and vulnerabilities associated with climate change.
  - **Timeframe:** 2021-2022.
  - **Location:** Bellevue.
  - **Other Important Attributes:** The assessment aims to support Bellevue's residents, businesses, and operations by identifying strategies to mitigate the severity of climate change impacts and enhance resiliency through data gathering and prioritizing shocks and stressors (Environmental Stewardship Plan, C.1.1).

---

**2. Long-Term Climate Resiliency**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Long-term impacts of climate change.
  - **Timeframe:** Not explicitly mentioned.
  - **Other Important Attributes:** This involves incorporating climate change impacts into relevant plans, policies, and capital projects using results from vulnerability assessments and climate research. It also emphasizes the importance of partnerships and collaboration (Environmental Stewardship Plan, Longer-Term Actions to Consider).

---

**3. Air Quality Monitoring**

---

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Air quality issues related to climate change.
  - **Other Important Attributes:** Pilots air quality monitoring sensors and incorporates air quality considerations into planning for major rezonings (Environmental Stewardship Plan, C.1.6).

---

**4. Stormwater Retrofitting**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Water pollution and ineffective stormwater retention due to climate change.
  - **Timeframe:** 2022.
  - **Location:** Bellevue, specific areas identified through analysis.
  - **Other Important Attributes:** Focus on expanding green stormwater infrastructure to manage stormwater effectively and reduce pollution (Environmental Stewardship Plan, N.3.1).

---

**5. Open Space Preservation**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Loss of natural spaces and associated environmental benefits.
  - **Timeframe:** 2022-2035.
  - **Other Important Attributes:** The plan identifies and acquires sites for preservation as open space, which can have multiple environmental benefits like stormwater management and tree canopy enhancement (Environmental Stewardship Plan, N.4.1).

---

This structured approach in the plan highlights the comprehensive effort to adapt and mitigate the effects of climate change in Bellevue across various domains, focusing on both immediate and long-term strategies to build resilience.

The plan identifies several climate policies aimed at advancing climate justice. Below are the summaries of each:

1. **Climate Equity Policy:**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The policy aims to address the disproportionate burden of climate impacts and environmental risks borne by historically underserved and underrepresented communities. These include emissions, pollution, and lack of resources to adapt to climate change.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** "Historically underserved and underrepresented communities," particularly Bellevue's communities of color, are prioritized for mitigation and adaptation investments (*Climate Change C.1.4.*).
   
2. **Environmental Equity Assessment:**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** The assessment is designed to evaluate environmental risks and equitable access to environmental resources. This includes risks exacerbated by climate change impacts and access to mitigation measures.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The assessment specifically targets communities of color to identify environmental risks and seeks to "develop recommendations for policies and programs to continue to advance equity and reduce environmental burdens" (*Climate Change C.1.5.*).

3. **Prioritization in Planning (Equity Considerations):**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy acknowledges that climate change has disproportionate impacts on vulnerable communities and emphasizes the need to mitigate burdens, promote shared benefits, and enhance accessibility of climate action benefits.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Several considerations are highlighted for communities of color and low-income populations, such as disproportionate impacts, shared benefits, accessibility, engagement, capacity building, and economic opportunities (*Implementation Plan 132*).

These policies integrate climate justice considerations throughout Bellevue's climate adaptation and mitigation strategies, focusing on equity in both the distribution of resources and the sharing of benefits and burdens.

Based on the provided document, the plan does not explicitly detail any particular policies regarded as potential examples of maladaptation. Nevertheless, considering the broader context of common maladaptive outcomes, we can speculate on potential areas where maladaptation might occur based on the document’s focus areas:

1. **Climate Policy**: **State advocacy for energy, mobility, and land use policies**
    - **Climate Threat Addressed**: Greenhouse gas emissions and climate change impacts.
    - **Option Proposed**: Advocacy for state-level policies like the Clean Energy Transformation Act, Zero Emissions Vehicle Standard, and Clean Fuel Standard to support Bellevue's environmental goals. (*C.1.3. State advocacy*)
    - **Potential Maladaptive Aspect**: While beneficial, if not carefully crafted, these policies could potentially lead to increased costs for low-income residents if, for instance, they result in higher energy or transportation costs without adequate supportive measures.

2. **Climate Policy**: **Participation in the King County Cities Climate Collaboration (K4C)**
    - **Climate Threat Addressed**: Regional climate impacts and greenhouse gas emissions.
    - **Option Proposed**: Regional collaboration to share best practices, develop strategies, and advance climate protection. (*C.1.2. King County Cities Climate Collaboration*)
    - **Potential Maladaptive Aspect**: Relying heavily on regional solutions without customizing for specific local needs in Bellevue might overlook localized vulnerabilities or inequities, possibly leading to actions that do not adequately serve the most affected local populations.

3. **Climate Policy**: **Equity Lens in Planning**
    - **Climate Threat Addressed**: Climate vulnerabilities in historically underserved and underrepresented communities.
    - **Option Proposed**: Developing an equity lens for climate and sustainability projects to engage and support communities of color. (*C.1.4. Climate equity*)
    - **Potential Maladaptive Aspect**: If the equity-focused actions are not accompanied by adequate resources or understanding of the specific needs of these communities, they could inadvertently create dependency or fail to deliver meaningful resilience improvements, leading to increased vulnerability.

These analyses are speculative interpretations based on the nature and goals of the policies mentioned in the document and their broader implications. The document does not explicitly discuss potential maladaptive outcomes of these policies.

### **Measurement of Success or Failure of Options**

The plan outlines specific metrics to measure the success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options. These metrics include reductions in CO2 emissions, vehicle miles traveled, and increases in renewable energy use, among others. Below are the specific metrics and targets mentioned:

#### **Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction**
- **Community GHG Emissions:**
  - Reduction since 2011: **6.4%**
  - Targets: **50%** by 2030, **80%** by 2050
  - Metrics: Measured in percentage reduction

- **Municipal GHG Emissions:**
  - Reduction since 2011: **14.4%**
  - Targets: **50%** by 2030, **80%** by 2040

#### **Mobility and Land Use**
- **Resident Drive Alone Rate:**
  - Average from 2014-2018: **63%**
  - Targets: **60%** by 2030, **45%** by 2050
  - Metrics: Measured in percentage of residents commuting alone

- **Worker Drive Alone Rate:**
  - Average from 2014-2018: **72%**
  - Targets: **65%** by 2030, **45%** by 2050
  - Metrics: Measured in percentage of workers commuting alone

- **Electric Vehicles:**
  - Percentage of registered vehicles in 2019: **2%**
  - Targets: **25%** by 2030, **100%** by 2050
  - Metrics: Measured in percentage of registered vehicles

- **Per-capita Vehicle Miles Traveled:**
  - Reduction since 2011: **7%**
  - Targets: **20%** by 2030, **50%** by 2050

- **Jobs and Housing Located Near Transit:**
  - Jobs within ¼ mile of a frequent transit stop in 2019: **73%**
  - Housing within ¼ mile of a frequent transit stop in 2019: **43%**
  - Jobs Targets: **75%** by 2030, **85%** by 2050
  - Housing Targets: **50%** by 2030, **65%** by 2050
  - Metrics: Measured in percentage of jobs and housing near transit

#### **Renewable Energy and Energy Consumption**
- **Renewable Energy Use in Community:**
  - Percentage in 2019: **42%**
  - Targets: **80%** by 2030, **100%** by 2050
  - Metrics: Measured in percentage of renewable energy

- **Municipal Renewable Energy Use:**
  - Percentage in 2020: **70%**
  - Targets: **100%** by 2030, 2040

- **Community Energy Consumption:**
  - Increase since 2011: **5%**
  - Targets: **15%** reduction by 2030, **30%** reduction by 2050

- **Municipal Building Energy Use:**
  - Reduction since 2011: **15%**
  - Targets: **25%** by 2030, **50%** by 2040

#### **Waste Management and Recycling**
- **Community Recycling Rate:**
  - Percentage in 2019: **40%**
  - Targets: **50%** by 2030, Zero Waste by 2050
  - Metrics: Measured in percentage of waste recycled

- **Municipal Recycling Rate:**
  - Percentage since 2019: **70%**
  - Targets: **80%** by 2030, Zero Waste (90%) by 2040
  - Metrics: Measured in percentage of recycling rate

#### **Nature and Green Spaces**
- **Citywide Tree Canopy:**
  - Percentage in 2017: **37%**
  - Targets: **38%** by 2030, **40%** by 2050
  - Metrics: Measured in percentage of citywide tree canopy

- **Residents Near Parks/Open Spaces:**
  - Percentage in 2020: **73%**
  - Metrics: Measured in percentage of residents

These metrics and targets provide concrete goals for evaluating the progress and success of various climate adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options in the plan.

| Feature                  | Description                                                                                                                                                  |
|--------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name**   | Bellevue                                                                                                                                                     |
| **Population**           | Not specified in the document                                                                                                                                |
| **Threats Identified**   | - Climate crisis \n- Vulnerabilities in infrastructure \n- Challenges posed by COVID-19 \n- Issues related to the racial justice movement (Executive Summary) |
| **Measures Identified**  | - Reducing GHG emissions \n- Increasing resilience to climate impacts \n- Educating community on sustainability \n- Monitoring and improving air quality (Plan At-a-Glance) |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction:** The document is a plan for **New York City**, located in the state of **New York**.

---

### **Geographic and Physical Landscape:**

- **Location:** New York City is positioned in the northeastern United States.
- **Coastline:** Features prominently with essential views and attraction points like the **East River**.
- **Waterways:** Important water sources include the **East River** and areas like **Jamaica Bay**.
  
### **Key Infrastructure:**

- **Transportation:** The city's infrastructure includes a comprehensive system supporting public transit, and programs like the **Open Streets Program** enhance urban space.
- **Sustainability Initiatives:** Include upgrades to office spaces as part of Local Law 97, installation of **rooftop solar panels, electric storage, and heat pumps**.

- **Local Climate:** The plan addresses local climate vulnerabilities, mentioning **extreme heat** and **flooding** as significant concerns.
- **Water Challenges:** Details are not specifically mentioned, but implications of climate change indicate flooding risks.

### **Economic and Demographic Landscape:**

- **Population and Employment:** Books significant population density with a vibrant economy.
  - *"NYC’s jobs increased at 1.5 times the national average between January 2000 and January 2020."*
  - Employment sectors such as "health care & social assistance, professional services, and retail trade" are prominent.
  
- **Demographics:** The plan emphasizes a focus on **equity** reflecting its diverse population, highlighting historic issues such as **redlining**.

- **Economic Drivers:** Critical sectors include:
  - **Green Economy:** Advancing in renewable energy, climate technology as outlined in sections about building the green economic engine.
  - **Technology:** Growth in **biotechnology and materials innovation**.
  - Emphasis on **green job training** and climate education to sustain growth.

  - Investments in **renewable energy** such as **solar arrays** and **battery storage** on city-owned properties.
  - Transition from fossil fuels due to aging infrastructure: *"Our peak energy demand is met by local fossil fuel power plants, many of which are reaching the end of their operational life."*
  
- **Major Industries:** Sustainability, resilience and the **green economy** are central, promoting job creation in **renewable energy generation** and **building decarbonization**.

*The plan positions New York City as a hub for sustainability and resilience, seeking to capitalize on its economic strengths and infrastructure to combat climate change effectively.*

The plan incorporates resilience by expanding its scope beyond sustainability to include resilience, as highlighted: *"Under the de Blasio administration, PlaNYC's scope dramatically expanded under the title of OneNYC, a result of three changes. The first was to expand beyond sustainability to include resilience."* This shift was driven by the impact of Hurricane Sandy, *"shifting resilience from a long-term contingency to a near-term priority."* The plan includes strategies such as *"implementing a multilayered strategy for flood resilience"* and *"developing a stormwater flooding adaptation plan by 2024."* Additionally, the plan's efforts to *"encourage a shift away from cars toward walking and cycling"* contribute to a more resilient urban infrastructure.

Mitigation efforts are addressed through policies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The plan includes initiatives like *"supporting building owners in complying with Local Law 97 emissions reduction goals by 2030"* and *"pursuing fossil fuel-free City operations."* The emphasis is on *"implementing performance-based standards for low-carbon materials and equipment by 2025"* and *"phasing out City capital spending on fossil fuel equipment and infrastructure."* Another mitigation component is *"decarbonization of affordable housing by installing window heat pumps in NYCHA units."*

Adaptation is addressed with actions targeting potential climate impacts. The plan outlines options such as *"creating nature-based stormwater management solutions that provide multiple functions,"* which includes addressing stormwater flooding and enhancing natural habitats. It also discusses *"achieving a 30% tree canopy cover"* and *"maximizing access to indoor cooling"*, both of which represent proactive efforts to adapt to changing climate conditions and protect public health.

Based on its comprehensive approach to including initiatives across resilience, mitigation, and adaptation, the plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. The plan provides balanced attention to reducing emissions while enhancing the city's ability to adapt to and recover from climate impacts.

Yes, the plan describes various scenarios of climate change that New York City will face, and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation.

### **Climate Change Hazards:**

- **Temperature Increases:**  
  New York City's average annual temperature is expected to increase steadily through the 2100s, contributing to more extreme heat events. This includes up to six times as many days above 90°F and up to five times as many heatwaves by the 2080s. (Source: *CLIMATE CONTEXT*)

- **Coastal Storm Surge:**  
  The plan notes vulnerability to flooding from storm events such as hurricanes, tropical storms, and nor’easters. A significant portion of New York City is within the 100-year floodplain, affecting residents and businesses. As sea levels rise, these risks will extend further inland. (Source: *CLIMATE CONTEXT*)

- **Chronic Tidal Flooding:**  
  Chronic tidal flooding is expected to worsen as sea levels rise, inundating low-lying areas even in the absence of storm events. By the 2080s, portions of neighborhoods like those around Jamaica Bay could flood more than every other week on average. (Source: *CLIMATE CONTEXT*)

- **Extreme Rainfall:**  
  The plan recognizes the increased frequency of extreme rainfall events, leading to stormwater flooding. Events like Hurricane Ida have highlighted the emerging threat of stormwater flooding, which disrupts lives and potentially endangers New Yorkers. (Source: *CLIMATE CONTEXT*)

### **Sea Level Rise:**
- New York City has already experienced a foot rise in sea levels since 1900 and is projected to see an additional rise of up to 5.4 feet by the end of the century, exacerbating issues such as chronic tidal flooding and coastal storm surges. (Source: *CLIMATE CONTEXT*)

These projected changes necessitate policies and actions aimed at resilience, mitigation, and adaptation to efficiently handle the anticipated climate-related challenges.

- **Description:**  
  "Extreme heat events are projected to increase in both frequency and severity." The summer of 2022 was recorded as one of the warmest in NYC's history. By the 2030s, it is projected that there will be up to three times as many days with temperatures above 90 degrees Fahrenheit and nearly four times as many heat waves. (_Climate Change Hazards_)

- **Climate Risks:**  
  Extreme heat can exacerbate the urban heat island effect, leading to higher temperatures within the city compared to surrounding areas. These conditions pose health risks, particularly to vulnerable populations, and can strain the city's infrastructure and emergency services. (_Extreme Heat_)

- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:**  
  Environmental justice communities and residents without access to cooling systems are particularly vulnerable. The plan aims to "maximize access to indoor cooling" and include "mandatory cooling requirements for new construction by 2025." (_Protecting Us From Climate Threats_)

---

**2. Coastal Storm Surge**

  "Our coasts are vulnerable to flooding from storm events such as hurricanes, tropical storms, and nor’easters." Storm surge occurs when changes in atmospheric pressure and wind associated with a storm push water onto land. (_Coastal Storm Surge_)

  Storm surge can cause significant damage to coastal communities and infrastructure, affecting a sixth of the city’s land area in the 100-year floodplain. This area includes more than 400,000 residents and approximately 14,500 private businesses. (_Coastal Storm Surge_)

  Low-lying coastal communities are especially vulnerable, with parts of these areas in the 100-year floodplain. The floodplain is expected to reach further inland as sea levels continue to rise. (_Coastal Storm Surge_)

---

**3. Chronic Tidal Flooding**

---

  Chronic tidal flooding occurs when low-lying areas are inundated with water in the absence of a storm event due to rising sea levels and natural tide cycles. (_Chronic Tidal Flooding_)

  As sea levels rise, the highest tides will extend further inland, leading to more frequent flooding events. By the 2080s, certain coastal neighborhoods could experience flooding more than every other week on average. (_Chronic Tidal Flooding_)

  Coastal neighborhoods, such as those around Jamaica Bay, are identified as areas that will face increased flooding frequency. (_Chronic Tidal Flooding_)

---

**4. Extreme Rainfall**

  Extreme rainfall events are anticipated to become more frequent. Events like Hurricane Ida highlight the increasing risk of stormwater flooding in New York City. (_Extreme Rainfall_)

  High rainfall events can disrupt daily life, damage infrastructure, and pose threats to human lives. They may also cause short-term droughts affecting ecological habitats. (_Extreme Rainfall_)

  Coastal and inland communities are both at risk. Without intervention, these communities will continue to face hardships associated with extreme rainfall events. (_Extreme Rainfall_)

1. **Coastal and Stormwater Flood Resilience**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** *Rising seas and more frequent storms leading to coastal and stormwater flooding.* The plan emphasizes that "coastal assets like bulkheads, revetments, and salt marshes" are being enhanced, and a "new minimum flood resilience standard" will be developed to adapt the city's shoreline to future climate conditions, considering higher tides and more frequent storms (source: "Develop minimum flood resilience standards for shoreline assets by 2026").

     - *Timeframe:* Develop minimum flood resilience standards for shoreline assets by 2026.
     - *Location:* Citywide, expanding to areas like "Soundview (the Bronx), Corona (Queens), Brownsville (Brooklyn), and Port Richmond (Staten Island)" as part of the Climate Strong Communities program aimed at multihazard resilience.

   - **Other Important Attributes:**
     - Emphasis on creating a "multiscale approach" for citywide flood resilience, including implementing standards at "neighborhood scale" and "individual parcels and assets" (source: "OUR PLAN" section).
     - Consideration for varying shoreline conditions, from "soft natural shorelines to hardened bulkheads" (source: "Resilience means something different for each of these asset types").

2. **Neighborhood-scale Coastal Protection Projects**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Protect against "coastal storm surge." For example, the Brooklyn Bridge-Montgomery Coastal Resiliency project targets protection from coastal storm surges.

     - *Timeframe:* Ongoing, highlighted milestones such as the "groundbreaking ceremony took place with Mayor Adams in October 2022."
     - *Location:* Example project in "Two Bridges neighborhood of Manhattan."

     - Partnerships with entities like the "United States Army Corps of Engineers" to enhance resilience projects.
     - Involvement in "NYNJHATS" process for integrating large-scale federal and local resilience efforts (source: "Continue to design and construct world-class neighborhood scale coastal protection projects").

3. **Resilience Hubs**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** *Protection from climate-induced hazards such as flooding, extreme heat, and power outages.*

     - *Cost:* "HPD has received $9 million" for two community Resilience Hubs.
     - *Timeframe:* Aim to build "10 Resilience Hubs by 2030."
     - *Location:* Specific risk areas have been targeted for development.

     - Resilience Hubs are designed to function "before, during, and after emergencies," offering "backup power, reliable heating and cooling, charging stations, and medical refrigeration" (source: "Resilience Hubs are existing community spaces").
     - They enhance "community programming" and serve as spaces for "building social equity" (source: "Resilience Hubs also support community social infrastructure").

Each resilience option integrates actions aimed at "citywide level of service" improvements while addressing "stormwater infrastructure" needs through diverse methods, including "nature-based solutions" (source: "Create nature-based stormwater management solutions").

The plan identifies several mitigation options aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and advancing sustainability. Here are the key mitigation options along with details provided in the plan:

1. **Support building owners in complying with Local Law 97 emissions reduction goals by 2030**
   - **Timing**: By 2030.
   - **Key Actions**: Develop financing tools and innovative mechanisms to accelerate compliance. Expand NYC Accelerator by 2024.
   - **Attributes**: The focus is on developing training and certifications for Local Law 97 compliance and implementing resilience retrofits. It also mentions working with New York State to identify tools and financial resources to support multifamily buildings (Chapter: Protecting Us From Climate Threats, Buildings).

2. **Decarbonize affordable housing**
   - **Timing**: Install 30,000 heat pumps in 10,000 NYCHA units by 2030. Implement HPD design guidelines by 2026.
   - **Key Actions**: Install window heat pumps and unlock Federal funding. Begin electrification of up to 12,000 existing affordable housing units. All new construction required to be electric by 2026.
   - **Location**: Affordable housing units across New York City (Chapter: Protecting Us From Climate Threats, Buildings).

3. **Pursue fossil fuel free City operations**
   - **Timing**: Complete planning schedule for full fossil fuel phase-out by 2026.
   - **Key Actions**: Start replacing easily electrified fossil fuel equipment.
   - **Attributes**: The plan aims to phase out City capital spending on fossil fuel equipment and infrastructure (Chapter: Protecting Us From Climate Threats, Buildings).

4. **Reduce the carbon footprint of the construction industry by 2033**
   - **Timing**: By 2033.
   - **Key Actions**: Implement performance-based standards for low-carbon materials and equipment by 2025. Initiate ConstructNYC expansion.
   - **Attributes**: Complete citywide embodied carbon baseline and implement low-carbon material standards for concrete citywide. Train and prequalify ConstructNYC participants in green construction (Chapter: Protecting Us From Climate Threats, Buildings).

5. **Maximize climate infrastructure on City-owned property**
   - **Timing**: Evaluate all City roofs undergoing repair work for climate infrastructure installation by 2025.
   - **Key Actions**: Install solar energy, battery storage, green roofs, or other electric building infrastructure.
   - **Attributes**: The plan emphasizes evaluating the best use of City roofs for climate infrastructure installation (Chapter: Clean and Renewable Energy).

6. **Connect New York City to clean electricity resources**
   - **Key Actions**: Support the development and interconnection of large-scale renewable energy projects like offshore wind and hydropower.
   - **Attributes**: This involves strengthening interagency coordination and utility advocacy for clean energy (Chapter: Clean and Renewable Energy).

7. **Assist building and homeowners with clean energy projects and solar installation**
   - **Timing**: Launch by 2025.
   - **Key Actions**: Launch Public Solar program for low-income homeowners in environmental justice communities. Advocate for the solar tax abatement program continuation and expansion.
   - **Attributes**: The initiative aims to expand renewable energy generation across New York City (Chapter: Clean and Renewable Energy).

The document does not specify costs for these options, but it highlights timing, potential locations, and key actions involved in implementing these mitigation strategies.

The plan identifies several mitigation options, focusing on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainability. Below are the summarized options with relevant details:

1. **Support Local Law 97 Compliance**
   - **Summary:** The plan aims to support building owners in meeting the emissions reduction goals of Local Law 97 by 2030.
   - **Cost:** Not specified in the provided content.
   - **Timeframe:** By 2030.
   - **Location:** New York City.
   - **Attributes:** The plan involves developing financing tools and mechanisms, alongside expanding trainings and certifications for compliance support. _"Develop trainings and certiﬁcations to support Local Law 97 compliance and implement resilience retroﬁts by 2024."_ (Protecting Us From Climate Threats: BUILDINGS)

2. **Decarbonize Affordable Housing**
   - **Summary:** The plan seeks to install window heat pumps in NYCHA units and achieve electrification of affordable housing.
   - **Cost:** Receiving federal funding for upgrades.
   - **Location:** New York City, NYCHA units.
   - **Attributes:** The goal is to install 30,000 heat pumps in 10,000 units and implement energy efficiency design guidelines by 2026. _"Install window heat pumps in 10,000 NYCHA units and unlock Federal funding for further upgrades and e!ciency investments by 2030."_ (Protecting Us From Climate Threats: BUILDINGS)

3. **Phase Out Fossil Fuel Infrastructure**
   - **Summary:** Aims to phase out city capital spending on fossil fuel equipment and infrastructure.
   - **Timeframe:** Planning schedule completed by 2026.
   - **Attributes:** Replace fossil fuel equipment that is easy to electrify. _"Phase out City capital spending on fossil fuel equipment and infrastructure."_ (Protecting Us From Climate Threats: BUILDINGS)

4. **Reduce Carbon Footprint of Construction Industry**
   - **Summary:** Establish performance-based standards for low-carbon materials and equipment.
   - **Attributes:** Create and implement citywide low-carbon material standards, starting with concrete. _"Implement performance based standards for low-carbon materials and equipment by 2025."_ (PlaNYC Implementation Milestones)

5. **Maximize Climate Infrastructure on City Properties**
   - **Summary:** Installation of solar energy, battery storage, green roofs on viable city-owned properties.
   - **Timeframe:** Evaluation completed by 2025.
   - **Location:** City-owned properties in New York City.
   - **Attributes:** Infrastructure installation planned on all viable properties. _"Evaluate all City roofs undergoing repair work for climate infrastructure installation by 2025."_ (PlaNYC Implementation Milestones)

6. **Connect NYC to Clean Energy Resources**
   - **Summary:** Support development of renewable energy projects like offshore wind and hydropower.
   - **Timeframe:** Ongoing efforts.
   - **Attributes:** Emphasizes clean energy advocacy and interagency coordination. _"Actively support the development, access, and interconnection of large-scale renewable energy projects like o #shore wind and hydropower."_ (PlaNYC Implementation Milestones)

These options illustrate the plan's emphasis on building-related emissions reductions, renewable energy integration, and sustainable construction practices.

Based on the document, here are the adaptation options identified in the plan:

### **1. Maximize Access to Indoor Cooling**
- **Climate Threat:** Extreme Heat
  - **Cost:** Reform of the Home Energy Assistance Program to cover equipment and energy costs is mentioned, indicating a focus on funds allocation.
  - **Timeframe:** Develop a maximum summer indoor temperature policy by 2030 and include mandatory cooling requirements for new construction by 2025.
  - **Location:** New York City, focus on vulnerable populations and broader implementation.
  - **Other Attributes:** The necessary local laws and code changes will be developed to enforce these policies. (Source: "Protecting Us From Climate Threats")

### **2. Cool Our Built Environment**
  - **Cost:** Not specified, but implies labor and operational costs.
  - **Timeframe:** Annually install 1 million square feet of cool roofs.
  - **Location:** Citywide, prioritizing environmental justice communities.
  - **Other Attributes:** Provides paid work experience for 250 low-income New Yorkers. (Source: "Protecting Us From Climate Threats")

### **3. Achieve a 30% Tree Canopy Cover**
  - **Cost:** Incentives for tree planting and preservation.
  - **Timeframe:** Expand the Tree Risk Management Program, establish a pilot training program in 2023, and ensure compliance by 2035.
  - **Location:** Citywide enforcement, targeting challenging site conditions.
  - **Other Attributes:** Partner with New Yorkers to monitor and enforce tree planting. (Source: "Protecting Us From Climate Threats")

### **4. Implement a Multilayered Strategy for Flood Resilience**
- **Climate Threat:** Flooding
  - **Cost:** Dependant on federal and state funding.
  - **Timeframe:** Develop flood resilience standards by 2026, stormwater flooding adaptation plan by 2024, and complete major protection projects.
  - **Location:** Citywide, especially neighborhood scales for coastal protections.
  - **Other Attributes:** Incorporates design, construction, and operations in coordination with federal partners. (Source: "Protecting Us From Climate Threats")

### **5. Develop Nature-Based Stormwater Management Solutions**
  - **Cost:** Included in citywide initiatives with unspecified budget.
  - **Timeframe:** Initiate designs for multiple projects by 2024, with several completions by 2025-2026.
  - **Location:** Citywide, including Staten Island and specific stormwater green streets.
  - **Other Attributes:** These solutions are multipurpose, enhancing shade, water and air quality improvements, and wildlife habitats. (Source: "Protecting Us From Climate Threats")

### **6. Launch a Voluntary Housing Mobility and Land Acquisition Program**
  - **Cost:** Supported by federal and state funds.
  - **Timeframe:** Commence program operations with a focus on engagement and acquisition tactics.
  - **Location:** Flood-vulnerable properties citywide.
  - **Other Attributes:** Engages residents for potential property acquisition to support flood control. (Source: "Protecting Us From Climate Threats")

This summary highlights the adaptation options identified in the plan, showing the diverse actions and strategies being implemented to address climate threats in New York City.

The plan identifies several climate policies aimed at advancing climate justice. Below are summaries of the climate threats addressed, along with the areas or populations that are most vulnerable to these threats:

### **Extreme Heat**
1. **Climate Policy: Maximize access to indoor cooling**
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The policy aims to protect "all New Yorkers from extreme indoor heat," particularly in vulnerable populations by reforming the Home Energy Assistance Program to cover equipment and energy costs for cooling. (Protecting Us From Climate Threats - EXTREME HEAT)

2. **Climate Policy: Invest in pools and swim safety programs**
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** This initiative focuses on environmental justice communities to help mitigate the effects of extreme heat. (Protecting Us From Climate Threats - EXTREME HEAT)

### **Flooding**
3. **Climate Policy: Launch a voluntary housing mobility and land acquisition program**
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The program will facilitate future land acquisition for "ﬂood-vulnerable properties that can support ﬂood control, natural areas, or parklands," targeting residents in flood-prone areas. (Protecting Us From Climate Threats - FLOODING)

### **General Climate Justice Approach**
4. **Climate Policy: Center environmental justice and health equity**
   - **Climate Threats Addressed:** General climate risks.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The policy emphasizes rectifying "a long history of environmental burdens on low-income New Yorkers and communities of color," which has led to significant health disparities. (BACKGROUND & APPROACH - Guiding Principles)

### **Energy and Emissions**
5. **Climate Policy: Install window heat pumps in 10,000 NYCHA units**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Energy inefficiency and emissions.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** This policy targets affordable housing, specifically within the New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) units, to improve efficiency and reduce emissions, benefiting low-income New Yorkers. (Protecting Us From Climate Threats - BUILDINGS)

### **Overall Vision for Climate Action**
6. **Climate Policy: Lead by example as a City**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Various climate hazards, promoting broader systemic resilience.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The City's initiative to lead by example targets all residents but implicitly acknowledges the needs of those most impacted by climate vulnerabilities by committing to equitable climate action. (Our Plan - Lead by example as a City)

- **Policy: Reform the Home Energy Assistance Program to cover equipment and energy costs for cooling**

  1. **Climate Threat:** Extreme heat.
  
  2. **Option:** Adaptation - Reforming the Home Energy Assistance Program to include cooling equipment and energy costs.
  
  3. **Potential Maladaptation:** By increasing reliance on potentially energy-intensive cooling technologies, there may be an inadvertent increase in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions if the energy source is not renewable, thereby counteracting overall climate mitigation goals.  
  *"Reform the Home Energy Assistance Program to cover equipment and energy costs for cooling" (Protecting Us From Climate Threats: EXTREME HEAT).*

- **Policy: Implement nature-based stormwater management solutions**

  1. **Climate Threat:** Flooding.
  
  2. **Option:** Adaptation - Creating nature-based stormwater management solutions.
  
  3. **Potential Maladaptation:** These solutions could inadvertently lead to maladaptation if they are implemented without thorough consideration of the local ecology and community needs, potentially resulting in disruption of existing ecosystems or social inequities. 
  *"Create nature-based stormwater management solutions that provide multiple functions, including shade, water and air quality improvement, and wildlife habitats" (Protecting Us From Climate Threats: FLOODING).*

- **Policy: Install window heat pumps in 10,000 NYCHA units**

  1. **Climate Threat:** Greenhouse gas emissions contributing to climate change.
  
  2. **Option:** Mitigation - Decarbonizing affordable housing by installing window heat pumps.
  
  3. **Potential Maladaptation:** While intended to reduce emissions, if the window heat pumps are not integrated with renewable energy sources or if their installation disrupts existing systems without proper infrastructure support, the policy might lead to higher net emissions or increased operational costs that could disadvantage lower-income residents. 
  *"Install window heat pumps in 10,000 NYCHA units and unlock Federal funding for further upgrades and efficiency investments" (Protecting Us From Climate Threats: BUILDINGS).*

Each of these policies is well-intentioned, but without careful and context-sensitive implementation, they could lead to adverse outcomes that undermine broader climate goals.

The plan utilizes various indicators and metrics to measure the success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options. Below is a list of specific metrics, their units, and any concrete goals or targets mentioned:

**Air Quality:**
- **Citywide nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels:** Measured in parts per billion (15.7 in 2021; target: Decrease).
- **Citywide sulfur dioxide (SO2) levels:** Measured in parts per billion (0.2 in 2016; target: Decrease).
- **Citywide three-year average PM2.5 levels:** Measured in micrograms per cubic meter (6.57 in 2020; target: Decrease).
- **Asthma-related emergency department visits among children:** Measured as a count (150.6 in 2020; target: Decrease).

**Climate Change:**
- **Citywide greenhouse gas emissions reductions relative to 2005:** Percentage reduction (17.6% in 2023; target: Increase).
- **GHG emissions from City food purchases:** Measured in tons of CO2 equivalent annually (123,724 in 2021; target: Decrease).

- **Cumulative energy retrofit/conservation projects completed in City buildings:** Count (#) (4,121 in 2022; target: Increase).
- **Share of electricity mix from clean sources:** Percentage (7.3% in 2023; target: Increase).
- **System Reliability - Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI):** Per 1,000 customers (234 in 2022; target: Decrease).

**Green Economy:**
- **Share of jobs in innovation industries:** Percentage (15.5% in 2022; target: Increase).

**Housing:**
- **Number of elevated homes in the Build It Back program:** Count (1,330 in 2023; target: Increase).
- **Total units of housing in NYC:** In millions (3.64 in 2021; target: Increase).

- **Backlog of catch basin repairs:** Percentage of system (2.4% in 2022; target: Decrease).
- **Bridges rated good or better:** Percentage (35.8% in 2020; target: Increase).
- **Combined sewer overflow capture rate:** Percentage (85.4% in 2020; target: Increase).
- **Streets maintained with a pavement rating of good:** Percentage (73.6% in 2021; target: Increase).

**Open Space:**
- **Tree canopy coverage citywide:** Percentage (22% in 2021; target: Increase).
- **Number of street trees pruned:** Count (43,465 in 2022; target: Increase).

**Resiliency:**
- **Heat-related mortality:** Annual average (#) (370 in 2022; target: Decrease).
- **Number of cloudburst management projects in design, construction, or completed:** Count (14 in 2023; target: Increase).
- **Number of flood insurance policies across the city:** Count (56,265 in 2023; target: Increase).

**Solid Waste:**
- **Curbside and containerized recycling diversion rate:** Percentage (17% in 2022; target: Increase).

- **Bike parking spaces added:** Count (7,442 in 2023; target: Increase).
- **Electric vehicles in the citywide fleet:** Count (3,477 in 2022; target: Increase).

Additionally, the plan sets concrete goals such as:
- **Developing a stormwater flooding adaptation plan by 2024** and complete bluebelt projects by 2025.
- **Supporting compliance with Local Law 97 emissions reduction goals by 2030.**
- **Installing window heat pumps** in 10,000 NYCHA units by 2030.
- **Launching a new air quality monitoring program** by 2024.
- **Implementing performance-based standards** for low-carbon materials by 2025.

These metrics and goals reflect the comprehensive approach taken by the plan to address different aspects of climate resilience, adaptation, and mitigation.

| **Feature**       | **Details**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           |
|-------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | New York City                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
| **Population**    | Not explicitly stated in the document, but it refers to New York City's population with mention of New York City's "population density" as a factor in their climate action initiatives.                                                                 |
| **Threats Identified** | - **Extreme Heat**: An increase in the number and severity of heatwaves. <br> - **Flooding**: Coastal storm surge, chronic tidal flooding, and extreme rainfall events causing harm and damage. <br> - General climate change impacts such as warmer summers and winters. |
| **Measures Identified** | - **Extreme Heat**: Maximize access to indoor cooling, cooling requirements for new construction, install cool roofs, and achieve tree canopy cover. <br> - **Flooding**: Create a leadership structure for coastal flood resilience, multilayered flood resilience strategies.   |

```

**Planning Jurisdiction: City of Houston**

- **Location & Demographics:**
  - Houston is highlighted as a dynamic and diverse global city, rich in cultural and natural resources, and noted for being the fourth-largest and most-diverse city in the United States. The plan states, "Houston is a global city that is dynamic, diverse, and rich in cultural and natural resources." However, specific population numbers and detailed demographics aren't provided in the given text.
  - The population's economic aspect is addressed by noting that, in 2017, Houston's median annual household income was approximately 15% less than that of Harris County, the state, and the nation.

- **Geographic Features & Infrastructure:**
  - The document does not provide specific mentions of geographic features like mountains, rivers, deserts, or coastlines, nor does it mention key infrastructure details such as exact locations of airports or seaports.
  - However, it identifies Houston as "home to the largest medical complex in the world," emphasizing its significant infrastructure for healthcare and innovation.

- **Local Climate & Water Challenges:**
  - The plan states that climate change poses a challenge to Houston, with effects such as "increased rainfall from hurricanes and extreme flooding events that cause extensive damage and disruption." This indicates a local climate that is increasingly experiencing wetter conditions and significant water management challenges.
  - Houston has faced multiple flooding events over recent years, underscoring the need for the city to plan for and adapt to increased precipitation and flooding.

- **Energy Production & Natural Resources:**
  - Houston is renowned as the "Energy Capital of the World." The document highlights, "Home to 22 Fortune 500 companies and over 4,600 energy-related firms," showcasing its central role in energy production.
  - The city is pioneering how energy is generated, delivered, and used from both renewable and traditional carbon sources. This includes promoting renewable energy and exploring technologies like carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS).

- **Key Industries & Economic Drivers:**
  - The local economy is described as strong and distinctive with a mix of industry-leading companies and dynamic economic activities. The document emphatically states, "Our leadership and innovation in the energy industry has helped fuel decades of prosperity and economic growth."
  - The city is uniquely positioned to lead a global energy transition towards a low-carbon economy, with significant potential for innovation in research, technology development, cleantech investment, and emissions-reducing infrastructure.

This overview provides insights into Houston's status as a pivotal player in the global energy sector and highlights its economic and infrastructural strengths, alongside its challenges related to climate change and flooding.

- The plan emphasizes the importance of resilience, reflecting on Houston's experience with "six federally declared flooding disasters" (Introduction). It integrates resilience as part of climate adaptation, as evidenced by its association with the "Resilient Houston" strategy (Houston's Climate Action Plan 2020).

- The plan is predominantly focused on mitigation, with clear goals and strategies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It aims to meet the "Paris Climate Agreement goal of carbon neutrality by 2050" and identifies four main focus areas: Transportation, Energy Transition, Building Optimization, and Materials Management (Purpose).

- Adaptation is incorporated within the broader framework set by the Resilient Houston strategy, but the primary emphasis remains on mitigation. The plan mentions climate adaptation in the context of addressing the ongoing effects of climate change, such as "increased precipitation and flooding" (Introduction).

Based on the provided summaries, the plan can be classified as a **mitigation primary climate action plan**, as it places a stronger emphasis on mitigation efforts, while recognizing the importance of resilience and adaptation in collaboration with the Resilient Houston strategy.

Yes, the plan describes scenarios of climate change that Houston is preparing for. These scenarios include:

- **Increased Precipitation and Flooding:** Houston has experienced several flooding disasters in recent years, prompting the city to undertake a climate impact assessment to plan for hazards associated with changing frequency, severity, and scale of extreme weather events. _"Houston has experienced six federally declared flooding disasters during the past five years... This has prompted the City to undertake a climate impact assessment to better predict and plan for hazards associated with the changing frequency, severity, and scale of extreme weather events."_ (Introduction)

- **Larger, Slower Hurricanes:** The plan acknowledges that hurricanes have increased in scale and severity, leading to extensive damage, as seen with Hurricane Harvey. _"As the atmosphere and oceans warm, Houston is seeing increased rainfall from hurricanes and extreme flooding events that cause extensive damage and disruption."_ (Introduction)

- **Higher Temperatures:** The document mentions global warming trends and the need to limit the temperature increase to avoid worse consequences. _"As recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), preventing global temperatures from rising more than 1.5 degrees Celsius by 2050 will avert the worst consequences of climate change."_ (Introduction)

These scenarios provide the basis for Houston's climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation, as the city aims to limit temperature rise through emissions mitigation and better prepare for future climate events.

1. **Increased Precipitation and Flooding**
    - **Description:** "Houston has experienced six federally declared flooding disasters during the past five years, which produced 100-year and 500-year floods—Memorial Day, 2015; Halloween, 2015; Tax Day, 2016; Hurricane Harvey, 2017; and Tropical Depression Imelda, 2019." These events are indicative of increased precipitation and frequency/severity of flooding due to climate change.
    - **Climate Risks:** The increased precipitation and flooding pose risks to "residents, businesses, and vital infrastructure (e.g. utilities, hospitals, and roads)." The plan mentions that limiting global temperature rise through emissions mitigation is essential to reduce the pace at which adaptation is needed to address these extreme weather events.
    - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The plan doesn't specify particular areas or populations vulnerable to increased precipitation and flooding, but mentions "those who need the most help" must be prioritized in mitigation strategies, implying marginalized and lower-income populations may be more vulnerable.

2. **Larger, Slower Hurricanes**
    - **Description:** "Hurricane Harvey was larger, slower, and had 40% more rain than it would have if it had occurred 100 years ago."
    - **Climate Risks:** Larger and slower hurricanes increase the risk of extensive damage and disruption, as they result in prolonged exposure to severe weather conditions. The plan suggests hurricanes pose a threat to "the safety and prosperity of our community" and can lead to massive destruction of life and property.
    - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Again, specific vulnerable areas or populations aren't detailed, but the impacts on "safety, health and property" imply that individuals with fewer resources or in less resilient housing may be more vulnerable.

3. **Hotter Summers**
    - **Description:** "In Houston, spring arrives three weeks earlier than it did even a generation ago and our already hot summers keep getting hotter."
    - **Climate Risks:** Rising temperatures are associated with heat waves, which increase health risks, put additional strain on electricity for cooling, and exacerbate air quality issues. The city's commitment to adapting buildings and infrastructure highlights the urgency of addressing heat.
    - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Older adults and low-income communities are generally more vulnerable due to limited access to air conditioning and cooling spaces, though specific populations aren't detailed in this context.

4. **Poor Air Quality**
    - **Description:** Although not elaborately detailed, poor air quality is acknowledged as a hazard related to climate change impacts.
    - **Climate Risks:** It compounds health issues, particularly respiratory conditions, and implicates broader environmental health concerns.
    - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Vulnerable populations may include those with preexisting health conditions, children, and the elderly, though the plan doesn't specify.

5. **Vector-Borne and Water-Borne Diseases**
    - **Description:** The plan mentions the potential increase in transmission of such diseases as a consequence of climate change.
    - **Climate Risks:** These diseases can pose widespread public health risks, especially following flooding or in persistently warmer, wetter conditions.
    - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Populations without access to healthcare may be more vulnerable, although specific areas or groups are not detailed.

Based on the provided sections of the Houston Climate Action Plan, the following resilience options have been identified:

### Resilience Option 1: Renewable Energy Systems
   - Addresses the threat of fossil-fueled power plants and aims to increase renewable energy usage to cope with climate change impacts.
   
   - **Timeframe:** Actions to power municipal operations with 100% renewable energy and develop standards for solar and battery installation are planned for completion by 2025. (*Energy Transition, Goal 1, Actions E1.1*).
   - **Location:** Implementation involves municipal properties and under-used land within Houston.
   - **Cost:** Specific cost details are not provided in the content, but creative financing mechanisms are suggested to promote investment in renewable energy.

   - The transition to renewable energy is aimed at improving economic resilience and environmental sustainability. 
   - Associated benefits include economic growth and improved environmental quality. (*Co-benefits of Climate Action*).
   - Advocacy for renewable energy policies is suggested at local, state, and federal levels to enhance policy support. (*Energy Transition, Goal 1, Action E1.3*).

### Resilience Option 2: Equitable and Inclusive Mobility Choices
   - Targets threats related to traffic and fossil-fueled transport contributing to air pollution and climate change.
   
   - **Timeframe:** Actions to reduce barriers to multi-modal transportation and improve pedestrian/transit networks are set for various stages by 2025 and beyond. (*Transportation, Goal 3, Actions T3.1, T3.2*).
   - **Location:** City-wide implementation focused on interconnected transit networks and pedestrian pathways in Houston.

   - Prioritizes equitable access to transportation for vulnerable populations to enhance social resilience.
   - Emphasis on interconnectedness and safety improvements supports infrastructure resilience.
   - Actions include implementing Vision Zero Action Plan and Complete Streets initiative, promoting inclusive and safe mobility networks. (*Transportation, Goal 3, Action T3.2*).

### Resilience Option 3: Nature-based Solutions and Carbon Storage
   - Counters threats posed by poor air quality, heat, and flooding through enhancing Houston's natural ability to capture and store carbon.
   
   - **Timeframe:** Medium-term implementation expected by 2050. (*Energy Transition, Goal 3, Action E3.1*).
   - **Location:** Actions are applicable across different natural and urban areas in Houston.

   - Environmental co-benefits include increased carbon storage, contributing to air quality and climate regulation.
   - Encourages the restoration, protection, and enhancement of natural areas to improve resilience to climate impacts.
   - Involves collaboration with private sector, nonprofit organizations, and advocacy groups for nature-based solutions. (*Implementation Section on Partnerships*).

The plan identifies several mitigation options focused on reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. The following are the identified mitigation options, along with the relevant information regarding cost, timing, location, and other attributes:

### **Transportation**
- **Shift Regional Fleet to Electric and Low-Emission Vehicles**:
  - **Timing**: Immediate, Near Term (2025), Medium Term (2030), Long Term (2050).
  - **Location**: City of Houston.
  - **Attributes**: Increasing infrastructure and incentives to support electric vehicles (EVs); converting municipal fleets to EV technologies.

- **Reduce Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) Per Capita**:
  - **Timing**: Immediate.
  - **Attributes**: Implementing integrated multi-modal transportation systems and building transit-oriented neighborhoods.

- **Provide Equitable and Safe Mobility Choices**:
  - **Attributes**: Reducing barriers to multi-modal transportation and improving pedestrian and transit network safety.

### **Energy Transition**
- **Grow Houston’s Investment in Renewable and Resilient Energy**:
  - **Timing**: Immediate and Near Term (2025).
  - **Attributes**: Support and promote renewable energy use, development, and policy advocacy.

- **Make Houston the Leader in Carbon Capture Technology and Energy Innovation**:
  - **Timing**: Near Term (2025).
  - **Attributes**: Promote carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS); develop an energy innovation ecosystem; prepare future generations for energy transition jobs.

- **Restore, Protect, and Enhance Natural Carbon Storage**:
  - **Attributes**: Implement nature-based solutions and protect municipal parks to enhance carbon storage.

### **Building Optimization**
- **Reduce Building Energy Use and Maximize Savings**:
  - **Attributes**: Updating energy codes, improving building energy efficiency, and reducing water energy consumption.

- **Expand Investment in Energy Efficiency**:
  - **Attributes**: Promote clean energy financing and expand utility energy incentive programs.

### **Materials Management**
- **Reduce Waste and Transform the Circular Economy**:
  - **Attributes**: Engage public on waste solutions and support organizations focusing on waste reduction.

- **Optimize Waste Operations and Create Power from Waste**:
  - **Attributes**: Optimize waste collection, increase landfill gas capture, and convert waste.

**Co-benefits** of these mitigation options include improvements in public health, job creation, community equity, and economic development. However, the document notes that a full cost-benefit analysis is not possible due to uncertainties in predicting future technologies, costs, and regulations, and therefore, the actions using taxpayer dollars will require city council approval and financial impact analysis (Implementation; Appendix II: Methodology).

The Houston Climate Action Plan identifies several mitigation options across various focus areas. Below is a summary of these options, including their costs, timeframes, and other important attributes:

- **Shift Regional Fleet to Electric and Low-Emission Vehicles**
  - **Option:** Increase commercial and private sector infrastructure and incentives for electric and low-emission vehicles.
  - **GHG Impact:** High
  - **Important Attributes:** Partnership with entities such as CenterPoint and EVolve Houston. 

- **Convert 100% of the Non-Emergency, Light-Duty Municipal Fleet to EV Technologies**
  - **GHG Impact:** Medium

- **Integrated Multi-modal Transportation Systems**
  - **Important Attributes:** Collaborative effort with Harris County, METRO, and TxDOT.

- **Build and Retrofit Complete, Transit-Oriented Neighborhoods**
  - **Important Attributes:** Engagement with TIRZs and management districts.

- **Grow Houston's Investment in Renewable and Resilient Energy**
  - **Option:** Support and promote the use and development of renewable energy.
  - **Important Attributes:** Collaboration with CenterPoint and renewable energy companies.

- **Make Houston the Leader in Carbon Capture Technology and Energy Innovation**
  - **Option:** Promote carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS).
  - **GHG Impact:** Indirect
  - **Timeframe:** 2025
  - **Important Attributes:** City's focus on convening global discussions.

- **Reduce Building Energy Use and Maximize Savings**
  - **Option:** Update energy code and increase compliance.
  - **Important Attributes:** Involves private sector collaboration.

- **Expand Investment in Energy Efficiency**
  - **Option:** Promote clean energy financing programs.

- **Optimize Waste Operations and Create Power from Waste**
  - **Option:** Increase landfill gas capture and opportunities for waste conversion.
  - **Important Attributes:** Collaboration with TCEQ and EPA.

### **General Attributes Across Mitigation Options**

- The identified mitigation actions emphasize **partnerships and collaborations** with various stakeholders, including private sectors, local authorities, and community organizations.
- The **economic and community co-benefits** of these actions are highlighted, such as job creation, improved air quality, and enhanced public health.
- Many strategies are currently underway but require further **creative financing mechanisms** to be fully realized.
- There is an acknowledgment that **uncertainty in predicting future technologies, costs, and regulations** makes it challenging to conduct a detailed cost-benefit analysis at this time.

These options collectively represent Houston's strategy to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, which is aligned with the Paris Climate Agreement goals.

The plan identifies several adaptation options in the context of the Houston Climate Action Plan, addressing different climate threats. Here's a summary of the identified options, including the climate threats they address and any relevant information provided regarding costs, timeframes, location, and other attributes:

1. **Flood Proofing**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Increased precipitation and flooding.
   - **Important Attributes:** Flood proofing is discussed as part of the overall strategy to address Houston's increased precipitation and flooding events. As elaborated in the plan, improving infrastructure and retrofitting systems to withstand flooding is vital under extreme weather conditions. The specific costs are not detailed, but the timeframe is understood in the context of immediate to long-term actions aimed at building resilience (Implementation).

2. **Integrated Multi-Modal Transportation Systems**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Development sprawl and traffic.
   - **Important Attributes:** The plan emphasizes implementing integrated multi-modal transportation systems to reduce vehicle miles traveled per capita and contribute both to climate mitigation and adaptation by easing traffic congestion. This measure indirectly helps municipalities to adapt urban areas to potentially changing climate patterns. No detailed cost information is supplied, but it is noted to have a high GHG impact with involvement from key stakeholders like the PD and ARA within a timeframe extending to 2050 (Transportation).

3. **Nature-Based Solutions for Carbon Storage**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Urban heat and need for carbon capture.
   - **Important Attributes:** Nature-based solutions are promoted to increase carbon storage capacity in urban areas as a way of adapting to and mitigating climate change effects like urban heat. This action aligns with restoration and protection efforts to enhance natural carbon-capturing capabilities. It is set for medium-term implementation, involving a broad partnership from private sectors and advocacy groups (Energy Transition).

The plan underscores the need to combine strategies for physical infrastructure improvements alongside ecological enhancements and changes in urban planning to adapt effectively to anticipated climate threats. However, while these adaptation options are highlighted, the plan does not detail explicit costs associated with each action.

### Climate Policies Addressing Climate Justice

### Climate Policies Addressing Climate Justice 

1. **Prioritizing Support for Vulnerable Populations through Mitigation Strategies**
   - **Climate Threat:** The generalized negative impacts of climate change on vulnerable communities.
   - **Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:** The plan highlights the disparity between communities that can afford to adapt to climate change and those that cannot. It states, "Houstonians who have the means to save for a potential emergency and reduce risks to their homes and businesses will likely find a way to adapt... but many households and communities do not have the same access to necessary resources. Thus, mitigation strategies prioritize supporting those who need the most help" (*Equitable and Inclusive Solutions*).

2. **Developing Inclusive and Transparent Solutions to Address Historic Disparities**
   - **Climate Threat:** Economic barriers that prevent equitable adaptation and mitigation efforts.
   - **Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:** The plan emphasizes addressing historic disparities impacting traditionally disenfranchised, low-income, or vulnerable populations. It notes the economic challenges faced by the community, pointing out that "in 2017, the median annual income of households in Houston was approximately 15% less than median annual household incomes across Harris County, the state, and the nation" (*Equitable and Inclusive Solutions*).

These policies are part of the plan’s commitment to establishing and implementing equitable solutions that meet community needs without placing additional burdens on vulnerable populations.

Based strictly on the content provided in the document:

1. **Policy: Convert 100% of the non-emergency, light-duty municipal fleet to EV technologies.**

   - **Climate threat addressed:** This policy addresses the threat of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from transportation, which contribute to global warming and climate change.
   
   - **Option type:** This is a mitigation option as it aims to reduce GHG emissions by transitioning to electric vehicles (EVs).
   
   - **Potential for maladaptation:** While converting to EVs reduces emissions, without a robust energy infrastructure powered by renewable sources, there may be a dependency on fossil-fuel-based electricity. This could inadvertently increase emissions if the electricity used to charge the EVs comes predominantly from non-renewable sources, thus counteracting the intended mitigation goals.

2. **Policy: Promote clean energy financing programs.**

   - **Climate threat addressed:** This policy is aimed at reducing reliance on fossil sources of energy by promoting investment in clean, renewable energy, addressing global warming due to fossil fuel use.
   
   - **Option type:** This is a mitigation option encouraging the transition to cleaner energy.
   
   - **Potential for maladaptation:** If the financing programs do not consider the socioeconomic diversity and varying capacities of stakeholders to participate, they could inadvertently favor wealthier individuals or companies. This could lead to inequality where low-income or marginalized communities may be left behind in the transition to clean energy, inadvertently increasing their vulnerability to climate impacts.

3. **Policy: Increase landfill gas capture and opportunities for waste conversion.**

   - **Climate threat addressed:** This policy addresses the climate threat from methane emissions, a potent GHG, from landfills.
   
   - **Option type:** It is a mitigation option as it seeks to capture and utilize methane emissions from landfill sites to reduce overall GHG emissions.
   
   - **Potential for maladaptation:** While capturing landfill gases is beneficial in reducing GHG emissions, an over-reliance on waste-to-energy solutions could discourage waste reduction efforts, inadvertently maintaining high levels of waste generation rather than promoting a reduction in waste production.

These policies, while beneficial, need careful consideration of the broader energy context and the equity of implementation to avoid any unintended maladaptive consequences.

**The plan measures the success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options through the following metrics and targets:**

### **Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Metrics:**

- **GHG Emissions Reduction Potential:**
  - The plan uses the "Pathways" decision support tool developed by C40 Cities to estimate emissions reduction potential. Metrics are not specified, but actions are categorized as indirect, low, medium, or high based on emissions reduction potential.
  - **Units**:
    - **Indirect:** Difficult to quantify.
    - **Low:** Less than 10,000 tonnes CO2e per year.
    - **Medium:** 10,000–100,000 tonnes CO2e per year.
    - **High:** More than 100,000 tonnes CO2e per year.
  - **GHG Reduction Targets:**
    - **40% by 2030** (18 million tonnes CO2e reduction) [Source: Goals and Targets].
    - **75% by 2040** (33 million tonnes CO2e reduction) [Source: Goals and Targets].
    - **100% by 2050** (45.5 million tonnes CO2e reduction) [Source: Goals and Targets].

### **Transportation Targets:**

- **Shift to Electric and Low-Emission Vehicles:**
  - Convert non-emergency, light-duty municipal fleet to 100% electric vehicles (EV) by 2030.
- **Reduce Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT):**
  - Reduce VMT per capita by 20% by 2050.
- **Provide Equitable and Safe Mobility Choices:**
  - Achieve zero traffic-related fatalities and serious injuries on Houston streets by 2030.
  - Develop 500 miles of high-comfort bike lanes by 2025 [Source: Implementation].

### **Energy Transition Targets:**

- **Renewable Energy Investment:**
  - Achieve 5 million MWh local solar per year by 2050.
- **Carbon Capture and Innovation:**
  - Attract or incubate 50 Energy 2.0 companies in Greater Houston by 2025.
- **Enhance Carbon Storage:**
  - Plant 4.6 million new native trees by 2030 [Source: Implementation].

### **Building Optimization Targets:**

- **Reduce Building Energy Use:**
  - Adopt the 2021 ICC model building code by 2025 with updates every 5 years.
- **Expand Energy Efficiency Investments:**
  - Double the current number of PACE projects by 2025.
- **Skilled Local Jobs:**
  - Ensure 70% of non-residential buildings are operated by trained building operators by 2030 [Source: Implementation].

### **Materials Management Targets:**

- **Waste Reduction:**
  - Reduce residential waste by 50% by 2040.
- **Low-Emission Waste Fleet:**
  - Convert municipal solid waste fleet to low-emission vehicles by 2030.
- **Disposal Capacity:**
  - Adopt a Long Range Solid Waste Plan in 2020 [Source: Implementation].

### **Additional Metrics:**

- **GHG Emissions Inventory:**
  - Update the Houston Community-wide GHG emissions inventory at a minimum frequency of every four years, with the next update in 2021 using 2018 data or later [Source: Implementation].

**Concrete goals and targets for each option include detailed timeframes and metrics, providing a roadmap for tracking progress and making adjustments based on new technologies and outcomes.**

| **Feature**           | **Details**                                                                 |
|-----------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name**| Houston                                                                    |
| **Population**        | Information about the population is not directly specified beyond that the level of residents aged 65 and over is expected to increase by nearly 10% by 2040. |
| **Threats Identified**| - Flooding disasters (e.g. Memorial Day, Halloween, Tax Day floods, Hurricane Harvey, Tropical Depression Imelda)  <br>- Increased precipitation <br>- Larger, slower hurricanes <br>- Higher temperatures <br>- Development sprawl <br>- Poor air quality <br>- Fossil-fueled power plants <br>- Traffic <br>- Landfill waste|
| **Measures Identified**| - Emissions mitigation to limit global temperature rise <br>- Included co-benefits like public health improvement and job creation <br>- Update energy code <br>- Promote clean energy financing programs <br>- Engage public on waste reduction <br>- Optimize waste operations <br>- Increase landfill gas capture <br>- Training in building systems management <br>- Partnerships and complementary initiatives <br>- Promote resilience and adaptation strategies <br>- Climate impact assessment to evaluate risks associated with extreme weather |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction: City of Tampa**

- **Location:** Tampa is situated in the state of Florida, United States.
- **Population and Demographics:**
  - The Tampa Bay area experienced significant population growth, with over 51,000 people moving to the area between 2017 and 2018. 
  - Tampa is described as having a vibrant culture and diversity, including historic Black and Hispanic communities and more recent refugees from various countries, reflecting a diverse demographic composition.

- **Economic Landscape:**
  - Tampa has experienced robust economic growth particularly in the construction, healthcare, and financial services sectors, with job growth surpassing most U.S. metropolitan areas since the Great Recession.
  - Despite this growth, economic inequality persists, exacerbated by rising housing costs and inadequate public transportation options.
  - There is a need for more equitable recovery efforts as lower-income residents were more severely impacted by COVID-19-related economic challenges.

- **Geographic Features and Climate:**
  - Tampa faces climate change threats, including increasing frequency and intensity of storms (hurricanes projected to increase by 30% in likelihood over the coming decade).
  - The city is vulnerable to sea level rise, having already seen an increase of nearly 8 inches since 1946, with future projections of up to 8.5 feet by 2100.
  - Extreme heat periods are increasing, and by mid-century, Tampa may face up to 4 months of heat indices over 100 degrees.

- **Infrastructure and Key Features:**
  - The plan does not specify the presence of particular infrastructure like airports or seaports. However, critical infrastructure is acknowledged as being at risk from rising sea levels and flood damage.

  - There is an emphasis on transitioning to renewable energy, including the promotion of electrification of municipal operations vehicles and achieving 100% renewable energy for municipal operations.
  - Specific natural resources or traditional energy production methods like oil or gas are not explicitly mentioned.

- **Industries and Economic Drivers:**
  - Key industries in Tampa include construction, healthcare, and financial services.
  - Economic activity is threatened by transportation inadequacies and housing affordability issues, limiting connectivity between affordable neighborhoods and job centers.

The City of Tampa is addressing these challenges by planning to create a climate action and equity plan, focusing on mitigating climate risks, transitioning to renewable energy, and incorporating community input to ensure diverse perspectives are considered in planning efforts.

The plan places a significant emphasis on resilience by incorporating various strategies to enhance the city's ability to cope with and recover from climate impacts. It aims to integrate resilience guidelines into the capital planning process, ensuring that resilience is considered during the development of the City’s Capital Improvement Program (CIP) (CHAPTER 3: CLIMATE-READY INFRASTRUCTURE). Additionally, the plan acknowledges the importance of resilience in the face of sea level rise, flooding, frequent storms, and extreme heat, and it establishes actions to bolster infrastructure and community systems against these challenges (INTRODUCTION TO RESILIENCE). 

Mitigation efforts in the plan focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and transitioning to clean energy. It includes actions such as promoting the full electrification of municipal operations vehicles and regional transit fleets, ensuring all municipal operations are powered by 100 percent renewable energy, and amplifying renewable energy financing options (CHAPTER 3: CLIMATE-READY INFRASTRUCTURE). The plan also highlights the need to measure the value of clean energy and climate resilience solutions, indicating a commitment to tracking and reducing anthropogenic emissions (RESILIENT TAMPA).

Adaptation is addressed through initiatives aimed at preparing for and adjusting to the impacts of climate change. The plan includes actions like assessing and fortifying critical infrastructure to withstand natural hazards, incorporating stormwater systems that consider future climate conditions, and mapping neighborhood-level vulnerabilities for better decision-making (CHAPTER 3: CLIMATE-READY INFRASTRUCTURE; CHAPTER 2: THRIVING NEIGHBORHOODS). The focus is on ensuring infrastructure and communities are prepared for rising sea levels, increased flooding, and extreme weather events.

Based on the plan's focus on resilience, mitigation, and adaptation, it can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. The plan balances efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions with strategies to strengthen resilience and adaptation to climate impacts.

Yes, the plan describes several climate change scenarios that the planning jurisdiction, Tampa, will face and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. The key scenarios include:

- **Sea Level Rise:** Sea levels in Tampa have risen nearly 8 inches in half a century, and there is a possibility of up to 8.5 feet of additional sea level rise by 2100 ("CHAPTER 4: GROWING AND CONNECTED CITY").
  
- **Rising Heat Index:** The heat index is rising to such an extent that it will become unsafe to work outdoors for extended periods ("CHAPTER 4: GROWING AND CONNECTED CITY").
  
- **Increased Hurricane Likelihood:** There is a forecasted 30% increase in hurricane likelihood in the 2030s ("CHAPTER 4: GROWING AND CONNECTED CITY").

- **Extreme Weather Events:** Tampa's stormwater infrastructure will face increased extreme precipitation, and much of it is susceptible to cumulative impacts from sea level rise. This is expected to result in direct impacts on critical infrastructure and essential services ("CHAPTER 3: CLIMATE-READY INFRASTRUCTURE, Stormwater Systems for a Changing Climate ACTION 3.2.3").

- **Vulnerability to Natural Hazards:** The city faces inherent risks from sea level rise, hurricanes, flooding, and other natural disasters, which could significantly threaten its critical infrastructure ("CHAPTER 3: CLIMATE-READY INFRASTRUCTURE, Assess and Fortify Our Critical Infrastructure ACTION 3.2.1").

The City of Tampa is planning various climate policies to address these scenarios, including transitioning to renewable energy, incorporating resilience guidelines into capital planning, and integrating green infrastructure to reduce impacts and enhance resilience.

1. **Sea Level Rise / Flooding**
   - **Description:** The plan identifies sea level rise as a significant issue, noting that "sea levels in Tampa have risen nearly 8 inches in half a century" and projecting "up to 8.5 ft. of additional sea level rise by 2100" ("CHAPTER 3: CLIMATE-READY INFRASTRUCTURE").
   - **Climate Risks:** Sea level rise is expected to impact critical infrastructure and lead to more frequent and severe flooding events. It "could pose a significant threat to our most critical infrastructure," with potential "cascading impacts for residents throughout Tampa" ("CHAPTER 3: CLIMATE-READY INFRASTRUCTURE, 3.2.1").
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** The plan highlights that existing inequities are exacerbated by climate impacts, disproportionately affecting "Tampa’s most vulnerable populations, including low-income Tampanians" who may lack resources to protect and recover from such events ("RESILIENT TAMPA").

2. **More Frequent & Extreme Storms**
   - **Description:** The document acknowledges the increasing frequency and intensity of storms, elaborating on "tropical storms and hurricanes" as notable hazards ("RESILIENT TAMPA").
   - **Climate Risks:** These events can lead to devastating property damage and pose "major life safety concerns." Storms can bring "strong winds and storm surge," with potential effects on infrastructure and human safety ("CHAPTER 2: THRIVING NEIGHBORHOODS, 2.3.3").
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Frontline communities are particularly at risk, facing hazards such as "storm surge and other hazards the city faces" ("CHAPTER 2: THRIVING NEIGHBORHOODS, 2.3.3").

3. **Extreme Heat**
   - **Description:** The plan refers to a rising "heat index," leading to dangerous conditions and noting an expected "more than 60 days per year with a heat index of over 100 degrees" in the future ("RESILIENT TAMPA").
   - **Climate Risks:** This condition threatens human health and safety, potentially making it "unsafe to work outdoors for extended periods of time." Urban heat increases risks of "heat-related deaths and heat-related illnesses," affecting daily life and infrastructure efficiency ("RESILIENT TAMPA"; "CHAPTER 2: THRIVING NEIGHBORHOODS, 2.3.2").
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Sensitive populations such as "children, older adults, and those with existing health conditions" are mentioned as being particularly at risk from heat waves ("RESILIENT TAMPA"; "CHAPTER 2: THRIVING NEIGHBORHOODS, 2.3.2").

4. **Wind Storms**
   - **Description:** The plan references the threat of hurricanes and wind storms as part of Florida's prevailing climate hazards, noting potential "strong winds" especially from tropical storms ("CHAPTER 2: THRIVING NEIGHBORHOODS, 2.3.3").
   - **Climate Risks:** Wind storms can lead to significant property damage and endanger lives. The hazards include both "strong winds and storm surge" which are associated with wind storms and hurricanes ("CHAPTER 2: THRIVING NEIGHBORHOODS, 2.3.3").
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** The plan suggests that education to inform residents of these risks will avoid "evacuation fatigue" and ensure preparedness especially in "coastal areas" ("CHAPTER 2: THRIVING NEIGHBORHOODS, 2.3.3").

The plan identifies several resilience options, each targeting specific climate threats with varying details on cost, timeframe, and other important attributes:

### **1. Incorporate Resilience Guidelines Into the Capital Planning Process**

  - *Sea level rise / flooding*
  - *More frequent & extreme storms / extreme heat*
  - *Aging / inadequate infrastructure*
  - *Inadequate transportation systems*

  - **Timeframe:** Long-term
  - **Location:** City of Tampa
  - **Implementation Partner:** City of Tampa Administrator of Infrastructure and Mobility

  - The City will develop resilience guidelines for the Capital Improvement Program (CIP), incorporating resilience statements into budget narratives and prioritizing projects based on anticipated impact on resilience and sustainability. _(Chapter 3: Climate-Ready Infrastructure)_

### **2. Measure the Value of Clean Energy and Climate Resilience Solutions**

  - **Timeframe:** Short-term
  - **Implementation Partner:** City of Tampa Office of Sustainability and Resilience

  - Quantifying and tracking benefits of transitioning to clean power while considering social determinants of health. Avoid costs of climate change by dramatically reducing GHG pollution. Tracking of energy solution investments fostering local job creation is emphasized. _(Resilient Tampa)_

### **3. Assess and Fortify Our Critical Infrastructure**

  - **Timeframe:** Medium-term
  - **Implementation Partner:** City of Tampa Logistics and Asset Management Department

  - Regular reviews of infrastructure vulnerability to natural hazards and climate change influence decision-making for future budget planning to mitigate risk. _(Chapter 3: Climate-Ready Infrastructure)_

### **4. Stormwater Systems for a Changing Climate**

  - **Implementation Partner:** City of Tampa Stormwater Department

  - Incorporation of climate factors into stormwater planning and promotion of Green Infrastructure and Low Impact Development ensuring infrastructure adaptations that address water quality and resilience challenges. _(Resilient Tampa)_

### **5. Incorporate Resilience Guidelines Into City Budget Processes**

  - **Implementation Partner:** City of Tampa Budget Office

  - Institute resilience screens into budget processes to ensure strategic investments that address multiple priorities and achieve Tampa’s resilience goals through collaborative evaluation. _(Chapter 3: Climate-Ready Infrastructure)_

These options are part of a comprehensive approach to enhance Tampa's resilience against various climate threats by integrating resilience considerations into city planning, infrastructure, and budget processes.

1. **Transition to Clean Power and Energy Savings Programs:**
   - **Information Provided:** The City emphasizes the transition to clean power and the implementation of energy-savings programs as crucial mitigation steps. These initiatives focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions, saving costs, and promoting job creation. The City will consider the social determinants of health in its plans.
   - **Cost:** The plan mentions the need to consider lifecycle costs and cost-benefit analyses, especially when evaluating the cost of inaction versus investing in climate resilience (e.g., stormwater improvements).
   - **Timing:** This action is described as short-term.
   - **Location:** The measures apply citywide, ensuring equitable access to renewable energy.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** The City plans to evaluate how the transition to clean energy impacts local employment and integrates considerations for the social determinants of health. The transition also points out potential savings as it emphasizes energy efficiency and pollution reduction initiatives. (*3.1.2: Measure the Value of Clean Energy and Climate Resilience Solutions; 3.1.1: Amplify Existing and Develop New Renewable Energy Financing Options and Programs*)

2. **Green Infrastructure (GI) and Low Impact Development (LID):**
   - **Information Provided:** The plan includes promoting GI and LID as part of stormwater and watershed planning to incorporate climate change and sea level rise resilience.
   - **Cost:** Not explicitly provided, but mentions promoting positive returns on investment.
   - **Timing:** This is to be implemented in the medium term.
   - **Location:** City Capital Projects will integrate GI and LID components, with promotion citywide.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** GI and LID practices will be promoted to meet community goals and provide benefits to both the built and natural environments, while reducing disaster impacts. (*3.2.3: Stormwater Systems for a Changing Climate*)

3. **Living Shorelines:**
   - **Information Provided:** Natural systems are utilized for shoreline stabilization to improve water quality, storm protection, and aesthetic enhancement.
   - **Cost:** The City plans to focus on grants and funding opportunities for a master plan and feasibility study.
   - **Timing:** This is a short-term priority.
   - **Location:** A successful living shoreline project was cited at Ignacio Haya Park, and the plan includes considering other potential locations.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** The benefits include shoreline protection, habitat provision, improved stability, and wildlife attraction. Existing seawalls might be converted or buttressed by living shorelines. (*3.2.4: Pilot Nature-Based Solutions Such as Living Shorelines*)

4. **Equitable Access to Renewable Energy:**
   - **Information Provided:** Expanding equitable access to renewable energy solutions through financial programs tailored to low- and moderate-income homeowners to reduce the energy burden and improve quality of life.
   - **Cost:** The plan mentions expanding funding and financing options, though specific costs are not detailed.
   - **Timing:** Medium-term implementation.
   - **Location:** Citywide with a focus on ensuring equitable access for diverse communities.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** The City is partnering with a nonprofit green bank (SELF) to facilitate sustainable home improvements and reduce energy costs. (*3.1.1: Amplify Existing and Develop New Renewable Energy Financing Options and Programs*)

Overall, these mitigation options focus on advancing renewable energy use, enhancing infrastructure through nature-based solutions, and ensuring equitable implementation across the city.

The plan identifies several mitigation options in its efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions:

1. **Clean Energy Transition**
   - **Action:** Quantify and track the increasing costs of climate change and the cost of inaction around climate resilience solutions.
   - **Cost:** The City intends to consider the cost savings of transitioning to clean energy over time and evaluate the cost of inaction versus investing in resilience measures.
   - **Timeframe:** Short-term actions as assigned to the City of Tampa Office of Sustainability and Resilience.
   - **Important Attributes:** The City plans to conduct cost-benefit analyses that consider the lifecycle of investments, along with tracking local job creation benefits ([Section: Resilient Tampa](#)).

2. **Renewable Energy Financing**
   - **Action:** Amplify existing and develop new renewable energy financing options and programs.
   - **Cost:** The City is exploring equitable financing options for low- and moderate-income homeowners to access renewable energy solutions.
   - **Timeframe:** Medium-term actions.
   - **Location:** Citywide, focusing on low- and moderate-income communities.
   - **Important Attributes:** Efforts include creating an energy burden map and partnering with the nonprofit green bank SELF for low-cost financing ([Section: Resilient Tampa](#)).

3. **Urban Heat Mitigation**
   - **Action:** Develop and deploy an urban heat pilot program targeting vulnerable neighborhoods.
   - **Timeframe:** Medium-term.
   - **Location:** Targeted neighborhoods with vulnerable populations.
   - **Important Attributes:** The City plans to explore a toolkit of policies and projects, such as weatherization approaches, green building standards, and the use of cooling materials to reduce the urban heat island effect ([Section: Resilient Tampa](#)).

Each of these actions plays a role in reducing emissions as part of broader sustainability and resilience goals for the City of Tampa.

The plan identifies several adaptation options. Below is a summary of each adaptation option, including the climate threat it addresses and additional information regarding cost, timeframe, location, and other important attributes:

### **1. Assess and Fortify Our Critical Infrastructure**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:**  
  - *Sea level rise, hurricanes, flooding, and other natural disasters.*  
- **Information:**  
  - **Cost:** Not specified.  
  - **Timeframe:** Medium.  
  - **Location:** City of Tampa.  
  - **Important Attributes:**  
    - The action includes periodically reviewing Tampa's critical infrastructure to assess vulnerabilities to natural hazards and climate change.  
    - The City’s logistic and asset management department is responsible for implementation.  
  - **Citations:** *Chapter 3: Climate-Ready Infrastructure, Action 3.2.1.*

### **2. Stormwater Systems for a Changing Climate**
  - *Increases in extreme precipitation and sea level rise.*  
    - Incorporates integrated stormwater infrastructure solutions considering future adverse climate conditions.  
    - Plans include incorporating Green Infrastructure (GI) and Low Impact Development (LID).  
    - Implementation by the City of Tampa Stormwater Department.  
  - **Citations:** *Chapter 3: Climate-Ready Infrastructure, Action 3.2.3.*

### **3. Incorporate Resilience Guidelines Into the Capital Planning Process**
  - *Sea level rise, flooding, more frequent & extreme storms, extreme heat.*  
  - **Timeframe:** Long.  
    - Develop resilience guidelines as part of the Capital Improvement Program (CIP) by each department.  
    - Projects should include a resilience statement regarding their benefits and anticipated resilience outcomes.  
    - Implementation by the City of Tampa Administrator of Infrastructure and Mobility.  
  - **Citations:** *Chapter 3: Climate-Ready Infrastructure, Action 3.2.2.*

### **4. Map Neighborhood-Level Vulnerabilities to Support Decision-Making**
  - *Sea level rise, flooding, extreme heat.*  
  - **Timeframe:** Short.  
  - **Location:** City of Tampa, particularly vulnerable neighborhoods.  
    - Expand the City's ability to identify neighborhoods facing multiple hazards to target investments effectively.  
    - Addresses economic inequality and environmental and social impacts.  
    - Implementation involves partnerships, including the City Planning Department.  
  - **Citations:** *Chapter 2: Thriving Neighborhoods, Action 2.3.1.*

### **5. Develop and Deploy an Urban Heat Pilot Program That Targets Vulnerable Neighborhoods**
  - *More frequent & extreme storms, extreme heat, urban heat islands.*  
  - **Location:** Vulnerable neighborhoods in the City of Tampa.  
    - Includes municipal policy and programmatic innovations to address urban heat impacts.  
    - Explores policy solutions such as green building standards and incentives.  
    - Managed by the City of Tampa Office of Sustainability and Resilience.  
  - **Citations:** *Chapter 2: Thriving Neighborhoods, Action 2.3.2.*

The plan identifies the following climate policies to advance climate justice:

1. **Connect Young People to Climate Justice Internships**:
   - **Climate Threat Addressed**: Not explicitly detailed in the section provided, but generally supports engaging young people in climate justice education.
   - **Affected Areas/Populations**: Young people across Tampa.

2. **Develop and Implement Tampa’s Climate Action and Equity Plan (4.3.1)**:
   - **Climate Threat Addressed**: "Sea level rise / flooding, more frequent & extreme storms / extreme heat."
   - **Affected Areas/Populations**: Recognizes the "particular climate-related hazards faced by frontline communities" and ensures equity and inclusion in the process and outcomes.

3. **Map Neighborhood-Level Vulnerabilities to Support Decision-Making (2.3.1)**:
   - **Climate Threat Addressed**: "Sea Level Rise / flooding, more frequent & extreme storms / extreme heat."
   - **Affected Areas/Populations**: Neighborhoods in Tampa, especially those in East Tampa, face multiple hazards including exposure to toxic air particles, traffic proximity, and hazardous waste.

4. **Develop and Deploy an Urban Heat Pilot Program That Targets Vulnerable Neighborhoods (2.3.2)**:
   - **Climate Threat Addressed**: "Extreme heat," specifically urban heat islands.
   - **Affected Areas/Populations**: Vulnerable neighborhoods, sensitive populations such as children, older adults, and individuals with existing health conditions.

These policies emphasize addressing climate-related risks by recognizing and prioritizing vulnerable communities, ensuring equitable distribution of resources, and including diverse voices in planning and implementation processes.

**1. Partnership for Neighborhood-Level Vulnerability Mapping**

- **Climate Threat:** The policy aims to address "sea level rise / flooding," "economic inequality," and "more frequent & extreme storms / extreme heat" by focusing on neighborhoods that face multiple hazards and environmental vulnerabilities. (*Map Neighborhood-Level Vulnerabilities to Support Decision-Making*).

- **Resilience/Adaptation Option:** The policy proposes leveraging spatial analytical tools and data partnerships to inform "effective and equitable policies," ensuring investments are targeted to vulnerable communities. This involves aligning policies with spatial and historical community data to address rising sea levels and stormwater management.

- **Potential Maladaptation:** While the policy aims at equity, there could be inadvertent maladaptation if investments meant for resilience in these neighborhoods inadvertently increase property values and living costs, leading to displacement of current low-income residents. This could heighten rather than alleviate economic inequalities, contrary to the policy's objectives.

**2. Urban Heat Pilot Program**

- **Climate Threat:** The policy addresses "more frequent & extreme storms / extreme heat" through tackling urban heat effects, particularly in vulnerable neighborhoods. (*Develop and Deploy an Urban Heat Pilot Program That Targets Vulnerable Neighborhoods*).

- **Resilience/Adaptation Option:** The program involves exploring "policies, projects, and programs" to protect people from urban heat, using approaches such as green building standards and cooling materials, alongside leveraging Tampa's urban tree canopy.

- **Potential Maladaptation:** Although the interventions aim to protect communities, poorly planned green initiatives such as increased tree cover could lead to unintended ecological side effects like increased water use in drought-prone areas. Changes in urban scenery without adequate community involvement and planning can also inadvertently increase urban sprawl or create social tensions if resources are not equitably distributed, negating benefits for the targeted vulnerable groups.

The plan outlines various actions related to adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options but does not specify exact units or detailed metrics used to measure success or failure. However, it does provide a qualitative approach to tracking the success of these options:

- **Climate Resilience Solutions:**
  - The city plans to "track the benefits of transitioning to clean power by considering the social determinants of health and impacts from climate change" (Action 3.1.2).
  - It will "track how the transition to clean energy will result in significant cost savings over time," considering the lifecycle of the investment and comparing the cost of inaction versus investing in resilience solutions like stormwater improvements and flood mitigation (Action 3.1.2).

- **Clean Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions:**
  - The city will "amplify existing and develop new renewable energy financing options and programs" aiming to explore funding options to accelerate clean energy solutions (Action 3.1.1).
  - The plan includes the goal to "reduce greenhouse gas emissions" as part of clean energy policies but does not specify numerical targets or deadlines (Goal 3.1).

- **Urban Heat Reduction:**
  - The city will develop an "urban heat pilot program that targets vulnerable neighborhoods," intending to mitigate urban heat impacts, though specific metrics for success are not detailed (Action 2.3.2).

- **Infrastructure Adaptation:**
  - The city will "incorporate resilience guidelines into the capital planning process," focusing on resilience summary statements in budget narratives, but exact units or numerical goals to measure outcomes are not presented (Action 3.2.2).

- **Racial Equity and Resilience:**
  - The city aims to "chart the city’s course of action toward a more equitable and climate-ready future," with a focus on "ensuring equity and inclusion" in the planning process, though specific metrics or numerical goals are not mentioned (Action 4.3.1).

Specific numerical objectives, deadlines, or exact units such as tons of CO2 reduction or improvements in air quality indices are not explicitly mentioned in this extract of the plan.

| Feature              | Details                                                                                     |
|----------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Tampa                                                                                       |
| **Population**       | - Over 51,000 people moved to the Tampa Bay area between 2017 and 2018 *(Introduction)*    |
| **Threats Identified**| - COVID-19 pandemic *(Introduction)*                                                       |
|                      | - Economic crisis *(Introduction)*                                                         |
|                      | - Sea level rise *(Executive Summary, Overview of Tampa's Resilience Opportunities)*        |
|                      | - Floods *(Executive Summary)*                                                             |
|                      | - Extreme heat *(Executive Summary)*                                                       |
|                      | - High exposure to air toxins *(Chapter 2)*                                                |
| **Measures Identified**| - Launch Tampa Early Learning Campaign *(Chapter 1)*                                      |
|                      | - Reduce Education Gap *(Chapter 1)*                                                       |
|                      | - Connect Young People to Climate Justice Internships *(Chapter 1)*                        |
|                      | - Expand and Develop New Renewable Energy Programs *(Chapter 3)*                           |
|                      | - Assess and Fortify Critical Infrastructure *(Chapter 3)*                                 |
|                      | - Promote Green Infrastructure *(Chapter 3)*                                               |
|                      | - Collaborate on Economic Mobility *(Chapter 4)*                                           |
|                      | - Implement Tampa’s Climate Action and Equity Plan *(Chapter 4)*                           |
```

**Jurisdiction Name:** City of Cape Coral

**Location:** Southwest Florida

**Population & Demographics:** 
- The economic sector generating the most non-farm total earnings for the City of Cape Coral residents in 2006 was construction and retail trade.

**Average Income:** 
- Per capita income in 2006 for the City of Cape Coral was $40,113.

- **Coastline:** Located on the coast with vulnerabilities due to low-lying areas and sea level rise.

- The city's economy is supported significantly by sectors like health care services, retail, and real estate/construction.

- The region experiences changes in air temperature and water temperature, with potential impacts on air quality and water quality. Sea level rise and increased coastal flooding are noted as significant climate change impacts.

- There is a mention of the "vulnerability of low lying development" and water availability as future challenges, especially related to the construction industry which could be affected by increased intensity of storms.

- Not explicitly detailed in terms of oil and gas, but renewable energy is encouraged, as indicated by the development of a Solar Strategy for inclusion in comprehensive planning and the increase in alternative and renewable energy usage.

- The plan mentions the importance of preserving green space and vegetation due to their roles in sequestering carbon, reducing flooding, and cleaning stormwater runoff.

- The economy is based on health care services, retail, and real estate/construction. The city promotes and incentivizes business relocation to Cape Coral, with significant employment provided by Lee Memorial Hospital, Lee County School System, Publix Supermarkets, City of Cape Coral, and Wal-Mart.

**Additional Observations:** 
- The city is a popular destination for tourists, which influences its desirability and economic landscape. The plan highlights the risks of sprawl and reliance on automobile transportation, correlating with higher greenhouse gas emissions predominantly from transportation.

Please note that specific details regarding certain elements such as population demographics, exact geographic features, and infrastructure like airports or seaports were not explicitly detailed in the document excerpts provided.

The plan extensively addresses resilience, emphasizing the capacity of systems to dynamically respond to climate impacts. It states, "*Climate change resilience is the capacity of an individual, community, or institution to dynamically and effectively respond to shifting climate impact circumstances while continuing to function at an acceptable level*." Resilience is described as involving "*building the capacity of a system to withstand perturbations and shocks and to rebuild and respond to change*" (Executive Summary, Elements of Resiliency Plan). Additionally, the plan outlines the importance of resilience in preparing for, surviving, recovering from, and thriving amidst climatic changes (Introduction, Elements of Resiliency Plan).

While the plan mentions mitigation, it is not the primary focus. It acknowledges the need for mitigation by stating that "*global attention on climate change has been focused on mitigation through the reduction of greenhouse gases*" (Elements of Resiliency Plan). However, the plan shifts more towards resilience rather than detailing specific mitigation strategies.

Adaptation is a core aspect of the plan. The plan outlines specific adaptation elements such as vulnerability assessment, implementation actions, and adaptation strategies, ensuring that adaptation is a significant component. It states, "*Successful resilience and adaptation to climate change requires plans and strategies that respond to both the unique vulnerabilities and the priorities of the places they protect*" (Introduction, Elements of Resiliency Plan). The plan also describes adaptation options and the importance of community engagement in setting adaptation goals and actions (Executive Summary, Elements of Resiliency Plan).

Overall, the plan can be classified as **adaptation/resilience dedicated**. The predominant focus is on building resilience and incorporating adaptation strategies, with mitigation playing a supplementary role in the overarching climate strategy.

Yes, the plan describes several scenarios of climate change that the City of Cape Coral will face. According to the plan:

- *The City of Cape Coral is currently experiencing climate change, with more severe tropical storms and hurricanes with increased wind speeds and storm surges having already caused significant damage.* (City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan, Section: City of Cape Coral Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment)

- *The future is projected to include increased climate instability, wetter wet seasons, drier dry seasons, more extreme hot and cold events, increased coastal erosion, continuous sea level rise, and shifts in fauna and flora.* (City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan, Section: City of Cape Coral Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment)

- Five future scenarios are outlined, including: 
  1. *A scenario in which mitigative actions are undertaken to reduce the human influence on climate change.*
  2. *A 90% probable future predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.*
  3. *A "very worst" future in which no actions are taken to address climate change.* (City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan, Section: City of Cape Coral Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment)

These scenarios encompass a range of possible outcomes, from taking proactive mitigation actions to a "very worst" case where no actions are taken, highlighting the potential challenges and the need for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation policies.

**1. Flooding**  
   - *Climate Hazard:* "Flooding" is identified as a natural hazard likely to impact Cape Coral, presenting increased risks as climate change potentially increases hazard intensity and frequency.  
   - *Climate Risks:* It poses risks such as "overtaxing the emergency response systems and funding for flood response" and may affect "buildings or transportation routes" (City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan, Risk Analysis and Planning for Climate Change).  
   - *Vulnerable Areas/Populations:* Coastal communities and zones, as many of Cape Coral’s population and building stock are situated near the coast, making them susceptible to storm surges and erosion (City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan, Planning for Climate Change).

**2. Coastal Storms**  
   - *Climate Hazard:* Coastal storms are recognized as another potential threat to Cape Coral, particularly hurricanes.  
   - *Climate Risks:* Risks include "major storms and power outages," and potential overlapping impacts with other hazards (City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan, Planning for Climate Change).  
   - *Vulnerable Areas/Populations:* Coastal areas and systems are particularly at risk from increased storm surge and hurricane intensity (City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan, Planning for Climate Change).

**3. Wildfire**  
   - *Climate Hazard:* Wildfires are listed as a natural hazard with potential impacts.  
   - *Climate Risks:* They can result in "drought-related fires," posing risks to both natural systems and human structures (City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan, Planning for Climate Change).  
   - *Vulnerable Areas/Populations:* Areas prone to droughts and fires, particularly surrounding natural land areas or urban edges (City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan, Planning for Climate Change).

**4. Tornadoes**  
   - *Climate Hazard:* Tornadoes are included without detailed analysis but are part of the natural hazards facing Cape Coral.  
   - *Climate Risks:* General risks typically involve damage to infrastructure and housing.  
   - *Vulnerable Areas/Populations:* Areas with lower-quality infrastructure or housing may be more vulnerable (City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan, Risk Analysis).

**5. Thunderstorms and High Wind Events**  
   - *Climate Hazard:* Thunderstorms and associated high wind events have been identified as hazards.  
   - *Climate Risks:* They pose risks like power outages and infrastructure damage (City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan, Risk Analysis).  
   - *Vulnerable Areas/Populations:* Areas with less resilient infrastructure and community areas are more at risk (City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan, Risk Analysis).

**6. Coastal Erosion**  
   - *Climate Hazard:* Coastal erosion is highlighted due to its potential exacerbation by climate change.  
   - *Climate Risks:* Increases in erosion may lead to loss of habitat and increased vulnerability of coastal infrastructure (City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan, Planning for Climate Change).  
   - *Vulnerable Areas/Populations:* Coastal zones with significant infrastructure and populations (City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan, Planning for Climate Change).

**7. Drought**  
   - *Climate Hazard:* Droughts are included as a hazard with concerns for intensity increases.  
   - *Climate Risks:* Impacts include drought-related fires and potential water shortages (City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan, Planning for Climate Change).  
   - *Vulnerable Areas/Populations:* Areas reliant on regular water supplies for agriculture or consumption (City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan, Planning for Climate Change).

**8. Winter Storms and Freezes**  
   - *Climate Hazard:* Winter storms and freeze events are recognized as potential hazards.  
   - *Climate Risks:* These can impact agriculture, infrastructure, and energy systems.  
   - *Vulnerable Areas/Populations:* Populations or systems with less insulation or heating capacity (City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan, Risk Analysis).

**9. Exotic Pests and Diseases**  
   - *Climate Hazard:* The introduction of exotic pests and diseases is identified as a growing concern.  
   - *Climate Risks:* There are public health and agricultural implications due to the spread of diseases (City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan, Planning for Climate Change).  
   - *Vulnerable Areas/Populations:* Agricultural areas and health systems could be significantly impacted (City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan, Planning for Climate Change).

The resilience options identified in the City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan encompass various strategies across different domains. Here is a summary of the options, their specific climate threats, cost, timeframe, location, and other important attributes as extracted from the plan:

### **1. Resiliency Strategy Areas**
**Resilience Option:** Improvement of City Buildings and Infrastructure  
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Severe weather events, increased storm intensity, and sea-level rise.  
- **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The plan does not specify exact costs, timeframes, or locations, but highlights the need for improved infrastructure as a city-wide imperative.  
- **Other Attributes:** Improved building codes and infrastructure will be critical for long-term city resilience, reducing vulnerability to climate impacts (City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan, section on "City buildings and infrastructure").

**Resilience Option:** Coastal Erosion and Sea Level Rise Mitigation  
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Sea level rise, coastal erosion.  
- **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific cost and timeframe are not provided, but these actions are crucial for coastal zones.  
- **Other Attributes:** Highlights the use of ecosystems like coastal wetlands in protection strategies to preserve natural buffers (City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan, "Coastal erosion and sea level rise").

### **2. Policy and Program-Related Resiliency Strategies**
**Resilience Option:** Enhanced Emergency and Hazard Planning  
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Increased storm intensity, flooding, and extreme weather events.  
- **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** No specified cost, timeframe, or location. Emphasis is on city-wide emergency planning improvements.  
- **Other Attributes:** Includes robust planning infrastructure that caters to a range of weather-related scenarios (City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan, "Emergency and hazard planning").

**Resilience Option:** Health and Human Services Adaptation  
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Health impacts from increased temperatures and vector-borne diseases.  
- **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific metrics not provided. Focuses on city health services to adapt to climate changes.  
- **Other Attributes:** Ensures public health systems are resilient to potential disease spread and heat-associated health risks (City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan, "Health and human services").

**Resilience Option:** Land Use Planning Adjustments  
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Urban flooding, heat island effect.  
- **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Details on costs and exact timeframe not included in the document. This involves city-wide implementation.  
- **Other Attributes:** Addresses urban, suburban, and rural planning to enhance resilience and reduce heat and flood vulnerability (City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan, "Land use planning").

### **3. Sector-Specific Resiliency Strategies**
**Resilience Option:** Renewable, Green Energy Development  
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Reliance on fossil fuels contributing to climate change.  
- **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The plan lacks specifics in terms of cost or timeframe but suggests a focus on city-wide green energy initiatives.  
- **Other Attributes:** Encourages use of renewable energy sources to mitigate climate change impacts and promote sustainability (City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan, "Renewable, green energy").

**Resilience Option:** Educational Outreach and Public Awareness  
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** General lack of public awareness on climate change impacts.  
- **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Does not specify cost or timeframe, but applies to the entire city population.  
- **Other Attributes:** Promotes climate literacy and encourages community involvement in adaptation efforts (City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan, "Education and outreach").

Each strategy underscores a comprehensive approach to building resilience in Cape Coral, blending infrastructural, policy, and community engagement measures to address climate threats effectively.

The plan identifies a variety of mitigation options, which include:

1. **Protection of Green Space and Vegetation**
   - **Information:** This mitigation strategy emphasizes the importance of green space and vegetation in urban areas to absorb urban heat, sequester carbon, reduce flooding, and clean stormwater runoff. It also notes the provision of shade by trees.
   - **Attributes:** The strategy implicates land use planning to minimize GHG emissions and requires consideration of the rates of public revenues versus costs associated with different types of land use (City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan, Chapter on "Urban Areas").

2. **Land Use Policies**
   - **Information:** These policies aim to reshape land use patterns to reduce vehicle miles traveled, which can lead to lower transportation-related GHG emissions. Specific strategies could include adopting urban growth boundaries and considering the climate impacts in comprehensive plans.
   - **Attributes:** The plan highlights the connection between land use planning and climate change mitigation, with a focus on reducing reliance on cars by encouraging development patterns that facilitate biking, walking, and transit (City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan, Chapter on "Land Use and Growth Management").

3. **Renewable Energy Emphasis and Green Energy Initiatives**
   - **Information:** There is an emphasis on utilizing biomass, reducing GHG emissions, providing economic stimulus for renewables, and encouraging adherence to LEED® standards for new construction.
   - **Attributes:** The plan promotes renewable and green energy technologies as important avenues for mitigating climate change impacts (City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan, Chapter on "Natural Systems and Resources").

4. **Telecommuting and Transportation Demand Management**
   - **Information:** Encouraging telecommuting, flex time, and alternate transportation options such as carpooling or biking can reduce peak-hour trips and GHG emissions from transportation.
   - **Attributes:** Strategies include incentives for public transit use, car-sharing programs, and expansion of bike lanes and pedestrian-friendly infrastructure (City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan, Chapter on "Transportation").

5. **Implementation of Life Cycle Cost Analyses in Transportation Planning**
   - **Information:** Promoting life cycle cost analyses in transportation helps identify energy savings and GHG reductions in infrastructure projects.
   - **Attributes:** It involves improving traffic light synchronization and possibly integrating energy-efficient lighting technologies (City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan, Chapter on "Transportation").

6. **Green Building Alternatives and Standards**
   - **Information:** The plan suggests promoting green building alternatives, using education, and adjusting building codes to incorporate LEED standards and other environmentally friendly practices.
   - **Attributes:** The implementation may involve adjustments in building codes and incentives like green-lending to support these initiatives (City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan, Chapter on "Development and Infrastructure").

The plan provides a framework for implementing these mitigation strategies but does not offer detailed information on costs, specific timing, or precise locations. Instead, it provides a high-level approach to integrating these options into policy and planning practices.

The plan identifies several mitigation options which include the use of renewable energy, land use strategies, transportation infrastructure improvements, and waste management strategies. Below is a summary of the information provided in the plan regarding these options:

### Renewable, Green Energy
- **Mitigation Options:**
  - Emphasis on biomass and encouraging LEED® standards for new construction.
  - Encouragement for the Green Lodging Certification.
  - Green purchasing policies for office supplies and other materials.
  - Purchasing hybrid vehicles, electric vehicles, and other more efficient fleet vehicles.

  - **Location/Implementation:** City facilities and infrastructure, promoting practices city-wide.
  - **Other Attributes:** Promotes energy efficiency and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.

### Land Use and Urban Planning
  - Adopt urban growth boundaries to contain growth within designated urban areas.
  - Designate priority growth areas outside of high hazard zones.
  - Establish targets for reducing vehicle miles of travel in comprehensive plans.

  - **Location/Implementation:** Urban areas of Cape Coral.
  - **Timeframe:** Integrated with ongoing planning processes.
  - **Cost:** Not specifically mentioned.
  - **Other Attributes:** Enhances urban density, reduces sprawl, and optimizes land usage.

### Transportation Infrastructure
  - Development and promotion of bus rapid transit.
  - Implement a community-wide trip reduction program, including car-sharing.
  - Improve traffic light synchronization and implement energy-efficient traffic lights (LED technology).
  - Encourage telecommuting and use of flex time.

  - **Location/Implementation:** City transportation network and employer policies.
  - **Cost:** No specific cost provided but mentions energy savings contributions.
  - **Other Attributes:** Aims to reduce vehicle miles traveled and enhance transportation efficiency.

### Waste Management
  - Recycling and hazardous waste collection days.
  - Encourage green incentives and reduction of travel through increased use of webinars and teleconferencing. 

  - **Location/Implementation:** City-wide initiatives encouraged within municipal departments and community programs.
  - **Timeframe:** Ongoing implementation.
  - **Cost:** No specific cost provided.
  - **Other Attributes:** Focus on reducing emissions related to waste and fleet management.

The plan does not provide explicit details on cost, specific timeframe, or certain location aspects for most mitigation options, indicating that these may be integrated into broader strategic objectives rather than isolated projects.

The plan identifies several adaptation options to address various climate threats. Here are the details for each identified adaptation option:

1. **Shoreline Hardening (Protection)**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Coastal erosion and sea level rise.
     - Timeframe: Not specified in detail.
     - Location: Coastal areas.
     - Additional Considerations: Part of coastal protections aimed to prevent erosion and protect the shoreline.

2. **Planned Relocation (Managed Retreat)**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Sea level rise and resulting inundation risks.
     - Timeframe: Not specified but suggests long-term planning.
     - Location: Areas threatened by increased sea level rise and coastal risks.
     - Additional Considerations: Part of strategies for managed retreat to reduce risk in high-threat areas.

3. **Adaptation (Accommodation)**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Various climate threats including changes in temperature and storm intensity.
     - Location: Applicable across various settings.
     - Additional Considerations: Involves accommodating the climate changes rather than controlling them.

4. **Improving Emergency Response and Hazard Planning**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Increased storm intensity, hurricane events, and associated risks.
     - Goal: Strengthen response capabilities and increase resilience to storm surges.
     - Additional Considerations: Part of existing emergency response infrastructure improvements.

5. **Coastal Ecosystem Role Assessment**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Extreme events and storm surges.
     - Goal: Assess ecosystems like wetlands and dunes in mitigating risks.
     - Additional Considerations: Strategies involve integrating natural system protections into planning.

6. **Monitoring and Evaluation of Effects and Adaptive Management**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Ongoing and future climate impacts.
     - Goal: Establish indicators for ecosystem threshold approaches.
     - Additional Considerations: Continual assessment and adaptive management recommended.

The plan emphasizes a flexible approach to these adaptation measures, acknowledging the need for ongoing monitoring and stakeholder engagement to assess and implement effective strategies. Cost and specific timeframes are generally not provided but are implied to vary depending on the adaptation measures and their immediate needs.

The City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan identifies several climate policies that advance climate justice by addressing various climate threats and targeting areas or populations with heightened climate vulnerability:

1. **Reduction of health inequities**
   - **Climate Threat:** The plan aims to address climate-change-related exposures, including extreme heat and air pollution.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** The policy specifically emphasizes reducing health inequities and promoting health protection for vulnerable populations and communities. This includes vulnerable groups such as "individuals who suffer health consequences related to climate change" (**City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan**, Executive Summary).

2. **Increased access to air conditioning and cooling resources**
   - **Climate Threat:** The policy addresses the threat of heat-related illnesses exacerbated by rising temperatures and urban heat islands.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** It targets "areas where it [air conditioning] is currently not common and in population groups that lack access," as well as low-income groups who may struggle with cooling costs (**City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan**, Chapter on Public Health).

3. **Education and information dissemination in multiple languages**
   - **Climate Threat:** The policy focuses on increasing awareness of climate-related health risks such as heat illness, vector-borne and food-borne diseases, exacerbated by climate change.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** It emphasizes reaching "immigrants with literacy/language needs" by disseminating educational materials in multiple languages to address specific risks (**City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan**, Chapter on Public Health).

4. **Community engagement and empowerment**
   - **Climate Threat:** The broader threat of climate change impacts such as extreme weather events and environmental degradation.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** The plan aims to empower and engage "vulnerable communities and at-risk populations" in discussions and planning for climate change mitigation and adaptation (**City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan**, Executive Summary).

5. **Expansion of health and social services**
   - **Climate Threat:** This policy addresses the physical and mental health impacts of climate change, including increased incidence of disease and mental health issues due to stress and displacement.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** It focuses on expanding training and education for health and social services providers to "identify and treat mental health problems" and "integrate mental health into systems and services" deployed post-disaster, targeting individuals most vulnerable to climate-related stressors (**City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan**, Chapter on Public Health).

6. **Improvement of transportation options**
   - **Climate Threat:** This policy indirectly addresses GHG emissions and their role in driving climate change.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** By promoting community bike/walkability and expanding public transit, the plan aims to benefit health through increased physical activity, potentially benefiting low-income and underserved communities who rely on public transit (**City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan**, Chapter on Transportation). 

Each policy is aimed at reducing climate vulnerability and promoting equitable access to resources and information to enhance community resilience.

### Potential Unforeseen Maladaptive Climate Policies

1. **Policy: Increasing Access to Air Conditioning**

     - The threat of increased temperatures and heat-related health risks due to climate change.

   - **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option Proposed:**
     - _"Increase access to air conditioning, particularly in areas where it is currently not common and in population groups that lack access."_ This policy considers expanding programs to help low-income people afford residential cooling.

   - **Why it May Cause Inadvertent Maladaptation:**
     - While increasing access to air conditioning helps mitigate heat-related health impacts, it may inadvertently lead to heightened greenhouse gas emissions due to increased energy consumption, particularly if the energy comes from fossil fuels. This can exacerbate climate change and lead to more severe climate threats, counteracting mitigation efforts. _"Note that air conditioning use may increase greenhouse gas emissions and health problems related to fossil fuel combustion."_ 

2. **Policy: Intensifying Climate Change Health Impact Information Dissemination**

     - The threat of adverse health effects from climate change, including heat-related illnesses and vector-borne diseases.

     - _"Urgently expand dissemination of climate change health impact information including impacts,"_ suggesting a broader communication strategy to inform populations about health implications of climate events.

     - Although well-intended to raise awareness, excessive dissemination without actionable and clear guidance could lead to public panic or overwhelm local healthcare systems, potentially leading to resource misallocation. Without strategic planning, this could undermine community resilience by diverting focus from effective adaptation strategies._

3. **Policy: Strict Regulation of Air Pollutants as Greenhouse Gases**

     - The threat of pollution and its role in exacerbating climate change as well as public health issues.

     - _"Maintaining strict regulation of air pollutants will be an important support to community resilience."_ and _"New controls for greenhouse gases that are not presently regulated as pollutants will be required."_

     - Stringent regulations could lead to increased operational costs for businesses, leading to economic stress within communities. This could unintentionally reduce economic resilience if industries are forced off-shore to less regulated regions, potentially increasing global emissions rather than decreasing them at the local level, undermining both local economies and global mitigation efforts.

- **Why it May Cause Inadvertent Maladaptation:**

Based on the content provided in the City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan, here is the information regarding the measurement of success or failure for adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options:

### **Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Processes:**

- **Role of M&E:**
  - The plan emphasizes that "monitoring is to keep track of progress in the implementation of a resiliency strategy and its various components in relation to the targets. This enables management to improve operational plans and to take timely corrective action in the case of shortfalls and constraints" (City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan, 114).

- **Indicators and Performance Standards:**
  - It is mentioned that "M&E processes depend on carefully developed sets of indicators by which the performance of resiliency activities can be assessed. These indicators provide the basis for before-and-after analyses and describe the effects (positive and negative) of project interventions" (City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan, 115).
  - Performance indicators are described as "the criteria for success" and should "include both outputs and outcomes (impacts), with explicit statements of how the indicator demonstrates that the project goal has been met" (City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan, 115).

- **Measurement Units and Indicators:**
  - Specific measurement units or numerical values for indicators such as CO₂ reductions or improvements in air quality are not detailed within the provided content. However, the importance of tracking performance through quantitative and qualitative indicators is highlighted.

### **Concrete Goals or Targets:**

- **Adaptation and Mitigation Goals:**
  - While specific numerical objectives are not explicitly outlined, the plan stresses the need for adaptation strategies to "respond to both the unique vulnerabilities and the priorities of the places they protect" (City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan, 4).

- **Implementation and Timeframes:**
  - The plan suggests considering various timeframes for actions, including "Reactive responses: immediate responses initiated once climate change impacts are observed" and "Ad hoc reactive responses: actions implemented after climate change impacts have been observed" (City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan, 117).

- **Assessment of Vulnerability and Implementation Actions:**
  - Critical elements recommended by the EPA include "An assessment of vulnerability; Description of specific implementation actions; A summary of considerations used to set priorities and select actions" (City of Cape Coral Resiliency Plan, 3).

### **Summary:**

The plan does not specify exact metrics with units or concrete numerical targets for each strategy within the provided content. However, it emphasizes the significance of M&E processes with developed indicators, timely corrective action, and criteria for success to ensure the effectiveness of adaptation and resilience strategies. The use of performance indicators is crucial, although detailed examples or units of measurement were not provided in the document excerpts.

| **Feature**         | **Information**                                                                                                                                                    |
| **Location/City Name**  | City of Cape Coral                                                                                                                                              |
| **Population**          | *The document does not provide specific population figures.*                                                                                                   |
| **Threats Identified**  | - Flooding  <br> - Coastal storms <br> - Wildfire <br> - Tornadoes <br> - Thunderstorms and high wind events <br> - Coastal erosion <br> - Drought <br> - Winter storms and freezes <br> - Exotic pests and diseases (Refer to *Risk Analysis*) |
| **Measures Identified** | - City buildings and infrastructure <br> - Policy and program-related resiliency strategies <br> - Coastal erosion and sea level rise <br> - Emergency and hazard planning <br> - Health and human services <br> - Land use planning <br> - Urban, suburban, and rural land use <br> - Public water supply and domestic self-supply projections of population <br> - Water and wastewater <br> - Waste management <br> - Natural systems and resources <br> - Renewable, green energy <br> - Transportation (Refer to *Resiliency strategy areas included*)                                      |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction: City of Pembroke Pines**

- **Location:** Pembroke Pines is located in the South Florida region, specifically in Broward County. It is a suburban community strategically positioned within the larger metropolitan areas of Fort Lauderdale and Miami.

- **Population and Demographics:** According to the 2013 Census estimate, Pembroke Pines has a population of 162,329, making it the second-largest city in Broward County, Florida.

- **Geographic Features:** Pembroke Pines is home to over 600 acres of wetlands and is a neighbor to the Florida Everglades. The city is known for its natural beauty and ecological tourism.

- **Climate and Water Challenges:** Pembroke Pines faces challenges related to climate change, including increasing temperatures, extreme weather, and threats to human health. There is a significant emphasis on water conservation to protect water resources, which is crucial given the region's environmental vulnerabilities.

- **Energy Production:** The plan includes objectives related to energy conservation and the exploration of renewable energy options. There is a focus on phasing in LED lighting, encouraging the installation of renewable energy like solar panels, and exploring small-scale solar projects.

- **Natural Resources and Economic Drivers:** The city places a high priority on preserving natural resources, enhancing natural landscapes, and protecting ecosystems. Economic activities are aligned with environmental stewardship, responsible economic development, and maintaining the balance between development and natural resource conservation. Key infrastructure details such as airports or seaports are not specifically mentioned in the document.

The plan places significant emphasis on resilience strategies to withstand climate change impacts. This is evident in its focus on energy efficiency, public empowerment, and building resilience in the built environment. The **Resilience** section highlights the ability to "anticipate, prepare for, respond to, and recover from significant multi-hazard threats" with minimal damage to social well-being, the economy, and the environment (Chapter 1).

Key resilience activities include:
- Improving the quality of life through community planning.
- Perpetuating environmental stewardship.
- Coordinating interdepartmentally through a "green team" to ensure sustainable decisions (Implementation).

The plan addresses mitigation primarily through energy efficiency and conservation. It lists objectives such as promoting energy-efficient upgrades, exploring renewable energy options, and encouraging energy conservation practices. Specifically, the plan aims to "reduce our reliance on carbon-intensive energy sources" and integrate green development techniques (Chapter 2).

Key mitigation activities include:
- Continuing the diversification of the energy portfolio.
- Promoting the use of renewable energy like solar panels.
- Exploring financing options for energy efficiency retrofits via programs like Property-Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) (Chapter 2).

Adaptation is a primary focus throughout the plan as it details numerous strategies for adapting to climate impacts. It emphasizes green infrastructure development, water conservation efforts, and integrating climate change considerations into long-range planning to address risks like water supply, health impacts from increased temperatures, sea level rise, and flooding (Chapter 3).

Key adaptation activities include:
- Incorporating green infrastructure to reduce stormwater runoff.
- Enhancing and protecting ecosystems such as wetlands.
- Developing policies for flood mitigation and encouraging the use of water reuse techniques (Chapter 1).

Overall, the plan can be classified as a **sustainable/green plan** because it comprehensively covers a balanced approach to resilience, mitigation, and adaptation, with a strong emphasis on creating a sustainable and livable environment through green development, conservation, and strategic planning.

Yes, the plan describes scenarios of climate change that the planning jurisdiction will face and is planning for climate policies accordingly:

- The plan identifies the South Florida region, including Pembroke Pines, as "more vulnerable than most other communities in the nation to future threats and environmental extremes" due to its geographical location. It emphasizes the increased risks from "carbon emissions and carbon dioxide levels," leading to "increased temperatures in the atmosphere," "increased ocean acidity," "extreme weather," "threats to human health," "sea level rise," and "economic losses" (_Introduction_).

- In response to these challenges, the city focuses on energy efficiency, public empowerment, resilience of the built environment, and several other key areas to strategically plan for an unpredictable future (_Introduction_).

- The plan also integrates climate change into long-range planning by considering the likely impacts of "water supply risk," "health impacts of increased temperatures," "sea level rise," and "flood mitigation" (_Leadership & City Operations_).

**1. Increase of Carbon Emissions and Carbon Dioxide Levels**

   - **Climate Hazard Description:** The plan highlights the increase of carbon emissions and carbon dioxide levels in the environment. This build-up leads to "increased temperatures in the atmosphere."

   - **Climate Risks:** These changes are linked to several climatic risks including "increased ocean acidity, extreme weather, threats to human health, sea level rise and economic losses."

   - **Vulnerable Areas or Populations:** The plan notes that "living within the South Florida region," which includes Pembroke Pines, the region is "more vulnerable than most other communities in the nation to future threats and environmental extremes."

**2. Extreme Weather**

- **Climate Risks:** These changes are linked to several climatic risks including "increased ocean acidity, extreme weather, threats to human health, sea level rise and economic losses."

   - **Climate Hazard Description:** The document refers to extreme weather as one of the consequences of increased carbon emissions and carbon dioxide levels, without providing a specific detailed account of what constitutes the extreme weather events.

   - **Climate Risks:** While not described in detail, extreme weather events are generally expected to lead to threats to infrastructure, health, and economic stability.

   - **Vulnerable Areas or Populations:** As part of the broader impacts of increased carbon dioxide levels, extreme weather would affect the South Florida region, which is inherently more vulnerable to environmental extremes.

**3. Sea Level Rise**

   - **Climate Hazard Description:** Sea level rise is identified as a consequence of increased atmospheric temperatures.

   - **Climate Risks:** The specific risks posed by sea level rise are not elaborated on extensively, but it is implied that there could be significant impacts on landscapes, infrastructure, and economies.

   - **Vulnerable Areas or Populations:** South Florida is presented as particularly vulnerable, meaning coastal areas and infrastructure within Pembroke Pines and its surroundings are at higher risk.

**4. Ocean Acidity**

   - **Climate Hazard Description:** Increased ocean acidity is described as a result of higher carbon emissions and atmospheric CO₂ levels.

   - **Climate Risks:** While not in detail, such a condition generally impacts marine ecosystems and could affect human activities dependent on ocean resources.

   - **Vulnerable Areas or Populations:** The entire ecological system in the region could be vulnerable, although specific human populations at risk are not detailed.

**5. Threats to Human Health**

   - **Climate Hazard Description:** Threats to human health are mentioned as an outcome of increased emissions and changing climate parameters such as temperature rise.

   - **Climate Risks:** While the specific health threats are not explicitly mentioned, these could range from increased heat-related illnesses to diseases spread by changing ecosystems.

   - **Vulnerable Areas or Populations:** Again, the South Florida region, including Pembroke Pines, holds a broad vulnerability particularly for its human populations exposed to health risks. 

The plan implicitly highlights the interconnectedness of these hazards and their compounded effects on the region.

- **Climate Risks:** While the specific health threats are not explicitly mentioned, these could range from increased heat-related illnesses to diseases spread by changing ecosystems.

Based on the document provided, several resilience options are identified. Here is a summary:

### **1. Green Infrastructure**
- **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:** Addresses risks related to stormwater runoff, flood mitigation, and temperature increases due to the heat island effect.
  - No specific cost or timeframe is mentioned.
  - Implemented where appropriate within the city, including projects like bioswales and permeable pavements (Objective 1.4.2).
  - Involves environmental considerations such as reducing stormwater runoff and enhancing water management (Objective 1.4.2).

### **2. Enhancing Tree Canopy**
- **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:** Helps reduce air pollution and urban heat through tree preservation and enhancing canopy.
  - A target to increase tree canopy by 30% by 2030 (Goal 1.2, Future Objectives).
  - Environmental benefits include air quality improvements and contribution to reducing heat island effect.

### **3. Renewable Energy Promotion**
- **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:** Aims to reduce reliance on carbon-intensive energy sources, addressing greenhouse gas emissions and related temperature increases.
  - Options like small-scale solar projects and promoting renewable energy credits and systems are explored but without specific cost or timeline details (Objective 2.3.1).
  - Economic benefits include potential cost savings from energy efficiency and reduced energy bills for residents.

### **4. Green Development**
- **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:** Mitigates climate impacts through sustainable building practices.
  - Integrates into new developments and major renovations through the addition of "green" components (Objective 3.1.1).
  - Economic considerations include promotion of responsible development which balances community, environment, and economy (Goal 3.1).

### **5. Carpool/Rideshare Program**
- **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:** Aims to lower vehicle emissions contributing to air pollution.
  - No specific cost or timeline is detailed.
  - Targeted at City employees to reduce vehicle miles traveled (Objective 6.1.1).
  - Potential economic benefits through reduced travel costs.

### **6. Sustainable City Operations**
- **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:** Aims for overall reduction of city’s carbon footprint.
  - Includes initiatives like LED lighting and fuel-efficient vehicles with no specified cost or timeline (Objective 6.1.1).
  - Environmental considerations involve reduced energy use and emissions.

### **7. Community Outreach & Empowerment**
- **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:** Indirectly addresses a variety of climate threats through increased public awareness and capacity building.
  - Ongoing initiatives with no specific cost or timeline mentioned.
  - Fosters greater economic and social inclusion (Objective 1.3.1).

Tables, charts, or images referencing the specific cost, timeframe, or detailed locations for these initiatives were not mentioned in the provided excerpts.

The plan identifies several mitigation options focused on reducing energy use, encouraging renewable resources, and promoting green development techniques. Below is a summary of the mitigation options mentioned:

### **1. Energy Efficient Upgrades**
- **Cost:** The plan doesn't provide specific costs but emphasizes financial savings resulting from energy-efficient upgrades.
- **Location:** City property.
  - "Continue diversification of energy portfolio by giving preference to vendors who highlight the use of energy efficiency and renewable energy." (Chapter 2)
  - "Phase in LED lighting throughout the City where deemed appropriate." (Chapter 2)

### **2. Renewable Energy Initiatives**
- **Timing:** Ongoing exploration.
- **Location:** Small projects and public buildings.
  - "Explore purchasing of renewable energy credits and/or systems." (Chapter 2)
  - "Explore and identify funding sources for the installation of solar panels on public buildings." (Chapter 2)

### **3. Green Development and Redevelopment**
- **Timing:** As the city nears build-out.
  - "Creation of a Green Checklist to add to the Unified Development Application." (Chapter 3)
  - "Allow Green Roofs and Living Walls within the City." (Chapter 3)
  - "Decrease heat island effect through the encouragement of solar reflective coatings on roofs and parking areas, permeable pavement and increased tree canopy." (Chapter 3)

### **4. Smart Growth and Transit Oriented Development (TOD) Principles**
- **Location:** Eastern portions of the city.
  - "Encourage new development to abide by Smart Growth and Complete Street principles." (Chapter 3)
  - "Encourage the principles of Transit Oriented Development (TOD) within older, more populated eastern portions of the City." (Chapter 3)

These strategies aim to enhance energy efficiency, promote the use of renewable energy, and support sustainable urban development practices. The plan places emphasis on the integration of green technologies in city infrastructure and new developments.

The plan identifies several mitigation options aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainable practices:

1. **Energy Efficiency and Conservation**:
   - **Upgrade to LED Lighting**: The plan suggests phasing in LED lighting throughout the City where deemed appropriate. There are no specific details provided regarding cost or timeframe.
   - **Renewable Energy Promotion**: Encouragement for new developments to install renewable energy, such as solar panels, and to educate and encourage residents to purchase or install renewable energy. No specific cost or timeframe is provided but involves community outreach.
   - **Renewable Energy Credits**: The exploration of purchasing renewable energy credits and/or systems. Details on cost, timeframe, or location are not specified.

2. **Built Environment and Green Development**:
   - **Green Development Techniques**: Creation of a Green Checklist to ensure new developments incorporate green components. This initiative aims at awareness and environmental returns but does not specify costs, timeframes, or locations.
   - **Green Roofs and Living Walls**: Allowance for Green Roofs and Living Walls that can reduce energy use and emissions. There is no immediate cost or timeframe specified.
   - **Solar Reflective Coatings**: Encouragement of solar reflective coatings on roofs and parking areas to reduce the heat island effect, and use of permeable pavement and increased tree canopy. No specific costs, locations, or timeframe mentioned.

3. **Transportation and Mobility**:
   - **Alternative Transportation Promotion**: Promotion of alternative transportation to reduce carbon emissions and air pollution. Specific costs, timeframe, or locations are not detailed.
   - **Creation of Carpool/Rideshare Program**: Exploration of a carpool/rideshare program to reduce vehicle miles traveled, primarily within city operations. There are no specific details on cost or timeline.

4. **Internal Operations**:
   - **Green Infrastructure and Eco-Friendly Techniques**: Implementation of green infrastructure techniques for public property, and purchase of fuel-efficient vehicles. There are no specific costs, locations, or timeframes detailed.
   - **Energy Audits and LED Upgrades**: Conducting regular energy audits and replacing lighting with LED in city parks and public facilities where appropriate. Specific costs or timeframes are not specified.
  
The plan frequently highlights the need for community outreach and education as a pillar for implementing these mitigation options, suggesting an ongoing commitment to these practices without specific deadlines or cost attributes outlined.

The plan identifies several adaptation options to address various climate threats. Below are the summarized adaptation options:

### **1. Protection of Ecosystems**

**Climate Threat Addressed:**  
- The threat to ecosystems from climate change impacts such as increased temperatures which could affect the viability of wildlife and natural habitats.

**Attributes:**  
- **Location:** Monitors City wetlands, protects the Everglades, and Florida wildlife. (Goal 1.3)
- **Cost and Timeframe:** Not explicitly mentioned in the document.
- **Important Attributes:** 
  - Enhance protections for the Eagle Sanctuary to ensure safety for both wildlife and people.
  - Review the City’s Wetland Management Plan and identify deficiencies to ensure the success and health of these ecosystems. (Objective 1.3.1)

### **2. Water Conservation and Management**

- Threats related to water supply risk, stormwater management challenges due to increased precipitation and storm events.
  
- **Location:** City of Pembroke Pines.
  - Encourage the use of Florida Water StarSM standards for water efficiency, use of rain barrels in residential areas, and the incorporation of Green Infrastructure to reduce stormwater runoff. (Objective 1.4.1 & 1.4.2)

### **3. Energy Efficiency and Conservation**

- Threats such as increased atmospheric temperatures and the corresponding increased energy demand for cooling.
  
- **Cost and Timeframe:** Specific costs and timeframes are not mentioned.
  - Promote energy-efficient upgrades and diversification of energy portfolio. (Goal 2.1)
  - Encourage the use of renewable energy such as solar panels. (Objective 2.2.1)

### **4. Built Environment & Transportation Modifications**

- Threats like sea-level rise and increased flooding events.
  
- **Cost and Timeframe:** Not detailed in the document in terms of specific costs and timeframes.
  - The creation of green corridors linking major environmental assets to residential communities. (Objective 1.1.2)
  - Design, plan and implement green buildings and infrastructures. (Goal 3.1)

These adaptation options target crucial areas like ecosystem protection, water conservation, energy management, and infrastructure resilience, all essential for addressing the various climate threats identified in the plan.

Based on the content of the plan provided, there are no direct mentions of specific **climate policies** explicitly targeting **climate justice** or identifying **areas or populations with the most climate vulnerability** to specific climate hazards. The document discusses a broad array of initiatives aimed at addressing various environmental, energy, and infrastructure challenges in the context of resilience and sustainability for the city as a whole. However, the particular focus on **equity**, **social justice**, or **targeted support for vulnerable populations** in the context of climate change is not explicitly detailed in the information provided.

If details regarding specific climate justice policies or programs were present in other sections of the document, those sections were not included in the provided excerpts. Therefore, there is no direct climate justice-focused content available to summarize with respect to climate threats and vulnerabilities as per the details shared.

Based strictly on the content of the provided plan, some potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies may include:

1. **Increased Tree Canopy Initiative**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The initiative aims to address the threat of poor air quality and elevated temperatures associated with the heat island effect.
   
   - **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option Proposed:** *Increase tree canopy by 30% by 2030.* This policy involves promoting tree preservation, restrictive permits for tree removal, and increasing species diversity for resilience ("Goal 1.2 The City is dedicated to protecting air quality...").
   
   - **Potential for Maladaptation:** While increasing canopy cover generally provides benefits such as shade and improved air quality, it could inadvertently lead to maladaptation if not managed properly. For example, if certain species planted are not well-suited to future climate conditions, they could become stressed or die off, leading to increased maintenance costs or further emissions associated with removal and replacement efforts.

2. **Use of Green Roofs and Living Walls**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy targets the reduction of energy use, improving water quality, and reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
   
   - **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option Proposed:** *Allow installation of Green Roofs and Living Walls within the City to enhance the built environment.* This encourages vegetation on buildings for natural cooling and aesthetic benefits ("Objective 3.1.1: Support and Encourage Green Development Techniques...").
   
   - **Potential for Maladaptation:** There could be unintended maladaptive consequences if these installations are not maintained or designed properly for the local climate. Poorly executed green roofs could lead to structural damage or water leaks, and if inappropriate plant species are selected, they may not survive, resulting in increased maintenance costs and challenges.

3. **Implementing Smart Growth and Complete Streets**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy addresses urban sprawl, air pollution, and promotes sustainable urban development.
   
   - **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option Proposed:** *Encourage new development to abide by Smart Growth and Complete Streets principles.* These include promoting walkable neighborhoods and mixed land uses ("Goal 3.2 The City promotes and encourages Smart Growth principles...").
   
   - **Potential for Maladaptation:** If not carefully managed, such development might inadvertently lead to increased traffic congestion if the infrastructure is not upgraded concurrently, potentially worsening air pollution and reducing quality of life. Additionally, rapid implementation without community input might lead to displacing vulnerable populations.

Each of these policies, despite their good intentions, requires careful planning and implementation to avoid becoming maladaptive. It is crucial to continuously review and adapt these policies based on local climate projections and community feedback.

The plan does not specify particular metrics such as reductions in CO2 emissions or improvements in air quality in exact units (e.g., tons, percentages, index values) for measuring the success or failure of each adaptation, resilience, and mitigation option. However, it does outline several goals and objectives that imply certain metrics and targets:

### **Natural Resources & Environmental Design**
- **Tree Canopy Increase Goal:** "Increase tree canopy by 30% by 2030." (Goal 1.2)

### **Energy Efficiency & Conservation**
- **Energy Portfolio Diversification:** Preference for vendors who utilize "energy efficiency and renewable energy." Although specific percentage targets are not mentioned, it implies a shift towards these energy sources (Objective 2.1.1).
- **LED Lighting Implementation:** "Phase in LED lighting throughout the City where deemed appropriate." While no specific metric is provided, the goal is to reduce energy consumption (Objective 2.2.1).

### **Built Environment & Transportation**
- **Green Development Encouragement:** The creation of a "Green Checklist" to ensure new developments or major renovations add a green component, although specific metrics are not provided (Objective 3.1.1).

### **Leadership & City Operations**
- **Fuel Efficiency:** Purchase of "fuel-efficient vehicles" and conducting "regular energy audits on City buildings." No specific units or targets mentioned (Objective 6.1.1).

Overall, the plan focuses more on outlining strategic goals and objectives rather than providing detailed quantitative metrics for measuring success or failure.

| **Feature**              | **Details**                                                                                                                                                       |
|--------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name**   | Pembroke Pines                                                                                                                                                   |
| **Population**           | Not specified in the document                                                                                                                                     |
| **Threats Identified**   | - Increase in carbon emissions and carbon dioxide levels (leading to increased temperatures) <br> - Increased ocean acidity <br> - Extreme weather <br> - Threats to human health <br> - Sea level rise <br> - Economic losses (Introduction section) <br> - Depleting natural resources, regional build-out, population increases, demand on natural environment, environmental threats (Chapter 1, Natural Resources & Environmental Design) |
| **Measures Identified**  | - Focusing on energy efficiency, public empowerment, and resilience of the built environment (Introduction section) <br> - Energy Efficiency & Conservation <br> - Natural Resources & Environmental Design <br> - Built Environment & Transportation <br> - Waste Reduction & Recycling <br> - Community Outreach & Empowerment <br> - Leadership & City Operations (Introduction)                                                        |
```

Based strictly on the document provided, the following details regarding the physical and economic landscape of the planning jurisdiction are available:

- **Name and Location:** The planning jurisdiction is Cincinnati, located in the state of Ohio.

- **Demographics:** Cincinnati acknowledges "priority communities—those situated in areas with fewer trees, degraded infrastructure, and with less access to funds and political capital" that have historically been affected by systemic discrimination. It emphasizes a commitment to equity with a focus on racial equity.

  - Major geographic features include "hillsides" and "valleys," with references to the "Ohio River." These are significant in the context of flooding and landslides.
  - "Rising temperatures, more extreme storms, more flooding, decreased air quality, pests, and disease" are mentioned as impacts of climate change affecting the city.
  - The plan notes issues like "overland flooding" and the "Urban Heat Island Effect," which are exacerbated by features like "impervious surfaces" and "parking lots and roads."

- **Economic Landscape and Energy Production:**
  - The document references the importance of preparing the infrastructure and economy to be resilient to climate change and the potential in-migration due to climate-induced displacement.
  - While specific industries are not detailed, agricultural disruptions are noted, with predictions of "5-25% decline in corn and soybean crop yields by mid-century" due to climate factors.
  - The mention of the increase in "crime and vandalism" and the transformation of land use points to urbanization and developing infrastructure as key aspects.
  - The plan emphasizes reducing carbon emissions by targeting "50% by 2030 and 100% carbon neutrality by 2050," highlighting a focus on sustainability and carbon reduction.

- **Key Infrastructure:**
  - Challenges are mentioned around existing infrastructure like "sewer and water" systems, particularly their inadequacy during "heavy storms."
  - Specific infrastructure projects like the "Columbia Parkway" stabilization highlight responses to climate-induced damage.

Details about specific energy production types (e.g., oil, gas, renewables) and average income were not explicitly provided within the document. Additionally, there were no mentions of deserts, main airports, seaports, or detailed major economic drivers apart from the emphasis on maintaining updated infrastructure and improving agricultural responses.

The Green Cincinnati Plan emphasizes resilience as a foundational pillar, describing it as "the capacity of individuals, communities, institutions, businesses, and systems within a city to survive, adapt, and grow" amidst challenges and threats (*Resilience & Climate Adaptation* section). The plan envisions building resilience by empowering communities to identify climate threats and prepare for potential disasters, which fosters positive social cohesion (*Resilience* section). Several actions aligned with resilience include decreasing sewer backups and flash flooding, establishing Resilience Hubs, incentivizing green infrastructure, and conducting inventories and clean-ups of brownfields (*Resilience* section; *FOCUS AREA Resilience & Climate Adaptation* section).

Mitigation is a central element of the plan, as evidenced by Cincinnati's commitment to reduce carbon emissions by 50% by 2030 and achieve 100% carbon neutrality by 2050 (*Executive Summary*; *Focus Area Action Plans* section). The 2023 GCP outlines 40 high-impact strategies aimed at achieving these goals. The plan recognizes the need for a communal effort to achieve carbon neutrality and highlights strategies like decreasing energy usage in buildings to accomplish these objectives (*Focus Area Action Plans* section; *Sustainability* section).

Adaptation strategies are interwoven with resilience efforts. The plan outlines a strategic goal to complete five climate adaptation and resilience projects per year by 2028, each of which aims to create green jobs (*FOCUS AREA Resilience & Climate Adaptation* section). Key adaptation strategies focus on increasing access to mixed-income housing and resilience hubs for local residents and climate migrants, as well as protecting vulnerable lands and infrastructure through policy development to buffer against climate change impacts (*FOCUS AREA Resilience & Climate Adaptation* section).

Given the detailed focus on both resilience and adaptation strategies, alongside substantial mitigation strategies, the plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. This classification reflects the plan's emphasis on comprehensive climate action that includes significant efforts on both fronts.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change impacts that Cincinnati will face and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. The key elements of this scenario include:

- **Rising Temperatures**: Cincinnati is projected to experience an increase in the number of days with a heat index over 90°F, from about 30 days a year historically to 79 days by mid-century. By 2080, the average daily temperature is projected to be more than 10°F hotter. This rise in temperature will impact health and infrastructure significantly. (_Executive Summary_)

- **Increased Frequency and Severity of Storms**: While many parts of the world experience droughts, Cincinnati is facing more frequent and severe storms. Annual precipitation in the Midwest has increased by 5-10% since 1950. The region will not only experience an increase in storm frequency but also in storm severity, leading to significant impacts on infrastructure and the well-being of residents. (_Executive Summary, Local Impacts of the Climate Crisis_)

- **Health Implications**: The increase in temperature and extreme weather can lead to more heat-related illnesses, pressure on medical services, and adverse health effects from increased storms and flooding, particularly in areas with inadequate infrastructure. (_Health Implications_)

- **Impact on Agriculture**: Rising temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns could lead to a 5-25% decline in corn and soybean crop yields by mid-century, affecting local agriculture and economy. (_Why a Green Cincinnati Plan?_)

- **Infrastructure Challenges**: Heavy storms affect infrastructure, exemplified by the $17.6 million stabilization project required to address hillside instability along Columbia Parkway due to large rain events. Moreover, Cincinnati's combined storm-sewer system is challenged by the volume of water generated during extreme storms. (_Impact to Infrastructure_)

Through the Green Cincinnati Plan, the jurisdiction aims to implement policies and actions that address these challenges through resilience-building measures, mitigation targets (such as a 50% reduction in carbon emissions by 2030 and 100% carbon neutrality by 2050), and adaptation strategies to prepare communities for the anticipated climate risks.

1. **Rising Temperatures**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** "The earth is getting hotter and so is Cincinnati. Historically, Cincinnati experiences about 30 days a year with a heat index over 90°F. By mid-century, it will be 79 days. By 2080, the average daily temperature is projected to be more than 10°F hotter."  
   - **Climate Risks:** An increase in heat-related illnesses, added pressure on medical services, and exacerbation of the urban heat island effect.  
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas with lower levels of tree canopy and higher levels of impervious surfaces—such as parking lots and roads—experience higher surface temperatures. Not all of the city's neighborhoods will experience the impact equally, with "predominantly low-income communities of color that were historically red-lined" being more affected.

2. **Increased Storms and Precipitation**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** "Annual precipitation in the Midwest has increased 5-10% since 1950. Not only will the Cincinnati region see more storms, but the storms will be more severe."  
   - **Climate Risks:** Damage to infrastructure such as sewer backups, sewer overflows, the impact of heavy storms on sectors like transportation, and increased flooding which affects water quality. "Large rain events caused hillside instability," impacting infrastructure like Columbia Parkway requiring costly repair projects.  
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas with older sewer infrastructure and communities on hillsides and valleys are more susceptible to these impacts, and storms impact these communities more severely.

3. **Health Implications From Heat and Poor Air Quality**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** "An increase in the number of dangerously hot days and degraded air quality leads to an increase in heat-related illnesses and respiratory conditions."  
   - **Climate Risks:** Exacerbation of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, aggravated asthma, and other chronic illnesses, strain on health services.  
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Vulnerable populations include older adults, children, and those living in risk-prone areas, disproportionately affecting low-income communities and communities of color.

4. **Flooding**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** "Flooding from storms can cause sewer back-ups into homes and businesses, and water intrusion into buildings."  
   - **Climate Risks:** Increased exposure to pathogens, illness, and mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder.  
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** "Residents in neighborhoods on hillsides and in valleys" suffer more severe impacts from storms and flooding.

5. **Agricultural Disruptions**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** "Increased heat causes local waterways to evaporate, negatively impacting agricultural productivity. Rising temperatures are expected to extend the frost-free season 20 days by mid-century." However, hotter summers and droughts lead to crop decline.  
   - **Climate Risks:** A decline in crop yields by 5-25%, increased insect and weed populations, increased economic losses for farmers, and challenges like flooding and loss of native species.  
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Farmers and the Greater Cincinnati Area's agricultural sector, which faces potential economic output losses.

6. **Climate Migration**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** "Extreme heat, more frequent large flood events, forest fires, hurricanes, and other natural disasters are displacing people from their communities."  
   - **Climate Risks:** Population increase pressures on infrastructure and housing in the Midwest, especially in cities like Cincinnati.  
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Cincinnati may need to "prepare to receive those who might relocate to the City out of necessity," emphasizing the need for infrastructure to serve a larger, more diverse population.

1. **Decrease Sewer Backups, Sewer Overflows, and Overland Flooding:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option aims to tackle issues related to flash flooding caused by inadequate sewer infrastructure.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific cost and timeframe details are not provided. The plan emphasizes prioritizing projects in "priority communities."
   - **Other Attributes:** The project supports community-wide sewer infrastructure improvements, which could have positive economic and environmental benefits by protecting personal property and public health and enhancing water quality (Resilience).

2. **Resilience Hubs:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option mitigates the impacts of community isolation during emergencies.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** There are no specific details about costs, timeframes, or locations provided. However, the goal is to establish resilience hubs as centers for community connection and preparedness during emergencies.
   - **Other Attributes:** These hubs foster social cohesion, provide educational services, and serve as resource distribution centers, which can enhance public health and save lives (Resilience Hubs).

3. **Incentivize Green Infrastructure Projects:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Targets extreme heat and flood vulnerabilities.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific cost and timeframe details are not given.
   - **Other Attributes:** Green infrastructure projects include green roofs, bioswales, and permeable pavements, which provide environmental benefits by reducing urban heat and managing stormwater runoff (Resilience).

4. **Brownfields Cleanup and Assessment:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addresses contaminated industrial sites, known as brownfields.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** No explicit cost or timeframe mentioned.
   - **Other Attributes:** These actions align with community revitalization priorities and planned city reuse, providing positive economic and environmental impacts by repurposing land (Resilience).

5. **Implement Affordable Housing Strategies:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addresses housing insecurity exacerbated by climate impacts.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific financial and temporal details are not mentioned, but the plan seeks to stabilize communities.
   - **Other Attributes:** Stabilizing communities through affordable housing can improve social resilience and economic stability, providing long-term community benefits (Resilience).

6. **Social Infrastructure through Climate Safe Neighborhoods Program:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Enhances community preparedness for climate impacts.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The plan includes continuing and expanding the program but does not specify costs or timeframes.
   - **Other Attributes:** The program aims to build social infrastructure, which can help in creating job opportunities through green workforce training (Community Planning & Social Cohesion).

7. **Climate Migration Response Plan:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Anticipates and manages climate-driven migration.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** There are no specific costs or locations outlined, but the timeframe spans up to 2028 to complete climate adaptation and resilience projects.
   - **Other Attributes:** The plan includes preparing for a potential influx of climate migrants, which could have significant socio-economic implications for the city (Resilience & Climate Adaptation).

These resilience options are part of Cincinnati's strategic investments to strengthen its infrastructure and community connections in anticipation of future climate challenges.

   - **Summary:** To reduce extreme heat, overland flooding, landslides, and water-pollution vulnerabilities, the City aims to increase green infrastructure, which involves using natural features or planned ecological systems to manage water by mimicking the natural water cycle.
   - **Examples:** Green roofs, bioswales, green medians, wetlands, parks, permeable pavements, and landscape gardens.
   - **Cost:** The plan does not specify the exact cost of green infrastructure projects.
   - **Timing:** The goal is to complete 25 green infrastructure projects by 2028.
   - **Location:** Focus is on extreme heat and overland flood vulnerable communities.
   - **Attributes:** Green infrastructure manages stormwater well and mitigates extreme heat. Other methods to tackle heat include equitable access to air conditioning and heat reflective surfaces.  
   _Citation: FOCUS AREA Resilience & Climate Adaptation_

2. **Pollution Reduction and Adaptive Land Use**
   - **Summary:** Addressing pollution through policy development and protecting vulnerable lands and infrastructure. The plan also emphasizes dealing with brownfields and reducing the impact of emerging pollutants.
   - **Examples:** Conduct inventories, assessments, and clean-ups of contaminated industrial sites (brownfields), and address emerging pollutants like pharmaceuticals and microplastics.
   - **Cost:** The specific costs are not detailed within the plan.
   - **Timing:** No specific timeline is provided for these actions.
   - **Location:** Priority given to neighborhoods in the Lower Mill Creek Valley.
   - **Attributes:** Aims for healthier communities by mitigating pollution and revitalizing neighborhoods.  

3. **Incentivizing Green Infrastructure Projects**
   - **Summary:** Incentivizing green infrastructure projects in communities with extreme heat and flood vulnerabilities.
   - **Cost:** The plan does not provide detailed costs for these incentives.
   - **Timing:** The timeline for incentives is not specified.
   - **Location:** Targeted at communities with extreme heat and flood vulnerabilities.
   - **Attributes:** Creating a "sponge city" concept to absorb water with more green infrastructure in public and residential areas.  
   _Citation: Stormwater & Heat Adaptation_

For each mitigation option, the plan emphasizes the importance of alignment with sustainability, equity, resilience, jobs, investment, and health priorities, although specific cost estimates or timelines are often not provided.

The plan identifies several mitigation options, focusing on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving sustainability. Here is a summary of the identified mitigation options, along with relevant details such as cost, timeframe, location, and other attributes:

1. **Green Infrastructure Projects**
   - **Summary:** The plan aims to complete 25 green infrastructure projects by 2028 in communities vulnerable to extreme heat and overland flooding.
   - **Location:** Vulnerable communities in Cincinnati.
     - These projects include green roofs, bioswales, green medians, wetlands, parks, permeable pavements, and landscape gardens.
     - Green infrastructure helps manage stormwater and mitigate extreme heat.
   - **Timeframe:** By 2028.
   - **Cost:** Not specified directly in the provided sections. However, these projects are often associated with federal funding opportunities like the Infrastructure Investment & Jobs Act (IIJA) and Inflation Reduction Act (IRA).

2. **Revitalization of Contaminated, Industrial Properties (Brownfields)**
   - **Summary:** The plan includes revitalizing 25 brownfield sites in the Lower Mill Creek Valley by 2028.
   - **Location:** Lower Mill Creek Valley, Cincinnati.
     - Focus on reducing pollution from legacy brownfield sites to create healthier communities.
     - Address emerging pollutants like pharmaceuticals and microplastics.
   - **Cost:** Not specifically detailed, but related to funding and community priorities.

3. **Pollution Reduction through Policy Development**
   - **Summary:** Increase protection of vulnerable lands and infrastructure through policy development, including Low Impact Development.
     - Protects vulnerable areas like flood zones and hillsides.
     - These policies aim to avoid unsustainable consequences while safeguarding essential services.

The plan implies significant investment requirements, supported by federal funding such as the IIJA and IRA, to implement the actions effectively.

The plan identifies several adaptation options addressing various climate threats. Here is a summary for each:

### **Adaptation Option 1: Community-Based Assessments and Planning**
- **Climate Threat**: This option addresses climate vulnerabilities, particularly social impacts due to climate change.
- **Details**:
  - **Location**: Priority communities, both within Cincinnati and across the country.
  - **Attributes**: This strategy involves using community-based assessments, planning, programs, and training to reduce social impacts, such as health effects, lack of fresh food access, and loss of community identity. (*Focus Area: Resilience & Climate Adaptation*)

### **Adaptation Option 2: Green Infrastructure Projects**
- **Climate Threat**: The threat of extreme heat, overland flooding, landslides, and water pollution.
  - **Goal**: Complete 25 green infrastructure projects by 2028.
  - **Location**: Vulnerable communities affected by extreme heat and overland flooding.
  - **Attributes**: Incentivize and improve green infrastructure, including green roofs, bioswales, green medians, wetlands, parks, and permeable pavements. These measures manage stormwater and mitigate extreme heat effectively. (*Focus Area: Stormwater & Heat Adaptation*)

### **Adaptation Option 3: Increase Housing Access and Develop Resilience Hubs**
- **Climate Threat**: The vulnerability of affordable housing and the threat to social cohesion from climate impacts.
  - **Goal**: Complete five climate adaptation and resilience projects per year by 2028.
  - **Location**: Local neighborhoods and communities, particularly those anticipating climate migrants.
  - **Attributes**: This strategy involves increasing access to mixed-income housing and developing resilience hubs to foster community connections and emergency preparedness. Resilience hubs serve as multi-faceted community support centers. (*Focus Area: Community Planning & Social Cohesion*)

### **Adaptation Option 4: Protection through Low Impact Development (LID)**
- **Climate Threat**: Vulnerability of lands and infrastructure, including areas with heat islands and stormwater-impermeable hardscapes.
  - **Attributes**: Develop policies to protect vulnerable land use and core infrastructure with practices like Low Impact Development to avoid unsustainable consequences. (*Focus Area: Resilience & Climate Adaptation*)

### **Adaptation Option 5: Climate Safe Neighborhoods Program**
- **Climate Threat**: Social impacts associated with climate change vulnerabilities.
  - **Attributes**: Fund and expand this program to cultivate social infrastructure for resilient communities and provide green workforce training. (*Focus Area: Resilience & Climate Adaptation*)

These adaptation options are part of an effort to address the various risks and challenges posed by climate change to Cincinnati and aim to build a more resilient city through strategic planning and investment.

The plan identifies several climate policies to advance climate justice, addressing various climate threats and targeting specific vulnerable areas or populations:

### 1. Climate Safe Neighborhoods Program

**Climate Threat Addressed:**
- Social impacts of climate vulnerabilities, including health effects, lack of fresh food access, migration, and community displacement.

**Vulnerable Areas/Populations:**
- Priority communities with increased sensitivity to climate change and a higher risk of impact due to fewer resources to adapt and recover. (*Resilience & Climate Adaptation, Strategy 2*)

### 2. Urban Heat Island Effect Mitigation

- Rising temperatures and the Urban Heat Island Effect, which result in higher surface temperatures.

- Predominately low-income communities of color, historically red-lined neighborhoods with lower levels of tree canopy and higher impervious surfaces. (*Green Cincinnati Plan, 2020 Heat Watch Report*)

### 3. Improve Infrastructure and Housing for Climate Migration

- Anticipated climate migration due to sea level rise and natural disasters, requiring preparedness in housing, transportation, and infrastructure.

- Midwest cities, including Cincinnati, which are expected to experience climate migration and need to prepare infrastructure to accommodate a larger population. (*Why a Green Cincinnati Plan?*)

### 4. Low Impact Development Policies

- Vulnerability of core infrastructure to climate change due to urbanization, leading to heat islands, stormwater-impermeable hardscapes, and sensitive land use areas.

- Flood zones, hillsides, and highly concentrated urban areas in Cincinnati, particularly affecting priority communities that rely on these services. (*Resilience & Climate Adaptation, Strategy 2*)

### 5. Climate Equity Budgeting

- Historical inequity in climate equity policies and the need for procedural equity in decision-making.

- Priority communities in Cincinnati, particularly those historically affected by inequity and climate vulnerabilities. (*City Operations, Strategy 2*)

### 6. Increase Affordable Housing and Resilience Hubs

- Ensuring accessibility, stability, and security in response to climate change impacts, reducing poverty, and fostering community connection.

- Local residents and anticipated climate migrants in Cincinnati, focusing on increasing affordable and mixed-income housing to stabilize communities. (*Resilience & Climate Adaptation, Strategy 1*)

### 7. Climate Equity Indicators Report

- Disproportionate impacts on communities of color and vulnerable populations due to bad air quality, degraded infrastructure, and extreme weather events.

- Communities of color and low-income neighborhoods facing higher rates of health issues and infrastructure vulnerabilities. (*Operationalizing Equity*)

### Identified Potential Maladaptive Climate Policies

1. **Policy: Heat Reflective Materials**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** *Extreme heat and the creation of heat islands in urban areas.*  
     *"Use heat reflective materials when appropriate (roads, parking surfaces, roofs. Etc)."* (FOCUS AREA Resilience & Climate Adaptation)
   - **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:** *Using heat reflective materials to reduce heat absorption and, consequently, urban heat islands.*
   - **Reason for Potential Maladaptation:** This policy, while intended to reduce heat, might inadvertently increase energy consumption due to the additional light reflection increasing cooling costs for nearby buildings, and can sometimes lead to discomfort or glare for pedestrians and drivers, as well as potential ecological impacts on surface temperature regulation.

2. **Policy: Low Impact Development**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** *Landslide-prone hillsides, overland flood risk zones, and unsustainable urbanization effects.*  
     *"For communities to be resilient to climate change, the City needs to develop policies, such as Low Impact Development, that protect vulnerable land use and core infrastructure without creating unsustainable consequences."* (FOCUS AREA Resilience & Climate Adaptation)
   - **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:** *Implementing Low Impact Development to manage stormwater and reduce vulnerability of infrastructure.*
   - **Reason for Potential Maladaptation:** While Low Impact Development aims to reduce flooding and manage stormwater, if not properly implemented, it may shift the problem elsewhere by creating changes in local hydrology that affect nearby areas, potentially leading to unforeseen drainage issues or increased flood risk in other locations. Additionally, if improperly managed, it may increase maintenance costs and require technical expertise which could be a hindrance for certain communities to uphold.

3. **Policy: Green Roofs and Green Infrastructure**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** *Stormwater runoff, sewer backups, and urban heat islands.*  
     *"Residential places including green roofs, bioswales, green medians, wetlands, parks, permeable pavements, and landscape gardens."* (FOCUS AREA Resilience & Climate Adaptation)
   - **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:** *Promoting green infrastructure to manage stormwater and reduce heat.'
   - **Reason for Potential Maladaptation:** While green roofs and infrastructure can provide multiple environmental benefits, they may pose risks due to potential structural challenges on building roofs not designed to bear additional weight, increased maintenance demands, and initial high costs. If improperly maintained, they might fail to deliver the ecological benefits sought or might inadvertently increase water usage through maintenance needs, potentially countering water conservation efforts.

### **Measuring Success of Adaptation, Resilience, and Mitigation Options**

#### **Metrics and Units:**

- **Carbon Emissions Reduction:**
  - The plan aims to reduce carbon emissions by **50% by 2030** and achieve **100% community-wide carbon neutrality by 2050**. _(Executive Summary)_
  - Cincinnati's 2021 community emissions inventory estimates total community-wide emissions of **5.9 MMT CO2e (million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent)**, representing a **36.6% decrease** from the 2006 baseline of 9.3 MMT CO2e. _(Community Emissions Inventory)_

#### **Goals and Targets:**

- **General Goals:**
  - Each focus area of the plan identifies quantitative goals to drive accountability, learning, and adaptation over time. These goals are tracked on an annual basis, with the majority intended to be completed within **5 years**, unless otherwise stated. _(Focus Area Action Plans)_
  - Complete five climate adaptation and resilience projects per year by **2028** that create 10 green jobs per project. _(Resilience & Climate Adaptation Focus Area)_

- **Specific Targets:**
  - **Buildings & Energy:**
    - Decrease energy usage in new and existing buildings through the adoption of energy efficiency programs.
  - **ClimateView Platform:**
    - This platform is used to monitor carbon emissions measurement, tracking, and forecasting. It provides interactive emissions reports and status updates on the plan’s priority actions and assists in identifying optimal pathways to net zero emissions. _(ClimateView—Making climate data accessible and interactive)_

Overall, the plan incorporates a systematic approach to measure its success through specified reduction targets, community involvement, and the use of technology for real-time monitoring.

| Feature             | Details                                                                                  |
|---------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Cincinnati                                                                             |
| **Population**      | Not specified in the document                                                             |
| **Threats Identified** | - Rising temperatures                                                                   |
|                     | - More frequent and severe storms                                                         |
|                     | - Health implications                                                                     |
|                     | - Impact to infrastructure                                                                |
|                     | - Agricultural disruptions                                                                |
|                     | - Climate migration                                                                       |
| **Measures Identified** | - 50% reduction in carbon emissions by 2030                                            |
|                     | - Achieve 100% carbon neutrality by 2050                                                 |
|                     | - Focus on racial equity and addressing needs of priority communities                     |
|                     | - Extensive community engagement process                                                 |
|                     | - Implementing Strategies and Actions for each of the eight Focus Areas: Buildings & Energy, City Operations, Community Activation, Food, Mobility, Natural Environment, Resilience & Climate Adaptation, and Zero Waste |
```

**Location and Demographics**

The planning jurisdiction is the **City of Bayfield**, a compact, human-scale city with a population of 1,000 ("City of Bayfield Comprehensive Plan"). It is nestled in a beautiful natural setting, highlighting its unique character and appeal ("2020 VISION"). Unfortunately, the plan does not specifically mention detailed demographics such as socio-economic class, race, or average income.

**Geographic Features**

The natural setting of Bayfield is a significant asset, maintaining its unique form and character. This setting also provides habitat for both humans and animals ("Land Use Element"). The lakeshore is highlighted as a major economic and environmental asset, suggesting proximity to a significant body of water ("Goal 5").

**Climate and Environmental Challenges**

There is no specific mention of aridity or explicit water challenges in the plan. However, there is a focus on the protection of natural watercourses and ravines, which might indicate concerns related to water management ("Objective 4.3").

**Key Infrastructure**

There are no specific mentions of airports or seaports within the City of Bayfield. However, marine access is a focus, suggesting the presence of waterways that play a critical role in transportation and economic activities ("Objective 4.1").

**Energy Production and Natural Resources**

The plan does not detail specific local energy production sources like oil, gas, or renewables. However, there is a broad emphasis on sustainability, including energy efficiency and the use of renewable fuels to reduce energy consumption throughout the community ("5. Economic Development").

**Economic Landscape**

Bayfield’s economy is diversified, featuring a mix of businesses supporting year-round employment, with tourism remaining an important part ("Goal 1: Economic Development"). The city is noted for its leadership in historic and cultural preservation and fostering local businesses and clean industry, indicating these as vital economic drivers ("2020 VISION"). Economic development is encouraged to have little or no environmental impact, reinforcing the city’s commitment to sustainability ("Objective 1.4").

**Summary**

**Bayfield**, Wisconsin, is characterized by its natural beauty, compact size, and commitment to sustainability. Its economic landscape is driven by tourism, historic preservation, and local business support. The community emphasizes sustainable practices, although specific details about energy production and comprehensive demographic and economic data are not provided.

The plan emphasizes resilience through the promotion of sustainable community development and various strategies to enhance infrastructure and environmental stewardship. **"Bayfield works with Bayfield County, the State, and surrounding jurisdictions to ensure a safe, accessible multi-modal transportation system"** demonstrates a commitment to a resilient transportation network (Section 2). Additionally, the plan notes that the city aims to maintain **"a strong partnership with the School District of Bayfield and integrates the district into the long-term planning for the City,"** indicating a focus on community resilience (Section 14).

Mitigation is addressed through strategies aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption. The plan includes efforts like **"Transportation policies and actions that increase pedestrians, bicyclists, transit passengers as a primary mode of transportation, and that are designed to reduce public per-capita VMT and GHG emissions,"** which highlight a commitment to reducing emissions (Section 9). Furthermore, the plan encourages the use of renewable fuels and energy efficiency to decrease overall energy consumption (Section 14).

Adaptation in the plan is underscored by water resource management strategies and infrastructure improvements. The document articulates the need to **"develop a comprehensive maintenance program for existing roads"** and **"work with commercial or light industrial businesses to develop stormwater pollution plans,"** which are designed to improve the community's ability to withstand and adjust to climate impacts (Sections 12 and 18).

Considering the emphasis on both sustainable community practices and significant attention to energy efficiency and community resilience, the plan can best be classified as a **"sustainable/green plan."** This classification reflects its balanced approach to integrating resilience, mitigation, and adaptation strategies, as well as its overall focus on sustainability and environmental stewardship.

The plan does not explicitly describe a specific scenario of climate change that the planning jurisdiction will face. However, it does emphasize the principles of sustainability and developing a vision for the future that considers the limits of resource availability and plans for reaching that vision by "back-casting" to the present. This implies a forward-looking approach aimed at building resilience and sustainability in the face of potential future climate uncertainties. The plan mentions an array of strategies across various domains such as transportation, utilities, housing, and economic development to enhance resilience, mitigate emissions, and adapt to future changes.

The provided document does not explicitly list specific **climate hazards** that pose **climate risks** to the planning jurisdiction. However, it includes general strategies and objectives related to sustainability, infrastructure, and maintaining the natural environment, indirectly suggesting a response to potential climate-related concerns. Thus, there is no detailed description of specific climate hazards, risks, or vulnerable populations provided in the document. 

If further details on climate hazards are contained elsewhere in the document, they would need to be examined to provide a complete answer to this question.

Based on the plan provided, the following resilience options have been identified:

### **1. Water Resource Management**

  - Threats related to wastewater, stormwater, drinking water, wetlands, and watersheds.
  
- **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** 
  - The plan mentions "stormwater pollution plans" and "a holistic, watershed-based manner" without specific details on costs or timeframe.
  
- **Other Important Attributes:** 
  - Benefits include addressing wastewater management, stormwater quality controls, floodplain management, groundwater quality, and water conservation. The integration of rural and urban water issues is intended to manage both point source pollution and agricultural runoff. *(Water Resources Management section)*

### **2. Green Infrastructure and Habitat Protection**

  - Preservation of land, wetlands, and wildlife habitats to address climate-related impacts on biodiversity and natural ecosystems.
  
  - The plan does not specify costs or timeframe but emphasizes the preservation and rehabilitation of key areas. Specific locations for green infrastructure are to be identified during plan development.
  
  - Incentives for the protection and restoration of sensitive areas and wildlife habitats are noted. This is integrated into economic development by recognizing "natural capital" as part of regional wealth. *(Waters, Wetlands, and Wildlife section, Economic Development section)*

### **3. Transportation System Management**

  - Transportation-related GHG emissions and their contribution to climate risks.
  
  - No explicit cost details or timeframe provided; strategies are community-wide, involving roads, bikeways, and transportation infrastructure.
  
  - Air quality, energy use, and economic activity are considered. The plan aims to reduce GHG emissions and VMT through improved infrastructure performance, with enhancements like comprehensive maintenance programs and infill site development. *(Transportation System Management Strategies section)*

### **4. Sustainable Practices and Energy Efficiency**

  - General environmental threats from inefficient energy use and lack of sustainability practices.
  
  - Specific costing and timelines are not detailed, and initiatives are to be executed community-wide.
  
  - Promoting the use of renewable fuels, energy conservation, and waste reduction are fundamental. Environmental stewardship and economic considerations are emphasized through programs like PACE financing and residential energy conservation. *(Sustainability Practices section, Municipal Energy Use Strategies section)*

### **5. Waste Management and Reduction**

  - Waste accumulation and related environmental degradation.
  
  - Specific costs are not provided, with community-level implementation across waste management infrastructure.
  
  - Strategies focus on zero-waste principles and recycling ordinances for materials like construction waste. The plan encourages communities to reduce organic landfills through composting and promote proper disposal of hazardous waste. Economic benefits include reduced landfill use and potential energy recovery via anaerobic digestion. *(Waste Management and Reduction Strategies section)*

Given the information in the document, while these resilience options address various climate threats and provide detailed attributes, there is limited specific data cited regarding costs, timeframes, and exact locations.

The plan identifies several mitigation options aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and vehicle miles traveled, as well as improving energy efficiency and waste management. Below is a summary of each identified mitigation option along with the corresponding information regarding cost, timing, location, and other important attributes as mentioned in the plan:

### **Transportation Demand Management Strategies**

- **Objective:** Reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) by influencing individual behavior through various measures.
- **Key Measures:**
  - Require bike parking for all new non-residential and multifamily uses.
  - Set standards for placement and number of bike parking spaces.
  - Identify and clear commuter bike routes.
  - Fund and operate a Safe Routes to School (SRTS) program covering at least 10% of students.
  - Conduct annual surveys of students' mode of transport to school.
  - Set parking maximums for office and retail uses and schedule transit services.

### **Transportation System Management Strategies**

- **Objective:** Reduce GHG emissions and VMT by improving the overall performance of the transportation system.
  - Develop and fully fund a comprehensive maintenance program for existing roads.
  - Charge impact fees for new roads.
  - Create a land bank to acquire and assemble priority infill sites.

### **Community and Municipal Energy Use Strategies**

- **Objective:** Encourage energy efficiency and the use of renewable fuels to reduce total energy consumption throughout the community.
  - Use PACE financing and Watt meters for the public.
  - Adopt Residential Energy Conservation Ordinance.
  - Develop a list of lighting, HVAC, and shell improvements to raise Energy Star Portfolio Manager or LEED EBO&M scores.
  - Reduce motor fuel use for non-transit activities.
  - Ensure municipal electricity purchases have a higher renewable content.

### **Waste Management and Reduction Strategies**

- **Objective:** Encourage waste diversion from landfills and proper disposal of hazardous materials.
  - Monitor community waste stream at least annually.
  - Prepare and update a zero-waste-based management plan annually.
  - Implement mandatory residential curbside recycling pickup.
  - Develop programs for proper disposal of household hazardous, medical, and electronic waste.
  - Implement a pay-as-you-throw system for waste management.

### **Cost, Timing, Location, and Other Attributes**

- The plan does not provide specific costs or timelines for these options.
- Strategies are aimed at municipal, community-level, and building-specific implications.
- The focus is on long-term sustainability through systemic changes in transportation, energy use, and waste management policies across the planning jurisdiction.
- Emphasizes collaboration with local utilities and adherence to renewable energy standards.

These strategies collectively aim to mitigate the environmental impact in the jurisdiction, aligning with broader sustainability goals.

The plan identifies several **mitigation options** aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing energy efficiency. Below is a summary of the information provided in the plan regarding each option, including their costs, timeframe, location, and other important attributes:

1. **Transportation Demand Management:**
   - **Timeframe:** Ongoing as strategies aim to influence change in individual behavior.
   - **Attributes:** Strategies aim to reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT).
   - **Specific Initiatives:**
     - Bicycle and pedestrian programs, such as mandatory bike parking and commuter bike routes.  
     - Implementation of the Safe Routes to School (SRTS) program.  
     - Annual student transport mode survey.

2. **Traffic Volume:**
   - **Timeframe:** Ongoing monitoring and reporting.
   - **Attributes:** Focus on tracking and reporting efforts to reduce VMT or traffic counts.

3. **Transportation System Management:**
   - **Timeframe:** Long-term improvement plans.
   - **Location:** Applicable city-wide as it concerns infrastructure.
   - **Attributes:** Focus on improving infrastructure and introducing new technology. Specific actions include:
     - Comprehensive maintenance program for roads.
     - Impact fees for new roads.
     - Creation of a land bank for infill sites.
   
4. **Government Energy Use Strategies:**
   - **Timeframe:** Ongoing.
   - **Location:** Government facilities.
   - **Attributes:** Includes raising building energy efficiency scores, reducing motor fuel use, and ensuring renewable content in electricity purchases.
   - **Specific Policies:**
     - Including transportation energy/emissions in RFPs.
     - Lighting, HVAC, and other improvements for higher Energy Star or LEED scores.

5. **Waste Management and Reduction Strategies:**
   - **Timeframe:** Annual updates.
   - **Location:** Community-wide.
   - **Attributes:** Strategies include:
     - Monitoring the community waste stream.
     - Preparing and updating waste reduction plans.
     - Implementing curbside recycling and pay-as-you-throw systems.
   
6. **Water and Development Strategies:**
   - **Timeframe:** Long-term planning.
   - **Location:** City-wide and designated sensitive areas.
   - **Attributes:** Focus on compact development, restoration, and habitat protection.
   - **Incentives:** Offered for the protection and rehabilitation of natural habitats.

The plan does not provide specific financial costs, exact timeframes, or precise locations for each mitigation option, instead, it outlines broader strategies and attributes relevant to the community's sustainability goals.

The plan outlines several adaptation options to address various climate threats. Here are the adaptation options identified in the plan, along with related details:

1. **Green Building Practices:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This strategy does not directly specify a particular climate threat but aims to improve housing resilience and energy efficiency.
   - **Information Provided:** 
     - *Cost and Incentives:* There are incentives for homeowners to use green building techniques.
     - *Location and Attributes:* Incorporated into building codes and permitting processes.
     - *Goal and Objective Reference:* Supports housing opportunities, particularly in maintaining and improving the year-round housing stock. (Chapter on Housing)

2. **Water and Development Strategies:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The threat of water scarcity or quality degradation.
     - *Attributes:* Emphasizes water conservation and preservation of land, wetlands, and wildlife habitats.
     - *Important Attributes:* Includes promoting compact development and restoration efforts. (Section on Water and Development Strategies)

3. **Stormwater Pollution Plans:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Stormwater management issues posed by increased precipitation and flooding.
     - *Location and Attributes:* Involves collaboration with commercial or light industrial businesses.
     - *Attributes:* Focus on developing effective stormwater pollution plans. (Section on Housing Strategies)

4. **Green Infrastructure:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Climate threats that impact natural resources and urban resilience.
     - *Location and Attributes:* Encourages identifying, acquiring, and protecting key green infrastructure areas.
     - *Incentives:* Provides incentives for protecting green infrastructure and sensitive areas. (Water, Wetlands, and Wildlife Section)

5. **Water Resources Plan:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Holistic water resource management to mitigate threats like water quality and availability issues.
     - *Attributes:* Encompasses comprehensive management of wastewater, stormwater, drinking water, wetlands, and more.
     - *Important Attributes:* Integrates a holistic, watershed-based approach. (Water Resources Management Section)

These strategies reflect a focus on building resilience against climate threats related to water management and energy efficiency, though specific details on costs and timeframes are not provided in the plan.

The document provided does not explicitly list specific climate policies directly aimed at advancing climate justice in detail. However, it outlines various sustainability strategies and objectives that could indirectly contribute to climate justice by promoting equitable access and addressing vulnerabilities. Below are inferred connections:

- **Affordable Housing and Energy Efficiency**: 
  - **Climate Threat Addressed**: Rising housing costs and potential energy inefficiency can increase vulnerability to climate impacts.
  - **Vulnerable Populations**: Long-time residents, low-to-middle income households, and employees of local businesses affected by housing affordability and energy efficiency are targeted. The plan aims to reverse trends of displacement due to rising costs and improve housing affordability and energy efficiency (*Objective 1.4: Increase the supply of housing that is affordable to low, moderate, and middle-income households*).

- **Sustainable Transportation**:
  - **Climate Threat Addressed**: Reducing greenhouse gas emissions and decreasing vehicle miles traveled.
  - **Vulnerable Populations**: Residents dependent on public transport, pedestrians, cyclists. Emphasizing non-motorized transportation options may benefit populations without access to private vehicles while reducing emissions (*Objective 3.1: Develop a plan for alternative transportation*).

- **Water Resources Management**:
  - **Climate Threat Addressed**: Stormwater management, water quality, and floodplain management.
  - **Vulnerable Populations**: Populations in flood-prone areas and those relying on local water bodies for drinking or agriculture. The plan involves addressing issues in a holistic, watershed-based manner to protect these communities (Sections on Stormwater and Groundwater Management).

These general strategies suggest an underlying intent to incorporate elements of climate justice by addressing vulnerabilities and ensuring equitable distribution of sustainability efforts, even if not explicitly labeled as climate justice policies.

1. **Water and Development Strategies**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The policy addresses threats related to water conservation, preservation of land, wetlands, and wildlife habitat, while promoting compact development and restoration efforts.
   - **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:** The strategy aims to "link water conservation and the preservation of land, wetlands, and wildlife habitat while promoting compact development, restoration and rehabilitation efforts, and long-term planning and development" (_Water and Development Strategies_).
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** While promoting compact development can be beneficial, it could inadvertently lead to increased urban heat island effects if not properly managed with sufficient green spaces and tree cover. Additionally, compact development may concentrate populations and infrastructure in areas that could be at risk from flooding, especially if future climate impacts are not thoroughly integrated into planning processes.

2. **Transportation Demand Management**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy aims to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and vehicle miles traveled (VMT) by altering individual behaviors.
   - **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:** The strategy focuses on "Transportation Demand Management strategies aim to reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions and Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) by influencing change in individual behavior" (_Transportation Demand Management_).
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** Encouraging changes in transportation habits without sufficient infrastructure (such as pedestrian and cycling paths) could lead to increased congestion and emissions in the short term. Furthermore, if the transportation options provided do not adequately meet the community's needs, it may result in reduced mobility and access, disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations.

3. **Waste Management and Reduction Strategies**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The policy addresses the need to reduce waste and manage materials efficiently, particularly focusing on organic waste.
   - **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:** The strategy encourages municipalities and their citizens to "divert organics and recyclables from landfills and properly dispose of hazardous materials" (_Waste Management and Reduction Strategies_).
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** While encouraging zero-waste principles is positive, the infrastructure needed for composting and recycling programs might not yet be in place. Without adequate facilities and public buy-in, such strategies might lead to increased illegal dumping or contamination of recycling streams, thus contravening the intended environmental benefits.

### Measuring Success

The plan outlines several metrics and strategies for measuring success across different adaptation, resilience, and mitigation efforts:

- **Community Energy Use**:
  - **Metric**: "Calculate total electricity and natural gas consumption annually" (_Utilities and Community Facilities_).
  - **Goal**: The strategy involves a partnership with local utilities to measure consumption, though no specific numerical targets or deadlines are outlined.

- **Municipal Energy Use**:
  - **Metric**: "Complete EPA Energy Star Portfolio Manager spreadsheet for government energy use" (_Measuring Government Energy Use_).
  - **Metric**: "Streetlights operate at 75 lumens/Watt or higher" (_Government Energy Use Policies_).
  - **Metric**: "Municipal electricity purchases are at least 5 percentage points higher in renewable content than the statewide renewable portfolio standard requires" (_Government Energy Use Policies_).

- **Transportation Demand and System Management**:
  - **Metric**: "Track VMT or traffic counts and report on efforts at reduction" (_Transportation Demand Management_).
  - **Metric**: Scheduled transit service metrics—basic level service within half-mile of 50% of addresses and enhanced level service within 75% of addresses (_Traffic Volume_).

- **Water Management**:
  - **Metric**: Infiltration and inflow reduction by 10% (_Measuring Government Energy Use_).
  - **Metric**: Plan for replacing all toilets using > 1.6 gallons per flush (gpf) with progress to reach 90% replacement in 10 years (_Measuring Government Energy Use_).

- **Waste Management**:
  - **Goal**: Zero-waste principles guide the waste and materials management plan, though specific numerical goals aren’t detailed (_Waste Management and Reduction Strategies_).
  - **Metric**: Community waste stream monitored annually (_Waste Management and Reduction Strategies_).

### Additional Concrete Goals

- **Transportation**:
  - **Objective**: Non-motorized transportation promotion with adequate connectivity between key destinations (_Goal 3: Transportation_).

- **Utilities and Community Facilities**:
  - **Metric**: Percentage and lumens for streetlights, and renewable content of municipal electricity purchases (_Government Energy Use Policies_).

### Deadlines and Targets

While some specific metrics are provided, the plan does not always provide exact numerical targets or deadlines for each option. For example, there is an objective of achieving infiltration and inflow reduction by a set percentage but not a standardized deadline across all metrics.

| **Feature**             | **Details**                                                                                                                                                          |
|-------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name**  | City of Bayfield                                                                                                                                                     |
| **Population**          | 1,000 (as part of the comprehensive plan's vision)                                                                                                                   |
| **Threats Identified**  | Rising taxes, influx of seasonal residents, impacts of growing popularity, point source pollution into Lake Superior and its watershed, noise from motorized vehicles |
| **Measures Identified** | Measures include preserving and expanding City parks, revising the City’s tree ordinance, protecting natural watercourses and ravines, reducing point source pollution, and supporting marine-related development along the shoreline. Other identified measures involve improving energy use and efficiency, waste management, enhancing walkability, encouraging intergovernmental cooperation, and participating in sustainability programs like Wisconsin Travel Green. |
```

The plan does not provide specific information on the physical and economic landscape of the jurisdiction, including details such as location, population, demographics, average income, major geographic features, key infrastructure, climate specifics, or economic details like energy production, natural resources, and industries. However, some general points can be inferred about the planning jurisdiction, Des Moines:

- **Planning Jurisdiction:** Des Moines.

- **Location and Population:** While the document refers to Des Moines, the capital city of Iowa, it does not explicitly provide demographic statistics, average income, or specific geographic features.
  
- **Climate and Water Challenges:** The plan hints at climate challenges, including "extreme hot temperatures," "extreme precipitation and flooding," "severe storm and wind," and "water scarcity and wildfires" ("COMMUNITY CLIMATE HAZARDS"). It concludes that Des Moines is "experiencing the effects of the climate crisis" with "damaging floods and derecho events, sweltering summers, drought, and record-breaking temperatures" ("A COMMUNITY PLAN").
  
The document briefly outlines the broader goals but lacks a detailed description of the city's current physical and economic traits.

The plan places a strong emphasis on resilience by aiming to transform systems and improve the ability of Des Moines to handle climate impacts. It seeks to ensure "Des Moines will reduce our climate change risks and contributions through advancement of a more resilient, just, and equitable future" (Vision section). Resilience is a core focus, reflected in strategies like improving infrastructure, creating climate resilience hubs, and ensuring emergency preparedness for municipal facilities. "Develop and maintain emergency plans that address climate risks and vulnerabilities for 100% of major municipal government facilities" is a specific tactic aimed at enhancing resilience (OUR CLiMATE ACTiON viSiON & GOALS section).

Mitigation efforts in the plan focus on reducing harmful emissions and promoting renewable energy adoption. The plan emphasizes emissions reduction, noting the importance of "limiting future emissions" to mitigate severe climate impacts (CLIMATE CHANGE IN DES MOINES section). Key strategies include "Advance building decarbonization," "Increase distributed renewable energy," and "Expand utility-scale clean energy options" (OUR FOCUS AREAS & STRATEGiES section).

Adaptation is addressed by assessing and preparing for climate risks and vulnerabilities. The plan outlines a "community risk and vulnerability assessment" and seeks to "Reduce vulnerability and increase capacity of Des Moines to be resilient to future climate risks" (Climate Adaptation & Resilience section). It involves proactive measures like watershed management and water conservation to adapt to anticipated environmental changes.

The plan can be classified as an **"equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan."** It comprehensively addresses both mitigation and adaptation by reducing emissions and preparing Des Moines to adapt to and recover from climate impacts.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change that the planning jurisdiction, Des Moines, will face and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. The plan identifies several climate risks such as **"extreme hot temperatures, extreme precipitation and flooding, severe storm and wind, and water scarcity and wildfire"** (Climate Adaptation & Resilience). These hazards are already impacting Des Moines and are **"expected to worsen in coming years due to global climate change"** (OUR CLIMATE ACTION & ADAPTATION PLAN SUMMARY).

The plan acknowledges that Des Moines has faced **"damaging floods and derecho events, sweltering summers, drought, and record-breaking temperatures"** over the last decade, impacting the community’s quality of life, economy, and future (INTRODUCTION 2). Furthermore, the plan mentions that **"the impacts will be felt most by those least able to adapt; those who have been chronically underserved and historically underrepresented"** (OUR CLIMATE ACTION & ADAPTATION PLAN SUMMARY).

Overall, the plan foresees a future where these threats must be addressed through strategic, community-driven efforts to increase resilience, mitigate emissions, and adapt to the inevitable impacts of climate change.

**Identified Climate Hazards and Associated Climate Risks:**

1. **Extreme Hot Temperatures**
   - *Climate Hazard Description*: "Hotter summers with more 100+ degree days."
   - *Climate Risks*: Puts "older adults, children, and outdoor workers at risk."
   - *Areas/Populations with Vulnerability*: Particularly affects populations such as older adults and children, highlighting the vulnerability of outdoor workers who face increased exposure.

2. **Extreme Precipitation and Flooding**
   - *Climate Hazard Description*: "More heavy rainstorms and riverine flooding causing damage in neighborhoods."
   - *Climate Risks*: Causes significant damage to infrastructure and homes.
   - *Areas/Populations with Vulnerability*: Neighborhoods located in the floodplain experience more severe flooding impacts.

3. **Severe Storm and Wind**
   - *Climate Hazard Description*: "More derechos, tornadoes, and other wind events."
   - *Climate Risks*: Damages homes and public infrastructure. Additionally, these events put pedestrians and outdoor workers at risk.
   - *Areas/Populations with Vulnerability*: Affects structures and activities occurring outdoors, impacting public safety and infrastructure stability.

4. **Water Scarcity and Wildfire**
   - *Climate Hazard Description*: "Longer drought periods affecting farming and gardening and increasing the threat of wildfire."
   - *Climate Risks*: Threatens agricultural productivity and community gardens, increasing wildfire risk.
   - *Areas/Populations with Vulnerability*: Populations dependent on farming and gardening activities and areas prone to wildfires face significant risk.

*Reference:* The plan notes: "Understanding the factors that determine vulnerability to climate hazards in Des Moines will help us maximize the impact of targeted, equitable, climate action and adaptation strategies." Vulnerability is exacerbated by geographical, socio-economic, and demographic characteristics, such as race, age, disability status, income, language, housing type, and access to transportation. (Community Climate Hazards & Community Vulnerabilities)

1. **Create Climate Resilience Hubs**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option is designed to provide shelter, services, information, and resources for acute and ongoing climate impacts, expanding community capacity and preparedness to handle future climate risks and related impacts. This includes extreme hot temperatures, extreme precipitation, flooding, severe storm and wind, and water scarcity ("CLIMATE PREPAREDNESS & RESILIENCE").
     - **Timeframe:** The goal is for every resident to access a nearby resilience hub by 2030 ("C-2: Create Climate Resilience Hubs").
     - **Location:** Designated facilities for climate-related events are to be distributed across the community, leveraging and fortifying existing facilities and partnering with community organizations.
     - **Economic Considerations:** Resilience hubs leverage community resources and partnership opportunities, which may include city, state, federal, and/or other funding sources to accelerate implementation ("PRIORITY TACTIC SUMMARY").
     - **Infrastructural Considerations:** The hubs promote community engagement, capacity building, and provide emergency preparedness services ("C-2: Create Climate Resilience Hubs").

2. **Develop and Maintain Emergency Plans for Municipal Facilities**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addresses climate risks and vulnerabilities, ensuring preparedness against climate-related hazards impacting municipal facilities ("Develop and maintain emergency plans that address climate risks").
     - **Timeframe:** The objective is to have emergency plans in place for 100% of major municipal facilities by 2030 ("Develop and maintain emergency plans").
     - **Location:** All major municipal facilities are targeted to ensure comprehensive emergency management coverage across the jurisdiction.
     - **Environmental Considerations:** Incorporating renewable energy installations, like solar plus storage, to enhance resilience against outages and maintain functionality as climate Resilience Hubs ("OUR CLIMATE ACTION VISION & GOALS").
     - **Economic Considerations:** Plans may include physical improvements, and the city will leverage existing analysis results to streamline costs and enhance effectiveness ("Develop and maintain emergency plans").

3. **Expand Native Ecosystems and a Sustainable Tree Canopy**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Provides shade to alleviate heat waves and extreme hot days, and supports water storage to mitigate drought and flooding impact ("NATURAL SYSTEMS & WATER RESOURCES").
     - Implementation details not specified directly; part of the broader goal of enhancing ecological resilience and supporting emissions reduction through natural carbon sequestration.
     - **Environmental Considerations:** Supports natural ecosystem services that enhance resilience, such as shading, flood mitigation, and water storage capabilities.
     - **Economic and Infrastructural Considerations:** The development of such ecosystems may require an initial investment but is anticipated to provide long-term cost savings and environmental benefits ("NATURAL SYSTEMS & WATER RESOURCES").

4. **Install Backup Energy Generation and Storage at Critical Municipal Facilities**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Secures continuous operation of critical facilities during power outages resulting from severe weather events, thereby maintaining their role as emergency service providers ("C-2D. Install Backup Energy Generation").
     - Part of the resilience hubs project with longer-term tactics noted; specific costs and installations are tied to strategic facility location analysis and impact assessments.
     - **Infrastructural Considerations:** Installation of distributed renewable energy with storage to provide reliable, climate-resilient infrastructure ("C-2D. Install Backup Energy Generation").
     - **Economic Considerations:** Encourages innovative public/private funding approaches to mitigate upfront costs and foster sustainable energy solutions ("OUR GAME PLAN").

The plan identifies several **mitigation options** within its strategic focus areas. Here are the summaries, including information on cost, timing, location, and important attributes:

### Buildings & Infrastructure
- **Improve building efficiency, performance, and comfort (B-1):**
  - **Cost & Timing:** Reduction of up-front costs through targeted programs and incentives for low-to-moderate income households (2023-2025).
  - **Important Attributes:** Prioritizes energy upgrades for small businesses and addresses split incentives at rental properties (Focus Areas & Strategies).

- **Advance building decarbonization (B-2):**
  - **Cost & Timing:** Strategies to mitigate short-term utility bill increases for low-to-moderate income households and small businesses.
  - **Important Attributes:** Explores building decarbonization incentives, education, and group buys (Priority Tactic Summary).

### Energy Supply & Distribution
- **Increase distributed renewable energy (E-1):**
  - **Timing:** Near-term implementation focused on incentives and solar adoption.
  - **Important Attributes:** Development standards and permitting processes for clean energy considered.

- **Expand utility-scale clean energy options (E-2):**
  - **Cost & Timing:** Collaborations and exploration of regional energy projects, with a focus on 24/7 carbon-free transition.
  - **Important Attributes:** Alignment with city sustainability priorities and integration with regional programs (Priority Tactic Summary).

### Transportation & Land Use
- **Advance transportation electrification, decarbonization, and alternative fuels (T-4):**
  - **Cost & Timing:** Near-term strategies include electrifying municipal fleet and supporting electric vehicle charging infrastructure.
  - **Important Attributes:** Emphasizes active transportation education and transit electrification incentives (Priority Tactic Summary).

### Waste Management & Reduction
- **Reduce waste generation (W-1):**
  - **Cost & Timing:** Focus on waste diversion options in public spaces with ongoing refinement of recycling practices.
  - **Important Attributes:** Community engagement emphasized for pollution prevention education (Priority Tactic Summary).

### Additional Considerations
- **Overall Resource Needs:**
  - **Cost:** Emphasis on leveraging federal funding, public/private partnerships, and creative resource utilization.
  - **Implementation Timing:** Initial investment with ongoing evaluation of ROI and cost reduction opportunities (Near-Term Resource Needs).

Each of these mitigation options reflects a strategic approach that integrates community engagement, incentives, and infrastructure improvements to achieve climate goals.

The plan identifies several mitigation options mainly focused on energy efficiency, clean energy, building decarbonization, waste reduction, and transportation electrification. Here is a summary for each identified mitigation option:

1. **Improve Building Efficiency, Performance, and Comfort (B-1):**
   - **Cost:** The plan mentions reducing the upfront cost of energy efficiency improvements for low-to-moderate income households through targeted programs and incentives.
   - **Other Attributes:** Emphasis on outreach efforts and removing barriers to energy efficiency improvements.

2. **Advance Building Decarbonization (B-2):**
   - **Cost:** Mitigation for potential short-term utility bill increases associated with decarbonization for low-to-moderate income households and small businesses.
   - **Timeframe:** Implementation by 2035 under the 35x35 framework.
   - **Other Attributes:** Includes incentives and education on energy efficiency and group buys.

3. **Increase Distributed Renewable Energy (E-1):**
   - **Cost:** Not specifically detailed.
   - **Location:** Targeted implementation across city facilities.
   - **Other Attributes:** Involves the expansion of solar adoption and incentives.

4. **Expand Utility-Scale Clean Energy Options (E-2):**
   - **Cost:** Involves exploring regional energy projects.
   - **Timeframe:** Transition planned by 2035.
   - **Location:** Potential regional collaborations.
   - **Other Attributes:** Includes the exploration and management of a 24/7 carbon-free transition.

5. **Reduce Waste Generation and Increase Waste Diversion (W-1 & W-2):**
   - **Cost:** Not specified but mentions cost-efficiency through reduced operating and maintenance costs.
   - **Timeframe:** Near-term emphasis, ongoing for some tactics.
   - **Location:** Public spaces and community-wide.
   - **Other Attributes:** Focus on recycling contamination reduction and providing waste diversion options.

6. **Advance Transportation Electrification and Decarbonization (T-4):**
   - **Cost:** Cost considerations for electrifying municipal fleet when affordable.
   - **Timeframe:** Ongoing and near-term tactics.
   - **Other Attributes:** Includes promoting electric vehicle charging infrastructure and providing education and incentives for transportation electrification.

7. **Plan for Efficient Land Use and Development (T-1):**
   - **Timeframe:** Ongoing planning and implementation.
   - **Location:** City neighborhoods.
   - **Other Attributes:** Supports infill, redevelopment, and adaptive reuse, promoting walkable and transit-supportive neighborhoods.

The plan mentions leveraging funding sources, creative approaches, and prioritizing high-impact tactics to achieve broader community and economic benefits, in addition to potential economic returns on investment. Each mitigation strategy also emphasizes equity and accessibility.

The plan identifies a variety of adaptation options aimed at increasing the resilience of Des Moines to climate threats. Here is a summary of each identified adaptation option with corresponding climate threats and additional attributes:

### **1. Upgrade Efficiency at City Facilities**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** This adaptation option addresses the threat of increased energy consumption due to climate change, which can exacerbate urban heat scenarios.
  - **Cost/Timeframe:** Not explicitly detailed in the plan, the approach typically involves municipal capital investments and could be part of ongoing projects.
  - **Location:** Focuses on City of Des Moines facilities.
  - **Other Attributes:** Emphasizes improvements in energy efficiency to reduce energy use and costs associated with city operations.

### **2. Pilot Municipal Decarbonization Projects**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addresses greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global warming.
  - **Cost/Timeframe:** Initial investments with the anticipation of a positive return on investment over time.
  - **Location:** Municipality-wide projects for city facilities and operations.
  - **Other Attributes:** Supports clean energy transitions, reducing reliance on fossil fuels.

### **3. Install Alternative Energy Sources with Storage for Municipal Facilities**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Aims to mitigate the impact of energy supply disruptions and increase resilience to climate-induced energy shortages.
  - **Cost/Timeframe:** Requires capital investments; timeframe not explicitly stated.
  - **Location:** Municipal facilities across Des Moines.
  - **Other Attributes:** Incorporates clean energy solutions like solar; supports zero-emission goals.

### **4. Plan for Walkable and Transit-Supportive Targeted Neighborhoods**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Mitigates urban heat impacts by reducing transportation emissions and reliance on vehicles.
  - **Cost/Timeframe:** Part of long-term urban planning; costs and timing align with broader city planning efforts.
  - **Location:** Specific neighborhoods in Des Moines targeted for these improvements.
  - **Other Attributes:** Promotes sustainability, enhances public health through increased walking and biking.

### **5. Improve Bicycle and Pedestrian Infrastructure**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Reduces carbon emissions from transportation, addressing urban air quality and heat.
  - **Cost/Timeframe:** Specific investments not detailed; intended as part of continuous infrastructure improvements.
  - **Location:** Throughout Des Moines, targeting areas with demand for non-vehicle transport options.
  - **Other Attributes:** Encourages active transportation, improves urban connectivity.

### **6. Electrify Municipal Fleet When Affordable and Reasonable**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Targets emissions from municipal vehicles.
  - **Cost/Timeframe:** Based on affordability; phased approach expected.
  - **Location:** Applicable to municipal fleet vehicles.
  - **Other Attributes:** Encourages low-emission transportation; balances cost considerations.

### **7. Support Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addresses emissions from transportation, supporting the community’s shift to electric vehicles.
  - **Cost/Timeframe:** Investment in infrastructure; timing aligns with technological advancement and demand.
  - **Location:** Strategic areas prone to high vehicle use.
  - **Other Attributes:** Enhances accessibility to green transport options, supports community-wide adoption of electric vehicles.

### **8. Advance Urban Forest Master Plan Implementation**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Reduces urban heat, improves air quality, and enhances climate resilience in urban settings.
  - **Cost/Timeframe:** Involves long-term environmental planning and immediate actions.
  - **Location:** City-wide urban forest projects.
  - **Other Attributes:** Multi-benefit approach including shade, habitat provision, and flood mitigation.

### **9. Accelerate Flood Mitigation and Stormwater Improvement Projects**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addresses increased flooding events due to extreme precipitation.
  - **Cost/Timeframe:** Involves high cost due to infrastructure upgrades; prioritized in the city’s capital improvement plans.
  - **Location:** Areas prone to flooding and stormwater issues within Des Moines.
  - **Other Attributes:** Focuses on infrastructure resilience, incorporating natural and built water management solutions.

Each option is part of a comprehensive strategy to address different aspects of Des Moines’ vulnerability to climate risks, focusing on cost-effective and sustainable solutions with long-term benefits.

Sections Referenced: Priority tactics summary, Continuously Improve Municipal Government’s Role in Climate Action.

### Climate Justice Policies in the Plan

The plan identifies several climate policies aimed at advancing climate justice, focusing on equitable distribution of resources and support to vulnerable areas and populations.

#### **1. Creation of Resilience Hubs and Shelters**

  - Extreme temperatures (both hot and cold), and severe weather events.
  
- **Vulnerable Areas or Populations:**
  - The plan prioritizes disproportionately impacted areas of Des Moines for the establishment of these resilience hubs and shelters. It aims to ensure that facilities are accessible to residents during extreme temperature events with free transportation (Recap of Extreme Temperature Centers effort).

#### **2. Educational Resources and Accessibility**

  - General climate change impacts, focusing on preparedness and adaptation to various climate risks.
  
  - Emphasis is placed on providing resources, education, and information that are accessible to all residents, with a focus on disproportionately impacted communities. This ensures that those least able to adapt due to socioeconomic factors are supported.

#### **3. Supporting Community Initiatives**

  - Overall climate change challenges, with a focus on risks such as flooding, storms, and heatwaves.
  
  - The plan supports and empowers the community to address concerns most important to them, which allows focus on the areas and populations that are most vulnerable due to chronic underservice and historical underrepresentation.

#### **4. Prioritization of Resources**

  - Specific threats include extreme heat, flooding, and related hazards.
  
  - There's a commitment to avoiding shifting burdens to those on the front lines of climate change and addressing the shortcomings of previous efforts. This includes communities historically underserved by climate action.

#### **5. Inclusive Coordination and Leadership**

  - Comprehensive climate risks requiring coordinated action.
  
  - The plan incorporates community and stakeholder input to ensure high-impact tactics are pursued with community benefits, advancing sustainable practices and fostering climate action leadership that includes vulnerable populations.

By focusing on these climate justice policies, the plan emphasizes equity and justice, striving to mitigate climate vulnerabilities among the most at-risk populations of Des Moines. These efforts are integrated with broader climate adaptation strategies in the region. 

_Reference: "Equity & Justice Considerations", "Creation of Resilience Hubs", "Educational Resources", OUR FOCUS AREAS & STRATEGIES, and "Recent & Related Efforts" sections._

Based on the provided document, the following potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies are identified:

1. **Natural Systems & Water Resources - Strategy N-1: Expand Native Ecosystems and a Sustainable Tree Canopy**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The policy addresses the threat of increased heat waves and extreme hot days due to climate change.
   
   - **Proposed Option:** The resilience option proposed is expanding native ecosystems and a sustainable tree canopy to provide shade and mitigate the effects of extreme heat.
   
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** While increasing tree canopies can provide immediate relief from heat, there is a risk that without proper planning, certain tree species that are planted might not be as drought-resistant or might require significant water use, exacerbating water scarcity (mentioned as a concern in **Strategy N-4: Increase Water Conservation and Drought Management**). Furthermore, improper selection or management of these ecosystems might lead to challenges in maintaining them under changing climate conditions.

2. **Climate Preparedness & Resilience - Strategy C-2: Create Climate Resilience Hubs/Shelters**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This strategy is designed to address a variety of climate risks including, but not limited to, extreme weather events, which may displace residents.
   
   - **Proposed Option:** The adaptation option proposed is the creation of designated climate resilience hubs and shelters for displaced people due to climate events.
   
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** While these hubs provide necessary shelter and resources, they might inadvertently lead to maladaptation if they are not designed to be energy-efficient or resilient themselves. If such infrastructure doesn't incorporate sustainable building practices, it might increase greenhouse gas emissions in the community, counteracting local emissions reduction efforts. Additionally, reliance on centralized shelters without proper support for decentralized resilience measures could leave certain vulnerable populations without accessible aid.

Overall, these potential maladaptive climate policies highlight the importance of considering system-wide implications and ensuring that interventions align with the broader goals of sustainability, resource management, and community resilience.

**Metrics and Targets in the Plan:**

1. **GHG Emissions Reduction:**
     - Community GHG emissions are tracked to gauge progress towards emissions reduction, climate adaptation, and resilience goals. This includes reviewing emissions inventories and forecasts (OUR GAME PLAN 72).
     - 28% reduction in emissions from 2008 levels by 2025.
     - 45% reduction in emissions from 2010 levels by 2030.
     - 100% carbon-free electricity by 2035.
     - Net-zero greenhouse gas emissions citywide by 2050 (OUR CLIMATE ACTION VISION & GOALS 17).

2. **Scenarios and Pathways:**
     - Emissions reduction pathways (Scenarios A, B, and C) emphasize energy efficiency, building decarbonization, utility-scale clean energy, and transportation electrification.
     - Scenario A targets a 56% reduction by 2030 and 98% reduction by 2050 from 2010 levels (OUR CLIMATE ACTION VISION & GOALS 20).
     - Scenario A focuses on near-term adoption, Scenario B on high-impact reductions for 2050 goals, and Scenario C on long-range reductions based on peer community examples (OUR CLIMATE ACTION VISION & GOALS 20).

3. **Adaptation and Resilience Goals:**
     - The community risk and vulnerability assessment (RVA) measures vulnerabilities and adaptive capacity evaluated through the Polk County Hazard Mitigation Plan which includes risk assessments and hazard ranking (Climate Adaptation & Resilience 19).
     - Create and maintain 100% resilience plans for major municipal facilities.
     - Achieve 32% tree canopy cover as per the Urban Forest Master Plan by 2045.
     - Ensure every resident has reasonable access to a Resilience Hub.
     - Aim for national/international recognition as a climate migration destination (OUR CLIMATE ACTION VISION & GOALS iii).

4. **Performance Metrics Dashboard:**
     - Establishment of an online performance dashboard to track climate action metrics and the impact of city services on climate action (OUR GAME PLAN 72).
     - Integration of climate action metrics into the city’s Performance Measures Initiative to enhance transparency and accountability (OUR GAME PLAN 72).

These metrics and targets form the basis for tracking the success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation strategies within the plan, with a focus on ongoing evaluation and refinement of tactics as implementation progresses.

| **Location/City Name** | **Population** | **Threats Identified** | **Measures Identified** |
|-------------------------|----------------|------------------------|------------------------|
| Polk County | N/A | Animal/Plant/Crop Disease, Dam Failure, Drought, Earthquake, Expansive Soils, Extreme Heat, Flash Flooding, Grass/Wildland Fire, HAZMAT incident, Human Disease, Infrastructure Failure, Levee Failure, River Flooding, Sinkholes/Landslide, Structural Fire, Thunderstorm/Lightning/Hail, Tornado, Transportation Incident, Windstorm, Winter Storm | Implementation of various strategies and tactics (climate adaptation and resilience goals) |
| City of Des Moines | N/A | Extreme Hot Temperatures, Extreme Precipitation and Flooding, Severe Storm and Wind, Water Scarcity and Wildfire | Community risk and vulnerability assessment, reducing community vulnerabilities, increasing community adaptive capacity and resilience, and updating the Polk County Hazard Mitigation Plan. |
| City of Alleman | N/A | Extreme Heat, Drought, Expansive Soils, Flash Flooding, Grass/Wildland Fire, Tornado, Windstorm, Winter Storm | N/A |
| City of Altoona | N/A | Extreme Heat, Flash Flooding, Grass/Wildland Fire, Tornado, Transportation Incident, Windstorm | N/A |
| City of Ankeny | N/A | Extreme Heat, Flash Flooding, Grass/Wildland Fire, Tornado, HAZMAT incident, Thunderstorm/Lightning/Hail, Windstorm | N/A |
| City of Bondurant | N/A | Animal/Plant/Crop Disease, Flash Flooding, Grass/Wildland Fire, Tornado, HAZMAT incident, Thunderstorm/Lightning/Hail, Winter Storm | N/A |
| City of Clive | N/A | Drought, Expansive Soils, Flash Flooding, Grass/Wildland Fire, Tornado, Windstorm, Winter Storm | N/A |
| City of Elkhart | N/A | Animal/Plant/Crop Disease, Expansive Soils, Flash Flooding, Grass/Wildland Fire, Tornado | N/A |
| City of Grimes | N/A | Animal/Plant/Crop Disease, Dam Failure, Flash Flooding, Grass/Wildland Fire, Tornado, Transportation Incident, Windstorm, Winter Storm | N/A |
| City of Johnston | N/A | Animal/Plant/Crop Disease, Dam Failure, Expansive Soils, Flash Flooding, Grass/Wildland Fire, Tornado, Windstorm | N/A |
| City of Pleasant Hill | N/A | Animal/Plant/Crop Disease, Drought, Earthquake, Expansive Soils, Flash Flooding, Grass/Wildland Fire, Tornado | N/A |
| City of Polk City | N/A | Animal/Plant/Crop Disease, Dam Failure, Drought, Earthquake, Expansive Soils, Flash Flooding, Grass/Wildland Fire, Tornado | N/A |
| City of Urbandale | N/A | Animal/Plant/Crop Disease, Dam Failure, Expansive Soils, Flash Flooding, Grass/Wildland Fire, Tornado, Transportation Incident, Winter Storm | N/A |
| City of West Des Moines | N/A | Animal/Plant/Crop Disease, Drought, Earthquake, Expansive Soils, Flash Flooding, Grass/Wildland Fire, Tornado, Windstorm, Winter Storm | N/A |

| City of Windsor Heights | N/A | Animal/Plant/Crop Disease, Dam Failure, Drought, Earthquake, Expansive Soils, Flash Flooding, Grass/Wildland Fire, Tornado, Transportation Incident | N/A |
| Des Moines Water Works | N/A | Animal/Plant/Crop Disease, Drought, Extreme Heat, Flash Flooding, Grass/Wildland Fire, HAZMAT incident, Infrastructure Failure, Tornado, Transportation Incident | N/A |
```

Note: **Population** data is not provided in the document; hence it is marked as "N/A."  The **Measures Identified** column describes briefly the strategies referenced in the document where available. Potential threats for which there are no reference measures in the document are stated as "N/A."

The document provided does not include all the specific details required to fully describe the physical and economic landscape of Fort Lauderdale. However, some aspects of the planning jurisdiction can be deduced:

### **Planning Jurisdiction:**
- **Name:** City of Fort Lauderdale
- **Location:** The document does not specify the location, but Fort Lauderdale is located in Florida.

### **Population and Demographics:**
- **Population:** As of 2010, the population was 165,521 with a goal to reach 212,571 by 2020. *("Table I.1: Key Performance Indicators update, trends and goals.")*
- **Household Size:** In 2010, the average household size was 2.29. *("Table I.1: Key Performance Indicators update, trends and goals.")*
- **Dwelling Units and Households:** There were 94,833 dwelling units and 81,256 households in 2010. *("Table I.1: Key Performance Indicators update, trends and goals.")*
- The plan does not specify average income or detailed demographics.

- The document does not specify major geographic features such as mountains, rivers, deserts, or coastline.
  
- The document mentions the city's commitment to climate resiliency and being better prepared for future climate impacts, but it does not provide specific details about the local climate or water challenges.
  
- **Electricity Usage:** The city's electricity usage was 106,011 MWh in 2010, with a community usage of 1,185,194 MWh in the same year. *("Table I.1: Key Performance Indicators update, trends and goals.")*
- There is a mention of plans to source 20% of electricity from renewable energy by 2020. *("ENERGY: GOAL 2: Source 20% Electricity from Renewable Energy by 2020.")*
- **GHG Emissions:** There is a commitment to reducing GHG emissions by 20% below 2010 levels by 2020. *("AIR QUALITY: GOAL 1: Reduce GHG Emissions by 20% below 2010 levels by 2020.")*
- There’s no specific mention of oil or gas production.

- The document does not provide specific information about key industries or economic drivers in the region.
  
### **Infrastructure:**
- The document does not provide information about key infrastructure like airports or seaports in Fort Lauderdale.

Overall, while the document provides goals and metrics related to sustainability efforts, it lacks specific detailed information about the physical and economic landscape of Fort Lauderdale, such as demographics, average income, and key economic drivers.

The plan includes a focus on resilience to climate change through **Goal 4: Prepare for Climate Change Impacts**. This goal involves actions like "enhance communication about climate change adaptation in coordination with other agencies and municipalities" and "partner with local, regional and state agencies or educational institutions to increase preparedness" (City of Fort Lauderdale Sustainability Action Plan 2011 Update, Goal 4). Resilience is also supported by existing emergency management systems and participation in FEMA's National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP).

The plan outlines several actions aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, thereby addressing mitigation. **Goal 1: Reduce GHG Emissions by 20% below 2010 levels by 2020** includes actions such as creating a climate change challenge program and assessing lifecycle emissions (City of Fort Lauderdale Sustainability Action Plan 2011 Update, Air Quality, Goal 1). Additionally, efforts to reduce electricity usage and increase energy efficiency in buildings contribute to mitigation (City of Fort Lauderdale Sustainability Action Plan 2011 Update, Energy).

Adaptation is specifically addressed through **Objective 4.1: Plan for climate adaptation and mitigation**, which emphasizes planning for adaptation strategies and increasing preparedness for climate change impacts (City of Fort Lauderdale Sustainability Action Plan 2011 Update, Goal 4). Actions like "include adaptation strategies into the City’s plans" are indicative of the plan's commitment to adaptation.

The plan seeks to balance different facets of climate action, combining mitigation efforts with resilience and adaptation strategies. Therefore, the plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**.

The plan does not explicitly describe a detailed scenario of climate change that Fort Lauderdale will face. However, it does emphasize the importance of preparing for climate change impacts and highlights the need for adaptation, mitigation, and resilience strategies. For example, the plan states: 

- "Municipalities have the potential to plan for events that they cannot exert control over, such as improving hurricane preparedness of a community. A holistic, multi-disciplinary effort will tie in adaptation planning with mitigation strategies." (Leadership, Goal 4, Objective 4.1)

These statements indicate a recognition of potential future climate impacts such as hurricanes and sea-level rise, but they do not outline a specific scenario like expected temperature increases or rainfall changes. The city's approach is more focused on preparedness and strategy integration across different sectors.

1. **Sea Level Rise**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** The plan identifies areas vulnerable to sea level rise and highlights the need for systematic adaptation strategies.  
   - **Climate Risks:** Sea level rise presents risks of flooding and water intrusion, affecting infrastructure and property in low-lying areas.  
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Specific areas identified as vulnerable include multi-disciplinary sectors such as transportation, water, and sewage systems.  
   _Reference: "Methodology" and "Action 4.1.1: Include adaptation strategies into the City’s plans."_  
   
2. **Hurricanes**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** Hurricanes, which are characterized by strong winds and heavy rain, are recognized as events beyond the control of municipalities.  
   - **Climate Risks:** The plan notes that hurricanes can cause significant damage to infrastructure, disrupt essential services, and pose safety threats to residents.  
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The community is encouraged to improve hurricane preparedness, suggesting vulnerability is widespread, especially in coastal and flood-prone areas.  
   _Reference: "Goal 4: Prepare for Climate Change Impacts."_  

3. **General Water Intrusion**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** In conjunction with sea level rise, water intrusion is identified as a significant concern.  
   - **Climate Risks:** The risks include infrastructure damage and ecosystem disruption due to water intrusion.  
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The plan implies coastal regions and areas with inadequate barriers to water are most vulnerable.  
   _Reference: "Accomplishments" in "Goal 4: Prepare for Climate Change Impacts."_

   _Reference: "Accomplishments" in "Goal 4: Prepare for Climate Change Impacts."_  

   - **Climate Hazard:** Flooding is explicitly mentioned in connection with the floodplain management strategies employed by the City.  
   - **Climate Risks:** Risks associated with flooding include damage to homes and businesses, especially those within floodplain zones.  
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Populations residing in designated floodplain areas are particularly vulnerable.  
   _Reference: "Accomplishments" in "Goal 4: Prepare for Climate Change Impacts."_   

5. **Heatwaves (Implied through Energy and Air Quality Goals)**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** Although not explicitly listed, heatwaves are implied as a hazard due to emphasis on reducing energy consumption and improving air quality.  
   - **Climate Risks:** Strain on energy systems and increased emissions are potential risks, along with direct health impacts from excess heat.  
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas with high energy consumption and poor air quality infrastructure are indirectly indicated as vulnerable.  
   _Reference: "Air Quality Goal 1: Reduce GHG Emissions by 20% below 2010 levels by 2020."_  

Based on the content of the City of Fort Lauderdale Sustainability Action Plan 2011 Update, the following resilience options are identified:

### **1. Adaptation Strategies Inclusion in City Plans**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option addresses general climate change impacts and sea level rise.
  - **Cost:** Staff time between 1,200-4,000 hours.
  - **Timeframe:** 1-2 years.
  - **Location:** Applicable city-wide, with a focus on areas vulnerable to sea level rise.
  - **Reference:** “Action 4.1.1: Include adaptation strategies into the City’s plans.”
  - **Benefits:** Climate change preparedness.
  - **Issues:** Considered costly initiatives.

### **2. Enhance Communication about Climate Change Adaptation**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Primarily focuses on adaptation communication related to climate change impacts.
  - **Location:** Coordination with other agencies and municipalities.
  - **Reference:** “Action 4.1.2: Enhance communication about climate change adaptation.”
  - **Benefits:** Promotes a regional approach.
  - **Issues:** Potential bureaucratic barriers.

### **3. Partnering with Agencies and Institutions for Preparedness**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Focuses on general preparedness against climate impacts through partnerships.
  - **Timeframe:** 2-5 years.
  - **Location:** Collaborations with local, regional, and state agencies or educational institutions.
  - **Reference:** “Action 4.1.3: Partner with local, regional and state agencies or educational institutions to increase preparedness.”
  - **Benefits:** Enhances regional preparedness.

### **4. Participation in FEMA’s NFIP and Emergency Management Systems**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Specifically targets flood risk management.
  - **Reference:** Accomplishments listed under Goal 4: Prepare for Climate Change Impacts.
  - These measures are part of the established systems which help manage and mitigate flood risks through insurance programs and emergency management protocols.

### **5. Adaptive Infrastructure Measures**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Sea level rise and water intrusion.
  - **Location:** Coastal areas such as beaches.
  - **Reference:** Accomplishments related to adaptive measures like beach nourishment and barriers to water intrusion.
  - **Benefits:** Protects coastal infrastructure and ecosystems.
  - **Environmental Considerations:** Involves natural resource management and protection of habitats.

1. **Reduce Inflow and Infiltration:**
   - **Summary:** Mitigation involves reducing water volume being pumped and treated, thereby reducing energy consumption and GHG production.
   - **Cost:** Estimated at $70 million over 10 years; staff time (1,200-4,000 hours).
   - **Timing:** Less than 6 months.
   - **Important Attributes:** Provides significant energy savings and an opportunity to switch to an alternate treatment process. The main issue is funding.  
   - **Reference:** "Action 2.1.1: Reduce Inflow and Infiltration." (WATER, City of Fort Lauderdale Sustainability Action Plan)

2. **Study Wastewater Plant - Solids Disposal System:**
   - **Summary:** Re-study of the digestion options and cost/GHG benefits, aiming at minimizing GHG emissions related to lime stabilization.
   - **Cost:** Cost of study; staff time (>4,000 hours).
   - **Timing:** 1-2 years.
   - **Location:** Wastewater plant.
   - **Important Attributes:** The analysis will provide a robust foundation for a mature energy program and benefit from increased energy reductions and cost savings. Funding is an issue.  
   - **Reference:** "Action 2.1.2: Study Wastewater Plant - Solids Disposal System." (WATER, City of Fort Lauderdale Sustainability Action Plan)
  
3. **No Cost/Low Cost Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs):**
   - **Summary:** Immediate implementation of no cost/low cost ECMs recommended by the Energy Manager.
   - **Cost:** Staff time (40-200 hours).
   - **Location:** City management.
   - **Important Attributes:** Potential for cost savings with issues around enforcement of behavior.  
   - **Reference:** "Action 1.1.1: Implement No Cost/Low-Cost Recommendations from Energy Manager Priority Project List." (ENERGY, City of Fort Lauderdale Sustainability Action Plan)

4. **Reduce Electricity Use in City Buildings by 20% by 2020:**
   - **Summary:** Aim for a 20% reduction in electricity usage, starting with the top five energy-consuming buildings.
   - **Cost:** Costs to retrofit 10% of City buildings estimated at $1.50 per square foot; staff time (200-1,200 hours).
   - **Timing:** 6-12 months.
   - **Location:** City buildings.
   - **Important Attributes:** Expected annual savings of $290,000 with increased comfort within buildings. Funding is an issue.  
   - **Reference:** "Action 1.1.2: Reduce Electricity Use in City Buildings by 20% by 2020." (ENERGY, City of Fort Lauderdale Sustainability Action Plan)

5. **Integrate Electricity Reduction Goal into Capital Improvement Plan (CIP):**
   - **Summary:** Integrating the electricity reduction goal into CIP, focusing on reducing electricity consumption through retrofits and upgrades.
   - **Cost:** Staff time (200-1,200 hours).
   - **Location:** City infrastructure.
   - **Important Attributes:** Aims for substantial annual cost savings. Future funding is an issue.  
   - **Reference:** "Action 1.1.3: Integrate Electricity Reduction Goal into Capital Improvement Plan (CIP)." (ENERGY, City of Fort Lauderdale Sustainability Action Plan)

6. **Climate Change Challenge Program:**
   - **Summary:** Creating a program for the community to help set climate change mitigation goals.
   - **Timing:** 2 years.
   - **Important Attributes:** Aims to increase awareness of climate change issues with staff time as a constraint.  
   - **Reference:** "Action 1.2.1: Create climate change challenge program." (AIR QUALITY, City of Fort Lauderdale Sustainability Action Plan)

7. **Lifestyle Emissions Assessment:**
   - **Summary:** Assessing community greenhouse gas inventory beyond geo-political boundaries.
   - **Cost:** Staff time (1,200–4,000 hours).
   - **Timing:** 1 year.
   - **Important Attributes:** Useful for prioritizing action items for community-wide GHG reduction programs. Funding is a challenge.  
   - **Reference:** "Action 1.2.2: Assess lifecycle emissions." (AIR QUALITY, City of Fort Lauderdale Sustainability Action Plan)

The plan identifies several mitigation options, each with specific attributes related to cost, timeframe, location, and other factors. Here is a summary of the identified mitigation options:

1. **Action 1.1.1: Implement No Cost/Low Cost Recommendations from Energy Manager Priority Project List**
   - **Cost:** No cost/low cost
   - **Timeframe:** <6 months
   - **Important Attributes:** Electricity reduction [kWh], enforcement of behavior
   - **Responsible Party:** City Management
   - **Budget:** Staff time (40-200 hours)
   - **Benefits:** Cost savings
   - **Issues:** Enforcement of behavior
   - **(Energy, Page 33)**

2. **Action 1.1.2: Reduce Electricity Use in City Buildings by 20% by 2020**
   - **Cost:** Estimated $1.50 per square foot to retrofit 10% of City buildings
   - **Timeframe:** 6-12 months
   - **Location:** Top five energy users for the building sector
   - **Important Attributes:** Electricity consumption of buildings
   - **Budget:** Staff time (200-1,200 hours)
   - **Benefits:** Annual savings of $290,000 per year, increased comfort
   - **Issues:** Funding

3. **Action 1.1.3: Integrate electricity reduction goal into Capital Improvement Plan (CIP)**
   - **Cost:** Not explicitly stated
   - **Important Attributes:** Funding plan, retrofits for City buildings, upgrades to water treatment processes
   - **Benefits:** Annual cost savings
   - **Issues:** Future Funding

4. **Action 2.1.1: Reduce Inflow and Infiltration**
   - **Cost:** Estimated at $70 million over 10 years
   - **Timeframe:** < 6 months
   - **Important Attributes:** Wastewater flow reduction [millions of gallons]
   - **Responsible Party:** Public Works
   - **Budget:** Staff time (1,200-4,000 hours)
   - **Benefits:** Significant energy savings, opportunity to switch to alternate treatment processes
   - **(Water, Page 48)**

5. **Action 2.1.2: Study Wastewater Plant - Solids Disposal System**
   - **Cost:** Cost of the study
   - **Timeframe:** 1-2 years
   - **Location:** Wastewater Plant
   - **Important Attributes:** Engineering study
   - **Budget:** Staff time (>4,000 hours)
   - **Benefits:** Robust foundation for energy program, increased energy reductions, cost savings, potential for grants
   - **Issues:** Personnel availability

6. **Action 1.2.1: Create climate change challenge program**
   - **Timeframe:** 2 years
   - **Location:** Community
   - **Important Attributes:** Climate change mitigation goals, integration with regional programs
   - **Benefits:** Increase awareness of climate change issues
   - **Issues:** Staff time
   - **(Air Quality, Page 28)**

7. **Action 1.2.2: Assess lifecycle emissions**
   - **Timeframe:** 1 year
   - **Location:** Community-wide
   - **Important Attributes:** Technical report
   - **Benefits:** Helps prioritize community-wide greenhouse gas reduction programs

Based on the Fort Lauderdale Sustainability Action Plan, the following adaptation options are identified:

### **1. Include Adaptation Strategies into the City’s Plans**

- **Climate Threat Addressed**: This adaptation option addresses the threat of sea level rise and related climate impacts.
- **Details Provided in the Plan**:
  - **Cost**: Staff time (1,200-4,000 hours)
  - **Timeframe**: 1-2 years
  - **Location**: City-wide
  - **Additional Attributes**: The approach will involve identifying areas vulnerable to sea level rise across various sectors such as transportation, water, and sewage, followed by developing targeted adaptation strategies. 
  - **Benefits**: Climate change preparedness
  - **Issues**: Costly initiatives
  - **Status**: Not started
  - **Responsible Party**: City Management
  - **Metric**: Adaptation strategies

- **Climate Threat Addressed**: General climate change impacts that require regional cooperation and communication.
  - **Location**: City-wide and in coordination with other municipalities
  - **Additional Attributes**: The City aims to enhance communication about climate change adaptation in coordination with other agencies and municipalities to foster a regional approach.
  - **Benefits**: Regional approach
  - **Issues**: Bureaucratic barriers
  - **Metric**: TBD

### **3. Partner with Agencies and Institutions to Increase Preparedness**

- **Climate Threat Addressed**: General preparedness for climate change impacts, addressing regional vulnerabilities.
  - **Timeframe**: 2-5 years
  - **Location**: Collaborative efforts with local, regional, and state agencies or educational institutions
  - **Additional Attributes**: Partnerships with external organizations are sought to increase preparedness for climate change impacts.
  - **Metric**: Partnerships

These adaptation options collectively aim to prepare the City of Fort Lauderdale for climate change impacts through systematic planning, enhanced communication, and strategic partnerships.

The provided document does not explicitly identify any climate policies specifically aimed at advancing climate justice. As such, there is no information available within the document to summarize regarding climate threats, vulnerable areas, or populations concerning climate justice.

**1. Action 2.1.2: Adopt Energy Disclosure Ordinance**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** The climate threat being addressed by this policy is the reduction of energy consumption and associated greenhouse gas emissions by promoting transparency and accountability in energy usage.
  
- **Option Proposed:** This is a mitigation option that intends to promote energy efficiency by requiring the disclosure of energy use in buildings.
  
- **Potential Inadvertent Maladaptation:** The ordinance could lead to maladaptation if it only focuses on disclosure without offering support or incentives for energy improvements. Building owners, especially those with limited resources, may be unable to implement necessary upgrades, resulting in heightened vulnerability or increased costs without actual energy performance improvements. This may inadvertently penalize those unable to invest in energy efficiency upgrades.

**2. Action 2.1.4: Consider implementation of standardized energy management such as ISO 50001**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** The threat addressed by this policy is the inefficiency in energy usage leading to unnecessary greenhouse gas emissions.
  
- **Option Proposed:** The policy proposes a mitigation option by suggesting a standardized approach to energy management, potentially leading to energy conservation and cost savings.
  
- **Potential Inadvertent Maladaptation:** Implementing standardized energy management systems such as ISO 50001 could inadvertently lead to maladaptation if the costs associated with implementation outweigh the benefits, particularly for smaller organizations or municipalities with limited budgets. The focus on standardized procedures might also divert attention and resources from more pressing local adaptation needs or context-specific solutions that could offer better resilience benefits.

### Success Measurement Metrics and Goals in the Plan

#### **1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions**
- **Goal:** Reduce GHG Emissions by 20% below 2010 levels by 2020.
  - **Objective 1.1:** Reduce GHG emissions from City operations by 20% by 2020.
    - **Metrics:**
      - Annual greenhouse gas inventory reports.
      - Reduction of 1,454 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MTCO2e) per year to reach 58,164 MTCO2e by 2020.  
      - Projected reductions and adjustments along a timeline from 2010 to 2020 with specific percentage goals.
    - **Benefits:** Achieving the goal is expected to result in a 4% reduction from 1990 levels by 2012 and a 6% reduction from 1997 levels (Broward County goal: 7% below 1997 by 2015).
  
  - **Objective 1.2:** Reduce GHG emissions from community activities by 20% by 2020.
    - **Related Actions:**
      - **Action 1.2.2: Assess lifecycle emissions.** 
        - **Metric:** Completion of a technical report.

- **Goal 2:** Improve Air Quality in Other Sectors.
  - **Metrics:** Not explicitly detailed in the provided excerpts.

#### **2. Energy**
- **Goal 1:** Reduce Electricity Usage by 20% below 2010 levels by 2020.
  - **Objective 1.1:** Reduce City electricity usage by 20%.
    - **Metrics:** Electricity reduction measured in kWh.

  - **Objective 1.2:** Reduce community electricity usage by 20% below 2010 levels by 2020.
    - **Metrics:** 
      - Evaluations from the Smart Watts Program.
      - Meetings with financial partners.

- **Goal 2:** Source 20% electricity from renewable energy by 2020.
  - **Objective 2.1:** Set Annual Goal for Renewable Energy.
      - Installed capacity measured in kWh.
      - Annual budget assessments for solar projects.

#### **3. Progress Tracking**
- **Goal 1:** Track Progress of Sustainability Efforts.
  - **Objective 1.1:** Commit to Regular and Goal Oriented Reporting.
      - Annual sustainability update and progress report.

#### **Deadlines and Specific Numerical Objectives**
- **General Objective:** Achieve a 20% reduction in GHG and electricity usage below 2010 levels by 2020.
  - 565,549 tons of greenhouse gases reduced by 2020.
  - Integration of GHG emission reductions into decision-making processes.
  - Specific action plans, such as creating a Climate Change Challenge Program (not started), assessing lifecycle emissions with a due timeline of 1-2 years.

Each goal and objective is aligned with particular actions involving assigned responsibilities, staff training, and resource allocation to achieve the desired sustainability outcomes, ensuring objectives are evidence-based and cost-effective.

| **Feature**          | **Details**                                                                                     |
|----------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | City of Fort Lauderdale                                                                        |
| **Population**       | - 2008: 183,220<br>- 2009: 184,892<br>- 2010: 165,521<br>**Goal for 2020:** 212,571               |
| **Threats Identified** | - Reduction in city and community greenhouse gas emissions<br>- Increased electricity usage<br>- Water demand and wastewater management<br>- Dependence on fossil fuels in transportation<br>- Low recycling rates                                          |
| **Measures Identified** | - *Leadership:* Lead by example, implement sustainability policies, stimulate green economy, prepare for climate change impacts<br>- *Air Quality:* Reduce GHG emissions, improve air quality<br>- *Energy:* Reduce electricity usage, source renewable energy<br>- *Water:* Reduce water demand, improve wastewater and stormwater treatment<br>- *Built and Natural Environment:* Encourage green buildings, preserve natural spaces<br>- *Transportation:* Reduce fossil fuel use, vehicle miles traveled, plan for driving alternatives<br>- *Waste:* Increase recycling rates                                      |
```

The plan provided does not include specific details about the physical and economic landscape of Winston-Salem, North Carolina, such as population, demographics, average income, geographic features, key infrastructure, local climate specifics, or details about energy production and natural resources. However, it emphasizes the city's actions and strategies to address climate change and sustainability issues. These actions include the re-establishment of the Community Sustainability Program Committee, initiatives for emission reduction, and a focus on renewable energy and energy efficiency. The plan indicates that like many southeastern cities, Winston-Salem is vulnerable to climate impacts, specifically mentioning climate threats like extreme temperatures, drought, and flooding.

The plan emphasizes resilience through actions aimed at improving infrastructure and planning for extreme climate events. It recognizes major threats to Winston-Salem, including extreme temperatures, drought, and flooding, which threaten local systems and resources. The city is actively working towards a more sustainable direction by participating in initiatives like the Climate Mayors Agreement and collaborating with other municipalities to promote renewable energy (Executive Summary, Climate Threats). 

The plan has a strong focus on mitigation measures targeted at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It outlines specific reduction targets and strategies, such as improving energy efficiency in buildings, promoting renewable energy (e.g., solar), upgrading transportation systems (including electric vehicle infrastructure), and waste reduction (Executive Summary, Section 3 Energy Systems, Section 5 Waste Systems). Additionally, the plan mentions buying into renewable energy programs and participating in initiatives like the Legacy 2030 Comprehensive Plan to further explore other mitigation options (Section 3 Energy Systems).

Adaptation is addressed through objectives like assessing urban forest conditions and expanding green spaces for carbon sequestration, displaying a focus on ecological measures (Section 4 Green Space). The plan also promotes local partnerships to further adaptation efforts involving pollinator-friendly habitats (Section 4 Green Space).

Overall, the plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. It thoroughly addresses both mitigation and adaptation through specific goals and actions targeted at reducing emissions and adapting urban systems to expected climate conditions, while also encompassing elements of resilience planning.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change that Winston-Salem is planning for, detailing climate threats and potential impacts of climate change. 

### **Climate Change Scenario**

1. **Climate Threats**: 
    - "Climate change is presenting threats that are becoming pressing matters to communities around the world. There have been more instances of extreme weather events and consistently warmer years over the past decade than ever before." (*Executive Summary*)
    - "The biggest threats to the City of Winston-Salem are extreme temperatures, drought, and flood." (*WHERE WE STAND*)

2. **Effects of Climate Change**:
    - The city is expected to experience "record-breaking, climate-related weather extremes," with predictions of "anywhere from 17 to 53 more extremely hot days per year." (*WHERE WE STAND*)
    - Historical average costs and probabilities of events such as floods, heat, cold, and drought have been outlined to show anticipated increased climate impacts. (*Climate Threats*)

3. **Climate Vulnerability and Risks**:
    - "Table 2 shows the most relevant climate vulnerability and risks in the city. This information is provided by the University of Notre Dame Urban Adaptation Assessment from 2018. A lower risk score and a higher readiness score is an ideal assessment." (*Climate Threats*)

4. **Mitigation and Resilience Efforts**:
    - The city is setting "emissions reduction targets as mitigation and adaptation techniques" to plan for climate-based threats. (*Executive Summary*)
    - Plans to increase the number of zero-emission vehicles and explore renewable energy options are specific strategies for addressing climate change. (*STATE LEVEL EFFORT IN NORTH CAROLINA*)

These details collectively describe a scenario where Winston-Salem is anticipating and preparing for more frequent and severe climate events such as extreme temperatures, floods, and drought, while implementing policies aimed at mitigation and adaptation to address these changes.

**1. Extreme Temperatures**

- **Climate Hazard:** The plan identifies extreme temperatures as a major climate threat presenting risks to the City of Winston-Salem. It states, "The biggest threats to the City of Winston-Salem are extreme temperatures, drought, and flood." (*Executive Summary*)
   
- **Climate Risks:** Extreme temperatures pose risks to human health and safety as well as infrastructure. The plan mentions that "projected weather patterns in Forsyth County could produce anywhere from 17 to 53 more extremely hot days per year." (*Climate Threats*)

- **Climate Vulnerability:** Although specific areas or populations with the most vulnerability to extreme temperatures are not detailed in the provided excerpts, the general acknowledgment of vulnerability suggests an overarching concern for health and infrastructure impacts.

**2. Drought**

- **Climate Hazard:** Drought is identified as one of the major climate threats to Winston-Salem. The plan states, "The biggest threats to the City of Winston-Salem are extreme temperatures, drought, and flood." (*Executive Summary*)

- **Climate Risks:** Drought can lead to water scarcity impacting both community living and economic activities dependent on water supply. The plan quantifies a historical average cost associated with droughts, stating "$29,629.00" with projected future costs within the chart of climate vulnerabilities and risks. (*Climate Threats*)

- **Climate Vulnerability:** There is no direct mention of specific vulnerable areas or populations in the brief text, but the risk to local systems and resources is implied.

**3. Flood**

- **Climate Hazard:** Flooding is listed alongside extreme temperatures and drought as one of the major climate threats to the area. The plan discusses flooding in the context of historical and future risk assessments. (*Executive Summary*)

- **Climate Risks:** Flooding poses risks to infrastructure, public safety, and leads to significant economic costs. It is noted with a "historical average cost (2011-2015): $3,000.00" projecting costs escalating to "$548,792.00" for future events. (*Climate Threats*)

- **Climate Vulnerability:** The plan identifies that six ZIP codes in Forsyth County are at high risk for man-made environmental hazards, with the southwestern area being the highest risk for such hazards, indicating an overlap with flood vulnerability. (*Climate Threats*)

### **1. Green Space Initiatives (Carbon Sequestration)**

#### **Climate Threat Addressed:**
- This option addresses the threat of greenhouse gas emissions by capturing and storing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. It also aims to mitigate extreme temperatures by increasing vegetation cover.

#### **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:**
- **Cost and Timeframe:** Specific cost and timeframe details are not provided in the document.
- **Location:** Implemented throughout the planning jurisdiction with a focus on areas identified through an urban forest assessment.

#### **Other Important Attributes:**
- **Environmental Considerations:** Enhances green infrastructure by developing a street tree system, green roofs, and an interconnected park system.
- **Infrastructural Considerations:** Utilizes an urban forest assessment to identify spaces for planting and community events such as Community Roots Day (Section titled "Green Space" and strategy for "Carbon Sequestration").

### **2. Bee City USA Program**

- Addresses threats to biodiversity and ecosystem services due to climate change impacts on pollinators.

- **Cost and Timeframe:** No specific cost or timeframe is mentioned.
- **Location:** Expansion and upgrade of vegetative surfaces in city parks; implementation across various parks and urban areas within Winston-Salem.

- **Environmental Considerations:** Focus on expanding and upgrading vegetative surfaces to support pollinator habitats.
- **Economic Considerations:** Collaborative efforts with local partnerships to promote and expand pollinator-friendly habitats can enhance community engagement and local biodiversity ("Bee City USA" strategy in the section on Green Space).

### **3. Flood Mitigation Strategies**

- Directly addresses the threat of flooding, identified as one of the major threats to Winston-Salem.

- **Cost and Timeframe:** Expected projected cost of $548,792 for the 2040 event, with a low historical average cost of $3,000 from 2011-2015.
- **Location:** Implemented in high-risk flood areas throughout the jurisdiction as identified in local climate vulnerability assessments.

- **Infrastructural Considerations:** Development plans to reinforce infrastructure may be required to manage potential flooding events.
- **Readiness Considerations:** The risk readiness score is 58.1%, indicating preparedness to some extent ("Local Climate Vulnerabilities and Risks" table).

The document does not include comprehensive details on cost, timeframe, or location for each resilience option but provides a strategic framework for addressing climate threats through various initiatives in the jurisdiction of Winston-Salem.

The plan identifies several mitigation options with specific details regarding their implementation:

1. **Transportation Systems:**
   - **Objective:** Encourage employees to use more diverse transportation options and reduce vehicle miles traveled.
     - *Timing:* Initiate a Transportation Demand Management program for city employees.
     - *Attributes:* The plan includes educating employees on other transportation options and collecting data to track employee travel behavior. It also involves surveying employees to understand regular travel behaviors.
     - *Location:* Relevant to city operations.

2. **Energy Systems:**
   - **Objective:** Increase Energy Efficiency.
     - *Strategy:* Replace lights in city facilities with LEDs.
     - *Action:* Create a multi-phase implementation plan for LED replacement.
     - *Location:* City-owned buildings which account for 15% of the city’s annual CO₂ emissions are targeted for increased efficiency.
     - *Attributes:* Establish standards for new or renovated government buildings to meet LEED and/or Energy STAR energy efficiency standards.

3. **Renewable Energy Generation:**
   - **Strategy:** Work with the local utility and Planning Department to identify locations for solar panels on city facilities.
   - **Actions:** 
     - Partner with other North Carolina municipalities to support Duke Energy’s renewable energy efforts.
     - Research options for acquiring solar PV systems as a local government entity.
     - Invest in the installation of solar panels on solar-ready city facilities.
   - *Other Attributes:* The Legacy 2030 plan identified renewables as a policy issue to be examined locally.

4. **Green Space and Carbon Sequestration:**
   - **Objective:** Carbon Sequestration.
   - **Strategy:** 
     - Assess the state of the jurisdiction's urban forest.
     - Continue planting trees throughout the jurisdiction.
   - *Attributes:* Utilize an urban forest assessment to identify opportunities for Community Roots Day events.
   - *Location:* Within the jurisdiction’s urban areas.

5. **Bee City USA Program:**
   - **Objective:** Enhance pollinator habitats.
   - **Strategies:**
     - Expand and upgrade vegetative surfaces in city parks.
     - Implement pollinator-friendly practices in field operations.
     - Identify local partnerships to promote pollinator-friendly habitats.
   - *Attributes:* Develop pollinator gardens and increase the number of native pollinator plants utilized in landscape maintenance.

The plan does not provide specific cost details or exact timing for each mitigation option but highlights actions to be executed within the city’s jurisdiction.

The plan identifies several mitigation options. Here is a summary of the information provided regarding each option:

### **1. Energy Systems - Energy Use Conservation**

- **Description:** Participation in energy conservation efforts, such as Daylight Hour.
- **Timeframe:** The plan includes an ongoing campaign to reach 100% city office participation for non-essential lighting.
- **Location:** City offices are targeted for this initiative.
- **Important Attributes:** The plan aims to reduce energy use in buildings, as city-owned buildings contribute to 15% of annual emissions.

### **2. Energy Systems - Increase Energy Efficiency**

- **Description:** Replace lights in city facilities with LEDs and establish standards for new or renovated government buildings to meet LEED or Energy STAR efficiency standards.
- **Timeframe:** Creation of a multi-phase implementation plan, but no specific timeframe is mentioned.
- **Location:** City facilities.
- **Important Attributes:** Aims to decrease emissions from city-owned buildings through increased energy efficiency.

### **3. Energy Systems - Explore Renewable Energy Generation Options**

- **Description:** Work with local utility and planning department to identify potential locations for solar panels and invest in solar energy.
- **Cost:** Not specified for solar investments; however, mentions examining options for acquiring solar PV systems.
- **Timeframe:** Not specified.
- **Important Attributes:** Emphasis on collaborating with other municipalities to support Duke Energy's renewable efforts.

### **4. Transportation Systems**

- **Description:** Encourage diverse transportation modes, reduce vehicle miles traveled, and prepare electric vehicle infrastructure.
- **Timeframe:** Ongoing educational programs and data collection; timeframe for infrastructure changes not provided.
- **Location:** Citywide, targeting city employees and infrastructure.
- **Important Attributes:** Includes initiating a Transportation Demand Management program, promoting electric vehicle usage, and installing charging stations.

### **5. Green Space - Carbon Sequestration**

- **Description:** Enhancing green infrastructure such as street tree systems, green roofs, and park systems for carbon sequestration.
- **Timeframe:** Planning and development stages; ongoing actions like Community Roots Day events.
- **Location:** Throughout the jurisdiction.
- **Important Attributes:** Aims to use green infrastructure to improve air quality and provide ecosystem services.

### **6. Green Space - Bee City USA Initiatives**

- **Description:** Implement pollinator-friendly practices, expand vegetative surfaces, and enhance pollinator habitats.
- **Timeframe:** Ongoing initiatives, including the development of pollinator gardens.
- **Location:** City parks and designated pollinator habitats.
- **Important Attributes:** Focus on education and habitat enhancement as a component of being the 75th Bee City USA.

The plan focuses on a mix of energy efficiency, renewable energy adoption, transportation improvements, and green infrastructure to mitigate climate impacts in Winston-Salem.

### 1. **Carbon Sequestration**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** The process of carbon sequestration addresses the climate threat of increased greenhouse gas emissions by capturing and storing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The biggest threats to the City of Winston-Salem identified in the plan are extreme temperatures, drought, and flood, which are linked to increased GHG emissions (Executive Summary).

- **Cost, Timeframe, Location, and Other Attributes:**
  - **Strategy:** Assess the state of the jurisdiction’s urban forest and continue to plant trees throughout the jurisdiction.
  - **Action 1:** Utilize an urban forest assessment to identify the most available spaces for future Community Roots Day events (Objectives).

### 2. **Bee City USA Program**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** The Bee City USA program aims to protect pollinators, which are vital for the resilience of food systems and biodiversity. Climate change threatens these systems through extreme weather and altered habitats (Objectives).

  - **Strategy 1:** Expand and upgrade vegetative surfaces within city parks. 
    - **Action 1:** Continue to further develop new and existing pollinator gardens in city parks.
    - **Action 2:** Identify other parks where pollinator gardens could be planted.
  - **Strategy 2:** Implement pollinator-friendly practices in field operations.
    - **Action 1:** Increase the number of native pollinator plants utilized in landscape maintenance and flower beds annually.
  - **Strategy 3:** Identify potential local partnerships to further promote and expand pollinator-friendly habitats throughout the community (Objectives).

Based on the content provided, the plan does not explicitly identify specific climate policies to directly advance climate justice. However, it emphasizes the importance of equitable implementations within broader climate actions and goals. Here is an inferred summary based on the objectives and strategies mentioned:

1. **Climate Mayors Agreement**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** General threat of climate change and the need for global mitigation strategies as outlined by the Paris Agreement.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The plan does not specify exact populations or areas, but it implies that urban areas within Winston-Salem, subject to climate impacts like extreme temperatures, drought, and flooding, could be prioritized.

2. **City Transport and Energy Initiatives**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The initiatives indirectly address threats such as extreme temperatures and pollution by encouraging reduced vehicle miles traveled and increased energy efficiency.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** While the plan does not explicitly mention vulnerable populations, it can be deduced that areas with high pedestrian congestion or populations reliant on public transportation might benefit, thus supporting those potentially more exposed to pollution and heat.

3. **Renewable Energy Exploration**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Non-renewable energy sources contribute to GHG emissions and related climate change impacts.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** No specific areas are mentioned for energy concerns, but generally, low-income areas could benefit from reduced energy costs associated with renewable implementations.

The plan details overarching strategies which imply inclusion, yet it lacks specific policies targeted explicitly toward ensuring climate justice.

Based on the content provided in the plan, here is an analysis of potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies:

**1. Transportation Systems**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** The policy addresses the climate threat of greenhouse gas emissions and their contribution to climate change.
- **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:** The option proposed includes encouraging employees to use more diverse modes of transportation and reducing vehicle miles traveled, as well as installing electric vehicle charging stations ("Objectives," "Transportation Systems").
- **Potential Maladaptation Issues:** Encouraging more diverse transportation options and electric vehicle adoption could inadvertently increase vulnerability if the public transportation infrastructure is inadequate. If the infrastructure does not support safe and efficient transportation alternatives, this policy might discourage commuting or displace emissions rather than reduce them. Additionally, if not paired with corresponding renewable energy generation, an increase in electric vehicle usage could lead to higher demands on fossil fuel-generated electricity, negating emission reductions.

**2. Energy Systems**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** The focus here is on energy-related greenhouse gas emissions contributing to climate change.
- **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:** Options include increasing energy efficiency in city-owned buildings and exploring renewable energy generation options ("Objectives," "Energy Systems").
- **Potential Maladaptation Issues:** The retrofitting of buildings for energy efficiency could lead to maladaptation if the adaptations are not resilient to future climate conditions (e.g., if efficiency measures reduce indoor air quality or increase vulnerability to heatwaves). Similarly, investment in renewable energy could cause maladaptation if not coupled with a holistic energy management strategy; for example, deploying solar panels without ensuring they are operational during storm events that could disrupt their functionality.

These summarizations indicate areas where policies could unintentionally increase climate vulnerability if they are not implemented with comprehensive and context-sensitive strategies.

### **Measuring Success in the Plan**

#### **General Emissions:**

- **Metrics for Tracking Success:**
  - *CDP reporting*
  - *Annual greenhouse gas reports for municipal operations*
  - *STAR Communities rating system*
  - *Community Sustainability Program Committee* 
  - **Specific Goal:** Establish a local government emissions target reduction goal of a **15% decrease by 2025 from baseline levels in 2008.** (Section 1, Reduction Targets)

#### **Transportation Systems:**

  - Public electric vehicle charging stations installed since 2012.
  - Applications for Zero Emissions Vehicle DC Fast Charging stations.
  - Number of hybrid buses in operation replacing diesel buses.
  - Bicycle master plan and bike share program implementations.
  - Clean Fuel Advanced Technology (CFAT) grant secured for propane as a fuel source.

#### **Energy Systems:**

- **Concrete Goals and Targets:**
  - **Increase Energy Efficiency:** 
    - Replace lights in city facilities with LEDs.
    - Establish standards for new or renovated government buildings to meet LEED and/or Energy STAR standards.
  - **Specific Action:** Participate in Daylight Hour campaign aiming for **100% participation of city offices in those offices that have non-essential lighting.**

- **Explore Renewable Energy Generation Options:**
  - **Strategies and Actions:**
    - Identify potential locations for solar panels on city facilities.
    - Partner with North Carolina municipalities in support of renewable energy growth.
    - Research options for acquiring solar PV systems.
    - Invest in the installation of solar panels on solar ready city facilities. (Section 3, Energy Systems)

#### **Green Space:**

- **Metrics for Carbon Sequestration:**
  - *Community Roots Day tree planting event* by Keep Winston-Salem Beautiful.
  - Designation as a *Tree City USA* since 2001.

- **Bee City USA:**
  - *Pollinator week recognition and celebrations*
  - Installation of *Bee City USA* signs.
  - Inventory of pollinator assets like city flower beds.
  - Enhancement of pollinator habitats in city parks. 

- **Objective:** Focus on enhancing ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration and air quality improvement through increased tree canopy and green infrastructure.

#### **Waste Systems:**

- **Specific Objectives:**
  - *Waste reduction*
  - *Sustainability education and awareness*
  - *Recycling market awareness* 
  - **Goal:** Establish an emissions reduction target reflecting a commitment to sustainability and emissions management.

### **Specific Targets for North Carolina Cities:**

- Apex: **100% renewable energy by 2050.**
- Asheville: **80% below 2001-2002 ASAP.**
- Chapel Hill: **60% below 2005 by 2050.**
- Charlotte: **100% zero carbon for buildings/fleet by 2030.** (Executive Summary and Section 1, Reduction Targets)

The plan provides detailed strategies, objectives, and measurable metrics for each sector to achieve their emissions reduction and sustainability goals while also laying out clear targets and objectives in line with broader regional commitments.

| **Feature**          | **Details**                                                                                                                                         |
|----------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | City of Winston-Salem                                                                                                                              |
| **Population**         | Not specified in the document                                                                                                                      |
| **Threats Identified** | - Extreme temperatures                                                                                                                             |
|                      | - Drought                                                                                                                                          |
|                      | - Flooding                                                                                                                                         |
| **Measures Identified** | - Reduction Targets for emissions and air quality ([Executive Summary](#executive-summary))                                                       |
|                      | - Encourage diverse transportation options ([Section 1 Reduction Targets](#section-1-reduction-targets))                                          |
|                      | - Energy conservation and increase in efficiency ([Section 3 Energy Systems](#section-3-energy-systems))                                           |
|                      | - Carbon sequestration through green spaces and tree planting ([Section 4 Green Space](#section-4-green-space))                                     |
|                      | - Bee City USA initiatives to protect pollinators ([Section 4 Green Space](#section-4-green-space))                                                 |
|                      | - Waste reduction and sustainability education ([Section 5 Waste Systems](#section-5-waste-systems))                                               |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction: Anchorage, Alaska**

- Anchorage is located in Alaska, situated between Cook Inlet and the Chugach Mountains. It is described as the gateway to Alaska and the Arctic. 
- Major geographic features include the surrounding coastline and mountain ranges, which significantly influence the local climate and environment.

- Anchorage has a population of approximately 300,000 people. 
- It is noted as one of the most ethnically diverse communities in the United States, with over 100 languages spoken in the city’s streets and schools, representing a wide variety of cultures from around the world and across the North.

- The plan mentions that Alaska's climate is changing faster than the rest of the United States, with Alaska warming at twice the global average over the last 50 years.
- Local climate impacts include increased wildfire risk, threats to human health and infrastructure, and less predictable freeze-thaw patterns.

- Anchorage serves as the commercial hub of the state. The Port of Alaska, a key piece of infrastructure owned by the Municipality of Anchorage, links Alaska’s primary marine, road, rail, pipeline, and air cargo systems. This port handles half of all Alaska inbound cargo and the vast majority (almost 90%) of all liquid fuel and cement used in the state, highlighting its strategic importance.

**Economic Drivers:**
- The economic landscape is drawn heavily from the city's strategic location and infrastructure, with the Port of Alaska being essential for transportation and shipping that serve the entire state.
- Clean energy is growing and presents economic opportunities, with a focus on incentivizing clean energy business investment.
- There is no specific mention of average income in the document provided, but the plan implies economic opportunities related to the development of clean energy sectors.

- Anchorage aims to transition to a low-carbon economy, indicating a shift toward renewable resources and lower emissions.

- While specific details about natural resources are not provided, the plan emphasizes the abundance of renewable resources available for development in transitioning to cleaner energy solutions.

This overview draws from the comprehensive details and visions provided within the Anchorage Climate Action Plan, emphasizing both its physical and economic framework.

The plan addresses resilience by emphasizing the need for systems to cope with climate hazards and maintain essential functions. The plan states, "Anchorage residents are already experiencing many initial impacts of climate change, including warmer winters, icier roads, and more winter rain. The Climate Action Plan includes actions that will help Anchorage prepare for these and future impacts" (ANCHORAGE CLIMATE ACTION PLAN AT A GLANCE).

- It lists specific strategies under sectors like Health and Emergency Preparedness to enhance community resilience: "Develop strategies to enhance the health and safety of all Anchorage residents" and "Build household, neighborhood, and community resilience and self-sufficiency for emergency situations" (HEALTH AND EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS).
- The plan calls for the establishment of a Municipal Resilience Sub-Cabinet to oversee implementation, which emphasizes resilience as a key concern (IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING).

Mitigation efforts in the plan focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions across various sectors. The overarching goal is to "reduce greenhouse gas emissions 80% from 2008 levels by 2050, with a goal of 40% by 2030" (CLIMATE ACTION PLAN SECTORS).

- The plan identifies sectors like Buildings and Energy, aiming to "reduce energy use in existing and new buildings" and "expand local renewable energy generation and use" (BUILDINGS AND ENERGY).
- It calls for an annual greenhouse gas inventory to "measure progress towards climate goals" (ANCHORAGE CLIMATE ACTION PLAN AT A GLANCE).

Adaptation is addressed through strategies to prepare for and minimize climate change impacts on infrastructure, ecosystems, and residents. The plan describes adaptation as "activities and strategies that the Municipality and its partners can implement in order to prepare for the impacts of climate change" (KEY TERMS IN THE ANCHORAGE CLIMATE ACTION PLAN).

- Actions like improving stormwater management and supporting wildfire mitigation fall under this category: "Improve stormwater management to mitigate flooding and promote better water quality" (URBAN FOREST AND WATERSHEDS).

Given the balanced focus on both reducing emissions (mitigation) and preparing for impacts (adaptation and resilience), the plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. Both components are strongly emphasized and integrated into specific actions and objectives across multiple sectors.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change that the planning jurisdiction, Anchorage, will face and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. Anchorage is experiencing:

- **Faster Climate Change than the Rest of the United States:** "Alaska’s climate is changing faster than the rest of the United States." Over the last 50 years, Alaska has "warmed twice as fast as the global average" (Climate Change in Anchorage).

- **Increased Risks and Impacts:** Anchorage faces increased wildfire risks, "threats to human health and infrastructure," and "less predictable freeze-thaw patterns" (Climate Change in Anchorage).

- **Potential Economic Costs:** Without adaptation, damage to public infrastructure could cost "Alaska $142 to $181 million per year and a cumulative $4.2 to $5.5 billion by the end of the century" (Climate Change in Anchorage).

- **Environmental and Economic Transformation:** The plan identifies the potential for "environmental and economic transformation," which anchors its goals for reducing GHG emissions, creating climate jobs, and fostering clean energy investments (Welcoming and Resilient Roadmaps).

These scenarios form the basis for planning climate policies focused on resilience, mitigation, and adaptation actions within the climate action plan.

**1. Wildfires**

- **Climate Hazard:** The plan identifies increased wildfire risk in Anchorage due to "insect infestations, earlier snowmelt, and dry vegetation," making Anchorage's forests more susceptible to wildfires ("HEALTH AND EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS").
  
- **Climate Risks:** Wildfire events "threaten homes and property and increase respiratory distress due to smoke," with four of the ten largest fire seasons on record in Alaska occurring in the past decade ("HEALTH IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN ANCHORAGE").
  
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas with forest cover and residents living close to such areas are at the greatest risk. Specific mention of vulnerable infrastructure and environments isn't provided in the excerpt, but general risk to homes and health is implied.

**2. Extreme Weather (Warm and Wet Conditions)**

- **Climate Hazard:** "Warmer and wetter" spring and summer months have been noted as a shifting climate condition in Anchorage ("HEALTH IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN ANCHORAGE").
  
- **Climate Risks:** This climate condition leads to "an increase in mold, and the allergy season will begin earlier and last longer," disproportionately affecting "Anchorage residents with asthma, allergies, or other chronic conditions" ("HEALTH IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN ANCHORAGE").
  
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Individuals with pre-existing health conditions such as asthma and allergies are most vulnerable.

**3. Freeze-Thaw Cycles**

- **Climate Hazard:** Winters with more days "hovering around freezing" are identified, leading to freeze-thaw cycles ("HEALTH IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN ANCHORAGE").
  
- **Climate Risks:** These conditions result in "more icy roads and sidewalks and less opportunity for outside recreation," impacting physical and mental health ("HEALTH IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN ANCHORAGE").
  
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Predominantly residential areas and neighborhoods are likely to be affected due to icy conditions posing risks to safety and reducing recreational opportunities.

**4. Changes in Food Supply (Wild Foods)**

- **Climate Hazard:** Changes in "temperature and precipitation" impact wild food sources such as berries, salmon, and moose ("HEALTH IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN ANCHORAGE").
  
- **Climate Risks:** Impact on "the location and quality of habitat for many large game animals" and unpredictability of "salmon runs and other fisheries" are noted as risks related to food supply security ("HEALTH IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN ANCHORAGE").
  
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Populations that depend on wild foods for their diet are more vulnerable, though specific demographic details are not included in the excerpt.

**5. Vectors and Vector-borne Diseases**

- **Climate Hazard:** Warmer conditions make Anchorage "more hospitable for vectors such as non-native mosquitoes and ticks" ("HEALTH IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN ANCHORAGE").
  
- **Climate Risks:** These vectors "can carry pathogens that cause vector-borne diseases" which pose health risks to residents ("HEALTH IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN ANCHORAGE").
  
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Any areas of Anchorage with conditions favorable to vectors are at risk, with health risks potentially affecting all residents, especially those already vulnerable to diseases.

These hazards underscore the varied and far-reaching implications of climate change on health, safety, and community resilience in Anchorage.

1. **Community Resilience, Self-sufficiency, and Capacity Building:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Health and safety impacts of climate change, emergency preparedness ("Objective 17. Build community resilience, self-sufficiency, and capacity to prepare for and respond to the health and safety impacts of climate change").
     - **Cost:** Not explicitly stated.
     - **Timeframe:** Near-term, Mid-term and Long-term.
     - **Location:** Anchorage, specifically local neighborhoods and community settings.
     - Co-benefits include potential economic opportunities for local jobs and fostering a thriving population ("Implementing energy efficiency and renewable energy provides a positive return on investment").
     - Focus on inclusivity with tools available in multiple languages.
     - Develop partnerships with Community Councils, OEM, Alaska Department of Military and Veterans Affairs ("17A Give Community Councils tools (e.g., webinar trainings) to create local resilience strategies").

2. **Emergency Alert and Response Systems Enhancement:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Emergency situations exacerbated by climate change.
     - **Location:** Anchorage.
     - Co-benefits include better emergency management and response.
     - Involves enhancing existing systems to provide more timely alerts to the public, engaging entities like the American Red Cross of Alaska and Federal Emergency Management Agency ("17B Improve the local Emergency Alert System (EAS) capability by incorporating the Integrated Public Warning And Alert System (IPAWS)") 

3. **Mass Care Response and Emergency Food Plans:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Increased need for shelter and food security during emergencies.
     - **Location:** Local shelters and food distribution centers across Anchorage.
     - Economic and social benefits by securing essential supplies, improving infrastructure for care responses, thereby reducing vulnerability.
     - Partnerships with organizations like American Red Cross, local retailers, and food councils ("17C Improve local Mass Care response capabilities").

4. **Business and Healthcare Community Engagement in Emergency Response Planning:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Disruption to business and healthcare operations during climate hazards.
     - **Location:** Business and healthcare facilities in Anchorage.
     - Potential for promoting economic stability and building resilience within the economic sector ("17E Engage the business and healthcare community in developing emergency response plans").
     - Collaborations with local businesses and healthcare providers to enhance response strategies.

5. **Infrastructure Adaptations:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Infrastructure vulnerability to climate change.
     - **Cost:** Not explicitly stated, but expected return on investment as actions are financially attractive.
     - **Location:** Not specified.
     - Co-benefits include improved infrastructure, public facilities, transportation options, and predictable energy supply ("Most of the actions found in the plan will create community and environmental benefits, or co-benefits").

These resilience options aim to enhance Anchorage's capacity to handle climate threats proactively and sustainably, leveraging community collaboration, strategic planning, and comprehensive response strategies.

The Anchorage Climate Action Plan identifies the following mitigation options:

1. **Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Investment**
   - **Cost:** Many actions in this plan are noted as financially attractive and provide a positive return on investment. With an estimated 20% annual energy savings, investing in energy efficiency and renewable energy presents a substantial economic opportunity.
   - **Timing:** Implementation is classified as near-term, covering plan adoption to June 2020.
   - **Location:** This is broadly applicable across Anchorage, affecting residents, businesses, and public entities.
   - **Attributes:** This option not only keeps money in the local economy but also fosters local jobs and supports a thriving population. (RESOURCES FOR IMPLEMENTATION)

2. **Reducing Energy Use in Buildings**
   - **Timing:** Not specifically mentioned.
   - **Location:** Applicable to both existing and new buildings within Anchorage.
   - **Attributes:** Encouraging renewable energy and energy efficiency through existing and innovative financing mechanisms and incentives is highlighted. (BUILDINGS AND ENERGY)

3. **Local Renewable Energy Generation and Use Expansion**
   - **Location:** The focus is local, implying initiatives within the Anchorage area.
   - **Attributes:** Integration of long-term clean energy solutions into regional energy policy and planning is noted. (BUILDINGS AND ENERGY)

4. **Transportation and Vehicle Efficiency Improvements**
   - **Location:** Targets transportation improvements broadly across Anchorage.
   - **Attributes:** Transitioning to vehicles that are highly efficient and run on low-carbon and renewable energy fuels, along with improving transit options and non-motorized accessibility, is emphasized. (LAND USE AND TRANSPORTATION)

5. **Waste Reduction and Diversion**
   - **Location:** Applicable to both municipal operations and the wider Anchorage community.
   - **Attributes:** The plan stresses waste reduction targets, extending landfill life, and optimizing refuse collection and disposal systems. (CONSUMPTION AND SOLID WASTE)

These options are framed within the broader objectives of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing climate action co-benefits, which include economic, health, and equity improvements.

**Mitigation Options Identified in the Anchorage Climate Action Plan:**

1. **Energy Consumption in Buildings**
   - **Description:** Reducing energy use in existing and new buildings.
   - **Cost:** Many actions are financially attractive, providing a positive return on investment.
   - **Timeframe:** 
     - Near-term: Plan adoption to June 2020.
     - Mid-term: 2020 to 2025.
     - Long-term: 2026 and beyond.
   - **Location:** Throughout the Anchorage community and Municipal operations.
   - **Attributes:** Encourages the use of existing and innovative financing mechanisms and incentives to encourage renewable energy and energy efficiency. (*See Buildings and Energy, pages 36-43*)

2. **Transportation**
   - **Description:** Transition to vehicles that are highly efficient and run on low-carbon and renewable energy fuels.
   - **Cost:** Not explicitly stated, but implied to be cost-effective due to benefits like more predictable energy supply and economic stability.
   - **Timeframe:** Especially emphasized on a long-term basis, though specifics are not provided.
   - **Location:** Anchorage area, improving transit options and non-motorized accessibility.
   - **Attributes:** Encourages land use planning to reduce car travel distance, increasing community resiliency. (*See Land Use and Transportation, pages 44-51*)

3. **Waste Management**
   - **Description:** Divert and reduce waste, extend landfill life, optimize refuse systems.
   - **Cost:** Not explicitly mentioned in terms of reduction but highlights capturing wasted energy.
   - **Timeframe:** Existing and ongoing advancements, specifics up to 2025.
   - **Location:** Solid waste operations and community-wide.
   - **Attributes:** Further educates about waste reduction and diversion, and sets reduction targets. (*See Consumption and Solid Waste, pages 52-57*)

4. **Renewable Energy Generation**
   - **Description:** Expand local renewable energy generation and use.
   - **Cost:** Includes investor financing, donor grants, and partnerships to help finance the project.
   - **Timeframe:** Long-term, fitted into regional energy policy and planning.
   - **Location:** Focus within Anchorage to reduce reliance on non-renewable energy sources.
   - **Attributes:** Integrates long-term clean energy solutions into planning. (*Refer to Buildings and Energy, pages 36-43*)

5. **Carbon Footprint Reduction for Businesses**
   - **Description:** Encouragement and support for businesses to reduce carbon footprints.
   - **Cost:** Not highlighted for direct costs, but relies on incentives.
   - **Timeframe:** Ongoing process without a specific deadline.
   - **Location:** Local businesses in Anchorage.
   - **Attributes:** Emphasizes innovation, engagement of business owners, and workshops. (*Refer to Actions and Tactics, pages 86-87*)

These mitigation options are integral to addressing the climate change impacts by reducing greenhouse gas emissions across the critical sectors of buildings, transportation, and waste management in Anchorage.

The Anchorage Climate Action Plan outlines several adaptation options aimed at addressing different climate threats. Below are summaries of the identified adaptation options, along with the relevant information about each:

### 1. Wildfire Mitigation and Forest Management
- **Climate Threat:** This option addresses the increased risk of wildfires due to insect infestations, earlier snowmelt, and dry vegetation, which make Anchorage’s forests more susceptible to wildfires.
- **Information:**
  - **Cost:** Estimated costs due to increased wildfires across Alaska are $1.1 to $2.1 billion annually from 2006 through the end of the century. (*Why Create a Climate Action Plan?*)
  - **Location:** Applies broadly to forests within the Anchorage jurisdiction.
  - **Timeframe:** No specific timeframe mentioned for implementation.

### 2. Stormwater Management
- **Climate Threat:** The plan addresses the increased incidence of flooding and the need for better water quality management as a result of climate change.
  - **Location:** It relates to managing stormwater in urban areas of Anchorage to mitigate flooding impacts.
  - **Timeframe:** No specific timeframe mentioned.

### 3. Invasive Species Response
- **Climate Threat:** Increasing capacity to respond to invasive species outbreaks, which are more likely due to climate changes affecting ecosystems.
  - **Location:** Applies to urban forests and watersheds in Anchorage.

### 4. Eklutna Watershed Monitoring
- **Climate Threat:** Ensures a resilient drinking water supply amid changes in precipitation and temperature affecting watershed conditions.
  - **Location:** Eklutna watershed.

### 5. Health and Safety Strategies
- **Climate Threat:** Enhance the health and safety of Anchorage residents in response to climate impacts like warmer winters and more winter rain, which can lead to icier roads and associated safety risks.
  - **Cost:** "The Cost of Doing Nothing" section estimates a financial burden due to climate change effects at $150 million or more annually, highlighting the economic rationale for proactive measures.

### Important Attributes Across Adaptation Options
- **Cost Considerations:** Cost implications are discussed, emphasizing the financial burden of inaction. Planning and preparation are highlighted as means to ease financial burdens on the municipality. (*Resources for Implementation*)
- **Equity Considerations:** An "Equity Implementation Guide" is planned to ensure equitable distribution of adaptation efforts' benefits and address any unintended consequences for vulnerable groups. (*Equity*)

These adaptation options reflect proactive measures to manage and respond to various climate threats, with considerations of cost, equity, and specific location challenges integrated into planning and execution.

The Anchorage Climate Action Plan emphasizes embedding equity into its climate policies to advance climate justice. Here are the climate policies identified, along with the climate threats they address and the vulnerable populations:

1. **Equity Implementation Guide**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy doesn't directly address a specific climate threat but ensures that equity is considered during the implementation of climate actions which can include threats like extreme weather events, poor air quality, and economic instability due to climate change impacts.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** *"Racial and ethnic communities, limited English proficient individuals, low-income populations, older adults, and people with disabilities"* are highlighted as vulnerable groups who would be considered in mitigating impacts through equitable implementation. (*"Advisory Committee members reviewed the draft chapters and made revisions based on the following list of six equity considerations adapted from Portland Climate Action through Equity and the Austin Climate Resilience Plan."*)

2. **Community Engagement**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Associated broadly with various climate change challenges by ensuring planning reflects community needs through engagement.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** *"Ethnically diverse communities, economically and structurally isolated communities, and individuals with limited English language proficiency"* are recognized as having heightened vulnerabilities during emergencies due to climate change. (*"When communities are economically and structurally isolated, they are more vulnerable to acute shocks."*)

3. **Outreach and Education**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Indirectly addresses multiple threats by motivating carbon footprint reduction and ensuring inclusive benefit sharing of climate actions.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Focus on *"all Anchorage residents,"* with a particular emphasis on engaging *"ethnically diverse cities in the United States."* (*"Motivate Anchorage residents, schools, businesses, community councils, and agencies to reduce their carbon footprint."*)

4. **Economic Opportunity Focus**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Socioeconomic threats due to climate change impact on jobs and prosperity.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** *"Communities of color and low-income populations"* are targeted for workforce development and increased diversity in municipal staffing. (*"Does the proposed action support communities of color and low-income populations through workforce development, contracting opportunities, or the increased diversity of municipal staff?"*)

5. **Health and Emergency Preparedness**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Threats to health and safety exacerbated by climate impacts such as wildfires and vector-borne diseases.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** *"Diverse groups of people across Anchorage"* are acknowledged, aiming for resilience against emergencies linked to climate change impacts. (*"Develop strategies to enhance the health and safety of all Anchorage residents."*)

These policies collectively aim to ensure equitable treatment and benefit distribution, particularly for the most vulnerable communities, through effective climate action planning and implementation.

The document does not explicitly identify any potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies. However, an analysis of the proposed actions and potential outcomes can provide hypothetical scenarios where maladaptation might occur. Here’s an examination based on the provided information:

1. **Policy: Expansion of Anchorage's Air Quality Index Visibility**
   - **Climate Threat Addressing:** This policy aims to address the threat of **increased respiratory illnesses due to poor air quality**, including allergens and wildfire smoke.
   - **Option Proposed:** The proposal includes expanding the visibility of Anchorage’s Air Quality Index and providing strategies for coping with poor air quality days (Objective 14D).
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** While the immediate aim is to mitigate health risks related to air quality, if efforts focus too heavily on monitoring rather than addressing root causes (e.g., reducing emissions from wildfires or pollutants), it may lead to complacency. Additionally, without concurrent measures to provide clean air spaces or effective public health interventions, there's a risk that this policy may not sufficiently protect vulnerable populations, hence becoming maladaptive.

2. **Policy: Review of Recreational Burn Guidelines**
   - **Climate Threat Addressing:** This policy is targeted at reducing the risk of wildfires which are exacerbated by climate change.
   - **Option Proposed:** The proposal suggests reviewing and potentially refining recreational burn guidelines using additional climate tools or information (Objective 14C).
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** Changes in guidelines without comprehensive stakeholder engagement or public education may inadvertently lead to reduced recreational opportunities, potentially impacting community well-being and cohesion. If the guidelines are too restrictive or not well-communicated, they could create backlash or non-compliance, undermining their effectiveness.

3. **Policy: Educate the Public About Health Risks of Higher Temperatures**
   - **Climate Threat Addressing:** Addresses the threat of **heat-related illness** due to increasing temperatures.
   - **Option Proposed:** The policy includes public education on the health risks of higher temperatures and strategies to make cooling options accessible (Objective 14E).
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** Overemphasizing cooling infrastructure (such as air conditioning units) without sustainable energy solutions could lead to a rise in greenhouse gas emissions, thereby exacerbating the very issue it seeks to mitigate. Additionally, without equitable access, there's a risk of increasing the vulnerability of low-income populations who may not be able to afford cooling solutions.

### Measuring Success or Failure of Adaptation, Resilience, and Mitigation Options

#### Metrics and Units for Tracking Outcomes:
1. **Greenhouse Gas Inventory**
   - The plan includes a goal to "complete a greenhouse gas inventory for Anchorage and update annually" to measure progress towards climate goals (Implementation and Monitoring).

2. **Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Goals**
   - "Reduce greenhouse gas emissions 80% from 2008 levels by 2050, with a goal of 40% by 2030." This is a concrete numerical objective with specified deadlines (Climate Action Plan Sectors).

3. **Indicators Framework**
   - Develop a framework for selecting, monitoring, and sharing indicators that track:
     - "Environmental changes associated with climate change"
     - "Impacts of climate change at a neighborhood-level"
     - "Adaptation measures and their effectiveness in Anchorage" (Objectives).

#### Concrete Goals or Targets:
1. **GHG Emissions Reduction Objectives**
   - **Target:** Reduce emissions 80% from 2008 levels by **2050**, with an interim goal of 40% by **2030** (Climate Action Plan Sectors).

2. **Renewable Energy Generation**
   - **Objective:** "Expand local renewable energy generation and use" (Buildings and Energy).

3. **Waste Reduction**
   - **Objectives:**
     - "Divert and reduce waste, extending the life of the landfill"
     - "Create waste reduction targets across both Municipal operations and the Anchorage community" (Consumption and Solid Waste).

#### Reporting and Accountability:
- **Annual Progress Report**
  - An annual progress report and Climate Action Plan updates will be made available on a public website maintained by the Municipal Office of Energy and Sustainability (Implementation and Monitoring).

- **Updates and Submissions**
  - Update the Climate Action Plan every 5 years and submit it to the Assembly for consideration and approval (Implementation and Monitoring).

| Feature            | Description                                                                                                                                                            |
|--------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Anchorage                                                                                                                                                            |
| **Population**     | Population data is referenced under "References" with a link to U.S. Census Bureau's QuickFacts: `https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/anchoragemunicipalityalaskacounty,US/PST045218`.                     |
| **Threats Identified** | - Wildfires ("Support wildfire mitigation and improve forest management to prepare for increased risk of wildfire").<br>- Flooding ("Improve stormwater management to mitigate flooding and promote better water quality").<br>- Invasive Species ("Increase capacity to respond to invasive species outbreaks").<br>- Extreme Weather ("Increase household education about water quality and food storage risks resulting from power outages associated with increased extreme weather events").                                                                   |
| **Measures Identified** | - *Emergency Preparedness:* Educate the public on health and safety risks ("health risks of higher temperatures" and mental health impacts of climate change).<br>- *Wildfire Mitigation:* Assess burn guidelines ("Review the current recreational burn guidelines and criteria").<br>- *Air Quality:* Increase awareness of bad air quality days ("Expand visibility of the Anchorage Air Quality Index").<br>- *Invasive Species Management:* Develop a watch list for invasive species ("Develop a watch list of potentially invasive species that could establish residency in Anchorage due to climate change").                                               |
```

**City of Iowa City Climate Action and Adaptation Plan**

- **Planning Jurisdiction:** Iowa City
- **Location:** Iowa City, United States

### **Demographics and Population**

- The document does not provide specific details on the population, demographics, or average income.

- The document does not detail major geographic features such as mountains, rivers, deserts, or coastlines specific to Iowa City.

- The plan does not specify key infrastructure like airports or seaports in Iowa City.

### **Local Climate**

- Iowa City is experiencing climate change characterized by increased precipitation, rising temperatures, and the rising frequency of damaging events. This indicates a shift towards more pronounced climate extremes such as heavy rainfall and heatwaves ("City Of Iowa City Climate Action And Adaptation Plan50Equity Considerations").
  
- Water challenges are evident due to increased flood magnitude and frequency, intense precipitation events, and changes in plant communities ("Iowa City has experienced increases in flood magnitude and frequency, intense precipitation events...").

- The plan notes commitments by Iowa City's electricity service providers and the University of Iowa to significant shifts towards renewable energy. MidAmerican Energy's commitment to 100 percent renewable electrical energy by the end of 2020 is mentioned as a significant step towards reducing emissions ("...MidAmerican’s commitment to 100 percent renewable electrical energy by the end of 2020 will significantly reduce emissions...").

- The plan emphasizes economic development through the creation of job opportunities, supporting existing businesses, attracting new investments, and fostering a strong local economy. Specific industries are not detailed, but there is an emphasis on creating jobs related to actions discussed in the plan, such as renewable energy and sustainable practices ("...expand investment to jobs that relate to the actions discussed in this document...").

- The plan emphasizes economic development through the creation of job opportunities, supporting existing businesses, attracting new investments, and fostering a strong local economy. Specific industries are not detailed, but there is an emphasis on creating jobs related to actions discussed in the plan, such as renewable energy and sustainable practices ("...expand investment to jobs that relate to the actions discussed in this document..."). 

- The plan also highlights economic development as a co-benefit of many proposed actions, aimed at making Iowa City a more desirable place to work and live ("...actions will create job opportunities by supporting existing local businesses and expanding investment...").

**Resilience, Mitigation, and Adaptation Summary:**

  The plan places a strong emphasis on resilience by preparing the community to cope with and adapt to a changing climate. For example, the plan states that "implementing these actions will allow Iowa City to adapt to climate change and remain a resilient, healthy community, for current residents and for future generations" (City Of Iowa City Climate Action And Adaptation Plan21). It emphasizes the need for "resilient infrastructure" and acknowledges the importance of risk management strategies for climate impacts (Plan Development20).

  The plan is heavily oriented towards reducing GHG emissions with specific targets, such as the reduction of 2005-level emissions by 26 to 28 percent by 2025, and 80 percent by 2050 (City Of Iowa City Climate Action And Adaptation Plan9). It identifies 35 actions to achieve these goals, focusing on areas such as buildings, transportation, and waste, as well as renewable energy initiatives (Plan Development22). Mitigation is a central component as the plan describes actions to "reduce the causes of global climate change" (City Of Iowa City Climate Action And Adaptation Plan21).

  Adaptation is specifically addressed with "a category of actions dedicated to adaptation" which includes preparing for increased temperatures and more intense rainfall and storms (Plan Development20). The plan outlines steps such as developing a vulnerability assessment and ensuring coordination in preparedness planning (Taking Action: Adaptation50).

The plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan** because it comprehensively addresses both the reduction of GHG emissions (mitigation) and preparing the community to adapt and build resilience in the face of climate change impacts.

Yes, the plan describes scenarios of climate change that Iowa City will face and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. According to the plan:

- **Climate Change Impacts:** Iowa City has been experiencing "increases in flood magnitude and frequency, intense precipitation events, warmer temperatures, strong winds and changes in plant communities." These changes are expected to "continue and likely intensify as levels of emissions continue to increase" (City Of Iowa City Climate Action And Adaptation Plan, 6).

- **Future Projections:** There is an acknowledgment that "Iowa City is experiencing increased precipitation and rising temperatures with rising frequency of damaging events." These changes are projected to become "more pronounced in the coming years," emphasizing the importance of preparation (City Of Iowa City Climate Action And Adaptation Plan, 50).

- **Resilience and Adaptation Strategies:** The plan includes actions aimed at "preparation for increased temperatures and more intense rainfall and storms," which emphasizes the need for resilient infrastructure and adaptation techniques (City Of Iowa City Climate Action And Adaptation Plan, 20).

The plan focuses on addressing these scenarios through a combination of mitigation, aiming for an 80 percent reduction of community-wide greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, and adaptation strategies to handle the impacts already being observed in Iowa City.

1. **Flooding**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** Iowa City has experienced increased flood magnitude and frequency, which is projected to continue. "Intense precipitation events" and "increases in flood magnitude and frequency" are expected.  
   - **Climate Risks:** Floods can lead to property damage, weakened infrastructure, and disruption of essential services. "Critical assets that were compromised in the June 2008 flood" illustrate past vulnerabilities.  
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** Floodplain areas, such as those affected by the 2008 flood, homeowners in prone areas, and those along critical transportation routes impacted by flood events. (Sections: City Of Iowa City Climate Action And Adaptation Plan51, 6)

2. **Heatwaves**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** Increased temperatures and more extreme heatwaves are becoming more common due to climate change.  
   - **Climate Risks:** Heat stress poses health risks, and can contribute to acute and chronic respiratory illnesses. Heat waves also impact comfort levels and exacerbate public health issues like asthma.  
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** Aging adults, children, persons with disabilities, and economically stressed individuals are particularly vulnerable. (Sections: City Of Iowa City Climate Action And Adaptation Plan50, 9)

3. **Vector-Borne Diseases**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** Changing climate conditions, like increased temperatures, create more favorable environments for pathogens and pests.  
   - **Climate Risks:** These conditions can lead to an increase in vector-borne diseases which threaten public health.  
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** Lower-income residents and those lacking resources for adequate medical care. (Section: City Of Iowa City Climate Action And Adaptation Plan9)

4. **Storms**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** More frequent hazardous weather events like storms are anticipated.  
   - **Climate Risks:** They pose risks of damage to property and infrastructure, and disruption of services. Storms exacerbate existing vulnerabilities, such as soil erosion.  
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** Frontline communities including people of color, immigrants, refugees, and those in lower-income brackets. (Sections: City Of Iowa City Climate Action And Adaptation Plan19, 9)

5. **Increased Precipitation**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** "Annual precipitation has increased" and is expected to rise further.  
   - **Climate Risks:** Increased precipitation contributes to both direct flooding risks and longer-term soil erosion issues, affecting infrastructure and human health.  
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** Areas that are prone to flooding, households with mobility issues or language barriers, and cost-burdened households. (Sections: City Of Iowa City Climate Action And Adaptation Plan51, 10)

6. **Rising Temperatures**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** Annual and seasonal temperatures are expected to rise, resulting in more hot summers and less cold winters.  
   - **Climate Risks:** Rising temperatures can lead to heat stress, exacerbate respiratory illnesses, and contribute to adverse impacts on ecosystems and agriculture.  
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** Populations with pre-existing health conditions, and areas with limited cooling resources. (Sections: City Of Iowa City Climate Action And Adaptation Plan10, 11)

7. **Drought** (Implied through adaptation to water quality and runoff issues)
   - **Climate Hazard:** Though not explicitly detailed, changes in climate conditions imply potential drought scenarios affecting soil and water quality.  
   - **Climate Risks:** These changes threaten agricultural outputs, ecosystem stability, and water resources.  
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** Regions dependent on agricultural activities and those with inadequate water resource management plans. (Sections: City Of Iowa City Climate Action And Adaptation Plan40)

Note: While drought is implied through reference to runoff, explicit mention of drought as a climate hazard is minimal compared to other hazards.

1. **Vulnerable Populations Asset Mapping Exercise**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This resilience option aims to address the climate threats by identifying vulnerabilities within the community that may arise during emergency events, which could amplify the vulnerabilities of cost-burdened households, people with mobility issues, or households with language barriers.
     - **Cost:** Low ($).
     - **Timeframe:** Short-term.
     - **Location:** Coordinated by the City and involves advocacy groups ([Summary of Actions - Expanded Table](Summary of Actions – Expanded Table continued).
   - **Other Important Attributes:** This study focuses on documenting community-based assets and ensuring they can be mobilized for further actions such as communications, outreach planning, and defining preparedness roles ([Actions](Actions)).

2. **Communications and Outreach Plan for Vulnerable Populations**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Extreme weather events and general climate impacts.
     - **Timeframe:** Short to mid-term.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** This plan involves communicating Iowa City’s adaptation work, with initial exploratory conversations and training, focusing on making homes and businesses more resilient ([Actions](Actions)).

3. **Analyze Climate-Related Public Health Impacts**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Public health implications such as acute and chronic respiratory illnesses, heat stress, and vector-borne diseases due to climate change.
     - **Location:** Conducted jointly by the City and Johnson County ([Summary of Actions - Expanded Table](Summary of Actions – Expanded Table continued).
   - **Other Important Attributes:** The analysis aims to prepare Iowa City and its public health partners for addressing public health impacts, integrating findings into asset mapping, outreach, and preparedness planning ([Actions](Actions)).

4. **Coordinate Extreme Weather Preparedness Planning with Local Agencies**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Extreme weather events.
     - **Location:** Joint effort by the City and County ([Summary of Actions - Expanded Table](Summary of Actions – Expanded Table continued).
   - **Other Important Attributes:** This plan ensures preparedness and coordination with local agencies, helping to maintain system resilience during extreme events ([Equity Considerations](Equity Considerations)).

5. **Assess Citywide and Neighborhood Stormwater Management**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flooding and inadequate infrastructure to handle increased precipitation.
     - **Location:** Conducted by the City ([Summary of Actions - Expanded Table](Summary of Actions – Expanded Table continued).
   - **Other Important Attributes:** This project focuses on infrastructure improvements to manage stormwater more effectively, thereby reducing the risk of flood damages to homes and infrastructures ([Background](Background)).

6. **Expand Iowa City’s Tree Canopy**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Extreme heat and urban heat islands.
     - **Cost:** Medium ($$).
     - **Timeframe:** Mid to long-term.
     - **Location:** Conducted by the City with developers ([Summary of Actions - Expanded Table](Summary of Actions – Expanded Table continued).
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Increasing tree canopy aids in temperature regulation, improving air quality, providing habitat, and enhancing the overall environmental quality ([Background](Background)).

The plan identifies several mitigation options aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Here is a summary of each option, along with details regarding cost, timing, location, and other pertinent attributes:

### Buildings

1. **Increase energy efficiency in residences**
   - **Cost:** $-$$$
   - **Timing:** Short to Mid-term
   - **Location:** Home
   - **Attributes:** Focus on educational programs with partnerships including MidAmerican, local contractors, and lenders. High local GHG impact (•••).

2. **Increase energy efficiency in businesses**
   - **Location:** Work
   - **Attributes:** Educational programs partnered with local businesses and agencies. High local GHG impact (•••).

3. **Increase energy efficiency in new buildings**
   - **Timing:** Mid to Long term
   - **Location:** Home, Work, Government
   - **Attributes:** Involves policy and planning. Partners include the City, University, developers, and HBA. High local GHG impact (•••).

4. **Increase on-site renewable energy systems and electrification**
   - **Timing:** Mid-term
   - **Attributes:** Includes study and education with partners such as City and Iowa Renewable Energy Association. High local GHG impact (•••).

5. **Initiate community solar projects**
   - **Cost:** $$$
   - **Location:** Home, Work
   - **Attributes:** Project and partnership with MidAmerican and the City. Minimal emission reduction due to renewable electricity source. Local GHG impact noted as •.

6. **Support energy benchmarking tools**
   - **Timing:** Short-term
   - **Attributes:** Policy support with advocacy groups and City participation. Local GHG impact (•).

7. **Continue to increase energy efficiency in City-owned buildings**
   - **Location:** Government
   - **Attributes:** Lead by example. Action taken by the City. Local GHG impact (•).

### Transportation

1. **Increase use of public transit systems**
   - **Attributes:** Lifestyle and program action. Partner agencies include the City, University, County, and advocacy groups. Local GHG impact (••).

2. **Embrace electric vehicles, alternative fuel vehicles, and other emerging technologies**
   - **Attributes:** Lifestyle, policies, and partnership action. Partners include the City, University, and advocacy groups. High local GHG impact (•••).

3. **Increase bicycle and pedestrian transportation**
   - **Attributes:** Lifestyle and program. Partners include the City, County, University, and advocacy groups. Local GHG impact (••).

4. **Increase compact and contiguous development**
   - **Timing:** Mid to Long-term
   - **Attributes:** Policy and plan. Involves the City and developers. Local GHG impact (•).

5. **Increase employee commuter options**
   - **Attributes:** Partnership with universities, large businesses, and East Central Iowa Council of Governments (ECICOG). High local GHG impact (•••).

6. **Manage parking options**
   - **Location:** Work, Government
   - **Attributes:** Policy and partnership. City involvement. Local GHG impact (•).

7. **Reduce the City’s vehicle emissions footprint**
   - **Attributes:** Lead by example action by the City. Local GHG impact (•).

### Waste

1. **Increase recycling at multi-family properties**
   - **Location:** Home, Government
   - **Attributes:** Lifestyle, education, program. Partners include the City and advocacy groups. Local GHG impact (•).

2. **Increase composting of organics**
   - **Attributes:** Lifestyle, education, program. Partners include the City, University, and advocacy groups. Local GHG impact (•).

3. **Reduce waste at the source**
   - **Attributes:** Lifestyle and education with advocacy groups and city education. Local GHG impact (•).

4. **Establish partnerships to divert construction waste from the Landfill**
   - **Attributes:** Program with city, developers, and HBA participation. Local GHG impact (•).

5. **Reduce waste at City facilities**
   - **Attributes:** Lead by example actions by the City. Local GHG impact (•).

6. **Create a comprehensive waste management plan**
   - **Attributes:** Plan crafted by the City. Local GHG impact (•).

7. **Take action on a study to efficiently capture and use methane from wastewater operations**
   - **Attributes:** Study and project led by the City. Local GHG impact (••).

8. **Take action on a feasibility study on energy generation from landfill methane**
   - **Attributes:** Study and project by the City. Local GHG impact (••).

These options reflect a coordinated effort across sectors including buildings, transportation, and waste to reduce emissions and promote sustainability in Iowa City.

The plan identifies several mitigation options, which are summarized below along with their cost, timeframe, location, and other important attributes:

1. **Increase Energy Efficiency in Residences**
   - **Timeframe:** Short to Mid-term
   - **Attributes:** This is a high priority action marked with an asterisk, aiming at a significant impact on local GHG emissions. Involves programs and education, with partners like MidAmerican, local contractors, and lenders (Summary of Actions - Expanded Table).

2. **Increase Energy Efficiency in Businesses**
   - **Attributes:** High priority. It involves engaging local businesses and regional business coordinating agencies (Summary of Actions - Expanded Table).

3. **Increase Energy Efficiency in New Buildings**
   - **Timeframe:** Mid to Long-term
   - **Attributes:** Involves policy and planning, with partners such as the City, University, developers, and HBA (Summary of Actions - Expanded Table).

4. **Increase On-site Renewable Energy Systems and Electrification**
   - **Cost:** $$ 
   - **Timeframe:** Mid-term
   - **Attributes:** Focuses on studies and education, in partnership with the City, Iowa Renewable Energy Association, and developers (Summary of Actions - Expanded Table).

5. **Initiate Community Solar Projects**
   - **Attributes:** Minimal emissions reduction due to 100% renewable electricity source. Involves projects and partnerships with the City and MidAmerican (Summary of Actions - Expanded Table).

6. **Increase Use of Mass Transit Systems**
   - **Attributes:** Lifestyle and program-related, with partners including the City, University, County, and advocacy groups (Summary of Actions - Expanded Table).

7. **Embrace Electric Vehicles, Alternative Fuel Vehicles, and other Emerging Technologies**
   - **Attributes:** Involves lifestyle changes, policies, and partnerships, engaged in with the City, University, and advocacy groups (Summary of Actions - Expanded Table).

8. **Increase Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation**
   - **Attributes:** Contributes to lifestyle and program initiatives, in collaboration with the City, County, University, and advocacy groups (Summary of Actions - Expanded Table).

9. **Reduce Waste at the Source**
   - **Attributes:** Involves lifestyle and education, focusing on source reduction efforts with advocacy groups and the City (Summary of Actions - Expanded Table).

10. **Take Action on a Feasibility Study on Energy Generation from Landfill Methane**
    - **Cost:** $$$
    - **Timeframe:** Mid to Long-term
    - **Location:** Government
    - **Attributes:** Focuses on study and project-related measures, partnered with the City (Summary of Actions - Expanded Table).

11. **Encourage a Plant-rich Diet**
    - **Cost:** $
    - **Timeframe:** Short-term
    - **Location:** Home
    - **Attributes:** It is marked as a high priority with significant global impacts related to the emissions in dietary shifts, implemented through lifestyle and education initiatives with the City and advocacy groups (Summary of Actions - Expanded Table).

The plan identifies several adaptation options with corresponding details regarding the climate threats they address, along with cost, timeframe, location, and other important attributes:

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The exercise aims to address vulnerabilities related to a changing climate by identifying resources for vulnerable populations.
     - **Cost:** Short, with a low cost.
     - **Timeframe:** Short-term implementation.
     - **Location:** Iowa City.
     - **Additional Information:** This study involves identifying lead partners to map community-based assets specific to vulnerable populations, intended to improve the quality of life for these groups. *(City Of Iowa City Climate Action And Adaptation Plan, Section 4.1)*

2. **Develop Communications and Outreach Plan for Vulnerable Populations**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Preparing vulnerable populations for extreme weather events and general climate impacts.
     - **Cost:** Short-term to mid-term implementation, with a low cost.
     - **Timeframe:** Short to Mid-term.
     - **Additional Information:** The plan focuses on communicating adaptation work related to preparedness for extreme weather and making homes and businesses more resilient. *(City Of Iowa City Climate Action And Adaptation Plan, Section 4.2)*

3. **Analyze Climate-Related Public Health Impacts in Iowa City**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Public health implications from climate changes such as respiratory illnesses, heat stress, and vector-borne diseases.
     - **Cost:** Short-term, with a low cost.
     - **Additional Information:** This action involves documenting and preparing to address public health impacts, guiding local healthcare preparedness. *(City Of Iowa City Climate Action And Adaptation Plan, Section 4.3)*

     - **Additional Information:** Coordination with local agencies to enhance preparedness planning. *(City Of Iowa City Climate Action And Adaptation Plan, Section 4.4)*

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Increased precipitation and storm events.
     - **Cost:** Mid-term, with a moderate cost.
     - **Additional Information:** The project focuses on assessing stormwater management from both citywide and neighborhood-specific perspectives. *(City Of Iowa City Climate Action And Adaptation Plan, Section 4.5)*

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Mitigating heat island effects and managing stormwater.
     - **Cost:** Mid-term to long-term implementation, with a moderate cost.
     - **Timeframe:** Mid to Long-term.
     - **Additional Information:** The expansion aims to enhance climate resilience by increasing tree coverage. *(City Of Iowa City Climate Action And Adaptation Plan, Section 4.6)*

1. **Develop Communications and Outreach Plan for Vulnerable Populations**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy aims to prepare vulnerable populations for "extreme weather events, general climate impacts, and opportunities to make homes and businesses less prone to flooding" to help them become "more resilient to Iowa City’s changing climate." _(Develop Communications and Outreach Plan for Vulnerable Populations)_
   
   - **Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:** The policy is targeted at vulnerable populations which include those who face language barriers, economic stress, disability, aging adults, children, and homeless individuals. This is acknowledged by stating that some populations, such as those economically stressed or non-English speakers, may fall through "gaps in access to information, services, and resources." _(Equity Considerations)_

2. **Conduct a Vulnerable Populations Asset Mapping Exercise**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This initiative is designed to understand the "civic infrastructure or community-based assets" to improve responses to various climate vulnerabilities. The policy involves identifying "governmental programs, community groups, religious institutions, mission-based organizations, and social service agencies" that directly or indirectly target vulnerable populations. _(Conduct a Vulnerable Populations Asset Mapping Exercise)_
   
   - **Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:** Focus is on various vulnerable groups, particularly those more severely impacted by climate change such as economically stressed individuals, elderly, children, persons with disabilities, and non-English speakers. _(Equity Considerations)_

3. **Addressing Social Equity**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The overarching climate threat addressed here pertains to the compounded vulnerabilities resulting from systemic inequalities that increase exposure to natural hazards and reduce adaptive capacities for certain populations. The plan recognizes the importance of ensuring "access and participation are inclusive of all people" and aims to address climate challenges under a lens of "equity and social justice principles." _(Social Equity)_

   - **Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:** This primarily includes people of color, immigrants, refugees, and lower-income residents. These groups are identified as facing increased exposure and sensitivity to climate hazards due to "systemic and institutional racism and classism." _(Plan Development)_

By implementing these policies, the City of Iowa City acknowledges existing vulnerabilities and inequities while striving to enhance resilience and equal access across its diverse communities.

Based on the provided document, Iowa City's plan to address climate change primarily focuses on various strategies across resilience, mitigation, and adaptation options. However, potential cases of unforeseen maladaptive climate policies may include:

1. **Floodplain Regulations and Infrastructure Elevation**

     - The climate threat addressed by these policies is increased flooding due to climate change, as highlighted by the city's experience during the June 2008 flood.

   - **Resilience/Adaptation Option Proposed:**
     - "Iowa City also amended floodplain regulations to require new and substantially improved structures to be elevated or floodproofed to one foot above the 500-year flood elevation." (Taking Action: Adaptation)
     - "The project includes the elevation of Dubuque Street, Iowa City's main arterial between I-80 and the downtown, to the 100-year flood elevation plus one foot..." (Taking Action: Adaptation)

   - **Potential Inadvertent Maladaptation:**
     - Elevating infrastructure and structures can lead to issues such as altered water flow patterns, potentially increasing flood risk in adjacent areas not protected by such measures. Additionally, this approach may contribute to socio-economic disparities, as only certain areas and groups might afford the necessary upgrades, thereby potentially exacerbating vulnerabilities of less affluent communities.

2. **Use of Species from Southern Areas for New Plantings**

     - The threat of increasing temperatures, precipitation, and seasonal fluctuations affecting ecosystems.

   - **Adaptation Option Proposed:**
     - "Considering using species from more southern areas for new plantings..." (Taking Action: Adaptation)

     - Introducing non-native species might disrupt local ecosystems, leading to loss of biodiversity or out-competition of native species. It could create dependencies on plant varieties that may not thrive long-term with continuous climate shifts or contribute to invasive species issues.

The plan outlines several ways to measure the success of its adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options, mainly revolving around greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions, energy savings, and transportation impacts.

- **GHG Emission Reductions:**
  - The plan aims for an **80 percent reduction in community-wide greenhouse gas emissions by 2050** ([Plan Development](6)).
  - Targets are set at **26 to 28 percent reduction below 2005 levels by 2025** ([Methodology for GHG Impact Calculations](68)).
  - Emission measurements use the unit **MTC02e** (Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent) ([Figure 9A and Figure 9B](25)).

- **Energy Efficiency Targets:**
  - For existing buildings:
    - Retrofit **10 percent of all buildings by 2025** and **90 percent by 2050**.
    - These retrofits are estimated to save **30 percent of energy use by 2025** and **56 percent by 2050** ([Buildings Calculation Assumptions and Targets](68)).
  - For new buildings:
    - Achieve **45 to 48 percent energy savings by 2025** and **80 percent energy savings by 2050** ([Buildings Calculation Assumptions and Targets](68)).

- **Transportation Impacts:**
  - By 2050, replace **55 percent of vehicle trips with sustainable transportation options**, such as public transportation, bicycle, pedestrian, or clean vehicles ([Transportation Calculation Assumptions and Targets](68)).

#### **Concrete Goals or Targets:**

- **2025 and 2050 Emission Targets:**
  - **2025 Goal:** Achieving an **emission reduction target** set for 2025 as represented in the emission charts ([Figure 9A](25)).
  - **2050 Goal:** Outlining a pathway to the **80 percent reduction target** by 2050 as shown in the reduction plans ([Figure 9B](25)).

- **Electricity and Fuel Switch:**
  - The potential for emissions reductions includes the transition to **100 percent renewable electricity by the end of 2020** and the University of Iowa Power Plant switching away from coal ([Plan Development](22)).

- **Building and Energy Goals:**
  - Transition **3 percent of buildings with natural gas to high-efficiency electrical heat** powered through low-carbon electricity sources by 2025 and **25 percent by 2050** ([Buildings Calculation Assumptions and Targets](68)).

The plan emphasizes the use of strong program evaluation and frequent real-world measurements to track the impact and ensure that actions perform as expected ([Methodology for GHG Impact Calculations](68)).

| Feature                | Details                                                                                                                  |
|-----------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Iowa City                                                                                                                |
| **Population**         | Not explicitly mentioned in the document                                                                                 |
| **Threats Identified** | - Acute and chronic respiratory illnesses, heat stress, and vector-borne diseases                                        |
|                        | - Extreme weather events                                                                                                 |
|                        | - Increased temperatures and more intense rainfall and storms                                                            |
| **Measures Identified**| - **Public Health Preparedness:** Integrate public health impact analysis into preparedness planning (_Actions 4.3_)     |
|                        | - **Vulnerable Populations:** Conduct asset mapping and develop outreach for vulnerable populations (_Actions 4.1, 4.2_) |
|                        | - **Stormwater Management:** Assess citywide and neighborhood-specific stormwater management (_Actions 4.5_)             |
|                        | - **Tree Canopy Expansion:** Expand Iowa City’s tree canopy (_Actions 4.6_)                                              |
|                        | - **Extreme Weather Preparedness:** Coordinate planning with local agencies (_Action 4.4_)                               |
```

The **2019 Climate Action Plan** pertains to the **City of Cambridge**, located in **Massachusetts**, United States. However, the document does not provide specific details about the physical and economic landscape characteristics such as population, demographics, average income, or major geographic features like mountains, rivers, or coastline. It also lacks information on specific infrastructure like airports or seaports.

The document does, however, highlight the city's commitment to sustainability and resilience, which suggests active urban development and planning (LIVABILITY, DIVERSITY AND EQUITY, SUSTAINABILITY AND RESILIENCE). It indicates that Cambridge is invested in developing a low carbon energy supply strategy, mentioning solar potential (both PV and thermal) and the harvesting of waste heat, along with the expansion of district energy capacity (5.2.3 LOW CARBON ENERGY SUPPLY). This indicates a focus on renewable energy production.

There is a mention of a **low carbon energy supply strategy study** being completed to determine potential energy generation methods at different scales across the city, emphasizing renewable energy and the transition from fossil fuels to low- or zero-carbon sources (5.2.3.1 Create and enact a low carbon energy supply strategy).

Cambridge does not have extensive land resources for renewable energy generation, which impacts its capacity to produce excess energy; hence, achieving carbon neutrality may require carbon offsets or generating excess renewable energy for consumers outside the jurisdiction (8.3 Climate Positive).

Regarding economic activities, the document references significant challenges from the city's growth, particularly in the energy-intensive life sciences sector, indicating that it is a crucial economic driver (Recognizing the tremendous challenge of reducing greenhouse gas emissions).

The plan mentions the energy-water nexus as part of the strategies for dealing with emissions, suggesting some emphasis on water conservation, though it does not highlight specific water challenges or issues related to aridity (44 2019 Climate Action Plan).

In summary, while the document outlines Cambridge's strategic approach toward achieving sustainability and resilience, it does not provide detailed descriptions of the city's specific physical and economic landscapes.

The plan addresses resilience by integrating strategies for climate change preparedness and resilience as part its comprehensive approach. It highlights that many proposed strategies in the Climate Change Preparedness and Resilience (CCPR) Plan contribute both to enhancing resiliency and reducing GHG emissions citywide. Strategies are designed to protect people, buildings, infrastructure, and ecosystems against projected climate change impacts and to ensure a speedy return to normal operations during extreme weather events. *"The Climate Change Preparedness and Resilience (CCPR) Plan is being developed as a practical guide for the City of Cambridge to implement specific strategies in response to climate change threats including heat, flooding from precipitation, flooding from sea level rise and storm surge."* (Section 4.6)

Mitigation is a primary focus of the plan, as demonstrated by the commitment to becoming carbon neutral by 2050. This involves strategies to reduce the largest sources of GHG emissions in Cambridge—primarily from buildings, transportation, and waste. The plan details specific sector strategies and ties into existing plans like the Net Zero Action Plan and the Zero Waste Master Plan. *"This Climate Action Plan represents the policy roadmap for Cambridge to address its largest sources of emissions and set itself on a path to becoming a carbon neutral city."* (Executive Summary)

Adaptation is addressed through the city's commitment to leveraging scientific data to anticipate unavoidable climate impacts and prepare appropriately. The plan emphasizes climate preparedness, as seen in actions like improving building insulation which support both emissions reduction and climate preparedness. *"Cambridge is currently engaged in a Climate Change Preparedness and Resilience planning process which, based on the best available science, aims to prepare the community for the unavoidable impacts of climate change."* (Section 4.6)

Based on the content provided, this plan is best classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. It integrates substantial strategies for both reducing greenhouse gases and preparing for climate impacts, targeting resilience, mitigation, and adaptation comprehensively.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change the planning jurisdiction will face and highlights the need for climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. The scenario planning indicates a "business as usual" (BAU) scenario where GHG emissions would be projected without the influence of the Climate Action Plan or other interventions. Here are some key aspects:

- **Business as Usual Scenario**: The plan includes a forecast model to understand how GHG emissions would evolve over time without the implementation of proactive climate actions. Under the BAU scenario, Cambridge would witness a decrease in emissions from 1.3 million to 900,000 mt CO2e between 2015 to 2050, primarily due to cleaner electricity supply and improved vehicle fuel economy standards. Yet, this scenario falls significantly short of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 because "current State and Federal policies are not enough" and do not account for reductions related to changes in how people and goods are transported or waste generation and management (Section 5.1). 

- **Key Climate Change Threats**: The plan anticipates specific threats such as "heat, flooding from precipitation, flooding from sea level rise and storm surge" and has strategies targeting resilience and preparedness for these climate change impacts (Section 4.6).

The plan essentially highlights what might occur without substantial local climate action, serving as a compelling case for the implementation of policies aimed at resilience, mitigation, and adaptation.

   - **Description**: The Climate Action Plan describes heat as a climate hazard that includes increases in temperature and the frequency of heatwaves.
   - **Climate Risks**: The risks include health impacts such as heat-related illnesses and stresses on energy systems due to increased cooling demands.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations**: The plan identifies areas with limited green space and vulnerable populations such as the elderly and those with pre-existing health conditions as being most susceptible to heat-related risks.

2. **Flooding from Precipitation**
   - **Description**: This hazard includes heavy rain events that lead to flooding caused by excessive precipitation.
   - **Climate Risks**: Risks include damage to infrastructure, disruption of transportation systems, and potential contamination of water supplies.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations**: The plan highlights low-lying areas, areas with poor drainage infrastructure, and communities with inadequate resources for flood prevention as particularly vulnerable.

3. **Flooding from Sea Level Rise and Storm Surge**
   - **Description**: Flooding resulting from rises in sea levels combined with storm surges from extreme weather events.
   - **Climate Risks**: The risks posed include significant damage to coastal infrastructure, loss of property, and displacement of communities.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations**: Coastal areas and populations living close to water bodies, particularly those with less economic means or in older, less resilient buildings, are noted as most vulnerable.

The plan emphasizes the need for strategies to protect infrastructure and ensure the safety and well-being of vulnerable populations against these identified climate hazards.

Based on the **2019 Climate Action Plan, Cambridge, MA**, several resilience options are identified. Below are the resilience options, summarized under the required categories:

### Resilience Options

1. **Climate Change Preparedness and Resilience (CCPR) Plan**
   - **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:** The CCPR Plan addresses multiple climate threats including heat, flooding from precipitation, sea level rise, and storm surge. The aim is to protect people, buildings, infrastructure, and ecosystems against projected climate change impacts and ensure a speedy return to normal operations after extreme weather events (Section 4.6).
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The timeframe and costs are not explicitly stated in the selected excerpts. However, it is mentioned as an ongoing process being developed as a practical guide for the city. The plan is city-wide, focusing on Cambridge's infrastructure (Section 4.6).
   - **Other Important Attributes:** It is mentioned that many proposed strategies not only enhance resiliency but also contribute to GHG emission reductions citywide. The CCPR Plan is coordinated with other planning efforts like Envision Cambridge to achieve sustainable, resilient, and equitable outcomes (Section 4.6 and Section 3.1).

2. **New Buildings and Redevelopments Resilience Guidelines**
   - **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:** Future heat risks are a particular focus for new buildings and major renovations (Section 5.2.2.8).
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Information on costs and timeframe is not specifically outlined. These regulations are meant for application across Cambridge, especially for new constructions and major renovations (Section 5.2.2.8).
   - **Other Important Attributes:** The guidelines emphasize implementing passive strategies, high-performance building envelopes, compliance with LEED Pilot Credit for Resiliency, requiring green roofs, increased tree canopy, and other green infrastructure measures to enhance resilience (Section 5.2.2.8).

3. **Zoning Ordinance Modifications for Increased Insulation**
   - **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:** This strategy indirectly addresses threats from increasing temperatures and energy inefficiency by promoting better insulation in buildings (Section 5.2.2.7).
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** This approach is city-wide and focuses on existing buildings in Cambridge. Costs and specific timeframes are not detailed in the excerpts provided (Section 5.2.2.7).
   - **Other Important Attributes:** It involves modifying the Zoning Ordinance to allow for increased exterior insulation, thereby supporting the city's climate goals. This change aligns with efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve energy efficiency in buildings (Section 5.2.2.7).

These resilience options contribute collectively to Cambridge's climate change preparedness, emphasizing infrastructural improvements, regulatory guidelines, and collaborative planning to adapt to anticipated threats.

The plan identifies several mitigation options aimed at reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions across various sectors in Cambridge. Below is a summary of the identified mitigation options along with relevant information concerning cost, timing, location, and other attributes as outlined in the plan:

1. **Transportation Initiatives:**
   - **Description:** Focuses on multiple policies and programs enhancing public transportation, biking, and reducing single-occupancy vehicles.
   - **Timing:** Ongoing and future expansions.
   - **Important Attributes:** Includes prioritizing transit funding, increasing the efficiency and reliability of transit services. Initiatives like the Cambridge Bicycle Plan and the Complete Streets Initiative aim to build safer access for all users including pedestrians and bicyclists. The Parking and Transportation Demand Management (PTDM) Ordinance addresses commercial parking expansions.
   - **Citations:** *Section 4.5*

2. **Carbon Fund:**
   - **Description:** A local carbon fund is being considered, which would allow developers and building owners to purchase local offsets as a temporary alternative to new building net-zero zoning requirements.
   - **Cost:** Significant upfront investment required.
   - **Timing:** Feasibility study underway; next steps involve creating the fund and conducting outreach.
   - **Location:** Cambridge.
   - **Important Attributes:** Aims to provide temporary pathways for meeting net-zero requirements and fund local carbon reduction projects.
   - **Citations:** *Section 5.2.4.1*

3. **Waste Management:**
   - **Description:** Involves strategies for reducing emissions through source reduction and reuse, recycling and composting, and sustainable materials management.
   - **Timing:** Current and ongoing.
   - **Important Attributes:** These strategies aim to reduce waste-related GHG emissions beyond end-of-life emissions by targeting manufacturing and transport emissions of products that become waste.
   - **Citations:** *Section 6*

4. **Enhancing Building Energy Efficiency:**
   - **Description:** Focuses on achieving higher energy efficiency in existing buildings and net-zero emissions in new construction.
   - **Location:** Citywide application in Cambridge.
   - **Important Attributes:** Promoting engagement and retrofitting projects are highlighted as essential components.
   - **Citations:** *Section Building Energy Use Disclosure Ordinance (BEUDO)*

5. **Low and Zero Carbon Mobility Solutions:**
   - **Description:** Includes low and zero carbon transportation solutions to reduce emissions from vehicle miles traveled.
   - **Timing:** Immediate to long-term efforts.
   - **Important Attributes:** Encourages active transportation and public transit integration.

Each option is part of an integrated plan aimed at reinforcing existing initiatives, with emphasis on stakeholder engagement, policy changes, and infrastructural improvements to achieve the goal of a carbon-neutral Cambridge by 2050.

The 2019 Climate Action Plan for Cambridge, MA, identifies several mitigation options across different sectors. Below is a summary of the options, detailing their cost, timeframe, location, and other important attributes as provided in the plan:

1. **Buildings:**
   - **Net Zero Action Plan (NZAP):**
     - **Timeframe:** 25-year action plan starting in 2020; phased approach for different building types between 2022 and 2030.
     - **Location:** Citywide, focusing on all newly constructed buildings.
     - **Attributes:** 
       - Goal of achieving net zero emissions for all newly constructed buildings.
       - Includes improvements for existing building stock and the adoption of renewable energy.
       - Focus areas include energy efficiency in existing buildings, net zero new construction, low carbon energy supply, and engagement and capacity building. 
       - **Citation:** (Section 4.2)

- **Municipal Facilities Improvement Plan (MFIP):**
     - **Cost:** $5 million per year for five years.
     - **Timeframe:** Implemented as of 2017.
     - **Location:** Municipal facilities throughout Cambridge.
     - **Attributes:**
       - Aimed to assess and address the needs of municipal facilities.
       - Includes energy efficiency and renewable energy projects.
       - Eight projects completed in FY17, nine ongoing at the time of publishing.
       - **Citation:** (Section 4.3)
   
2. **Transportation:**
   - **Transportation Initiatives:** 
     - **Timeframe:** Part of ongoing transportation policies and programs.
     - **Location:** Citywide, with a focus on public transit and active transport solutions.
       - Reducing GHG emissions through better public transportation (2015 Transit Strategic Plan).
       - Prioritizing transit funding, improving efficiency, reliability, expanding service, and enhancing safety.
       - Cambridge Bicycle Plan and Complete Streets initiative focus on safe access for all users.
       - Parking and Transportation Demand Management Ordinance requires measures to reduce single-occupancy vehicles.
       - **Citation:** (Section 4.5, Section 5.2)

3. **Waste:**
   - **Zero Waste Master Plan (ZWMP):**
     - **Timeframe:** To be released in 2019.
     - **Location:** Citywide.
       - Strategy to achieve waste diversion and reduction goals.
       - Municipal waste reduction targets: 30% by 2020 and 80% by 2050.
       - Focus on diverting organics by expanding the organics collection program.
       - **Citation:** (Section 4.4)

### Additional Efforts

- **Local Carbon Fund:**
  - **Cost:** Significant upfront investment required.
  - **Timeframe:** Initial feasibility study completed; next steps include creating the fund and securing market acceptance.
  - **Location:** Local (Cambridge-based).
  - **Attributes:**
    - Provides an alternative pathway for meeting new building net zero zoning requirements through local offsets.
    - Funds local carbon reduction projects in existing buildings.
    - **Citation:** (Section 5.2.4.1)

The Climate Action Plan emphasizes a multi-faceted approach, integrating existing plans while introducing new actions to achieve net zero emissions by 2050.

The plan identifies several adaptation options aimed at addressing climate threats:

### 1. **Climate Change Preparedness and Resilience (CCPR) Plan**

  - The CCPR Plan addresses climate change threats including heat, flooding from precipitation, flooding from sea level rise, and storm surges.
  
  - The plan is being developed as a practical guide for the City of Cambridge.
  - It includes specific strategies for protecting people, buildings, infrastructure, and ecosystems against projected climate change impacts.
  - Strategies are designed for a speedy return to normal operations in the case of an extreme weather event.
  - There is an indication that many of the proposed strategies will enhance resilience and contribute to the reduction of GHG emissions citywide. However, specific financial details, timeframes, or exact locations mentioned for each strategy are not detailed in the provided text.

> *"The Climate Change Preparedness and Resilience (CCPR) Plan is being developed as a practical guide for the City of Cambridge to implement specific strategies in response to climate change threats including heat, flooding from precipitation, flooding from sea level rise, and storm surge. Proposed strategies are for protecting people, buildings, infrastructure and ecosystems against projected climate change impacts and designing for a speedy return to normal operation in the case of an extreme weather event."* (Section 4.6)

These are key adaptation options highlighted in the plan; however, detailed information such as specific costs, precise timeframes, and exact locations are not explicitly provided within the text provided. The focus is largely on outlining the adaptation strategies and their broad objectives.

The plan does not explicitly identify specific climate policies under the term "climate justice." However, there are policies related to equitable and just economic development and meaningful stakeholder engagement that implicitly support climate justice. Below are summarized climate policies tied to these principles:

1. **Equitable Economic Development and Stakeholder Engagement**  
   - **Climate Threat:** General climate risks including greenhouse gas emissions and the need for enhancing resilience to climate risks.  
   - **Populations with Vulnerability:** The emphasis on equitable development and stakeholder engagement suggests a focus on ensuring that all community members, particularly those that may be marginalized or have less economic power, are included and benefit from the City's climate action. The plan acknowledges the need for "equitable and just economic development" and "meaningful stakeholder engagement" to enhance resilience (Section 2.1 Cambridge Vision for Climate Action).

2. **Integration with Envision Cambridge**  
   - **Climate Threat:** General vulnerabilities to climate change across diverse populations and areas within the city.  
   - **Populations with Vulnerability:** Envision Cambridge focuses on a more livable, sustainable, and equitable city, which inherently includes addressing vulnerabilities of diverse communities, including low-income and potentially at-risk populations (Section 4.1 Envision Cambridge).

While explicit references to climate vulnerabilities of specific areas or populations are not detailed, the overarching principles evident in these policies indicate an intention to address climate impacts in an inclusive manner.

Based strictly on the document provided, the plan does not explicitly identify or discuss any maladaptive climate policies. Therefore, no potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies can be derived from the exact text of the plan.

The plan specifies several ways to measure the success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options. It includes specific metrics and goals, some of which are outlined below:

- **Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Reduction:**
  - Specifically mentions tracking GHG emissions reductions by adopting a "community-wide GHG inventory" aligned with the Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories (GPC) (Chapter 3.3).
  - Emissions are categorized by Scope 1, Scope 2, and Scope 3, with percentages of emissions outlined: Scope 1 is 59%, Scope 2 is 31%, and Scope 3 is 10% of Cambridge’s total emissions in 2012 (Chapter 3.3.1).

- **Net Zero Emissions Goal:**
  - Cambridge aims to become a "carbon neutral city by 2050," which involves achieving net zero greenhouse gas emissions (Chapter 3.2).
  - This goal includes an intermediate goal of "80x50," reducing carbon emissions by 80% by 2050 (Appendix A).

- **Carbon Offsets:**
  - The plan discusses the potential use of carbon offsets to meet the 2050 net zero emissions goal, emphasizing transparency, accountability, and alignment with international best practices (Chapter 2).

### **Tracking and Implementation**

- **Implementation Matrix:**
  - An implementation matrix is laid out to track actions by sector, including Buildings, Transportation, and Waste. It specifies:
    - **Timeframe:** Short, mid, or long term.
    - **Responsible Agency:** Identifies which agency is accountable.
    - **Funding Requirements:** Specifics associated with each sector.
    - **Estimated GHG Impacts** (Chapter 2).

- **Progress Monitoring:**
  - The plan calls for "periodic updates" and "progress monitoring," emphasizing the adaptation of new opportunities and technologies in the building, transportation, and waste sectors (Chapter 2).

### **Emissions Quantification Challenges**

- **Scope 3 Emissions:**
  - Recognizes the difficulty in measuring all sources of emissions, such as Scope 3 emissions from manufacturing and transport. The plan acknowledges the importance of quantifying these emissions for achieving net zero goals (Chapter 2).

These outlined metrics, targets, and measures illustrate the identified approaches the plan employs to assess and guide its climate strategies.

| Feature               | Details                                                                                          |
|-----------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name**| Cambridge, MA                                                                                    |
| **Population**        | Not specified in the provided text.                                                              |
| **Threats Identified**| - Climate Change                                                                                 |
| **Measures Identified**| - Climate Action Plan focuses on reducing GHG emissions within Cambridge's geographic boundaries  |
|                       | - Build upon efforts such as the Net Zero Action Plan, Climate Change Preparedness, and Resilience Plan            |
|                       | - Carbon neutrality by 2050                                                                      |
|                       | - Reduce emissions from buildings, transportation, and waste                                     |
|                       | - Lifelong learning and community engagement                                                     |
|                       | - Promote green infrastructure and natural resources conservation                               |
```

**Physical and Economic Landscape of Milwaukee**

**Planning Jurisdiction: City of Milwaukee, Wisconsin**

  - Milwaukee is Wisconsin’s most racially diverse community. The plan acknowledges the city's racial diversity as a strength that drives community, creativity, and action.
  - Specifically, the city has significant racial disparities in economic categories including employment, income, homeownership, and energy burden.

- **Economic Conditions:**
  - The economic conditions in Milwaukee's communities of color and minority populations are noted to be similar to those seen during the Great Depression, due to factors like deindustrialization, outsourcing, and inequitable recruitment and hiring practices.
  - As of a study conducted recently, in the 53206 ZIP code, approximately only 50% of working-age adults were employed, more than 20% of employed residents had incomes below the federal poverty level, and the area had an overall poverty level of 42%.

- **Geography & Infrastructure:**
  - Milwaukee is part of a regional economy that extends beyond its geographic borders, interacting with Milwaukee County and neighboring municipalities.
  - There is mention of air and transit, signifying significant transportation infrastructure, including the Milwaukee County Transit System.
  
  - The city experiences climate change impacts such as extreme storms, flooding, heat waves, urban heat islands, health risks, and loss of biodiversity.

- **Water & Environmental Challenges:**
  - The planning document does not delve deeply into specific geographic features like rivers or coastline but does mention issues related to food deserts and challenges concerning the accessibility of healthy and affordable food options in communities of color and low-income areas.

- **Energy Production & Resources:**
  - Milwaukee’s public utility, We Energies, has significant control over the city’s energy supply, primarily using fossil fuels, although it has been slower to integrate renewable energy.

  - The city is characterized as an older industrial city recovering from historical environmental problems due to industrial practices.
  - Investments in clean energy and infrastructure are touted as potential significant economic drivers, with references to federal acts such as the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act and the Inflation Reduction Act aimed at transitioning to clean energy and resolving inequity.
  - There is a focus on creating green jobs to enhance both climate resilience and economic equity, particularly for underrepresented communities. 

This summary synthesizes key points about Milwaukee's landscape as they relate to economic and physical aspects, keeping in mind the focus on resilience, equitability, and sustainable development as outlined in the plan.

The plan addresses resilience through its emphasis on **building community resilience** to climate impacts. It integrates resilience into multiple strategies, such as in Big Idea #8: Nature in the City, which aims to "reduce the urban heat island effect by cooling the city in the summer and reduce flood risk using nature-based solutions that absorb stormwater" (_Important Federal Investments_). Moreover, the plan recognizes the role of **Resilience Ambassadors** to connect residents with support programs (_City Strategy_).

Mitigation is a core component of the plan, as it has ambitious greenhouse gas reduction goals: to "reduce community greenhouse gas emissions 45% by 2030" and "achieve net zero emissions by 2050" (_EXECUTIVE SUMMARY_). Strategies under mitigation include transitioning the electric grid to carbon-free energy sources (Big Idea #7), electrifying transportation (Big Idea #6), and promoting net-zero energy homes (Big Idea #3).

The plan incorporates adaptation through various means, such as **preparing for climate change impacts** like extreme weather events. It outlines specific actions like improving public education about climate-related health risks (_Green Infrastructure Plan with its goal of capturing 36 million gallons of stormwater with green infrastructure by 2030_).

Based on the described components, the plan can be classified as an **"equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan"**, given that it gives substantial attention to both reducing GHGs and enhancing resilience and adaptation to climate impacts, with an emphasis on racial and economic equity.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change that Milwaukee is planning for, highlighting several aspects of climate impacts and risks. The plan states:

- "The summer of 2022 may go down in history as the wake-up call to the climate crisis facing Milwaukee and the global community. Temperature records were broken worldwide, drought led to dramatic water shortages and reduced food production, wildfires raged, and flooding washed communities away." It highlights Milwaukee's vulnerability to "extreme storms and flooding, heat waves and urban heat islands, health risks, loss of biodiversity, and more" (Chapter 1: Executive Summary).

- "A rapidly warming planet and changing climate present a new set of challenges for Milwaukee. How we respond to these challenges will shape the future of our city." The plan outlines that "industry that put Milwaukee on the map has polluted our land and overheated our planet, threatening our city with more frequent flooding and extreme heat" (Mayor’s Letter).

- The document details that "Milwaukee would fall short of its 45% reduction by 2030 goal" without additional emission reductions, indicating a need for substantial mitigation efforts to address climate risks (Chapter 4: Greenhouse Gas Inventory).

These excerpts suggest that the planning jurisdiction is preparing for climate change scenarios involving temperature rise, extreme weather events, and other climate-related hazards, necessitating climate policies in resilience, mitigation, and adaptation.

**1. Extreme Storms and Flooding**  
   *Description of the Climate Hazard:* The plan acknowledges the impact of climate change on Milwaukee, highlighting that "the impacts of the changing climate are felt in Milwaukee through extreme storms and flooding."  
   *Climate Risks Posed to the Planning Jurisdiction:* These hazards present risks such as infrastructure damage and safety concerns for the communities.  
   *Areas or Populations with the Most Climate Vulnerability:* The plan describes racial and environmental justice issues, noting that low-income communities face environmental hazards at a higher rate, making them particularly vulnerable to these climate risks (Chapter 1, Executive Summary; Chapter 2, Climate Change Vulnerabilities and Opportunities).

**2. Heat Waves and Urban Heat Islands**  
   *Description of the Climate Hazard:* It highlights the threat of "heat waves and urban heat islands" affecting the community.  
   *Climate Risks Posed to the Planning Jurisdiction:* These hazards increase health risks, particularly related to heat-related illnesses.  
   *Areas or Populations with the Most Climate Vulnerability:* Vulnerable populations, including underserved communities, are particularly at risk due to inadequate housing and limited resources (Chapter 1, Executive Summary; Chapter 2, Climate Change Vulnerabilities and Opportunities).

**3. Health Risks**  
   *Description of the Climate Hazard:* Health risks are mentioned as a consequence of climate change, particularly those exacerbated by climate change like diseases spread by mosquitoes and ticks.  
   *Climate Risks Posed to the Planning Jurisdiction:* The increase in vector-borne diseases such as West Nile Virus, Lyme Disease, and La Crosse Encephalitis poses significant public health challenges.  
   *Areas or Populations with the Most Climate Vulnerability:* The plan mentions the need for collaboration with local health departments to educate the public, indicating a focus on all vulnerable populations who might lack access to healthcare and information (Chapter 1, Executive Summary).

**4. Loss of Biodiversity**  
   *Description of the Climate Hazard:* Loss of biodiversity is listed among the impacts of climate change in Milwaukee.  
   *Climate Risks Posed to the Planning Jurisdiction:* This may affect ecosystem services, which can impact agriculture, water supply, and general environmental health.  
   *Areas or Populations with the Most Climate Vulnerability:* While specific vulnerable populations are not mentioned, environmental changes can broadly affect all areas, particularly those reliant on local ecosystems (Chapter 1, Executive Summary).

These climate hazards highlight the interconnectedness of environmental, infrastructural, and social challenges posed by climate change in Milwaukee.

1. **Nature in the City**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option addresses urban heat islands and flood risks through nature-based solutions. 
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** New grant programs fund activities like planting trees and removing impermeable pavements. It includes Great Lakes resiliency projects for restoring marine habitats. *"New grant programs set aside funding for the planting and removal of impermeable pavements, as well as for Great Lakes resiliency projects including those to restore and protect marine habitats."* (Chapter 8)
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Environmentally, these actions help prepare for increasingly intense storms and make neighborhoods more pleasant. Economic benefits include potentially increased property values by improving livability. *"All of these actions can help prepare Milwaukee for a changing climate and increasingly intense storms, as well as to make neighborhoods across Milwaukee more pleasant places to live and work."* (Chapter 8)

2. **Resilience Ambassadors**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The focus is on climate change impacts on infrastructure and communities. 
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific funding is available through the Environmental and Climate Justice Block Grant Program to partner with local organizations. There are no specific timeframes or locations mentioned for this. *"Specific funding is available through the IRA’s Environmental and Climate Justice Block Grant Program, which allow the City to partner with local community organizations to apply for funding for a broad array of projects."* (Chapter 10)
   - **Other Important Attributes:** This initiative supports equity by emphasizing involvement and action in underserved communities, thereby addressing historical environmental injustices. *"Highlight equity-specific strategies and develop a Resilience Ambassadors in order to educate, adapt, mitigate, and prepare for the impacts of climate change on the City’s infrastructure and people."* (Chapter 10)

3. **Engagement with Local Initiatives and Organizations**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addresses vulnerabilities in the energy grid and health impacts from climate change.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** References the Resilience Plan’s recommendation for analyzing utility infrastructure for vulnerabilities and coordination on public health campaigns but lacks detailed cost and timeframe data.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** This involves economic and infrastructural considerations by investing in grid resilience and educational campaigns on climate-related health risks. *"Supporting the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District Resilience Plan’s recommendation to analyze electric, gas, and other utility infrastructure for climate vulnerabilities."* (City Strategy)

4. **ECO Neighborhoods Initiative**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** General climate threats including extreme storms, heat waves, and urban heat island effects.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** There isn't specific cost or timeframe mentioned, but it emphasizes outreach and collaboration with residents and partners. *"City agencies, elected leaders, and non-profit partners will engage in regular communication with residents and community-based organizations about available programs through the ECO Neighborhoods Initiative."* (City Strategy)
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Promotes proactive community engagement to enhance resilience, integrating residents' views in planning to improve public health and reduce vulnerabilities. *"Outreach will also include proactive engagement around future programs, policies, and projects to best incorporate resident"*

These options reflect a broad approach to building resilience, focusing on nature, community involvement, infrastructure, and education.

The plan identifies several mitigation options aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainable practices. Below are the mitigation options outlined in the plan, along with their associated attributes:

### 1. **Residential Clean Energy Tax Credit**
- **Summary:** Offers up to 30 percent of the cost of residential rooftop solar and geothermal heating projects.
- **Timing:** Not explicitly mentioned.
- **Location:** Applicable within Milwaukee.
- **Cost:** Not explicitly detailed but provides a significant tax credit.
- **Other Attributes:** Also available to renewable energy developers and the City of Milwaukee for investments and renewable energy development. 

### 2. **Green Jobs Accelerator**
- **Summary:** Establishes pathways for employing people of color in green jobs, including public outreach and career development.
- **Timing:** Ongoing.
- **Location:** Milwaukee.
- **Cost:** Not mentioned.
- **Other Attributes:** Includes coordination with training providers and support for minority-owned businesses.

### 3. **Healthy Home Energy Upgrades**
- **Summary:** Focuses on making weatherization and renewable energy retrofits affordable.
- **Timing:** Ongoing as part of a holistic housing improvement program.
- **Cost:** Not specified, but affordability is a focus.
- **Other Attributes:** Addresses health hazards like lead-based paint.

### 4. **New Net-Zero Energy Homes**
- **Summary:** Construction of healthy, affordable net-zero energy homes.
- **Timing:** Aimed at reducing new home construction costs.
- **Location:** Vacant lots in Milwaukee.
- **Other Attributes:** Supports modular housing manufacturing and job opportunities for people of color.

### 5. **Commercial Building Energy Benchmarking and Building Performance Standards**
- **Summary:** Requires large commercial buildings to track and report energy use.
- **Timing:** Gradual implementation.
- **Cost:** Not detailed.
- **Other Attributes:** Development of long-term performance standards to reduce emissions.

### 6. **People-Centered Transportation and Urban Design**
- **Summary:** Enhances public and active transportation options and transit-oriented development.
- **Timing:** Not detailed.
- **Location:** City-wide in Milwaukee.
- **Other Attributes:** Aims to reduce reliance on personal vehicles.

### 7. **Electrify Transportation**
- **Summary:** Builds a network of EV charging stations and promotes EV adoption.
- **Other Attributes:** Includes transition of municipal fleets to EVs and hybrids.

### 8. **Greening the Electric Grid**
- **Summary:** Transition to carbon-free energy sources.
- **Timing:** Gradual, involves advocacy and direct purchase of renewable energy.
- **Cost:** Not quantified.
- **Other Attributes:** Expansion of rooftop solar and improved policy advocacy.

### 9. **Waste Reduction and Sustainable Consumption**
- **Summary:** Aimed at reducing waste through partnerships and sustainable practices.
- **Other Attributes:** Includes food waste redirection and pollution reduction efforts.

### 10. **City Strategies for Solar Energy Expansion**
- **Summary:** Streamlining solar permitting and financing, solar workforce development, and group-buy initiatives.
- **Timing:** Continued and expanded efforts.
- **Cost:** Supported through various financing tools.
- **Other Attributes:** Focus on increasing renewable energy on the grid and workforce development for people of color. 

These mitigation options collectively aim to address climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions through energy efficiency, renewable energy adoption, and sustainable practices.

The plan identifies several mitigation options aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Below is a summary of these options, including any provided information on cost, timeframe, location, and other important attributes:

1. **Residential Clean Energy Tax Credit**:
   - **Attributes**: Offers up to 30% of the cost for residential rooftop solar and geothermal heating projects.
   - **Important information**: This credit is designed to encourage the adoption of clean energy solutions among Milwaukee residents, supporting broader mitigation efforts. (_#8: Protect & Restore Nature in the City_)

2. **Green Jobs Accelerator**:
   - **Attributes**: Focuses on creating pathways to increase the employment of people of color in green jobs.
   - **Important information**: This strategy involves public outreach, coordination with training providers, and support for businesses owned by people of color. (_SUMMARY OF THE 10 BIG IDEAS_)

3. **Healthy Home Energy Upgrades**:
   - **Attributes**: Involves making weatherization and renewable energy retrofits more affordable.
   - **Important information**: Aimed at holistic housing improvements that also address health hazards like lead-based paint. (_SUMMARY OF THE 10 BIG IDEAS_)

4. **New Net-Zero Energy Homes**:
   - **Attributes**: Building healthy, affordable, net-zero energy homes on vacant lots in Milwaukee.
   - **Important information**: The project envisions factory construction of modular housing components, reducing cost and creating job opportunities. (_SUMMARY OF THE 10 BIG IDEAS_)

5. **Commercial Building Energy Benchmarking and Building Performance Standards**:
   - **Attributes**: Requires large commercial building owners to track and report energy use, creating standards to reduce emissions over time.
   - **Important information**: This strategy targets long-term emission reductions from commercial buildings. (_SUMMARY OF THE 10 BIG IDEAS_)

6. **People-Centered Transportation and Urban Design**:
   - **Attributes**: Aims to improve and expand public transportation options, reducing reliance on cars.
   - **Important information**: Enhances community vibrancy through transit-oriented development. (_SUMMARY OF THE 10 BIG IDEAS_)

7. **Electrify Transportation**:
   - **Attributes**: Focuses on building EV charging stations, increasing EV adoption, and transitioning municipal fleets.
   - **Important information**: This effort involves public outreach and the adoption of low-emissions vehicles. (_SUMMARY OF THE 10 BIG IDEAS_)

8. **Greening the Electric Grid**:
   - **Attributes**: Advocates for transitioning the grid to carbon-free energy sources.
   - **Important information**: Involves purchasing renewable energy and expanding rooftop solar. (_SUMMARY OF THE 10 BIG IDEAS_)

9. **Waste Reduction and Sustainable Consumption**:
   - **Attributes**: Redirects surplus food, reduces plastic pollution, and explores lower-carbon cement options.
   - **Important information**: Includes partnerships to reduce food waste and enhance sustainability practices. (_SUMMARY OF THE 10 BIG IDEAS_)

10. **Rooftop Solar Market Growth (Milwaukee Shines Program)**:
    - **Attributes**: Encourages the installation of rooftop solar through streamlined permitting and financing.
    - **Important information**: Aims to increase renewable energy on the grid, with a focus on workforce development for people of color. (_City Strategies_)

The plan emphasizes the importance of utilizing existing and new funding sources, particularly federal resources, to implement these strategies, as well as the need for ongoing coordination, education, and community engagement.

The plan identifies several adaptation options aimed at addressing different climate threats. Below are the summarized details for each adaptation option as mentioned in the plan.

1. **Resilience Ambassadors**
   - **Climate Threat:** The Resilience Ambassadors are aimed at addressing various climate impacts such as extreme storms, heat waves, and other climate crisis events.
   - **Attributes:** The plan emphasizes the importance of public communication and promotion of available programs to support residents, particularly those in underserved communities. The Resilience Ambassadors are expected to bridge the gap by connecting community members with tools and resources to enhance resilience, focusing specifically on the city's most underserved and at-risk community members (**Chapter 1: Executive Summary**).

2. **Protecting and Restoring Nature in the City**
   - **Climate Threat:** This option addresses extreme heat, urban heat island effect, and flooding due to heavy rainfalls.
     - *Cost, Timeframe, Location, Attributes:* There are grant programs available for planting, removing impermeable pavements, and restoring and protecting marine habitats. These actions aim to prepare Milwaukee for increasing storm intensity and make neighborhoods more pleasant (**Chapter 6: Big Idea #8**).
     - Specific funding details are not provided, but the emphasis is on utilizing both existing and emerging federal funding opportunities like those from the Inflation Reduction Act (**Implementation**).

3. **Increasing Urban Green Space**
   - **Climate Threat:** This option seeks to mitigate the urban heat island effect and manage stormwater through natural means.
   - **Attributes:** The initiative includes expanding green space and increasing tree coverage on private and public properties. The long-term goal is to enhance urban shade and improve the city's resilience against heat waves (**Chapter 6: Big Idea #8**).

These adaptation options reflect the plan's comprehensive approach towards building resilience through community engagement, strategic use of funding, and enhancement of urban green spaces to mitigate the impacts of climate change.

The Climate and Equity Plan identifies several climate policies aimed at advancing climate justice. The following summarizes each policy, the climate threat it addresses, and the areas or populations most vulnerable to the identified climate hazard:

1. **Green Jobs Accelerator**
   - **Climate Threat:** Economic inequity that can be exacerbated by climate change.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Focus on increasing employment for people of color in family-supporting green jobs.

2. **Healthy Home Energy Upgrades**
   - **Climate Threat:** Energy inefficiency in homes leading to higher energy burdens and increased emissions.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Low-income communities, particularly in neighborhoods with older homes needing updates.

3. **Resilience Ambassadors**
   - **Climate Threat:** Lack of awareness and access to resources to adapt to climate changes like extreme storms and heat waves.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Underserved communities that lack knowledge and resources to protect themselves.

4. **Protect and Restore Nature in the City**
   - **Climate Threat:** Urban heat islands and flood risks.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Communities living in areas with minimal green space and those prone to flooding.

5. **Electrify Transportation**
   - **Climate Threat:** Transportation emissions contributing to poor air quality and climate change.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Underserved communities relying heavily on public transit and those living in areas with high vehicle emissions.

6. **People-Centered Transportation and Urban Design**
   - **Climate Threat:** High dependency on personal vehicles leading to increased emissions.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Residents in areas with limited public transportation options.

Overall, these policies not only address climate threats by reducing emissions and increasing sustainability but also prioritize equity by focusing on communities that have been historically disadvantaged or are particularly vulnerable to climate impacts.

### 1. Transitioning to Natural Gas to Reduce Air Pollution
- This policy is addressing the short-term need to reduce air pollution, particularly pollution that contributes to high rates of asthma and other respiratory illnesses. *"In the short term, Milwaukee can switch from coal-fired power plants to natural gas to reduce air pollution that contributes to high rates of asthma and other respiratory illness."* (Equity)

**Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:**
- **Mitigation Option:** Transitioning from coal-fired power plants to natural gas is proposed as a means to reduce air pollution.

**Why It May Cause Inadvertent Maladaptation:**
- Relying on natural gas, a fossil fuel, may inadvertently increase dependency on fossil fuel infrastructure and emissions over the long term, thereby contradicting broader goals of significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions and achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. This could lock in emissions sources and slow the transition to cleaner energy sources. Natural gas, while cleaner than coal, still contributes to GHG emissions.

### 2. Increased Use of Air Conditioning
- Excessive heat and the urban heat island effect, which also lead to higher risks for asthma and other respiratory diseases. *"Excessive heat puts Milwaukee residents without air conditioning and outdoor workers at high risk."* (Importance)

- **Adaptation Option:** Utilization of air conditioning to maintain safe indoor temperatures during heat waves, thereby protecting vulnerable populations.

- Increased use of air conditioning contributes to higher energy consumption, which is often sourced from fossil fuels, leading to increased GHG emissions. This exacerbates climate change and worsens the urban heat island effect. It could also result in higher energy bills, disproportionately affecting low-income households.

### 3. Microgrids and On-Site Solar with Battery Storage
- Vulnerability to electricity grid failures during extreme weather events, such as heat waves and storms. *"Homeowners and business campuses should consider the creation of microgrids, small areas of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources that act as independent entities from the electric grid."* (Resilience)

- **Resilience and Mitigation Option:** Promoting the creation of microgrids that include on-site solar distribution paired with battery storage to protect properties from broader grid outages.

- While microgrids can enhance resilience, they may lead to increased socio-economic disparities and exacerbate energy inequality if not implemented equitably. If wealthier communities or businesses chiefly benefit from these technologies, leaving underserved communities without similar protections or benefits, it may deepen existing inequalities or create new ones, especially if public funding is unevenly distributed.

These policies, while intending to address specific climate threats, present challenges that may hinder broader climate adaptation and mitigation goals if not carefully managed and equitably implemented.

### Measurement of Success and Failure in the Plan

**Specific Metrics:**

- **Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction:**
  - The plan sets a target for a **45% reduction** in community greenhouse gas emissions from 2018 levels by 2030 and achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. This reduction is measured in terms of emissions measured in metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MTCO2e).  
    - *"[...] reducing community greenhouse gas emissions 45% by 2030 and achieve net zero emissions by 2050" (Chapter 1 - CLIMATE CRISIS).*

- **Benchmarking and Energy Performance:**
  - The mandate includes energy performance standards that require reporting and improvements over time. These are key quantifiable actions but exact units or detailed numerical targets for this section aren't specified in the excerpts provided.
    - *"Big Idea: Commercial Building Energy Benchmarking Mandate & Energy Performance Standard" (Climate and Equity Plan Impact).*

- **Transportation Improvements:**
  - Includes measures for vehicle efficiency and electrification aiming for a reduction in vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and improvements in transportation-related GHG emissions.
    - *"[...] People Centered Transportation and Urban Design [...] Electrify Transportation" (Climate and Equity Plan Impact).*

- **Cleaner Grid & Renewable Energy:**
  - Targets include specified reductions in grid electricity emissions by local utilities.
    - *"60% reduction in 2025; 80% reduction by 2030; Carbon neutrality by 2050" (Business as Usual (BAU) Emissions Forecast).*

- **Greenhouse Gas Emissions Target:**
  - 45% reduction by 2030 (metric tons of CO2e as the unit of measure).
  - *"reduce community greenhouse gas emissions 45% by 2030" (Executive Summary Chapter 1).*

- **Energy Efficiency and Renewable Sources:**
  - The plan outlines actions like home weatherization and 100 MW solar installation.
    - *"Home Weatherization; 100M W solar" (Total Estimated Greenhouse Gas Reductions).*

**Ongoing Reporting and Accountability:**

- **Climate Reporting Dashboard:**
  - The implementation of a climate forecast and reporting tool (ClimateView) for displaying program initiatives and status updates.
    - *"The City needs to invest in a climate reporting dashboard [...] explore the ClimateView Dashboard at climateview.global" (Chapter 8 - REPORTING & CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT).*

- **Regular Inventory Updates:**
  - Updates to the City’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory are scheduled periodically with set future dates like 2024 and 2028 for these updates.
    - *"Updates to the City’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory semi-regularly, including an update in 2024 [...] and in 2028." (Chapter 8 - REPORTING & CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT).*

These metrics and targets provide measurable indicators for assessing the progress and effective implementation of the Climate and Equity Plan in Milwaukee.

| **Feature**           | **Details**                                                                                                                                           |
|-----------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name**| Milwaukee                                                                                                                                            |
| **Population**        | *Not explicitly stated in the document.*                                                                                                              |
| **Threats Identified**| - Extreme storms and flooding, heat waves, urban heat islands, health risks, loss of biodiversity.                                                    |
|                       | - Racial disparities and economic conditions similar to the Great Depression for minority and disadvantaged communities.                               |
|                       | - Extreme heat and heavy rainfall, with projections of temperatures rising and more days with heat index above 105 degrees Fahrenheit by 2050.       |
|                       | - Approximately 50% of Milwaukee is covered in impervious pavement, which exacerbates flooding.                                                       |
|                       | - Climate change impacts include increased risks for diseases and pests affecting urban trees, exacerbating urban heat islands.                      |
| **Measures Identified**| - Reduce GHG emissions by 45% by 2030 and achieve net-zero emissions by 2050.                                                                         |
|                       | - Implementing green infrastructure to capture 36 million gallons of stormwater by 2030.                                                              |
|                       | - Transitioning the electric grid to carbon-free sources.                                                                                             |
|                       | - Collaboration with local health departments for education on diseases spread by mosquitoes and ticks.                                               |
|                       | - Expanding green space and trees to mitigate urban heat islands.                                                                                     |
|                       | - Waste reduction and sustainable consumption initiatives.                                                                                            |

|                       | - Network of publicly-accessible electric vehicle charging stations.                                                                                 |
|                       | - Creation of resilience hubs through community partnerships in neighborhoods like Lindsay Heights and Sherman Park.                                  |
|                       | - Promoting green jobs with pathways for people of color and supporting green home energy upgrades.                                                  |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction: East Baton Rouge Parish**

The provided document is focused on East Baton Rouge Parish, located in Louisiana, United States. However, specific details such as population, demographics, average income, or comprehensive energy production information are not explicitly mentioned in the excerpts given.

- **Rivers and Waterways:** East Baton Rouge Parish is characterized by the presence of numerous rivers and creeks, including the Mississippi, Amite, Comite, Bayou Manchac, and others, as mentioned in the section on "Floodplain Concerns." These waterways are crucial for the parish, creating both challenges and opportunities for water management and biodiversity.
- **Watersheds:** The Parish is divided into three main watersheds, which include the Lake Pontchartrain Basin and the Lower Mississippi Basin. The eastern and southern portions of the Parish drain into different rivers, while the northwest portion drains into the Mississippi River (Part 1: Environmental Analysis).
- **Biodiversity:** The Parish has natural features such as the Comite and Amite Rivers, forest tracts, and conservation areas, which provide wildlife habitat, contribute to species diversity, and reduce localized flooding (Part 1: Environmental Analysis).

- The area has been affected by significant flooding events, such as the record rainfall in August 2016, which exceeded the capacity of the drainage system (Floodplain Concerns, Part 1: Environmental Analysis).
- **Aquifers:** East Baton Rouge Parish largely relies on the Southern Hills Aquifer for its water supply. There are concerns regarding saltwater intrusion and aquifer depletion, as groundwater withdrawals exceed recharge rates (Part 1: Environmental Analysis).

### **Infrastructure**
- Specific portions of the jurisdiction's infrastructure, such as airports or seaports, are not detailed within the provided excerpts.

### **Natural and Economic Resources**
- The document mentions a significant reliance on groundwater, with over 70 million gallons per day used for industrial purposes.
- Saltwater intrusion and aquifer depletion are noted as concerns due to increasing demand for fresh water and rapid withdrawals from the aquifer (Part 1: Environmental Analysis).

- **Industrial Influence:** The presence of industrial plants in northern East Baton Rouge contributes to high ozone levels, highlighting the industrial activities in the region (Part 1: Environmental Analysis).
- Other specific economic drivers or industries are not detailed in the provided excerpts.

### **Energy Production**
- The excerpts do not provide specific information about the city's energy production concerning oil, gas, renewables, or other natural resources.

Given the limitations of the excerpts, the information is focused primarily on environmental aspects, water management, and conservation efforts within East Baton Rouge Parish.

The plan extensively addresses resilience through various strategies aimed at enhancing protection against future flood events, improving infrastructure, and preserving natural resources. The "Stormwater Master Plan" seeks to "address drainage" and prevent floods, taking lessons from the 2016 event to build a more resilient infrastructure ("Environment and Conservation"). Additionally, the plan promotes **"inter-agency coordination"** and **"stream restoration"** to enhance resilience across watersheds ("Part 2: Goals, Objectives, and Actions").

The plan also incorporates efforts to mitigate climate change, particularly through actions to **"reduce pollutant discharges to surface and groundwater bodies"** and **"improve air quality"** by minimizing emissions from mobile and stationary sources ("Environment and Conservation Goal 5"). Actions such as **"encouraging use of renewable energy"** and **"reducing vehicle miles traveled"** are geared towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Adaptation is a significant focus of the plan, especially regarding floodplain management and the conservation of ecological resources. Strategies such as revising flood regulation standards and promoting conservation of open spaces that include **"habitat, wetlands, and floodplains"** are clearly outlined to adapt to the changing climate impacts, particularly increasing flood incidents ("Environment and Conservation Goal 1").

Given the comprehensive approach to enhance resilience against future climate impacts, efforts to mitigate emissions, and strategies to adapt to existing climate changes, the plan can be classified as an **"equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan."** It effectively balances both mitigation and adaptation goals, addressing a wide range of climate-related challenges.

The plan does not specifically outline a detailed climate change scenario. However, it mentions the increasing frequency and severity of flooding events, such as those experienced during the August 2016 flood, which are being considered by the planning jurisdiction as potential future scenarios. The plan notes, "Such events are predicted to increase in frequency and severity," particularly referring to different types of flooding that may affect different parts of the parish. The planning jurisdiction is actively working on enhancing protection from future events by developing computer models to assess the possibility of storms of similar magnitude returning with increasing frequency (Floodplain Concerns). This suggests they are planning for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation in response to potential future climate impacts.

   - **Climate Hazard:** Flooding is a major concern, with almost half of East Baton Rouge Parish located within FEMA-designated base floodplains of creeks and rivers such as the Mississippi, Amite, and Comite.
   - **Climate Risks:** The plan highlights the significant risk and expense of building in floodplains, emphasizing the devastating impact of the August 2016 flood. The floods were exacerbated by record rainfall that exceeded drainage capacity, categorized as a 1,000-year storm.
   - **Climate Vulnerability:** The document does not specify particular populations, but it generally acknowledges that different areas within the parish have varying vulnerabilities, particularly emphasizing high hazard flood areas and underscoring the necessity to protect flood storage capacity ("Part 2: Goals, Objectives and Actions").

2. **Flash Flooding**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Flash flooding refers to local neighborhood flooding that occurs immediately during or after a rain event.
   - **Climate Risks:** Flash floods pose direct threats to immediate areas, often overwhelming local drainage systems.
   - **Climate Vulnerability:** The plan does not specify the areas or populations most vulnerable, but it implies that poorly drained urban areas could be particularly susceptible ("Part 1: Environmental Analysis").

3. **Headwater Flooding**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Headwater flooding involves flood flow moving rapidly downstream, unaffected by conditions further downstream.
   - **Climate Risks:** This type of flooding can cause rapid inundation in upstream areas, potentially leading to significant infrastructure and property damage.
   - **Climate Vulnerability:** Specific areas or populations are not mentioned, but areas near upstream segments of rivers and creeks are likely more vulnerable ("Part 1: Environmental Analysis").

4. **Backwater Flooding**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Backwater flooding occurs when downstream conditions impede the flow of water, causing upstream areas to flood.
   - **Climate Risks:** Such flooding can flood areas that might not typically experience high water, leading to unexpected risks to infrastructure and residents.
   - **Climate Vulnerability:** Vulnerability is linked to upstream areas of impeded waterways, without specific populations identified ("Part 1: Environmental Analysis").

5. **Coastal Flooding**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Coastal flooding is caused by wind-driven events.
   - **Climate Risks:** The plan indicates the potential increase in frequency and severity of such events, posing threats to coastal areas and infrastructure.
   - **Climate Vulnerability:** While specific areas or populations are not detailed, coastal regions would inherently be more vulnerable ("Part 1: Environmental Analysis").

1. **Flood Regulation Revisions and Development Code Updates**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Various types of flooding including flash, headwater, backwater, and coastal flooding which are predicted to increase in frequency and severity.
     - The City-Parish worked on revising flood regulations after the August 2016 flood. These revisions aim to address immediate recovery needs and long-term protection.
     - Discussions involved multiple entities including the Department of Homeland Security to develop models and evaluate the potential impacts of future storms. (Chapter: Floodplain Concerns)
     - Involves collaboration with multiple agencies and institutions to inform regulation changes.
     - Focuses on adapting to increased storm intensities and ensuring that infrastructure and communities are better protected.

2. **Stormwater Master Plan**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Day-to-day flash floods during heavy rainstorms and larger flood events (50-year and 100-year flood events), including hurricane storm surge-related flooding.
     - The engineering firm HNTB has been selected to develop the plan.
     - The plan will look ahead 20 years and will extend beyond Baton Rouge’s boundaries. (Chapter: Stormwater Master Plan)
     - Intends to create projects that prevent flash floods and manage drainage in both short and long-term perspectives.
     - Economic considerations include selecting firms based on qualifications and expected project impact.

3. **Naturalization of Streams**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Localized flooding due to historical stormwater management practices.
     - Prioritizes restoration of streams that have been modified, with example locations including Corporation Canal and Bayou Duplantier. 
     - Stream Restoration Priority Map is detailed in Part 1: Environmental Analysis, Stream Restoration section.
     - Enhances community aesthetics and ecological connectivity by prioritizing naturalization.
     - Avoids further concrete channelization and integrates riparian buffers to better manage stormwater and connect communities to waterways.

4. **Protection and Enhancement of Wetlands**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Wetland degradation due to urbanization and potential impacts from flooding.
     - Recommends detailed analyses, protection from development, and wetland enhancement through assimilation systems. (Chapter: Part 1: Environmental Analysis - Bluebonnet Swamp)
     - Economic considerations include potential income from wetland mitigation banks.
     - Environmental benefits of assimilating treated wastewater, improving water quality, and increasing overall wetland growth and health.

5. **Conservation and Development of Open Spaces**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Loss of natural habitats and increased vulnerability due to land development.
     - Recommends actions like identifying and conserving land in ecologically valuable areas and creating buffer requirements for developments.
     - Specific references to actions like collaboration with organizations and developing incentives. (Chapter: Part 2: Goals, Objectives, and Actions)
     - Focus on preserving habitats, floodplains, and promotion of native plant materials.
     - Balances ecological value with development goals through strategic land management and use of incentives.

The plan identifies several mitigation options which aim to reduce or prevent the emission of greenhouse gases. The following is a summary of the identified mitigation options based on the information provided in the plan:

1. **Reduction of Stationary and Mobile Source Pollution**
   - **Description:** Reducing pollution from both stationary sources (like buildings and industry) and mobile sources (such as vehicle emissions).
      - "Reducing stationary source pollution such as buildings and industry."
      - "Reducing mobile source pollution such as vehicle emissions."
   - **Cost, Timing, and Location:** The plan does not specify detailed information regarding the cost, timing, or location of these pollution reduction initiatives.

2. **Implementation of Improved Transport and Transit Systems**
   - **Description:** Instituting policies related to transportation and transit systems to contribute to emission reductions.
   - **Important Attributes:**
     - "Instituting new policies such as improved transportation, transit systems and changes in land use development."
   - **Cost, Timing, and Location:** The specifics regarding cost, timing, and location are not detailed in the plan.

3. **Development of Sedimentation Erosion Control Ordinance**
   - **Description:** Preparing and adopting a sedimentation erosion control ordinance to reduce adverse impacts on surface water quality.
     - "Prepare and adopt a sedimentation erosion control ordinance to reduce adverse impacts of urban development and redevelopment on surface water quality." 
   - **Cost, Timing, and Location:** Information on cost, timing, and exact locations are not provided.

4. **Participation in Clean Water Programs**
   - **Description:** Continued support and participation in state and federal clean water programs.
     - "Continue to support and participate in state and federal clean water programs, representing the Parish’s concerns and assuring affordable and equitably funded wastewater facilities to meet existing and future requirements."
   - **Cost, Timing, and Location:** The plan does not mention cost, timing or specific locations for participation in these programs.

Each of these options provides an approach to mitigating the adverse impacts of greenhouse gas emissions from various sources but lacks specific financial, scheduling, and geographical details within the plan.

1. **Reducing Stationary Source Pollution:**
   - **Summary**: This mitigation option involves reducing pollution from buildings and industries to meet and surpass clean air standards.
     - **Cost**: Not specified in the plan.
     - **Timeframe**: Not specified in the plan.
     - **Location**: East Baton Rouge Parish, focusing on northern areas with industrial plants.
     - **Additional Information**: This option targets emissions that contribute to high levels of ozone. ("ENVIRONMENT AND CONSERVATION", "IMPROVING AIR QUALITY")

2. **Reducing Mobile Source Pollution:**
   - **Summary**: This involves cutting down on pollution from vehicle emissions.
     - **Location**: East Baton Rouge Parish.
     - **Additional Information**: Part of broader efforts to improve air quality, alongside stationary source pollution reductions. ("ENVIRONMENT AND CONSERVATION", "IMPROVING AIR QUALITY")

3. **Instituting New Policies for Transportation and Land Use:**
   - **Summary**: This involves policy changes for improved transportation and transit systems and changes in land use development.
     - **Additional Information**: Also includes prohibition of burning and dust abatement during construction to mitigate air quality issues. ("ENVIRONMENT AND CONSERVATION", "IMPROVING AIR QUALITY")

The plan does not provide specific details on the cost or timeframe for each of these options, but it emphasizes their role in reducing emissions and improving air quality standards in East Baton Rouge Parish.

The plan identifies several adaptation options to address climate threats related to flooding, stormwater management, and wetland preservation:

1. **Stream Restoration and Naturalization:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The threat of localized and parish-wide flooding due to improper stormwater management. "Localized flooding throughout the Parish" is identified as a consequence of historical "flawed" storm drainage planning (Ch. Environmental Analysis).
   - **Details:** High priority is given to naturalizing the parish's streams and avoiding further concrete channelization of waterways. A review of Capital Improvement Projects (CIP) is recommended to align drainage improvement with environmental goals (Ch. Environmental Analysis).
   - **Attributes:** Focus on "naturalization of stream banks," "riparian enhancement," and "reestablishment of wetland systems" for effective stormwater treatment and collection (Ch. Environmental Analysis).

2. **Stormwater Master Plan:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Future increased occurrences of flash floods and 50-year and 100-year flood events due to climate change (Ch. Environmental Analysis).
   - **Details:** The plan aims to prevent "day-to-day flash floods during heavy rainstorms" and will consider "hurricane storm surge-related flooding." It plans for a 20-year outlook, extending beyond Baton Rouge's boundaries (Ch. Environmental Analysis).
   - **Attributes:** Expected to outline projects for improved drainage, with engineering firm HNTB selected for its development (Ch. Environmental Analysis).

3. **Wetland Protection and Enhancement:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The threat of urbanization leading to wetland loss and increased sedimentation, which impairs wetland health and productivity (Ch. Environmental Analysis).
   - **Details:** Strategies include analyzing existing wetland value, protecting high-value wetlands from development, and requiring mitigation within the same watershed. Wetland banks may be established for income or tax benefits (Ch. Environmental Analysis).
   - **Attributes:** Enhancement could involve the creation of a "wetland assimilation system" using treated wastewater. Partners include non-profits like Trust for Public Land and The Nature Conservancy (Ch. Environmental Analysis).

4. **Floodplain Management:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Increased flood risk from varying types of flooding, such as flash flooding and coastal flooding, predicted to increase in frequency (Ch. Environmental Analysis).
   - **Details:** Actions include limiting development in high hazard flood areas and requiring "floodplain mitigation above the level of impact" (Ch. Goals, Objectives, and Actions).
   - **Attributes:** Includes updating flood protection and stormwater regulations to ensure they reflect best practices (Ch. Goals, Objectives, and Actions).

5. **Public Education on Water Issues:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** General vulnerability to water quality and watershed issues (Ch. Goals, Objectives, and Actions).
   - **Details:** Public education campaigns will be employed, involving public service announcements and media collaboration (Ch. Goals, Objectives, and Actions).
   - **Attributes:** Focus on raising public awareness and understanding of water quality and watershed management (Ch. Goals, Objectives, and Actions).

Location-specific information and detailed cost attributes are not explicitly provided for each adaptation option in the summarized content. The thrust of these options is on strategically managing water systems to better adapt to expected climate variances and impacts.

The provided document does not specifically mention climate policies explicitly labeled as "climate justice." However, several goals, objectives, and actions align with the principles of climate justice by focusing on environmental protection and addressing disparities in climate impacts. Here are a few examples:

### Climate Policy: Improving Air Quality

- **Climate Threat:** Poor air quality due to industrial emissions and vehicle emissions contributes to health issues and environmental degradation.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** 
  - **Quote:** "East Baton Rouge Parish does not currently meet the Environmental Protection Agency’s primary or secondary ambient air quality standards for ozone. Emissions from industrial plants in northern East Baton Rouge Parish are the primary source of high levels of ozone in the Parish." (*Part 1: Environmental Analysis*)
  - Actions aim to "Collaborate with LDEQ to require reductions in industrial emissions" and "Encourage major employers to designate prime parking spaces for low-emission and low-fuel consumption vehicles." (*Part 2: Goals, Objectives and Actions*)

### Climate Policy: Floodplain Management

- **Climate Threat:** Flooding, with a significant past event being the August 2016 record rainfall and subsequent flood.
  - **Quote:** "Almost half of East Baton Rouge Parish lies within the FEMA-designated base floodplains of one or more...creeks and rivers." (*Part 1: Environmental Analysis*)
  - Actions to "Limit development in high hazard flood areas" and encourage floodplain mitigation above impact levels. (*Part 2: Goals, Objectives and Actions*)

### Climate Policy: Watershed and Wetland Protection

- **Climate Threat:** Degradation and loss of wetlands and impacts on water quality, which can compromise ecosystem services.
  - **Quote:** "Bluebonnet Swamp is an example of the detrimental impacts of urbanization in wetland areas..." (*Part 1: Environmental Analysis*)
  - Strategies include "Protect the highest valued wetland areas from future development" and "Enhance degraded and low-value wetland areas." (*Part 1: Environmental Analysis & Recommendations*)

### Climate Policy: Tree Canopy Preservation

- **Climate Threat:** Loss of tree canopy, reducing urban resilience to heatwaves and air pollution.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Urban areas that may lack significant tree cover, contributing to heat island effects.
  - Objective to "Minimize loss of tree canopy through site clearing" with actions like "Provide incentives for preserving and protecting existing trees on development sites." (*Part 2: Goals, Objectives and Actions*)
  
While each of these policies focuses on environmental conservation and resource management, they indirectly address climate justice by protecting vulnerable communities from the adverse effects of climate-related hazards.

1. **Policy: Wetland Mitigation Outside Local Watersheds**

   - **Climate Threat It Is Addressing:**
     The policy aims to mitigate wetland loss which results in significant degradation of hydrology within East Baton Rouge Parish as wetlands continue to be developed (Part 1: Environmental Analysis, PG. 20EN).

   - **Proposed Option:**
     "Require wetland mitigation to occur within the same watershed as the affected wetland" to ensure mitigation for loss of local wetlands is conducted within the same watershed (Part 1: Environmental Analysis, PG. 21EN).

- **Proposed Option:**

   - **Potential Maladaptation Reason:**
     While the policy aims to conserve local watershed hydrology, it might inadvertently lead to increased costs and challenges for developers. This situation could result in developers bypassing local conservation efforts for lands outside the state where restrictions might be looser and costs lower, ultimately failing to address the degradation locally (Part 1: Environmental Analysis, PG. 20EN).

2. **Policy: Concrete Lining of Waterways**

     The policy was intended to address urban flooding by channelizing and lining waterways such as the Corporation Canal with concrete (Part 1: Environmental Analysis, PG. 10EN).

     Historically, the "concrete channelization of waterways" was meant to expedite the flow of stormwater, thereby reducing localized flooding.

     This approach has proven to be flawed as it treats stormwater as a waste product rather than a resource, resulting in ongoing localized flooding and disconnect between communities and waterways, highlighting potential maladaptation in reduced overall resilience and natural system degradation (Part 1: Environmental Analysis, PG. 10EN).

These cases illustrate how well-intended policies can sometimes have unintended negative consequences when not carefully aligned with longer-term sustainability goals.

The provided document does not explicitly detail specific metrics, units, or quantifiable impacts to measure the success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options such as reductions in CO₂ emissions or improvements in air quality. Additionally, there are no concrete goals or targets, including deadlines or specific numerical objectives, mentioned for these options within the provided sections of the plan.

The plan outlines general goals and objectives but does not specify measures of success or precise metrics. For example, the goals include improving air quality to meet or exceed national standards and protecting watersheds, wetlands, and floodplains. It also mentions supporting specific programs and actions like the Baton Rouge Clean Air Coalition's efforts to monitor and reduce ozone levels or setting guidelines for open space conservation during land development. However, these actions are framed as part of broader strategic intentions without specified measurement criteria or quantitative targets in the sections provided.

| Location/City Name   | Population | Threats Identified                                                                                         | Measures Identified                                                                                                                   |
|----------------------|------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| East Baton Rouge Parish | Not specified | - High levels of ozone from industrial plants, not meeting EPA standards (Air Quality) *(Part 1)*<br> - Development affecting habitats and species *(Part 1)*<br> - Flood risks, particularly in August 2016 *(Part 1)* | - Reducing emissions from mobile and stationary sources *(Part 1)*<br> - Stream restoration priorities and flood regulation enhancements *(Part 1)*<br> - Objectives to improve air quality *(Part 2)*<br> - Tree canopy preservation and enhancement *(Part 2)* |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction: Albany County**

### **Location and Population**
- **Location:** Albany County is situated in the Capital Region of New York State.
- **Population:** The county is home to approximately 230,000 jobs, though the document does not specify the total resident population.

- No specific details on demographics or average income are provided in the document.

  - **Ports:** The Albany County Strategic Economic Development Plan highlights that the county is well-positioned to become a clean energy hub with potential opportunities at the Port of Albany and the Port of Coeymans for attracting offshore wind power manufacturers.
  - **Airports:** The presence of electric vehicle charging stations is noted at the Albany County Airport.
- **Geographic Features:** The document does not provide specific details about mountains, rivers, deserts, or coastline.

- **Local Climate:** The document notes that Albany County's economy has developed around a "stable climate." Climate stressors affecting business and economic vitality are acknowledged, necessitating adaptation and preparedness.
- **Water Challenges:** No specific mentions of aridity or water challenges are highlighted.

- **Energy Production:** Albany County places a strong emphasis on renewable energy development. The county identifies clean energy as a "key growth sector" with a focus on becoming a hub for wind energy and highlights clean energy policies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and transitioning to renewable energy.
  
- **Service-based Economy:** Albany County is primarily a service-based economy with a Gross Regional Product of $33.6 billion.
- **Top Industry Sectors:**
  - **Government:** 61,900 jobs (27% of total employment)
  - **Healthcare and Social Assistance:** 34,000 jobs (15% of total employment)
  - **Retail Trade:** 19,500 jobs (8% of total employment)
  - **Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services:** 17,100 jobs (7% of total employment)
  - **Accommodation and Finance and Insurance:** 14,000 jobs (6% of total employment)
- **Fastest Growing Industries:** Between 2016 and 2021, notable growth occurred in Finance and Insurance, Transportation and Warehousing, Health Care and Social Assistance, and Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services. The Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, and Hunting industry increased by 25% during the same period.

Overall, Albany County's strategic focus on clean energy, sustainable development, and resilience planning positions it as a dynamic region adapting to the challenges and opportunities presented by climate change.

The Albany County Climate Resiliency Plan primarily focuses on resilience, highlighting that most recommended projects aim at building climate resilience. The plan discusses strategies to ensure the county and its inhabitants can quickly respond to and recover from future climate-related events. Resilience strategies outlined in the plan include creating plans and programs for faster recovery from climate events, informed land use and development decisions using historical data and future projections, and upgrading or relocating infrastructure. The plan's resilience strategies promote regional sharing of information, inclusive community-based planning processes, and support for local communities and institutions (*Introducing the Plan*, *Resilience Strategies*).

Mitigation is recognized as a critical component, necessary to slow the pace of climate change. Actions mentioned include transitioning away from fossil fuels, shifting to renewable energy sources, using energy more efficiently, and increasing the use of electric vehicles and public transportation. Albany County is also developing a Climate Action Plan to complement the Climate Resiliency Plan, which will identify mitigation actions and establish targets for emissions reductions, supported by a grant from the NYS Climate Smart Communities Grant Program (*Focus of this Plan*, *Albany County Climate Action Plan*).

Adaptation consists of protecting against existing risks and preparing for increased future risks due to climate change. The plan lists adaptation actions such as planting trees to reduce urban heat, upgrading the electric grid for better storm resistance, and flood-proofing or relocating infrastructure in flood-prone areas. It emphasizes preparing for the impacts of climate change alongside mitigation efforts, prioritizing climate justice by focusing on protecting the most vulnerable populations. The plan anticipates and plans for the effects of climate migration, as Albany County is seen as a potential haven for climate refugees due to its relatively lower risk of major natural disasters (*How can Albany County build climate resilience?*, *Albany County's Future as a Haven for Climate Refugees*).

Based on the analysis, the plan can be classified as **adaptation/resilience dedicated**, as it predominantly focuses on building resilience and addressing adaptation, with mitigation being a recognized but comparatively secondary focus.

Yes, the plan provides scenarios of climate change that Albany County is expected to face and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation:

- **Future Climate Changes:**
  - Higher temperatures, increased precipitation, and sea level rise are expected for Albany County's future. Summers are anticipated to be more intense, and winters will be milder.
  - Annual temperatures are projected to increase between 1.7–3.7°F by the 2020s, 3.5–7.1°F by the 2050s, 4.1–11.4°F by the 2080s, and 4.4–13.6°F by 2100.
  - The frequency and duration of heat waves are expected to increase, with predicted increases in the number of hot days reaching between 22 to 50 days per year by the 2050s, compared to a historical average of 10 hot days.
  - Conversely, the number of cold days is expected to decrease from a historical average of 155 cold days per year to between 98 to 125 days per year by the 2050s.

- **Precipitation and River Levels:**
  - Annual precipitation is anticipated to change by -1–10% by the 2020s, 2–15% by the 2050s, 3–17% by the 2080s, and -1–26% by 2100, with much of the additional precipitation projected to occur in winter months. Late summer and early fall may see slight reductions in total precipitation.
  - Sea level rise along the Hudson River at the Troy Dam is projected to increase by 1–9 inches by the 2020s, 5–27 inches by the 2050s, 10–54 inches by the 2080s, and 11–71 inches by 2100.

The plan emphasizes the importance of addressing these projected changes through a combination of resilience strategies, mitigation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and adaptation to adjust systems already impacted by climate change.

1. **Flooding/Sea Level Rise:**
   - **Climate Hazard:** "Flooding from sea level rise, heavy precipitation events, and changes in land use can inundate infrastructure, wash out fields, and cause severe damage to homes and buildings." (*Flooding/Sea Level Rise*)
   - **Climate Risks:** There is a risk to infrastructure, homes, and buildings in Albany County due to inundation by floodwaters.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** 20% of residential parcels are located in flood hazard areas, presenting major to extreme climate risks. (*Needs and Opportunities*)

2. **Extreme Heat and Cold Events:**
   - **Climate Hazard:** "Extreme heat and cold events are expected to increase in frequency, severity, and duration as a result of climate change." (*Need*)
   - **Climate Risks:** These events can lead to negative physiological and mental health impacts, particularly affecting low-income and elderly residents. Risks include heat strokes, dehydration, frostbite, and hypothermia, potentially leading to hospitalization and death.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The project emphasizes the impact on low-income and elderly residents facing financial, housing, and/or energy insecurity. (*Need*)

3. **Drought:**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Drought is identified as a climate stressor that Albany County will face in the future. (*Climate Risks in Albany County*)
   - **Climate Risks:** The specific risks associated with drought are not detailed in the provided sections.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The specific vulnerable areas or populations are not detailed in the provided sections.

4. **Extreme Weather Events:**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Extreme weather events contribute to climate stressors in the future. (*Climate Risks in Albany County*)
   - **Climate Risks:** These events are associated with several negative impacts, which may exacerbate existing inequalities and health problems.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Socially vulnerable populations, including low-income households, seniors, and those with limited access to transportation, are particularly at risk. (*Health and Social Services*)

The plan emphasizes a composite measure of climate risk derived from flood risk, heat risk, and social vulnerability, indicating a holistic approach to identifying areas and populations at risk. (*Measuring Climate Risk*)

#### **1. Climate Resilient Retrofits**

- **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:** Addresses vulnerabilities in existing buildings to various climate risks.
  - **Timeframe:** Short-term, mid-term, long-term/ongoing (e.g., short-term involves conducting assessments and developing prioritized lists of retrofits).
  - **Location:** County facilities identified as vulnerable in the Risk Assessment (Chapter 3).
  - **Cost Estimate:** Varies based on the resilience strategies implemented, with potential funding sources including NYS Climate Smart Communities, NYS EFC Green Innovation Grant Program, etc. (Implementation Recommended Actions CONTINUED).
- **Other Important Attributes:** Focus on integrating climate-resilient strategies into all new County facilities and properties, with a long-term view to enhancing resilience capacity (Project Status and Timeframe).

#### **2. Resilient Site Improvements**

- **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:** Enhancing infrastructure resilience to various climate events.
  - **Timeframe:** Not specified for specific elements.
  - **Location:** Specific improvements mentioned for the County Department of Health (DOH)/Board of Elections (BOE) parking lot (Implementation Recommended Actions CONTINUED).
- **Other Important Attributes:** Includes infrastructure strategies like installing permeable pavement, bioretention areas, and green infrastructure to reduce environmental impact and improve resilience against flooding. 

#### **3. Relocation of Facilities**

- **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:** Flooding and emergency response vulnerabilities.
  - **Location:** Example given for Watervliet in relocating its current flood-prone Fire Department facility (Implementation Recommended Actions CONTINUED).
- **Other Important Attributes:** Aims to improve emergency response operations and mitigate flood-related issues by assessing climate risks cooperatively with municipalities.

#### **4. Director of Sustainability Position**

- **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:** Overall management and enhancement of climate resilience efforts.
  - **Timeframe:** Short-term action (Recommended Actions).
- **Other Important Attributes:** Increases County capacity to support resilience efforts, integrates resilience thinking into County processes, and aids in grant applications for climate projects.

#### **5. Tier 2 Projects**

- **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:** Diverse, with a focus on large-scale resilience building efforts.
  - **Details by Project:** Includes projects like building a network of rain and stream gauges, conducting transportation vulnerability assessment, and more (Project Tiers).
- **Other Important Attributes:** Involves cross-jurisdictional collaboration, likely requiring multiple project partners and funding sources.

#### **6. Flood Factor Data Purchase**

- **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:** Flooding vulnerabilities.
  - **Timeframe:** Not specified.
- **Other Important Attributes:** Supports data-driven decision-making by providing vital flood risk information to assist in policy and planning.

#### **Additional Notes:**

- **Economic Considerations:** Many resilience options are linked to potential cost savings, like reducing insurance premiums and conserving resources by reducing energy and water demands.
- **Environmental and Infrastructural Considerations:** Emphasis on conserving resources, integrating green infrastructure, and enhancing the resiliency of public facilities.

The Albany County Climate Resiliency Plan identifies several mitigation options aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and environmental impact. Here's a summary of each option along with the information provided on cost, timing, location, and other important attributes:

1. **Increasing Renewable Energy Use:**

   - **Information Provided:** This is mentioned as a broad goal for mitigation but lacks specifics within the plan document regarding cost, timing, or location.

2. **De-carbonizing the Transportation and Building Sectors:**

   - **Information Provided:** Similar to renewable energy use, this is identified as a goal within the document but without specific details on its implementation.

3. **Planting Trees to Increase Carbon Dioxide Storage:**

   - **Information Provided:** This action is included as a general measure within the framework of mitigation actions but lacks specific details about cost, timing, or location.
   
4. **Implementation of a Climate Action Plan:**
   
   - **Cost:** The development is funded by a $35,000 grant.
   - **Timing:** The Climate Action Plan is parallel to the Resiliency Plan.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** This Action Plan will focus on identifying mitigation actions and establishing targets for emissions reductions.

These mitigation options are part of a broader framework aimed at complementing the resilience projects in Albany County. While these options are mentioned regarding their significance and goals, the plan does not provide specific figures, timelines, or locations for their implementation.

1. **Increasing Renewable Energy Use and Decarbonizing Sectors:**
   - *Summary:* Although specific projects are not detailed for this mitigation option within this excerpt, increasing renewable energy use and decarbonizing the transportation and building sectors are mentioned as pivotal actions for reducing GHG emissions.
   - *Cost, Timeframe, Location, and Other Attributes:* Not specifically detailed in this particular section of the document.

2. **Planting Trees to Increase Carbon Dioxide Storage:**
   - *Summary:* Integrating tree planting as part of the general strategy to mitigate greenhouse gases by enhancing carbon dioxide storage.
   - *Cost, Timeframe, Location, and Other Attributes:* Detailed information isn't provided in the current segment of the document; however, such actions usually involve urban greening projects and community initiatives.

3. **Albany County Climate Action Plan:**
   - *Summary:* The plan mentions the development of a parallel Climate Action Plan focusing on identifying mitigation actions and establishing targets for emissions reductions.
   - *Cost:* The development is funded by a $35,000 grant from the NYS Climate Smart Communities Grant Program.
   - *Timeframe, Location, and Other Attributes:* Specific details regarding timeframe and location are not provided in this excerpt. The Climate Action Plan is in development as a complement to the Resiliency Plan.

**Other Important Attributes:**

- The plan emphasizes the complementary nature of mitigation, adaptation, and resilience, indicating that these strategies often overlap and together contribute to overall climate resilience.
- The plan does not provide detailed breakdowns of individual costs, timeframe, and exact locations for specific mitigation actions within the shared text, apart from broader project initiatives and funding opportunities.

Based on the Albany County Climate Resiliency Plan, the following adaptation options are identified:

### 1. **Relocating infrastructure in flood-prone areas**
   - **Climate Threat:** Flooding
   - **Summary:**
     - **Cost:** Varies based on the resilience strategies implemented.
     - **Timeframe:** 
       - **Short-term:** Conduct detailed building and site assessments for vulnerable County facilities and develop a prioritized list of building retrofits.
       - **Mid-term:** Implement climate resilient retrofits on existing buildings and sites.
       - **Long-term / Ongoing:** Integrate climate-resilient strategies into all new County facilities and properties.
     - **Location:** County facilities throughout Albany County.
     - **Other Attributes:** The plan emphasizes assessing municipal properties for resilient improvements like permeable pavement and bioretention areas (Project Status and Timeframe under Needs and Opportunities Assessment).

### 2. **Building defenses to protect against sea level rise**
   - **Climate Threat:** Sea Level Rise
   - **Summary:** Although the plan does not specifically outline sea level rise-related defenses in Albany County due to its non-coastal location, it emphasizes addressing flooding and extreme weather events broadly (Purpose and Goals).

### 3. **Growing alternative crops suitable for warmer temperatures**
   - **Climate Threat:** Warmer Temperatures
   - **Summary:** The plan discusses adapting to climate change generally but does not provide specific details on growing alternative crops. It highlights the need for resilience and adaptation strategies to manage future climate risks (Resilience and Mitigation sections).

### 4. **Public awareness and educational campaigns**
   - **Climate Threat:** Various climate impacts
     - **Timeframe:** Not specified but identifies this as an immediate need.
     - **Location:** Public awareness campaigns would target Albany County.
     - **Other Attributes:** Developing an online repository or “one-stop center” for climate resources is suggested to help educate the public and increase preparedness (Project Types under Needs and Opportunities Assessment).

### 5. **Creating plans and programs for faster recovery from climate events**
   - **Climate Threat:** Various climate events including extreme weather
     - **Timeframe:** Plan implementation is an ongoing effort.
     - **Location:** County-wide.
     - **Other Attributes:** Emphasizes the importance of historical data and future projections for informed land use and development decisions, and that most of the recommended projects intend to build climate resilience (Purpose and Goals). 

### 6. **Support local municipalities in climate policy and plan development**
     - **Cost:** Not specified, but mentions the need for technical and financial assistance.
     - **Timeframe:** Immediate support is necessary to enhance municipal capacity.
     - **Location:** Across Albany County municipalities.
     - **Other Attributes:** Includes exploring shared service agreements to expand capacity, supporting municipalities with technical and financial help, and implementing climate programs and policies (Needs and Opportunities Assessment).

Overall, the Albany County Climate Resiliency Plan places a strong emphasis on building resilience, increasing public awareness, and supporting adaptation through policy and infrastructure improvements across the county.

Based on the **Albany County Climate Resiliency Plan**, several climate policies are identified to advance climate justice. Below are the policies, the climate threats they address, and the areas or populations with the most climate vulnerability:

1. **Creation of a Climate Justice Corps**
   - **Climate Threat:** The policy addresses the disproportionate impact of climate change on socially vulnerable communities.
   - **Vulnerability:** Socially vulnerable communities, which include people of color, people living on low incomes or in poverty, and people who are elderly, young, or disabled, are prioritized for capacity-building and inclusion in decision-making processes. (_Health and Social Services, Needs and Opportunities_)

2. **Integrating Nature into Urban Areas**
   - **Climate Threat:** This policy addresses the urban heat island effect and vulnerability caused by impervious surfaces and lack of vegetation.
   - **Vulnerability:** Vulnerable urban communities, already at greater risk to the effects of climate change, are prioritized for increased vegitation and decreasing impervious cover. (_Needs and Opportunities, Health and Social Services_)

3. **Establishing Heating and Cooling Centers**
   - **Climate Threat:** This policy addresses the risks associated with extreme heat and cold events.
   - **Vulnerability:** Low-income, elderly residents, and those facing housing and energy insecurity are susceptible to health issues from extreme temperature events. (_Recommended Actions, Extreme Heat and Cold Emergency Response Plan_)

These policies are part of a holistic approach focused on strengthening partnerships, expanding resilience options, and ensuring socially vulnerable groups are prioritized in climate planning efforts.

**1. Renewable Energy Development Displacing Prime Agricultural and Forest Lands**

- **Climate Threat:** The need for renewable energy to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and slow climate change.
  
- **Proposed Option:** The policy proposes to "Adopt policies and regulations that focus renewable energy development on brownfields, greyfields, and other non-prime agricultural lands." (Needs and Opportunities)

- **Potential Maladaptation:** While prioritizing renewable energy development is crucial for mitigation, if not properly implemented, this policy could result in the unintentional displacement of vital agricultural and forest lands. This displacement could harm food security and ecological services provided by forests, thereby increasing the vulnerability of these ecosystems to climate impacts.

**2. Floodplain Management**

- **Climate Threat:** The increasing risk of flooding events as a result of climate change.
  
- **Proposed Option:** The policy includes constructing facilities in flood-prone areas "in a way that protects against flood damage." (Existing Local Policies)

- **Potential Maladaptation:** Although this policy aims to enhance resilience to flooding, if the construction of flood defenses doesn't consider ecological impacts, it might lead to habitat degradation or increased flood risks elsewhere in the watershed.

These examples underscore the necessity of integrating comprehensive environmental assessments when devising climate policies to prevent inadvertent maladaptation.

The Albany County Climate Resiliency Plan includes several performance metrics to measure the success or failure of each adaptation, resilience, and mitigation option. Below are the specific metrics mentioned in the plan:

### **Metrics for Adaptation, Resilience, and Mitigation**

- **"Resilient Focus Areas" Investments:**
  - *Metrics:* 
    - Amount invested through grants, loans, and rebates.
    - Number of homes retrofitted.  
  - *Goals:* Not specifically quantified but highlights focus on investment and retrofitting (“Key Partners” section).

- **Rain and Stream Gauges:**
  - *Metrics:*
    - Number of rain gauges installed.
    - Number of stream gauges installed.  
  - *Goals:* Not specifically quantified, focused on expanding gauge network (“Build out the County’s network of rain and stream gauges” section).

- **Culvert Analysis:**
    - Number of culverts identified for repair or replacement.
    - Number of culverts right-sized.
    - Number of culverts retrofitted for aquatic habitat connectivity.  
  - *Goals:* Identify and prioritize culverts for right-sizing based on developed models (“Conduct a county-wide culvert analysis” section).

- **Transportation Vulnerability Assessment:**
    - Number of roadway resiliency projects implemented.
    - Specific project, Fox Creek Road: Replacement of twin barrel culvert.  
  - *Goals:* Assess and improve high-priority roadway segments (“Conduct a county-wide transportation vulnerability assessment” section).

- **Green Streets Initiative:**
    - Linear feet of green infrastructure installed.  
  - *Goals:* Establish resilience focus areas for implementing green infrastructure (“Create a ‘Green Streets Initiative’” section).

- **Tree Planting Goals:**
    - Not directly quantified in terms of metrics, but references the establishment of a county-wide tree planting goal.  
  - *Goals:* Consider adopting a goal of planting 40,000 trees by 2035 to achieve a tree equity score of 85 (“Recommended Actions” section).

While the plan does not specify concrete units such as tons or percentages for CO₂ reductions or air quality improvements, it presents action-oriented objectives and focuses on increasing infrastructure resilience and community capacity. The deadlines and specific numerical objectives mostly center on implementing adaptation and resilience projects rather than precise mitigation measurements.

- Examples of *high priority actions* include creating the “Resilient Homes Program” and “Green Streets Initiative,” indicating urgency but without directly quantified metrics.
  
- Long-term goals include enhancing infrastructure, updating policies to include resilience, and creating networks such as the Capital Region Sustainability Council and the Climate Justice Corps.

Overall, the emphasis is on preparing for climate impacts while engaging in incremental actions to enhance resilience, with some guidance toward setting specific targets, like the tree planting goal.

| **Feature**         | **Description**                                                                                                                                                                                                               |
|---------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Albany County                                                                                                                                                                                                                |
| **Population**        | Not specified in the document                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
| **Threats Identified** | - Flooding and sea level rise  (Risk Assessment and Analysis) <br>- Drought (Risk Assessment and Analysis) <br>- Extreme weather events (Risk Assessment and Analysis)                                                       |
| **Measures Identified**| - Implement green infrastructure through "Green Streets Initiative" (Recommended Projects, page 224) <br>- Expand AACA’s Business Retention and Expansion Program for resilience (Recommended Projects, page 236)              <br>- Develop a "Sustainable Albany" campaign (Recommended Projects, page 240) <br>- Proactive policies for floodplain management and low emission vehicle standards (Needs and Opportunities Assessment, page 86)                                          |
```

The plan is based on **Nashville, Tennessee**, which is the planning jurisdiction discussed. The document does not explicitly include details such as the population, demographics, or average income; therefore, this information is not addressed in the provided excerpts.

- **Infrastructure**:
  - The plan categorizes Nashville's built environment and critical services under the "Infrastructure" pillar, which includes:
    - **Energy Generation**: This involves equipment, materials, fuels, and systems required for electricity production from various energy sources like fossil fuels, hydropower, and solar panels. It is noted that Nashville's influence over electricity generation is limited due to its energy purchase arrangements with the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). *(Infrastructure section)*
    - **Transportation**: Includes roadways, bridges, sidewalks, bikeways, airports, rail lines, fueling and charging infrastructure, cargo carriers, and public transportation. *(Infrastructure section)*
    - Additional components listed include water supply, storm/wastewater and waste management, and communications systems. *(Infrastructure section)*

- **Climate Characteristics**:
  - The plan discusses shifting weather patterns and increased intensity of extremes. The regular climate patterns, along with daily weather variations of the region, influence the architecture and the built environment. *(Metro Nashville's Climate Risk Assessment section)*
  - **Urban Heat Island Effect**: Areas with less urban tree canopy experience up to 12 degrees hotter temperatures compared to other areas, suggesting the presence of heat-related challenges. *(Metro Nashville Climate Adaptation and Resilience Plan xv)*

### **Economic Landscape**
- **Nashville's Economy**:
  - The document mentions Nashville’s economy in a broad sense, recognizing potential climate impacts on agriculture, the global supply chain, and the resources necessary to keep both public and private sectors functional. *(Economy section)*
  - Specific industries and economic drivers are not detailed in the provided excerpts.

### **Natural Resources**
- The plan does not provide specific details about natural resources or detailed energy production outside the mention of energy generation systems and the city’s arrangements with TVA for energy.

The above information is derived from the specific excerpts provided and does not include comprehensive details often found in the full document regarding demographics, average income, or precise geographic descriptions.

The plan places a strong emphasis on resilience, defining it as the "capacity of social, economic, environmental, and other systems to cope with and adapt to a hazardous event, trend, or disturbance, responding or reorganizing in ways that maintain their essential function, identity, and structure" (Metro Nashville Climate Adaptation and Resilience Plan, xxi). Resilience is addressed through a comprehensive implementation roadmap focused on improving Metro's readiness and preparedness for climate change threats. Notably, the plan highlights resilience as an outcome of adaptation (Metro Nashville Climate Adaptation and Resilience Plan, 92).

The plan addresses mitigation by putting forward policies aimed at reducing emissions and promoting renewable energy. For instance, Metro Code 2.32.080 requires sourcing 100% of energy from renewable resources by 2040 (Metro Nashville Climate Adaptation and Resilience Plan, 9). Additionally, it sets targets like an 80% reduction in annual greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 and a 50% reduction in food waste by 2030 (Metro Nashville Climate Adaptation and Resilience Plan, 9). Although the plan includes mitigation measures, they complement the broader focus on adaptation and resilience.

Adaptation forms the core of the plan, with a focus on creating actionable strategies to increase Nashville's resilience to climate change impacts. The plan emphasizes adaptability by planning for worst-case scenarios, and mentions that "many of the actions needed must be carried out over many years" (Metro Nashville Climate Adaptation and Resilience Plan, 92). The implementation roadmap details objectives and key adaptation strategies that the city should pursue, organized under four main goals targeting people, infrastructure, the natural environment, and governmental missions (Metro Nashville Climate Adaptation and Resilience Plan, 92).

Based on the document, the plan can be classified as an **adaptation/resilience dedicated plan**. The primary aim is to enhance resilience and adaptability to climate risks, with a comprehensive framework and roadmap that focuses heavily on adaptation strategies, while also integrating some mitigation actions.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change that the planning jurisdiction, Metro Nashville, will face and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation.

### **Scenario Description:**

The plan outlines the following key elements as part of the climate change scenario for Nashville:

- **Rising Temperatures and Extreme Weather:** The document states that "sea levels are rising, baseline temperatures are warming, and extreme weather events are becoming more frequent, unpredictable, and severe across the country and the world" (Executive Summary). These changes have already impacted Nashville, resulting in "longer and more intense heat waves, more severe storms, and greater intensity of rain events leading to flooding" (Executive Summary).

- **Climate as a Risk Multiplier:** Climate change is identified as a "risk multiplier," particularly affecting people and communities already facing hardships. The text notes that "more hot days mean higher electricity bills, unsafe outdoor conditions for people with asthma or cardiovascular disease, fatigue and increased risk for certain workers" (Executive Summary). Frontline Communities, which are those that have "suffered historical and ongoing marginalization, neglect, exploitation, and/or underinvestment," are more exposed to these risks (Executive Summary).

- **Challenges to Basic Necessities and Systems:** The plan explains that "as seasonal normals change and extremes become more erratic, the basic necessities we depend on are less assured" (Introduction and Statement of Purpose). This could lead to crop failures, drying groundwater, supply chain disruptions, spread of diseases, and resource conflicts.

These scenarios reflect the challenges that Metro Nashville anticipates and for which it is planning resilience, mitigation, and adaptation measures. The focus of the Climate Adaptation and Resilience Plan (CARP) is to prepare for and respond to these climate hazards, aiming for resilient infrastructure and systems (Introduction and Statement of Purpose).

**1. Flooding**

- **Description:** Flooding is identified as a significant hazard resulting from both fluvial systems (rivers and streams) and pluvial sources (rainfall) ("ASSESSING METRO’S TOP CLIMATE HAZARDS").
  
- **Climate Risks:** The plan cites that floods induce direct, experienced impacts on people, the natural environment, infrastructure, economy, and public services. Flooding is noted for its high potential impact and probability ("Metro Nashville’s Climate Risk Assessment").
  
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Geographic location is the primary determinant of exposure to riverine floods, making proximity to waterways a critical factor for vulnerability. Urban locations, which may include low-improvement flood plains, are particularly susceptible ("Metro Nashville’s Climate Risk Assessment").

**2. Tornados**

- **Description:** Tornados represent intense wind storms that pose significant risk, noted in the plan as a top hazard alongside flooding ("ASSESSING METRO’S TOP CLIMATE HAZARDS").
  
- **Climate Risks:** Identified as high impact with medium to high probability, tornadoes pose a significant risk for loss of life, damage to structures, and other adverse outcomes ("ASSESSING METRO’S TOP CLIMATE HAZARDS").
  
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Vulnerability is particularly high for areas directly in a tornado's path, with infrastructure type and level of preparedness impacting overall resilience ("Metro Nashville Climate Adaptation and Resilience Plan 24").

- **Description:** Extreme heat events, characterized by high temperatures and heatwaves, are considered a major hazard ("ASSESSING METRO’S TOP CLIMATE HAZARDS").
  
- **Climate Risks:** Extreme heat is identified as a leading cause of weather-related mortality in the U.S., significantly affecting health and quality of life. Nashville anticipates greater heat risks, especially during warm nights, compounding stressors for the city ("Metro Nashville Climate Adaptation and Resilience Plan 24").
  
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Urban heat islands increase vulnerability, especially for asthmatic children in those areas. Populations without adequate adaptive capacity (e.g., those lacking air conditioning or living in energy-inefficient housing) are deemed more vulnerable. ["Metro Nashville Climate Adaptation and Resilience Plan 24"].

**4. Extreme Cold and Winter Storms**

- **Description:** Extreme cold and winter storms present as hazards involving low temperatures and severe weather conditions, posing threats to both human systems and infrastructure ("ASSESSING METRO’S TOP CLIMATE HAZARDS").
  
- **Climate Risks:** These events can cause significant disruption, including increased risks to health from hypothermia and frostbite, as well as damage to infrastructure not designed for such conditions ("Metro Nashville Climate Adaptation and Resilience Plan 24").
  
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Individuals with low adaptive capacity and those living in poorly insulated homes are particularly vulnerable to extreme cold ("Metro Nashville Climate Adaptation and Resilience Plan 24").

**5. Severe Thunderstorms**

- **Description:** Severe thunderstorms include high winds, lightning, and hail, presenting significant risks to drainage systems, power lines, and buildings ("ASSESSING METRO’S TOP CLIMATE HAZARDS").
  
- **Climate Risks:** Thunderstorms can cause direct damage and elicit cascading impacts through infrastructural failures, such as power outages that interrupt multiple services ("Metro Nashville Climate Adaptation and Resilience Plan 24").
  
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Vulnerability is higher for structures particularly susceptible to wind and hail damage as well as communities reliant on vulnerable infrastructure ("ASSESSING METRO’S TOP CLIMATE HAZARDS").

1. **Integrate Resilience into Capital Improvement Program and Operating Budget**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option addresses infrastructure vulnerabilities to climate change impacts that can disrupt services and threaten community priorities (XC2).
     - The integration of resilience criteria should be incorporated into Metro’s existing processes and budgets as a near-term step (XC2).
     - It doesn't specify exact costs or locations, but emphasizes the practical and cost-effective nature of embedding climate vulnerability assessments into existing infrastructure planning.
     - Economic: Minimizes service disruptions and aligns budget allocations with community priorities.
     - Infrastructural: Involves climate vulnerability assessments to protect municipal assets and services from climate impacts (XC2).

2. **Creative Financing, Strategic Reserves, Resource Hedging, and Contingency Planning**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Economic and safety risks posed by climate hazards, while also addressing historical environmental injustice (EC4).
     - Involves strategies like climate funds, PACE programs, and partnerships, suggesting this is an ongoing and evolving strategy rather than tied to specific deadlines.
     - Locations are not specific but imply broad application across Metro’s financial strategies and operations.
     - Economic: Involves scaling up adaptation and resilience financing and cooperating across departments and regional partners.
     - Strategic public-private partnerships are encouraged to enhance regional resilience and supply chain redundancies (EC4).

3. **Improve Robustness and Redundancy of the Energy Grid**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Vulnerabilities in the energy grid impacting operational robustness during climate events (IN1).
     - The plan broadly advocates for improvements without detailed cost or timeframe specifications.
     - Locations are broadly implied as city-wide infrastructure improvements.
     - Infrastructure: Encompasses on-site or distributed energy generation to enhance energy system redundancy and reliability (IN1).

4. **Scale Up Complete Streets and Multimodal Transportation Initiatives**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Vulnerabilities in transportation infrastructure due to climate impacts (IN6).
     - Details on cost and timeframe are not specified but highlight the initiative as part of broader urban infrastructure improvements (IN6).
     - Environmental: Promotes low-impact development and integrates greenways to foster sustainable transportation (IN6).
     - Infrastructure: Enhances transportation network resilience to adapt to climate impacts.

5. **Floodproofing Incentive Programs and Pollutant Controls**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Risk of flooding and associated environmental pollutants in vulnerable areas (NE5).
     - Specific cost and timeframe details are not provided.
     - Location is implied as areas identified at risk for flooding within the Metro region.
     - Environmental: Encourages sustainable development practices and pollution control to mitigate flood risks (NE5).

6. **Increase Low-Impact Development**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Stormwater management and infrastructure overload due to climate change impacts (NE6).
     - Emphasizes scaling up such approaches without specifics on cost or location.
     - Timeline details are not specified, implying ongoing efforts to build resilience within urban planning (NE6).
     - Environmental: Promotes sustainable urban planning to enhance resilience against increased stormwater due to climate change (NE6).

These options are part of Metro Nashville’s comprehensive strategy to enhance the city’s resilience to the impacts of climate change, emphasizing sustainable practices, economic partnerships, and infrastructure improvements.

The provided document does not explicitly list specific mitigation options with detailed information regarding cost, timing, location, and other important attributes. Instead, it emphasizes the development of an Implementation Roadmap and action items aimed at improving Metro's climate resilience, adaptation, and readiness. As stated, "It is important to acknowledge that no cost or budget information is provided alongside the Implementation Roadmap or Action Items contained in this Plan" (Metro Nashville Climate Adaptation and Resilience Plan, section not specified).

The document suggests that mitigation efforts might include actions such as increasing renewable energy generation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions: "Nashville can play its global part in mitigation actions, such as increasing renewable energy generation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions" (Metro Nashville Climate Adaptation and Resilience Plan, section not specified).

The focus of this plan appears to be more on adaptation and resilience than specific mitigation strategies with associated details on costs and timelines.

The provided document primarily focuses on adaptation and resilience measures rather than mitigation options. However, it touches briefly on the broader themes related to mitigation actions in general contexts.

Here are the relevant points regarding mitigation options:

- **Increasing Renewable Energy Generation:**
  - **Description:** The plan mentions the role of Nashville in increasing renewable energy generation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This is illustrated as part of the broader mitigation actions Nashville can take. 
  - **Cost, Timeframe, Location, and Other Attributes:** Specific details such as cost, timeframe, or location for implementing renewable energy generation initiatives are not provided in the document. The plan emphasizes the necessity for such measures to prevent worsening weather conditions and to preserve the natural environment ("Metro Nashville Climate Adaptation and Resilience Plan 55").

While specific mitigation strategies are not detailed in terms of cost, timeframe, or location, the document underscores the overarching approach to resilience and adaptation combined with implied mitigation benefits from reducing vulnerability and increasing adaptive capacity.

Based on the content of the "Metro Nashville Climate Adaptation and Resilience Plan," the adaptation options identified along with their relevant attributes are as follows:

### 1. **Floodproofing Incentive Programs and Pollutant Controls**
- **Climate Threat:** Addresses flooding.
- **Attributes:** The plan mentions **NE5** for floodproofing and pollutant controls; however, specific details about cost, timeframe, and location are not provided directly in the excerpts available.

### 2. **Increase Low-Impact Development**
- **Climate Threat:** Manages stormwater and reduces flooding risks.
- **Attributes:** Identified under **NE6**, this strategy encourages low-impact development, yet explicit cost, timeframe, or location specifics are not stated.

### 3. **Prohibit or Remove Invasive Species**
- **Climate Threat:** Protects natural ecosystems from invasive species that may exacerbate environmental vulnerability.
- **Attributes:** Referenced as **NE7**, but without details on cost, timeframe, or specific locations.

### 4. **Improve Robustness and Redundancy of the Energy Grid**
- **Climate Threat:** Addresses energy disruptions due to climate impacts.
- **Attributes:** **IN1** involves energy grid improvements, while lacking explicit cost, timeframe, or location information.

### 5. **On-Site or Distributed Energy Generation for Critical Facilities**
- **Climate Threat:** Increases energy resilience for critical infrastructure during extreme weather events.
- **Attributes:** **IN2** is noted for critical facilities, without further specifics on cost, timeframe, or location.

### 6. **Review and Update Building Codes, Zoning Criteria, and Design Standards**
- **Climate Threat:** Enhances building resilience to withstand climate impacts.
- **Attributes:** Cited as **IN3**, although particular cost, timeframe, or location details are not given.

### 7. **Review and Optimize Asset Management Programs**
- **Climate Threat:** Ensures infrastructure resilience against climate hazards.
- **Attributes:** Identified as **IN4**, without accompanying specifics on cost, timeframe, or location.

### 8. **Develop Adaptation Plan for Critical Infrastructure and Services**
- **Climate Threat:** Focuses on protecting critical infrastructure from climate impacts.
- **Attributes:** Captured as **IN5**, but lacks explicit details on cost, timeframe, or location.

### 9. **Scale Up Complete Streets and Multimodal Transportation Initiatives including Greenway Interconnections**
- **Climate Threat:** Facilitates climate-resilient transportation.
- **Attributes:** Notes **IN6** for this strategy, yet explicit cost, timeframe, or location details are missing.

### 10. **Facility Energy Management Plans**
- **Climate Threat:** Ensures energy efficiency and resilience for facilities.
- **Attributes:** Listed as **IN8**, though missing specific cost, timeframe, or location specifics.

### General Attributes Across Options:
- The plan acknowledges the lack of **cost and budget information** as noted in: "*It is important to acknowledge that no cost or budget information is provided alongside the Implementation Roadmap or Action Items contained in this Plan.*"
- The plan focuses on **near-term actions** with annual updates but does not provide detailed timelines for each adaptation option.
- No specific geographic locations are detailed in the provided sections for the implementation of these adaptation options.

The information provided remains relatively high-level and emphasizes the need for future detailed planning, assessments, and resource allocation as the implementation phase progresses.

The **Metro Nashville Climate Adaptation and Resilience Plan** identifies several climate policies aimed at advancing climate justice, addressing various climate threats, and focusing on vulnerable populations:

1. **Equitable Implementation of Climate Action**:
   - **Climate Threat**: General climate change impacts, including disparities in exposure to climate hazards like heatwaves and flooding.
   - **Vulnerable Populations**: Frontline communities, which are disproportionately low-income and BIPOC communities. These communities are described as bearing the brunt of climate impacts due to historical neglect and socioeconomic inequities. (_"Equity means that all residents have the opportunity to benefit from climate action and are not unequally burdened by climate impacts and hazards."_)

2. **Environmental Justice Initiatives**:
   - **Climate Threat**: Environmental pollution exacerbated by climate change hazards.
   - **Vulnerable Populations**: Disadvantaged communities living near sources of environmental hazards, such as highways and industrial zones. These are often areas "characterized by historic and/or ongoing under-investment." (_"This data demonstrates how compounded historical and present-day economic, environmental, and social burdens combine to create a situation of significantly higher risk for minority households in Nashville."_)

3. **Addressing Gentrification and Displacement**:
   - **Climate Threat**: Displacement and loss of socioeconomic stability driven by climate adaptation measures.
   - **Vulnerable Populations**: Communities experiencing gentrification, particularly racial and ethnic minority communities who have been historically displaced. (_"It is important that efforts made to address climate risks do not inadvertently further inequity but rather identify parallel strategies to strengthen the underlying socioeconomic well-being of communities."_)

4. **Nashville’s Environmental Justice Initiative (NEJI)**:
   - **Climate Threat**: Environmental injustice and lack of access to decision-making in climate-related policy.
   - **Vulnerable Populations**: Communities living adjacent to environmental hazards, facing issues like toxic exposure or inadequate housing quality. (_"Nashville’s Environmental Justice Initiative (NEJI)... has worked to identify specific needs for EJ learning, develop targeted education and training solutions, and educate community stakeholders as a first step toward addressing Nashville’s environmental injustice."_)

5. **Emergency Management Planning**:
   - **Climate Threat**: Inadequate response and resilience to climate-driven disasters like extreme weather events.
   - **Vulnerable Populations**: Residents who are on the frontlines of climate disasters and who face additional resource challenges. (_"Ensure that Nashville’s Emergency Management Plan considers the evacuation capabilities and needs of residents who are on the front lines of climate disasters."_)

These policies collectively aim to mitigate climate impacts by targeting the socioeconomic and environmental vulnerabilities that disproportionately affect disadvantaged communities.

Based on the provided excerpts from the Metro Nashville Climate Adaptation and Resilience Plan, the document does not explicitly identify potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies. It does, however, emphasize the importance of comprehensive and equitable adaptation measures and resilience strategies. Here are some general points relevant to the consideration of maladaptation:

1. **Climate Threat:** Extreme weather events and changing heat patterns.
   
   - **Proposed Option:** Developing an adaptation plan for critical infrastructure and services through conducting risk assessments and creating actionable strategies (described in PS3. DEVELOP ADAPTATION PLAN FOR CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES).

   - **Potential for Maladaptation:** If the focus on critical infrastructure is not balanced by considering vulnerable populations, there could be a failure to protect those who are most at risk, potentially increasing vulnerability for marginalized communities during climate events.

2. **Climate Threat:** Climate vulnerability due to existing inequalities.

   - **Proposed Option:** Building climate resilience of low-income and BIPOC communities (referenced in the summary of potential direct and indirect impacts).

   - **Potential for Maladaptation:** Without proper engagement and representation of these communities in decision-making, there could be a reinforcement of systemic inequalities, leading to benefits that do not reach those who need them most.

3. **Climate Threat:** Flooding and stormwater management.

   - **Proposed Option:** Scaling up low-impact approaches for stormwater management (noted as a strategy in Figure 41. Metro's Climate Adaptation and Resilience Goals).

   - **Potential for Maladaptation:** If these low-impact approaches are not correctly designed or maintained, they could exacerbate flooding issues or lead to unintended ecological impacts downstream.

While these points highlight general considerations, the plan focuses on developing adaptable strategies, resilience toolkits, and emphasizes equity, aiming to prevent maladaptation. For example, the plan discusses the development of a "Climate Resiliency Toolkit" which integrates resilience into departmental operations, pointing to a proactive approach in addressing potential risks comprehensively (XC1. DEVELOP A CLIMATE RESILIENCY TOOLKIT AND TRAINING RESOURCES). The commitment to embedding equity in the processes also indicates an intention to mitigate maladaptive risks.

The Metro Nashville Climate Adaptation and Resilience Plan measures the success or failure of each adaptation, resilience, and mitigation option using several specific performance indicators and metrics, which are organized around the plan's goals. Here are the details:

### **Key Performance Indicators and Metrics**

#### **Goal I**

- **External Outreach or Training**
    - Number of outreach resources developed
    - Number of people who accessed outreach resources
    - Hours of training delivered
    - Number of people trained
  - *Objective:* Increase from baseline
  - *Initial Assessment Year:* FY2027

- **Capital Spending on Disadvantaged Communities**
    - Number of dollars allocated
    - Number of dollars spent

- **Grant Dollars for Disadvantaged Communities**

#### **Goal II**

- **Departments with Adaptation and Resilience Plans**
    - Number of Metro departments

- **Capital Spending on Infrastructure Resilience**

- **Grant Dollars for Infrastructure Resilience**

#### **Goal IV**

- **FTEs with Climate Resilience Responsibilities**
    - Number of FTEs (Full-Time Employees)

### **Additional Indicators**

- **Equitable Outcomes**
    - Percentage of cost-burdened households
    - Percentage of households with environmental/climate-related health burdens

- **Adaptation**
    - Number of facilities designated as storm-ready
    - Avoided costs (e.g., redundancy investments, adaptation investments)

- **Resilience**
    - Number of households exposed to acute hazards
    - System service recovery time
    - Number of households with insurance

- **Energy**
  - *Target:* Reduce community-wide and Metro GHG emissions by 80% by 2050

- **Mobility**
  - *Targets:*
    - Reduce drive-alone rates from 79% to 40% by 2050
    - Increase EV adoption rate to 40% by 2050

- **Waste Reduction**
  - *Target:* Achieve zero waste (≥ 90% diversion) by 2050

- **Green Buildings**
  - *Target:* Implemented under broader energy reduction goals

- **Natural Resources**
  - *Target:* Increase resilience focusing on heat and flood adaptations for disadvantaged populations

These indicators and targets are aimed to help Metro Nashville track progress and measure success across different aspects of climate adaptation, resilience, and mitigation.

| **Feature**        | **Details**                                                                                                                                  |
|--------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name**   | Metro Nashville                                                                                                                             |
| **Population**     | Approximately 716,000                                                                                                                         |
| **Threats Identified** | - **Primary Climate Hazards:** Flooding, Earthquake, Drought, Extreme Temperatures (Cold and Heat), Tornadoes, Wildfire, Winter Storm, etc. (Metro Nashville Climate Adaptation and Resilience Plan 129) <br> - **Top Climate Hazards:** Floods, Tornadoes and Severe Storms, Increasing Baseline Heat, Extreme Heat, and Heat Waves, Extreme Cold (PART TWO: THE PROCESS 28-46) |
| **Measures Identified** | - **Adaptive Capacity Interventions:** To improve resilience by identifying Metro’s system sub-components most vulnerable to climate hazards (ADAPTIVE CAPACITY AND FOCUS OF INTERVENTIONS 84) <br> - **System Map Pillars:** Community & Culture, Natural Environment, Infrastructure, Economy, Public Safety (EVALUATION METHODOLOGY 60) <br> - **Impact Chains:** Developed to differentiate exposure from risk and identify potential interventions for reducing the severity of impacts (EVALUATION METHODOLOGY 60) <br> - **Strategic Plan Goals:** Four overarching goals and associated strategies and actions in the Implementation Roadmap (ADAPTIVE CAPACITY AND FOCUS OF INTERVENTIONS 84) |
```

### Physical and Economic Landscape of Aspen

#### **Planning Jurisdiction**
- **Name:** City of Aspen

#### **Location**
- **Region:** Aspen is situated in the Upper Colorado River basin and is part of the mountain resort communities.

#### **Population and Demographics**

#### **Geographic Features**
- **Mountains:** Aspen is located within the Southern Rockies, featuring the typical mountainous terrain.
- **Rivers:** Historical hydrologic data is presented on the Roaring Fork River, suggesting its significance to the area.
  
#### **Key Infrastructure**
- The document does not mention specific infrastructure like airports or seaports.

#### **Local Climate**
- Aspen’s climate includes "increasing summertime high temperatures" and "warming wintertime minimum temperatures" (Chapter 4, Box 4.5).
- The timing and quantity of runoff, linked to snowpack, is a noted concern, indicating water challenges (Chapter 4, Box 4.5).

#### **Energy Production and Natural Resources**
- The City of Aspen Electric utility aims for 100% renewable energy supply, emphasizing a high percentage of electricity from renewables (Chapter 4).
- The portion of the upper valley supplied by Holy Cross Energy strives to satisfy Colorado Renewable Portfolio goals (Chapter 4).
- Local initiatives promote "integration of demand side management and GHG reduction strategies" in energy planning and resilience (Chapter 4, Box 4.5).

#### **Industries and Economic Drivers**
- The report emphasizes the importance of "recreation and tourism" and other sectors like "public health and safety, energy, and infrastructure" (Chapter 4).
- Transportation is noted as a major contributor to Aspen’s greenhouse gas emissions. The local mass transit bus system (RFTA) has been significant in reducing vehicle use (Chapter 4).

#### **Economic Drivers**
- The document underscores the local economy's reliance on skiing and snow availability, critical for maintaining tourism and its associated economic impacts (Chapter 4).

This summary provides a concise overview of the physical and economic landscape of the City of Aspen as described within the climate plan.

The plan takes a comprehensive approach to resilience by outlining a continuous process that involves "assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation" as key parts of adaptation planning. This cyclic process is designed to "maintain essential functions and adapt to changes," emphasizing stakeholder engagement and a community-based approach. The plan highlights a range of categories for resilience-building actions, such as "reducing exposure," "enhancing response and recovery preparedness," and "increasing resilience to changing risks" (Chapter 6).

Mitigation efforts are not the central focus of the plan but are integrated into the broader scope of resilience strategies. It mentions that "response strategies under the category of transformation" include actions coordinated with greenhouse gas reduction goals. This suggests a connection between enhancing resilience and contributing to mitigation strategies. However, specific mitigation actions or goals such as renewable energy initiatives or emissions reductions are not highlighted as primary objectives (Chapter 6).

The plan extensively addresses adaptation, positioning it as a fundamental component of resilience planning. It describes adaptation as an "iterative, ongoing cycle" that involves "learning, planning, implementing, and evaluating." The plan also outlines specific adaptation options, including "enhanced education and public outreach" and "ecological restoration and conservation," especially pertaining to sectors like water (Chapter 6).

Based on the comprehensive focus on resilience and adaptation, and the supporting integration of some mitigation efforts, the plan should be classified as an **adaptation/resilience dedicated** plan. It primarily centers on building community resilience and adaptation capacity while incorporating mitigation as a supportive strategy, rather than a primary focus.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change that Aspen will face and for which it is developing climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. The plan highlights that Aspen's climate is already changing, with additional changes expected throughout the 21st century and beyond. These changes include:

- **Longer summertime warm periods**: This could exacerbate already risky wildfire conditions.
- **Earlier onset of spring snowmelt and more precipitation arriving as rain rather than snow**: This could place extra pressure on already stretched water providers and users.
- **Longer dry periods with heavier precipitation events in between**: Adding challenges to water management and impacting ski area operators and other recreation providers.

The plan notes that these changes will take place within the context of both regional and global shifts, resulting in unprecedented conditions in human history. It also acknowledges the potential emergence of new opportunities, such as expanded summertime activities (Executive Summary).

1. **Floods**
   - **Description:** The plan identifies Aspen's location alongside the Roaring Fork River and steep hillsides as significant factors increasing flood risk. Future climate changes may alter the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events that can lead to flooding.
   - **Risks:** Flood risks include potential damage to infrastructure and increased hazards to settlement and society. The plan highlights that both sudden and prolonged impacts of floods could pose major threats.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas near the Roaring Fork River and unstable slopes are highly vulnerable to flooding due to their topographical features.

2. **Fires**
   - **Description:** Fire risk is exacerbated by large tracts of forest surrounding Aspen, which can be affected by changes in temperature and precipitation patterns. Climate change could increase the frequency and intensity of fire events.
   - **Risks:** Increased risk of fires poses a threat to local structures and ecosystems and could lead to severe damage or destruction in the event of an outbreak.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Forest areas and developments near large tracts of vegetation are particularly susceptible to fire risks.

3. **Landslides and Mudflows**
   - **Description:** The planning jurisdiction includes unstable geological features such as alluvial fans and rock fall areas which are prone to landslides and mudflows, especially with increased rainfall or rapid snowmelt.
   - **Risks:** These hazards pose risks to human safety and infrastructure, including roads and buildings, potentially leading to blockages or destruction.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas near steep hillsides and known geological instability zones are most vulnerable.

4. **Droughts**
   - **Description:** Prolonged periods without precipitation are identified as a key risk, with the potential to affect water availability and exacerbate other hazards like fires.
   - **Risks:** Droughts can impact water supply, increase fire risks, and harm local agriculture and ecosystems.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Populations dependent on consistent water supplies for agriculture or daily use are particularly vulnerable to drought conditions.

5. **Extreme Precipitation Events**
   - **Description:** Climate models project an increase in the number of days with heavy rainfall and longer dry spells, creating erratic and extreme precipitation patterns.
   - **Risks:** These events can lead to flooding, soil erosion, and strain on stormwater management systems, affecting infrastructure and ecosystems.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Urban areas with inadequate drainage and populations living near water bodies are most vulnerable to extreme precipitation events. 

The plan emphasizes that assessing and responding to these hazards requires consideration of site-specific risks, ongoing analysis, and updates to address climate impacts, such as altering zoning regulations and integrating adaptation into building codes.

Based on the provided document, the plan identifies several resilience options that address various climate threats. Below are the resilience options and their attributes:

### **1. Institutional and Policy Adequacy and Legitimacy**
- **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:** This option focuses on maintaining the ability of institutions and policies to meet the needs of both human and non-human systems amidst climate change.
- **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Not explicitly mentioned in the document.
  - Ensures institutional support to preserve ecosystems and societal functions.
  - Contributes to social welfare by fulfilling obligations to constituents and ecosystems.

### **2. Ecological and Environmental Protection**
- **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:** Aims to preserve ecosystem resilience and environmental conditions which are under threat from climate change impacts.
  - Encourages conservation and management practices that enhance ecological diversity and services.
  - Supports sustainable practices to protect natural resources.

### **3. Social Justice**
- **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:** Targets reducing vulnerabilities and inequities within marginalized populations.
  - Aims to strengthen community solidarity and overall well-being.
  - Focuses on inclusion and fairness in the distribution of resources and adaptive measures.

### **4. Political and Procedural Integrity**
- **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:** Addresses the need for transparent and inclusive processes in the face of climate threats.
  - Ensures that decision-making processes are open and accountable.
  - Promotes engagement and trust in governance related to climate actions.

### **5. Cultural and Psychological Factors**
- **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:** Protects community identity and psychological well-being against climate-induced changes.
  - Preserves the cultural identity and heritage of areas threatened by climate impacts.
  - Supports the community’s mental and emotional resilience.

### **Lessons from Other Communities (Table 6.2)**
- **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:** These are general strategies aimed at building community resilience to various climate threats.
  - Keene, NH; Boulder, CO; Moab, UT; King County, WA have been referenced as example locations but specific cost and timeframe details are not given in the document.
  - Offers frameworks for integrating climate resilience into existing structures.
  - Encourages collaborative and participatory approaches to planning.

### **Additional General Considerations in Resiliency Planning**
- **Notes:** The document emphasizes ongoing assessment, stakeholder engagement, and adaptive management as key elements of resilience planning, suggesting this approach enables communities to better address economic, environmental, and infrastructural challenges.

The exact cost, timeframe, and specific details of these strategies are not directly provided in the plan. Therefore, further research or context may be necessary to comprehensively understand the implementation specifics of these resilience options.

The plan doesn't explicitly identify specific mitigation options in detail with respect to cost, timing, and location. However, it does mention some ideas that generally relate to climate mitigation efforts throughout the document.

1. **Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Reduction Efforts:**
   - *Attributes:* The plan mentions the integration of resilience and GHG reduction efforts into planning codes and energy-intensive infrastructure such as transportation. This reflects the intent to pursue an integrated approach. However, specific cost, timing, and location details are not provided.
   - *Section Reference:* *Infrastructure & Built Environment Summary*

2. **Building and Energy Standards:**
   - *Attributes:* Potential revisions to building codes and infrastructure standards are touched upon to address changing hazard risks, including climate impacts. Additionally, the integration of stormwater and mudflow mitigation techniques into urban design projects is discussed.

3. **New Infrastructure Design:**
   - *Attributes:* The report mentions that new infrastructure should be engineered for the range of likely future climate scenarios to extend service life and improve resilience. While this suggests future infrastructural planning and updating, it again lacks specific details on cost, timing, and implementation location.

Overall, while the plan suggests a commitment to mitigation through updates and integrations of current systems and standards, it does not provide a detailed breakdown of the specific mitigation options, including costs or location-specific implementations.

The plan identifies several mitigation options, though specific details such as cost, timeframe, and precise location are not comprehensively detailed in the provided content:

1. **Local Food Production**:
   - **Summary**: Stakeholders have mentioned the importance of greater local food production as a mitigating action in response to climate change.
     - *Cost*: Not specified.
     - *Timeframe*: Not specified.
     - *Location*: Not specified.
     - *Additional Notes*: Mentioned as a part of desired future actions for addressing vulnerabilities related to climate change (Box 5.3).

2. **Integration of Resilience and GHG Reduction Efforts**:
   - **Summary**: Efforts are mentioned to integrate resilience and greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction into planning, particularly in codes and energy-intensive infrastructure such as transportation.
     - *Location*: Involves planning of codes and infrastructure projects.
     - *Additional Notes*: Suggested as a potential response to increased hazards from climate change (Box 4.6 Infrastructure & Built Environment Summary).

3. **Improved Building Design Requirements**:
   - **Summary**: A rationale exists for improved building design requirements that integrate development codes with long-term climate mitigation goals.
     - *Location*: Focused on urban design projects and parks.
     - *Additional Notes*: Tied to integrating stormwater and mudflow mitigation techniques into urban designs (Box 4.6 Infrastructure & Built Environment Summary).

4. **Evaluation of Preparedness and Response to Low Probability Events**:
   - **Summary**: The plan includes evaluating preparedness and response strategies for low probability, high consequence events, such as catastrophic wildfires.
     - *Additional Notes*: Linked to increasing hazards associated with climate impacts (Box 4.6 Infrastructure & Built Environment Summary).

5. **Long-term Monitoring**:
   - **Summary**: Long-term monitoring is mentioned as a necessary action by stakeholders to meet challenges associated with climate change.
     - *Timeframe*: Long-term.
     - *Additional Notes*: Recognized as a desired future action essential for adapting to climate change (Box 5.3).

6. **Flexibility in Planning and Action**:
   - **Summary**: Flexibility in planning and action is recognized as a desired action for adapting to and mitigating the effects of climate change.
     - *Additional Notes*: Emphasized as a future action to improve adaptability (Box 5.3).

The plan focuses on broad strategies for integrating mitigation with resilience efforts without providing specific information on the cost, exact locations, or detailed timeframes for each option.

The plan identifies several adaptation options across different sectors. Each option is summarized below with the threats they address and any relevant details provided in the document:

1. **Enhanced Education and Public Outreach**
   - **Climate Threat:** Water sector challenges due to shifting hydrologic conditions caused by climate change.
   - **Attributes:** The plan emphasizes the importance of involving communities through education and public outreach to raise awareness and promote adaptive behaviors. However, specific details on cost, timeframe, or location are not directly provided in the plan.

2. **Local and Regional Research, Monitoring, Planning, and Investment**
   - **Climate Threat:** Water sector changes linked to climate change impacts.
   - **Attributes:** The plan suggests that ongoing research and planning are essential to integrate new information regarding climate change impacts. It mentions the need for investments but does not provide specific cost or timeframe information.

3. **Ecological Restoration and Conservation**
   - **Climate Threat:** Degradation of ecosystems due to climate change.
   - **Attributes:** The plan highlights activities like ecological restoration as necessary to adapt to changing conditions. It does not provide detailed information on cost, timeframe, or specific locations.

4. **Collaborative Watershed-scale Strategy (Watershed Action Plan)**
   - **Climate Threat:** Riparian health and water management issues exacerbated by climate change.
   - **Attributes:** The plan involves a collaborative strategy, including various stakeholders. It includes climate change as one of the focal issues. Specific details such as cost, timeframe, or precise locations are not specified.

5. **Early Planning and Discussion for Water and Fire Concerns**
   - **Climate Threat:** Water scarcity and increased fire risk due to climate change.
   - **Attributes:** Encourages early planning and discussion to preempt conflicts and address concerns. The plan does not specify costs, timeframes, or locations.

6. **Long-term Monitoring and Public Outreach**
   - **Climate Threat:** Ongoing and future climate impacts.
   - **Attributes:** Recognized as a critical component in adapting to climate changes, with an emphasis on monitoring and outreach. Detailed information regarding costs, timeframes, or specific locations is not provided.

7. **Local Food Production**
   - **Climate Threat:** Increased vulnerability of food systems to climate impacts.
   - **Attributes:** Encourages local food production as an adaptation strategy. There are no specific cost, timeframe, or location details provided in the document.

8. **Building Codes Related to Fire Protection and Energy Use**
   - **Climate Threat:** Increased fire risk and energy demand due to climate change.
   - **Attributes:** Suggests the reconsideration of building codes to improve fire protection and energy efficiency. Detailed information on costs, timeframes, or locations is missing.

The plan provides a broad range of adaptation options but lacks specific details on costs, timeframes, or locations for implementation in most cases.

The plan mentions several aspects related to climate justice, primarily revolving around **social justice** and **equitable processes** in the context of climate adaptation and resilience planning. However, specific climate policies explicitly labeled as "climate justice" measures are not detailed in the provided document. Instead, the plan emphasizes general strategies such as **public education and outreach** which could underpin climate justice by raising awareness and encouraging participation among vulnerable and marginalized groups. Here is a summary based on the available content:

### Climate Policy: Public Education and Outreach

   - The policy addresses general climate threats, including **extreme weather events** and **climate-related health risks**, by promoting community awareness and preparedness.

   - While specific populations are not detailed, there is an implication that **public education** is especially crucial for **high-risk populations**, which could include low-income communities, the elderly, and those with pre-existing health conditions.

### Climate Policy: Flexibility in Planning and Action

   - This policy aims to address uncertainties in future climate conditions and potential new risks by ensuring that planning strategies can adapt to changes as they occur.

   - This flexibility is crucial for all populations but especially beneficial for communities on the **frontlines of climate change** that may experience more dynamic and uncertain climate impacts.

### Climate Policy: Water Conservation Planning

   - This policy addresses threats related to **drought and water scarcity** which can be exacerbated by climate change.

   - The policy is particularly relevant for areas dependent on limited water resources, potentially impacting rural communities and those reliant on agriculture-based economies.

These strategies reflect an approach that indirectly supports climate justice by advocating for inclusive, flexible, and informed processes that benefit all community segments, especially the vulnerable. However, specific policies targeting climate justice for certain demographics are not distinctly outlined in the provided text.

Based on the provided document, the plan does not explicitly mention specific climate policies that are currently identified as potentially leading to unforeseen maladaptation. However, we can infer potential areas where maladaptation might occur based on general considerations in climate planning:

1. **Potential Maladaptive Policy: Integration of Resilience and GHG Reduction Efforts in Infrastructure Planning**

     - The policy aims to address increasing hazards to structures and infrastructure from climate-related events such as floods, fires, and droughts. It seeks to integrate resilience and GHG reduction efforts into building codes and energy-intensive infrastructure planning such as transportation.
   
     - This involves the adaptation option of revising building codes and infrastructure standards to address changing climate hazard risks and integrating resilience and GHG reduction efforts into the planning of codes and energy-intensive infrastructure.

   - **Reason for Possible Inadvertent Maladaptation:**
     - The document suggests, "Evaluation and possible revision of building codes and infrastructure standards" (Box 4.6). There is a risk that if these revised standards do not adequately account for unknown future climate conditions or if they inadvertently prioritize certain infrastructures or communities over others, they could lead to increased future vulnerabilities. Overemphasis on specific technological solutions may also ignore the social and ecological dimensions, thus leading to imbalances and unintended consequences.

2. **Potential Maladaptive Policy: Adaptation Measures Focusing Solely on First-Order Single Stressors**

     - The policy targets immediate climate stressors such as prolonged drought, increased fire risk, and diminished water availability.

     - The adaptation option involves implementing strategies to mitigate the direct impacts of stressors like drought and fire, including water management and fire prevention measures.

     - The document notes multiple stresses, such as "With drought, there are riparian habitat impacts and increased risk of fire" (Box 4.6). Focusing only on immediate stressors may lead to policies that do not account for "second and third-order impacts" (e.g., ecological and economic ripple effects), thereby creating situations where the system is more vulnerable to combined or successive stress events over time. Additionally, the emphasis on physical infrastructure or technical solutions might ignore crucial socio-economic vulnerabilities or environmental dependencies that could exacerbate adaptation failures.

In conclusion, while these are not explicitly labeled as maladaptive within the document, they represent areas where maladaptation could potentially arise if broader systemic interconnections and future uncertainties are not thoroughly integrated into policy planning.

Based on the provided text, the plan does not specify specific metrics or units such as tons or percentages for measuring the success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options. However, it outlines various criteria and broad areas of success evaluation used for gauging the effectiveness of these options. Here are the categories and criteria mentioned:

### **Criteria for Success**

- **Economic:**
  - Minimizing or avoiding financial losses and/or capitalizing on opportunities and benefits.
  
- **Institutional:**
  - Preserving the ability of institutions, policies, and resource management to meet obligations to constituents as well as ecosystems.

- **Ecological:**
  - Preserving the resilience capacity, diversity, and services made possible by healthy ecosystems.

- **Social:**
  - Reducing vulnerabilities and/or inequities within marginalized populations while strengthening communities.

- **Procedural:**
  - Supporting transparent and inclusive processes.

- **Cultural:**
  - Preserving and/or enhancing vital aspects of community character and civic culture.

### **Goals and Objectives**

- **Planning and Engagement:**
  - Involves setting measurable goals and engaging stakeholders who may be helpful in implementing strategies.
  
- **Implementation and Monitoring:**
  - Incorporation of a monitoring component to provide data essential to analysis of performance measured against established goals.

While the document does not list specific numerical objectives or deadlines, it emphasizes a process of iterative assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation in fostering resilience and adaptation. It suggests considering:

- **Economic Protection:**
  - Minimizing or avoiding losses from climate-related damages while capitalizing on financial benefits.

No specific units of measurement like CO2 reductions in tons or air quality index improvements are mentioned in the provided text. Similarly, no explicit deadlines or numerical objectives are outlined for each adaptation, resilience, and mitigation option.

Certainly! Here's the summary table based on the document:

|------------------------|----------------|------------------------|-------------------------|
| Aspen, Colorado        | Not specified  | - Reduced snowpack, changing water cycles, increased risk of wildfires and landslides impacting wilderness, property, and health & safety. | - Reducing greenhouse gas emissions, establishing a resiliency plan to address economic and environmental vulnerabilities. |
```

**Notes:**
- The population of Aspen, Colorado, is not specified in the provided document.
- Threats and measures are derived from the content focusing on identified climate change challenges and actions for Aspen as discussed in the document.

The plan does not explicitly provide detailed information about the physical and economic landscape of the planning jurisdiction beyond the context necessary for climate action. However, some relevant details can be inferred or are briefly mentioned:

- **Name of the Planning Jurisdiction:** City of Ann Arbor
- **Location:** It is implied to be in the State of Michigan.
- **Population and Demographics:** The document does not provide specific details on population or demographics.
- **Average Income:** The plan does not detail the average income of residents.
- **Geographic Features:** 
  - **Rivers:** Reference is made to the Huron River and the watershed areas in Ann Arbor (_City of Ann Arbor Climate Action Plan_ 157).
- **Key Infrastructure:** The plan does not detail key infrastructures, such as airports or seaports.
  - The plan acknowledges that "climate change is not a future problem: it is happening now" and refers to potential impacts and disruptions both "locally and globally" (_City of Ann Arbor Climate Action Plan_ 1).
  - There is no specific mention of aridity or water challenges, but there is an emphasis on managing water resources and the need for stormwater infrastructure (_City of Ann Arbor Climate Action Plan_ 157).
  - The plan makes specific references to renewable energy as well as the discontinuation of fossil fuels in the long term. Actions to increase the use of renewable energy and reduce dependency on centralized, fossil-fuel-based energy sources are emphasized (_City of Ann Arbor Climate Action Plan_ 176).
  - The city has met specific renewable energy goals, such as 20% renewable energy for municipal operations by 2010 (_City of Ann Arbor Climate Action Plan_ 19).
  - There is mention of various sectors contributing to greenhouse gas emissions, including commercial, residential, transportation, waste management, and the University of Michigan (_City of Ann Arbor Climate Action Plan_ 1).
  - The plan references agriculture needing to adapt for more regional food production to reduce emissions (_City of Ann Arbor Climate Action Plan_ 176).
  - Collaborative efforts with businesses and partnerships with institutions like the University of Michigan are highlighted as part of the city's climate action strategy (_City of Ann Arbor Climate Action Plan_ 21).

For more detailed economic and demographic insights, specifics would need to be sourced from additional documents external to this climate action plan.

- The plan incorporates resilience through its adaptation strategies. It outlines strategies meant to "build resilience, prepare for extreme events, and prevent future negative outcomes" by having the City "implement ‘no regrets’ adaptation actions now" and ensuring "an integrated systems planning approach to built and natural infrastructure for all climate change planning scenarios" (ADAPTATION STRATEGIES).

- Mitigation efforts are a significant component of the plan, focusing on "efforts to reduce the sources of GHGs or enhance the Earth’s ability to sequester them" (Mitigation). The plan recommends various actions across sectors such as energy, buildings, land use, and resource management to achieve GHG reduction targets, as outlined in Table 1 under sections like Energy and Buildings, Land Use and Access, and Resource Management (Executive Summary 6).

- The plan emphasizes adaptation as a key component, recommending "five specific strategies that the City of Ann Arbor and its residents can use to react effectively and efficiently to climate-related challenges" (Executive Summary). It emphasizes the need to prepare for unavoidable climate changes and highlights adaptation strategies like the use of "climate-resiliency practices in all city planning efforts" (ADAPTATION STRATEGIES).

Overall, the plan integrates significant elements of both mitigation and adaptation. However, given that a major focus is on detailed mitigation strategies, including GHG reduction targets, while also recommending the integration of adaptation strategies, the plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change that the City of Ann Arbor is planning for, which includes both current and future conditions. The planning jurisdiction is aware of the challenges posed by climate change and is working to develop policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation based on these expected scenarios.

- *Temperature Increase:* Average surface temperatures in the Great Lakes Region rose by 2.3 degrees Fahrenheit from 1968 to 2002 and are predicted to increase by 3.6 to 11.2 degrees Fahrenheit over the next 75 years ("Purpose").

- *Regional Climate Impacts:* The predicted effects of accelerating warming in the Great Lakes region include decreased winter ice cover, increased extreme weather events, changing rainfall patterns disruptive to crop productivity, shifts in distribution and composition of animal, insect, and floral species which may disrupt existing ecosystems, and the risk of new diseases traditionally found in warmer climates ("Executive Summary").

- *Local Climate Impacts:* Public health will be significantly affected by increased air temperatures leading to summer high-heat events, increased air pollutants such as smog and particulate matter, and an increased incidence of flooding and drought due to changes in extreme precipitation events ("Adaptation 172").

This plan indicates a proactive approach, incorporating both mitigation and adaptation strategies in anticipation of these changing climate conditions.

1. **Increased Air Temperatures and Heat Events**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Increased air temperatures leading to summer high-heat events are anticipated.
   - **Climate Risks:** These high summer temperatures will lead to increased air pollutants such as smog and particulate matter, posing health risks.
   - **Most Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Children, the elderly, low-income individuals, or other vulnerable populations are expected to be disproportionately harmed by this hazard. *(See "The Likely Effects of Climate Change" and "Public health is likely to be significantly affected" sections)*

2. **Increased Incidence of Flooding**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Changes in extreme precipitation events leading to increased incidence of flooding.
   - **Climate Risks:** Flooding can have widespread effects on infrastructure, property, and public health.
   - **Most Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The plan does not specify particular areas or populations most vulnerable to flooding, but it implies all community members and those relying on municipal infrastructure could be affected. *(See "The Likely Effects of Climate Change" and "Increased incidence of flooding" sections)*

3. **Increased Incidence of Drought**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Changes in extreme precipitation events contributing to increased incidence of drought.
   - **Climate Risks:** Drought could affect water supply for households, agriculture, and ecosystems.
   - **Most Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The most vulnerable groups are not detailed for drought, but it suggests impacts on both human and natural systems. *(See "The Likely Effects of Climate Change" and "Increased incidence of flooding and drought" sections)*

4. **Decreased Winter Ice Cover**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Predicted decrease in winter ice cover.
   - **Climate Risks:** This could have ecological impacts and affect water supply dynamics, although specific risks are not elaborated.
   - **Most Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Not specified. *(See "The predicted effects of accelerating warming in the Great Lakes region" section)*

5. **Increased Extreme Weather Events**
   - **Climate Hazard:** An increase in extreme weather events such as severe storms.
   - **Climate Risks:** These events pose risks to infrastructure, safety, and possibly lead to economic disruptions and loss of life.
   - **Most Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Vulnerability is broadly applicable, though specific vulnerable populations are not mentioned for this hazard. *(See "The predicted effects of accelerating warming in the Great Lakes region" section)*

6. **Changing Rainfall Patterns**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Changing rainfall patterns.
   - **Climate Risks:** The disruption to crop productivity and potential water scarcity are significant risks.
   - **Most Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** While not specified exactly, agricultural sectors may be particularly vulnerable. *(See "The predicted effects of accelerating warming in the Great Lakes region" section)*

7. **Shifts in Species Distribution and Composition**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Shifts in the distribution and composition of animal, insect, and floral species.
   - **Climate Risks:** Such shifts could radically disrupt existing ecosystems.
   - **Most Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Ecosystems and the human activities relying on them could be highly vulnerable. *(See "The predicted effects of accelerating warming in the Great Lakes region" section)*

8. **Risk of New Diseases**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Increased risk of diseases traditionally found in warmer climates emerging in the area.
   - **Climate Risks:** The emergence of new diseases poses public health risks.
   - **Most Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Those without adequate healthcare access and particularly vulnerable public health groups could be most at risk. *(See "The predicted effects of accelerating warming in the Great Lakes region" section)*

1. **Upgrade Aging Stormwater Infrastructure**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flooding concerns.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Not specifically detailed for cost and timeframe. Mentioned as part of general adaptation strategies, specific locations include projects like the West Park stormwater system with native prairie and wetland plantings.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** These upgrades are part of "no regrets" actions that provide benefits regardless of climate predictions, with added environmental benefits from cleansing rainwater runoff (*Adaptation Strategies*).

2. **Increase Capacity for Wastewater Collection and Treatment**
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Not specifically detailed.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** This action is designed to address flooding and is considered a "no regrets" adaptation action that provides benefits under both current and future climate scenarios (*Adaptation Strategies*).

3. **Promote Rainwater Collection**
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Rainwater collection is part of the "no regrets" adaptation actions, intended to increase resilience while providing economic and environmental benefits by enhancing water management (*Adaptation Strategies*).

4. **Develop and Implement Preparedness and Response Plans for Health Threats**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Health threats such as heat waves, severe weather events, and infectious diseases.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Not specifically detailed in terms of cost or timeframe.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Plans focus on protecting citizens from health and safety hazards, encouraging personal emergency plans, and stocking emergency supplies for all citizens (*Adaptation Strategies*).

5. **Cooling Centers with Free Transportation**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Extreme heat events.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Mentioned locations include the library and Delonis Center.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Provides transportation and access to cooling centers for elderly, individuals with heat-sensitive conditions, and people with disabilities, enhancing community resilience to heat (*Heat* section of City of Ann Arbor current adaptation efforts).

6. **Permeable Pavement**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Stormwater management and flooding.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific locations include a permeable pavement parking lot at 5th and Williams and a permeable pavement road at Easy St. and Sylvan Ave. Cost and timeframe details are not specified.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** This infrastructure helps in managing stormwater and reducing runoff, contributing to flood risk reduction (*Stormwater*).

These resilience options aim to build community resilience through infrastructural improvements and increased preparedness to mitigate climate-related hazards.

The plan identifies several **mitigation options** aimed at reducing GHG emissions. Below is a summary of these options with information on cost, timing, location, and other important attributes:

### **Community and Health Actions**

- **Neighborhood "green teams" or "sweeps"**  
  - **GHG Reduction:** 17,973 MTCO₂e  
  - **Cost:** Not Estimated  
  - **Timing:** Short-term (1-5 years)
  - **Location:** Community-wide
  - **Implementation Leads:** SPU, PDS, NGO, UM  
  - **Attributes:** Designed to promote climate mitigation strategies.

- **Community net-zero home building/renovation contest**  
  - **GHG Reduction:** 47 MTCO₂e  
  - **Cost:** $133 per ton CO₂e  
  - **Implementation Leads:** SPU, NGO, PU, PDS  
  - **Attributes:** Encourages building or renovating homes to achieve net-zero energy use.

### **Resource Management Actions**

- **Comprehensive green business certification program**  
  - **GHG Reduction:** 7,620 MTCO₂e  
  - **Cost:** -$160 per ton CO₂e  
  - **Timing:** Medium-term (6-19 years)
  - **Location:** Business community
  - **Implementation Leads:** SPU, NGO, BC  
  - **Attributes:** Includes components like solid waste, pollution prevention, and energy efficiency.

- **Zero-waste outdoor events requirement**  
  - **GHG Reduction:** 4 MTCO₂e  
  - **Cost:** $2,218 per ton CO₂e  
  - **Location:** City-sponsored or city-located outdoor events
  - **Implementation Leads:** SPU, NGO  
  - **Attributes:** Mandate to ensure outdoor events do not generate waste.

- **Increase in residential and commercial recycling participation**  
  - **GHG Reduction:** 3,710 MTCO₂e  
  - **Cost:** -$354 per ton CO₂e  
  - **Attributes:** Focuses on boosting recycling rates and volumes.

- **Home composting education and outreach program**  
  - **GHG Reduction:** 258 MTCO₂e  
  - **Cost:** -$198 per ton CO₂e  
  - **Implementation Leads:** SPU, NGO, UM  
  - **Attributes:** Provides education and incentives to increase home composting.

- **Increased forest canopy**  
  - **GHG Reduction:** 12,356 MTCO₂e  
  - **Cost:** $58 per ton CO₂e  
  - **Timing:** Long-term (20+ years)
  - **Location:** Public and private properties
  - **Implementation Leads:** SPU, PRU, UM, NGO  
  - **Attributes:** Aims to enhance tree cover for carbon sequestration and ecosystem health.

Each mitigation option identified in the plan integrates community involvement and multiple stakeholders to achieve the intended impacts and GHG reductions.

The plan identifies several mitigation options across various categories. Below is a summary of each mitigation option with the relevant information provided:

### **Mitigation Options**

1. **Create, design, and implement a sustainable community energy efficiency program**
   - **Cost:** Not Estimated
   - **Timeframe:** Short (1-5 years)
   - **Location:** Ann Arbor
   - **Implementation Leads:** SPU, NGO, PU, UM
   - **Attributes:** Aims to enhance community energy efficiency as part of climate mitigation strategies.

2. **Provide a centralized energy resource**
   - **Implementation Leads:** SPU, NGO
   - **Attributes:** Empowers citizens with information, tools, and opportunities for energy use action.

3. **Create neighborhood "green teams" or "sweeps"**
   - **Implementation Leads:** SPU, PDS, NGO, UM
   - **Attributes:** Promotes climate mitigation strategies with community involvement.

4. **Implement a community net-zero home building/renovation contest**
   - **Cost:** $133 per ton of CO₂ reduced
   - **Implementation Leads:** SPU, NGO, PU, PDS
   - **Attributes:** Encourages sustainable building practices.

5. **Develop a comprehensive green business certification program**
   - **Cost:** -$160 per ton of CO₂ reduced
   - **Timeframe:** Medium (6-19 years)
   - **Implementation Leads:** SPU, NGO, BC
   - **Attributes:** Includes solid waste, pollution prevention, green purchasing, and energy efficiency.

6. **Increase residential and commercial recycling participation and tonnages**
   - **Cost:** -$354 per ton of CO₂ reduced
   - **Attributes:** Aims to boost recycling efforts to reduce GHG emissions.

7. **Increase incentives and collection of residential and commercial organic waste**
   - **Implementation Leads:** SPU, NGO, BC, UM
   - **Attributes:** Focuses on organic waste collection to enhance resource management.

8. **Implement a home composting education and outreach program**
   - **Cost:** -$198 per ton of CO₂ reduced
   - **Implementation Leads:** SPU, NGO, UM
   - **Attributes:** Provides incentives for participation and promotes home composting.

9. **Increase forest canopy across public and private property**
   - **Cost:** $58 per ton of CO₂ reduced
   - **Timeframe:** Long (20+ years)
   - **Implementation Leads:** SPU, PRU, UM, NGO
   - **Attributes:** Seeks to expand green areas to enhance carbon sequestration.

10. **Implement an idling reduction ordinance**
    - **Cost:** Not Estimated
    - **Timeframe:** Short (1-5 years)
    - **Location:** Ann Arbor
    - **Implementation Leads:** AAPS, SPU, AATA, UM, NGO
    - **Attributes:** Aims to reduce emissions from vehicle idling.

These options reflect the plan's focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions through various community, building, energy, waste, and transportation initiatives.

The plan identifies several adaptation options. Here they are summarized along with the climate threat they target and the information provided about each:

### **Adaptation Option 1: "No Regrets" Adaptation Actions**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option addresses multiple threats including flooding, heat waves, air pollution, and infectious diseases.
  - *Description:* "No regrets" actions are beneficial regardless of climate change predictions and include upgrading stormwater infrastructure, increasing capacity for wastewater collection and treatment, and promoting rainwater collection.
  - *Attributes:* These actions have economic, social, and environmental benefits. They are intended to enhance resilience to hazards.
  - *Cost, Timeframe, Location:* Not specifically detailed in the document. [Executive Summary, Adaptation Strategies]

### **Adaptation Option 2: Integrated Systems Planning Approach**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option addresses infrastructure vulnerabilities under different climate scenarios.
  - *Description:* This involves using climate-resiliency practices in all city planning efforts, requiring vulnerability assessments, and engaging the public in comprehensive adaptation planning.
  - *Attributes:* It's aimed at ensuring the integrated planning for built and natural infrastructure.
  - *Cost, Timeframe, Location:* Not specifically detailed in the document regarding cost; implementation across all city systems. [Adaptation Strategies]

### **Adaptation Option 3: Protect Citizens from Health and Safety Hazards**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option addresses threats related to health events such as heat waves and severe weather.
  - *Description:* Encouraging citizens to develop emergency plans and supplies, and implementing preparedness plans for health threats.
  - *Attributes:* Focus is on public health and safety in response to climate impacts.
  - *Cost, Timeframe, Location:* Not specifically detailed; implementation is community-wide. [Adaptation Strategies]

### **Adaptation Option 4: Update and Maintain Emergency Management Response**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option addresses the management of extreme climate events.
  - *Description:* It highlights the importance of updating and maintaining technology and plans to support responses to extreme events.
  - *Attributes:* Focus on technological updates and emergency response enhancements.
  - *Cost, Timeframe, Location:* Not specifically provided; involves emergency management infrastructure. [Adaptation Strategies]

### **Adaptation Option 5: Integrate Climate Projections into City Planning**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** This addresses broader climate-related environmental hazards.
  - *Description:* Involves coordination with partners to stay informed of climate science and integrating all planning efforts.
  - *Attributes:* Focus on informed and coordinated planning across all city systems.
  - *Cost, Timeframe, Location:* Not specifically provided; involves comprehensive city planning activities. [Adaptation Strategies]

### **Additional Notes**
- The plan emphasizes the combination of mitigation and adaptation strategies for maximum efficacy.
- Many options have overlapping goals, focusing on community resilience and reduction of vulnerabilities.

The document does not specifically mention climate justice as a separate policy category. However, it does highlight the need to consider vulnerable populations in the context of climate adaptation strategies. Here are relevant points related to climate threats and vulnerable populations:

1. **Increased Air Temperatures and High-heat Events**
   - **Climate Threat:** Higher air temperatures leading to summer high-heat events and increased air pollutants such as smog and particulate matter.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** "Children, the elderly, low-income or other vulnerable populations" are mentioned as being disproportionately harmed by high summer temperatures and related air pollution (Chapter: Community and Health).

2. **Flooding and Drought Incidents**
   - **Climate Threat:** Changes in extreme precipitation events leading to increased flooding and drought.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** While specific populations are not directly mentioned, it is implied that vulnerable groups would be affected due to changes in precipitation and the resultant flooding or drought conditions (Chapter: Community and Health).

3. **Public Health Threats**
   - **Climate Threat:** Decline in air quality, increased flooding, and emerging vector-borne diseases.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Again, "children, the elderly, low-income or other vulnerable populations" are at particular risk from these health threats (Chapter: Community and Health).

The plan emphasizes the need for adaptation strategies that consider "how individuals, groups, and natural systems can prepare for and respond to changes in climate or their environment" (Chapter: Adaptation). While it does not directly mention policies under the umbrella of climate justice, it indicates a focus on addressing vulnerabilities related to health and safety hazards exacerbated by climate change.

**1. Stormwater Management and Rainwater Collection Initiatives**

  - Flooding as a result of climate change-induced extreme precipitation events. Increased capacity for stormwater infrastructure and rainwater collection helps mitigate flooding risks.
  
- **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option Proposed:**
  - *Adaptation:* "Addressing flooding concerns by upgrading aging stormwater infrastructure, increasing capacity for wastewater collection and treatment, and promoting rainwater collection" (Adaptation Strategies).

  - While these strategies aim to manage increased flood risks, they may inadvertently promote maladaptation if they fail to consider potential changes in rainfall patterns or over-invest in infrastructure without sufficient flexibility for future climate scenarios. This could lead to economic inefficiencies or even inadequacies in managing future flood events due to under-projection or over-dependence on rigid infrastructure solutions.

The plan measures the success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options using the following metrics and goals:

### **Mitigation Metrics and Targets:**

- **GHG Emissions Reduction Targets:**
  - **Short-term target:** “Reduce CO2e emissions 8 percent by 2015” compared to the 2000 baseline (Executive Summary).
  - **Mid-term target:** “Reduce CO2e emissions 25 percent by 2025” aligned with the University of Michigan’s 2025 target (Executive Summary).
  - **Long-term target:** “Reduce CO2e emissions 90 percent by 2050,” which aligns with current scientific recommendations (Executive Summary).

- **Estimated GHG Emissions Reduction:**
  - **Energy and Buildings:** 25 actions estimated to reduce emissions by 381,607 MTCO₂e (Table 1).
  - **Land Use and Access:** 21 actions estimated to reduce emissions by 44,102 MTCO₂e (Table 1).
  - **Resource Management:** 25 actions estimated to reduce emissions by 35,522 MTCO₂e (Table 1).
  - **Community and Health:** 13 actions estimated to reduce emissions by 18,577 MTCO₂e (Table 1).

### **Adaptation and Resilience Strategies:**

- The plan recommends several strategies, although specific quantitative metrics or units of measurement are not detailed within the provided sections:
  - **Implement “no regrets” adaptation actions now.**
  - **Ensure an integrated systems planning approach to built and natural infrastructure for all climate change planning scenarios.**
  - **Protect citizens from health and safety hazards.**
  - **Update and maintain technology and plans to support emergency management responses to extreme climate events.**
  - **Integrate climate projections into all City planning across all systems** (Adaptation Strategies).

### **Other Metrics and Goals:**

- **Idling Reduction:**
  - "Implement an idling reduction ordinance" estimated to reduce annual emissions by 557 MTCO₂e (CH-11, Community and Health Actions).

- **Resource Management Actions:**
  - Actions like implementing a single-use bag ban or fee aim to achieve specific reductions, yet the plan does not provide a detailed quantifiable impact of each action beyond the MTCO₂e reductions noted in some sections.

Overall, the plan uses reductions in CO2e emissions as a primary metric for evaluating mitigation successes and provides specific targets and timeframes for achieving community-wide emissions reductions. However, specific adaptation and resilience metrics or detailed quantifiable impacts for those strategies are not provided in the excerpts.

| **Feature**       | **Details**                                                                                                      |
|-------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Ann Arbor                                                                                                    |
| **Population**    | Not specified in the provided excerpts.                                                                           |
| **Threats Identified** | *"Decreased winter ice cover," "Increased extreme weather events," "Changing rainfall patterns disruptive to crop productivity," "Shifts in distribution and composition of animal, insect, and floral species which may radically disrupt existing ecosystems," "Risk of new diseases in the region traditionally found in warmer climates"* (Executive Summary, p.2) |
| **Measures Identified** | Includes various actions such as using *"green infrastructure"* for managing stormwater, implementing *"urban design that enhances ecological functioning,"* and collaborations with stakeholders like the University of Michigan for GHG reduction (Climate Action Plan, pp.1, 157) |
```

## Planning Jurisdiction Overview

### Location
- **Jurisdiction:** City of Oakland
- **State:** California
- **Geography:** Oakland is situated with *19 miles of San Francisco Bay shoreline* which contributes to its vulnerability to climate change effects like sea-level rise and coastal impacts.

### Population and Demographics
- The plan does not provide specific details about the population size or demographic breakdown.

- **Average Income and Economic Development:**
  - The plan does not specify average income numbers.
  - Thirty of Oakland’s census tracts have been designated as *Opportunity Zones* to spur economic development and job creation in distressed communities by providing tax benefits to investors.
  - The city has prioritized *community wealth building projects* such as cooperative grocery stores and anti-displacement housing funds. 

### Infrastructure
  - There are mentions of transportation projects like the new Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system constructed in collaboration with AC Transit, though specific mentions of ports or airports are not included.

### Local Climate and Water Challenges
  - The city is noted as vulnerable to *wildfire and drought*.
  - Power outages are a significant threat, particularly during high fire danger events which necessitate *Public Safety Power Shutoffs (PSPS)*.

- The document does not provide specific details on local energy production or natural resources, but it highlights efforts to transition to sustainable energy.
  - Initiatives include retrofitting buildings and developing clean energy training programs.
  - Partnerships with entities like the *Bay Area Regional Energy Network* and *East Bay Community Energy* are critical for training and development in renewable energy sectors.

### Industries and Economic Drivers
- **Major Industries and Economic Drivers:**
  - The city is actively promoting *green jobs* in sectors such as HVAC, construction, electricity, plumbing, and clean energy technologies.
  - The growth in sectors related to *compost management*, *regenerative material sourcing*, and *organic waste reduction* is a noteworthy mention.
  - Efforts in the *reuse and repair economy*, such as deconstruction and community repair facilities, are targeted for expansion.

### Additional Remarks
- The city emphasizes *economic strategies focused on specific sectors or neighborhoods* and is working on industrial lands inventory and impact analysis to best manage local industrial uses, including the impact of the legalized cannabis industry. 

Overall, the plan demonstrates Oakland's focus on leveraging its economic development policies, job training programs, and energy transition strategies to address climate-related challenges and promote equitable growth.

The plan places a significant emphasis on resilience, particularly in building everyday resilience and preparing for climate emergency events. It aims to strengthen personal and neighborhood-level resilience to enable communities to better withstand inevitable shocks and stressors. The plan highlights the establishment of "Resilience Hubs," enhancement of community energy resilience, and expansion of green infrastructure as crucial strategies for protecting frontline communities. It underscores the importance of resilience hubs in addressing not just adaptation, but also climate solutions and community engagement, especially during critical events and pandemics (*ADAPTATION*).

Mitigation is integrated into the plan as a critical component, aiming to reduce Oakland’s local climate emissions by at least 56% by 2030. The plan focuses on transitioning away from fossil fuel dependence and implementing actions to reduce both local and lifecycle emissions. Actions include reducing emissions from port vehicles and equipment, accelerating city fleet vehicle replacement, and establishing a local carbon investment program. These mitigation strategies are designed to be equitable, ambitious, realistic, and adaptive, focusing on direct control emissions as well as global impacts (*Goals of ECAP*).

Adaptation is a central focus of the plan, with a strong emphasis on assessing and addressing climate risks. The plan outlines conducting a citywide vulnerability assessment and developing a comprehensive adaptation plan to manage climate risks based on forward-looking projections. It includes engaging with community stakeholders, prioritizing frontline communities, and updating these documents every five years to incorporate evolving projections and best practices. The plan also acknowledges the need for tailored, neighborhood-level adaptation responses to maximize public resources and incorporate community insights (*ADAPTATION*).

Given the significant focus on both mitigation and adaptation, as well as a strong emphasis on building resilience, the plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. It incorporates strategies that address immediate reductions in GHG emissions while preparing communities for the foreseeable impacts of climate change.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change that the planning jurisdiction will face. It highlights that even if global GHG emissions were to end immediately, the City of Oakland would still experience impacts from climate change due to the existing carbon in the atmosphere. These impacts include sea level rise, wildfires, and other threats, which are expected to increase if anthropogenic carbon emissions continue. The plan states, "Carbon in the atmosphere will continue to influence sea level rise, wildfires, and other threats. The longer it takes to eliminate human-caused carbon emissions, the more those risks will increase." It emphasizes that frontline communities are likely to "feel the impacts of climate change first and worst, a trend that will be amplified without corrective and protective action" (Adaptation). The plan is designed to address and reduce these risks, particularly focusing on how they affect disproportionately impacted communities.

   - **Climate Hazard:** Increasing temperatures that can lead to extreme heat events.
   - **Climate Risks:** Increased risk of heat-related illnesses or death, worsened air quality, and power outages.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Transit-dependent populations, elderly, children, people with disabilities, outdoor and informal workers, low-income communities, indigenous people, undocumented immigrants, incarcerated populations.

   - **Climate Hazard:** Changes in precipitation leading to worsened flooding, erosion, landslides, property damage, and infrastructure threats.
   - **Climate Risks:** Job and housing displacement, economic shocks, and increased vulnerability of infrastructure.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Frontline communities, particularly those living along heavily polluted corridors and with housing insecurity.

3. **Wildfires**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Increased risk of fire from rising temperatures.
   - **Climate Risks:** Smoke inhalation causing respiratory diseases, and potential destruction of homes or infrastructure.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Regions exposed to fire risks, communities relying on jobs sensitive to fire conditions.

4. **Sea Level Rise**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Rising sea levels leading to increased flooding and exposure to groundwater and soil contamination.
   - **Climate Risks:** Coastal infrastructure threats, exacerbated economic vulnerabilities, potential displacement, and real estate value impacts.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Areas near the coast and flatland neighborhoods, which experience climate impacts first, worst, and hardest.

   - **Climate Hazard:** Increasing periods of drought due to changes in precipitation.
   - **Climate Risks:** Water shortages, increased utility rates, crop loss, and food insecurity.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Communities dependent on stable water supplies and those with limited economic resources for adaptation.

6. **Smoke Inundation**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Smoke inundation during wildfire seasons.
   - **Climate Risks:** Children missing school days, interrupted business operations, and respiratory health issues.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Communities without access to clean air centers and those in housing insecurity.

7. **Food System Shocks**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Disruptions to available food sources due to regional climate impacts.
   - **Climate Risks:** Crop losses and increased food insecurity.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Low-income communities with limited access to alternative and resilient food sources.

1. **Fund and Implement Citywide Vulnerability Assessment and Comprehensive Adaptation Plan**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** General climate risks using forward-looking projections.
     - **Cost:** $$$
     - **Timeframe:** To implement key recommendations by 2025 and update documents every 5 years.
   - **Other Attributes:** 
     - The plan involves community stakeholder engagement.
     - Targets frontline communities first.
     - Aims to address major climate risks.

2. **Fund Creation and Operation of Resilience Hubs**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Potential natural hazards and climate emergencies.
     - **Timeframe:** By 2025, partner to develop and pilot three Resilience Hubs.
     - **Location:** Municipal and community facilities, focusing on areas with prioritized gaps, including trusted community centers, libraries, etc.
     - Hubs should include energy-efficient systems and solar energy with storage.
     - Enhances community resilience during normal times.
     - Should support community-building and serve as logistic spaces during disasters.

3. **Enhance Community Energy Resilience**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Power losses and Public Safety Power Shutoffs due to climate-driven extreme events.
     - **Cost:** Low to moderate, between $ and $$$
     - **Lead Agency:** OPW (Oakland Public Works)
     - Focuses on backups like renewable energy and onsite energy storage for vulnerable populations.
     - Aims to improve air quality and create potential green jobs.
     - Supports public safety and health.

4. **Expand and Protect Green Infrastructure & Biodiversity**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** General ecosystem and biodiversity threats due to climate change.
     - Not directly addressed in the provided content.
     - Important for mitigating air pollution and producing cleaner air.
     - A strategic network is needed, with green infrastructure to capture atmospheric carbon.

5. **Identify and Reduce Financial Risks from Climate Change**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Financial risks due to sea-level rise, increased fire risk, and other climate impacts.
     - **Timeline:** By 2024, evaluate existing and potential financial risks.
     - Includes exploring insurance products and other mechanisms.
     - Involves cooperation with stakeholders both inside and outside the city.
     - Addresses the cost of borrowing and credit rating impacts due to climate risks.

The plan identifies several mitigation options with associated details regarding cost, timing, location, and other important attributes:

1. **Reduce Emissions from Port Vehicles and Equipment**
   - **Cost:** Not specified in detail, but it mentions the need for funding to facilitate changes.
     - **By 2022:** Develop a long-term plan for full electrification of drayage trucks.
     - **By 2024:** Develop a zero-emissions transportation master plan for all airport operations.
     - **By 2022:** Develop a plan for sufficient electric charging infrastructure for yard trucks and cargo handling equipment.
   - **Location:** Port of Oakland.
     - Establishing entry fees for GHG-producing vehicles as a funding source for Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV) infrastructure.
     - Work on renewable hydrogen production and a pilot project for storage and fueling infrastructure.
   - **Lead Agency:** Port.

2. **Develop Local Carbon Investment Program**
   - **Timing:** By 2023, establish a program for GHG mitigation fees to be invested locally.
   - **Location:** Prioritize projects in frontline communities.
     - Projects include tree planting, building electrification, creek restoration, and neighborhood EV car share.
     - Partner with Oakland businesses for a "Carbon Neutral Oakland Business" designation.
   - **Lead Agencies:** EWDD, PWD, OPW.

3. **Explore Carbon Farming**
   - **Other Attributes:** Focus on exploring the feasibility of agricultural practices that increase carbon sequestration in the soil.

4. **Assess Feasibility for Sequestration Incubator**
   - **Other Attributes:** Evaluate the potential for a facility or program to support various sequestration technologies or strategies.

5. **Explore Regional Aquatic Sequestration Opportunities**
   - **Location:** Regional-scale efforts implied.
   - **Other Attributes:** Investigation of carbon sequestration opportunities in aquatic environments.

6. **Expand and Protect Tree Canopy Coverage**
   - **Location:** Not specified, but imply citywide initiatives.
   - **Other Attributes:** Emphasizes the benefit of improving air quality and enhancing community environments.

These mitigation options focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions through electrification, carbon sequestration, and enhancing local infrastructure and natural environments.

1. **Reduce Emissions from Port Vehicles and Equipment (P-1)**
   - **Cost:** The cost associated with this action is indicated by four dollar signs: $$$$.
     - By 2022, develop a long-term plan for the full electrification of drayage trucks and a plan for electric charging infrastructure for yard trucks and cargo handling equipment.
     - By 2024, develop a zero-emissions transportation master plan for all airport operations.
   - **Location:** Focus on the Port of Oakland area.
     - Opportunities to address major health and resilience issues alongside climate change.
     - Emphasis on regulatory, programmatic, and policy options to lower emissions.
     - The feasibility of renewable diesel and renewable hydrogen fueling infrastructure will be studied.

2. **Develop Local Carbon Investment Program (CR-1)**
   - **Cost:** The cost for this initiative is indicated by three dollar signs: $$$.
   - **Timeframe:** By 2023, the program should be established.
   - **Location:** Priority is on frontline communities.
     - Establishes a program for both voluntary and compliance GHG mitigation fees to be invested locally.
     - Includes projects like tree planting, urban greening, building electrification, creek restoration, and neighborhood EV car share.
     - Partners with Oakland businesses to create a "Carbon Neutral Oakland Business" designation.

These mitigation options focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions through practical infrastructural changes and developing financial programs for local investment in green projects.

The plan identifies several adaptation options. Below is a summary of each option, including the climate threat it addresses, along with any information provided about cost, timeframe, location, and other attributes:

   - **Climate Threat:** The need for a detailed assessment to develop responses to neighborhood-level climate risks and to maximize public resources, particularly for disproportionately impacted communities.
   - **Cost:** The adaptation plan mentions a cost represented with three dollar signs ($$$), suggesting a high cost.
   - **Timeframe:** Implementation to address major climate risks in frontline communities by 2025, and documents are to be updated every five years.
   - **Location:** Priority is given to disproportionately impacted communities, including those in frontline neighborhoods.
   - **Other Attributes:** The adaptation plan aims to conduct citywide vulnerability assessments and engage with community stakeholders to guide adaptation efforts. It will address risks using forward-looking projections.

   - **Climate Threat:** General resilience to increasing climate risks, supporting frontline communities.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, Location:** Specific information on these attributes is not directly mentioned in the provided excerpt.
   - **Other Attributes:** Resilience hubs aim to protect frontline communities by co-designing with local stakeholders. They provide education, training, and community connections.

- **Climate Threat:** General resilience to increasing climate risks, supporting frontline communities.

   - **Climate Threat:** Power losses due to climate-driven weather events, including Public Safety Power Shutoffs (PSPS) and other extreme weather events.
   - **Cost:** The adaptation action lists multiple dollar signs with varying numbers alongside ($, $$, $$$), indicating varying cost estimates for different components or stages of the action.
   - **Location:** Focus on low-income, medically dependent, and elderly populations who face heightened risk during power outages.
   - **Other Attributes:** The strategy involves the installation of renewable energy and onsite energy storage with islanding capabilities.

4. **Wildfire Risk Reduction**

   - **Climate Threat:** Increased wildfire risks.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, Location:** Specific details are not provided in the provided excerpt.
   - **Other Attributes:** Focus on risk reduction strategies to address and manage wildfire threats efficiently.

5. **Expand and Protect Green Infrastructure & Biodiversity**

   - **Climate Threat:** The impacts of heatwaves, flooding, and smoke events exacerbated by climate change.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, Location:** Details on specific costs, timeframe, and locations are not provided in the excerpt.
   - **Other Attributes:** Leveraging parks and recreation systems to provide ecosystem services and green infrastructure aimed at building “everyday resilience” and supporting equity in underserved neighborhoods.

6. **Identify and Reduce Financial Risks from Climate Change**

   - **Climate Threat:** Financial risks posed by climate change impacts, such as sea level rise and increased wildfire risks that affect credit ratings and insurance costs.
   - **Cost:** The assessment discusses potential green bonds and financial strategies, with financial risk management costs indicated with three dollar signs ($$$).
   - **Timeframe:** By 2024, evaluate existing and potential financial risks, and recommend strategies for mitigation.
   - **Other Attributes:** Strategies include insurance products, real estate strategies, and green infrastructure investments to mitigate financial risks and enhance resilience.

Each adaptation option is designed to address specific climate threats faced by Oakland and aims to build resilience with a focus on equity, particularly prioritizing frontline communities.

The plan identifies several climate policies to advance climate justice, outlined in the following manner:

### 1. Prioritizing Frontline Communities

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** The impacts of climate change, including sea level rise, industrial pollution, and heat.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Frontline communities in Oakland, which are those living in areas with the worst air and soil pollution, traffic congestion, and diesel particulate exposure. These include the flatlands and the Interstate 880 corridor, where residents suffer from elevated rates of asthma, heart disease, and early death, as well as reduced access to economic opportunities. (*Prioritizing Frontline Communities*)

### 2. Equitable Implementation of ECAP Actions

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Diverse aspects of the climate crisis affecting socio-economic well-being.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Frontline communities experiencing high climate impacts and social vulnerability, including racial discrimination, poverty, disability, and housing insecurity. This includes transit-dependent populations, low-income communities, indigenous people, undocumented immigrants, and incarcerated populations. (*Equitable Implementation*)

### 3. Fund & Implement Citywide Vulnerability Assessment & Comprehensive Adaptation Plan

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Major climate risks affecting frontline communities.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Frontline communities in Oakland with insufficient resources to adapt, resist, or recover from climate impacts. The plan directs resources to communities such as those along the Interstate 880 corridor and flatland areas. (*Fund & Implement Citywide Vulnerability Assessment*)

### 4. Housing Security and the Climate Crisis

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Climate-related disasters like rising seas, storms, wildfires, property damage, and public safety power shut-offs.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Housing-insecure and cost-burdened households, particularly in East and West Oakland neighborhoods. African American renters and homeowners, who are disproportionately impacted by housing costs and climate impacts, are highlighted as vulnerable. (*Housing Security and the Climate Crisis*)

### 5. CalEnviroScreen 3.0 and Oakland Equity Indicators

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Cumulative impacts of environmental harms and socio-economic disadvantages.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Communities identified via CalEnviroScreen and the Oakland Equity Indicators report as facing disproportionate environmental risks, which are unfairly distributed along race and class lines. These tools help identify census tracts needing additional resources. (*Identifying Frontline Communities*)

Each policy strategically focuses resources and planning efforts toward addressing the needs of those most vulnerable to climate impacts, while promoting equity and justice.

**Potential Unforeseen Maladaptive Climate Policy**

   - **Climate Threat:** Increased flooding, wildfires, and other direct impacts compounded by climate change.
   
2. **Proposed Adaptation Option:**
   - **Option:** The establishment of "Resilience Hubs" and enhancement of community energy resilience through disaster preparedness and logistics spaces during emergencies (_"Resilience Hubs can integrate not just adaptation but also climate solutions and community engagement."_).

3. **Why it May Cause Inadvertent Maladaptation:**
   - **Reason:** The plan notes that it is not feasible for Oakland to rapidly deploy full-scale resilience hubs to all neighborhoods (_"It is not feasible for the City to rapidly deploy this scale of facility to all Oakland neighborhoods, yet all Oaklanders must have access to resilience resources."_). This could lead to insufficient coverage and preparedness in areas not served by these hubs, potentially increasing the vulnerability of these communities during climate crises.
   
4. **Climate Threat Addressed:**
   - **Climate Threat:** Financial risks associated with climate impacts, including increased insurance costs and credit risks due to sea level rise and wildfires.
   
5. **Proposed Adaptation Option:**
   - **Option:** Evaluate and mitigate financial risks through strategies such as insurance products and green infrastructure bonds (_"Recommend strategies to mitigate these risks as available and appropriate, including options for insurance products, green infrastructure bonds, real estate strategy and other appropriate mechanisms."_).

6. **Why it May Cause Inadvertent Maladaptation:**
   - **Reason:** The reliance on financial products like insurance could inadvertently lead to increased costs for residents in high-risk areas. The document notes steeply rising insurance premiums and discontinued policies for homes in wildfire-prone zones (_"insurance premiums are increasing steeply in California, and policies are being discontinued for homes with high wildfire risks."_). This approach could exacerbate financial burdens on frontline communities, leading to further socioeconomic disparities and increased climate vulnerability.

The plan measures success or failure through several metrics and targets related to adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options. Here are some key methods and specific metrics outlined:

- **Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions:**
  - **Reduction in GHG emissions** from City operations is one metric used to measure success. (**City Leadership - Measuring Success**)
  - **Projected GHG Emission Reduction:**  
    - By 2030: Achieve a 56% reduction from 2005 levels.
    - By 2050: Achieve an 84% reduction from 2005 levels.  
  (**GHG Modeling Methodology**)

- **Energy Supply:**
  - By 2030, achieve carbon-free electricity, reducing annual emissions by 176,858 tons of CO2e, with further reductions to 250,799 tons of CO2e a year by 2050.  

  - Reduction of Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) by 3% by 2030, and 8% by 2050 relative to what would happen otherwise.  

- **Resilience Hubs:**
  - Fund the creation and operation of resilience hubs, though specific numeric targets or deadlines are not explicitly stated.  
  (**Implementation Timeline**)

- **Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Plan:**
  - Complete a citywide vulnerability assessment and comprehensive adaptation plan by 2025, with updates every 5 years.  
  (**Adaptation - A-3**)

### **Other Quantifiable Metrics:**

- **Transportation and Land Use:**
  - Increase in non-auto related mode share, specifically active mobility and public transit.  
  - ZEV (Zero Emission Vehicle) adoption overall and in frontline communities, measured by infrastructure installations.  
  (**Transportation + Land Use - Measuring Success**)

- **Building Retrofits:**
  - Number of City buildings retrofitted to eliminate natural gas use.
  - Percentage of City fleet powered by clean energy.  
  (**Buildings - Measuring Success**)

- **Material Consumption and Waste:**
  - Strengthen infrastructure for edible food recovery and achieve a 70% waste diversion by 2025, with further increases aimed by 2035. Avoid 71,830 tons of CO2e by 2030 and 108,127 tons CO2e by 2050.  
  (**Material Consumption + Waste - GHG Modeling Methodology**)

### **Concrete Goals and Targets:**

- The goal is to reduce Oakland's local climate emissions by a minimum of 56% and transition away from fossil fuel dependence by 2030.  
- Ensure that all of Oakland’s communities are resilient to foreseeable climate change impacts by 2030.  
(**City Leadership - ECAP Goals**)

- The actions in this ECAP are designed to meet five criteria: Equitable, Balanced, Realistic, Ambitious, and Adaptive.  
  (**ECAP Goals**)

With these outlined metrics and targets, the plan not only establishes a framework for measuring success but also sets specific quantitative goals to guide progress.

| **Feature**           | **Details**                                                                                                             |
|-----------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name**| Oakland                                                                                                                 |
| **Population**        | Not specified in the document.                                                                                          |
| **Threats Identified**| - Sea level rise                                                                                                        |
|                       | - Wildfires                                                                                                             |
|                       | - Financial risks from climate change                                                                                   |
|                       | - Vulnerability of transit-dependent populations such as the elderly, children, and people with disabilities            |
|                       | - Vulnerability of outdoor workers, low-income communities, indigenous people, undocumented immigrants, and incarcerated populations |
| **Measures Identified**| - Develop comprehensive vulnerability assessment and adaptation plan ("Fund & Implement Citywide Vulnerability Assessment & Comprehensive Adaptation Plan") |
|                       | - Create neighborhood-based emergency preparedness planning curriculum for East & West Oakland                            |
|                       | - Wildfire risk reduction ("Wildfire Risk Reduction")                                                                   |
|                       | - Establishment of resilience hubs ("Fund Creation and Operation of Resilience Hubs")                                   |
|                       | - Expand and protect green infrastructure and biodiversity                                                              |
|                       | - Identify and reduce financial risks from climate change                                                               |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction:** Miami-Dade County

**Location:** Miami-Dade County is situated in the southeastern part of the state of Florida, USA.

**Population and Demographics:** The plan does not provide specific details on the population or demographics.

**Average Income:** The plan does not specify average income.

- **Coastline:** The document implies the presence of coastline as it mentions issues like sea-level rise and flooding.
- **Natural Areas:** There are mentions of wetlands and forests, which are part of the **"Environmentally Endangered Lands"** program aimed at protecting and restoring them as valuable carbon sinks (Climate Action Strategy - Revised December 2021).

- The document does not specify airports or seaports but implies substantial transportation infrastructure involving roads and public transit, as transportation-related emissions are a significant concern.

- The document highlights challenges like **extreme heat** and **flood risks** associated with climate change (Climate Action Strategy - Revised December 2021).
- The **Urban Heat Island Effect** is a concern due to high concentrations of heat-absorbing materials and low concentrations of trees and vegetation (Climate Action Strategy - Revised December 2021).

- Miami-Dade County seems to be focusing on renewable energy as part of its climate action, mentioning the use of **solar energy** and transitioning to a **green economy** with clean energy initiatives (Climate Action Strategy - Revised December 2021).
  
- The County is promoting a **green economy**, focusing on sectors like construction, engineering, software, and clean technology startups (Climate Action Strategy - Revised December 2021).
- The plan suggests that the green economy will be driven by small businesses and major local industries such as construction, manufacturing, and healthcare innovating to cut emissions through energy efficiency and community solar programs (Climate Action Strategy - Revised December 2021).

The document largely centers on environmental initiatives, public health, and GHG emissions reduction, without providing granular details about average income or specific demographics.

- The plan emphasizes building resilience through regional collaboration and knowledge sharing, particularly through the "Resilient35 in the 305 network," which facilitates "knowledge sharing and network building on resilience issues among the 34 municipalities and the County" (CLIMATE ACTION STRATEGY - REVISED DECEMBER 2021, PAGE 10).

- The overarching "Resilient305 Strategy," which unites various plans, incorporates both environmental and socio-economic dimensions of resilience, addressing public health, financial literacy, education, social equity, and affordable housing (CLIMATE ACTION STRATEGY - REVISED DECEMBER 2021, PAGE 2).

- The plan aims to "drastically cut Miami-Dade County’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2030" through seven approaches that align with reducing emissions across different sectors (CLIMATE ACTION STRATEGY - REVISED DECEMBER 2021, CONCLUSION).

- Specific strategies include improving energy and water efficiency in buildings, expanding renewable energy, and reducing transportation-related fuel consumption (TABLE OF CONTENTS).

- The plan supports "tackling the problem at its sources" by mitigating GHG emissions and working towards achieving "net zero by 2050" (CLIMATE ACTION STRATEGY - REVISED DECEMBER 2021, PAGE 1).

- The plan includes adaptation measures correlated with infrastructure improvements, as seen in the integration of strategies like expanding and protecting green and blue spaces (TABLE OF CONTENTS).

- The County’s Sea Level Rise Strategy, part of the broader framework, addresses climate change impacts such as flooding from storm surge and higher groundwater levels (CLIMATE ACTION STRATEGY - REVISED DECEMBER 2021, PAGE 2).

Overall, the plan should be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. It includes significant elements that target both mitigation—through reducing GHG emissions—and adaptation/resilience—through regional collaboration and infrastructural enhancements to handle existing climate impacts.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change the planning jurisdiction will face and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. 

- The plan highlights the increasing impacts of climate change that threaten "lives and livelihoods" in Miami-Dade County, as well as globally. It underscores the urgent need for immediate action to prevent "irreversible catastrophic global and local damage" that is intensified by human activity (*Introduction*).
  
- One of the key conclusions mentioned is the importance of fully implementing the Climate Action Strategy to navigate the county on a pathway to "net-zero emissions." The strategy seeks to address a business-as-usual scenario where emissions "steadily increase over time" as population and economic activity grow, unless decisive actions are implemented (*Looking Forward: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Forecasting*).

- The plan also refers to the "existential challenge" of mitigating and adapting to climate changes such as the Sea Level Rise Strategy that addresses impacts like flooding from storm surge and higher groundwater levels (*Climate Action Strategy*).

- Additionally, achieving the goals would mean buildings that are more energy-and water-efficient, improved mobility choices, healthier air, and protected natural areas. This aligns with global efforts to keep the global temperature rise below the 1.5°C threshold (*Introduction*).

- Furthermore, this scenario considers the ongoing climate risks and seeks collaboration through the Resilient35 in the 305 network to enhance capacity for action against climate threats (*Climate Action Strategy*).

Overall, the scenario indicates an anticipated increase in emissions without intervention, and climate threats like rising sea levels, which necessitates the implementation of the Climate Action Strategy to achieve net-zero emissions and resilience against climate impacts.

   - **Description:** The plan identifies extreme heat events as a significant climate hazard, which are projected to increase in frequency and severity due to climate change. High concentrations of concrete and heat-absorbing materials, along with the Urban Heat Island Effect, exacerbate the issue.
   - **Climate Risks:** Extreme heat poses a public health risk, can discourage the use of public transit, walking, and biking, and contributes to the urban heat island issues. It is labeled as "the world’s 'number one silent killer,' claiming more lives each year than all other natural disasters combined."
   - **Most Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Populations using public transit, walking, or biking are at higher risk. Additionally, communities with high concentrations of concrete and few trees or vegetative cover, typically in urban areas, are more vulnerable.

   - **Description:** Although not explicitly detailed in the provided excerpts, sea level rise is typically a concern for Miami-Dade County due to its geographical location and low elevation. It is implied in discussions of county planning and resilience efforts.
   - **Climate Risks:** The risks generally include increased flooding and infrastructure damage, particularly during storm events or king tides.
   - **Most Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Coastal communities and low-lying areas are at significant risk, as well as infrastructure located near shorelines.

   - **Description:** The plan suggests that flood risks are exacerbated by the increasing impact of climate change, affecting both natural habitats and urban infrastructure. 
   - **Climate Risks:** Increased flood risks threaten property, public safety, and can result in significant economic disruptions due to damage and the costs of recovery.
   - **Most Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas with inadequate drainage, those near water bodies, and vulnerable communities without sufficient resources to recover from flood damage.

4. **Hurricanes/Tropical Cyclones**
   - **Description:** Frequent storms and hurricanes already impact the area significantly, with climate change potentially increasing storm frequency or intensity.
   - **Climate Risks:** These events lead to substantial damage to homes, businesses, and critical infrastructure, and require costly recovery efforts.
   - **Most Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Communities with inadequate protective infrastructure and resources are particularly vulnerable.

1. **Leveraging the Resilient35 in the 305 Network**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The Resilient35 in the 305 network facilitates collaboration and knowledge sharing on resilience issues, primarily addressing climate threats like sea level rise and extreme weather events.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The plan does not provide specific details regarding cost or a precise timeframe. However, it mentions collaborating with municipalities within Miami-Dade County to accelerate implementation and to better position the work for future State and Federal funding opportunities (Chapter: Collaborating for Climate Action).
   - **Other Important Attributes:** This option emphasizes multijurisdictional collaboration, leveraging resources, and capacity building to avoid duplicative efforts in enhancing resilience (Chapter: Collaborating for Climate Action).

2. **Sea Level Rise Strategy and Climate Action Strategy Implementation**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addresses sea level rise and greenhouse gas emissions reduction.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific costs and timeframes are not detailed in the plan. The County uses information from the Southeast Florida Regional Climate Change Compact Climate Assessment Tool to aid in strategy implementation and funding opportunities (Chapter: Collaborating for Climate Action).
   - **Other Important Attributes:** This option highlights the importance of preparedness and the potential economic benefit of accessing federal funding by having comprehensive plans in place (Chapter: Collaborating for Climate Action).

3. **Building Energy and Water Efficiency**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addresses extreme heat and greenhouse gas emissions.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The plan discusses benefits of energy-efficient buildings, which include alleviating high energy burdens and improving housing affordability. However, exact costs and timeframes are not provided (Chapter: Energy & Buildings).
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Energy efficiency reduces utility burdens, especially for low-income households, thus mitigating economic vulnerabilities. Environmentally, this measure aims to lower the Urban Heat Island effect and atmospheric warming due to reduced energy consumption (Chapter: Energy & Buildings).

4. **Transportation and Land Use Considerations**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addresses emissions from transportation and exacerbated heat from the Urban Heat Island effect.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The plan does not offer specific cost or location details, but it emphasizes the need for strategic solutions integrating economic, social, and environmental benefits (Chapter: Land Use & Transportation).
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Solutions aim to balance the intertwining factors of transportation, land use, and air quality. They are critical to tackling the complex climate change crisis and urban heat issues (Chapter: Land Use & Transportation).

Each of these options calls attention to integrating resilience with mitigation and adaptation strategies, focusing on collaborative, economically beneficial, and environmentally sound approaches across Miami-Dade County.

Based on the Climate Action Strategy, the following mitigation options are identified:

1. **Energy & Buildings**
   - The plan does not provide detailed information about the cost, timing, or location specific to this category, but it outlines that **"47% of emission reduction comes from energy and buildings targets"** (CLIMATE ACTION STRATEGY - REVISED DECEMBER 2021 PAGE 3).
   - The objectives include energy efficiency and reduction in GHG emissions, with a focus on existing, proven, and economically viable solutions. 
  
2. **Land Use & Transportation**
   - The plan states that **"20% comes from transportation targets"** (CLIMATE ACTION STRATEGY - REVISED DECEMBER 2021 PAGE 3). Like Energy & Buildings, it lacks precise details on costs, timing, or locations.
   - It emphasizes integration of transportation and land-use strategies with economic, social, and environmental benefits.

3. **Water & Waste**
   - This category contributes **"3% comes from water and waste targets,"** focusing on waste minimization (CLIMATE ACTION STRATEGY - REVISED DECEMBER 2021 PAGE 3).
   - Specific attributes about costs, timing, and locations are not detailed in the plan.
   
4. **Renewable Energy**
   - A stakeholder opinion in the survey suggests that cost is a barrier, noting **"Home solar is expensive and old. Federal and State rebate programs would help"** (CLIMATE ACTION STRATEGY - REVISED DECEMBER 2021 PAGE 7).
   - Timing and location are not explicitly defined.

5. **Electric Vehicles**
   - The survey reveals cost as a barrier, with **"47% responded they are too expensive"** for electric vehicles (CLIMATE ACTION STRATEGY - REVISED DECEMBER 2021 PAGE 7).
   - There is an interest in expanding charging infrastructure provided more accessible policies and incentives.

6. **Natural Areas Preservation**
   - Greenhouse gas emissions, particularly from transportation, **"can be partially offset by protecting and expanding land uses that are dedicated to natural areas"** such as wetlands and forests (CLIMATE ACTION STRATEGY - REVISED DECEMBER 2021).
   - Details on cost, timing, and precise locations are not provided but emphasize societal benefits.

7. **Urban Heat Island Effect**
   - Addressing this phenomenon with urban planning and design, though specifics on cost, timing, and location are absent (CLIMATE ACTION STRATEGY - REVISED DECEMBER 2021).

8. **Weatherization Assistance Program and Home Rehabilitation Program**
   - Specifically targets low-income households to improve energy efficiency. **CAHSD retrofits about 48 homes per year**, highlighting a fixed annual scope based on federal funding (CLIMATE ACTION STRATEGY - REVISED DECEMBER 2021 PAGE 26).

In summary, while the plan identifies several mitigation options, detailed information regarding specific costs, timing, and locations is limited. The focus tends to highlight the broader strategies and objectives in the context of countywide implementation efforts.

The plan identifies several mitigation options aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. These options are part of the broader strategy to cut emissions by 33% by 2030 from a 2019 baseline. Below is a summary of the identified mitigation options along with relevant attributes:

### **Mitigation Options:**

1. **Energy and Buildings:**
   - **Targets and Implementation:**
     - **Cost & Timeframe:** There is no explicit cost mentioned for each target, but progress is tracked every five years, with an ultimate goal of reducing GHG emissions significantly by 2030 and moving towards zero emissions by 2050.
     - **Attributes:** The plan recommends targets focusing on improving energy efficiency and retrofitting existing buildings. This includes the following:
       - Passing a Building Performance Ordinance for benchmarking and retuning large existing buildings.
       - Offering monetary and non-monetary incentives to promote building retrofits, particularly for low- and moderate-income (LMI) households.

2. **Land Use and Transportation:**
     - **Cost & Timeframe:** Specific costs are not detailed; however, efforts aim to reduce emissions steadily to 2030.
     - **Attributes:** Efforts are oriented towards reducing tailpipe emissions through increased adoption of electric vehicles and improving public transportation infrastructure, among others.

3. **Water and Waste:**
     - **Cost & Timeframe:** Less emphasis and specific financial details are provided compared to other sectors. A reduction of about 3% emissions comes from water and waste targets.
     - **Attributes:** The plan encourages improving waste management practices and better water conservation measures as part of broader environmental regulations.

4. **Weatherization Assistance Program:**
   - **Cost & Timeframe:** Supported by federal funds, currently retrofitting about 48 homes per year. It aims to make homes more energy-efficient, though financial specifics for expansion are not provided.
   - **Location:** Miami-Dade County, prioritizing LMI households.
   - **Attributes:** Includes upgrades such as insulation and replacing inefficient lighting and air conditioning.

5. **Adoption of Solar Energy:**
   - **Cost & Timeframe:** A participant survey emphasizes cost as a barrier, with suggestions for federal and state incentives. No timeframe is mentioned.
   - **Attributes:** There is a push for more accessible solar energy options for residential and commercial buildings.

### **Important Attributes:**

- **Collaborative Efforts:** The plan highlights the importance of collaboration with municipal, state, and federal entities, as decisions affecting the electricity grid fuel sources and transportation regulations play a crucial role in emission outcomes.
- **Public Engagement:** Feedback from community engagement sessions and surveys drive action plans, with barriers identified in cost and accessibility to technologies like solar panels and electric vehicles.

These mitigation attempts are comprehensive, involving multiple sectors and stakeholders, and are intertwined with adaptation strategies for holistic climate action.

The document focuses more on mitigation and resilience strategies than specific adaptation options. The adaptation options are not clearly delineated in the text provided. Instead, the plan emphasizes collaboration, knowledge sharing, and multijurisdictional efforts to enhance resilience against climate threats such as greenhouse gas emissions and their impact on Miami-Dade County.

**Key Points Related to Adaptation:**

- **Resilient35 in the 305 Network**: The plan discusses leveraging the Resilient35 in the 305 network to collaborate on projects and share knowledge to enhance resilience throughout the community (Chapter: Collaborating for Climate Action).

- **Climate Collaboration**: Emphasis on collaboration with municipalities using insights from regional climate assessments to accelerate the implementation of bold climate actions (Chapter: Collaborating for Climate Action).

- **Addressing Urban Heat Island Effect**: The document mentions the need for integrating heat exposure considerations into land use and transportation policies to address the Urban Heat Island Effect, which links directly to human health and transportation behaviors (Chapter: Land Use & Transportation).

- **Community Engagement**: The plan highlights the importance of ongoing community engagement and adaptation through stakeholder feedback to ensure diverse voices contribute to climate adaptation (Chapter: Conclusion).

- **Future Updates**: It outlines the commitment to regular updates and adaptation of the strategy to incorporate new technologies, policies, and partner contributions (Chapter: Conclusion).

The plan does not provide specific details regarding cost, timeframe, or locations for these adaptation-oriented strategies.

**Equity and Community Engagement**

1. **Climate Threat:**
   - The plan recognizes the impacts that historic and current structural racism and inequality have had on the community. It addresses the broader climate threats of inequitable distribution of resources and burdens related to climate change.

   - Miami-Dade County focuses on historically underrepresented groups, including "Black, Hispanic, and Indigenous communities," who have historically experienced discrimination. This acknowledgment aims at ensuring that the actions are effective and equitable for all residents, today and in the future.
   - To advance equitable outcomes, the Office of Resilience will "continue to expand conversations, especially among under-represented groups," ensuring the work is more reflective of the County's diversity and involves maximum participation from diverse voices (*Equity and Community Engagement*).

**Weatherization Assistance Program and Home Rehabilitation Program**

   - The threat of high energy burdens and inefficient housing, which can lead to higher incidences of health conditions like asthma.

   - Residents of low- and moderate-income (LMI) households, who are more likely to live in "older, less efficient buildings," leading to disproportionately higher energy bills and more pronounced energy burdens. The plan’s efforts here are designed to address energy, health, and safety concerns for LMI residents through programs like the Weatherization Assistance Program (*Residents of low- and moderate-income households*).

**Centering Equity**

   - The social threat posed by systemic inequality, which can exacerbate vulnerabilities to climate impacts.

   - Emphasis is placed on "those who have historically experienced discrimination," ensuring accessibility of resources and information to everyone, while eliminating power biases within government systems. 

These policies highlight Miami-Dade’s commitment to ensuring that climate actions do not only mitigate environmental threats but also address social inequalities, providing support to those most vulnerable.

Based on the content of the document, the following potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies can be identified:

1. **Urban Heat Island Effect Mitigation:**

   - **Climate Threat it is Addressing:** Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect and the public health risks associated with extreme heat in urban settings.
   
   - **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:** Integrating heat exposure considerations into land use, transportation policies, and streetscape designs. **“Extreme heat discourages the use of public transit, walking and biking and presents a public health risk to those who do use these modes of transportation.”** (Climate Action Strategy)
   
   - **Why it May Cause Inadvertent Maladaptation:** While aiming to mitigate UHI, the redesignment of urban areas could inadvertently contribute to increased socioeconomic disparity. For instance, if the redevelopment leads to gentrification, it may displace lower-income communities who are most vulnerable to climate impacts.

2. **Expansion of Green and Blue Spaces:**

   - **Climate Threat it is Addressing:** The need to reduce transportation-related fuel consumption and to offset emissions using natural carbon sinks. **“Reduce transportation-related fuel consumption”** and **“Expand and protect green and blue spaces”** (Table of Contents, Climate Action Strategy)
   
   - **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:** Identifying and implementing strategic land use solutions, such as expanding green spaces like wetlands and seagrass that absorb and store carbon.
   
   - **Why it May Cause Inadvertent Maladaptation:** Transforming existing non-natural land areas into green spaces might lead to displacement of communities or disrupt local economies that relied on previous land uses. There could also be a lack of maintenance or inadequate ecological management overtime, rendering these spaces less effective.

3. **Energy Efficient Buildings:**

   - **Climate Threat it is Addressing:** High energy burdens and the economic stability of residents facing increased utility costs. **“Energy efficient buildings have also been demonstrated to alleviate high energy burdens, improve housing affability, and support more financial stability for tenants.”** (Climate Action Strategy).
   
   - **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:** Improve energy efficiency in buildings to reduce urban extreme heat impacts and lower energy costs.
   
   - **Why it May Cause Inadvertent Maladaptation:** The implementation of energy efficiency retrofits might unintentionally increase rental costs or home values, putting financial strain on lower income populations who cannot afford increased housing costs, eventually leading to displacement.

These potential maladaptive consequences highlight the need for comprehensive planning that considers socioeconomic and environmental realities while implementing climate policies.

**Metrics and Measurement Methods:**

1. **Greenhouse Gas Inventories:**
   - Success is determined by tracking progress through greenhouse gas inventories conducted every two years. The County aims to measure progress towards specific targets set in the Climate Action Strategy. [Implementation]

2. **Percentage Reduction Goals:**
   - Reduction of GHG emissions by 33% or 11.9 MMT CO2e by 2030 from a 2019 baseline. [Seven Approaches to Cut Emissions]
   - Community-wide emissions reduction target by 50% by 2030 from a 2019 baseline level, with a long-term goal of net-zero emissions by 2050. [Page 18]
   - Achieve an 80% community-wide emissions reduction by 2050 from a baseline year of 2008. [Miami-Dade County Emissions, Electricity, and Fuel Reduction Goals]

3. **Specific Sector Goals:**
   - **Buildings and Energy:**
     - Benchmark 1.3 billion square feet community-wide by 2026, retuning 1.1 billion square footage by 2030, and retrofitting 167,500 homes to reduce energy costs by 28% by 2030. [The 7 Approaches and 2030 Targets]
     - Install 61,725 KW of solar energy by 2030 on County buildings and 794,000 KW on commercial and residential buildings. [The 7 Approaches and 2030 Targets]
     - Reduce energy use intensity of new buildings by 20% by 2030 from 2020 levels. [The 7 Approaches and 2030 Targets]

   - **Land Use and Transportation:**
     - Shift 10% of transportation mode away from single-occupant vehicles by 2030.
     - Electrify 80% of the County fleet's light vehicles and 50% of public transit buses by 2030. [The 7 Approaches and 2030 Targets]
     - Transition 30% of community-wide vehicles to electric power by 2030. [The 7 Approaches and 2030 Targets]
     - Reduce GHG emissions from Miami International Airport by 50% and PortMiami operations by 25% by 2030. [The 7 Approaches and 2030 Targets]

4. **Renewable Energy and Fuel Reduction:**
   - Reduce the consumption of gasoline in County operations by 30% and diesel fuel by 70% from a baseline year of 2016 by 2028. [Miami-Dade County Emissions, Electricity, and Fuel Reduction Goals]

5. **Water and Waste:**
   - 48 GWH/year of electricity from cogeneration at wastewater plants by 2030 and converting 50% of non-recycled garbage to energy by 2030. [The 7 Approaches and 2030 Targets]

6. **Waste Reduction:**
   - Reduce landfill waste per person by 50% and water consumption per person by 30% by 2030. [The 7 Approaches and 2030 Targets]

7. **Community-Wide Energy Sources:**
   - Have 30% of county-wide energy obtained from solar by 2030, ultimately attaining zero emissions for county-wide energy sources. [Miami-Dade County Emissions, Electricity, and Fuel Reduction Goals]

**Concrete Goals and Deadlines:**

- **Overall Community Goal:** 50% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 from the 2019 baseline. [Page 18]
- **Long-Term Community Goal:** Net-zero emissions by 2050. [Page 18]
- **Specific Targets:** Include retrofitting homes, expanding renewable energy, and fuel consumption reductions. Each target sets a specific numerical objective, such as square footage benchmarks, energy production capacities, and percentages of conversions or reductions with deadlines mostly by 2030. [The 7 Approaches and 2030 Targets]

**Additional Measures:**

- **Metric Standard:** GHG emissions totals are reported in CO2e to standardize understanding across various GHG emissions. [Greenhouse Gas Methods and Data Verification]

| Feature               | Description                                                                                                                                                                                                            |
|-----------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name**| Miami-Dade County                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
| **Population**        | Not specified in the provided document.                                                                                                                                                                                |
| **Threats Identified**| - Climate change threatening lives and livelihoods (INTRODUCTION) <br> - Urban Heat Island Effect (Page 36) <br> - GHG Emissions from buildings, fuel use, transportation (Page 12) <br> - Tree canopy loss due to storms like Hurricane Irma (Page 12) |
| **Measures Identified**| - Cut GHG emissions by 50% by 2030 (INTRODUCTION, CONCLUSION) <br> - Benchmark, retune, and retrofit existing buildings (ENERGY & BUILDINGS) <br> - Expand renewable energy generation (ENERGY & BUILDINGS) <br> - Build ultra-low energy buildings (ENERGY & BUILDINGS) <br> - Reduce transportation-related fuel consumption (LAND USE & TRANSPORTATION) <br> - Expand and protect green and blue spaces (LAND USE & TRANSPORTATION) <br> - Convert waste to energy (WATER & WASTE) <br> - Reduce waste and water use (WATER & WASTE) <br> - Increase community-wide tree canopy to 30% by 2030 (Page 49) |

```

**Planning Jurisdiction:** Norfolk, Virginia

- Norfolk is an independent city located in the Hampton Roads region of Virginia, USA.
- It has nearly 247,000 residents and covers an area of 54 square miles ("Norfolk – A Coastal Community").

- Norfolk is characterized by its 144 miles of shoreline, which includes lakes, rivers, and the Chesapeake Bay ("Norfolk – A Coastal Community").
- It is located as a coastal city, with significant exposure to water bodies which shape the city's economy and recreational activities.

- *Naval Station Norfolk*: The largest naval base in the world, hosting the U.S. Fleet Forces Command and NATO Allied Command Transformation ("Norfolk – A Coastal Community").
- *Norfolk International Terminals*: The biggest terminal of the Virginia Port Authority ("Norfolk – A Coastal Community").
- Norfolk is the medical center of the Hampton Roads region and hosts several educational institutions, including Old Dominion University and Norfolk State University ("Norfolk – A Coastal Community").

**Local Climate and Challenges:**
- Norfolk experiences climate change impacts directly, with threats such as sea level rise and land subsidence, making it one of the U.S. cities most at risk after New Orleans ("Norfolk – A Coastal Community").
- According to data and projections by the Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences, there is an expected sea level rise of 1.32 feet by 2050 at Sewells Point ("Norfolk – A Coastal Community").

- Norfolk's economy is bolstered by its strategic location which is significant for U.S. national security and economic prosperity. The city plays a vital role in global and national economic activities due to its port facilities and naval installations ("Norfolk – A Coastal Community").
- The energy production and natural resources, such as renewable energy initiatives, are highlighted in the Climate Action Plan, with a focus on green technologies and reducing carbon emissions ("Summary of Strategies").

- Major economic drivers include the military, port operations, healthcare, and education. Additionally, Norfolk is recognized as an arts, cultural, and education center within the Hampton Roads region ("Norfolk – A Coastal Community").

Note: The document does not include specific information about demographics, average income, or detailed economic data like the contribution of oil and gas.

The plan lightly addresses resilience by focusing more on mitigation and adaptation measures. However, resilience is mentioned in the context of the city's zoning ordinance and Resilience Quotient, which requires all development to meet resilience elements, including risk reduction, stormwater management, and energy resilience. The plan notes: "The requirement is measured on a points system covering three separate resilience elements: risk reduction, stormwater management, and energy resilience" (19 | economically). Techniques to promote energy resilience are mentioned, such as installing renewable energy systems and geothermal heating, alongside enhancing transportation efficiency through optimized routes and vehicle operation (23 | panes).

Mitigation is a primary focus of the plan, aiming to "reduce greenhouse gas emissions" (6 | Executive Summary) by setting measurable goals in various sectors. The plan outlines several initiatives, such as increasing renewable energy usage, boosting building energy efficiency, and improving transportation energy use. A key goal of the plan is to have "measurable, achievable goals for cutting Norfolk’s carbon emissions" (15 | Overview of Commission). Strategic recommendations include expanding municipal responsibilities, implementing funding mechanisms like PACE for renewable energy, and instituting appliance and energy policies in city-owned facilities (7 | Executive Summary).

Adaptation is included as part of the city's ongoing efforts to address climate challenges, although specific adaptation strategies are not heavily detailed. The plan acknowledges the need for adaptation through ongoing projects like the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Coastal Storm Risk Management Study and the National Disaster Resilience Competition Ohio Creek Watershed Project. These projects complement the plan's emissions reduction efforts with adaptation work (6 | Executive Summary). The plan is also guided by Vision2100, aiming to adapt to rising waters and enhance urban planning in response to sea-level rise (19 | economically).

Based on the content provided, the plan would be classified as a **"mitigation primary climate action plan."** This is due to the plan's primary focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions through specific mitigation strategies across various goal areas, supplemented by some consideration of resilience and ongoing adaptation efforts.

Yes, the plan describes several scenarios of climate change that the City of Norfolk is planning for in terms of resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. The City of Norfolk is a coastal community that faces specific climate risks, including:

- **Impacts to Coastal Cities:** The U.S. Global Change Research Program highlights that "Coastal communities and the ecosystems that support them are increasingly threatened by the impacts of climate change. Without significant reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions and regional adaptation measures, many coastal regions will be transformed by the latter part of this century, with impacts affecting other regions and sectors." (Executive Summary)

- **High Tide Flooding:** Even with lower emissions, "many communities are expected to suffer financial impacts as chronic high-tide flooding leads to higher costs and lower property values." (Executive Summary)

- **Specific Risks to the Southeast United States:** These include "high temperatures, flooding, and vector-borne disease." (Executive Summary)

- **Sea Level Rise:** The city uses the challenge of sea level rise to guide long-term decision-making through initiatives such as Vision2100. This strategy aims to address flooding challenges and adapt to rising waters by planning for the next 80+ years. (Vision2100)

These scenarios illustrate the climate risks that Norfolk is addressing through various resilience, mitigation, and adaptation efforts as outlined in their Climate Action Plan.

**1. Coastal and Stormwater Flooding**

- **Climate Hazard:** The plan identifies **coastal and stormwater flooding** as a significant hazard for Norfolk, stemming from its location as a coastal city with 144 miles of shoreline along lakes, rivers, and the Chesapeake Bay.
- **Climate Risks:** The flooding challenges pose risks to the economic prosperity and national security significance of Norfolk, with impacts potentially affecting infrastructure like the Naval Station Norfolk, the largest naval base in the world, and the Norfolk International Terminals.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** While the document doesn't specify specific populations or areas, it implies that communities residing along the extensive shoreline might be more vulnerable due to proximity to water bodies.

**2. Sea Level Rise**

- **Climate Hazard:** **Sea level rise** is a specific concern primarily because Norfolk is a coastal city, and the rising waters present long-term planning challenges.
- **Climate Risks:** The risk presented includes the transformation and potential submergence of coastal lands, impacting housing, infrastructure, and the overall economic fabric of the city.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The plan discusses sea level rise affecting urban centers, which involves significant population and economic zones within the city, potentially influencing both residential and commercial properties.

**3. High Temperatures**

- **Climate Hazard:** The plan briefly references **high temperatures** as an identified risk to the Southeast United States by the USGCRP.
- **Climate Risks:** Though not elaborated in detail, high temperatures could lead to increased energy demand, public health risks, and stress on infrastructure.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The plan does not specify vulnerabilities, but generally, more vulnerable populations could include the elderly, low-income groups, and those without access to adequate cooling.

**4. Vector-borne Diseases**

- **Climate Hazard:** Identified by the USGCRP, **vector-borne diseases** are a potential hazard due to changing climate conditions in the Southeast United States.
- **Climate Risks:** The risk includes the spread of diseases carried by vectors like mosquitoes, which could impact public health.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** While specific populations are not mentioned, communities with limited healthcare access and warmer microclimates within the city may be more susceptible.

### **1. Resilience Quotient System**

- **Climate Threat:** The resilience quotient addresses the long-term challenges posed by sea level rise and flooding.
  - Cost: Not specified in the document.
  - Timeframe: The zoning ordinance including the resilience quotient took effect on March 1, 2018.
  - Location: Applies to all development within the City of Norfolk.
  - It's measured on a points system covering risk reduction, stormwater management, and energy resilience.
  - This system ensures new development will be environmentally friendly and resilient, providing flexibility to builders.
  
### **2. Vision2100**

- **Climate Threat:** Addresses flooding challenges due to sea level rise.
  - Timeframe: Looks further out than the typical 20-30-year planning horizon, taking an 80+ year view.
  - Location: Norfolk.
  - Vision2100 guides decision-making to ensure Norfolk will remain a dynamic, water-based community.
  - It involves designing urban centers, enhancing economic engines, and adapting to rising waters.

### **3. Green Infrastructure Plan**

- **Climate Threat:** Not directly specified, but implies addressing environmental and flooding challenges.
  - Timeframe: Adopted in July 2018.
  - The plan uses the city's natural assets to design a coastal community of the future improving environmental resilience.

### **4. City of Norfolk Bicycle and Pedestrian Strategic Plan**

- **Climate Threat:** Indirectly addresses the threat from high carbon emissions by promoting sustainable transportation.
  - Timeframe: Adopted in December 2015.
  - Location: Identifies 12 corridors for bike facilities in Norfolk.
  - Supports the Complete Streets policy and encourages reduced automobile reliance.

### **5. Solar Emergency Shelters**

- **Climate Threat:** Addresses power outages and energy insecurity as a resilience measure against energy disruptions.
  - Cost: Not specified in the document; potential grant assistance is mentioned.
  - Timeframe: Short-term/Medium-term, one shelter per year.
  - Location: Schools and existing shelters in Norfolk.
  - Creates resilient shelters with solar plus battery backup offering job creation, cost savings, equity, and health benefits.

The plan identifies several mitigation options. Below is a summary of each option, along with information regarding cost, timing, location, and other important attributes as identified in the plan:

### Renewable Energy Production

- **Sustainable Business Coalition**
  - **Description:** Create a recognition and incentive program for commercial purchases of green energy. Educate businesses on solar financing through seminars and online resources.
  - **Timeline:** Short-term
  - **Impact on GHG:** Moderate
  - **Secondary Benefits:** Job Creation, Cost Savings
  - **Lead Agency:** Municipal Government, Chamber of Commerce
  - **Partner Agencies:** Norfolk Environmental Commission, Hampton Roads Planning District Commission, Advocacy Organizations

- **City Code and Financing**
  - **Description:** Remove financial barriers to building retrofits and promote renewable energy by supporting code changes for solar and wind power.
  - **Timeline:** Short-term/Medium-term
  - **Impact on GHG:** Small/Moderate/Large
  - **Lead Agency:** Municipal Government
  - **Partner Agencies:** Private Sector

- **Solar Emergency Shelters**
  - **Description:** Install solar plus battery backup at schools and existing shelters to create resilient shelters.
  - **Impact on GHG:** Small, Moderate
  - **Secondary Benefits:** Job Creation, Cost Savings, Equity, Health
  - **Lead Agency:** Municipal Government, School Division
  - **Partner Agencies:** Private Sector, Philanthropic Community

### Buildings & Energy Use/Efficiency

- **Outdoor LED Lights**
  - **Description:** Replace municipal outdoor lights with LEDs by 20% per year and require new lighting to be LED.
  - **Timing:** Short-term/Medium-term
  - **Impact on GHG:** Moderate/Large
  - **Secondary Benefits:** Cost Savings 
  - **Lead Agency:** Dominion/Municipal Government

- **City Appliances Policy**
  - **Description:** Require policies for turning off equipment and appliances in city-owned facilities, using Energy Star methodologies.
  - **Impact on GHG:** Small/Moderate
  - **Secondary Benefits:** Cost Savings

- **Sustainable Business Coalition - Energy Performance Benchmarking**
  - **Description:** Implement an energy performance tracking and annual reporting program for commercial buildings, exploring options for multifamily buildings.
  - **Secondary Benefits:** Cost Savings, Job Creation, Equity
  - **Lead Agency:** Chamber of Commerce, Private Sector
  - **Partner Agency:** Municipal Government

- **Funding for Sustainable Transportation Initiatives**
  - **Description:** Apply for grants and other incentives to support sustainable transportation.
  - **Timeline:** Short-term, Medium-term
  - **Secondary Benefits:** Health, Equity
  - **Partner Agencies:** Elizabeth River Trail Foundation, Norfolk Bike Commission, Norfolk Environmental Commission

- **Alternative Fueling Infrastructure**
  - **Description:** Expand alternative fueling/charging stations around Norfolk, educate companies on electric vehicles.
  - **Secondary Benefits:** Health, Cost Savings
  - **Lead Agency:** Chamber of Commerce, Municipal Government
  - **Partner Agencies:** Advocacy Organizations

Overall, the plan outlines these options focusing on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and includes various secondary benefits such as cost savings, job creation, health improvements, and equity. The impact on GHG ranges from small to large, with timelines from short-term to medium-term.

The plan identifies several mitigation options with relevant details as follows:

### **Mitigation Options and Details**

1. **Renewable Energy Production**
   - **Sustainable Business Coalition**
     - **Timeframe:** Short-term
     - **Impact on GHG:** Moderate
     - **Secondary Benefits:** Job Creation, Cost Savings
     - **Important Attributes:** Create a recognition and incentive program for green energy purchases including possible future tax incentives and procurement guidelines (Mayor’s Advisory Commission on Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Climate Action Plan 27).

2. **Buildings & Energy Use/Efficiency**
   - **Solar Survey**
     - **Timeframe:** Not specified
     - **Impact on GHG:** Not specified
     - **Location:** Municipal, School Buildings, Norfolk Airport
     - **Important Attributes:** Inventory rooftops for potential solar PV and hot water installations, prioritize opportunity zones (Executive Summary 6).
   
   - **City Code and Financing**
     - **Timeframe:** Short-term/Medium-term
     - **Impact on GHG:** Small/Moderate/Large
     - **Important Attributes:** Remove financial barriers to building retrofits and promote renewable energy (27).

3. **Transportation**
   - **Alternative Fueling Infrastructure**
     - **Timeframe:** Short-term, Medium-term
     - **Secondary Benefits:** Health, Cost Savings
     - **Important Attributes:** Expand infrastructure for alternative fueling and educate companies on using electric vehicles (35).

   - **Enhancing Transportation Efficiency**
     - **Important Attributes:** Use of GPS systems to optimize routes and reduce vehicle idling, reducing fuel consumption and emissions (Executive Summary 23).

- **Enhancing Transportation Efficiency**

4. **Consumption & Waste**
   - **PACE (Property Assessed Clean Energy)**
     - **Important Attributes:** Funding mechanism for renewable energy financing by commercial, non-profit, multifamily properties (Executive Summary 6).

### **Key Attributes of Strategies**

- **Impact on GHG** is measured as small, moderate, or large.
- **Timeframe** varies from short-term (2020), medium-term (2025), to long-term (post-2030).
- **Secondary Benefits** include job creation, cost savings, health improvement, and equity.
- **Authority** includes lead and partner agencies like Municipal Government, Chamber of Commerce, and Hampton Roads Transit.

The plan emphasizes strategies with economic benefits and aims to integrate them without impeding economic growth (Phase 2: Setting Goals, Targets, Strategies). Certain constraints, like legal limitations in the state of Virginia, are addressed by focusing on incentives and partnerships (Executive Summary 7).

The Climate Action Plan primarily addresses mitigation strategies and does not focus extensively on adaptation options since there are existing efforts addressing flooding and green infrastructure. However, several adaptation-related considerations and initiatives are referenced as ongoing or complementary to this Climate Action Plan:

- **Vision2100**  
  1. **Climate threat:** This initiative addresses the threat of sea level rise and flooding challenges.  
  2. **Information:** Vision2100 is a long-term strategy designed to prepare the city for future sea level rise. Although specific costs and timeframes are not detailed within this plan, it is mentioned that public meetings have been part of the process to identify places at risk and to guide decision-making towards creating neighborhoods and urban centers that consider rising waters.

- **Green Infrastructure Plan**  
  1. **Climate threat:** This plan addresses environmental challenges in the coastal community setting, especially relating to flooding and stormwater management.  
  2. **Information:** Adopted in July 2018, the Green Infrastructure Plan uses the city’s natural assets to enhance environmental and economic resilience. Details about specific costs and implementation timeframes are not provided in this plan.

- **Zoning Ordinance – Resilience Quotient**  
  1. **Climate threat:** It addresses risks related to sea level rise and promotes overall resilience in development practices.  
  2. **Information:** The Resilience Quotient requires new developments to meet standards across three elements: risk reduction, stormwater management, and energy resilience. This ordinance requires finishing floor elevations above certain levels, prohibits basements, and promotes environmentally friendly development practices, with costs and specific timeframes not mentioned.

Overall, while the plan primarily focuses on mitigation strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, these mentioned initiatives indirectly support the city's adaptation by reinforcing resilience against identified climate impacts like sea level rise and flooding.

The plan identifies several climate policies to advance climate justice. Below are the policies along with relevant details:

1. **Reusable Bags and Single-Use Plastics**:
   - **Climate Threat Addressed**: The policy aims to reduce pollution and litter associated with plastic waste. Supporting legislation that allows local governments to regulate the distribution of disposable plastic bags and single-use products such as straws and polystyrene containers can help mitigate these threats.
   - **Areas/Populations with Most Vulnerability**: Coastal and urban communities are likely more vulnerable, as these areas face significant plastic waste pollution which affects local ecosystems and can exacerbate flooding due to blocked drainage systems.

2. **Workforce Development/Green Jobs**:
   - **Climate Threat Addressed**: This policy addresses socioeconomic inequities that may arise from climate change, particularly focusing on economic stability and job creation in green sectors.
   - **Areas/Populations with Most Vulnerability**: Targeting "Norfolk Redevelopment and Housing communities" suggests that low-income populations in these areas are particularly vulnerable due to potential economic disruptions from climate change.

3. **K-12 Sustainability Curriculum**:
   - **Climate Threat Addressed**: Educational gaps in understanding and addressing climate change impacts are targeted by this policy. By integrating a sustainability curriculum, the policy aims to build climate literacy and resilience from an early age.
   - **Areas/Populations with Most Vulnerability**: School-aged children and educational institutions, particularly in high-risk areas, are the intended beneficiaries, as they prepare future generations to adapt to and mitigate climate change impacts.

4. **Sustainable Business Coalition**:
   - **Climate Threat Addressed**: The initiative aims to reduce emissions and energy usage by involving local businesses. It addresses the broader threat of climate-induced economic shifts and energy insecurities.
   - **Areas/Populations with Most Vulnerability**: Small and local businesses, which might struggle with adapting to greener practices without support, can benefit significantly, ensuring economic resilience.

5. **Alternative Commute Incentives**:
   - **Climate Threat Addressed**: This policy tackles transportation emissions and the resultant air quality issues.
   - **Areas/Populations with Most Vulnerability**: Communities with limited transportation options may face severe impacts from both emissions and changes in transportation infrastructure, thus benefiting from reduced reliance on personal vehicles.

These policies point toward a comprehensive approach by considering the specific needs of vulnerable populations and the localized climate threats they face.

Based on the document provided, there are **potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies** that may arise from the adopted strategies and recommendations. 

### Policy 1: Solar Survey and Installation

   - The strategy addresses the threat of greenhouse gas emissions contributing to climate change by increasing the usage of renewable energy sources such as solar power.
2. **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option Proposed:**
   - Includes conducting a solar survey to "inventory all municipal and school building rooftops for solar PV and hot water potential" and identifying opportunities for solar installations on municipal lands (e.g., Norfolk Airport) (Chapter: Executive Summary).
3. **Potential Inadvertent Maladaptation:**
   - If not properly planned, widespread solar installations could lead to land use conflicts, compromise other land uses like green spaces that serve as important social and ecological functions, and possibly affect existing ecosystems. Additionally, without appropriate consideration, such installations could pose aesthetic or structural integrity issues in historical areas or densely populated urban centers, leading to social pushback or neighborhood resistance.

### Policy 2: Sustainable Business Coalition and Incentives

   - This policy addresses the threat of high carbon emissions from local businesses, aiming to encourage local businesses to "cut their own carbon footprints" (Chapter: Executive Summary).
   - The creation of a Sustainable Business Coalition for recognizing and incentivizing commercial purchases of green energy and promoting emission reductions through measures like alternative commuting incentives (Chapter: Executive Summary).
   - The focus on incentivizing specific business practices may inadvertently favor larger or more economically stable businesses that can afford the initial costs of green technologies or alternative energy sources, leaving smaller firms behind and possibly consolidating economic power, which can exacerbate existing socio-economic inequalities. Additionally, the focus on economic incentives without sufficient checks might lead to "greenwashing," where businesses may not make substantive changes but rather conform superficially to gain benefits.

### Policy 3: Resilience Quotient and Development Regulations

   - Tackles the threat of sea level rise and extreme weather impacts on infrastructure through resilience planning.
   - Updates to the Resilience Quotient in the zoning ordinance, requiring new development to meet resilience targets via a points system focused on "risk reduction, stormwater management, and energy resilience" (Chapter: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities & Constraints).
   - The resilience quotient could lead to maladaptation by discouraging development in certain areas due to increased costs or regulatory burden, possibly hindering economic growth or leading to unintentional socio-economic divides. Developers might choose to build in less-regulated or cheaper areas that are actually more vulnerable, inadvertently increasing overall vulnerability and exposure to climate impacts.

Each of these policies has the potential to yield unintended consequences if not carefully implemented and reviewed over time. It is crucial to consider comprehensive impact assessments and continuous dialogue with stakeholders to mitigate maladaptive outcomes.

Based on the content provided from the plan, the following summarizes how the success or failure of each adaptation, resilience, and mitigation option is measured, including specific metrics and targets:

### **Measuring Success or Failure:**

- **Metrics for Evaluating Strategies:**
  - **Impact on Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Reduction:** The plan evaluates the potential impact of strategies to reduce greenhouse gases, categorizing them as small, medium, or large. *(Phase 2: Setting Goals, Targets, Strategies)*
  - **Timeline for Completion:** Strategies are assigned anticipated years of completion categorized as short-term (2020), medium-term (2025), and long-term (2030 or later). *(Phase 2: Setting Goals, Targets, Strategies)*

- **Secondary Benefits Evaluation:**
  - Secondary benefits are assessed in terms of health, job creation, cost savings, and equity. *(Phase 2: Setting Goals, Targets, Strategies)*

### **Specific Metrics and Goals:**

- **Buildings & Energy Use/Efficiency:**
  - **Energy Performance Analysis:** Performance analysis for municipal buildings with standards for HVAC set at 74 degrees for AC and 68 degrees for heating. *(Buildings & Energy Use/Efficiency)*
  - **LED Lighting Replacement:** Replacement of Dominion-owned municipal outdoor lights with LEDs by 20% per year. *(Buildings & Energy Use/Efficiency)*
  - **Net Zero Energy Goals:** Construct a demonstration project by 2025 and achieve 100% of qualified municipal construction projects built to net zero energy consumption by 2030. *(Buildings & Energy Use/Efficiency)*

  - **PACE Bike Share Program:** Increase frequency of current riders with incentives for new riders. *(Transportation)*

- **General Targets and Action Plans:**
  - Each goal is divided into measurable targets both qualitative and quantitative, depending on the nature of the data. Each target includes actionable strategies complete with criteria that qualify the strategy's impact potential. *(Phase 2: Setting Goals, Targets, Strategies)*

### **Concrete Goals and Deadlines:**

- **Renewable Energy Production:**
  - Increase usage of renewable energy with targets unspecified but aiming for progress by 2050. *(Phase 2: Setting Goals, Targets, Strategies)*

  - Increase the number of municipal projects with net zero energy consumption by 2030 with a demonstration project by 2025. *(Buildings & Energy Use/Efficiency)*

  - Increase energy efficiency, use of clean energy, and reduce vehicle reliance with unspecified specific deadlines. *(Transportation)*

- **Engagement, Outreach, & Education:**
  - Implement programs for environmental education and engagement, specific goals and deadlines unspecified. *(Phase 2: Setting Goals, Targets, Strategies)*

While the plan includes various strategies and a potential impact evaluation, details about the exact units (such as tons of CO2) for some metrics and the precise numerical objectives (percent reductions or index values) for many of these targets are not specified in the provided text.

| **Feature**          | **Details**                                                                                                          |
|----------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Norfolk, Virginia                                                                                                    |
| **Population**       | Nearly 247,000 residents                                                                                             |
| **Threats Identified** | - Coastal and stormwater flooding <br> - High temperatures <br> - Flooding <br> - Vector-borne disease <br> - Climate change impacts on coastal communities |
| **Measures Identified** | - 100 Resilient Cities Strategy <br> - Green Infrastructure Masterplan <br> - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Coastal Storm Risk Management Study <br> - National Disaster Resilience Competition Ohio Creek Watershed Project <br> - Resilient zoning code <br> - Increase usage of renewable energy <br> - Increase energy efficiency and reduce consumption <br> - Use of clean energy and reduce vehicle reliance <br> - Promote sustainable food system <br> - Environmental education and engagement |
```

The document provided focuses on the planning jurisdiction of the **City and County of Honolulu**, located on the island of O‘ahu in Hawaii. The plan emphasizes the jurisdiction's vulnerability to climate change but does not include specific details about population, demographics, or average income. Consequently, these details are not available in the provided text.

**Geographic Features and Physical Landscape:**

- The jurisdiction is characterized by a coastal location, as evident from references to sea level rise impacting local homes and infrastructure. The proximity to the ocean plays a crucial role in local climate change adaptation strategies.
- The plan does not explicitly mention other geographic features such as mountains, rivers, or deserts, although the reference to flooding and sea level rise illustrates coastal risks.

- Climate challenges are a recurring theme, including increased intensity and frequency of storms, drought, and wildfires.
- The jurisdiction faces issues with sea level rise, impacting infrastructure and homes due to heavier flooding and storms.
- "Average rainfall decreases" are noted, highlighting a challenge for comprehensive water management ("One Water" work plan) that integrates operations into a comprehensive strategy (PART 3: Safe and Reliable Infrastructure).

- Infrastructure is central to the climate adaptation strategy; the plan mentions retrofitting homes, buildings, and infrastructure to withstand climate impacts.
- It emphasizes developing resilient road and parking infrastructure to manage storms and flooding.
- The plan does not provide specific details on key infrastructure like airports or seaports in the text provided.

**Energy Production and Economic Drivers:**

- The plan addresses climate mitigation strategies such as "zero emission transportation" and "clean energy," indicating a shift towards renewable energy practices.
- Economic considerations include a program to incentivize retrofitting for disaster preparedness, with claims that "every dollar invested in disaster mitigation saves up to six dollars in future disaster recovery."
- The document does not specifically mention other industries or economic drivers beyond those related to climate adaptation and resilience efforts.

Based on the provided text, while the document is rich with adaptation strategies, it lacks specific details on demographics, detailed geographic features, and explicit references to broader economic activities or statistical data.

The plan emphasizes the importance of resilience across various strategies and actions. It outlines specific actions to **strengthen the climate resilience of infrastructure** and ecosystems, highlighting the integration of climate resilience principles into city planning and operations. For example, Strategy 9 includes actions such as coordinating resilient infrastructure investments and improving understanding of flood risks by expanding and updating flood maps (*CLIMATE READY O‘AHU: Safe and Reliable Infrastructure*).

The plan mentions the broad strategy of climate change mitigation, focusing on **reducing anthropogenic emissions** and transitioning to a zero-emission economy by 2045. It outlines mitigation options such as zero emission transportation, clean energy, and zero waste (*CLIMATE READY O‘AHU: Climate Change Mitigation*).

Adaptation is a significant component of the plan, with multiple strategies and implementable actions aimed at preparing and adjusting to the impacts of climate change. The plan includes actions to **address heat preparedness, flood resilience, and biodiversity conservation**. For example, Strategy 1 focuses on increasing public understanding of climate change hazards, and Strategy 3 involves partnerships with cultural resource practitioners to plan for climate impacts to Native Hawaiian and other cultural resources (*CLIMATE READY O‘AHU: Empowered and Prepared People*).

Given the substantial focus on both adaptation and resilience, as well as elements of mitigation, the plan can be classified as an **adaptation/resilience dedicated climate action plan**. While mitigation is addressed, the plan primarily emphasizes local adaptation strategies and resilience building.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change that Oʻahu will face and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. It details the past and projected impacts of climate change, emphasizing unique local effects such as increasing intensity and frequency of climate hazards:

- **Climate Hazards Identified:** "O‘ahu’s top climate hazards are: Sea Level Rise, Heat, Drought and Wildfire, Flash Flooding, Hurricanes" (*Introduction*).

- **Past Emissions and Locked-in Warming:** "Even if we stopped emitting all GHGs tomorrow, past emissions have locked us into a warming path to some degree, meaning some climate impacts are unavoidable" (*Introduction*).

- **Expected Changes and Impacts:** "Sea levels are expected to rise as much over the next 30 years as they have in the last 100," leading to various local impacts such as "disappearing sandy shorelines" and risks to "homes, our community spaces, and our resilience" (*Introduction*, *Local Impacts Need Local Solutions*).

- **Record-Setting Weather Events:** Examples highlight the possibility of more extreme events, such as "Hurricane Lane, Hawaiʻi’s wettest tropical cyclone on record," and "2023 devastating wildland fires on Maui, intensified by tropical storm-fueled winds and pre-existing drought conditions" (*Introduction*).  

This scenario forms the basis for planning Oʻahu's climate policies on resilience, mitigation, and adaptation strategies to prepare for these expected changes and impacts.

1. **Sea Level Rise and Coastal Erosion**
   - **Description:** The plan describes sea level rise as a major climate hazard expected to increase over the next 30 years, impacting O‘ahu's coastlines significantly.
   - **Climate Risks:** Sea level rise poses risks such as beach loss, flooding, displacement of over 13,000 people, damage or loss of 550 Hawaiian cultural sites, water contamination, limited access to traditional practices and resources, and economic hardships due to impacts on the tourism industry.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Frontline communities, geographically vulnerable areas, and individuals dependent on coastal areas for traditional practices are most at risk.

2. **Increasing Temperatures and Heat Waves**
   - **Description:** O‘ahu is experiencing warmer summers and winters, and fewer trade winds, leading to increased occurrences of heat waves.
   - **Climate Risks:** Heat waves can strain the electric grid, increasing health problems and hospital visits due to heat illnesses. It also affects water resources and increases the risk of wildfires.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Frontline communities, outdoor workers, public-service safety staff, and those lacking adequate cooling resources are most vulnerable.

3. **Drought and Wildfire**
   - **Description:** Altered weather patterns contribute to more frequent and severe droughts, which increase the likelihood and severity of wildfires.
   - **Climate Risks:** Droughts can lead to water scarcity, affecting agriculture and increasing wildfire risks, which threaten ecosystems and public safety.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas with limited water resources and those relying on agriculture are particularly vulnerable.

4. **Flash Flooding**
   - **Description:** Flash flooding becomes more frequent or severe due to unpredictable rain patterns and increased storm activities.
   - **Climate Risks:** Flash flooding can cause landslides, infrastructure damage, and significant disruption to daily life and economic activities.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Coastal areas and communities located near flood-prone zones are highly vulnerable.

5. **Hurricanes**
   - **Description:** Increasingly intense hurricanes affect O‘ahu, resulting in more severe natural disasters.
   - **Climate Risks:** Hurricanes pose risks such as property damage, infrastructure loss, and threats to life and safety, along with economic impacts.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Coastal communities and infrastructure are most susceptible to hurricane impacts.

*The description of hazards, risks, and vulnerabilities is drawn from the "Climate Ready O‘ahu" sections of the plan.*

**Resilience Options in the Plan**

### **Strategy 9: Integrate climate resilience into City capital planning, operations, and policies**

- **Climate Threat Addressed**: General integration of resilience into city planning for climate impacts.
- **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location**:
  - **Timeframe**: Medium and Near
  - **Location**: City infrastructure and capital projects
  - **Cost/Considerations**: Emphasizes importance of early adaptation investments to create long-term benefits and protect infrastructure from climate hazards over time.
- **Other Important Attributes**:
  - Economic: Use of innovative funding like green bonds and improvement districts.
  - Infrastructural: Emphasis on proactive adaptation to avoid irreparable losses and costs over time.

### **Strategy 10: Make buildings, homes, and infrastructure more climate resilient**

- **Climate Threat Addressed**: Storms, flooding, sea level rise, and extreme heat.
  - **Timeframe**: Near, Medium, Far
  - **Location**: Homes, businesses, critical infrastructure, City facilities.
  - **Cost/Considerations**: Incentives for retrofits are highlighted as cost-effective; every dollar in disaster mitigation could save six dollars in recovery (Part 3: Safe and Reliable Infrastructure).
  - Economic: Long-term savings and reduced maintenance costs from early retrofitting and upgrades.
  - Environmental: Use of permeable pavements to enhance stormwater management.

### **Strategy 11: Reduce flood risk and coastal erosion by directing development to safer and higher ground**

- **Climate Threat Addressed**: Flood risk and coastal erosion.
  - **Location**: Sea level rise exposure areas.
  - **Cost/Considerations**: Assessment of cost-effectiveness of relocating versus maintaining infrastructure in place (Part 3: Safe and Reliable Infrastructure).
  - Economic: Evaluation could reduce long-term maintenance and repair costs.
  - Infrastructural: Updates to Flood Ordinance and critical evaluations for relocation.

### **Strategy 12: Keep our communities cool as temperatures rise and during heat waves**

- **Climate Threat Addressed**: Rising temperatures and heat waves.
  - **Timeframe**: Near and Medium
  - **Location**: Street and park trees, public recreation spaces, community areas.
  - **Cost/Considerations**: Involves infrastructure changes like increased shade spaces and solar PV installation (Part 3: Safe and Reliable Infrastructure).
  - Environmental: Promotes the use and growth of the urban tree canopy.
  - Public Health: Emphasis on community health and safety related to heat risks.

### **Strategy 5: Strengthen climate resilience of beach and wetland ecosystems through preservation and restoration**

- **Climate Threat Addressed**: Sea level rise, coastal erosion.
  - **Location**: Beaches and wetlands
  - **Cost/Considerations**: Enhancement of Clean Water and Natural Lands Fund for boosted protection (Action Summary).
  - Environmental: Protect and restore ecosystems to naturally mitigate climate impacts.

### **Strategy 6: Improve watershed health to mitigate wildfire risk and manage flooding**

- **Climate Threat Addressed**: Wildfire risk, flooding, poor water quality.
  - **Location**: Priority watersheds
  - **Cost/Considerations**: Strategies like conservation and reforestation improve natural management and reduce man-made solutions (Action Summary).
  - Environmental: Includes restoration actions and buffer zones to manage runoff and flood.

### **Strategy 7: Strengthen fresh water security by improving water conservation and reuse**

- **Climate Threat Addressed**: Water scarcity.
  - **Location**: Island-wide efforts
  - **Cost/Considerations**: Emphasizes expanding non-potable water and efficiency upgrades.
  - Environmental: Promotes sustainable practices for long-term water security enhancements.

1. **Zero Emission Transportation**
   - **Summary:** The plan highlights zero emission transportation as a key mitigation effort to reduce and eliminate emissions of heat-trapping gases from transportation sources.
   - **Cost, Timing, Location, and Attributes:** The plan does not provide specific details on cost, timing, or location for zero emission transportation efforts.

2. **Clean Energy**
   - **Summary:** The transition to clean energy is identified as a critical step in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
   - **Cost, Timing, Location, and Attributes:** Specific details on cost, timing, or location for clean energy initiatives are not provided in the cited plan sections.

3. **Zero Waste**
   - **Summary:** Implementing zero waste practices contributes to mitigating emissions associated with waste management.
   - **Cost, Timing, Location, and Attributes:** The plan does not elaborate on the cost, timing, or location regarding zero waste initiatives.

These mitigation options are general strategies mentioned in the plan, and the details regarding their implementation, such as cost, timing, and specific locations, are not included in the sections provided.

The plan identifies the following mitigation options under the heading "Climate Change Mitigation":

   - **Cost, Timeframe, Location, and Other Important Attributes:** The document does not provide specific details on the cost, timeframe, or location for implementing zero emission transportation.

   - **Cost, Timeframe, Location, and Other Important Attributes:** Specifics regarding the cost, timeframe, or location for deploying clean energy solutions are not mentioned in the document.

   - **Cost, Timeframe, Location, and Other Important Attributes:** The plan does not provide detailed information on the cost, timeframe, or location for achieving zero waste. 

In general, the document emphasizes the integration of mitigation actions with adaptation efforts, noting that "actions to mitigate emissions determine the scale and cost of climate adaptation needed" and that investments in mitigation could potentially help avoid more extreme climate impacts in the future. The focus is on setting a trajectory towards a zero emission economy no later than 2045, as part of the broader Climate Action Plan outlined by the City and County of Honolulu.

The plan identifies several adaptation options to address different climate threats. Below are summaries for each adaptation option mentioned:

### **Adaptation Options Identified:**

#### **1. Public Awareness & Preparedness Improvement**
- **Threat Addressed:** Climate change hazards affecting individuals and communities.
  - **Cost & Timeframe:** Near-term, specific costs not detailed.
  - **Location & Attributes:** Involves developing materials and training for public safety staff. (*Strategy 1*)

#### **2. Community-Led Climate Adaptation**
- **Threat Addressed:** General climate change impacts.
  - **Cost & Timeframe:** Near to medium-term.
  - **Location & Attributes:** Includes creating resource hubs and celebrating community action. (*Strategy 2*)

#### **3. Cultural Resource Protection**
- **Threat Addressed:** Climate impacts on Native Hawaiian cultural resources.
  - **Location & Attributes:** Research and planning with cultural practitioners, including specific tools for Native Hawaiian communities. (*Strategy 3*)

#### **4. Equity in Adaptation**
- **Threat Addressed:** Inequitable climate change impacts.
  - **Location & Attributes:** Development of an Equity Screen and adaptation metrics. (*Strategy 4*)

#### **5. Beach and Wetland Ecosystem Resilience**
- **Threat Addressed:** Beach and wetland degradation from climate impacts.
  - **Location & Attributes:** Utilization of funds for beach and wetland protection and potential for a statewide Coastal Conservancy. (*Strategy 5*)

#### **6. Watershed Health Improvement**
- **Threat Addressed:** Wildfire risk and flooding.
  - **Location & Attributes:** Includes conservation and reforestation efforts. (*Strategy 6*)

#### **7. Fresh Water Security**
- **Threat Addressed:** Water scarcity.
  - **Cost & Timeframe:** Near to far-term.
  - **Location & Attributes:** Expansion of recycled water infrastructure and efficiency incentives. (*Strategy 7*)

#### **8. Local Food System Resilience**
- **Threat Addressed:** Food system vulnerabilities.
  - **Location & Attributes:** Evaluation of City lands and community garden network expansion. (*Strategy 8*)

#### **9. Infrastructure Resilience**
- **Threat Addressed:** Sea level rise and heat.
  - **Location & Attributes:** Includes adaptation pathways, retrofitting facilities, and updating flood maps. (*Strategies 9, 10*)

#### **10. Flood Risk & Coastal Erosion Reduction**
- **Threat Addressed:** Coastal erosion and flood risk.
  - **Location & Attributes:** Development in safer areas and updating ordinances. (*Strategy 11*)

#### **11. Heat Risk Mitigation**
- **Threat Addressed:** Increasing temperatures and heat waves.
  - **Location & Attributes:** Strategies include shade quotas and cooling retrofits. (*Strategy 12*)

Each of these adaptation options involves specific strategies, timelines, and considerations for implementation as described in the plan.

The plan identifies several climate policies aimed at advancing climate justice, each addressing different climate threats and focusing on vulnerable areas or populations:

1. **Climate Policy: Operationalize an Equity Screen for City projects**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** General equitable implementation of climate-ready actions.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The policy ensures that equity considerations are centered in City plans, particularly prioritizing frontline communities. This recognizes and addresses unequal burdens within communities exacerbated by climate change, ensuring all people share the benefits of climate adaptation efforts as stated in the section "Climate Equity in Adaptation".

2. **Climate Policy: Develop and monitor key adaptation metrics in collaboration with frontline community members**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Ensures that climate adaptation measures are effective and equitable.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** This policy focuses on frontline communities, which are identified as areas with high social vulnerability, such as those facing heat, drought, or flooding, and lacking adaptive capacity due to socioeconomic disparities.

3. **Climate Policy: Improve language accessibility of climate-related information**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Accessibility of crucial climate change and adaptation information.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The focus is on areas with limited access to information due to language barriers, ensuring that residents, particularly in vulnerable areas, receive climate-related information in their preferred language, facilitating better preparedness and adaptation actions.

4. **Climate Policy: Nurture partnerships with organizations that serve frontline communities**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Distribution of climate-related information and resources.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** This policy targets frontline communities who are more likely to experience climate impacts due to high levels of social vulnerability. Engagement with organizations serving these communities ensures equitable access to information and adaptation resources.

Each of these policies includes a component of collaboration or outreach to enhance the adaptive capacity of the most vulnerable populations and areas identified as "frontline communities", which face "heat, drought, or flooding," and struggle with "lower adaptive capacity" due to existing patterns of inequity and systemic environmental injustices. 

These policies are designed to amplify the strengths and abilities of vulnerable populations "to respond and thrive in the presence of climate hazards" while "ensuring that all people share the benefits of climate adaptation efforts" as highlighted in the section "Climate Equity in Adaptation".

Based on the content provided from the plan, I can identify potential maladaptive climate policies as follows:

1. **Policy:** Incentivizing wind and flooding retrofits for homes and businesses, especially in areas with low shelter availability.

   - **Climate Threat:** This policy addresses threats from storms and flooding, specifically considering the risks related to hurricanes and extreme weather events. “It is assumed that up to 65% of residential homes are at risk of severe damage or being totally destroyed by a Category 1 hurricane” (Safe and Reliable Infrastructure).

   - **Adaptation Option:** The climate policy proposes retrofitting homes and businesses, such as installing hurricane-resistant windows and fire-resistant roofs.

   - **Potential Maladaptation:** This policy could inadvertently lead to maladaptation if retrofits increase the long-term vulnerability of buildings or communities by not considering future climate scenarios or if they dissuade more comprehensive adaptation approaches such as relocation. The emphasis on retrofitting may encourage people to stay in potentially unsafe areas, thereby increasing exposure to future climate risks as sea levels rise and storm intensities potentially increase.

2. **Policy:** Development of sea level rise adaptation pathways for high priority infrastructure assets.

   - **Climate Threat:** This policy addresses threats posed by sea level rise, particularly concerning infrastructure located in vulnerable coastal areas.

   - **Adaptation Option:** Adaptation pathways are intended to provide a flexible approach to managing climate impacts over time based on identified "triggers" or thresholds for action (Safe and Reliable Infrastructure).

   - **Potential Maladaptation:** If the adaptation pathways do not evolve with the increasing pace and magnitude of climate impacts due to a reliance on current practices and lack of continuous reassessment, they may lead to maladaptation. The risk lies in overestimating the capacity of certain pathways to address unprecedented levels of sea-level rise, potentially binding resources to less effective or outdated strategies rather than retreat or more transformative solutions.

The plan outlines several ways to measure the success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options, including the development of specific metrics and the setting of quantifiable goals:

1. **Adaptive Capacity Index:**
   - The plan proposes creating an "Adaptive Capacity Index" to compare the intersection of risks and the community's ability to adapt to hazards. This index, when combined with social vulnerability indicators, will serve as an early warning system to anticipate and plan adaptation responses proactively. The specific units for this index are not detailed in the excerpts provided. (Source: Part 1: Empowered and Prepared People)

2. **Equity Screen and Frontline Communities:**
   - The plan includes the action to "Operationalize an Equity Screen for City projects to ensure equitable implementation of climate ready actions" and to "Develop and monitor key adaptation metrics in collaboration with frontline community members." This highlights the intention to create metrics that reflect the needs identified by frontline communities, though no specific units or targets are mentioned. (Source: Strategy 4, Part 1: Empowered and Prepared People)

3. **Climate Change Mitigation Actions:**
   - Mitigation examples like "Zero emission transportation," "Clean energy," and "Zero waste" are mentioned, but specific metrics or numerical goals such as CO2 reductions or deadlines are not detailed in the provided content. (Source: Introduction)

4. **Adaptation Pathways for Sea Level Rise:**
   - The plan involves developing "Adaptation pathways for managing high priority City owned or operated assets [...] that are vulnerable to sea level rise." This involves identifying adaptation actions based on thresholds or “triggers” that signal the need for action, such as multiple instances of coastal highway flooding. The specific goals or numerical triggers are not provided. (Source: Part 3: Safe and Reliable Infrastructure)

5. **Use of Climate Change Design Guidelines:**
   - The Design Guidelines aim to include a process for determining the level of risk and making various recommendations based on hazard exposure, risk, and cost. The plan specifies that these guidelines are intended to result in: 
     - Reduced long-term maintenance and redevelopment costs
     - Health and safety benefits
     - Reduced carbon emissions
     - Lower operating costs due to improved energy efficiency
   - However, specific units, targets, or deadlines for these outcomes are not mentioned. (Source: Part 3: Safe and Reliable Infrastructure)

Overall, while the plan emphasizes the development of metrics and adaptation measures in collaboration with community stakeholders, specific numerical targets, units of measurement, or concrete deadlines are not detailed in the provided excerpts.

| Location/City Name | Population | Threats Identified                                                                                              | Measures Identified                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |
|--------------------|------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| O‘ahu              | Not specified | - Sea level rise and coastal erosion<br>- Extreme heat and heat waves<br>- Drought and wildfire<br>- Flash flooding<br>- Hurricanes | - Develop and distribute materials about climate hazards (Empowered and Prepared People Strategy 1.1)<br>- Create a Climate Champions program (Empowered and Prepared People Strategy 2.1)<br>- Collaborate with cultural resource practitioners (Empowered and Prepared People Strategy 3)<br>- Center equity in climate adaptation (Empowered and Prepared People Strategy 4)<br>- Strengthen the climate resilience of ecosystems (Safeguarded and Stewarded ‘Āina Strategies 5-8)<br>- Improve water security and local food systems (Safeguarded and Stewarded ‘Āina Strategies 6-8)<br>- Integrate climate resilience into City capital planning (Safe and Reliable Infrastructure Strategy 9)<br>- Make infrastructure more climate resilient (Safe and Reliable Infrastructure Strategy 10)<br>- Reduce flood risk by directing development to safer ground (Safe and Reliable Infrastructure Strategy 11)<br>- Keep communities cool during heat waves (Safe and Reliable Infrastructure Strategy 12) |
```

The document provided does not explicitly mention the physical and economic landscape of the planning jurisdiction in terms of its geographical location, population, demographics, and average income. However, it does refer to the planning jurisdiction as the "City of St. Louis."

### **Key Geographical Features & Infrastructure**
- **Major Geographic Features:** Although specific features such as mountains, deserts, and coastlines are not mentioned, the document notes the presence of the Mississippi River.
- **Key Infrastructure:** The document references the **EMS Report – Lambert-St. Louis International Airport**, indicating a key air travel hub.

### **Local Climate & Water Challenges**
- **Climate:** The plan mentions that the City of St. Louis has already experienced significant climate impacts, notably highlighting the 2012 heat wave and the December 2015 flood. The jurisdiction is vulnerable to climate hazards like temperature extremes, precipitation extremes, and severe weather/natural disaster events.
- **Water Challenges:** There is a reference to the financial burdens of managing the city's vulnerabilities like flooding, which costs the City of St. Louis nearly half a million dollars per year.

### **Energy Production & Natural Resources**
- The document refers to several energy-related initiatives:
  - **Ameren – Integrated Resource Plan (IRP)**
  - **Missouri Comprehensive State Energy Plan**
- The initiatives suggest efforts in both traditional and renewable energy production, although specific details about oil, gas, or renewables are not provided.

### **Industries & Economic Drivers**
- The text indicates that the city's economic landscape includes efforts to "grow the green economy and create jobs," recognizing the potential for fostering green industries.
- Key programs and initiatives mentioned, such as the "St. Louis Green Business Challenge" and "City of St. Louis Sustainable Neighborhood Initiative," imply a focus on sustainable business practices and green development.

### **Economic Aspects & Climate Impact**
- The document highlights the potential for the green economy as a growth opportunity for companies and notes significant costs related to climate mitigation efforts, suggesting an economic motivation to address climate change proactively.

Overall, the document underscores the significance of climate adaptation and mitigation in shaping both the physical resilience and the economic vitality of the City of St. Louis amidst the ongoing and anticipated impacts of climate change.

### Resilience, Mitigation, and Adaptation Summary

- The plan emphasizes resilience by aiming to build a "Strong, Equitable & Climate Resilient City" as one of its main goals. The plan states: *"Adaptation efforts help establish and build climate resilience in response to climate change."* It includes strategies focused on protecting human health and safety, preserving ecosystems, and reducing impacts on vulnerable populations to ensure equitable protection during severe weather events (Adaptation77).

- The primary mitigation goal of the plan is to build a "Healthy, Prosperous & Low-Carbon City." It includes reducing GHG emissions by 80% by 2050 with a baseline year of 2005 (Preface). The plan outlines multiple objectives, such as improving energy efficiency, supporting clean and renewable energy, and promoting green and sustainable practices to reduce emissions (Mitigation30).

- Adaptation is addressed through a dedicated section aiming to help the community adapt to climate change impacts, specifically focusing on climate hazards and protecting public health. The plan includes adaptation objectives like preserving and enhancing natural environments, protecting health and safety, and maximizing preparedness efforts (Adaptation77).

**The plan can be classified as an "equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan."** This classification arises because the document extensively discusses and outlines specific goals, objectives, and actions for both mitigation and adaptation equally.

Yes, the plan describes scenarios of climate change that the City of St. Louis will face and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation.

**Climate Change Scenarios:**
- **Temperature Increase:** "Temperatures are rising and will continue to rise through 2050. The amount of temperature increase will depend on the reduction of GHG emissions in the atmosphere." (Introduction & Overview)
- **Precipitation Changes:** "The Mean Daily Average Precipitation for St. Louis shows a seasonal average precipitation increase in 2050. Spring rainfall is predicted to increase the most." (Background on Climate Resilience in the City)

**Historical and Predicted Climate Events:**
- **Heatwaves:** The city has experienced "increased summer temperature and more frequent, longer heat waves." In 2012, temperatures rose above 100 degrees Fahrenheit for 10 consecutive days, causing 24 deaths due to extreme heat. (Introduction & Overview, Climate Hazards)
- **Flooding:** In December 2015, a record-breaking flood swept through the area, causing extensive damage to property. The city spends nearly half a million dollars per year to address flooding. (Climate Hazards)

Overall, the City of St. Louis is planning its climate policies to tackle these scenarios by building a more resilient, equitable, and climate-resilient community against such anticipated climate changes.

1. **Extreme Hot Days / Heat Waves**
   - *Climate Hazard*: The City is predicted to experience more days over 90 and 100 degrees Fahrenheit and longer lasting/hotter heat waves.
   - *Climate Risks*: Increased extreme heat events pose risks to public health, particularly increasing heat stress, which is a leading killer in the United States.
   - *Vulnerable Populations*: Vulnerable groups such as the elderly, children, and low-income communities face greater risks due to inability to afford air conditioning or improve their homes with better insulation.

2. **Extreme Winter Conditions / Cold Wave**
   - *Climate Hazard*: Winters are expected to be milder overall; however, cold snaps and cold waves will occur.
   - *Climate Risks*: Risks associated with extreme cold include health risks related to cold exposure.
   - *Vulnerable Populations*: Vulnerable populations such as low-income individuals, the elderly, and young children are most at risk due to limited resources to battle cold conditions.

3. **Vector-borne Disease**
   - *Climate Hazard*: Warmer temperatures will increase the geographic range and season length for disease-carrying insects.
   - *Climate Risks*: Increased presence of diseases spread by insects like mosquitoes.
   - *Vulnerable Populations*: Communities with less healthcare access or higher exposure to vector-prone areas.

4. **Insect Infestation**
   - *Climate Hazard*: Warmer temperatures can lead to increased insect populations and migration.
   - *Climate Risks*: Potential threat to agriculture and ecosystems from overpopulation of insects.
   - *Vulnerable Areas*: Natural ecosystems and agricultural lands.

5. **Rainstorm**
   - *Climate Hazard*: Heavy rainfall events are predicted to increase in frequency, especially in the Spring.
   - *Climate Risks*: Increased risks of flooding, property damage, and waterborne diseases.
   - *Vulnerable Areas*: Areas prone to surface runoff and locations with inadequate drainage infrastructure.

6. **River Flood**
   - *Climate Hazard*: The City's proximity to the confluence of the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers increases vulnerabilities to river flooding during rain events.
   - *Climate Risks*: Risk of property damage, disruption of communities, and financial burdens on the city due to flooding.
   - *Vulnerable Populations*: Communities residing nearby rivers and floodplain areas.

7. **Flash / Surface Flood**
   - *Climate Hazard*: Increased heavy precipitation will cause more frequent flash flooding and surface flooding from stormwater runoff.
   - *Climate Risks*: Damage to infrastructure and increased risk of waterborne diseases.
   - *Vulnerable Areas*: Low-lying areas or those with poor drainage systems.

8. **Hail / Heavy Snow**
   - *Climate Hazard*: Changing weather patterns and cold snaps will lead to hail and heavy snow events.
   - *Climate Risks*: Risks of property damage and travel disruption.
   - *Vulnerable Populations*: Individuals commuting or relying on transportation services during such events.

9. **Waterborne Disease**
   - *Climate Hazard*: Severe precipitation events can lead to outbreaks of waterborne diseases.
   - *Climate Risks*: Public health risks due to contaminated water supplies and increased disease spread.
   - *Vulnerable Populations*: Communities with compromised water sanitation and treatment facilities.

10. **Drought**
    - *Climate Hazard*: Short-term droughts are projected to increase as hotter temperatures evaporate moisture from soil and plants.
    - *Climate Risks*: Risks of water shortages and strain on agriculture and ecosystems.
    - *Vulnerable Areas*: Agricultural areas and communities relying on stable water supply.

11. **Tornado / Severe Wind**
    - *Climate Hazard*: Strong storms with increased warming may lead to more frequent tornadoes due to changing temperature patterns.
    - *Climate Risks*: Risks of damage to buildings and infrastructure.
    - *Vulnerable Populations*: Individuals living in less sturdy or resilient housing structures.

12. **Earthquake**
    - *Climate Hazard*: The City is located near the New Madrid Seismic Zone, posing risks not directly related to climate change but significant nonetheless.
    - *Climate Risks*: Damage to infrastructure and potential for widespread disruption.
    - *Vulnerable Areas*: All urban areas vulnerable under seismic activity.

13. **Lightning / Thunderstorm**
    - *Climate Hazard*: More intense thunderstorms and lightning may increase with global warming.
    - *Climate Risks*: Risks include power outages and fires caused by lightning strikes.
    - *Vulnerable Populations*: All residents, particularly those in areas prone to thunderstorms.

The plan highlights the interconnectedness of climate hazards and the potential compounded impact on vulnerable populations across these diverse challenges.

### **Resilience Options Identified in the Plan**

#### **1. Improve & Restore Natural Systems for Changed Conditions**
  - This option addresses **climate impacts on natural systems** such as increased temperatures and altered precipitation patterns.
  
  - The document does not provide specific details on the cost, timeframe, or location for this option.
  
  - **Environmental Considerations:** Strategies include "minimize removal of trees and landscape biomass," "develop new urban forests and ecological restoration areas," and "encourage restoration or reconstruction of wetlands" to "reduce impact of droughts on rivers & streams." These actions aim to boost ecological resilience and improve groundwater recharge.
  - **Infrastructural Considerations:** Incorporating green infrastructure like wetlands and green waterways is highlighted.

#### **2. Protect People from Temperature Extremes**
  - This option is designed to protect against **temperature extremes**, such as heat waves.
  
  - No specific cost, timeframe, or location details are provided.
  
  - **Economic Considerations:** The provision of "cooling / heating centers and utility assistance" aims to mitigate the economic burden on vulnerable populations.
  - **Health Considerations:** Initiatives to "educate vulnerable populations on health-related risks" and "increase mobility to cooling and heating centers" strengthen health resilience.
  
#### **3. Prepare for Natural Disasters**
  - Addresses risks from **severe weather and natural disaster events** such as flooding and storms.
  
  - Specific cost, timeframe, and location details are not included.
  
  - **Infrastructural Considerations:** The plan includes actions to "provide storm shelters" and "upgrade to an Emergency Alert System (EAS)" for better emergency preparedness.
  - **Economic Considerations:** Emphasizes continually updating emergency response procedures to minimize expenses from weather-related damage, as the city spends nearly half a million dollars a year handling floods.

#### **4. Create a Healthy & Cool Built Environment**
  - Focuses on the threat from **increased urban heat**.
  
  - No specific cost, timeframe, or location details provided.
  
  - **Environmental Considerations:** Implementing "cool roofs," "vegetative roofs," and increasing "the city’s tree canopy" contributes to reducing urban heat island effect and improving overall urban ecology.
  - **Health Considerations:** Developing "clean air strategies" results in benefits for human health.

#### **5. Reduce Flood Impact & Risk**
  - Addresses **flood risk**, particularly from increased precipitation extremes.
  
  - There are no specific details provided regarding cost, timeframe, or location.
  
  - **Infrastructural Considerations:** Proposes upgrades to "gray infrastructure to address sewer overflows" and encourages "restoration of wetland areas along all rivers and streams" for flood control.
  - **Economic Considerations:** Actions like relocating homes from flood-prone areas and promoting green infrastructure aim to reduce the economic impact of flood damages.
  
These resilience options reflect a comprehensive approach to addressing a variety of climate threats through environmental restoration, infrastructural improvements, and proactive health and safety measures.

The plan outlines several mitigation options as part of the Climate Action & Adaptation Plan for the City of St. Louis. Here's a summary of each mitigation option, along with information regarding cost, timing, location, and other attributes as provided in the plan:

### **1. Restore & Regenerate Natural Systems as Carbon Sinks**
- **Objective:** Protect Natural Resources & Greenspaces
- **Strategies & Actions:**
  - **Increase tree canopy for biological sequestration**  
    - **Details:** Expand urban tree canopy (UTC) by an additional 33.9% (13,479 acres) as guided by the St. Louis Urban Tree Canopy Assessment. This aims to optimize carbon storage and sequestration using a variety of tree species.
  - **Develop new urban forests and ecological restoration areas as carbon sinks**  
    - **Details:** Support restoration efforts and increase urban forest planting for carbon capture.
  - **Minimize removal of trees and landscape biomass**  
    - **Details:** Enforce policies to maintain urban forest population and canopy, minimizing biomass removal to support carbon storage.
  - **Continue to naturalize public and private landscapes**  
    - **Details:** Promote native planting practices, reduce lawn grass area to increase carbon biomass storage. This aligns with the Urban Vitality & Ecology Initiative.
  - **Encourage restoration or reconstruction of wetland areas**  
    - **Details:** Implement wetland restoration in development plans for carbon storage and flood control.
- **Challenges:** Financial capacity for restoration work and protection from insect infestation, heat stress, and diseases.  
- **Benefits:** Enhances neighborhood vibrancy and environmental, social, and economic health.

### **2. Improve Water Efficiency**
  - **Continue improvements to aging water infrastructure**  
    - **Details:** Target reducing water loss during distribution.
  - **Reduce water consumption through low-flow fixtures**  
    - **Details:** Promote water-saving behavior and metering of buildings.
  - **Adopt low-flow/regulated sprinkler and irrigation guidelines**  
    - **Details:** Utilize rainwater capture and reuse methods.
- **Utilization:** Set the PACE St. Louis Program to finance water-saving projects.

### **3. Reduce Waste & Consumption**
  - **Develop a plan for aggressive waste diversion**  
    - **Details:** Include expanding composting services and adopting a construction & demolition waste diversion program.

### **4. Build an Energy Efficient City**
  - **Retrofit & Renovate Existing Built Environment for Energy Savings**  
    - **Details:** Implement retrofits for energy efficiency.
  - **Make Green Building the Standard Practice**  
    - **Details:** Encourage the adoption of green building practices.
  - **Make Energy Efficiency Measures Affordable**  
    - **Details:** Ensure accessibility to energy efficiency improvements.

These options are designed to guide greenhouse gas mitigation efforts, focusing on built and natural environments and infrastructure improvement to enhance public health and prosperity within the city.

The **Climate Action & Adaptation Plan for the City of St. Louis** identifies several mitigation options. The options and their attributes are summarized below:

### **1. Increase Tree Canopy for Biological Sequestration**
- **Cost:** The plan does not specify a cost for this option.
- **Timeframe:** No specific timeframe is provided, but the plan suggests ongoing development of reforestation plans.
- **Location:** Urban areas of the City of St. Louis.
  - The city has an existing Urban Tree Canopy (UTC) of 18.2% (7,237 acres), with the potential to expand an additional 33.9% (13,479 acres).
  - Reforestation plans should include a variety of tree species for resilience to climate impacts. 
  - **Citation:** _"Mitigation Objective 5: Protect Natural Resources & Greenspaces"_

### **2. Develop New Urban Forests and Ecological Restoration Areas as Carbon Sinks**
- **Timeframe:** Not specified but suggested as an ongoing effort.
- **Location:** Across the City of St. Louis.
  - Aimed at carbon capture and also provides social and economic community benefits.
  - Supports ongoing restoration efforts and urban forest planting.

### **3. Minimize Removal of Trees and Landscape Biomass**
- **Timeframe:** Ongoing.
- **Location:** Public spaces within the City of St. Louis.
  - Supports carbon storage and adheres to the city's tree ordinance which requires no net loss of the urban forest.
  - Planning should consider mature tree size to avoid conflicts like those with power lines.

### **4. Naturalize Public and Private Landscapes to Create Carbon Biomass Storage**
- **Location:** Public and private landscapes throughout the city.
  - Involves using native planting practices and reducing lawn grass area.
  - Should be integrated into green building initiatives and sustainability ordinances.

### **5. Encourage Restoration or Reconstruction of Wetland Areas**
- **Location:** Along rivers and streams in the city.
  - Supported for flood control and carbon storage.
  - Wetland restoration projects should be incorporated into future planning efforts.

### **6. Implementation of the Five Mitigation Objectives**
- **Cost:** The plan does not provide specific costs but implies investment in vast mitigation strategies.
- **Timeframe:** Aim to achieve substantial progress by 2050.
- **Location:** City of St. Louis as a whole.
  - The plan aims for an 80% reduction of GHG emissions by 2050, focusing on built environment improvement and infrastructure enhancement.
  - Advocates for renewable energy increase, better waste management, and enhanced energy efficiency.
  - **Citation:** _"Evaluating GHG Emissions Reduction Targets"_

Overall, while the plan outlines several mitigation strategies, specific costs and precise implementation timeframes are not detailed. Emphasis is placed on policy development, continual improvement, and the potential for significant environmental, social, and economic co-benefits.

The adaptation options identified in the plan are as follows:

### 1. Preserve & Enhance the Natural Environment

- **Adaptation Option:** *Minimize removal of trees and landscape biomass.*
  - **Climate Threat Addressed:** General adaptation to changing climate conditions.
  - **Attributes:** Not specifically detailed in terms of cost or timeframe.

- **Adaptation Option:** *Develop new urban forests and ecological restoration areas.*
  - **Attributes:** No specific cost or timeframe mentioned.

- **Adaptation Option:** *Use vacant land as stormwater management.*
  - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flooding.
  - **Attributes:** No specific details provided regarding cost, timeframe, or location.

- **Adaptation Option:** *Continue to naturalize public and private landscapes.*
  - **Climate Threat Addressed:** General climate change impacts.
  - **Attributes:** No mentioned specifics on cost or timeframe.

- **Adaptation Option:** *Study the effects of climate change on plant and tree species & maintain an inventory of appropriate plant & tree species.*
  - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Changes to biodiversity due to climate impacts.
  - **Attributes:** Not specified regarding cost, timeframe, or location.

- **Adaptation Option:** *Encourage restoration or reconstruction of wetlands for groundwater recharge & discharge to reduce impact of droughts on rivers & streams.*
  - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Drought and impacts on water systems.

- **Adaptation Option:** *Develop green waterways to restore natural systems.*
  - **Climate Threat Addressed:** General ecological impacts.

### 2. Protect Human Health & Safety

- **Adaptation Option:** *Provide cooling / heating centers and utility assistance.*
  - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Temperature extremes.
  - **Attributes:** No specific cost or timeframe is provided.

- **Adaptation Option:** *Install cool roofs to cool the City.*
  - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Heat extremes.

- **Adaptation Option:** *Install vegetative roofs to green the City.*
  - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Urban heat and air quality.

- **Adaptation Option:** *Increase the City’s tree canopy to shade and cool the City.*
  - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Heat extremes and urban heat island effect.
  - **Attributes:** No specific cost or timeframe provided.

- **Adaptation Option:** *Develop clean air strategies that benefit human health.*
  - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Air pollution exacerbated by climate change.
  - **Attributes:** Not specified in terms of cost, timeframe, or location.

- **Adaptation Option:** *Educate vulnerable populations on health-related risks of extreme hot and cold weather and where to find resources.*

- **Adaptation Option:** *Evaluate and scale vector-borne disease programs as warranted and develop surveillance systems.*
  - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Health risks from vector-borne diseases.
  - **Attributes:** Not specified in terms of cost or timeframe.

### 3. Maximize Preparedness Efforts

- **Adaptation Option:** *Relocate homes from flood-prone areas.*

- **Adaptation Option:** *Promote green infrastructure on residential and commercial properties to capture rainwater on-site.*

- **Adaptation Option:** *Reduce water usage in buildings through water-saving techniques and low-flow fixture installations.*
  - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Stress on water resources.

- **Adaptation Option:** *Develop a riverfront resilient to flooding.*

- **Adaptation Option:** *Protect vulnerable water treatment facilities by relocation, hardening, or other method.*
  - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flooding and extreme weather.

- **Adaptation Option:** *Upgrade gray infrastructure to address sewer overflows.*
  - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flooding and water management.

The plan does not provide detailed information regarding cost, timeframe, and specific locations for these adaptation options, focusing instead on strategic objectives and general guidelines.

The plan identifies several climate policies to advance climate justice, particularly focusing on vulnerable populations and climate hazards. Here is a summary of the identified policies:

### **1. Improve Public Health**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Climate change-related public health risks such as heat stress, air pollution, and infectious diseases.
- **Vulnerable Populations:** Low-income communities, elderly, children, and African American communities are disproportionately affected, particularly due to limited access to cooling, poor air quality, and limited green space. The plan states, "*The dangerous effects of climate change disproportionately affect vulnerable populations, such as the elderly and children, as well as people in low-income communities and African American communities*" (Introduction & Overview).

### **2. Protect Human Health & Safety**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Temperature extremes and severe weather events.
- **Vulnerable Populations:** Low-income individuals, young children, and the elderly. These populations face the greatest health and safety impacts due to climate change. The plan aims to mitigate these risks by increasing access to cooling centers and educating about health-related risks. "*Every person is affected by the health impacts of climate change; however, vulnerable populations including low-income people, young children, and the elderly face the greatest health and safety impacts*" (Adaptation).

### **3. Reduce Flood Impact & Risk**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flooding from extreme weather events.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Residents living in flood-prone areas. The plan includes relocation strategies, education on stormwater management, and promotion of green infrastructure. "*The City of St. Louis is already experiencing the effects of climate change, such as increased summer temperature and more frequent, longer heat waves, as well as flooding that threatens human health and safety, often creating severe financial repercussions*" (Introduction).

These policies are part of a broader effort to ensure equitable protection of people during severe weather events while improving overall public health, as outlined in the plan: "*Climate protection will reduce the negative effects of climate change on vulnerable people and improve their health and well-being*" (Invest In Public Health).

**1. Urban Forestry and Ecological Restoration**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Temperature extremes and loss of natural environments.
- **Resilience/Adaptation Option Proposed:** *"Develop new urban forests and ecological restoration areas."* (Adaptation79)
- **Potential for Maladaptation:** While urban forestry improves air quality and provides cooling, if not managed properly, it could lead to increased maintenance costs and resources over time without established long-term funding or management plans. The intention to restore ecosystems may also inadvertently disrupt existing local habitats if inappropriate species are introduced or if the restoration changes existing water management systems leading to new ecosystem imbalances.

**2. Stormwater Management on Vacant Land**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flood risk.
- **Resilience/Adaptation Option Proposed:** *"Use vacant land as stormwater management."* (Adaptation79)
- **Potential for Maladaptation:** Utilizing vacant land for stormwater management is a beneficial strategy for reducing flood risk. However, if not carefully planned, this could limit the availability of land for future housing or commercial development, potentially hindering urban growth or leading to development pressures in less suitable areas. Additionally, without continuous maintenance, these systems may fail to function as intended, leading to increased flooding or unintentional adverse effects on local water tables.

**3. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Transition**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** GHG emissions contributing to climate change.
- **Mitigation Option Proposed:** *"Accelerate Clean Renewable Energy" and "Build an Energy Efficient City."* (Table of Contents, Mitigation Goals)
- **Potential for Maladaptation:** Transitioning to renewable energy can potentially lead to maladaptation if the implementation results in increased initial costs that disproportionately affect low-income communities. Additionally, if renewable technologies are introduced without adequate support and maintenance resources, the energy systems could become unreliable, leading to potential socioeconomic impacts due to energy scarcity or inequality in energy access.

**4. Green Roof Installations**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Urban heat and energy consumption.
- **Resilience/Adaptation Option Proposed:** *"Install cool roofs to cool the City" and "Install vegetative roofs to green the City."* (Adaptation83)
- **Potential for Maladaptation:** While green roofs can help mitigate heat and improve building energy efficiency, they require additional structural support and ongoing maintenance which can increase costs. If not widely adopted due to cost barriers, only certain areas may benefit, potentially increasing urban heat disparities rather than addressing them.

By identifying and addressing these potential maladaptation issues, the City of St. Louis can ensure its climate policies remain effective and equitable.

**Measuring Success or Failure of Adaptation, Resilience, and Mitigation Options**

The plan includes several strategies to measure the success of its climate action efforts, focusing on greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions and ensuring equity. Here are the specific metrics, goals, and targets mentioned:

1. **Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Reductions:**
   - The plan sets a target of reducing GHG emissions by 80% by the year 2050, using 2005 as the baseline year. "In 2005, Community GHG emissions in the City of St. Louis totaled approximately 8.1 mmtCO2e. To reach the 80% by 2050 goal, 6.5 mmtCO2e will have to be reduced from 2005 to 2050." (Section "Target Setting & GHG Emissions Reductions")

2. **GHG Emissions Reduction Scenario Models:**
   - Four scenario models are proposed: Staying the Course, Demand Side Reduction Strategies, Supply Side Reduction Strategies, and Demand + Supply Side Reduction Strategies. (Section "The four (4) GHG Emissions Reduction Scenario Models")

3. **GHG Emission Reductions from 2005 to Various Years:**
   - The City has already seen an 11% reduction in GHG emissions from 2005 to 2015, with a future target to reduce an additional 5.6 mmtCO2e from 2015 to 2050 to meet the 80% reduction target. (Section "Target Setting & GHG Emissions Reductions")

4. **Renewable Energy Use:**
   - Increase the proportion of electricity generated by renewable energy sources to meet the 15% goal by 2021, as set by the Missouri Renewable Energy Standard (RES). (Section "Evaluating GHG Emissions Reduction Targets")

5. **Energy Benchmarking:**
   - "Energy benchmarking is a tool that can be leveraged to track and understand GHG reductions." This includes measuring air quality, GHG emissions, and building energy savings. (Section "STRATEGY 1.1 Measure Progress & Equity in Climate Action Planning")

1. **GHG Emissions Reductions:**
   - Reduce city-wide GHG emissions 80% by 2050 from the 2005 baseline. (Section "Target Setting & GHG Emissions Reductions")

2. **Energy Efficiency and Building Standards:**
   - Implementation of energy benchmarking and ordinances for buildings larger than 50,000 square feet. (Section "CITY OF ST. LOUIS LEADING BY EXAMPLE")

3. **Missouri Renewable Energy Standard (RES):**
   - Aim to increase the proportion of electricity from renewable sources to 15% by 2021, though current trajectory suggests only achieving approximately 5% by 2020 due to rate impact constraints. (Section "Evaluating GHG Emissions Reduction Targets")

### **Equity and Community Involvement**

1. **Equity Measurement:**
   - Creation of an "energy efficiency equity index" for use by the City to further equity in climate action planning. (Section "STRATEGY 1.1 Measure Progress & Equity in Climate Action Planning")

2. **Community Engagement:**
   - Engage the public to assess needs and challenges in implementing mitigation strategies and actions. Establish a Climate Action Planning Equity Advisory Committee. (Section "STRATEGY 1.1 Measure Progress & Equity in Climate Action Planning") 

These measurements and structures are designed to ensure the City of St. Louis can track its progress in achieving the goals set out in its Climate Action & Adaptation Plan, with a strong focus on quantifiable outcomes and equitable implementation.

| **Feature**          | **Details**                                                                                                                                                                               |
|----------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | City of St. Louis                                                                                                                                                                       |
| **Population**       | Not explicitly mentioned in the document.                                                                                                                                                 |

| **Threats Identified** | - Extreme hot days / heat waves                                                                                                                <br> - Extreme winter conditions / cold wave          <br> - Vector-borne disease                                                                                                                                                                                                                      <br> - Insect infestation                                                                                                                                                                       <br> - Rainstorm                                                                                                                                                                                <br> - River flood                                                                                                                                                                              <br> - Flash / surface flood                                                                                                                                                                    <br> - Hail / heavy snow                                                                                                                                                                        <br> - Waterborne disease                                                                                                                                                                       <br> - Drought                                                                                                                                                                                 <br> - Tornado / severe wind                                                                                                                                                                    <br> - Earthquake                                                                                                                                                                              <br> - Lightning / thunderstorm [Introduction & Overview17]                                    |

| **Measures Identified** | **Preserve & Enhance the Natural Environment**                                                                                        <br> - Minimize removal of trees and landscape biomass                                                                                                                      <br> - Develop new urban forests and ecological restoration areas                                                                                       <br> - Use vacant land as stormwater management                                                                                                         <br> - Encourage restoration or reconstruction of wetlands [Adaptation77]                                                                             <br> **Protect Human Health & Safety**                                                                                                                     <br> - Provide cooling / heating centers and utility assistance                                                                                        <br> - Educate vulnerable populations on health related risks of extreme weather [Adaptation77]                                                        <br> **Maximize Preparedness Efforts**                                                                                                                  <br> - Provide storm shelters accessible to all populations                                                                                           <br> - Upgrade to an Emergency Alert System (EAS) [Adaptation77]                                                                                             |
```

**Name of Planning Jurisdiction:** Cambridge, Massachusetts

**Location:** Cambridge is located in the Boston metropolitan area, part of Middlesex County. It is situated within the 76-square-mile Mystic River watershed, which includes 21 municipalities north of Boston.

- **Waterways:** Cambridge is connected to adjacent communities by waterways, with significant natural features including the Alewife Brook and Alewife Brook Reservation.
- **Infrastructure:** Alewife is a regional hub for key infrastructure systems such as energy, transportation, and drinking water.

- **Electrical Substation:** The Alewife area hosts one of four major substations that supply electricity to residences, businesses, and public buildings in Cambridge.

- **Heat and Urban Heat Island Effect:** Alewife experiences significant exposure to heat, exacerbated by the urban heat island effect due to its impervious surfaces and sparse vegetation.
- **Flooding:** Alewife is highly flood-prone, historically being a tidal marshland, and is projected to experience increased precipitation flooding and potential sea level rise/storm surge flooding. This poses risks of saltwater contamination to the City’s drinking water supply at Fresh Pond.

- **Economic Importance:** Alewife is critical to the City’s economy, experiencing rapid growth and redevelopment. It is vital for business continuity with commercial and redevelopment districts at risk of increased flooding.
- **Vulnerable Populations:** The area houses some of the most vulnerable populations in Cambridge, including elderly, young residents, and diverse socio-economic groups.

- **Renewable Energy Initiatives:** Strategies include supporting renewable energy generation as part of the City's climate change mitigation efforts, though specific production details are not outlined directly in the provided content.

- **Re-development:** Rapid development, particularly residential, is occurring, with existing resources already stressed. This offers opportunities for implementing resiliency strategies. The Concord-Alewife district and the northern Massachusetts Avenue commercial district are noted as having significant economic implications in terms of projected building damage from flooding by 2030.

- The plan extensively focuses on resilience by proposing strategies to create a prepared and resilient Alewife neighborhood. These strategies are aimed at managing climate change threats like heat, flooding from precipitation, sea level rise, and storm surges. The plan assesses risks for the city with different climate scenarios and suggests resilience-building through comprehensive planning initiatives, such as the Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment (CCVA).

  - *"The strategies toward a prepared Alewife have been grouped in four categories: Prepared Community, Adapted Buildings, Resilient Infrastructure, and Resilient Ecosystems."* (CCPR: Alewife Preparedness Plan Executive Summary)

- The plan includes mitigation efforts primarily through the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The City of Cambridge incorporates existing and planned programs targeted at decreasing GHG emissions and is updating its Climate Action Plan (CAP) with a focus on regional and global cooperation.
  
  - *"A resilient system that integrates renewable energy, storage, microgrids, and smart grid technology will be less carbon-intensive."* (CCPR: Alewife Preparedness Plan)

- Adaptation is a critical component of the plan. The plan prioritizes strategies for adapting to climate impacts such as extreme heat and flooding. It emphasizes the development of preparedness measures and strategies to minimize harm and exploit beneficial opportunities.
  
  - *"The Alewife Preparedness Plan will test how proposed strategies might create a new model of living in Alewife. These strategies will be reviewed for applicability in other neighborhoods and will inform the citywide plan."* (CCPR: Alewife Preparedness Plan Introduction)

**Classification of the Plan**

Based on the extent to which the plan addresses resilience, mitigation, and adaptation, it can be classified as an **adaptation/resilience dedicated climate action plan**. The focus is heavily on preparing the community for climate impacts and building resilience, with significant emphasis on adaptation strategies.

Yes, the plan describes scenarios of climate change that the City of Cambridge is planning for in terms of resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. Specifically:

- The **Alewife neighborhood** is identified as being "most exposed to flooding and extreme heat," making it a critical area for climate change strategies ("Executive Summary").
- **Climate change impacts** addressed include "heat, flooding from precipitation, flooding from sea-level rise and storm surge" ("Introduction").

The plan also outlines potential scenarios:

- The **Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment (CCVA)** presented a risk assessment if no actions were taken. It adopted both low and high greenhouse gas (GHG) emission scenarios. The low-emission scenario assumes significant mitigation measures have been adopted, resulting in reduced levels of GHG emissions and lessened event intensity. In contrast, the high-emission scenario assumes increasing GHG emissions leading to greater impacts ("A Comprehensive Approach to Climate Change").

Moreover, the plan assesses risks according to two time horizons: **2030 and 2070**. For example, anticipated impacts such as "extreme or repeated flooding and higher temperatures" are specifically assessed for these future timeframes ("Introduction").

**1. Flooding from Precipitation**

- **The Climate Hazard:** Flooding from intense precipitation events. 
- **The Climate Risks:** Risks include flooding damage to infrastructure, loss of business continuity, and structural damage. "The area shaded in light purple is at risk for climate change threats, with its economy stressed by loss of business continuity and possible flooding-related structural damage" (Alewife Preparedness Plan).
- **Areas or Populations with Most Climate Vulnerability:** "Alewife is an area within Cambridge that is most exposed to flooding... a neighborhood of regional importance" (Executive Summary). Vulnerable populations such as young children and the elderly are most likely to be impacted, especially those living below the poverty line or with language barriers (Vulnerability Affected Services).

**2. Flooding from Sea Level Rise (SLR)/Storm Surge (SS)**

- **The Climate Hazard:** Flooding from sea level rise and storm surges.
- **The Climate Risks:** Significant risks include flooding of key infrastructures like the Alewife MBTA station and other stormwater infrastructure, potentially affecting services and causing economic stress due to business interruptions (Vulnerability Affected Services).
- **Areas or Populations with Most Climate Vulnerability:** The Alewife neighborhood is highlighted for significant vulnerability with clusters of affected services and vulnerable populations (Vulnerability Affected Services).

- **The Climate Hazard:** Intensified extreme heat events.
- **The Climate Risks:** Risks include potential overheating of critical facilities like schools and transit stations, which may further stress public health systems (Vulnerability Affected Services).
- **Areas or Populations with Most Climate Vulnerability:** Alewife, which “is an area within Cambridge that is most exposed to... extreme heat.” Vulnerable populations such as those with limited ability to recover from events are most impacted (Executive Summary, Vulnerability Affected Services).

**4. Other Risks (Vector-Borne Diseases, Drought, Ice Storms)**

- **The Climate Hazard:** Future projections concerning vector-borne diseases, drought, and more frequent ice storms.
- **The Climate Risks:** While not detailed extensively, these risks are acknowledged as potential future challenges to be addressed in further plans for resilience and adaptation (Next Steps).
- **Areas or Populations with Most Climate Vulnerability:** Specific areas or populations were not identified for these hazards, as they were considered broader risks beyond current projections (Next Steps).

The plan outlines several resilience options designed to address various climate threats. Below, each option is summarized with its associated climate threat, cost, timeframe, location, and other important attributes:

### 1. Protect Fresh Pond Reservoir (C1)
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Future flooding impacts.
  - **Cost:** Not specified in the provided document.
  - **Timeframe:** Mid-term (by 2030); needs to be implemented by 2050.
  - **Location:** Alewife area.
- **Other Important Attributes:** Aimed at preserving drinking-water quality, which is critical to public health and well-being. [Overview, Strategies C]

### 2. Resiliency of Electrical Distribution System (C2)
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Increased flooding and prolonged heat waves.
  - **Location:** Focus on the Alewife substation.
- **Other Important Attributes:** Helps alleviate public health impacts caused by extreme heat and potential loss of critical facilities requiring power. [Overview, Strategies C]

### 3. Resiliency of the Transportation System (C3)
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flooding and extreme weather events.
  - **Location:** Major transportation and transit infrastructure, Alewife train station.
- **Other Important Attributes:** Ensures mobility and access to evacuation routes, enabling emergency and public safety services to reach areas in need. [Overview, Strategies C]

### 4. Watershed Scale Flood Storage (C5)
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Extreme precipitation and SLR/SS flooding.
  - **Cost:** Requires significant regional coordination.
  - **Timeframe:** Distant future (by 2050).
  - **Location:** Mystic River watershed.
- **Other Important Attributes:** Collaboration with regional stakeholders to plan and implement flood storage systems that mitigate flooding impacts. [Overview, Strategies C]

### 5. Regional Flood Resiliency at Amelia Earhart Dam and Other Sites (C4)
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Sea Level Rise (SLR) and Storm Surge (SS).
  - **Cost:** Includes planning, design, and implementation of structural improvements.
  - **Timeframe:** Implemented by 2050.
  - **Location:** Amelia Earhart Dam and other appropriate sites.
- **Other Important Attributes:** Involves structural and operational improvements, including storm surge barriers and smart flood prevention systems. [Overview, Strategies C]

### 6. Combined Sewer Separation (not specified in the extracted text)
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Urban flooding due to precipitation.
  - **Timeframe and Location:** Not specified in the extracted document.
- **Other Important Attributes:** Essential for urban resilience but requires further details not provided in the text.

### 7. Stormwater Storage (C8)
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Extreme precipitation.
  - **Cost:** Anticipated to be required for re-development.
  - **Timeframe:** Initiated in the near future (by 2020).
- **Other Important Attributes:** Mitigates risks from extreme precipitation, especially in re-development areas. [Overview, Strategies C]

### 8. Clean Energy Facility
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Increased electricity demand during elevated heat days.
  - **Location:** Not specified.
- **Other Important Attributes:** Emphasizes exploration and investment in renewable energy, distributed generation, and other efficiency measures to manage increased demand. [Overview, Strategies C]

These resilience options collectively focus on enhancing the infrastructural and environmental robustness of the Alewife area, addressing specific climate threats through targeted strategies and collaborations.

1. **Integration with Renewable Energy and Smart Grid Technology:**
   - **Summary:** The integration of renewable energy, storage, microgrids, and smart grid technology is positioned as a mitigation option to reduce GHG emissions by creating less carbon-intensive systems. 
   - **Cost:** Not explicitly detailed in the provided excerpts.
   - **Timing:** The plan does not specify exact timelines but implies urgency due to increasing demands on the electric grid and elevated heat days.
   - **Location:** General application without specified locations in the provided excerpts.
   - **Other Attributes:** This mitigation strategy emphasizes less reliance on traditional energy sources and includes resilience benefits by reducing GHG emissions.

2. **Multimodal Transportation System Development:**
   - **Summary:** Implementing a multimodal transportation system that reduces reliance on automobiles is proposed to mitigate climate change impacts.
   - **Timing:** There are no specific implementation timelines mentioned in the provided excerpts.
   - **Location:** The plan does not provide specific geographic locations in the provided excerpts.
   - **Other Attributes:** This strategy aims to cut down GHG emissions by offering various mobility options to residents.

3. **Increasing Tree Canopy and Green Infrastructure:**
   - **Summary:** Expanding tree canopy and green infrastructure solutions to capture carbon dioxide and reduce energy demand indirectly by providing shade and cooling effects.
   - **Timing:** Strategies such as increasing the urban tree canopy and developing green infrastructure strategies are expected to start in the near future (by 2020).
   - **Location:** Specific locations are not mentioned in the provided excerpts.
   - **Other Attributes:** Besides mitigating GHG emissions, these measures provide additional environmental benefits like improving air quality and reducing urban heat.

These mitigation options are interwoven with the overarching strategy to integrate with existing plans like the Net Zero Action Plan, ensuring alignment for greater acceptance and implementation.

The plan identifies several mitigation options as part of their strategies. Here is a summary of each identified option along with its attributes related to cost, timeframe, location, and other important factors:

1. **Renewable Energy:**
   - **Description:** The plan suggests exploring and investing in renewable energy to mitigate the increased demand on the electric grid due to more frequent heat days.
   - **Timeframe:** Not explicitly mentioned, but intended as a future measure.
   - **Cost:** Specific costs are not detailed. It is part of a broader initiative to explore renewable energy solutions.
   - **Location:** Intended for city-wide implementation, particularly to support the community's resilience.
   - **Additional Attributes:** Renewable energy solutions are part of building a less carbon-intensive resilient system that integrates storage, microgrids, and smart grid technology, ultimately reducing GHG emissions.

2. **Green Infrastructure Solutions:**
   - **Description:** Expansion of the urban tree canopy and implementation of green infrastructure solutions.
   - **Timeframe:** Strategies like increasing the urban tree canopy and developing green infrastructure can begin in the near future (by 2020).
   - **Cost:** Not specified, but these actions are intended to reduce energy demand indirectly and capture CO₂.
   - **Location:** Neighborhood scale, with examples including the Mystic River watershed for runoff reduction.
   - **Additional Attributes:** These solutions help mitigate GHG emissions and manage stormwater, aiding in reducing urban heat and mitigating flooding risks.

3. **Multimodal Transportation System:**
   - **Description:** Developing a multimodal transportation system that provides mobility options to reduce reliance on automobiles.
   - **Timeframe:** Implementation timeline is not explicitly specified, but it's part of ongoing resilience planning.
   - **Cost:** Not specified in detail but implies integrating with larger city infrastructural improvements.
   - **Location:** City-wide initiative to ensure mobility and access.
   - **Additional Attributes:** It aims to mitigate climate change by reducing reliance on individual automobile use, indirectly lowering GHG emissions.

4. **Distributed Generation and Microgrids:**
   - **Description:** Exploring distributed generation and microgrids as a means to support energy efficiency improvements.
   - **Timeframe:** This is proposed as part of a futuristic plan for managing increased energy load.
   - **Cost:** While specifics are not provided, it falls under broader strategic exploration for increased resilience and energy efficiency.
   - **Location:** Throughout the city, focusing on critical infrastructure.
   - **Additional Attributes:** Enhancing the resilience of the electrical distribution system by integrating such technologies is seen as reducing the carbon intensity of energy supply.

These mitigation options collectively contribute to reducing GHG emissions and enhancing the resilience of the infrastructure and community against the effects of climate change. However, specific costs and detailed timelines beyond more general categorizations are not extensively defined in the plan.

The Alewife Preparedness Plan identifies several adaptation options. Below is a summary of each identified adaptation option, including the climate threat it addresses, along with information regarding cost, timeframe, location, and other important attributes based on the plan:

### **1. Flood Protection for New Buildings (B1)**

- **Climate Threat:** Flooding from precipitation and sea level rise/storm surge.
  - **Cost:** Not explicitly mentioned but considered as part of broader parcel and district-level improvements.
  - **Timeframe:** Initiate in the short-term since buildings have a life expectancy of 25 to 50 years, taking into account climate risk horizons of 2030 and 2070 (_Alewife Preparedness Plan_).
  - **Location:** Targeted at new developments within Alewife (_Alewife Preparedness Plan_).

### **2. Heat Protection for New Buildings (B2)**

- **Climate Threat:** Extreme heat.
  - **Cost:** Not explicitly discussed.
  - **Timeframe:** Short-term, aligned with the building life cycle considerations similar to flood protection strategies.
  - **Location:** Applicable to new developments in Alewife.
  
### **3. Flood Protection for Existing Buildings (B3)**

  - **Cost:** Considered technically attractive with potential parcel-level costs for individual homes.
  - **Timeframe:** Short-term for initiation.
  - **Location:** Existing buildings across Alewife.

### **4. Heat Protection for Existing Buildings (B4)**

  - **Timeframe:** Identified to be initiated in the mid-term to allow flexibility (_Alewife Preparedness Plan_).
  - **Location:** Applicable to existing structures that may be vulnerable to extreme heat.

### **5. Building Management for Flood and Heat Protection (B5)**

- **Climate Threat:** Both flooding and heat.
  - **Cost:** Not detailed.
  - **Timeframe:** Mid-term initiation.
  - **Location:** Buildings across Alewife, targeting building management practices and occupant behaviors.

### **6. Site Green Infrastructure (B6)**

- **Climate Threat:** Flooding and urban heat island effect.
  - **Cost:** Part of potential cost structures for parcel and district improvements.
  - **Timeframe:** Near future (by 2020).
  - **Location:** Parcel-level implementation across Alewife to enhance water management and reduce heat effects.

### **7. Adapted Zoning, Policies, and Regulations (B7)**

- **Climate Threat:** Flooding and extreme heat.
  - **Cost:** Not specified as financial but involving institutional changes.
  - **Timeframe:** Requires longer duration for research and implementation initiated later (_Alewife Preparedness Plan_).
  - **Location:** Citywide, with implications for zoning and building codes regulations.

---

These adaptation options are meant to address projected climate change impacts such as extreme heat and flooding. They discuss strategies for both new and existing buildings, site-level interventions, and broader regulatory adjustments, with varying timeframes from immediate to long-term action.

The plan identifies climate policies aimed at advancing climate justice through various strategies. Below are the policies along with details on the climate threat they address and the vulnerable areas or populations they focus on:

### Policy: Prepared Community

   - *Extreme heat and precipitation-driven flooding* are identified as significant risks likely to occur in the near future.

2. **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:**
   - Alewife is highlighted as a community with high-risk populations, with a sense of urgency to implement some strategies within the next 10 years due to its ongoing exposure to such risks. The neighborhood houses some of the City’s most vulnerable populations affected by these threats.

### Policy: Adapted Buildings

   - *Projected climate-change impacts,* which include increased heat and flooding risks.

   - The key focus is on protecting vulnerable populations in areas like Alewife by ensuring buildings can rapidly return to operation following climate disturbances. This involves retrofitting existing structures or developing new ones that meet enhanced resiliency standards.

### Policy: Social Vulnerability Assessment

   - *General climate stressors* related to income, age, and conditions such as infirmity or language barriers.

   - Vulnerable populations include those in Alewife who are more isolated due to factors such as age, language barriers, and lower income levels. These populations are more likely to be impacted by extreme weather events such as floods or heat waves.

The plan emphasizes that social vulnerability is not evenly distributed and highlights Alewife as one of the neighborhoods with the highest percentage of vulnerable populations. The strategies aim to address these vulnerabilities and enhance climate justice by providing equitable access to resilience and adaptation resources for at-risk communities.

The document does not explicitly mention any maladaptive climate policies. However, potential maladaptive outcomes can be inferred from the proposed strategies due to the complexity of climate adaptation measures and the possibility of unintended consequences.

### **1. Policy: Adapted Buildings**
  - **Flooding and Extreme Heat**
  - **Retrofit existing buildings and enforce new design guidelines for new buildings to be resilient to future flood and heat risks.** *(Strategies B: Adapted Buildings)*
- **Potential Maladaptation:**
  - Retrofitting and new design guidelines aim to improve building resilience against flooding and heat. However, if not properly implemented, these changes could inadvertently lead to increased construction costs and potential displacement of low-income residents due to increased housing costs, thus exacerbating social inequalities. The document mentions that "existing buildings or providing for re-development to meet enhanced resiliency standards" could require partnerships and potentially increase costs. *(Strategies B: Adapted Buildings)*

### **2. Policy: Resilient Infrastructure**
  - **Climate Shocks, including flooding and other stresses**
  - **Ensure continued service and/or a swift recovery from climate shocks and stresses through collaborations with city departments and other agencies.** *(Strategies C: Resilient Infrastructure)*
  - Implementation of this strategy could lead to increased reliance on large-scale infrastructure systems that are costly both financially and environmentally. These systems might prioritize engineered solutions over ecosystem-based approaches, potentially impacting ecosystems negatively and failing to address long-term systemic challenges. There is a risk that "key strategies need to be implemented by 2050," which might emphasize short-term fixes over sustainable long-term planning. *(Strategies C: Resilient Infrastructure)*

### **3. Policy: Green Infrastructure Implementation**
  - **Urban Heat Island Effect and Flooding**
  - **Implement green infrastructure such as increased tree canopy, bioretention basins, rain gardens, and green roofs to mitigate the urban heat island effect and provide stormwater storage benefits.** *(RELEVANCE TO ALEWIFE)*
  - While green infrastructure provides many benefits, the unforeseen maladaptive outcome could be that without proper maintenance, these systems could fail, leading to blocked drainage systems and exacerbated flooding during heavy rainfalls. Also, rapid implementation without community involvement might not address local needs effectively, leading to inadequate benefits for the most vulnerable population. *(RELEVANCE TO ALEWIFE)*

These scenarios illustrate potential maladaptation arising from well-intentioned climate policies that emphasize infrastructure and development-based solutions without sufficiently considering social equity or ecosystem health.

The plan does not explicitly list specific metrics, units, or deadlines used for measuring the success or failure of each adaptation, resilience, and mitigation option. However, it outlines a general framework for evaluating strategies in terms of effectiveness, feasibility, and contribution to other City goals such as those in Envision Cambridge and the Net Zero Action Plan. The qualities of resiliency include:

- **Impact:** Evaluates if the strategy is technically effective. It considers the protection of critical assets, the number of people affected, and how implementation mitigates risks. "The proposed strategies should enable the Alewife community to sustain normal functioning and avoid major repair or replacement costs during extreme events and/or to recover rapidly and operate efficiently afterward."

- **Cost:** Considers the estimated capital and operational costs, benefits that exceed costs, and constraints related to funding and coordination. "The strategies should yield benefits that exceed the costs, considering that they can save lives, reduce injuries, maintain livelihoods, and keep businesses running."

- **Equitability:** Assesses if a strategy is fair to all population groups, businesses, and services, with a focus on vulnerable populations. "Strategies improving conditions for the most vulnerable populations may rank higher."

- **Wellness:** Evaluates if the strategy improves public health and safety. It includes educational programs, minimized risk, reduced local temperature, improved water quality, and enhanced emergency services. 

- **Feasibility:** Considers technical, political, legal, and financial realism. "The feasibility of the strategies depends on community buy-in, staffing levels, and..."

While these dimensions serve as a qualitative measure of success, specific metrics or numerical objectives like reductions in CO₂ emissions, improvements in air quality, or other quantifiable impacts and units are not detailed in the sections provided. Similarly, no concrete goals or deadlines related to adaptation, resilience, or mitigation options are explicitly listed in the cited text.

| **Feature**           | **Details**                                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
| **Location/City Name** | City of Cambridge, specifically the Alewife neighborhood                                                                                                                                                                        |
| **Population**         | The document does not specify the exact population of Alewife, but mentions it "houses some of [Cambridge's] most vulnerable populations" and highlights its critical economic role and rapid growth.                        |
| **Threats Identified**  | - Flooding from precipitation<br>- Flooding from sea level rise and storm surge<br>- Extreme heat                                                                                                                               |
| **Measures Identified** | - Prepared Community: Increased community, social, and economic resilience strategies<br>- Adapted Buildings: Protecting against projected climate impacts<br>- Resilient Infrastructure<br>- Resilient Ecosystems<br>- Green infrastructure opportunities |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction:** City of Charleston, South Carolina

**Location:** Charleston is located at the confluence of two rivers that empty into the Atlantic Ocean. 

**Population:** The document does not specify the exact current population; however, it mentions an anticipated population increase to 232,419 people by 2050, according to the City of Charleston Planning Department. 

**Demographics and Average Income:** The document does not provide specific details on demographics and average income.

**Major Geographic Features:** 
- **Rivers and Coastline:** Charleston is defined by its location at the confluence of two rivers and its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, indicating a significant coastline.
  
- The plan highlights issues such as increased flooding, extreme storms, and sea level rise affecting the climate, largely due to overuse of fossil fuels and resulting GHG emissions.
- There is concern about future challenges related to spiking heat waves, droughts, and other climate impacts. 

- The document details reliance on fossil fuels (coal and natural gas) for energy, with utilities’ plans projecting a reduction from 44% to 22% in the fossil fuel mix by 2050 while maintaining an increase in natural gas use.
- Focus on transitioning to renewable energy is mentioned, but specific sources and contributions of renewables are not detailed.

- The document does not specify key infrastructure like airports or seaports, although the proximity to the ocean might imply the existence of associated facilities.

- There is an emphasis on shifting towards energy efficiency, adoption of renewable energy, and other sustainable practices as crucial actions for local economic development.
- Renewable energy is highlighted as a growing sector that will spur business and job growth, indicating an economic shift toward sustainability and sustainable construction as part of the economic drive.

### Summary of How the Plan Addresses Each Component

The plan integrates resilience strategies that emphasize enhancing the community's ability to withstand and adapt to climate impacts. It highlights the importance of "ongoing, equitable community engagement" and mentions that "both climate adaptation and mitigation solutions are important to achieve community resilience." The document explains that resilience is intertwined with other strategies, such as using natural carbon sinks to manage flooding and promoting urban designs that contribute to both resilience and reduced emissions (Executive Summary).

The plan focuses heavily on mitigation efforts by setting ambitious GHG reduction targets, aiming to "reduce emissions 56% below 2018 levels by 2030" and "reduce emissions to net zero by 2050" (Executive Summary). It outlines promising strategies to reduce the city's carbon footprint through improvements in transportation, energy efficiency in buildings, waste management, and the use of renewable energy sources. These efforts are concentrated on addressing the root causes of climate change by cutting emissions.

Adaptation measures are also detailed, particularly those that enhance flood protection and manage sea-level rise. For instance, the plan describes "planting trees increases carbon sequestration while also protecting against flooding by absorbing stormwater" (Ecosystem Protection). While these are mostly framed as co-benefits of mitigation projects, the document acknowledges prior achievements in adaptation, such as the completion of a "Vulnerability Assessment in 2020" to "help identify measures to increase community resilience" (Climate Adaptation & Resilience).

### Classification of the Plan
The plan can be classified as a **"mitigation primary climate action plan"**. This categorization stems from its strong emphasis on mitigation strategies to achieve substantial reductions in GHG emissions, while still addressing resilience and adaptation to an appreciable extent, mainly through strategies with dual benefits.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change that the planning jurisdiction, Charleston, will face. The document outlines various climate impacts already affecting Charleston and what may come in the future:

- **Increased flooding and sea level rise:** "In Charleston, we see more flooding, more extreme storms, more sea level rise." These are direct consequences of climate change that are already evident in the area.

- **Extreme weather events and environmental changes:** The plan states, "Overuse of fossil fuels has already given rise to an array of flooding, rain bombs, wildfires, landslides, spiking heat waves, droughts, and the threat of global food shortages."

These scenarios outline the need for climate policies that focus on resilience, mitigation, and adaptation to address these projected impacts effectively. 

Additional information on climate adaptation and resilience measures, such as planting trees for carbon sequestration and flood protection and the use of rooftop solar energy for increased power resilience during hurricanes, reinforces the response to these scenarios. As stated in the plan: "Many climate mitigation actions also help enhance climate resilience to the impacts of climate change, such as flooding."

1. **Flooding and Sea Level Rise**
   - **Description of Climate Hazard:** Flooding is an identified climate hazard exacerbated by sea level rise, which impacts the city's infrastructure and environment.
   - **Climate Risks Posed:** "Overuse of fossil fuels has already given rise to an array of flooding" and "more flooding, more extreme storms, more sea level rise" events which poses significant risks to lives, properties, and the economy.
   - **Vulnerable Areas or Populations:** Vulnerable communities to flooding risks include areas with significant low-lying geography that are prone to king high tides and storm surges. 

   - **Description of Climate Hazard:** Rising temperatures and heatwaves as the climate continues to warm.
   - **Climate Risks Posed:** It is noted that "heat-related illnesses" are a concern, suggesting an increase in frequency and intensity of heat events impacting public health.
   - **Vulnerable Areas or Populations:** The most vulnerable among the population to extreme heat include "children and pregnant women, people with low income, the elderly, people with disabilities and chronic illnesses, and marginalized people of all races and ethnicities."

3. **Extreme Weather Events**
   - **Description of Climate Hazard:** This includes more "extreme storms."
   - **Climate Risks Posed:** Extreme weather events can lead to natural hazards like "flooding, rain bombs, wildfires, landslides, spiking heat waves, and droughts" and they contribute to the threat of "global food shortages."
   - **Vulnerable Areas or Populations:** Populations in areas exposed to such hazards, especially those prone to flooding and storm surges, like low-lying coastal regions.

   - **Description of Climate Hazard:** Increased likelihood and severity of drought conditions.
   - **Climate Risks Posed:** "Overuse of fossil fuels has... given rise to... droughts" impacting water resources and agricultural productivity.
   - **Vulnerable Areas or Populations:** Areas dependent on reliable water sources, which could include agricultural sectors in and around Charleston.

   - **Description of Climate Hazard:** Rising sea levels affecting coastal areas.
   - **Climate Risks Posed:** Increased "sea level rise" leads to more severe and frequent flooding and potential displacement.
   - **Vulnerable Areas or Populations:** Coastal and low-lying communities are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of sea level rise.
   
Each of these hazards poses specific risks to Charleston's infrastructure, public health, ecosystems, and socio-economic systems, necessitating coordinated adaptation and resilience strategies.

1. **Tree Planting and Canopy Protection**
    - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option addresses flooding by absorbing stormwater and heat-related illnesses by cooling streets.
    - **Details:**
        - **Cost:** Varied prioritization based on specific actions, from low to high. Examples include: 
          - **C6:** Medium cost for prioritizing tree plantings in underserved communities.
          - **C7:** High cost for strengthening tree protection regulations.
        - **Timeframe and Location:** Ongoing expansion in areas with less canopy coverage.
        - **References:** Table 4: Carbon Sinks Action Plan.
    - **Other Attributes:**
        - **Environmental:** Expands urban tree canopy, which reduces air pollution and promotes biodiversity.
        - **Economic:** Increases community property values and appeal.
        - **Infrastructural:** Supports healthier and more resilient ecosystems.

2. **Rooftop Solar Energy Installations Paired with Battery Backup**
    - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Provides backup power in the aftermath of a hurricane.
        - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Not explicitly detailed; involves upfront installation costs with potential long-term savings on energy.
        - **Economic:** Could spur job growth in the energy sector and reduce long-term utility costs.
        - **Environmental:** Reduces reliance on fossil fuels, lowering GHG emissions.

3. **Protection of Wetlands and Marshes**
    - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flood protection during king high tides and storm surges.
        - **Cost:** Actions have high cost potential, such as acquiring flood-damaged properties.
        - **Timeframe and Location:** Ongoing preservation and restoration efforts. 
        - **Environmental:** Preserves vital carbon sinks, maintaining biodiversity and water quality.
        - **Economic:** Prevents flooding-related damages that can incur significant repair costs.

4. **Implementation of Charleston Rainproof and Adopt a Drain Programs**
    - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Enhances water management to prevent flooding.
        - **Cost:** Medium cost for continued program expansion.
        - **Timeframe and Location:** Expanding program participation throughout Charleston.
        - **Environmental:** Improves urban water quality.
        - **Community Engagement:** Involves residents directly in climate resilience efforts.

This summary highlights the critical resilience options, specifying the climate threats they address, the economic and environmental impact, as well as logistical considerations sourced from provided tables and actions listed within the plan.

The plan identifies several mitigation options, each with varying costs, timing, and other attributes. Below is a summary of the identified mitigation options as outlined in the plan:

### **Energy Efficiency and Buildings**

- **Strengthening the Energy Code**:
  - **Cost**: $ (Low)
  - **Timing**: Not specified
  - **Location**: State level advocacy
  - **Attributes**: The plan supports efforts to strengthen the energy code at the state level, aligning with carbon neutrality by 2050 and other initiatives in the SC Energy Efficiency Roadmap.

- **Energy Efficiency in Construction and Upgrades**:
  - **Location**: State level and local opportunities
  - **Attributes**: Identifies exploring local equitable gap funding opportunities for energy efficiency in new construction and upgrades to existing construction.

- **Incentives for Sustainable Construction and Renewable Energy**:
  - **Location**: Local zoning code adjustments
  - **Attributes**: The plan considers expanding incentives via building certification programs like Charleston RISES.

- **Funding for Energy Efficiency in City Buildings**:
  - **Cost**: $$$$ (High)
  - **Location**: City facilities
  - **Attributes**: Increase staff capacity and funding for facilities assessment to improve energy efficiency of existing and new City buildings.

- **Energy Efficiency Standards for City Facilities**:
  - **Cost**: $ (Low) to $$$$ (Medium)
  - **Attributes**: Create mechanical, electrical, and plumbing standards including total cost of ownership standards and tailored certification above minimum code.

- **Disclosure of Utility Data**:
  - **Location**: State level
  - **Attributes**: Support state efforts for the disclosure of utility data by property sellers.

- **Public Transit Infrastructure**:
  - **Location**: Along transit corridors
  - **Attributes**: Requires new large development projects to include bus stop shelters and transportation infrastructure.

- **Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure**:
  - **Cost**: $$ (Medium)
  - **Location**: Publicly accessible areas
  - **Attributes**: Expansion of EV charging infrastructure, with a focus on mobility hubs and City parking facilities.

- **Policy for EV Charging Stations in New Construction**:
  - **Location**: New large commercial construction
  - **Attributes**: Includes EV-ready requirements and transitioning City fleet to alternative fuels.

- **Transit Programs and Compact Development**:
  - **Cost**: Varied: $$$$ (Medium) to $ (Low)
  - **Location**: Citywide
  - **Attributes**: Explore employer transit programs, concentrate development in compact centers, phase in alternatives to gas powered engines, and transition the City fleet.

### **Carbon Sinks**

- **Preservation and Restoration of Saltwater Ecosystems**:
  - **Location**: Local saltwater ecosystems
  - **Attributes**: Collaboration with regional and state partners to increase preservation and restoration.

- **Acquiring Flood-Damaged Properties**:
  - **Location**: Local flood-damaged areas
  - **Attributes**: Convert land use to natural conditions that capture carbon and water.

- **Tree Planting and Canopy Expansion**:
  - **Cost**: $$ (Medium) to $ (Low)
  - **Timing**: Ongoing
  - **Location**: Underserved communities and City areas
  - **Attributes**: Prioritize tree plantings, strengthen tree protection regulations, and use data to guide canopy growth and diversify species.

### **Assessment and Co-Benefits**

- **Assessment Criteria**:
  - **Attributes**: The plan evaluates actions based on GHG reduction potential, cost, feasibility, co-benefits, equity, community benefits, and priority based on community interest.

- **Co-Benefits**:
  - **Attributes**: Actions include cost savings, economic development, public health improvements, ecosystem protection, increased mobility, safety enhancements, beautification, historic preservation, and increased awareness.

The plan identifies several **mitigation options** with associated costs, priority levels, and attributes. Here's a summary based on the content provided:

- **Increase energy efficiency and conservation**:
  - **Support efforts to strengthen the energy code at the state level**:
    - **Cost:** Low ($)
    - **Priority:** High
  - **Support state efforts and explore local equitable gap funding opportunities for energy efficiency**:
  - **Consider expanding incentives via the zoning code**:
  - **Increase staff capacity and funding for facility assessments and energy efficiency improvements**:
    - **Cost:** Very high ($$$$)

### Carbon Sinks

- **Protect and promote natural ecosystems**:
  - **Collaborate with partners to increase preservation and restoration of saltwater ecosystems**:
  - **Convert flood-damaged properties to natural conditions**:
  - **Examine land use policies to support marsh migration**:

- **Increase use of public transit systems**:
  - **Require new developments to include transit infrastructure**:
  - **Explore employer transit programs with CARTA**:
    - **Priority:** Medium

- **Electrical and low-emission alternatives**:
  - **Expand electric vehicle charging infrastructure**:
    - **Cost:** Medium ($$)

### General Attributes
- The plan indicates that many actions "play an important role towards achieving our goals" and each action is not merely a "line-item list" but should be considered within the broader context of aggregated impact ("Introduction").

The plan contains integrated strategies and initiatives aimed at reducing emissions significantly by 2030 and ultimately achieving net-zero emissions by 2050 ("Introduction").

Based on the content provided in the Climate Action Plan, the following adaptation options addressing climate threats have been identified:

### **Adaptation Options:**

1. **Planting Trees and Preserving Tree Canopy**

   - **Climate Threat:** This option addresses the climate threat of flooding, as trees can absorb stormwater and provide protection against floods.
     - **Cost:** Different tree planting initiatives have varied costs, with some specified as high priority with a cost of `$$` (indicating $10,001 - $50,000) (Chapter 4: Carbon Sinks).
     - **Location:** Prioritizes tree plantings in areas that need it most, such as underserved communities with less canopy cover (Chapter 4: Carbon Sinks).
     - **Other Attributes:** The planting and protection of trees have multiple co-benefits, such as carbon sequestration and enhancing resilience by cooling city streets and reducing heat-related illnesses (Benefits of Climate Measures).

2. **Rooftop Solar Energy Installations with Battery Backup**

   - **Climate Threat:** Particularly hurricane aftermaths where power outages are common.
     - **Cost:** Specific costs are not provided, but investments in renewable energy can yield cost savings (Benefits of Climate Measures).
     - **Other Attributes:** Increases resilience by providing backup power during emergencies, alongside reducing greenhouse gas emissions (Climate Adaptation & Resilience).

3. **Protecting Wetlands and Marshes**

   - **Climate Threat:** Protects against flooding and storm surges.
     - **Cost:** Identified with high priority in action items, but specific monetary estimates are not provided; reference to natural vs. constructed costs may imply lower cost for natural solutions (Chapter 4: Carbon Sinks).
     - **Location:** Protect unique lowcountry marshes and wetlands; conversion of flood-damaged properties to natural conditions (Chapter 4: Carbon Sinks).
     - **Other Attributes:** These ecosystems are major assets for carbon sequestration and floodwater absorption (Ecosystem Protection).

4. **Upgrading Traffic Signal Infrastructure and Improving Traffic Light Timing**

   - **Climate Threat:** Not directly specified for adaptation against a climate threat, but indirectly reduces climate risks by improving mobility and reducing emissions.
     - **Other Attributes:** Helps increase mobility and reduce vehicle wait times, thereby lowering emissions (Mobility).

5. **Expanding Pedestrian and Bicycle Infrastructure**

   - **Climate Threat:** While primarily a mitigation option, it can help adapt by providing alternative transportation routes during extreme weather affecting vehicle mobility.
     - **Location:** Encourages development in compact centers to reduce vehicular traffic (Mobility).
     - **Other Attributes:** Co-benefits include public health improvement and safety enhancement (Public Health, Safety).

These options reflect an integrated approach, often serving dual purposes in both adaptation and mitigation, and are aligned to address specific climate threats such as flooding, hurricanes, and urban heat.

The plan identifies several climate policies that advance climate justice. Below are summaries of these policies, including the climate threats they address and the areas or populations with the most climate vulnerability:

1. **Community Engagement and Equity Inclusion:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy does not address a specific climate threat directly but focuses on equitable community engagement in creating and implementing climate action plans.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** The policy specifically mentions children, pregnant women, people with low income, the elderly, people with disabilities and chronic illnesses, and marginalized people of all races and ethnicities as populations that are considered vulnerable due to existing inequities. The plan states, "*Social equity can also be a co-benefit and it should be a major consideration when creating a climate action plan.*" (Introduction)

2. **Equitable Distribution of Climate Benefits:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The plan mentions overall climate change impacts, including increased exposure to extreme heat, natural hazards, and reduced air quality.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** It highlights that "*vulnerable populations such as the elderly, chronically ill, people with lower incomes, and people of color are more at risk when it comes to experiencing impacts of climate change.*" (Introduction)

3. **Healthcare Access and Environmental Justice:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Increased exposure to infectious diseases and aeroallergens, and effects on mental health.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** It identifies populations already experiencing health disparities exacerbated by climate change impacts. It notes that climate change "*disproportionately harms the most vulnerable among us*" and the need for policies that address institutional oppression. (Introduction)

4. **Inclusive Climate Action Taskforce:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Similar to the community engagement policy, this doesn’t directly address a specific threat but ensures all climate policies take equity into consideration.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** The plan mentions that "*vulnerable populations have historically been underserved by programs and investments*" and stresses the importance of representing these communities in decision-making. (Introduction)

5. **Climate Equity in Mitigation and Adaptation Measures:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** General climate changes and their resultant risks such as flooding and sea level rise.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** The plan incorporates equity assessment in each action, focusing on "uplifting climate equity and reducing disparities." Disadvantaged communities that face systemic barriers are highlighted. (Introduction)

These policies are structured to address inequalities in the impact of climate change and provide equitable access to the benefits of climate action initiatives.

The plan does not explicitly mention any unforeseen maladaptive climate policies. However, there are several proposed policies and actions, and some potential maladaptive outcomes could be inferred based on general knowledge of climate policy intricacies. Here's an analysis based on some of the measures detailed in the plan:

### 1. **Tree Planting and Canopy Expansion**

   - Addresses flooding and heat-related illnesses as the climate warms. It also targets carbon sequestration to mitigate GHG emissions.
   - *"Planting trees increases carbon sequestration while also protecting against flooding by absorbing stormwater."* (CLIMATE ADAPTATION & RESILIENCE)

   - Plant trees in underserved communities to increase canopy cover and sequester carbon.
   - *"Plant and prioritize tree plantings in areas that need it most, such as underserved communities with less overall canopy and communities with aging inventory."* (Carbon Sinks Action Plan)

3. **Potential for Inadvertent Maladaptation:**
   - If the wrong species are planted (such as non-native or invasive species), this could lead to biodiversity issues or unforeseen ecological impacts. 
   - The *Carbon Sinks Action Plan* briefly mentions super sink plants, which could potentially be maladaptive if species selected are not ecologically compatible: 
     - *"Pilot the application of super sink plants in appropriate public spaces, such as non-invasive native bamboo, and adapt practices to be pollinator-friendly."*

### 2. **Flood Property Acquisition and Conversion**

   - Addresses climate threats such as flooding by converting flood-damaged properties into natural areas that capture carbon and water.
   - *"Continue with opportunities to acquire flood damaged properties and convert the land use to natural conditions that capture carbon and water."* (Carbon Sinks Strategy)

   - Flood plain restoration and land acquisition to restore natural ecosystem functions.

   - Diversion of focus from necessary short-term structural flood defenses by investing predominantly in land acquisition and conversion, which might not provide immediate protection against catastrophic flood events. 
   - Over-reliance on ecosystem services without parallel development of engineered solutions could result in communities being under-prepared.

These inferred maladaptive consequences hinge on the specifics of implementation, which aren't presented in the document. Therefore, it's important to conduct further detailed ecological and social assessments when implementing these policies to avoid such maladaptive outcomes.

**Metrics and Units for Measuring Success:**

- **Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Goals:**
  - *Reduce emissions 56% below 2018 levels by 2030.*
  - *Reduce emissions to net zero by 2050.*  
  (Source: Introduction, Executive Summary)

- **Emission Forecasting:**
  - Projected emissions reduction by 2030 and achieving net zero by 2050.
  - "Business as usual" emissions forecast accounts for population increase and utility plans for reducing fossil fuels.
  (Source: Introduction, Reaching Our Emissions Reduction Goals)

- **Building-Specific Targets:**
  - *Reduce 117,080 MtCO2e from buildings by 2025.*
  - Certification program status to increase square footage of buildings.
  (Source: Buildings, Overview)

- **Short Term Reduction Goal:** *Achieve a 56% reduction in emissions.*  

- **Long Term Reduction Goal:** *Achieve 100% reduction by achieving net zero.*  

**Reporting and Progress Indicators:**

- **FloodStat Program:**
  - Tracks progress on emission reduction goals and protects against flooding and sea level rise.
  - Involves regular public meetings to ensure accountability and data-driven decision-making.
  (Source: Introduction, Progress Spotlight: PriorityStat)

- **PriorityStat Tool:**
  - Created to help city staff track and report on goals, including emissions metrics.

- **Data Reporting:**
  - Updating of the FloodStat dashboard post-emissions inventory.
  - Online implementation plan status updates and annual progress reporting to City Council.
  (Source: Introduction, Reporting on Implementation Progress)

**Expected Benefits Beyond Carbon Reduction:**

- **Public Health and Air Quality Protection:**
  - Emission reductions linked to improved air quality by reducing pollutants such as particulate matter, SO₂, NOx, and ozone.
  (Source: Benefits of Climate Measures, Public Health)

- **Beautification, Cost Savings, Economic Development:** 
  - Recognized as co-benefits contributing positively to community vibrancy, property values, and public health.
  (Source: Benefits of Climate Measures, Economic Development & Retention and Public Health)

**Assessment Criteria:**

- Criteria involve evaluating measures based on GHG emissions reduction potential, cost, feasibility, and co-benefits, not specifying exact units but focusing on high, medium, or low potential.
  (Source: Assessment Criteria)

These sections collectively provide insight into the metrics, targets, and evaluation processes established in the plan for adaptation, resilience, and mitigation strategies.

| **Feature**          | **Details**                                                                                                       |
|----------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | City of Charleston, South Carolina                                                                            |
| **Population**       | Estimated population increase to 232,419 by 2050 (City of Charleston Planning Dept.)                             |
| **Threats Identified** | *Flooding*, *rain bombs*, *wildfires*, *landslides*, *spiking heat waves*, *droughts*, *threat of global food shortages*  |
|                      | More *extreme storms*, *sea level rise*, increase in atmospheric *GHG emissions* (specifically CO2 and CH4)       |
| **Measures Identified** | • Implementing energy efficiency and adoption of renewable energy                                               |
|                      | • Promotion of alternative transportation (bicycling, walking, public transit, etc.)                               |
|                      | • Economic development initiatives to support locally held businesses                                             |
|                      | • Expanding the City's tree canopy and greenspace                                                                 |
|                      | • Protecting and promoting natural ecosystems, increasing preservation and restoration of saltwater ecosystems    |
|                      | • Strategies to include community and social equity                                                               |
|                      | • Planting trees and promoting urban canopy to increase resilience and carbon sequestration                        |
|                      | • Encouraging waste reduction activities, particularly those focused on single-use plastic products               |
|                      | • Utilizing rooftop solar energy installations paired with battery backups for resilience                          |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction: Washington, DC**

- **Location & Population:**
  - Washington, DC is the economic engine of the Washington metropolitan region. The population of the District is approximately 700,000 people, with an 11 percent increase since 2013. The District's population is projected to reach almost 900,000 by 2032 (Sustainable DC 2.0 Scope, Setting the Scene).

  - The District is known as a diverse city, referred to as "Chocolate City," and is now composed of 47 percent Black, 37 percent White, 11 percent Latinx, and 4.3 percent Asian residents. There's a diverse mix that presents opportunities and challenges (Setting the Scene).

- **Average Income:**
  - Median household income is almost $73,000, but disparities exist. For instance, Ward 8 has a median household income of $32,000, and Ward 3 $110,000. Almost 17 percent of residents live under the poverty rate (Setting the Scene).

- **Geographic Features:**
  - The document does not provide details on geographic features such as mountains, rivers, deserts, or coastline, but as Washington, DC, it includes significant infrastructure contributing to its economic engine status.

  - There is no specific mention of airports or seaports, but as a major city with substantial governance, it likely has access to significant infrastructural supports necessary for a regional hub.

- **Local Climate and Water Challenges:**
  - Climate change is noted as a significant threat. The District is addressing challenges like reducing emissions primarily from building energy use, which constitutes about 75% of emissions. Energy use reduction, increasing energy efficiency, and expanding access to renewable energy like solar and wind are significant focuses (Built Environment, Energy).

  - Most emissions (96%) come from energy use, primarily used for heating, cooling, and powering buildings. Efforts are ongoing to shift from fossil fuels towards renewable energy. Tools like the DC Sustainable Energy Utility, PACE financing, and the Green Bank support this transition. The local energy strategy emphasizes moving towards clean energy sources (Energy).

  - Private sector expansion and fostering economic prosperity for residents are central economic goals. There’s a significant push towards growing green jobs, with initiatives like Solar Works DC and the DC Infrastructure Academy for job training in renewable energy and infrastructure fields. The locality also sees growth opportunities in sustainability-related goods and services (Economy).

  The plan outlines a focus on resilience by aiming to "improve emergency and community preparedness" to respond to climate change events like "extreme heat, storms, and flooding, with a focus on the most at-risk populations" (CL2.2). It emphasizes the need for "critical infrastructure" to remain operational or be quickly restored to maintain essential functions (CL2.1). It also articulates a clear goal to "increase the District's resilience to climate change" by requiring that "100% of new buildings, major infrastructure, and neighborhood plans consider climate risks and identify adaptation solutions" by 2032 (GOAL 2, TARGET 2).

  The plan aims to reduce GHG emissions, targeting a "50% reduction by 2032" and working towards "carbon neutrality by 2050" (GOAL 1, TARGET 1). Actions include "building awareness and providing resources" to reduce emissions, as well as implementing clean energy solutions to mitigate climate change (CL1.1, CLIMATE).

  The plan integrates adaptation strategies through the "Climate Ready DC plan," preparing the city "for the impacts of climate change" (CL2.4). Specific actions require new development to "assess climate risks and incorporate climate adaptation solutions," such as implementing green infrastructure to mitigate urban heat and flooding (CL2.3).

Overall, the plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. It balances efforts toward reducing GHG emissions (mitigation) and enhancing the District's ability to adapt and bounce back from climate change impacts (adaptation and resilience).

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change that the planning jurisdiction, the District, will face and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. The scenario includes experiencing the impacts of human-made climate change, such as:

- **Record-breaking extreme weather**: Including heat waves and snowstorms.
- **Higher tides**: Caused by rising sea level.
- **Record precipitation**: Including heavy rains and flooding.
- **Warmer average temperatures**: Leading to two to three times as many dangerously hot days.

These climate change impacts are projected to cause property damage and harm critical infrastructure, including telecommunications, energy, transportation, water, and wastewater systems, which are essential for daily life in the District. The direct impacts of variable weather threaten both the safety and quality of life of District residents.

The District Government is addressing climate change through both **mitigation and adaptation**. For mitigation, they aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as outlined in the Clean Energy DC plan, with goals to reduce GHGs by 50% by 2032 and to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. For adaptation, the Climate Ready DC plan outlines how the city will adjust to the impacts of climate change and improve resilience ([Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan - CLIMATE](www.sustainabledc.org) 43).

**1. Extreme Weather (Heat Waves and Snowstorms)**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** The plan refers to extreme weather events, specifically heat waves and snowstorms, as a result of climate change.  
   - **Climate Risks:** These events can lead to property damage and threaten critical infrastructure. They pose safety risks and affect the quality of life for District residents.  
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The plan highlights sensitivity based on factors like age, income level, and geographic location (43, 44).

**2. Sea Level Rise and Higher Tides**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** Rising sea levels lead to higher tides, posing a significant climate impact.  
   - **Climate Risks:** This can cause coastal flooding, especially affecting low-lying neighborhoods near the Potomac and Anacostia Rivers.  
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Low-lying neighborhoods near water bodies are more at risk (43, 44).

**3. Heavy Rains and Flooding**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** The plan notes record precipitation, including heavy rains causing flooding.  
   - **Climate Risks:** Such events can damage property and disrupt daily functions by impacting infrastructure, including energy, transportation, water, and wastewater systems.  
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Certain areas of the District that are more prone to flooding are home to populations with fewer resources and higher sensitivity, such as those experiencing housing insecurity (43, CL2.2).

**4. Warmer Average Temperatures and Heatwaves**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** An increase in warmer average temperatures and the frequency of dangerously hot days are noted as broader climate changes.  
   - **Climate Risks:** Prolonged heat can exacerbate health issues, particularly affecting those dealing with health conditions or limited resources.  
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Neighborhoods without adequate green vegetation, which suffer more from the urban heat island effect, face greater heat-related risks (43, 44).

**5. Extreme Heat**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** Specific emphasis is given to extreme heat events.  
   - **Climate Risks:** Such events increase risks of power outages and can negatively impact health, particularly for at-risk populations.  
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas prone to power outages and communities with limited resources, highlighting the need for emergency preparedness focusing on at-risk groups (CL2.2).

Each of these hazards presents unique challenges to both infrastructure and vulnerable populations, requiring targeted strategies for resilience and adaptation.

1. **Require all new development projects to assess climate risks and incorporate climate adaptation solutions.**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option tackles climate risks including flooding and high temperatures due to the urban heat island effect.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** This is a medium-term initiative led by the District Government, specifically the District Office of Energy and Environment (DOEE), which will be rolled out across the District. The plan notes the importance of balancing climate adaptation with other priorities such as affordable housing.
   - **Attributes:** The plan suggests incorporation of measures like trees, vegetation, green roofs, and cool roofs, which not only address climate impacts but also enhance environmental quality and reduce energy needs (Chapter: CL2.3).

2. **Fully implement and regularly update the Climate Ready DC plan.**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The action focuses on adapting to the changing climate in general.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** This is an ongoing initiative with DOEE as the lead, applicable throughout the District.
   - **Attributes:** Climate Ready DC is positioned as a fluid plan needing regular updates to stay relevant against ongoing climate changes. This ensures alignment with current climate data and maintains resilience (Chapter: CL2.4).

3. **Evaluate and reduce the vulnerability of the District’s transportation, energy, water, and telecommunications infrastructure.**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option addresses infrastructure vulnerability due to extreme weather, heat, and flooding.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Designated a medium-term action, the evaluation and improvements will be led by DOEE in collaboration with multiple partners such as DC Water, DDOT, etc., covering infrastructure throughout the District.
   - **Attributes:** It emphasizes maintaining critical infrastructure and proposes installation of backup systems like microgrids in sensitive facilities, highlighting the economic and infrastructural importance (Chapter: CL2.1).

4. **Improve emergency and community preparedness with a focus on the most at-risk populations.**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The focus is on responding to climate change events like extreme heat, storms, and flooding.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** This is a medium-term action targeting high-risk areas, coordinated by the Homeland Security and Emergency Management Agency (HSEMA) with various partners.
   - **Attributes:** The plan stresses the need for preparedness plans that protect vulnerable populations, considering economic and social vulnerabilities and utilizing a Vulnerable Populations Map to direct efforts (Chapter: CL2.2).

5. **Advance physical adaptation and human preparedness to increase the District’s resilience.**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** It targets overall climate change resilience.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** By 2032, it mandates that all new buildings, major infrastructure, and neighborhood plans include climate risk assessments (Chapter: Goal 2, Target 2).
   - **Attributes:** Requires stakeholder cooperation in project planning and emphasizes comprehensive adaptation strategies, potentially involving economic and infrastructural adjustments.

The plan outlines various mitigation options aimed at reducing the greenhouse gas emissions within the planning jurisdiction. The following are the mitigation options identified along with relevant information provided in the plan:

1. **Develop a Plan for Carbon Neutrality by 2050:**
   - **Timing:** Short term (By 2020).
   - **Location:** District-wide.
   - **Attributes:** The plan involves developing a detailed implementation plan, emphasizing the elimination of GHG emissions or offsetting remaining emissions through initiatives like tree planting, renewable energy, and land conservation. (CL1.3)

2. **Measure and Eliminate Methane Gas Leaks:**
   - **Timing:** Long term.
   - **Location:** Throughout the District.
   - **Attributes:** Focus is on identifying and eliminating methane leaks from natural gas pipelines, given methane's high global warming potential compared to carbon dioxide. (CL1.4)

3. **Improve Energy Efficiency and Increase Renewable Energy:**
   - **Timing:** Not specified, but ongoing improvement is emphasized.
   - **Location:** Across various sectors within the District.
   - **Attributes:** This includes modernizing energy infrastructure and increasing the adoption of energy-efficient practices and renewable energy sources. (Sustainable DC 2.0 Scope - ENERGY)

4. **Increase Recycling and Composting:**
   - **Timing:** Ongoing progress expected.
   - **Attributes:** The plan includes efforts to increase recycling and composting to reduce waste-related emissions. (Sustainable DC 2.0 Scope - WASTE)

5. **Encourage Network of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations:**
   - **Timing:** Medium term.
   - **Location:** Throughout the city.
   - **Attributes:** The focus is on establishing a network of electric vehicle charging stations to support the transition to electric vehicles and reduce transportation emissions. (TR4.3)

6. **Fully Electrify District-Controlled Buses:**
   - **Location:** Managed by District and regional bus systems.
   - **Attributes:** This initiative aims to reduce emissions from public transport by electrifying buses controlled by the District, as well as working with regional systems. (TR4.4)

7. **Purchase Green Fleet and Passenger Vehicles for District Government:**
   - **Location:** District Government operations.
   - **Attributes:** The plan includes the requirement for the District Government to purchase environmentally friendly fleet and passenger vehicles to reduce emissions from government operations. (TR4.2)

8. **Strictly Limit Idling Engines:**
   - **Timing:** Short term.
   - **Attributes:** Enforce strict regulations to limit engine idling as a measure to cut down emissions from vehicles. (TR4.1)

These mitigation strategies underline the jurisdiction's commitment to curb greenhouse gas emissions through a diverse set of policies and initiatives aimed at transitioning to sustainable energy and reducing pollution.

The plan identifies the following mitigation options: 

1. **Building Awareness and Providing Resources**
   - **Summary:** The plan aims to build awareness and provide resources to empower people and organizations to reduce their share of greenhouse gas emissions.
   - **Timeframe:** Short term
   - **Lead Agency:** Department of Energy and Environment (DOEE)
   - **Partner Agency:** Office of the Chief Technology Officer (OCTO)
   - **Important Attributes:** This action emphasizes education and empowerment as key strategies to mitigate climate change by enabling stakeholders to actively participate in reducing emissions. 

2. **Reporting District Emissions Annually**
   - **Summary:** The plan includes reporting district emissions annually to track the reductions attributable to specific initiatives.
   - **Lead Agency:** DOEE
   - **Partner Agencies:** Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs (DCRA), District Department of Transportation (DDOT), Department of General Services (DGS), Department of Public Works (DPW), Office of People's Counsel (OPC)
   - **Important Attributes:** Annual reporting allows for transparency and tracking progress towards emission reduction goals.

3. **Developing a Plan to Achieve Carbon Neutrality by 2050**
   - **Summary:** The District is committed to achieving carbon neutrality by 2050, eliminating GHG emissions or offsetting any remaining through initiatives such as tree planting and renewable energy.
   - **Timeframe:** Short term for planning
   - **Partner Agencies:** DDOT, DGS, DPW
   - **Important Attributes:** This long-term aim supports comprehensive decarbonization efforts within the District.

4. **Measuring and Eliminating Methane Gas Leaks**
   - **Summary:** The plan targets measuring and eliminating methane gas leaks in the District due to its potency as a greenhouse gas.
   - **Timeframe:** Long term
   - **Partner Agency:** OPC
   - **Important Attributes:** Methane leaks from natural gas pipelines are addressed, indicating a focus on infrastructure improvements to reduce potent GHG emissions.

5. **Reducing Emissions from Transportation**
   - **Summary:** The plan includes several actions aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution from the transportation sector.
   - **Goals and Targets:** 
     - By 2032, reduce commuter trips by car to 25%.
     - Reduce transportation GHG emissions by 60%.
   - **Key Actions:**
     - Encouraging car-pooling and car-sharing (Short term, Lead: DDOT, DOEE)
     - Promoting telecommuting and alternative work schedules (Short term, Lead: DCHR, DOEE)
     - Electrifying District-controlled buses (Medium term, Lead: DDOT, WMATA, DOEE)
     - Encouraging electric vehicle charging stations (Medium term, Lead: DDOT, DOEE)
   - **Important Attributes:** Focuses on transitioning to electric vehicles, promoting public transport, and reducing reliance on single-occupant vehicles. 

These mitigation options reflect the plan’s comprehensive approach to reducing greenhouse gas emissions through diverse and integrated actions across several sectors and agencies.

Based on the content provided in the plan, the following adaptation options have been identified:

### **1. Requirement for New Development Projects to Assess Climate Risks and Incorporate Climate Adaptation Solutions**

- The adaptation option addresses climate-related risks such as flooding and the urban heat island effect.

**Plan Details:**
- **Timeframe:** Medium term 
  - New development projects in the planning jurisdiction are required to assess climate risks.
  - Projects are encouraged to incorporate adaptation solutions, such as the integration of trees, vegetation, and green infrastructure to mitigate runoff and flooding risks.
  - Measures to counteract the urban heat island effect include the installation of green roofs or cool roofs to reduce heat absorption and help lower temperatures in the surrounding area.
  
**Citation:** (Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan, CL2.3)

### **2. Implementation and Regular Update of the Climate Ready DC Plan**

- General preparedness and adaptation to the changing climate, including extreme weather events such as heatwaves, storms, and flooding.

- **Timeframe:** Ongoing
  - The Climate Ready DC plan is part of the government's efforts to adapt to climate change effects.
  - It involves regular updates to remain relevant to the evolving climate scenarios.

**Citation:** (Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan, CL2.4)

### **3. Evaluation and Reduction of Vulnerability of Critical Infrastructure**

- Vulnerability of transportation, energy, water, and telecommunications infrastructure to climate impacts like extreme weather events.

- **Timeframe:** Medium term
  - Focus on ensuring critical infrastructure remains functional or is quickly restored during extreme weather.
  - Includes assessment and addressing significant climate risks to these infrastructures.
  - Example includes the installation of microgrids for backup power in critical facilities like hospitals.

**Citation:** (Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan, CL2.1)

### **4. Improve Emergency and Community Preparedness**

- Preparedness for climate change events such as extreme heat, storms, and flooding.

  - Focus on areas most likely to flood or experience power outages, which are home to vulnerable populations.
  - Development and promotion of emergency and community preparedness plans to ensure readiness during extreme weather events, including evacuations.

**Citation:** (Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan, CL2.2)

These adaptation options are integral to building resilience against climate change impacts within the planning jurisdiction, focusing on both structural and community preparedness enhancements.

The Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan addresses climate justice through several climate policies aimed at advancing climate equity, particularly for vulnerable populations. Here are the identified policies:

1. **Adaptation to Climate Change**
   - **Climate Threat:** The plan addresses various climate threats such as extreme weather events, sea level rise, higher tides, record precipitation, heavy rains, and flooding. These threats can cause significant property damage and harm to critical infrastructure.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** The plan emphasizes that climate change will affect all residents, but it may disproportionately impact those already at-risk due to factors like age, income level, and geographic location. Specifically, "low-lying neighborhoods near the Potomac and Anacostia Rivers" are highlighted as more likely to be hurt by sea level rise and coastal flooding, and neighborhoods without green vegetation may suffer more acutely from heatwaves (Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan).

2. **Mitigation of Greenhouse Gases**
   - **Climate Threat:** It addresses the emission of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide) that contribute to climate change.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** The plan mentions that mitigation efforts should not disproportionately burden "people with low incomes" (Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan).

3. **Emergency and Community Preparedness**
   - **Climate Threat:** Focuses on preparedness for climate change events, including extreme heat, storms, and flooding.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Emphasizes the need to improve preparedness with a focus on "the most at-risk populations," who may have fewer resources to respond to risks, and who may be more sensitive to climate impacts due to existing health, job, or housing insecurities (Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan).

4. **Incorporation of Climate Risks in Development Projects**
   - **Climate Threat:** Requires that climate risks are assessed and addressed in new development projects to counteract threats such as flooding and the urban heat island effect.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** New developments should consider the local context, including balancing climate adaptation with other District priorities such as affordable housing (Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan).

These policies aim to create a more equitable approach to mitigating and adapting to climate change impacts, ensuring that those most vulnerable and at risk receive greater consideration and support.

Based on the provided document, potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies can be identified and evaluated as follows:

1. **Policy: Require all new development projects to assess climate risks and incorporate climate adaptation solutions.**  
     This policy addresses the threat of climate change impacts such as "runoff and the risk of flooding streets and buildings" and addresses the "urban heat island effect" which can cause "high temperatures in areas with lots of paved surfaces and buildings." (_Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan_)
   - **Mitigation/Resilience/Adaptation Option:**  
     The policy proposes adaptation options like the installation of "trees, vegetation, and green infrastructure" to mitigate flooding, and the use of "green roofs" or "cool roofs" to counteract the urban heat island effect. (_Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan_)
   - **Potential Maladaptation:**  
     Introducing vegetation and green infrastructure without considering local ecological compatibility or water needs may inadvertently lead to maladaptation. For instance, if non-native plant species are used, it could lead to increased water usage and competition with native flora, which might be inadequate under changing climate conditions. Moreover, focusing primarily on development projects might overlook adaptation needs in existing structures and infrastructures that also significantly contribute to urban heat and flooding issues.

2. **Policy: Build awareness and provide resources to empower people and organizations to reduce their share of GHG emissions.**  
     This policy addresses greenhouse gas emissions, which contribute to climate change and its associated impacts such as "global warming" and "extreme weather." (_Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan_)
   - **Mitigation Option:**  
     By providing "resources to people and organizations," it encourages reducing "energy use and waste generation in their daily routines" as a form of GHG mitigation. (_Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan_)
     If resources are not equitably distributed or do not consider varying capacities across demographics, there is a potential risk of maladaptation. For example, certain populations might find it economically or technically challenging to adopt new technologies or practices due to the lack of tailored support, which could worsen socio-economic disparities under climate change pressures.

The plan measures the success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options through specific metrics, targets, and timelines. The following outlines these elements as provided in the plan:

### **Mitigation and Emissions Reduction Metrics:**

- **Greenhouse Gas Emissions:**
  - **Target 1:** By 2032, reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 50%. The baseline for this target is 10.64 metric tons from the year 2006. The plan mentions that "The District’s GHG emissions are down from the 2006 baseline by 29%." Progress is tracked through an "annual Greenhouse Gas Inventory" which reports emissions by sector using the unit "MMtCO2e" (million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent) (Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan).
  - **CL1.2:** Reporting District emissions annually helps track reductions attributed to specific initiatives, following international protocols to ensure data quality.
  
- **Carbon Neutrality:**
  - **CL1.3:** By 2020, develop a plan to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 through eliminating GHG emissions or offsetting any remaining emissions by initiatives like tree planting and renewable energy (Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan).

- **Methane Gas:**
  - **CL1.4:** Measure and eliminate methane gas leaks into the atmosphere as methane is a potent greenhouse gas, contributing to global warming more significantly than CO₂ (Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan).

- **Climate Risks and Adaptation Solutions:**
  - **TARGET 2:** By 2032, require 100% of new buildings, major infrastructure, and neighborhood plans to consider climate risks and identify adaptation solutions. The baseline for this target is 0% (Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan).

- **Infrastructure Vulnerability Reduction:**
  - **CL2.1:** Evaluate and reduce the vulnerability of the District's transportation, energy, water, and telecommunications infrastructure to anticipated climate impacts (Medium term) (Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan).

- **Emergency and Community Preparedness:**
  - **CL2.2:** Improve emergency preparedness to respond to climate change events with a focus on at-risk populations (Medium term) (Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan).

- **Development Requirements:**
  - **CL2.3:** Require all new development projects to assess climate risks and incorporate climate adaptation solutions. Examples include using green infrastructure to mitigate urban heat and flooding (Medium term) (Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan).

- **Regular Updates to Climate Ready DC Plan:**
  - **CL2.4:** Fully implement and regularly update the Climate Ready DC Plan, ensuring goals remain relevant with ongoing climate changes (Ongoing) (Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan).

### **General Targets and Goals:**

- **Sustainable DC Actions:**
  - **TARGET 1:** Implement 100% of the Sustainable DC actions by 2032. The baseline for this is 0% (Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan).

The plan carefully sets clear numbers, deadlines, and measurable outcomes to ensure transparency and efficacy in tracking progress and making improvements.

| **Feature**            | **Details**                                                                                                                                  |
|------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Washington, DC                                                                                                                              |
| **Population**         | Not explicitly stated, but reference to growth projections available ([source](https://planning.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/op/publication/attachments/Forecasting%20DC%20Growth%202015-2045%20-%20Results%20and%20Methodology%20-%20FINAL_01 1217 .pdf))  |
| **Threats Identified** | - Sea level rise and coastal flooding affecting low-lying neighborhoods ([Climate Section](#))                                              |
|                        | - Heatwaves, particularly affecting areas without green vegetation ([Climate Section](#))                                                   |
|                        | - Disparities in climate impacts based on factors like age, income level, and geographic location ([Climate Section](#))                     |
| **Measures Identified**| - Protect, restore, and create aquatic and land habitats ([Nature Section](#))                                                              |
|                        | - Develop a Wetland Registry ([Nature Section](Actions Summary))                                                                            |
|                        | - Plant and maintain wetlands and trees ([Nature Section](Actions Summary))                                                                 |
|                        | - Improve adaptive capacity of neighborhood building blocks—transit, energy, water, and telecom ([Climate Section](#))                      |
|                        | - Focus on equity, especially for those economically and physically at-risk ([Climate Section](#))                                          |
|                        | - Partner with developers for living shorelines in waterfront developments ([Nature Section](Actions Summary))                              |
|                        | - Provide access to natural environments or quality green spaces within a 10-minute walk for all residents by 2032 ([Nature Section](#))    |
```

The document does not provide specific details about the demographic, geographic, or economic landscape attributes such as the population, average income, or detailed geographic features of Clark County. However, the following aspects of the physical and economic landscape and climate characteristics are emphasized:

### **Geographic and Climate Features:**
- **Planning Jurisdiction:** Clark County, Nevada.
- **Location:** Southern Nevada.
- **Climate Challenges:** The region faces climate impacts such as **"increases in high heat days, extreme precipitation events, wildfires, high winds, and mega drought conditions"** (COMMUNITY SUSTAINABILITY & CLIMATE ACTION PLAN | Going All-InGOING ALL-IN). These climatic events are impacting the health, economy, and safety, indicating arid conditions and challenges with water resources.
- **Water Resources:** The **2021 Water Resource Plan** emphasizes strategies for ensuring a sustainable water supply and creating resilient water infrastructure, indicating regional water scarcity concerns (Developing the Plan | COMMUNITY SUSTAINABILITY & CLIMATE ACTION PLAN).

- **Workforce Development and Economy:** The plan includes economic diversification as a priority, aiming to **"diversify economy and develop workforce"** (Developing the Plan | COMMUNITY SUSTAINABILITY & CLIMATE ACTION PLAN). This suggests an active focus on workforce and economic expansion.
- **Renewable Energy Resources:** There are vast renewable energy resources in Southern Nevada, highlighting opportunities for renewable energy production such as **solar and wind** (Clean & Reliable Energy | COMMUNITY SUSTAINABILITY & CLIMATE ACTION PLAN).
- **Energy Consumption and Production:** Electricity consumption accounts for **33.2% of county-wide emissions**. Scaling up renewable energy is emphasized as a significant opportunity to decrease GHGs and boost local employment by retaining energy production within Nevada (Clean & Reliable Energy | COMMUNITY SUSTAINABILITY & CLIMATE ACTION PLAN; Clean & Reliable Energy | COMMUNITY SUSTAINABILITY & CLIMATE ACTION PLAN).
  
The plan does not provide specific details regarding demographic information, major geographic features, or a thorough breakdown of industrial sectors and economic drivers.

The plan addresses resilience by preparing the community for climate-driven emergencies and by strengthening natural and social systems. It underscores the establishment of *“a network of Resilience Hubs”* and enhancing emergency preparedness and response resources for all residents, such as expanding *“Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) programs.”* The plan’s focus on creating a *“resilient and healthy community”* further supports the amount of attention dedicated to resilience efforts. *(Resilient & Healthy Community, Goal 1 & 1.2)*

The plan focuses on mitigation efforts by aiming to reduce energy use and GHG emissions from existing buildings and establishing requirements for new buildings to lower emissions. Strategies outlined in the document, such as *“commercial and public building benchmarking and disclosure ordinance”* and *“readiness building code requirements for solar”* are clear mitigation actions. Additionally, the County’s target to cut emissions by 32% from its 2019 baseline by 2030 exemplifies its commitment to GHG reduction. *(Smart Buildings & Development, Goal 1; Developing the Plan, Climate Ambition)*

Adaptation is addressed through strategies like enhancing and maintaining healthy vegetation, *“protecting natural habitats,”* and mitigating climate change impacts. The plan includes initiatives to *“enhance existing parks and open spaces to increase adaptive capacity in underserved communities”* and reviews design standards to reduce impacts on natural habitats. *(Resilient & Healthy Community, Goal 3)*

The plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. It provides a balanced approach, addressing both mitigation, through efforts to reduce GHG emissions and improve building efficiency, and adaptation/resilience, by preparing communities for climate impacts and enhancing natural and health systems.

Yes, the plan describes scenarios of climate change impacts that Clark County will face and is planning for. These scenarios include:

- **Extreme Heat:** "The 2.3 million people living in Clark County are highly vulnerable to extreme heat. In 2022, Clark County experienced 147 days above 90° F." It is projected that there will be "ten times more days with temperatures above 115°F by the end of the century" (Chapter: Climate Change in Clark County).

- **Drought:** Lake Mead, the largest water source, is at record low levels, indicating continuing drought which affects the region's water supply. This may lead to increasing restrictions for water consumption (Chapter: Climate Change in Clark County).

- **Extreme Winds:** The increase in extreme wind events has led to poor air quality, damages to buildings, and disruptions in power and economic activities (Chapter: Climate Change in Clark County).

- **Wildfires:** Smoke events from local and regional wildfires significantly impact air quality. In 2022, Clark County issued a seasonal smoke advisory for the entire summer (Chapter: Climate Change in Clark County).

- **Flash Flooding:** Southern Nevada experiences record flash flooding due to changes in precipitation patterns, where rainfall is expected to be less frequent but heavier (Chapter: Climate Change in Clark County).

These scenarios highlight the urgent need for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation policies due to the compounded risks to human health, infrastructure, and the economy resulting from these climate hazards.

   - **Climate Hazard:** Extreme heat refers to high-temperature events that are increasing in severity and frequency, with Clark County experiencing increased numbers of days with temperatures exceeding certain thresholds (e.g., 90°F or 106°F) (Climate Change in Clark County).
   - **Climate Risks:** Extreme heat poses risks including heat-related illness and death, higher energy demands, and infrastructure and property damage (Changing Climate Trends and Vulnerabilities).
   - **Climate Vulnerability:** The residents of Clark County are particularly vulnerable, especially those in heat island areas, low-income populations, and those with pre-existing health conditions (Southern Nevada Extreme Heat Vulnerability Analysis).

2. **Drought**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** Drought refers to long-term dryness impacting the water supply, as evidenced by record low levels in Lake Mead, which is a vital water source for the region (Changing Climate Trends and Vulnerabilities).
   - **Climate Risks:** Drought results in water shortages, crop and habitat damage, and threatened water quality, which can affect both public health and economic activities (Changing Climate Trends and Vulnerabilities).
   - **Climate Vulnerability:** The entire region's population is vulnerable due to reliance on the Colorado River Basin for water, with projections showing worsening drought conditions (Drought in the Colorado River Basin).

3. **Extreme Winds**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** Extreme winds are increasing in frequency, causing adverse effects such as poor air quality and damage to infrastructure (Climate Change in Clark County).
   - **Climate Risks:** Risks include damages to buildings and infrastructure, disruptions in power and air travel, and economic activity (Changing Climate Trends and Vulnerabilities).
   - **Climate Vulnerability:** Vulnerability is particularly high in areas with existing infrastructure weaknesses (Extreme Winds).

4. **Wildfires**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** Wildfires are increasing, contributing to smoke events that drastically affect air quality across Clark County (Resilient & Healthy Community).
   - **Climate Risks:** Wildfires cause poor air quality, destruction of habitats, infrastructure damage, and increased public health risks due to smoke (Changing Climate Trends and Vulnerabilities).
   - **Climate Vulnerability:** Areas near potential wildfire zones and populations including those with respiratory conditions are highly vulnerable (Resilient & Healthy Community).

5. **Flash Flooding**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** Flash flooding results from heavy precipitation events, predicted to become less frequent but more intense (Changing Climate Trends and Vulnerabilities).
   - **Climate Risks:** Flash flooding poses risks such as infrastructure damage, roadway blockages, and threats to human safety due to rapid water flow (Changing Climate Trends and Vulnerabilities).
   - **Climate Vulnerability:** Vulnerability is significant in low-lying areas and neighborhoods without adequate drainage systems (Flash Flooding).

Based on the content provided from the "COMMUNITY SUSTAINABILITY & CLIMATE ACTION PLAN," the following resilience options are identified:

### **Resilience Option 1: Protect Workers from Climate Threats**
   - This option addresses climate threats such as heat and toxins that could result in dangerous work conditions.
   
   - **Cost and Timeframe:** Not explicitly stated in the excerpts provided.
   - **Location:** Clark County.

   - The focus is on advocating for and educating about safety standards to protect workers.

### **Resilience Option 2: Establish a Network of Resilience Hubs**
   - This option is designed to enhance community resiliency before, during, and after climate-related emergencies or other threats.

   - **Timeframe:** Long-term, taking longer than three years for full implementation (Resilient & Healthy Community section).
   - **Location:** Initial pilot service areas are to be identified within Clark County, prioritizing existing community centers, cooling centers, and other trusted community assets.

   - Economic and infrastructural considerations include leveraging existing, trusted community spaces to provide year-round community services and increasing community and personal adaptive capacity.
   - Emphasizes collaboration across the network of Resilience Hubs (Resilient & Healthy Community section).

### **Resilience Option 3: Enhance Vegetation and Parks**
   - Targets the threat of extreme heat and its impact on natural habitats.

   - **Location:** Focus on heat-vulnerable neighborhoods and underserved communities in Clark County.

   - This involves protecting, maintaining, and expanding drought-tolerant plantings and enhancing parks and open spaces to increase adaptive capacity.

### **Resilience Option 4: Enhance Emergency Preparedness**
   - General enhancement of emergency preparedness and response resources for all residents against various climate and emergency threats.

   - **Location:** County-wide in Clark County, with emphasis in underserved areas.

   - It includes evaluating the effectiveness and accessibility of existing emergency preparedness communications and establishing partnerships with transportation providers for accessible transportation to resilience hubs (Goal 1: Alignment section).

These resilience options reflect integrated actions to address specific climate threats while building economic, environmental, and infrastructural capacities within Clark County.

1. **Reduce Energy Use in Existing Buildings**
   - **Cost and Funding:** The plan emphasizes the use of an "energy program stacking" funding model to aggressively implement weatherization, energy efficiency, and water conservation programs (Community Sustainability & Climate Action Plan | Going All-In: Implementing The Plan).
   - **Timing:** Identified as the number one opportunity to meet the 2030 GHG reduction target. Implementation is to be swift, targeting both energy and water use reductions in buildings (COMMUNITY SUSTAINABILITY & CLIMATE ACTION PLAN | Implementing The Plan).
   - **Location:** Focus is on existing buildings within Clark County.
   - **Attributes:** This option is associated with benefits such as energy and water cost savings, improved comfort, and indoor air quality, contributing to more resilient buildings and affordable homes (Going All-In: Implementing The Plan).

2. **Advanced Solar Thermal Systems**
   - **Cost and Funding:** Specific costs or funding strategies are not detailed in the provided excerpts.
   - **Timing:** Positioned as a potential breakthrough opportunity in the future iterations of the plan (Going All-In: Implementing The Plan).
   - **Location:** Intended for large buildings and industrial applications in Clark County.
   - **Attributes:** Aims to replace fossil-fuel heat and contribute towards decarbonizing sectors contributing significantly to emissions (Going All-In: Implementing The Plan).

3. **Organics to Energy and Local Solar**
   - **Timing:** Considered part of the reductions planned by 2050, although not specified for immediate implementation by 2030 (COMMUNITY SUSTAINABILITY & CLIMATE ACTION PLAN | Climate Change in Clark County).
   - **Location:** Local efforts in Clark County.
   - **Attributes:** These pathways contribute to the overall GHG reduction strategy aiming to achieve significant emissions reductions while leveraging local resources (Climate Change in Clark County).

4. **Adopt International Energy Conservation Code (IECC)**
   - **Cost and Funding:** No specific costs or funding mechanisms are cited for this adoption in the provided text.
   - **Timing:** Part of the cross-cutting strategies being implemented with immediate effect, as noted in the plan's alignment with key priorities.
   - **Location:** Across developments in Clark County as part of the regulatory approach (COMMUNITY SUSTAINABILITY & CLIMATE ACTION PLAN | Implementing The Plan).
   - **Attributes:** This acts as a foundational regulatory strategy to improve energy efficiency standards across new developments.

5. **Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure**
   - **Cost and Funding:** Details on cost or funding strategies are not provided in the excerpts.
   - **Timing:** Adoption of this model ordinance is part of the cross-cutting strategies in the initial phases of plan implementation.
   - **Location:** New developments within Clark County.
   - **Attributes:** This measure aims to bolster the transition to electric vehicles, supporting broader GHG reduction initiatives and promoting sustainable transportation (COMMUNITY SUSTAINABILITY & CLIMATE ACTION PLAN | Implementing The Plan).

In summary, the plan outlines multiple mitigation strategies with a focus on immediate to long-term actions. While some strategies include detailed information on timing and benefits, specifics concerning costs or funding mechanisms are less explicit for most options.

Based on the provided content from the COMMUNITY SUSTAINABILITY & CLIMATE ACTION PLAN, the following mitigation options have been identified:

   - **Cost and Funding:** Utilizes a program stacking funding model, which serves as a catalyst for implementing weatherization, energy efficiency, and water conservation programs. 
   - **Timeframe:** Immediate implementation to meet the 2030 GHG reduction target is highlighted.
   - **Location:** County-wide focus particularly on existing buildings.
   - **Other Attributes:** This is identified as the number one opportunity for meeting the GHG reduction target by 2030. The plan emphasizes the need for reducing both energy and water use in order to increase resilience and affordability in buildings. 

   - **Cost and Funding:** Not specifically detailed in the provided text.
   - **Timeframe:** Not specifically detailed in the provided text.
   - **Location:** Technologies are suggested for utilization in Clark County’s large buildings and industrial applications.
   - **Other Attributes:** Intended to replace fossil-fuel heat sources with renewable solar thermal systems, aiming to reduce GHG emissions.

3. **Combination of Impact Investing, Green Banks, and Revolving Funds**
   - **Cost and Funding:** Revolving funds act as a financial strategy to support transitions across various sectors.
   - **Timeframe:** Preparedness to pursue opportunities with each five-year plan review indicated.
   - **Location:** County-wide applicability with a focus on sectors requiring significant transitions.
   - **Other Attributes:** These financial strategies aim to facilitate sectoral transitions and investment in sustainable practices.

4. **Sequestering Carbon Using Nature-Based Solutions**
   - **Timeframe:** Considered as potential future breakthroughs available for adoption in the future.
   - **Location:** Customized to Clark County’s ecosystems.
   - **Other Attributes:** Approaches the reduction of carbon in the atmosphere using natural methods tailored to local ecological conditions.

For most of the options, specific cost details or precise timeframes are not fully specified in the provided text segments. However, the plan strongly highlights the need for ongoing evaluation and integration of new technologies and strategies as they become available, pointing towards a flexible, adaptive approach in mitigation.

The plan identifies several adaptation options to address various climate threats. Below is a summary of each option, including the climate threat addressed and details provided regarding cost, timeframe, location, and other important attributes:

### Adaptation Options

1. **Prepare for and Reduce Impacts of Climate Hazards**

     - This option addresses climate hazards affecting Clark County residents and visitors. Specific threats include extreme heat, drought, extreme winds, wildfires, and flash flooding. 

     - **Actions:**
       - Protect workers from heat, toxins, and other dangerous conditions through safety standards education.
       - Expand Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) programs.
       - Offer financial assistance for weatherization and cooling measures for low-income populations and small businesses.
       - Establish a network of Resilience Hubs (Resilient & Healthy Community).

   - **Cost, Timeframe, Location:**
     - The document does not provide explicit details concerning the cost, specific timeframe, or location for each of these actions, though they are broad strategies intended for the entire community.

2. **Enhance Emergency Preparedness and Response Resources**

     - This adaptation option is focused on enhancing emergency preparedness for climate-driven emergencies.

       - Evaluate the effectiveness of existing emergency preparedness communications.
       - Partner with transportation providers for accessible transportation to cooling centers and resilience hubs.
       - Establish neighborhood outreach programs for preparedness kits (Resilient & Healthy Community).

     - Specific costs, timeframes, or location details are not provided in the plan but are general strategies intended to cover the Clark County area.

3. **Maintain and Expand Healthy Vegetation**

     - This option is targeted at mitigating impacts of climate change on natural habitats and enhancing the adaptive capacity of the region's ecosystems.

       - Enhance drought-tolerant plantings in heat vulnerable neighborhoods.
       - Enhance and expand natural spaces including parks and open spaces (Resilient & Healthy Community).

     - Information regarding specific costs, timeframe, or locations is not detailed, although the plan mentions efforts focused on underserved communities.

### General Plan Attributes
- **Timeframe:**
  - The plan states that it focuses on actions that can be implemented quickly and with significant impact within the next three to five years (Going All-In: Implementing The Plan).

- **Location:**
  - The adaptation options are generally intended to address climate impacts across Clark County, but specific locations are not detailed.

- **Cost:**
  - The document does not provide explicit cost information but emphasizes financial assistance for certain strategies (e.g., weatherization and cooling measures).

The plan's adaptation strategies are part of a broader effort to build community resilience through socio-economic and ecological approaches, with a focus on equity and community engagement.

The plan discusses several climate policies that address climate justice, targeting climate hazards and identifying vulnerable populations. Here is a summary of these policies:

1. **Establish a network of Resilience Hubs**
   - **Climate Threat:** The policy addresses the impacts of climate hazards such as extreme heat and flash flooding.
   - **Areas/Populations:** Vulnerable populations include low-income communities and areas with high urban heat island effects. Specifically, people with pre-existing health conditions, seniors, youths, and those living in urban heat island communities are noted as particularly vulnerable.

2. **Implement design standards to mitigate heat exposure**
   - **Climate Threat:** This policy is designed to reduce the impact of extreme heat.
   - **Areas/Populations:** Low-income people and those living in neighborhoods with high urban heat are most vulnerable. The plan identifies that tree coverage in these areas is between 2-6%, compared to 10-20% in cooler neighborhoods, increasing their vulnerability to higher temperatures.

3. **Enhance existing parks and open spaces to increase adaptive capacity in underserved communities**
   - **Climate Threat:** The policy aims to address multiple threats associated with climate change, including extreme heat and the diminishing quality of life.
   - **Areas/Populations:** Targeted are underserved communities that lack access to natural spaces which can moderate temperature and provide heat relief.

4. **Evaluate effectiveness and accessibility of existing emergency preparedness communications materials**
   - **Climate Threat:** This policy does not target a specific climate event but enhances overall resilience in facing climate hazards.
   - **Areas/Populations:** The focus is broadly on ensuring all residents, especially those with accessibility challenges, are informed and prepared for emergencies.

These policies are part of a broader commitment to climate justice, ensuring equitable access to resources and protections for the most vulnerable populations against the adverse effects of climate change.

Based strictly on the document provided, there is no explicit reference to potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies. The document emphasizes resilience, mitigation, and adaptation strategies, but does not provide specific examples of policies that might lead to maladaptation. Therefore, I cannot identify any potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies or provide details on them from the text given.

### Metrics for Measuring Success

The plan outlines various metrics to measure the success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options. Here are some specific metrics used along with their units and goals:

#### **Resilience Metrics**

- **Resilience Hub:** Measures include "support and resources that increase community and personal adaptive capacity" (Resilient & Healthy Community).
- **Percent of vulnerable populations with access to cooling center or Resilience Hub.**
- **Transit Stops with Shade Structures:** Baseline 43% (2022), Target 75% by 2030 and 100% by 2040.

#### **Mitigation Metrics**

- **GHGs Attributable to Buildings:** Measured in MTCO2e, with a baseline of 14,511,000 MTCO2e in 2019, aiming for 9,043,000 MTCO2e by 2030 and 5,884,000 MTCO2e by 2040 (Smart Buildings & Development).
- **Household Diversion Rate:** Baseline 19.7% (2019) with targets of 40% by 2030 and 70% by 2040 (Diverse & Circular Economy).
- **Tons of Organic Waste Diverted from Landfill:** 166,560 tons (2019) targeting 720,000 tons by 2030 and 1,600,000 tons by 2040.
- **Average Residential Energy Use Intensity (EUI):** Measured in MMBtu/household with a baseline of 88 MMBtu/household in 2019 targeting 77 MMBtu/household by 2030, and 64 MMBtu/household by 2040 (Smart Buildings & Development).

#### **Adaptation Metrics**

- **Annual EV Registrations:** Baseline 5,598 (2019), Target 50,000 by 2030 and 100,000 by 2040 (Connected & Equitable Mobility).
- **Total Bicycle and Pedestrian Network Length:** 1,520 miles (2017) targeting 1,700 miles by 2030, and 2,020 miles by 2040.
- **Average Monthly Transit Ridership:** 5.4 million (2018-2019), aiming for 7.9 million by 2030 and 9.9 million by 2040.

#### **Energy and Emissions**

- **Share of Renewable Energy in Grid Electricity Mix:** Baseline 18% (2019) with a target of 50% by 2030 and 75% by 2040 (Clean & Reliable Energy).
- **Distributed Renewable Energy Capacity:** Baseline 553 MW (2022), aiming for 2,600 MW by 2030 and 5,500 MW by 2040.
- **Distributed Battery Storage Capacity:** 5.8 MW (2021) aiming for 750 MW by 2030 and 1,500 MW by 2040.

#### **Specific Goals and Deadlines**

- **Reduction in Single Occupancy Vehicles (SOVs):** Baseline 78.2% (2020) to 74% by 2030 and 71% by 2040.
- **Reducing Emissions through Deep Retrofits:** A target to reduce emissions by 2.1 million MTCO2e through efficiency measures in residential and commercial buildings by 2050 (Smart Buildings & Development).

The plan also includes regular tracking through metrics, baseline data, and periodic targets to demonstrate progress on these goals and strategies.

| **Feature**           | **Details**                                                                                                                                                      |
|-----------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name**| Clark County, Nevada                                                                                                                                                |
| **Population**        | 2.3 million                                                                                                                                                       |
| **Threats Identified**| - Extreme Heat: "Clark County experienced 147 days above 90° F."                                                                                                    |
|                       | - Drought: "Lake Mead levels at record low levels, impacting the region’s water supply."                                                                             |
|                       | - Extreme Winds: Increased events leading to "poor air quality, damages to buildings and infrastructure, and disruptions in power, air travel, and economic activity."|
|                       | - Wildfires: Increase in "smoke events from wildfires in other states as well as local wildfires."                                                                   |
|                       | - Flash Flooding: "Record flash flooding" and "rainfall expected to be less frequent, but heavier."                                                                  |
| **Measures Identified**| - Establishment of Resilience Hubs and expansion of cooling centers (e.g., "Expand Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) programs." )                             |
|                       | - Protection and expansion of natural spaces (e.g., "Maintain and expand healthy vegetation.")                                                                         |
|                       | - Enhancement of emergency resources and preparedness (e.g., "Establish a neighborhood outreach program to disseminate preparedness kits.")                          |
```

The document provided does not contain specific information regarding the physical and economic landscape of the planning jurisdiction, including its location, population demographics, average income, or major geographic features. The plan focuses on the City of Fayetteville's sustainability initiatives, guiding principles, and goals related to environment, planning, community, and city agencies but does not include the detailed geographic and economic profile of the jurisdiction. 

The document does mention efforts related to energy and sustainability such as "increase energy efficiency, reduced energy consumption and reduced energy costs through efficiency in the building, transportation and other appropriate sectors" (*Environment & Natural Resources*) and promoting the "development of clean energy and recycling industries" (*Guiding Principles*).

For information on the local climate, energy production, or specific industries, refer to other documents or sections not included in the current excerpt.

The plan emphasizes the importance of incorporating sustainability into various city operations to increase resilience. For instance, the plan includes efforts to "develop and implement a comprehensive, integrated City facilities and operations sustainability strategy" and to involve the Sustainability Task Force in tracking progress and reporting status. It highlights using "life cycle assessment" in procurement and infrastructure, such as urban forestry plans to "protect and expand the city’s tree resources and to minimize the urban heat island effect" (*2. ENVIRONMENT & NATURAL RESOURCES*).

Mitigation efforts in the plan revolve around reducing GHG emissions and improving energy efficiency. Initiatives include "adopt[ing] model city operations and citywide sustainability and green building programs," promoting "energy efficiency and the use of alternative energy sources," and strategies like the "idling time" program for vehicles. The plan also focuses on "minimiz[ing] air pollution, including climate-impacting emissions" (*1. ENVIRONMENT & NATURAL RESOURCES*).

Adaptation is addressed through a proactive stance on city planning and infrastructure development. The plan includes measures such as the development of "an urban forestry plan, including parking lot standards, to protect and expand the city’s tree resources" and adopting ordinances that support reforestation and stormwater management as part of climate impact mitigation and adaptation efforts (*2. PLANNING*).

Based on the above analysis, the plan can be classified as a **sustainable/green plan**. It incorporates elements of resilience, mitigation, and adaptation within a broader framework of sustainability that considers environmental, social, and economic factors. The focus on comprehensive sustainability initiatives supports this classification.

The plan does not explicitly describe a specific scenario of climate change that the planning jurisdiction will face. However, it outlines several initiatives and goals aimed at addressing climate change impacts through resilience, mitigation, and adaptation efforts. The plan includes strategies to improve air quality, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, maximize energy efficiency, protect water resources, and encourage sustainable development practices. These efforts collectively form the basis for the jurisdiction's approach to dealing with climate-related challenges, without detailing a specific scenario of climate change.

The plan identifies the following climate hazards presenting climate risks for the planning jurisdiction:

1. **Air Pollution & Ground Level Ozone**
   - **Climate Hazard:** The plan discusses issues related to air quality, emphasizing improvements in air quality to prevent non-attainment status for ground-level ozone.
   - **Climate Risks:** Air pollution resulting in elevated ozone levels poses risks such as respiratory health issues for the public and potential regulatory repercussions that might restrict future development or lead to sanctions.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** While specific vulnerable populations are not detailed, areas with higher industrial activities or dense traffic might face increased risks.

2. **Urban Heat Island Effect**
   - **Climate Hazard:** The urban heat island effect is mentioned in the context of needing to protect and expand the city's tree resources to lower local temperatures.
   - **Climate Risks:** The urban heat island effect can lead to increased energy consumption, elevated emissions of air pollutants, and heat-related illnesses.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Populations in densely built urban areas with less vegetation coverage are likely more vulnerable.

3. **Water Shortages**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Water shortages are addressed through efforts to enforce water usage ordinances and integrated water resource planning.
   - **Climate Risks:** Potential risks include inadequate water supply for residential, agricultural, and commercial use, impacting public health and economic activities.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Residents relying on municipal water systems and areas dependent on limited water resources might be more vulnerable.

4. **Stormwater and Flooding**
   - **Climate Hazard:** The plan references stormwater management utility programs to control pollutants in runoff and manage water quantity.
   - **Climate Risks:** Risks include flooding, property damage, and water contamination, adversely affecting infrastructure and human safety.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Low-lying regions and neighborhoods near water bodies are more susceptible to stormwater-related issues.

The plan outlines several resilience options focusing on different aspects of environmental and infrastructural sustainability. Below are the identified resilience options extracted from the plan:

1. **Urban Forestry Plan**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The urban forestry plan targets the urban heat island effect, which involves higher local temperatures than surrounding areas.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The plan is marked as ongoing, but specific cost details are not provided. The urban forestry efforts include setting parking lot standards and adopting ordinances like the UDO to support implementation.
   - **Other Attributes:** By protecting and expanding the city’s tree resources, the plan aims to mitigate climate impacts such as heat while enhancing air quality.

2. **Utility Infrastructure Plan**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addresses adequate stormwater management and infrastructure maintenance to withstand extreme weather events and changing climate conditions.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The initiative is marked as ongoing. It aims to maintain and improve infrastructure such as storm drainage systems, streets, and sidewalks.
   - **Other Attributes:** Emphasizes adopting proven practices and technologies to advance environmental sustainability and reduce long-term costs while maintaining high-quality standards (as outlined in "Sustainable Initiative Plan").

3. **Water Shortage Response and Stormwater Management**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Tackles water scarcity issues due to climate-induced changes in water availability.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** This is an ongoing effort with specific measures like an odd/even irrigation schedule enforced through the Water Shortage Response Ordinance.
   - **Other Attributes:** Includes a Stormwater Management Utility Ordinance addressing water quality and quantity management, controlling pollutants in stormwater runoff, and establishing a schedule of charges, control, and disbursal of funds.

4. **Environmental and Socially Green Procurement Program**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Aims to reduce emissions and environmental degradation through sustainable procurement practices.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** This ongoing program incorporates life cycle assessment components such as purchasing recycled and regional content products.
   - **Other Attributes:** Emphasizes economic sustainability by minimizing waste, maximizing recycling, and utilizing alternate fuels in city operations.

These resilience options incorporate strategies to adapt to anticipated climate impacts while promoting sustainability principles across various sectors of city operations. Each effort addresses specific climate threats with broader environmental and economic benefits.

The plan identifies several **mitigation options** aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainability. Below are the summarized details for each option:

1. **Energy Efficiency in City Facilities:**
   - **Cost:** Efforts should be cost-effective.
   - **Location:** City facilities and operations.
   - **Attributes:** Develop a plan to maximize energy efficiency, including setting goals and timelines and collaborating with local stakeholders. (*Sustainable Initiative Short Middle Long Department Status*)

2. **Alternate Fuels Strategy:**
   - **Location:** Public and private vehicles within the community.
   - **Attributes:** Maximizing the use of locally derived fuels and ensuring the development of required alternate fuel infrastructure, such as electric vehicle charging stations. (*Sustainable Initiative Short Middle Long Department Status*)

3. **Stormwater Management Utility Ordinance:**
   - **Cost:** Includes a schedule of charges.
   - **Timing:** Established January 1, 2009.
   - **Location:** Applies to structural and natural stormwater systems.
   - **Attributes:** Programs designed to manage water quality and quantity by controlling pollutants and stormwater rates. (*Water Efficiency & Quality*)

4. **Development Standards:**
   - **Location:** Sensitive receptors areas.
   - **Attributes:** Strategies to separate and protect sensitive receptors from pollution, which include tree preservation and reforestation plans. (*Planning*)

5. **Green Procurement Program:**
   - **Cost:** Implemented through life cycle assessments.
   - **Location:** City products and services.
   - **Attributes:** Purchase recycled/regional content, use green cleaning products, minimize waste, and maximize recycling. Also includes cool roofs and efficient class vehicles. (*Sustainable Initiative Short Middle Long Department Status*)

6. **Renewable Energy Systems at PWC Sites:**
   - **Location:** Public Works Commission (PWC) sites.
   - **Attributes:** Development of renewable energy systems, including solar farms, in-line hydroelectric generators, and methane-powered electricity plants. (*Sustainable Initiative Short Middle Long Department Status*)

7. **Air Quality and Climate Protection:**
   - **Attributes:** Minimize air pollution and climate-impact emissions, including efforts with various local and regional bodies. (*Environmental and Natural Resources*)

8. **Sustainability Master Plan Implementation:**
   - **Cost:** Requires a funding strategy including a revolving fund.
   - **Timing:** Continuous with reports at least annually.
   - **Attributes:** Establish a comprehensive sustainability strategy, report achievements, costs, and challenges. (*City Facilities & Operations*)
   
The plan emphasizes collaboration with local stakeholders, incorporation of best practices, and regular assessments to ensure the ongoing effectiveness and financial viability of these initiatives.

The plan identifies several mitigation options. Below is a summary containing information about each option, including cost, timeframe, location, and other important attributes where available:

1. **Maximizing Energy Efficiency and Use of Alternative Energy Sources in City Facilities and Operations**
   - **Description:** Maximize cost-effective energy efficiency and the use of alternative energy sources.
   - **Timeframe:** Middle term
   - **Location:** City facilities and operations
   - **Attributes:** Part of a broader strategy for improving sustainability in the city's operations. (Chapter: b. Energy Efficiency & Alternate Energy Sources, Proposed Efforts).

2. **Developing and Implementing Renewable Energy Systems**
   - **Description:** Work with the City, County, and other stakeholders on developing renewable energy systems such as solar farms, in-line hydroelectric generators, and methane-powered electricity plants.
   - **Location:** PWC sites and other city-relevant locations
   - **Attributes:** Includes developing solar farms at the Butler-Warner Generation Plant, methane-powered electricity at the County landfill, and alternate energy systems at water and wastewater treatment plants. (Chapter: b. Energy Efficiency & Alternate Energy Sources, Proposed Efforts).

3. **Promoting High Mileage and Alternative Fuels Vehicles**
   - **Description:** Promote the use of high mileage, alternative-fueled, and low-emitting vehicles by businesses and residents.
   - **Attributes:** Involves participation in Project NC Get Ready! to facilitate the adoption of electric and plug-in electric vehicles. (Chapter: c. Transportation, Proposed Efforts).

4. **Purchasing Efficient Vehicles and Equipment**
   - **Description:** Purchase city vehicles which are the most efficient in their class and which use alternative fuels as much as viable.
   - **Timeframe:** Immediate implementation as new, ongoing
   - **Location:** Citywide, within City operations
   - **Cost:** Emphasizes cost-effective solutions
   - **Attributes:** Part of a green procurement program to minimize emissions and maximize sustainability. (Chapter: a. City Facilities & Operations).

5. **Incorporating Alternative Fuels Strategy**
   - **Description:** Collaborate with local stakeholders to develop an integrated alternate fuels strategy for public and private vehicles, including maximizing locally derived fuels.
   - **Cost:** Not specified in detail but aims at cost-effectiveness
   - **Attributes:** Involves ensuring the development of necessary alternative fuel infrastructure such as electric vehicle charging stations. (Chapter: b. Energy Efficiency & Alternate Energy Sources, Proposed Efforts).

These options collectively aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, enhance energy efficiency, and promote the adoption of renewable energy and alternative fuels across the city and its operations.

The plan provided does not directly mention specific adaptation options using the exact terminology. However, several initiatives can be considered as adaptation options addressing various climate threats, inferred from the implementation of suggested policies and strategies. Here are relevant details obtained from the plan:

### 1. Urban Forestry Plan

- **Climate Threat:** The urban heat island effect (lower local temperatures).
- **Summary:** The plan proposes the development of an urban forestry plan, including parking lot standards, to protect and expand the city’s tree resources. It suggests adopting ordinances, such as Unified Development Ordinance (UDO), that assists with implementation and requires reforestation as stormwater/air quality mitigation for tree removal. 
- **Timeframe and Status:** Mentioned as a long-term initiative.
- **Other Attributes:** It emphasizes reducing local temperatures and enhancing air quality through increased tree cover.

### 2. Water Efficiency & Quality Initiatives

- **Climate Threat:** Water scarcity and quality degradation.
- **Summary:** The plan outlines adopting the Water Shortage Response Ordinance and modifying it as necessary to address goals. Additionally, the Stormwater Management Utility Ordinance is designed to protect and manage water quality and quantity by controlling pollutants in stormwater.
- **Cost, Timeframe, and Status:** Implementation of the Stormwater Management Utility Ordinance began on January 1, 2009, suggesting it is an ongoing effort. The plan does not provide specific cost details.
- **Location:** Applies to all stormwater and drainage systems.
- **Other Attributes:** The ordinance includes establishing charges, penalties, and methods of appeal.

### 3. Alternative Fuel Strategy

- **Climate Threat:** Emissions and reliance on fossil fuels.
- **Summary:** Collaboration with local stakeholders to develop an integrated alternate fuels strategy for public and private vehicles is encouraged. This strategy aims to maximize locally derived fuels and ensure the development of infrastructure such as electric vehicle charging stations.
- **Timeframe:** Mentioned as a middle-term initiative.
- **Other Attributes:** Focus on mitigating emissions from vehicles and promoting renewable energy usage for transportation.

These initiatives reflect adaptation options focused on reducing specific climate threats within the planning jurisdiction. Other adaptation strategies might be embedded within various sustainability and resilience efforts; however, they are not explicitly categorized under "adaptation options" in the document.

The document provided does not specifically outline climate policies that explicitly address climate justice, nor does it provide detailed information on climate threats and vulnerable areas or populations regarding this aspect. Therefore, based on the content provided, I am unable to identify specific climate justice policies or related climate threats and vulnerable populations. If there are sections in the document related to climate justice, they are not included in the provided excerpt.

Based strictly on the document provided, there is limited explicit detail on existing maladaptive climate policies. However, some proposals or actions could potentially lead to unforeseen maladaptation if not carefully managed or revised. Below are examples of policies that could have such potential:

1. **Policy: Urban Forestry Plan and Reforestation Ordinances**  
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The plan is addressing the urban heat island effect to lower local temperatures and improve air and stormwater quality ("Develop an urban forestry plan,...to minimize the urban heat island effect...as a stormwater/air quality mitigation") (Environmental and Natural Resources Initiatives).
   - **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:** This policy represents a **resilience option**, as it aims to enhance the city's ability to handle heat and improve air quality through increased tree cover.
   - **Potential Maladaptation Cause:** If not properly managed, this policy could result in increased water demand for tree maintenance in drought-prone periods, potentially exacerbating water scarcity issues. Additionally, improper selection of non-native tree species could harm local ecosystems.

2. **Policy: Minnesota Energy Conservation Code or ASHRAE 90.1 for Building Standards**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** It addresses energy inefficiencies and high energy consumption in building facilities ("Adopt minimum energy efficiency standards for all new buildings and modernization projects...") (Planning Initiatives).
   - **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:** This is primarily a **mitigation option** aimed at reducing energy consumption and hence GHG emissions.
   - **Potential Maladaptation Cause:** There may be increased initial costs and sustainability trade-offs if highly energy-efficient technologies are prioritized without considering their environmental impact across their lifecycle. If economic feasibility is not given weight, it could slow down overall adoption or lead to economic strain.

3. **Policy: Integrated Alternate Fuels Strategy for Vehicles**  
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The policy targets the emissions from vehicles as part of GHG reductions ("Collaborate with local stakeholders to develop an integrated alternate fuels strategy for public and private vehicles...") (Energy Efficiency & Alternate Energy Sources Initiatives).
   - **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:** It is a **mitigation option** aiming to reduce GHG emissions and fossil fuel dependency by promoting alternate fuels.
   - **Potential Maladaptation Cause:** A dependence on biofuels could compete with food production and heighten food insecurity. Additionally, the creation of infrastructure for a specific energy source could limit future diversification and lock the city into one energy technology.

The potential for maladaptation in the above examples highlights the necessity for comprehensive planning and stakeholder engagement to ensure broader impacts are considered and mitigated.

The plan outlines several methods and metrics for measuring the success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options:

- **Performance Metrics and Accountability:**
  - The plan emphasizes the establishment of measurable sustainability goals and objectives to ensure resources are utilized effectively and to achieve national, state, and local performance measures. Specific metrics include:
    - **Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)**: This incorporates environmental, economic, and social costs and benefits to determine each initiative's cost-effectiveness (Chapter: Utilize performance metrics & ensure accountability).

- **Air Quality & Climate Protection:**
  - Current efforts focus on improving air quality, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and avoiding non-attainment status for ground-level ozone, although specific units or target reductions in emissions are not detailed (Chapter: Air Quality & Climate Protection).

- **City Facilities & Operations:**
  - Initiatives include generating a baseline of energy and water usage and costs for city facilities and operations and tracking projected price increases as line items in the budget. Goals and timelines to maximize energy and water efficiency are mentioned (Chapter: City Facilities & Operations).

- **Sustainability Master Plan Implementation:**
  - The plan requires reporting at least annually on the status of the Sustainability Master Plan, which includes:
    - **Sustainability Indicators**
    - **Costs and Benefits**
    - **Successes, Challenges, and Strategies**
  - Funding opportunities are also reported as part of the implementation success metrics (Chapter: Report at least annually).

- **Sustainable Building and Infrastructure:**
  - Goals are set for green building standards and practices, such as:
    - Achieving LEED for Existing Buildings Certified standards for buildings of at least 25,000 square feet (Chapter: Planning - Green Buildings).
    
- **Water Efficiency & Quality:**
  - Efforts include enforcing the Water Shortage Response Ordinance that mandates an odd/even irrigation schedule, though no specific numerical objectives or deadlines are provided (Chapter: Water Efficiency & Quality).

No specific units like tons, percentages, or index values are explicitly mentioned in the text provided, nor are there concrete goals or deadlines described for CO2 reductions, air quality improvements, or other quantifiable impacts that would typically be associated with these goals. The plan focuses more on establishing frameworks and systems to measure thereafter rather than providing specific current numerical objectives.

| Feature           | Description                                                                                                                                  |
|-------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Fayetteville                                                                                                                             |
| **Population**        | Not explicitly mentioned in the document                                                                                                  |
| **Threats Identified** | *Climate impacts such as water inefficiency, waste production, energy inefficiency, and urban heat island effect.*                        |
| **Measures Identified** | - *Generate a baseline of city facilities' energy and water usage.*  (Section 4.a, City Facilities & Operations)<br>- *Develop urban forestry plans to minimize urban heat island effect.* (Section 1.d, Recycling, Waste Management & Materials)<br>- *Adopt ordinances requiring reforestation as a mitigation measure for tree removal.* (Section 1.d, Recycling, Waste Management & Materials)<br>- *Develop integrated water resources plans and adopt water efficiency standards.* (Section 1.c, Water Efficiency & Quality)<br>- *Design new city buildings to maximize energy and water efficiency.* (Section 4.a, City Facilities & Operations)<br>- *Monitor and report on the success of sustainable initiatives.* (Guiding Principles)<br>- *Develop green procurement programs and use energy-efficient vehicles.* (Section 4.a, City Facilities & Operations)<br>- *LEED standards for new city buildings such as Fire Station #19 and Veteran’s Park.* (Section 4.a, City Facilities & Operations)<br>- *LED streetlights study and grass mulching mowers usage.* (Section 4.a, City Facilities & Operations) |

The plan does not provide comprehensive details on the physical and economic landscape of the City of Concord. However, it does mention key aspects related to the development and climate action efforts in Concord:

- **Name and Location:** The document refers to the planning jurisdiction as the City of Concord, which is located in California.

- **Geographic Features and Infrastructure:** The plan mentions the "Concord Naval Weapons Station Inland Area" and also refers to proximity to the "North Concord Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) stations." There is an implication of urban development, including focus areas such as downtown Concord.

- **Local Climate and Water Challenges:** There are references to climate challenges impacting water resources, such as "temperatures rise and reduces overall snowfall and rainfall in the Sierras," which influences water supplies. The issue of "saltwater intrusion" threatening the groundwater table and strategies to mitigate these challenges through "pervious alternative surfaces" is also discussed (Section A6).

- **Key Infrastructure:** No specific mention of airports or seaports is provided.

- **Energy Production and Resources:** The plan discusses potential studies for "solar power (photovoltaic) installation locations on public properties" (Section A7), indicating a move towards renewable energy sources.

- **Industries and Economic Drivers:** The plan is oriented toward economic development via "qualities of life benefits," and highlights efforts to improve pedestrian and bicycle-friendly streets to support "local commercial areas, including the downtown" (Executive Summary and Section 1.3).

- **Demographics, Population, and Income:** The document does not specify details regarding population, demographics, or average income.

- **Economic Landscape and Industries:** There are facets of economic development tied to sustainable development in areas such as the Concord Reuse Project Area. Economic activities include housing, commercial, and retail opportunities, and efforts are made to provide a range of economic opportunities and enhance energy efficiency (Section 1.3).

Overall, the plan is primarily focused on strategies to mitigate climate change impacts and improve sustainability rather than an economic profile.

The City of Concord's Climate Action Plan (CAP) contains numerous strategies aimed at increasing resilience. These strategies mainly focus on adapting to various climate change impacts and enhance the community's ability to maintain essential functions under changing climatic conditions. **Resilience options** include:

- **Protecting vulnerable populations:** Partner with community organizations to focus on the resilience of low-income communities and formulating a heat response plan (§9.1.1).
- **Robust utilities and infrastructure plans:** Directed towards maintaining essential services across varying climate risks (Table 8, GENERAL ADAPTATION DIRECTIVES).
- **Creating a resilient urban forest:** To adapt to changing climate and maintain carbon sequestration as well as shade benefits (Table 8, A8).

The plan has a strong emphasis on mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. It includes multiple strategies in building performance, energy, water, waste, and transportation systems:

- **Building Performance Strategies:** Such as the Green Building Ordinance, preparation for Zero Net Energy Standards, and renewable energy facilitation aimed at reducing energy supply uncertainty (Table 5).
  
- **Water Conservation Strategies:** Strategies like water-efficient fixtures and recycled water systems to reduce water supply uncertainty (Table 9).

- **Transportation and Land Use Strategies:** Establishing a City Forest Plan and parking lot shading, contributing to ecological stress adaptation and temperature regulation (Table 9, ADAPTIVE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS AND LAND USE STRATEGIES).

The CAP includes several strategies specifically intended for adaptation to climate change impacts:

- **Specific and Timely Adaptation Programs:** Including cooling centers for heat waves and support for groundwater retention to address uncertainty in water supply (Table 8).

- **Robust native wildlife and habitat areas:** Considered the most important adaptive action for California by the PPIC (Table 8, A9).

### Plan Classification

Overall, the City of Concord's Climate Action Plan balances between adaptive and mitigative measures. Given the extensive inclusion of both mitigation and adaptation strategies in the plan, it can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. The plan accommodates both immediate steps to reduce emissions and long-term strategies that enhance community resilience and adaptability to climate change.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change impacts that the City of Concord is planning for, specifically detailing potential changes in climate and their expected effects on the area:

- **Projected Impacts**: The plan outlines several projected climate change impacts in Concord, which include:
  - "Average annual temperatures are expected to rise less by the end of the twenty-first century (around 4 degrees Fahrenheit) for Concord than for inland communities, such as Sacramento (around 6 degrees Fahrenheit)." (Section 2.2)
  - "Wildfire risk is projected to decrease in the areas around Concord in 2020, 2050, and beyond." (Section 2.2)
  - Sea-level rise: A rise "of nearly five feet is not expected to increase flood risk in the City, although the Buchanan Airport may flood where it borders the City for more than 1.5 feet of rise." (Section 2.2)
  
- **Health and Environmental Concerns**: 
  - Increased risks of illness, such as respiratory, heat-related, or vector-borne diseases due to hotter days. By 2035, there are expected to be "29 days when temperatures exceed 94 degrees compared to 7 such days in 2010." (Section 2.2)
  - "Risks to habitats and wildlife" as climate changes could force plants and animals to change locations or risk extinction. (Section 2.2)
  - "Damage to regional transportation infrastructure" with potential impacts on traffic patterns due to sea-level rise. (Section 2.2)
  - "Rising costs for food, electricity, and insurance" due to challenges faced by the agricultural, power, and insurance industries as a result of climate change. (Section 2.2)
  - "Risks to water quality and supply" due to saltwater intrusion and reduced groundwater flows. (Section 2.2)

These scenarios of climate change impacts inform the planning jurisdiction's strategies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation, as described in various sections of the plan.

**1. Higher Average Temperatures**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Average annual temperatures are projected to rise around 4 to 4.5 °F in Concord by the end of the twenty-first century.
   - **Climate Risks:** Higher temperatures can lead to increased heat-related illnesses, especially among vulnerable populations, and can exacerbate respiratory illnesses due to higher air pollution levels. It will also likely increase the demand for electricity due to more frequent use of air conditioning.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Vulnerable segments include people more susceptible to heat-related illnesses such as children, elderly people, and people with compromised health conditions. (Section 2.2)

**2. More Frequent and Intense Heat Waves**
   - **Climate Hazard:** More frequent and intense heat waves are expected.
   - **Climate Risks:** Heat waves can jeopardize health, particularly among those without adequate cooling facilities, leading to heat-related illnesses like heat exhaustion and stroke.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Vulnerable populations include residents and workers without air conditioning, or those who cannot afford high energy bills to cool their homes or workplaces. (Section 2.2, Adaptation Strategy A4)

**3. Increased Air Pollution**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Air pollution is expected to increase in Concord.
   - **Climate Risks:** Aggravated respiratory and other health issues, particularly affecting those with pre-existing conditions.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** People more susceptible to respiratory illnesses. (Section 2.2)

**4. Risks of Illness: Respiratory, Heat-related, or Vector-borne**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Increase in hotter days and potentially more vector-borne diseases due to favorable conditions for mosquitoes.
   - **Climate Risks:** Higher frequency of heat-related illnesses, and increased infection with vector-borne illnesses such as West Nile Virus.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Children, elderly people, and those with compromised immune systems. (Section 2.2)

**5. Risks to Habitats and Wildlife**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Changes in temperature and precipitation may force plants and animals to change locations or risk extinction.
   - **Climate Risks:** 20 to 30 percent of plant and animal species worldwide are at risk of extinction if temperatures rise excessively.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Local species with small habitat ranges. (Section 2.2)

**6. Damage to Regional Transportation Infrastructure**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Sea-level rise projected to flood several state highways.
   - **Climate Risks:** Potential alteration in traffic patterns due to required reroutes of traffic to other major highways.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The region around highways such as SR 160 and SR 12 in the Sacramento Delta, impacting areas around Concord. (Section 2.2)

**7. Rising Costs for Food, Electricity, and Insurance**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Challenges to agriculture and energy production processes, alongside increased weather-related crises.
   - **Climate Risks:** Higher food prices, increased insurance costs, and challenged energy production leading to higher electricity costs.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Farmers, ranchers, and residents relying on stable food and energy supplies. (Section 2.2)

**8. Risks to Water Quality and Supply**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Risk of saltwater intrusion contaminating the groundwater due to sea level rise and reduced freshwater flow.
   - **Climate Risks:** Decreased quality and quantity of water supplies and drinking water sources.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas near CCWD’s Mallard Reservoir and portions of the Contra Costa Canal, and residents relying on local well water. (Section 2.2)

The City of Concord's Climate Action Plan identifies several resilience options designed to address climate threats with various considerations. Here is a summary of each option:

### **A1. Protect Vulnerable Populations**
1. **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option addresses various identifiable risks, with a focus on social equity issues linked to climate change effects. It aims to enhance the resilience of low-income communities and those with vulnerable populations such as low-income individuals, young children, senior citizens, and people with compromised immune systems. 
2. **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific cost, timeframe, and location details are not provided in the document.
3. **Other Important Attributes:** It involves partnering with community organizations to analyze social equity issues and develop relevant future policies and programs, particularly focusing on a heat response plan and other effects identified through the analysis.

### **A2. Robust Utilities Plans and Infrastructure**
1. **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option aims to address infrastructure risks associated with climate impacts, such as extreme weather events which could jeopardize the utilities and infrastructure.
2. **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The plan emphasizes that utilities and infrastructure can be costly to modify, implying a high cost of changes. Location specifics are general to the city’s utilities infrastructure.
3. **Other Important Attributes:** It calls for updating utility plans, manuals, specifications, siting, and renovating infrastructure while designing, constructing, operating, and maintaining them to consider climate impacts. It stresses economic savings by reducing emergencies in the future.

### **A3. Well-informed and Prepared Community Members**
1. **Climate Threat Addressed:** This strategy addresses the risk of natural hazards and climate change impacts that lead to disasters or worsen their effects.
2. **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific cost and timeframe are not mentioned. The strategy relates to the broader Concord community's preparedness.
3. **Other Important Attributes:** Participation in outreach and education campaigns is emphasized to enhance public awareness of risks and disaster preparedness, aiming to better manage or avoid emergencies in the future.

### **A4. Cooling Centers for Heat Waves**
1. **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option addresses heat waves' risk, specifically targeting vulnerable segments of the population.
2. **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific cost, timeframe, and location details are not provided in the document, but coordination with the Contra Costa County Office of Emergency Services is indicated.
3. **Other Important Attributes:** It helps prevent heat-related illness and reduce emergency hospital visits. It also promotes energy efficiency by reducing individual energy consumption for cooling homes or workplaces.

### **A5. Supporting Groundwater Retention**
1. **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option addresses uncertainty regarding water supply and threats to water quality due to reduced freshwater flows and increased saltwater intrusion.
2. **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific cost and timeframe are not mentioned, but the strategy targets new developments across Concord requiring pervious surface materials.
3. **Other Important Attributes:** It aims to protect water quality and maintain a clean and full groundwater table. Economic considerations include mitigating the impact of reduced water availability due to rising temperatures and population growth.

### **A6. Flexible Peak-period Energy Use**
1. **Climate Threat Addressed:** This strategy deals with uncertainty in electricity supply, especially during peak usage periods.
2. **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific cost and timeframe are not provided, but it involves collaboration with PG&E.
3. **Other Important Attributes:** It encourages enrollment in energy Demand Response Programs to lower peak energy demands, offering potential economic benefits through incentives for energy consumption flexibility during peak periods.

### **A7. On-site Electricity Production**
1. **Climate Threat Addressed:** This strategy addresses the uncertainty of power supplies due to rising levels of energy use.
2. **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** No specific cost and timeframe are provided. The study involves public properties in the City of Concord for potential solar power installations.
3. **Other Important Attributes:** On-site renewable energy sources offer more dependable energy systems during emergencies and help reduce the overall demand on the energy system.

### **A8. Resilient Urban Forest**
1. **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option addresses the impact of changing precipitation, temperatures, and local ecology on urban forestry.
2. **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** No specific cost and timeframe are provided, though it requires collaboration with local and regional tree experts.
3. **Other Important Attributes:** It aims to maintain carbon sequestration, shade benefits, and support local ecosystems. The strategy involves maintaining a species list that thrives under expected conditions, strengthening the Heritage Tree Ordinance, and adjusting landscape standards.

1. **Green Building Ordinance (BE1)**
   - **Adaptive Benefit:** To reduce energy supply uncertainty.
   - **Attributes:** Encourages energy-efficient building practices.
   - **Cost, Timing, Location:** Specific details regarding cost, timing, and location are not provided in the plan.

2. **Prepare for California Zero Net Energy Standards (BE2)**
   - **Attributes:** Prepares for state energy efficiency standards.

3. **Energy Audits for Existing Buildings (BE3)**
   - **Attributes:** Audits to identify energy-saving opportunities.

4. **Efficient Appliances (BE4)**
   - **Attributes:** Promoting the use of energy-efficient appliances.

5. **Renewable Energy Facilitation (BE5)**
   - **Attributes:** Encouraging the use of renewable energy sources.

6. **Residential Energy Conservation (BE6)**
   - **Attributes:** Encouraging energy-saving practices in homes.

7. **Water Efficient Fixtures and Appliances (BH1)**
   - **Adaptive Benefit:** To reduce water supply uncertainty.
   - **Attributes:** Promoting the use of water-efficient fixtures and appliances.

8. **Water-Efficient Outdoor Irrigation (BH2)**
   - **Attributes:** Encourages efficient use of water in outdoor irrigation.

9. **Water-Metering and Monitoring (BH3)**
   - **Attributes:** Installation of systems to monitor water usage.

10. **Recycled Water (BH4)**
    - **Adaptive Benefit:** To reduce water supply uncertainty.
    - **Attributes:** Utilization of recycled water to conserve resources.
    - **Cost, Timing, Location:** Specific details regarding cost, timing, and location are not provided in the plan.

Overall, while the plan identifies multiple mitigation options to address both energy and water supply uncertainties, it does not provide detailed information regarding the cost, timing, specific location, and other attributes for each option.

1. **Green Building Ordinance**
   - **Cost**: Not specifically mentioned.
   - **Timeframe**: Aimed at reducing energy supply uncertainty in the long term.
   - **Location**: Citywide.
   - **Attributes**: This ordinance is focused on reducing energy supply uncertainty through improved building performance. (*Table 9: Summary of Adaptive Climate Action Strategies*)

2. **Prepare for California Zero Net Energy Standards**
   - **Timeframe**: Intended for compliance with future energy standards.
   - **Attributes**: This strategy addresses energy supply uncertainty by preparing for state standards. (*Table 9: Summary of Adaptive Climate Action Strategies*)

3. **Energy Audits for Existing Buildings**
   - **Timeframe**: Not specified.
   - **Location**: Citywide, applicable to existing structures.
   - **Attributes**: Focuses on addressing energy supply uncertainty through audits and improvements. (*Table 9: Summary of Adaptive Climate Action Strategies*)

4. **Efficient Appliances**
   - **Attributes**: Aimed at reducing energy supply uncertainty by using efficient appliances. (*Table 9: Summary of Adaptive Climate Action Strategies*)

5. **Renewable Energy Facilitation**
   - **Attributes**: Promotes the development and use of renewable energy to reduce energy supply uncertainty. (*Table 9: Summary of Adaptive Climate Action Strategies*)

6. **Residential Energy Conservation**
   - **Location**: Residential areas citywide.
   - **Attributes**: Aims to reduce energy supply uncertainty through conservation efforts. (*Table 9: Summary of Adaptive Climate Action Strategies*)

7. **Water Efficient Fixtures and Appliances**
   - **Attributes**: Designed to reduce water supply uncertainty. (*Table 9: Summary of Adaptive Climate Action Strategies*)

8. **Water-Efficient Outdoor Irrigation**
   - **Attributes**: Aims to reduce water supply uncertainty through water-efficient irrigation. (*Table 9: Summary of Adaptive Climate Action Strategies*)

9. **Water-Metering and Monitoring**
   - **Attributes**: Focuses on reducing water supply uncertainty with better monitoring practices. (*Table 9: Summary of Adaptive Climate Action Strategies*)

10. **Recycled Water**
    - **Cost**: Not specifically mentioned.
    - **Timeframe**: Not specified.
    - **Location**: Citywide.
    - **Attributes**: Developed to reduce water supply uncertainty through recycling water. (*Table 9: Summary of Adaptive Climate Action Strategies*)

11. **Expanded Waste Reduction Program**
    - **Location**: Municipal operations.
    - **Attributes**: Targets reducing waste generated by municipal operations. (*Climate Action Strategy: Municipal Waste*)

Each strategy is focused on enhancing sustainability through reduced resource consumption and improved efficiency, contributing to the city's broader goals of greenhouse gas reduction and adaptation to the impacts of climate change. The plan places emphasis on the overall benefits of these strategies, such as energy savings and reduced utility costs, but specific cost details and exact timeframes are not abundantly clarified for each option.

The City of Concord's Climate Action Plan lists several adaptation options addressing various climate threats. Below is a summary of each adaptation option with the relevant climate threat and additional attributes:

1. **Cooling centers for heat waves**  
   - **Climate Threat:** The adaptation addresses heat waves, which can jeopardize the health of vulnerable populations, especially those without air conditioning or sufficient funds for energy bills.  
   - **Attributes:** Work with the Contra Costa County Office of Emergency Services to designate and operate cooling centers during heat waves (including overnight on warm nights) and publicize precautions for preventing heat-related illness. This strategy reduces energy consumption and prevents heat-related emergencies. (Section 9.1.2 Specific and Timely Adaptation Programs)

2. **Supporting groundwater retention**  
   - **Climate Threat:** Addresses uncertainty in water supply due to rising temperatures, reduced snowfall, and saltwater intrusion into groundwater.  
   - **Attributes:** Establishes a limit on impervious surface areas and requires pervious materials in new developments to improve groundwater recharge. Ensures water quality and supply for Concord as temperatures rise and water demands increase. (Section 9.1.2 Specific and Timely Adaptation Programs)

3. **Flexible peak-period energy use**  
   - **Climate Threat:** Tackles the uncertainty in electricity supply and rising energy costs due to increased consumption and reduced power production.  
   - **Attributes:** Encourages participation in energy Demand Response Programs with PG&E, offering incentives to change consumption patterns. (Section 9.1.2 Specific and Timely Adaptation Programs)

4. **On-site electricity production**  
   - **Climate Threat:** Addresses power supply uncertainty from rising energy use and reduced power production from existing sources like dams.  
   - **Attributes:** Proposes studying potential solar power installation locations on public properties in Concord, planning for implementation when electricity cost increases ensure cost-effectiveness. (Section 9.1.2 Specific and Timely Adaptation Programs)

5. **Resilient urban forest**  
   - **Climate Threat:** Adapt to changing precipitation, temperatures, and ecological stressors, while maintaining carbon sequestration and shade benefits.  
   - **Attributes:** Collaborate with local and regional tree experts and non-profit organizations to promote urban forests. (Table 8: Summary of Adaptation Strategies)

6. **Robust native wildlife and habitat areas**  
   - **Climate Threat:** Addresses ecological stressors which are termed as critical for California's adaptation.  
   - **Attributes:** Focuses on strategies to support native wildlife and habitat areas to adapt to these ecological challenges. (Table 8: Summary of Adaptation Strategies)

These strategies do not specify explicit costs, timeframes, or precise locations beyond a general intent to apply city-wide or as needed. Many of the strategies involve collaboration with local and regional agencies, suggesting an integrated and strategic approach to adaptation.

The plan identifies several climate policies aimed at advancing climate justice, with a particular focus on protecting vulnerable populations and ensuring equitable adaptation to climate hazards:

1. **Protect Vulnerable Populations (A1)**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The policy aims to adapt to all identifiable kinds of risk associated with climate change. This includes a variety of potential threats like heatwaves, increased air pollution, and reduced access to resources.
   
   - **Vulnerable Areas or Populations:** The policy focuses on the resilience of low-income communities and other vulnerable groups. Particular emphasis is placed on:
     - Low income individuals and households
     - Young children
     - Senior citizens
     - People with compromised immune systems, which includes those residing in hospitals and skilled nursing facilities.

   - *"Partner with community organizations to analyze social equity issues related to climate change effects, focusing on the resilience of low-income communities and relevant, future policy/program development."* (9.1.1 General Adaptation Directives)

2. **Cooling Centers for Heat Waves (A4)**

- *"Partner with community organizations to analyze social equity issues related to climate change effects, focusing on the resilience of low-income communities and relevant, future policy/program development."* (9.1.1 General Adaptation Directives)

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The policy addresses heat waves, which are expected to become more frequent and intense due to climate change. Heat waves can pose significant health risks.
   
   - **Vulnerable Areas or Populations:** The primary concern is for residents and workers without air conditioning or with insufficient funds to cover energy costs. Vulnerable segments include those who might be unable to mitigate high temperatures in their homes or workplaces.
   
   - *"By offering cooling centers where people can regain healthy temperatures without cooling their individual homes or workplaces, Concord can reduce energy consumption overall and prevent or reduce emergency hospital visits due to heat-related illnesses."* (9.1.2 Specific and Timely Adaptation Programs)

These policies are designed to ensure that the potentially adverse effects of climate change do not disproportionately affect the more vulnerable segments of the Concord community.

Based strictly on the provided document, there are no explicit mentions or clear indications of potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies. The document outlines various climate change adaptation, resilience, and mitigation strategies aiming to address specific climate threats. Each strategy appears to focus on enhancing Concord's adaptability and resilience to climate impacts without highlighting any negative consequences that might suggest maladaptation.

However, if there are potential indicators that may risk maladaptation, they have not been explicitly detailed or recognized as such within the provided plan content. The document seems geared toward ensuring alignment with expert guidance and regional standards in its strategies, which suggests a mitigation of maladaptive risks.

To examine this fully, a deeper analysis of actual implementation and community engagement outcomes would be necessary to identify any potential maladaptive effects beyond the planning textual content.

Based strictly on the information provided in the **City of Concord Citywide Climate Action Plan**, the plan measures the success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options through several specific metrics and targets:

### **Metrics and Targets**

- **Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Reductions:**
  - The document mentions that the reduction of GHG emissions is quantified in **Metric tons CO₂e (carbon dioxide equivalent) per year**. For instance, Table 4: Summary of Quantified GHG Reductions by Sector utilizes this metric for sectors like Buildings Performance, Transportation Systems, Land Use, and Municipal Operations. Specific reductions include:
    - **Buildings Performance:** 
      - 2020: 85,782 Metric tons CO₂e
      - 2030: 246,530 Metric tons CO₂e
      - 2035: 330,263 Metric tons CO₂e
    - **Transportation Systems and Land Use:**
      - 2020: 24,258 Metric tons CO₂e
      - 2030: 39,264 Metric tons CO₂e
      - 2035: 43,394 Metric tons CO₂e
  - Total reductions for different years are mentioned as well:
    - 2020: 110,040 Metric tons CO₂e
    - 2030: 285,794 Metric tons CO₂e
    - 2035: 373,657 Metric tons CO₂e

- **Performance Indicators:**
  - The implementation and monitoring section states the City aims to track implementation activities and progress indicators for each strategy to assess if they are "doing what we said we would do."
  - **Progress Metrics:** Identified for tracking the uptake of various strategies.
  - **Performance Metrics:** Employed to assess the effectiveness of GHG emissions reductions.

- **Specific Strategy Reductions:**
  - **BW1 Waste Reduction** strategy calls for a **75% diversion of solid waste from landfilling** with an associated reduction in emissions.
  - **Multi-modal Wayfinding**:
    - **Pedestrian Group:**
      - 2020: 9 Metric tons CO₂e
      - 2030: 78 Metric tons CO₂e
      - 2035: 2,440 Metric tons CO₂e
    - **Bicycling Group:**
      - 2020: 1,957 Metric tons CO₂e
      - 2030: 4,879 Metric tons CO₂e
      - 2035: 5,190 Metric tons CO₂e
    - **Transit Group:**
      - 2020: 23 Metric tons CO₂e
      - 2030: 57 Metric tons CO₂e
      - 2035: 102 Metric tons CO₂e

### **Goals and Targets**

- **Transportation & Land Use:**
  - Traffic calming measures aim for a **0.375% VMT (Vehicle Miles Traveled) reduction.**
  - **Safe Routes to School (SR2S) program**: Implements reductions on the basis of a calculated formula demonstrating miles saved per household with school-aged children.

- **Citywide GHG Emissions Targets:** 
  - **Per Person:**
    - 2020: 5.0 Metric tons CO₂e
    - 2030: 4.0 Metric tons CO₂e
    - 2035: 3.2 Metric tons CO₂e

- **Implementation Deadlines:**
  - For the **Multi-modal Wayfinding** strategy, the progress indicator involves installing **50% of recommended signs within 2 years** of plan adoption and the remaining **50% within 5 years** of plan adoption.

The plan sets concrete goals and objectives with specific timelines and evaluates progress through various indicators and metrics, primarily focusing on achieving reductions in GHG emissions.

| Feature            | Description                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                |
|--------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Concord                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                |
| **Population**         | - 2005: 123,900<br/>- 2020: 139,400<br/>- 2030: 167,360<br/>- 2035: 172,305 (*Page B4, Table B-2: Concord Population and Growth Factors*)                                                                                                                                                                              |
| **Threats Identified** | - Risks to property, commerce, and quality of life due to climate change (*Page 1, Introduction*)<br/>- Projected climate change impacts in Concord and California (*Contents*)                                                                                                                                    |
| **Measures Identified**| **General Adaptation Directives:**<br/>• Protect vulnerable populations<br/>• Robust utilities plans and infrastructure<br/>• Well-informed and prepared community members<br/><br/>**Specific Adaptation Programs:**<br/>• Cooling centers for heat waves<br/>• Supporting groundwater retention (*Page 82, Table 8: Summary of Adaptation Strategies*) |
```

The plan does not provide specific details about the physical and economic landscape of the planning jurisdiction, including its exact location, population, demographics, or average income. It focuses primarily on the climate policies and strategies for achieving carbon neutrality and renewable energy goals within the City of Durham, North Carolina.

However, the following relevant information is extracted from the plan regarding the local climate and energy aspects:

### Local Climate and Energy Aspects

- **Climate Focus:** The focus is on reducing greenhouse gases (GHG) and increasing renewable energy, aimed at creating a resilient and vibrant community. The city aspires to take a **leadership role** in North Carolina in transitioning to clean energy ([Chapter 2, CNRE Action Plan Introduction](#)).

- **Clean Energy Goals:** The **Carbon Neutrality and Renewable Energy Action Plan (CNRE Action Plan)** outlines a roadmap for a sustainable quality of life, with goals such as **zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2040** and **100% renewable energy supply by 2050** ([Section 2.2 Summary of Goals](#)).

- **Energy Production:** Durham relies on Duke Energy for its electricity needs, and the city collaborates with them to meet its carbon neutrality and renewable energy goals. On-site resources like solar facilities and biogas contribute to their renewable energy targets, and additional opportunities are anticipated through legislative or regulatory changes ([Section 2.1 Benefits, Renewable Energy and Battery Storage Opportunities](#)).

### Economic and Infrastructure Details

- **Economic Drivers:** While the plan emphasizes clean energy and environmental initiatives, it does not detail specific industries or economic drivers. It does, however, mention the importance of economic development, job creation, and innovation as potential benefits of adopting clean energy strategies ([Section 2.1 Benefits](#)).

- **Key Infrastructure:** The plan does not specify key infrastructure such as airports or seaports, nor does it mention major geographic features or natural resources.

The emphasis in the document is on stakeholder involvement, environmental justice, and strategic partnerships to enhance clean energy initiatives, rather than specific demographic or geographic information ([Sections 2.3 Stakeholder Involvement, 2.4 Strategies](#)).

The plan addresses resilience through its emphasis on creating a sustainable and vibrant community in Durham, with a focus on energy equity and environmental justice to ensure benefits "are available to all residents and future generations" (Chapter 2.2). The incorporation of community partnerships and the creation of a community-wide task force aimed at including equity and environmental justice considerations further support resilience (Chapter 5). These efforts help the city maintain its essential functions by focusing on reducing its carbon footprint and enhancing renewable energy use.

Mitigation is a major component of the plan. The City aims to achieve carbon neutrality by 2040 and 100% renewable energy supply by 2050 (Chapter 2.2). The plan includes key strategies such as maximizing energy efficiency in city buildings, electrifying the city's vehicle fleet, expanding renewable energy generation, and establishing carbon reduction policies. These efforts are intended to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions from city operations (Chapter 2.4).

The plan does not specifically emphasize adaptation strategies in terms of structural, behavioral, or ecological adjustments to current or expected climate changes. However, by focusing on community empowerment and environmental justice, it indirectly supports community adaptation by fostering local resilience.

Based on the content provided, the plan can be classified as a **mitigation primary climate action plan**. While the plan mentions aspects of resilience and adaptation through community involvement and equitable energy policies, its primary focus is on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and transitioning to renewable energy sources.

The plan does not explicitly describe a detailed scenario of climate change that the City of Durham will face. However, it outlines the City's commitments and strategies aimed at mitigating climate change impacts and adapting to a sustainable future. The plan emphasizes the importance of reducing greenhouse gases (GHG), achieving carbon neutrality by 2040, and 100% renewable energy sourcing by 2050. The focus is on enhancing resilience through:

- **GHG Reduction Targets:** "Achieve carbon neutrality by 2040 and achieve a 50% reduction in GHG emission by 2030 from the 2009 baseline of 57,699 MTCO2e." (Section 3.1)

- **Strategic Goals:** "The overall goals of the CNRE Action Plan are illustrated... The GHG emissions are zero by 2040 and the renewable energy supply is 100% by 2050." (Section 2.2)

- **Overarching Strategies:** Including maximizing energy efficiency, increasing vehicle electrification, expanding renewable energy generation, and establishing innovative carbon reduction policies. (Section 2.4)

- **Focus on Environmental Justice:** Ensuring that the transition to renewable energy and clean energy benefits all residents and future generations equitably. (Introduction)

Through these commitments, the plan indirectly addresses potential climate impacts and the need for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation to changing environmental conditions.

The plan does not explicitly identify specific climate hazards and their associated climate risks for the planning jurisdiction within the provided text. Therefore, no numbered list of climate hazards can be generated based on the information available in the document. If additional sections of the document provide details on this topic, they would need to be reviewed to extract such information.

The document outlines several resilience options to address climate-related threats. Below are the options identified, along with their summaries:

### **1. Battery Storage with Solar Projects**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Provides resilience against power outages and increases energy reliability.
  - **Cost:** Not specifically detailed.
  - **Timeframe:** Implemented as part of broader renewable energy goals, contributing to the 2030 and 2050 targets.
  - **Location:** City of Durham, as part of City operations and potentially across various facilities.
  - **Economic:** Offers flexibility and long-term financial savings by reducing dependency on the grid.
  - **Environmental:** Contributes to cleaner energy supply as part of the decarbonization effort.
- **Reference:** "Battery storage systems may provide additional flexibility and resiliency for the City."

### **2. Energy Efficiency in Building Operations**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Reduces energy consumption, mitigating GHG emissions and enhancing energy resilience.
  - **Cost:** $11 million associated with energy efficiency projects detailed in financial summary.
  - **Timeframe:** Part of the strategy to achieve goals by 2030 and 2050.
  - **Location:** City of Durham buildings, facilities, and operations.
  - **Economic:** Provides lifecycle cost savings and operational cost reduction.
  - **Infrastructural:** Includes energy audits, equipment retrofits, benchmarking, and conversions to LED lighting.
- **Reference:** "Continuing energy efficiency efforts for the City’s buildings, facilities, and water and wastewater treatment system."

### **3. Electrification of City’s Vehicle Fleet and Transit System**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addresses air quality issues and reduces fossil fuel reliance.
  - **Cost:** Regarding transportation, over $35 million additional incremental costs are mentioned.
  - **Timeframe:** Part of the strategy targeting 2040 and 2050 goals.
  - **Location:** City’s vehicle and transit systems.
  - **Economic:** Long-term cost savings through reduced fuel consumption.
  - **Environmental:** Significant reduction in GHG emissions.
- **Reference:** "Electrifying a substantial portion of the City’s vehicle fleet and transit system vehicles."

### **4. Renewable Energy Generation and Procurement**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Mitigates climate change through reduced GHG emissions.
  - **Cost:** Significant investments, such as approximately $11 million for on-site solar.
  - **Timeframe:** Efforts to increase in the coming years to meet 2030 and 2050 goals.
  - **Location:** Citywide, including on-site and off-site procurement.
  - **Economic:** Incremental costs associated with renewable investments.
  - **Environmental:** Supports the transition to a sustainable and stable energy grid.
- **Reference:** "Investing in renewable energy resources such as on-site generation and off-site procurement."

In general, the resilience options presented are geared towards reducing GHG emissions, increasing the City's energy reliability, and promoting sustainability. Through a mixture of technological upgrades, policy changes, and community partnerships, these strategies target both immediate and long-term climate challenges, using a combination of internal projects and external collaborations.

Based on the plan, the following mitigation options are identified, along with relevant details about cost, timing, location, and other important attributes:

1. **Energy Efficiency in City Buildings and Operations**
   - **Cost:** Projected capital investment is approximately $11 million for energy efficiency projects aimed at natural gas and electricity savings. 
   - **Timing:** The plan emphasizes ongoing efforts. 
   - **Location:** City buildings and facilities.
   - **Other Attributes:** Includes energy audits, equipment retrofits, benchmarking, and LED conversions. Expected to provide net savings over time. (_"Continuing energy efficiency efforts for the City’s buildings, facilities, and water and wastewater treatment system through initiatives such as energy audits, equipment retrofits, benchmarking, and LED conversions."_)

2. **Electrification of Vehicles (Fleet and Transit)**
   - **Cost:** Represents about 67% of incremental capital costs, approximately $59 million. 
   - **Timing:** Transition expected to accelerate with prices declining and more options becoming available.
   - **Location:** City vehicle fleet and transit system vehicles.
   - **Other Attributes:** Includes electrifying a significant portion of the fleet, with transitional costs higher initially due to the price premium of electric vehicles. Expected lifecycle cost savings. (_"Electrifying a substantial portion of the City’s vehicle fleet and transit system vehicles which reduces fossil fuel combustion."_)

3. **Renewable Energy Generation and Procurement**
   - **Cost:** 14% of incremental capital costs, around $12 million. Duke Energy GSA program offers significant contribution but at an estimated annual cost of $500,000.
   - **Timing:** Immediate steps include on-site and off-site procurement; long-term goal is 100% renewable energy sourcing by 2050.
   - **Location:** Both on-site (solar on City facilities) and off-site (utilities like Duke Energy).
   - **Other Attributes:** Includes procurement of renewable energy credits (RECs) or carbon credits, rooftop solar, and landfill solar. (_"Investing in renewable energy resources such as on-site generation and off-site procurement to increase the portion of the City’s energy consumption from cleaner energy sources."_)

4. **Innovative Carbon Reduction Strategies**
   - **Cost:** Varies depending on specific technologies or practices.
   - **Timing:** Implemented over the span of the plan’s 30-year horizon.
   - **Location:** Throughout city operations, specific locations could involve structural and natural environments.
   - **Other Attributes:** Includes innovative practices such as green roofs and low-embodied carbon concrete. It aims to establish partnerships with community organizations focused on sustainability. (_"Establishing and expanding innovative carbon reduction practices such as green roofs and low-embodied carbon concrete."_)

5. **Public-Private Partnerships**
   - **Cost:** Leverages private sector resources, aimed at reducing public expenses.
   - **Timing:** Explored when opportunities arise.
   - **Location:** Across various sustainable projects within the city.
   - **Other Attributes:** Aimed at expanding capacity for sustainable projects using private sector resources. (_"Explore opportunities for public-private partnerships to leverage private sector resources to expand the City’s capacity for sustainable projects."_)

It is important to note that these initiatives collectively contribute to significant carbon footprint reduction and are adaptable to future regulatory, economic, and technological changes. The plan anticipates annual reviews and updates every five years to adjust strategies based on emerging technologies and legislative impacts.

The plan identifies several mitigation options aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Below is a summary of these options, including associated costs, timeframes, locations, and other attributes:

   - **Cost:** The cost associated with energy efficiency projects for natural gas and electricity savings is projected to be $11 million, with capital expenditures for these projects being approximately 19% of the total incremental costs (Section "To achieve 2030 goals").
   - **Timeframe:** Efforts include ongoing annual reviews and periodic updates of the plan every five years (Section "This CNRE Action Plan encompasses a 30-year time horizon").
   - **Location:** Applies to city buildings, facilities, and water and wastewater treatment systems (Section "Continuing energy efficiency efforts for the City’s buildings, facilities, and water and wastewater treatment system").
   - **Attributes:** Includes actions like energy audits, equipment retrofits, benchmarking, and LED conversions (Section "Continuing energy efficiency efforts for the City’s buildings").

   - **Cost:** Transportation electrification represents about 67% of incremental capital costs, approximately $59 million (Section "Transportation electrification represents about 67% of incremental capital costs").
   - **Timeframe:** Expected price declines and market expansion for electric vehicles are projected over the next several years (Section "In the next several years, it is expected that prices will decline").
   - **Location:** Involves electrifying a substantial portion of the city’s vehicle fleet and transit system vehicles (Section "Electrifying a substantial portion of the City’s vehicle fleet and transit system vehicles").
   - **Attributes:** Includes installing charging infrastructure (Section "Accelerate vehicle fleet and transportation fleet (buses) electrification and install charging infrastructure").

   - **Cost:** Renewable energy projects are associated with 14% of the incremental capital costs, approximately $12 million (Section "Approximately 14% is associated with renewable energy projects").
   - **Timeframe:** The large-scale renewable energy procurement such as the Duke Energy GSA program is fundamental to achieving the city's goals by 2050 (Section "A large-scale renewable energy procurement such as the Duke Energy GSA program is essential").
   - **Location:** Projects include on-site generation (solar) and off-site procurement (Section "Investing in renewable energy resources such as on-site generation and off-site procurement").
   - **Attributes:** The Duke Energy GSA program contributes significantly to GHG emissions reduction, currently estimated to cost approximately $500,000 per year (Section "Duke Energy GSA program is currently estimated to cost approximately $500,000 per year").

4. **Innovative Carbon Reduction Practices and Community Partnerships**
   - **Cost:** These practices involve partnering with various organizations but the financial specifics are not detailed (Section "Building partnerships with community members and sustainability focused organizations").
   - **Timeframe:** These ongoing partnerships are integral over the long term to meet the 2040 and 2050 goals (Section "The Consultant team developed and modeled a set of initiatives that the City can undertake to achieve its 2040 goal of carbon neutrality" and "2050 goal of 100% renewable energy sourcing").
   - **Location:** These partnerships involve the community at large (Section "Building partnerships with community members").
   - **Attributes:** Includes innovative practices like green roofs and low-embodied carbon concrete (Section "Establishing and expanding innovative carbon reduction practices").

The CNRE Action Plan primarily focuses on strategies for achieving carbon neutrality and implementing renewable energy. However, it does provide some adaptation-related elements, particularly in the context of sustainability and resilience. Here are the identified adaptation options:

1. **Solar Canopies/EV Charging:**
   - **Climate Threat:** The plan indirectly addresses the need for alternative energy sources due to climate impacts on traditional energy systems.
   - **Information Provided:** The plan discusses evaluating the feasibility of solar canopies and systems in City parking facilities and fleet locations, with a possibility to pair with battery storage or EV charging. There are no specific details on cost or timeframe provided, but the evaluation of feasibility suggests that it is in the exploratory phase. *"Evaluate feasibility of solar canopies/systems in City parking facilities and fleet locations. Explore the possibility to pair with battery storage or EV charging."* (Table B-1)

2. **Microgrid/Solar/Storage:**
   - **Climate Threat:** This is aimed at improving resilience against grid disruptions potentially exacerbated by climate change.
   - **Information Provided:** The plan includes studying the feasibility and implementing projects using solar and battery storage for city facilities, including community resilience hubs or recreation centers used as emergency housing. No specific cost or timeframe is mentioned, suggesting this is an initial evaluation phase. *"Study feasibility and implement projects using solar and battery storage for City facilities including community resilience hubs or recreation centers utilized as emergency housing."* (Table B-1)

3. **Architectural Solar Structures:**
   - **Climate Threat:** Addresses energy diversification needs as regions face climate-induced stresses.
   - **Information Provided:** There is an initiative to install solar structures such as flowers or trees at City parks or buildings for community education and awareness. Cost, timeframe, and specific locations are not detailed. *"Install solar structures such as flowers or trees at City parks or buildings for community education and awareness."* (Table B-1)

4. **Community Partnerships:**
   - **Climate Threat:** The need for building societal resilience and adaptive capacity in the face of climate uncertainty.
   - **Information Provided:** Developing partnerships with key stakeholders, including internal sustainability staffing and creating external partnerships with residents, businesses, and community service organizations. No explicit costs or timeframes are given, but it’s a foundational initiative to increase community resilience and adaptability. *"Develop partnerships with key stakeholders - both internal and external to the City. Internal sustainability staffing, internal cross-departmental teams are needed. External partnerships with residents, businesses, community service organizations, utilities, and others should be created to advise the City."* (Table B-1)

The plan predominantly emphasizes mitigation strategies, but it acknowledges the importance of adaptation through enhancing infrastructure and community resilience, exploring innovative technology, and forming partnership frameworks.

The plan identifies several climate policies aimed at advancing climate justice. Here are the relevant details for each:

1. **Equitable Approaches to Clean Energy Planning and Implementation**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** General threats from inefficient energy consumption and lack of equitable energy access. 
   - **Vulnerable Areas or Populations:** The plan specifically mentions adopting clean energy strategies that benefit all community members, especially focusing on integrating "economic and environmental justice interests and impacts" and addressing "institutional racism and systemic inequities." Therefore, populations that may be vulnerable include marginalized and low-income communities that historically have less access to clean energy resources. (*Section 2.1 BENEFITS*)

2. **Incentivize Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy for Low-Income Homes**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The inability of low-income homes to access energy-efficient and renewable energy sources leads to higher energy costs and emissions.
   - **Vulnerable Areas or Populations:** Low-income households are specifically targeted to ensure they have increased access to energy-efficient and renewable resources. The plan outlines that prioritizing these households is essential in pursuing equitable energy strategies. (*Section 2.1 BENEFITS*)

3. **Increase Low-Income Access to Affordable, Reliable, and Clean Transportation Options**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Transportation-related emissions and the accessibility of clean transportation options.
   - **Vulnerable Areas or Populations:** Similar to energy access, low-income and potentially transit-dependent populations are vulnerable due to the limited availability of affordable and clean transportation options. (*Section 2.1 BENEFITS*)

4. **Equitable Community Engagement**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Lack of community involvement in climate and energy-related planning can lead to policies that do not consider vulnerable populations.
   - **Vulnerable Areas or Populations:** The creation of the Equity and Inclusion Department illustrates a focus on diverse engagement, ensuring marginalized and disadvantaged communities are involved in discussions about energy and climate policies. This element addresses inequities that might arise from exclusion. (*Section 2.1 BENEFITS*)

5. **Durham Racial Equity Task Force and Equitable Community Engagement Blueprint**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Historical and systemic inequities that lead to unequal distribution of climate change impacts and benefits.
   - **Vulnerable Areas or Populations:** This policy directly aims to include the voices of those historically marginalized, ensuring policies are designed equitably and inclusively. (*Section 2.1 BENEFITS*)

Based on the provided excerpt, there are no explicit climate policies identified as causing unforeseen maladaptation. However, I can infer scenarios where potential maladaptation could occur based on the strategies outlined. Below are examples of where maladaptation might arise:

**1. Potential Maladaptive Climate Policy: Transition to Electric Vehicles (EVs)**

  - The threat of greenhouse gas emissions and reliance on fossil fuels for transportation.

  - Implementation of *electric paratransit vehicle purchasing policy and begin replacement of gasoline vehicles to battery electric as technology is available* (Table B-1 Summary of Action Items).

- **Why It May Cause Inadvertent Maladaptation:**
  - While transitioning to EVs reduces emissions, it may inadvertently increase socio-economic vulnerability if the costs of EVs are too high for marginalized communities, or if charging infrastructure is not equitably distributed. This could limit access to transportation resources for certain populations.

**2. Potential Maladaptive Climate Policy: Expansion of Renewable Energy Infrastructure**

  - The threat of high carbon emissions from non-renewable energy sources.

  - "Continue installation of rooftop solar systems on existing City facilities and all new construction as feasible" and "evaluate feasibility of solar canopies/systems in City parking facilities and fleet locations" (Table B-1 Summary of Action Items).

  - Expanding renewable energy infrastructure in certain areas could lead to land use changes that disrupt local ecosystems or lead to higher energy costs if not implemented with consideration for energy equity. This could disproportionately impact low-income communities who might not have access to such benefits or whose local environments might be altered.

**3. Potential Maladaptive Climate Policy: Building Electrification**

  - The threat of GHG emissions from natural gas use.

  - "Convert natural gas equipment to electric equipment as feasible in conjunction with building renovations or when equipment needs replacement or major service" (Table B-1 Summary of Action Items).

  - While converting to electric systems can reduce emissions, it could lead to increased electricity demand, which might not be met sustainably if grid infrastructure is not upgraded. Additionally, electrification without energy efficiency measures could result in higher utility bills, posing a financial burden on low-income households.

In each of these scenarios, while the intent of the policies is to enhance climate resilience, mitigation, or adaptation, careful consideration and planning are required to ensure that they do not inadvertently increase vulnerabilities or lead to unintended negative consequences.

The plan outlines several ways to measure the success of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options, using specific metrics and setting concrete goals and targets. These measurements include reductions in CO2 emissions and reliance on renewable energy. Below are the details from the plan:

### **Metrics Used:**

  - The plan measures greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions in metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MTCO2e).
  - A specific reduction target is set for 2040, where GHG emissions are expected to be approximately 6,409 MTCO2e, representing a reduction of 89% from the 2009 baseline (Chapter 5).

- **Renewable Energy Contributions:**
  - The plan sets targets for renewable energy contributions to the City's carbon footprint reduction. By 2030, renewable energy is expected to contribute an additional 20,000 MTCO2e reductions (including RECs), and by 2040, it is expected to contribute 6,410 MTCO2e in reductions (3.1 Greenhouse Gases (GHG) Reduction Targets).

- **GHG Emissions Targets:**
  - The goal is to achieve a 50% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 from the 2009 baseline of 57,699 MTCO2e, which translates to 28,850 MTCO2e (3.1 Greenhouse Gases (GHG) Reduction Targets).
  - A further goal is set for achieving carbon neutrality by 2040, with zero emissions, from the same baseline (Chapter 2.2 Summary of Goals).

- **Renewable Energy Sourcing:**
  - The plan aims for 80% renewable energy sourcing by 2030 and 100% by 2050 for City operations (2.2 Summary of Goals).

### **Additional Metrics and Mechanisms:**

- **5-Year Targets:**
  - The plan includes five-year milestones and progress tracking related to electrification and energy efficiency affecting City buildings and vehicles, providing a point of reference to assess the impact of City initiatives (Chapter 5-Year Benchmarks).

- **Decision Matrix Tool:**
  - A Decision Matrix is deployed to help prioritize actions based on several criteria, including GHG reduction potential, cost implications, criticality of meeting resolution targets, demand/energy consumption reduction, and environmental equity considerations (Figure 5-3).

These metrics and targets are all aimed at systematically tracking the City's progress toward its climate action goals, ensuring implementation of the Carbon Neutrality and Renewable Energy Action Plan is on track, and addressing any shortfalls in efforts.

| **Feature**            | **Details**                                                               |
|------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | City of Durham                                                            |
| **Population**         | Not explicitly mentioned in the provided document excerpt                 |
| **Threats Identified** | Not explicitly mentioned in the provided document excerpt                 |
| **Measures Identified**|                                                                           |
|                        | - *Energy Efficiency Measures:*                                           |
|                        |   - Continue energy efficiency efforts and retrofits in City buildings to achieve at least a 30% reduction in energy consumption by 2040. Leverage Duke Energy program incentives to reduce costs. **(B-1, EE-1)** |
|                        |   - Conduct ASHRAE level 2 or 3 energy audits for the City's top 25 energy-using buildings to identify savings opportunities and prioritize project plans for each facility. **(B-1, EE-2)** |
|                        | - *Electrification Measures:*                                             |
|                        |   - Replace light duty cars from gasoline to battery electric as vehicles reach the end of their 10-year useful life. **(B-2, ET-1)** |
|                        | - *Renewable Energy Measures:*                                            |
|                        |   - Continue installation of rooftop solar systems on existing City facilities and all new construction as feasible. **(B-2, RE-1)** |
|                        |   - Evaluate feasibility of solar canopies/systems in City parking facilities and fleet locations. **(B-2, RE-2)** |
|                        |   - Install Combined Heat and Power (CHP) system at NDWRF. **(B-2, RE-12)** |
```

The plan does not provide a detailed description of the physical and economic landscape of Salt Lake County, Utah. However, it includes some relevant information about the climate challenges and expected impacts of climate change on the region.

### **Location and Climate**

- The planning jurisdiction is **Salt Lake County** located in the state of **Utah**.
- The **Southwest U.S.**, including Utah, is highlighted as one of the most "climate-challenged" regions of the continent due to factors such as natural fluctuations and human-caused emissions of greenhouse gases (Southwest Climate Trends).
- **Climate change impacts** specific to Salt Lake County include:
  - **Warming trends:** Increasing average annual temperature, longer and hotter heat waves, longer freeze-free seasons, and fewer cold snaps (*Executive Summary*).
  - **Droughts:** Hotter, more severe, and more frequent droughts (*Executive Summary*).
  - **Snowpack:** Decrease in late-season snowpack (*Executive Summary*).

### **Water Resources and Aridity**

- **Decreases in soil moisture and river flow** are expected due to the changing climate (*Executive Summary*).
- The region expects more frequent and intense precipitation extremes in winter and increased occurrences of flooding in some seasons (*Executive Summary*).
  
### **Economic and Resource Context**

- The document does not specifically outline the economic drivers, industries, average income, demographics, or infrastructure like airports or seaports.
- Similarly, it does not provide information about the region's **energy production** or **natural resources**.
  
### **Additional Observations on Climate Changes**

- **Changes in species distribution:** The plan predicts changes in the distribution of plant and animal species, and altered timing of regional life cycles due to climate change (*Executive Summary*).
- **Increased instances of wildfires and forest pests:** There will be an increase in wildfires, outbreaks of forest pests and diseases, and changes in land cover (*Executive Summary*).
  
### **Implications for Infrastructure and Public Health**

- The region is expected to experience breakdowns in water, electrical, and sewer infrastructures due to extreme weather events as well as risks of carbon monoxide poisoning related to power outages (*Infrastructure*).
- Anxiety around community planning is noted in terms of expanding public health infrastructure and integrating climate considerations into hazard vulnerability assessments (*Infrastructure*).

The provided information focuses largely on climate change impacts rather than a detailed socio-economic profile or physical and economic landscape of Salt Lake County.

  - The plan emphasizes enhancing the region's **resiliency** through future climate change adaptation strategies. It discusses preparing infrastructure, community engagement, and collaborations to address climate impacts, all aimed at building resilience. As stated, "The goal of this document is to provide a framework for an adaptation plan, laying out the predicted climate-related health risks and the actions that can be taken to improve the county’s resiliency." (Executive Summary). Additionally, it highlights the development of public health infrastructure and integrating climate change considerations with hazard vulnerability assessments (Infrastructure).

  - While the primary focus is on adaptation, the plan contains elements addressing **mitigation**, such as reducing emissions from carbon dioxide and other pollutants to improve air quality. Salt Lake City, for instance, aims for "zero emissions from mobile sources by 2030 and zero emissions from all sources by 2040." (Air). The network of organizations also supports the inclusion of carbon mitigation in their response efforts (Public Health).

  - The plan is dedicated to **adaptation** strategies aimed at minimizing the harm of climate change on public health. Through the identification of vulnerable populations, projecting disease burdens, and fostering collaborations, the plan outlines steps to enhance health adaptation. An action plan including prioritizing risks, conducting health impact assessments, and establishing public water stations and cooling centers during heatwaves reflects its adaptation focus (Anticipating Climate Impacts and Assessing Vulnerabilities; Heat).

The plan should be classified as an **adaptation/resilience dedicated** climate action plan. While it includes some mitigation strategies, its primary focus is on public health adaptation and community resilience to the projected impacts of climate change.

Yes, the plan describes several scenarios of climate change that Salt Lake County is expected to face, which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation around. 

- **Temperature and Weather Changes:** "Warming will continue, with longer and hotter heat waves in the summer, and a longer freeze-free season, a higher average annual temperature, and fewer cold snaps." It is projected that temperature increases in the Southwest will range from 2.5°F to 5.5°F by 2041-2070 and by 5.5°F to 9.5°F by 2070-2099 under a high emissions scenario (A2). In a low emissions scenario (B1), temperature increases are projected to be 2.5°F to 4.5°F (2041-2070), and 3.5°F to 5.5°F (2070-2099). (*Executive Summary*; *Temperature Projections and Emissions Scenarios*)

- **Droughts and Water Supply:** "Droughts will become hotter, more severe, and more frequent." The plan projects a decrease in soil moisture and river flow, with "increased potential for evaporation due to global warming is causing an increase in the duration of dry spells in the Southwest." It is anticipated that climate change will reduce water supplies and affect water quality due to floods and increased contaminants. (*Executive Summary*; *Evaporation and Drought*; *Municipal Water Supply*)

- **Extreme Weather Events:** "Precipitation extremes in winter will become more frequent and more intense (i.e., more precipitation per hour)." These changes are coupled with more frequent and intense flooding. (*Executive Summary*)

- **Impact on Biodiversity and Ecosystems:** There will be changes in the "distribution of plant and animal species in the region, as well as the timing of the regional life cycles of species." (*Executive Summary*)

- **Increased Wildfires and Pollution:** There will be "an increase in wildfires, outbreaks of forest pests and disease, and changes in land cover." Higher temperatures are expected to "accelerate the production of ground-level ozone, and airborne particulates will be present at a higher rate as the Great Salt Lake dries up." (*Executive Summary*)

These scenarios indicate that Salt Lake County must plan for a variety of climate impacts, including hotter temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, reduced water availability, and increased incidences of extreme weather, which all require resilience, mitigation, and adaptation strategies.

   - *Description:* "Warming will continue, with longer and hotter heat waves in the summer, and a longer freeze free season, a higher average annual temperature, and fewer cold snaps."  
   - *Risks:* Extreme heat is associated with increased hospitalizations and deaths due to heat stroke and heat exhaustion. It exacerbates symptoms of chronic conditions such as asthma, COPD, and cardiovascular issues.
   - *Vulnerable Populations:* Outdoor workers, the elderly, and the very young are most vulnerable. Low-income households are particularly at risk due to fewer resources.

   - *Description:* "Droughts will become hotter, more severe, and more frequent."
   - *Risks:* Water shortages associated with the drying climate will have broad health impacts. There is also a risk of increased urban fires due to extreme weather.
   - *Vulnerable Populations:* The general population, but particularly those reliant on agriculture and water-dependent sectors.

   - *Description:* "Flooding will become more frequent and intense in some seasons."
   - *Risks:* Causes damage to infrastructure, leading to injuries, fatalities, and stress. It can also lead to exposure to UV radiation and toxic chemicals.
   - *Vulnerable Populations:* Low-income households and emergency responders are at greater risk.

4. **Air Pollution**
   - *Description:* "Higher temperatures will accelerate the production of ground level ozone, and airborne particulates will be present at a higher rate as the Great Salt Lake dries up."
   - *Risks:* Increases the burden of asthma, allergies, and other respiratory conditions. Exacerbates chronic health issues.
   - *Vulnerable Populations:* Communities with existing respiratory problems, low-income households, and communities of color.

5. **Disease Vectors**
   - *Description:* "Changed temperatures and precipitation patterns will affect the range and prevalence of disease vectors, causing arthropod or rodent-borne pathogens to become a greater problem."
   - *Risks:* Increases in diseases carried by vectors, which could become more prevalent.
   - *Vulnerable Populations:* Outdoor workers and communities without adequate mosquito control measures.

6. **Extreme Weather Events**
   - *Description:* More variable weather, intense storms.
   - *Risks:* Potential breakdowns in water, electrical, and sewer infrastructure. Risk of carbon monoxide poisoning due to power outages.
   - *Vulnerable Populations:* Emergency responders and outdoor workers face heightened risks of injury and death. Low-income households are particularly vulnerable due to fewer resources and increased exposure.

The plan identifies several resilience options aimed at addressing specific climate threats. Below are the resilience options, alongside the specific threats they address, and additional attributes:

### **Resilience Options Identified**

1. **Improving Mechanical and Physical Infrastructure**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option addresses the increased frequency of extreme weather events that can overwhelm existing infrastructure. The infrastructure was initially designed based on historic data, which is no longer applicable due to climate change (*"Preparing Infrastructure for Climate Change"*).
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The document does not specify cost or timeframe. The location is Salt Lake County; improvements are implied to be widespread across public infrastructure assets.
     - **Economic:** There are potential economic benefits related to averting service disruptions.
     - **Infrastructural:** Ensuring robustness of water, electrical, and sewer infrastructure against failures.
   
2. **Health Impact Assessments on Major Developments**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Anticipated health risks from poor infrastructure exacerbated by climate hazards.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific cost, timeframe, or location details are not provided.
     - **Environmental and Health:** It aims to integrate climate change considerations into health and hazard vulnerability assessments.

3. **Integrating Climate Change with Hazard Vulnerability Assessments**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Potential increase in frequency/severity of climate-induced disasters.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** There are no specific details on cost, timeframe, or location.
     - **Infrastructural:** Focuses on enhancing existing public health and disaster preparedness planning.
   
4. **Increased Community Involvement in All-Hazards Planning**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Enhanced risk from unanticipated climate events due to low community participation and awareness.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific details regarding cost, timeframe, and location are not included.
     - **Social and Economic:** By involving communities, resilience to disasters could improve, and stress can be mitigated.

5. **Adapting Public Health Infrastructure**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Increased health risks from climate change impacts like heatwaves, and extreme weather (*"Public health infrastructure must be developed and expanded to prepare staff for the health impacts of climate change."*).
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** No specific cost or timeframe data is included. Locations would be public health facilities within the jurisdiction.
     - **Health:** Aims at bolstering public health readiness for increased climate-related health cases.

There is limited detailed information on costs, timeframes, and specific locations for the resilience options listed in the plan. The primary focus is on identifying and addressing climate risks that impact infrastructure and public health systems.

The plan identifies several mitigation options, with details on various attributes as follows:

1. **Reducing Emissions:**
   - **Summary:** The most important step mentioned to improve air quality and mitigate climate change is to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, and other products of combustion.
   - **Cost, Timing, Location, Other Attributes:** The plan does not specify particular costs or timing for these actions. However, it highlights that there are many organizations and individuals involved in efforts to reduce emissions, and notes the commitment of Salt Lake City to have zero emissions from mobile sources by 2030 and zero emissions from all sources by 2040 (*Air*).

2. **Urban Heat Island Mitigation:**
   - **Summary:** The plan suggests minimizing the effect of urban heat islands by planting trees, protecting parks, preserving open space around the city, and encouraging the use of white roofs and sidewalks.
   - **Cost, Timing, Location, Other Attributes:** The plan does not provide specific details on cost or timing but emphasizes these are part of efforts to mitigate the health impacts of extreme heat, especially in urban settings (*Heat*).

3. **Air Quality Improvements:**
   - **Summary:** It calls for the coordination of outdoor air quality and pollen count tracking systems and the development of an early-warning system for poor air-quality days to notify individuals with respiratory-related illnesses.
   - **Cost, Timing, Location, Other Attributes:** While cost and timing are not detailed, the location focus seems to be within regions prone to poor air quality impacts related to climate change (*Air*).

4. **Surveillance and Monitoring:**
   - **Summary:** The plan includes enhancing surveillance systems and preparation to detect new pathogens, as well as enhancing vector surveillance and human disease tracking.
   - **Cost, Timing, Location, Other Attributes:** There is no explicit mention of cost or timing. These actions are not location-specific, suggesting broad implementation across vulnerable areas or regions affected by the increased prevalence of pathogens due to climate change (*Pathogens*).

The identified mitigation options focus broadly on improving air quality, reducing emissions, and enhancing system preparedness but do not include specific or detailed information on the implementation costs or timing for these actions across locations.

The plan identifies several mitigation options primarily focused on air quality improvement, alternative transportation, and renewable energy. Below is a summary of the information provided for each mitigation option regarding cost, timeframe, location, and other attributes:

1. **Reducing Emissions from Combustion**:
   - *Cost:* The plan does not specify the cost associated with reducing emissions.
   - *Timeframe:* Not specified.
   - *Location:* Salt Lake County.
   - *Attributes:* Initiatives to reduce emissions from mobile sources by 2030 and from all sources by 2040 (Section on Air).

2. **Alternative and Renewable Fuels**:
   - *Cost:* The plan does not detail specific costs but mentions leveraging resources to bring funding into Utah.
   - *Location:* Utah.
   - *Attributes:* Promotes alternative fuels and fuel economy strategies, working with local and state stakeholders (Utah Clean Cities Coalition). It also involves partnerships with the federal and state government to support infrastructure and vehicle deployment (Heat Risk Initiative).

3. **Idle-Reduction Measures**:
   - *Cost:* Not specified.
   - *Timeframe:* Implemented through campaigns, but no specific timeframe is noted.
   - *Attributes:* Part of behavioral change initiatives such as the Idle Free Utah campaign, demonstrating impacts via behavioral change and adoption of Resolutions and Ordinances in various cities (Heat Risk Initiative).

4. **Fuel Economy Improvement and New Transportation Technologies**:
   - *Attributes:* Efforts to develop and implement fuel economy and new transportation technologies with public and private sector partnerships (Heat Risk Initiative).

The plan emphasizes collaboration with stakeholders to achieve these mitigation goals and improve air quality as well as resilience against climate change impacts. It specifically highlights Salt Lake City’s commitment to achieving zero emissions from mobile and all sources by certain target years.

The plan identifies several adaptation options, each addressing specific climate threats. Below are the summarized adaptation options and their relevant attributes according to the plan:

### **1. Adaptation for Extreme Heat**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Extreme heat, which can lead to heat-related illnesses and fatalities, particularly impacting the elderly, infants, low-income communities, and outdoor workers. It exacerbates chronic conditions and poses strain on medical facilities.
  
- **Attributes Provided:**
  - *Cost and Timeframe:* Specific cost and timeframe are not detailed in the plan.
  - *Location:* Focus is on areas within Salt Lake County with vulnerable populations.
  - *Other Important Attributes:*
    - Establish public water stations and cooling centers.
    - Suspend utilities shut-offs during heat events. 
    - Increase air conditioning in nursing homes and adult care facilities.
    - Improve warning systems and distribute information to the public and vulnerable populations.
    - Encourage urban cooling strategies like planting trees and protecting open spaces.  
  [Source: Page 27]

### **2. Adaptation for Infrastructure Resilience**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Infrastructure vulnerability due to extreme weather events that could lead to breakdowns in critical services like water, electrical, and sewer systems, and increased urban fires.

  - *Location:* Focus on major developments and public investments in Salt Lake County.
    - Conduct Health Impact Assessments on major developments.
    - Integrate climate change considerations with hazard vulnerability assessments.
    - Increase community involvement in all hazards planning.
    [Source: Page 31]

### **3. Adaptation for Air Quality**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Air pollution including PM2.5 and ground-level ozone that exacerbate respiratory conditions and other health issues.

  - *Location:* Impact on regions within Salt Lake County with high pollution levels.
    - Develop an early-warning system for poor air quality days.
    - Coordinate outdoor air quality and pollen count tracking systems.
    - Implement strategies to reduce emissions from carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, and other pollutants.
    [Source: Page 28]

These adaptations are part of a broader strategy to mitigate the health impacts of climate change within the jurisdiction, with an emphasis on collaborative community engagement and enhancement of public health infrastructure. The plan provides a foundation for future detailed action planning by relevant stakeholders.

The plan addresses climate justice by implementing policies that prioritize vulnerable populations who are disproportionately affected by climate change. Here is a summary of the climate policies that advance climate justice, including the associated climate threats and the areas or populations with the most vulnerability:

1. **Minimizing the Effect of the Urban Heat Island:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Extreme heat and urban heat island effect.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Low-income communities, the elderly, infants, outdoor workers, and populations in urban areas where heat is exacerbated due to less green space and more concrete. The plan suggests interventions such as planting trees, protecting parks, preserving open space, and encouraging white roofs and sidewalks to mitigate this threat. It also emphasizes providing public cooling centers and enhancing communication to vulnerable populations for better preparedness (Page 27).

2. **Improving Warning Systems and Information Distribution:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Heat-related illnesses and emergencies during extreme weather conditions.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Similar to above, it specifically targets low-income communities, the elderly, infants, and outdoor workers who are more prone to heat-related illnesses. The plan calls for improved warning systems and better information dissemination to these vulnerable groups (Page 27).

3. **Establishing Public Water Stations and Transportation to Cooling Centers:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Dehydration and heat-related mortality during heat waves.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Low-income individuals who may lack access to air conditioning or transportation. Providing water stations and transport to cooling centers directly targets the needs of these populations (Page 27).

4. **Suspending Utility Shut-offs During Extreme Heat Events:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Lack of access to cooling, leading to heat stress.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Low-income households who may face utility shut-offs due to non-payment are especially vulnerable, as they may lack the financial resources to manage during heat waves. Suspending shut-offs aims to protect these populations from severe heat effects (Page 27).

These policies are designed to ensure equitable protection against climate-related health risks by focusing on those who are most vulnerable due to socioeconomic, health, or locational factors.

Based on the provided document, there are no explicit mentions of potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies. The document emphasizes strategies and adaptation steps aimed at improving climate resilience, public health, air quality, and infrastructure. However, I can infer potential areas where maladaptation may occur based on the broader context. Here are some possibilities:

1. **Policy: Improving Air Conditioning Capacity**:
   - **Climate Threat Addressed**: The threat of extreme heat and associated heat-related illnesses and fatalities.
   - **Option Proposed**: "Increase air conditioning capacity of nursing homes and adult care facilities."
   - **Potential Maladaptation**: While increasing air conditioning can mitigate the immediate effects of extreme heat, it may lead to higher energy consumption and GHG emissions if sourced from non-renewable energy, potentially exacerbating climate change in the long run.

2. **Policy: Development of Infrastructure for Extreme Weather**:
   - **Climate Threat Addressed**: Threats from flooding, wildfires, droughts, and extreme weather events.
   - **Option Proposed**: "Infrastructure in Salt Lake County was designed to withstand a hundred-year flood, but using historical data to predict averages and extremes is no longer applicable."
   - **Potential Maladaptation**: Relying solely on historical data without considering future climate projections may lead to infrastructure investments that are inadequate or misaligned with future conditions, potentially increasing vulnerability rather than decreasing it.

3. **Policy: Increasing Community Member Involvement in All Hazards Planning**:
   - **Climate Threat Addressed**: The broad range of hazards including heat, air quality degradation, and extreme weather events.
   - **Option Proposed**: "Increase the number of community members involved in all hazards planning."
   - **Potential Maladaptation**: If community involvement focuses on immediate risks without adequate understanding of long-term climate projections, short-term fixes might be prioritized over sustainable, resilient planning, potentially leading to solutions that do not withstand future climate scenarios. 

These identified areas highlight the importance of integrating future climate projections, renewable energy sources, and sustainable planning approaches to avoid maladaptation and ensure long-term resilience.

The plan does not provide specific quantitative metrics or units such as tons, percentages, or index values for tracking the success or failure of each adaptation, resilience, and mitigation option. Instead, it emphasizes the importance of developing a framework that aims to improve the region's resiliency and addresses climate-related health risks. While the plan outlines certain actions and strategies, it does not specify concrete goals or targets with deadlines or specific numerical objectives for each option.

**Coordinated Monitoring and Evaluation:**

- The plan suggests coordinating "outdoor air quality and pollen count tracking systems" but does not specify metrics (Page 28).
- It highlights the need for evaluating public health interventions by asking questions such as whether there is "a reasonable estimate of health impacts of climate change" and if interventions have been properly prioritized, but again, without specific metrics (Page 40).

**Initiatives and Goals:**

- Salt Lake City’s goal of achieving "zero emissions from mobile sources by 2030 and zero emissions from all sources by 2040" is the closest to a concrete target, although the plan does not break this down into specific interim metrics or measurement units (Page 28).

**Impact Assessment and Priorities:**

- The plan states the development of an adaptation plan involves elements such as community profiles, gap analysis, inventory of risks and opportunities, and a "table of recommended adaptation policies and actions indicating priority, lead responsibility and fit with existing programs" (Page 40). However, no numeric tracking or specific success metrics are detailed.

Overall, rather than providing specific metrics, the plan focuses on a descriptive approach to resilience, adaptation, and mitigation efforts, emphasizing partnership, policy development, and qualitative evaluation.

| **Feature**           | **Description**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |
|-----------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name**| Salt Lake County                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
| **Population**        | Not specified in the document                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |
| **Threats Identified**| - Longer and hotter heat waves<br>- More severe droughts<br>- Decreased late season snowpack<br>- Decrease in soil moisture and river flow<br>- More frequent and intense winter precipitation extremes<br>- More frequent and intense flooding<br>- Higher ground-level ozone |
| **Measures Identified**| - Vulnerability mapping<br>- Targeting vulnerable communities for emergency preparedness<br>- Planting trees and protecting parks<br>- Establishing public water stations and cooling centers<br>- Improving communication between services |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction:** New Orleans

**Location:** Greater New Orleans region, Louisiana

- **Rivers and Coastal Wetlands:** Described as tied together physically and economically by "the continent’s largest river, its deltaic plain, and the coastal wetlands" (*Climate Action for a Resilient New Orleans*). 
- **Key Infrastructure:** The plan refers to Louisiana's ports, mentioning that "25% of U.S. waterborne exports are shipped through Louisiana’s five major ports." 

- **Climate Change Impacts:** The plan states, "the environment of South Louisiana is changing rapidly," with reference to eroding coastal marshes, subsiding land, and a range of climate challenges including sea level rise and increased intensity of weather events (*Climate Change is happening now*). 
- **Water Management:** The City is adapting current systems to retain water as an asset in the landscape, highlighting challenges related to both urban and coastal water management (*Greater New Orleans Urban Water Plan*).

- **Energy Sources:** The city uses a significant amount of electricity generated from nuclear power, accounting for about 57% to 58% of the power supplied by Entergy New Orleans, with plans to increase the use of renewable energy like solar power (*Energy*).
- **Local Solar Economy:** There is an explicit goal for local solar energy development, with aims to set a local solar goal of 255 megawatts by 2030 (*Strategies Actions Tasks Lead Status ENERGY*).

- **Economic Importance of the Coast:** A healthy coast is deemed critical to the economic infrastructure, emphasizing the importance of ports for U.S. exports (*Climate Adaptation Efforts*). 
- **Economic Development in Green Economy:** The plan outlines active promotion of local businesses engaged in the low-carbon or “green” economy, indicating support for businesses with education and training in sustainability practices (*Climate action creates opportunities*).

The plan emphasizes building urban resilience as part of its comprehensive approach to climate action. The City of New Orleans defines urban resilience as the "capacity of individuals, communities, institutions, businesses, and systems to survive, adapt, and grow despite the chronic stresses and acute shocks we experience," and recognizes climate change as a catalyst for such stresses and shocks (Resilience New Orleans). The plan outlines actions to adapt to risks associated with being located at the convergence of the Mississippi Delta and the Gulf of Mexico. 

The plan includes several strategies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas pollution and mitigating climate change. The City aims to use 100% low-carbon electricity and reduce annual greenhouse gas emissions by 50% by 2030. Mitigation strategies include investments in alternative energy, waste management, and promoting efficient transportation choices like walking, biking, and mass transit (Climate Action for a Resilient New Orleans).

Adaptation is integrated into the plan through initiatives that aim to manage water with green infrastructure, improve grid resilience, and protect the coastal region. New Orleans is working with the State of Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan to address coastal land loss (Climate Action for a Resilient New Orleans).

The plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**, as it incorporates significant measures for both reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to climate impacts. It sets strong commitments for both mitigation and adaptation actions, reflecting a balanced approach to tackling climate change.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change that the planning jurisdiction, New Orleans, will face and is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation.

**Scenario Summarized:**

- **Current Reality:** "For New Orleans, climate change is not a future scenario, but a current reality." The city is already experiencing challenges caused or worsened by climate change due to its unique geography.

- **Environmental Changes:** "The environment of South Louisiana is changing rapidly, from our eroding coastal marshes to subsiding land in our urban neighborhoods."

- **Sea Level Rise and Weather Events:** "Sea level rise and a projected increase in the intensity of weather events are expected to accelerate coastal land loss—increasing storm and surge exposure while adding greater stresses to our levee and flood protection systems."

- **Extreme Heat and Public Health:** "More extreme heat episodes will directly threaten the health of our residents and the reliability of infrastructure systems that supply us with energy and water. The record heat... causes higher concentrations of air pollutants and greater amounts of ozone in our urban areas... A sustained warmer climate also increases the risk of vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, and Zika virus."

- **Rapid Climate Warming:** The plan acknowledges the urgent nature of climate change with the statement, "The earth is warming faster than ever... the rate of change currently occurring is unprecedented... In the past 100 years alone, our planet’s average temperature has warmed 0.7 °C, and models predict it could rise another 1-6°C in the next 100 years."

- **Impact on Human and Natural Systems:** "This rate of change will stress and kill many species that will not be able to adapt in time. Humans are highly adaptable, but... our largely coastal settlements are only becoming more overburdened and threatened."

New Orleans recognizes the realities and risks associated with climate change, emphasizing the need for proactive climate policies focused on resilience, mitigation, and adaptation to protect the city’s infrastructure, public health, and overall quality of life.

   - *Climate Hazard:* The plan notes that as the earth’s global temperature rises, the ocean is expected to encroach upon coastlines significantly due to melting glaciers and ice sheets and thermal expansion of water.
   - *Climate Risks:* This systemic response increases storm and surge exposure and adds greater stresses to levee and flood protection systems. It also leads to increased flooding and presents existential threats to the city due to potential catastrophic sea level rise.
   - *Vulnerable Areas/Populations:* Low-lying cities, coastal regions, and the infrastructure supporting economic activities such as ports are at high risk, requiring swift and meaningful action to slow this process ("Our Climate is Changing").

2. **Heat Stress**
   - *Climate Hazard:* The projected increase in average days with temperatures exceeding 95°F can reach more than 80 days per year by the end of the century.
   - *Climate Risks:* Higher concentrations of air pollutants and exacerbated respiratory illnesses, allergy problems, and increased risk of vector-borne diseases like malaria, dengue fever, Zika, and West Nile viruses. Extreme heat also stresses infrastructure systems, reducing their efficiency.
   - *Vulnerable Areas/Populations:* Vulnerable populations like children, the elderly, and those experiencing poverty or homelessness are disproportionately affected ("Heat Stress").

3. **Intense Weather**
   - *Climate Hazard:* Includes greater intensity in storm events, hurricanes, severe storms, and more periods of severe drought.
   - *Climate Risks:* Causes flood and wind damage, destabilizes land increasing subsidence, and saturates soil leading to utility outages. The interdependencies of city utilities mean that effects can spread across multiple systems.
   - *Vulnerable Areas/Populations:* Populations reliant on sound infrastructure, as well as areas prone to flooding due to limitations in drainage capacity, are especially vulnerable ("Intense Weather").

Based on the plan, the following resilience options are identified:

1. **Green Infrastructure Implementation Program**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This program primarily addresses flooding and urban heat island effects, as well as reducing greenhouse gas emissions through carbon capture and storage. 
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific costs, timeframe, and location details are not provided in the plan. However, it is described as an "ambitious" program suggesting significant investment and long-term planning.
     - **Economic Considerations:** The program aims to "beautify neighborhoods," which could increase property values and local economic prosperity.
     - **Environmental Considerations:** It also "increases safety," "filters pollutants," and provides spaces for social gathering.
     - **Infrastructural Considerations:** Green infrastructure includes tree plantings, water storage, and green spaces that manage water, mitigate urban heat, and support carbon sequestration.

2. **Redundancy and Reliability Improvements to Electric Grid**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This resilience option addresses threats related to energy supply disruption, especially during crises or extreme weather events.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific details regarding cost, timeframe, and location are not mentioned in the plan.
     - **Economic Considerations:** Improvements "can reduce the amount of effort it takes to power our homes and businesses," thus potentially reducing costs.
     - **Infrastructural Considerations:** The development of microgrids and backup power for critical assets "such as water and pumping infrastructure" is highlighted.

3. **Coastal Protection in Coordination with the State of Louisiana's Coastal Master Plan**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The primary threat is coastal land loss, which leads to a loss of critical hurricane and storm buffers.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Not directly detailed in the plan, but the reference to the Coastal Master Plan implies a long-term and extensive commitment.
     - **Environmental Considerations:** Contributes to restoring and preserving the coastal wetlands which are crucial for both environmental balance and economic infrastructure.
     - **Economic Considerations:** The plan references the economic infrastructure linked to ports, as 25% of U.S. waterborne exports are shipped through Louisiana's ports.

4. **Energy System Resilience Initiatives**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addresses vulnerabilities in energy systems that can be disrupted by severe weather events.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** No specific cost, timeframe, or location information is provided.
     - **Infrastructural Considerations:** Emphasis on "microgrids" and "distributed-generation pilot options," suggesting modern infrastructural upgrades.
     - **Environmental and Economic Considerations:** Transition to renewable resources and improvements to grid efficiency reduce GHG emissions, potentially improving air quality and offering economic benefits through job creation in low-carbon technologies.

5. **Public Awareness and Climate Action Culture**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** General lack of awareness regarding climate change impacts and preparedness in the community.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** No specific cost, timeframe, or location details are provided.
     - **Economic and Social Considerations:** By building a culture of awareness, the plan links climate action with alleviating poverty, unemployment, and addressing racial inequity.
     - **Infrastructural and Community Resilience:** Emphasizes educating the citizens about climate risks and resilience, leading to a more informed and prepared community.

These resilience options collectively aim to improve New Orleans' ability to adapt to climate change impacts while integrating mitigation strategies that align with broader social, economic, and environmental objectives.

Based on the document, the following mitigation options are identified:

   - *Attributes*: The city’s green infrastructure program aims to manage water and reduce the urban heat island effect. Additionally, it captures and stores carbon emissions, and ongoing efforts involve coastal marsh restoration. Trees play a critical role in carbon sequestration.
   - *Quote*: "Green infrastructure, including new tree plantings, water storage, and green spaces, helps to manage water, but it also reduces the effects of the urban heat island effect...trees and green infrastructure also have the ability to capture and store carbon emissions" (City’s green infrastructure).

2. **Renewable Energy Transition**
   - *Attributes*: This includes the transition to renewable electricity sources such as solar panels, fuel cells, and combined heat and power, in conjunction with technologies like battery storage and microgrids.
   - *Cost and Timing*: There are various actions and tasks proposed or in development, such as setting a local solar goal of 255 megawatts by 2030 and installing solar on city property.
   - *Quote*: "The transition of our power to renewable electricity such as solar panels, and distributed energy such as fuel cells and combined heat and power, along with ancillary technologies such as battery storage and microgrids" (ENERGY).

3. **Improving Energy Efficiency**
   - *Attributes*: The city plans to increase annual energy savings, benchmark, disclose, and reduce energy use in commercial buildings, and launch energy challenges.
   - *Cost and Timing*: Save energy and make savings a sustainable resource has a target of a 0.2% increase annually through 2030, and the implementation of energy-smart programs to align regulations with the city’s GHG reduction goals.
   - *Quote*: "Save energy and make our savings a sustainable resource...Benchmark, disclose, and reduce energy use in commercial buildings" (ENERGY).

4. **Waste Reduction Initiatives**
   - *Attributes*: Focused on reducing waste generation and increasing reuse to reduce GHG emissions, including evaluating opportunities for methane capture and composting.
   - *Location and Cost*: Proposed actions at Gentilly Landfill and SWBNO water treatment plants.
   - *Quote*: "Our waste management contributes significant GHG pollution to the atmosphere, so reducing the amount of waste generated and increasing our reuse of materials will ultimately reduce our contributions to climate change" (WASTE).

5. **Transportation Improvements**
   - *Attributes*: Emphasis on making transportation infrastructure more efficient and reliable, decreasing dependence on cars, promoting active transportation, and increasing fuel efficiency.
   - *Cost and Timing*: Includes active tasks like improving public transit access and efficiency.
   - *Quote*: "Transform infrastructure to reduce car dependence...Encourage active transportation" (TRANSPORTATION).

6. **Building Urban Resilience**
   - *Attributes*: Urban resilience is expanded to include climate action, alleviating poverty, addressing racial inequity, and community improvement.
   - *Cost and Timing*: Ongoing commitments to prioritizing equity and working with community organizations.
   - *Quote*: "Urban resilience is an expansive vision of the capacity of individuals, communities, institutions, businesses, and systems to survive, adapt, and grow despite the chronic stresses and acute shocks we experience" (Climate Action for a Resilient New Orleans).

Each of these mitigation options has different levels of implementation status, with some actions in development or proposed, indicating timelines for achieving specific goals extending up to 2030.

The plan identifies multiple mitigation options aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Below is a summary of each mitigation option with the available details:

1. **Green Infrastructure:**
   - *Details:* Implementation of green infrastructure, such as new tree plantings, water storage, and green spaces, to reduce the urban heat island effect and capture carbon emissions.
   - *Attributes:* These actions help manage water, cool hotspots, and contribute to carbon sequestration through coordinated restoration of coastal marshes.
   - *Timeframe/Cost/Location:* No specific costs or timeframes provided.
   - *Citation*: Introduction

2. **Electric Grid Efficiency:**
   - *Details:* Improving the efficiency and reliability of the electric grid to prepare for and reduce GHG pollution.
   - *Attributes:* Transitioning power to renewable sources like solar panels and distributed energy (e.g., fuel cells), with technologies such as battery storage and microgrids.

   - *Details:* Reduction of waste generated and increased reuse of materials to ultimately reduce GHG emissions.
   - *Attributes:* Implementation of a comprehensive recycling and waste reduction initiative.

   - *Details:* Improving transportation infrastructure—the efficiency, reliability, and accessibility—to reduce pollution from urban mobility.
   - *Attributes:* Encourages forms of travel other than cars and includes plans to increase ridership and reduce car dependence.

5. **Transition to Renewable Energy:**
   - *Details:* Adoption of a 100% low-carbon power standard and setting local solar goals of 255 megawatts by 2030.
   - *Attributes:* Includes actions like transitioning from coal to cleaner energy sources.
   - *Timeframe/Cost/Location:* By 2030, proposed adoption and transition plans are in development.
   - *Citation*: Strategies Actions Tasks

6. **Energy Savings and Efficiency:**
   - *Details:* Increase annual energy savings and benchmark energy usage in commercial buildings.
   - *Attributes:* Includes launching an energy challenge and integrating demand-side management into resource planning.
   - *Timeframe/Cost/Location:* Proposed actions to be executed through 2030.

7. **Recycling in City Buildings:**
   - *Details:* Implementation of recycling pickup at all City facilities.
   - *Attributes:* Aim to recycle 30% of waste by 2020, 40% by 2025, and 50% by 2030.
   - *Timeframe/Cost/Location:* By 2030, with interim goals in 2020 and 2025.

8. **Improve Fuel Efficiency of City Fleet:**
   - *Details:* Development of a fleet management plan incorporating alternative fuels and idling reduction technologies.
   - *Attributes:* Focus on reducing costs, improving efficiency, and minimizing GHG emissions.
   - *Timeframe/Cost/Location:* Plan development initiated, full execution by 2018 (past deadline).

Details regarding specific costs for each option are not provided in the plan.

The plan identifies a variety of adaptation options to address different climate threats New Orleans faces. Below is a summary of each adaptation option along with relevant information:

1. **Coastal Protection and Restoration**
   - **Climate Threat:** Sea level rise and more intense storms.
   - **Information:** The City is advancing coastal protection and restoration efforts as part of a multiple lines of defense approach. "Our city is now better prepared for the threat of storm surge than ever before with a massive hurricane risk reduction levee and surge barrier system." There is a "$14.5 billion federal investment" in these infrastructure projects.

   - **Information:** The City is advancing coastal protection and restoration efforts as part of a multiple lines of defense approach. "Our city is now better prepared for the threat of storm surge than ever before with a massive hurricane risk reduction levee and surge barrier system." There is a "$14.5 billion federal investment" in these infrastructure projects. 

2. **Urban Water Management**
   - **Climate Threat:** Increased frequency and intensity of rainfall leading to flooding.
   - **Information:** The City is investing in comprehensive and innovative urban water management as part of its adaptation strategy. Specific costs and timeframes are not provided, but the focus is on managing water "as an asset in the landscape, increase safety, beautify neighborhoods, filter pollutants, and provide spaces and places for recreation and social gathering."

3. **Risk Reduction Incentives**
   - **Climate Threat:** Risks associated with flooding and storm damage.
   - **Information:** Efforts include "incentivizing property owners to invest in risk reduction" through home elevations and building code improvements. No specific costs or timeline details are provided.

4. **Evacuation Systems**
   - **Climate Threat:** Intense storms and hurricanes.
   - **Information:** The City has established a City-assisted Evacuation (CAE) system to aid those who cannot evacuate the city during a mandatory evacuation order. Specific costs and timeframes are not discussed.

5. **Green Infrastructure Implementation Program**
   - **Climate Threat:** Urban heat island effect and flooding.
   - **Information:** A comprehensive program to adapt urban systems to retain water, increase safety, and cool down hotspots through "new tree plantings, water storage, and green spaces...coordinated and comprehensive restoration of coastal marshes." No specific costs are provided.

6. **Electric Grid Redundancy and Reliability**
   - **Climate Threat:** Reliability of infrastructure systems supplying energy and water amidst climate-induced disruptions.
   - **Information:** Includes "redundancy and reliability improvements to our electric grid, and the development of microgrids and backup power for our most critical assets, including water and pumping infrastructure." No costs or specific timeframes detailed.

7. **Data-Driven Decision-Making Tools**
   - **Climate Threat:** Various climate impacts, including urban heat island effect and infrastructure vulnerabilities.
   - **Information:** Partnering with organizations to utilize "a suite of climate adaptation tools tailored to New Orleans’ unique landscape, climate, and built environment." These tools will guide capital projects and are part of ongoing efforts with unspecified costs.

The plan highlights a comprehensive and integrated approach to adaptation, focusing on both infrastructural and community-based strategies without detailing specific costs or exact timeframes for many of the projects.

**1. Initiative to support low- and moderate-income families going solar**

- **Threat Addressed:** The initiative addresses the threat of climate change by promoting the adoption of renewable energy sources like solar power, which helps mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.
- **Vulnerable Populations:** It targets low- and moderate-income families, who are often more vulnerable to energy cost fluctuations and less likely to have the resources to invest in renewable energy solutions (*Climate Action for a Resilient New Orleans*).

**2. Making transit more useful for city residents without cars**

- **Threat Addressed:** This policy addresses the threat of pollution and greenhouse gas emissions associated with high reliance on personal vehicles.
- **Vulnerable Populations:** It focuses on residents without access to cars, who are likely to face higher transportation vulnerability, particularly those in low-income communities (*Climate Action for a Resilient New Orleans*).

**3. Making the community bicycle-share program accessible to low-income workers**

- **Threat Addressed:** Similar to improving public transit, this policy seeks to reduce emissions from transportation by providing alternative, eco-friendly transportation options.
- **Vulnerable Populations:** It specifically aims to aid low-income workers, who may not have consistent access to personal vehicles and who could benefit from affordable and reliable transportation alternatives (*Climate Action for a Resilient New Orleans*).

**Potential Unforeseen Maladaptive Climate Policies:**

   - **Climate Threat it is Addressing:** The program addresses climate threats such as urban heat island effect and water management issues. It also aims to mitigate carbon emissions and enhance resilience against flooding through water storage and green spaces. *"Green infrastructure, including new tree plantings, water storage, and green spaces, helps to manage water, but it also reduces the effects of the urban heat island effect—cooling down hotspots. In addition, trees and green infrastructure also have the ability to capture and store carbon emissions, which helps mitigate our contribution to climate change."* (Introduction)

   - **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:** The option proposed includes the establishment of green infrastructure to improve the urban environment and management of resources. *"The City is now embarking on an ambitious green infrastructure implementation program that focuses on adapting current systems to retain water as an asset in the landscape, increase safety, beautify neighborhoods, filter pollutants, and provide spaces and places for recreation and social gathering."* (Climate Action for a Resilient New Orleans)

   - **Why it may cause inadvertent maladaption:** While the primary goals include cooling and water management, the implementation of urban green projects may lead to increased gentrification and displacement of low-income residents if not managed equitably. If the program doesn't prioritize equitable access and inclusivity, it could exacerbate social vulnerabilities and economic disparities by making certain areas less affordable for current residents.

By carefully designing and monitoring these strategies, it is possible to reduce the risks of maladaptation while achieving intended climate adaptation and mitigation goals.

### Success Measurement of Climate Actions

#### Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)
- **Reduction Trend in Greenhouse Gas Emissions:** The plan mentions tracking a reduction trend in greenhouse gas emissions as a key performance indicator (KPIs are cited in the "IMPLEMENTATION & MONITORING" chapter).

#### Specific Goals and Targets

  - **Objective:** Reduce annual greenhouse gas pollution by 50% by 2030, compared to the current levels.
  - **Tracking:** Progress towards this target will be measured annually through specified performance indicators. (Reference: **2030 Vision** section)

- **Energy:**
  - **Low-Carbon Electricity Use:** Achieve 100% low-carbon electricity by 2030.
  - **Energy Savings Goal:** Increase energy savings by 0.2% annually through 2030.
  - **City-Specific Energy Savings:** Meet a City energy savings goal of 15% by 2020. (Mentioned in the **ENERGY** section under action tasks related to energy savings).

  - **Non-Car Travel Share:** Take 50% of trips in modes other than driving by 2030.
  - **Trip Efficiency:** Set goals for increased ridership with a 2030 horizon.

- **Waste Management:**
  - **Waste Diversion:** Divert 50% of waste from landfills by 2030.

  - **Tree Planting Goal:** Conduct a tree survey and plant 40,000 trees by 2030.

#### Progress Tracking
- **Annual Inventory and Progress Report:** An annual inventory of greenhouse gas emissions and a progress report on actions will be conducted by the Office of Resilience and Sustainability (ORS).
- **Emissions Factors:** Specific factors used for calculating emissions (e.g., for electricity) will be updated annually to refine the estimates and track results more accurately.

In summary, the plan employs reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, increased use of low-carbon electricity, enhanced non-car transportation modes, and waste diversion as measurable metrics, with specific numeric targets and deadlines to track success and guide policy implementation.

| **Feature**          | **Description**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|----------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | New Orleans                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| **Population**       | Not directly mentioned in the document, but it discusses "an already overcrowded planet and an expectation to add up to four billion more people by 2100." The document refers to New Orleans as a city, implying localized urban characteristics.                                                     |
| **Threats Identified**| - Coastal erosion and subsidence<br>- Sea level rise and increased intensity of weather events<br>- Extreme heat episodes<br>- Increased concentrations of air pollutants and allergens<br>- Risk of vector-borne diseases<br>- Overburdened and threatened coastal settlements *(Introduction)*                                   |
| **Measures Identified** | - Implement a 100% low-carbon power standard<br>- Transition away from coal use<br>- Increase local solar capacity<br>- Energy savings and efficiency improvements<br>- Waste reduction and recycling initiatives<br>- Improve transportation infrastructure and choices *(Implementation & Monitoring)*                              |
```

The plan does not provide a detailed description of the physical and economic landscape of the planning jurisdiction, including specific information about the location, population, demographics, average income, geographic features, or key infrastructure. Similarly, details regarding the local climate, energy production, natural resources, and critical industries and economic drivers that are crucial to the region are not explicitly mentioned in the sections provided. Hence, I am unable to furnish a comprehensive summary based on the provided document.

The "Climate Action Plan" prepared for the City of Carson, in cooperation with the South Bay Cities Council of Governments (SBCCOG), primarily addresses the components of resilience, mitigation, and adaptation through various strategies and goals. Here's how the plan addresses each component:

- The document does not explicitly mention "resilience" as a dedicated section. However, it includes elements that support resilience indirectly, particularly in the context of making the community more sustainable and less vulnerable to climate-related impacts, such as promoting zero emission vehicles, transforming built environments into green spaces, and enhancing existing infrastructure. These efforts contribute to the community’s ability to cope with climate hazards and maintain essential functions.

- **Mitigation is a primary focus** of the plan. The plan outlines various measures to achieve GHG emissions reduction targets, including:
  - Land Use and Transportation improvements, which aim to integrate sustainable land use patterns and enhance transportation options.
  - Energy Efficiency strategies to reduce energy consumption in buildings.
  - Promotion of renewable energy generation and storage.
  - Waste management strategies to reduce emissions from solid waste.
  - Urban Greening initiatives that contribute to carbon sequestration.
- The aim is to reduce emissions by approximately 256,741 MT CO2e/yr and meet reduction targets of 15% below 2005 levels by 2020 and 49% by 2035 (Climate Action Plan, 2017).

- While the plan primarily emphasizes mitigation, it also includes adaptation measures. These are embedded within broader strategies aimed at supporting infrastructure improvements and enhancing local environmental quality in ways that also adapt to projected climate impacts.

Based on the emphasis on GHG reduction and the inclusion of both mitigation and some adaptation strategies within the broader sustainability context, the plan can be classified as an **"Equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan."**

The plan strives to address both mitigation and adaptation efforts to support the community’s broader sustainability goals. Although the mitigation aspect is strongly highlighted, the inclusion of adaptation elements justifies its classification within this category.

The plan does not explicitly describe a specific scenario of climate change that the planning jurisdiction will face. However, it does indicate areas where climate policies are being developed and implemented. The plan includes strategies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions through various sectors such as transportation, land use, energy, and waste, as a means to enhance resilience and advance climate mitigation and adaptation efforts. These efforts are aligned with state-level goals for GHG reduction, evident from statements such as:

- **Purpose and Need for the Climate Action Plan:** The adoption of the Climate Action Plan (CAP) allows the City of Carson to understand GHG emissions, identify reduction strategies, and implement and monitor progress toward climate goals. Goals include promoting zero emission vehicles, reducing energy and water usage, transforming built environments into green spaces, and supporting renewable energy (Introduction - Climate Action Plan).

- **Reductions and Targets:** The City of Carson has set GHG emission reduction goals consistent with the State’s AB 32 target of a 15% reduction from 2005 levels by 2020 and a 49% reduction by 2035. These goals aim to align with state efforts to achieve an 80% reduction below 1990 levels by 2050 (GhG Emissions Overview, Climate Action Plan). 

These elements suggest an overarching scenario where the jurisdiction acknowledges the necessity to address climate change through strategic planning and local government initiatives in line with state policies.

The document provided does not specifically list or describe climate hazards, climate risks, or areas/populations with climate vulnerability within the planning jurisdiction. Please refer to another section or document that specifically deals with climate impact assessments for this information.

Based on the content provided in the plan, the following resilience options are identified:

### **1. Accelerate the Market for Electric Vehicles**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option addresses climate threats related to GHG emissions from traditional fossil fuel-based transportation.
     - Various funding sources are listed, such as the Economic Development Administration (EDA) Grant and the California Air Resource Board (CARB). (Implementation and Monitoring)
     - Co-benefits include improved air quality and public health due to the use of zero emission vehicles. (Measure Description)

### **2. Adopt Active Transportation**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Reduces dependency on vehicular transportation and lowers GHG emissions.
     - Funding sources include the Surface Transportation Block Grant Program and Caltrans ATP Grant. (Implementation and Monitoring)
     - Co-benefits include safer streets, reduced pollution, and healthier lifestyles. (Adaptation Strategy)

### **3. Integrate Neighborhood Oriented Development (NOD)**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addresses GHG emissions by promoting reduced vehicle use and increased neighborhood connectivity.
     - Funding includes Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) Program and Strategic Growth Council (SGC) Grant. (Implementation and Monitoring)
     - Promotes social equity and economic growth by enhancing community livability. (Adaptation Strategy)

### **4. Transit Network Infrastructure**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Seeks to mitigate emissions from transportation by enhancing public transit options.
     - Funded by the Low Carbon Transit Operations Program and local initiatives like Measure M. (Implementation and Monitoring)
     - Aims to improve regional mobility and connectivity. (Co-Benefits)

### **5. Land Use Element and Zoning Update (Affordable Housing)**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Tackles emissions from transportation and housing through strategic land use planning.
     - Funding from Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) Program and Affordable Housing and Sustainable Communities (AHSC) Program. (Implementation and Monitoring)
     - Encourages economic development and increases access to green spaces. (Co-Benefits)

### **6. Energy Efficiency**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Targets energy consumption and aims to reduce emissions from buildings.
     - Supports using energy-efficient appliances and retrofitting buildings to save on energy costs. (Measure Description)
     - Co-benefits include energy conservation and reduced operational costs. (Measure EE: H5 - Adopt a Procurement Policy for EE Equipment)

### **7. Waste, Greening, Energy Generation**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Reduces emissions related to waste management and energy generation.
     - Includes policies for renewable energy generation like solar power and energy storage. (Measure EGS: A3)
     - Enhances natural carbon sinks and promotes renewable energy industries. (Measure EGS: A3 Sub-strategies)

### **Economic, Environmental, or Infrastructural Considerations:**
- **Economic:** These resilience options are associated with economic development through job creation, increased market opportunities for renewable energy, and reduced energy costs.
- **Environmental:** Options result in improved air quality, enhanced public health, and support biodiversity through urban greening.
- **Infrastructural:** Improves infrastructure through transit system enhancements and land use optimization.

Note: The plan does not provide explicit cost, timeframe, or specific location details for each option, but outlines funding sources and overarching strategies linked to implementation.

The plan identifies several mitigation options under various categories. Below is a summary of the identified mitigation options and the information provided in the plan regarding their cost, timing, location, and other important attributes:

### **Mitigation Options Identified:**

1. **Land Use and Transportation**
   - **Attributes:** The plan emphasizes strategies like Transit Oriented Development (TOD) and Neighborhood Oriented Development (NOD) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. These strategies focus on local GHG mitigation measures that have been developed through extensive field research on mobility, zero emission vehicles, and destinations. 
   - **Sources:** California Air Pollution Control Officers Association and Sustainable South Bay Strategies.
   - **Timing and Cost:** Not specifically detailed in terms of cost and timing.

   - **Attributes:** This category includes various measures aiming for reduced energy consumption, thus reducing GHG emissions. The exact measures are not specified in terms of location or cost but are part of broader strategies to meet the target reductions.
   - **Timing and Cost:** The plan does not provide specific details on timing and cost for these measures.

3. **Energy Generation & Storage**
   - **Attributes:** Although this category is mentioned as part of the broader strategies to reduce GHG emissions, the plan states that emission reductions were not quantified for this category.
   - **Timing and Cost:** Not detailed.

4. **Solid Waste**
   - **Attributes:** Strategies under this category aim at reducing waste-related emissions. Specific methods or strategies are generally referred to but not detailed in the document.
   - **Timing and Cost:** No specific timing or cost information is provided.

5. **Urban Greening**
   - **Attributes:** Urban greening includes parks, forests, green roofs, local agriculture, street trees, and community gardens acting as carbon sinks. Despite negligible GHG reduction at the city level (0.01%), it has other co-benefits like improving air quality and community well-being.
   - **Timing and Cost:** Not specified in the plan.

### **General Implementation Information:**

- **Implementation and Monitoring:** The plan outlines generic steps for implementation across all categories, including administration and staffing, financing, measure implementation, public participation, and monitoring. However, specific timing and costs for individual measures aren't outlined.
- **Financing:** Various potential funding sources are listed, however, the eligibility or availability of these funds for individual projects is not specified.

- **Co-benefits:** The plan notes that many strategies have co-benefits beyond reducing GHG emissions, such as better air quality, public health improvements, and safer streets.
- **Emphasis on Sustainable Transportation:** Many mitigation options focus on improving transportation systems through sustainable methods, aiding GHG reductions indirectly through better planning and infrastructure.
  
The plan suggests that regional agencies and local governments should work collaboratively to implement these mitigation activities, with a strong emphasis on community involvement and innovative financing mechanisms.

   - **Summary:** Facilitate pedestrian and neighborhood development; reduce automobile emissions by supporting zero emission vehicle infrastructure; improve pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure; enhance public transit service.
   - **Cost:** Not specifically stated.
   - **Timeframe:** By 2035, aligning with reduction targets.
   - **Location:** City of Carson.
   - **Attributes:** Focus on reductions in single-occupancy vehicle use (GHG Emissions Overview, Selected Strategies).

   - **Summary:** Emphasize retrofits for existing buildings; establish energy performance requirements for new construction; implement water-efficient landscaping; provide financing programs for low-interest loans for energy efficiency improvements.
   - **Attributes:** Supports decreasing dependence on traditional energy sources while enhancing energy performance (GHG Emissions Overview, Selected Strategies).

3. **Solid Waste**
   - **Summary:** Increase waste diversion; encourage recycling and composting participation throughout the community.
   - **Attributes:** Aims to enhance sustainability by focusing on community waste management practices (GHG Emissions Overview, Selected Strategies).

4. **Urban Greening**
   - **Summary:** Implement measures to create “carbon sinks”; support community health.
   - **Attributes:** Enhances community health and acts as carbon storage (GHG Emissions Overview, Selected Strategies).

5. **Energy Generation & Storage**
   - **Summary:** Support implementation of clean, renewable energy; decrease dependence on traditional, GHG emitting power sources.
   - **Attributes:** Emphasizes commitment to renewable energy sources (GHG Emissions Overview, Selected Strategies).

**General Implementation Attributes:**
- **Cost Effectiveness:** Considered in prioritizing implementation (Implementation and Monitoring, Step 3 - Measure Implementation).
- **Timeframes:** Align strategies with set reduction targets by 2020 and further by 2035 (Reduction Targets, Figure 14).
- **Monitoring:** Ongoing process to adjust for cost-effectiveness and evolve with new technologies (Implementation and Monitoring, Step 5 - Monitoring).

**Overall, each mitigation option is part of a broader goal to achieve a 49% reduction below 2005 levels by 2035, focusing on energy, waste, and greening strategies while enhancing transportation infrastructure and land use planning.**

Based strictly on the provided document, the plan identifies the following adaptation options:

### Urban Greening

   - Urban greening is intended to address various climate threats by acting as "carbon sinks" that store greenhouse gas emissions, indirectly reducing overall atmospheric GHG levels.

2. **Information Regarding Cost, Timeframe, Location, and Other Important Attributes:**
   - **Cost:**
     - The document does not provide specific details on the financial costs associated with urban greening initiatives.
   - **Timeframe:**
     - The plan does not specify a particular timeframe for the implementation of urban greening measures.
   - **Location:**
     - Urban greening includes spaces such as parks, forests, green roofs, local agriculture, street trees, and community gardens. These are generally located within urban areas.
     - Urban greening spaces provide multiple co-benefits, including:
       - Critical ecosystem services
       - Promotion of physical activities
       - Improvement of psychological well-being of the community
       - Reduction in vehicle miles traveled
     - Though the GHG emission reductions achieved through urban greening are deemed negligible at the city level, its importance is highlighted by these additional benefits. 
     - Urban greening efforts contribute to supporting the State of California's 2050 GHG reduction goal.

Within the contents provided, the document summarizes urban greening as the main adaptation strategy, and does not delve into further specifics about other adaptation options.

Based on the provided document, there is no direct mention of specific climate policies that are explicitly designated to advance climate justice, nor does it identify specific climate threats or detail particular areas or populations with the most climate vulnerability with respect to climate justice. 

The document does mention that "The City of Carson is committed to providing a more livable, equitable, and economically vibrant community and sub-region" (*Introduction*), and it implies consideration for public health impact which may indirectly relate to climate justice through improved air quality and alternative transportation (*Existing Sustainability Efforts*). However, these segments do not go into detail specifically regarding policies targeting climate justice.

The document does mention that "The City of Carson is committed to providing a more livable, equitable, and economically vibrant community and sub-region" (*Introduction*), and it implies consideration for public health impact which may indirectly relate to climate justice through improved air quality and alternative transportation (*Existing Sustainability Efforts*). However, these segments do not go into detail specifically regarding policies targeting climate justice. 

If more information were present, it could outline specific vulnerabilities or affected populations and give context to how the policies aim to address climate justice concerns.

Based strictly on the content of the provided plan, potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies are not explicitly identified. The document does not detail any specific maladaptive policies or discuss unintended consequences of proposed climate policies.

The plan highlights various strategies for reducing GHG emissions (mitigation) and promoting sustainable development (resilience and adaptation), but lacks specific analysis on potential maladaptive outcomes. Therefore, without explicit information in the document about maladaptive climate policies, a detailed summary of any such policies cannot be provided.

**The plan measures the success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options using the following metrics and targets**:

### **GHG Emission Reductions:**

- **Quantifiable Metrics:**
  - The plan uses metric tons of CO2 equivalent (MT CO2e) as a unit to quantify reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. 
  - For instance, "the five categories included in the CAP have the potential to reduce approximately 256,741 MT CO2e/yr" (2017 | Implementation and Monitoring | Climate Action Plan).

- **Concrete Goals/Targets:**
  - The city aims to achieve "reduction targets of 15% below 2005 by 2020 and 49% below 2005 by 2035" (2017 | Implementation and Monitoring | Climate Action Plan).
  - By 2035, there's a need to implement measures that would reduce "665,221 MT CO2e emissions below the Adjusted BAU scenario to meet the State-aligned target" (2017 | GHG Emissions Overview | Climate Action Plan).

### **Sector-specific Efforts:**

  - The plan mentions the potential for energy efficiency strategies to reduce emissions by "211,840 MT CO2e by 2020 and 1,006,242 MT CO2e by 2035" (City of Carson State and Local GHG Reductions Comparison with Targets 2012-2035).

- **Solid Waste Reduction:**
  - Targeted reductions from waste strategies are "22,449 MT CO2e by 2020 and 23,689 MT CO2e by 2035" (City of Carson State and Local GHG Reductions Comparison with Targets 2012-2035).

- **Urban Greening:**
  - Urban greening measures aim to generate "carbon sinks" but no specific CO2 reduction target is quantified, except smaller reductions of "29 MT CO2e by 2020 and 51 MT CO2e by 2035" (City of Carson State and Local GHG Reductions Comparison with Targets 2012-2035).

### **Implementation and Assessment:**

- **Monitoring and Reporting:**
  - The plan emphasizes ongoing "monitoring and reporting of GHG reduction impacts and their cost-effectiveness," but does not specify index values or improvements in other areas like air quality (Implementation and Monitoring | Climate Action Plan).
  - Implementation strategies include developing an "implementation schedule for the reduction measures" and prioritizing based on "availability of funding, cost-effectiveness, GHG reduction efficiency" (Step 3 - Measure Implementation | Implementation and Monitoring | Climate Action Plan).

### **Public Participation and Adaptation:**

- **Community Involvement:**
  - Public participation is integral, with educational programs catalyzing public engagement to help achieve reduction goals, although specific participation metrics or targets are not detailed (Step 4 - Public Participation | Implementation and Monitoring | Climate Action Plan).

### **Deadlines:**

- Specific deadlines for realizing the reduction goals are set for the years 2020 and 2035, aligned with state objectives for climate action.

These detailed metrics, goal-setting, and efficient monitoring systems are essential for evaluating the progress and success of the climate strategies outlined in the plan.

| Feature                  | Description                                                                                                                                                                                           |
|--------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name**   | City of Manhattan Beach and City of Carson                                                                                                                                                            |
| **Population**           | Not specified in the document.                                                                                                                                                                        |
| **Threats Identified**   | Climate change impacts leading to increased temperatures, sea-level rise, and extreme weather events that could affect greenhouse gas emissions, public health, air quality, and ecosystem vulnerability. |
| **Measures Identified**  | - **Land Use and Transportation**: Facilitate pedestrian and neighborhood development, support zero emission vehicle infrastructure.<br>- **Energy Efficiency**: Retrofits, performance requirements for new buildings.<br>- **Solid Waste**: Increase waste diversion, encourage recycling and composting.<br>- **Urban Greening**: Create carbon sinks, urban forestry maintenance.<br>- **Energy Generation & Storage**: Support clean, renewable energy.             |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction:** City of Knoxville

**Location and Major Geographic Features:**
- **Geographic Features:** Knoxville is located in East Tennessee, known for its "beautiful and scenic open spaces." It features "sprawling outdoor parks and trail systems located just a short ride from the heart of downtown." These lush spaces contribute to carbon sequestration and help mitigate environmental challenges such as "localized flooding and urban heat island effect" (Resilient Communities Overview).

- The document does not provide specific details on the population, demographics, or average income of Knoxville.

- The plan does not explicitly mention specific key infrastructure such as airports or seaports.

- Knoxville faces environmental risks, as noted in the "Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan," which highlights "increased localized flooding events" and "high-intensity rainfall events" (Resilient Communities Overview). The plan does not mention specific details about aridity or water challenges.

- **Energy Production:** The City promotes investments in "community solar and in-valley investments" as part of renewables at scale initiatives (2021 Sustainability Work Plan).
- No specific details regarding oil and gas production.

- Knoxville has emerged as a leader in "outdoor recreation and tourism," which are significant economic assets (Resilient Communities Overview).
- The document does not provide further explicit details about other industries or economic drivers crucial to the region.

Overall, the plan highlights Knoxville's commitment to sustainability and resilience, leveraging its natural landscapes and investing in renewable energy and green infrastructure to address environmental challenges and support economic growth.

**Summary of How the Plan Addresses Each Component:**

  - *Resilience is emphasized through measures such as promoting low-impact design and investing in infrastructure to handle increased localized flooding events.* The plan specifically highlights the "Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan" which incorporates "forward-looking changing severity of impacts of climate change, including extreme temperatures" (Resilient Communities Overview). 
  - *Green infrastructure projects, such as wetland construction and permeable parking lots, are critical for mitigating damages caused by stormwater and high-intensity rainfall events*. Additionally, the city aims to enhance public transit and improve "bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure" to improve connectivity and resilience (Sustainable Landscapes & Green Infrastructure).

  - The plan has a strong emphasis on mitigation through several strategies aimed at reducing GHG emissions. This includes the development of energy upgrade programs for buildings, promoting renewable energy, and accelerating the adoption of electric vehicles (Buildings & Energy Priorities).
  - It highlights the 2021 Sustainability Work Plan's focus on "community priorities to drive greenhouse gas emissions down and identify new metrics to evaluate long-term success" (2021 Energy & Sustainability Work Plan). These mitigation strategies align with Knoxville's goals to reduce GHG emissions by 80% by 2050 (Re-evaluating Priorities).

  - Although adaptation is not as prominently mentioned as mitigation, it is interwoven with resilience strategies. The plan mentions that "lush spaces are not only an economic asset but a tool to sequester carbon and reduce environmental problems that plague urban environments" which indicates adaptation through ecological measures (Resilient Communities Overview).
  - Investments in infrastructure to manage flooding and reduction of urban heat island effect are part of adapting to climate impacts (Green Infrastructure).

**Classification of the Plan as a Whole:**

- The plan is best classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. While it places a strong emphasis on reducing GHG emissions and mitigating climate impacts through various strategies, it also addresses adaptation and resilience by focusing on infrastructure improvements and preparedness for climate risks.

Yes, the plan does describe scenarios of climate change that the planning jurisdiction will face and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation.

- The plan recognizes that **"East Tennessee is known for its beautiful and scenic open spaces"** and that Knoxville has become a leader in outdoor recreation and tourism. The natural landscapes are considered both an economic asset and a tool for sequestration of carbon and reduction of environmental problems, such as localized flooding and the urban heat island effect (**Resilient Communities Overview**).

- The **Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan** identifies environmental risks residents face. The 2017 edition of this plan incorporates forward-looking impacts of climate change, notably extreme temperatures (**Resilient Communities Overview**).

- In terms of emissions scenarios, the plan includes various projections for 2030 and 2050, considering factors such as transportation and adoption of net zero carbon electricity. For instance, the plan mentions a business-as-usual scenario versus scenarios that account for high adoption of transportation measures and comprehensive measures with net zero carbon electricity (**Re-evaluating Priorities**).

These scenarios help guide the implementation of climate policies designed to build resilience, mitigate emissions, and adapt the community to expected changes induced by climate change.

1. **Urban Heat Island Effect**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Increased temperatures in urban areas compared to surrounding rural areas.
   - **Climate Risks:** The plan mentions that urban heat islands exacerbate extreme temperatures and can significantly affect human health and demand for energy.
   - **Vulnerability:** The document does not specify which populations are most vulnerable, but typically areas with fewer trees and less vegetation are more susceptible.

2. **Localized Flooding**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Increased occurrences of flooding due to severe weather events and infrastructure limitations.
   - **Climate Risks:** Flooding can cause damage to property, disrupt transportation networks, and affect the local economy.
   - **Vulnerability:** Populations in areas with poor drainage systems and low-lying regions are more vulnerable to flooding.

3. **Extreme Temperatures**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Rising temperatures due to climate change.
   - **Climate Risks:** Extreme temperatures can lead to health risks, increased energy demand, and stress on infrastructure systems.
   - **Vulnerability:** Vulnerable groups include the elderly, children, and those without access to air conditioning.

4. **Increased Rainfall and Stormwater Runoff**
   - **Climate Hazard:** More frequent and intense rainfall events.
   - **Climate Risks:** Leads to stormwater management challenges, increased risk of flooding, and water quality issues.
   - **Vulnerability:** Properties and areas with inadequate stormwater infrastructure are at higher risk.

5. **Stormwater and High-Intensity Rainfall Events**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Increased frequency of intense rainfall.
   - **Climate Risks:** Can lead to significant stormwater management challenges and increase the risk of flooding.
   - **Vulnerability:** Areas with inadequate infrastructure to manage runoff are particularly vulnerable.

Each of these hazards poses significant risks to infrastructure, public health, and the environment, with particular concern for vulnerable populations residing in susceptible areas.

1. **Investing in Infrastructure for Increased Localized Flooding Events**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Increased localized flooding events.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** There are no specific cost details provided, but investments are mentioned as ongoing efforts. Timeframe and location specifics are not detailed. Projects might be implemented throughout the city as needed based on environmental risks.
   - **Other Attributes:** The infrastructure investments aim not only to handle increased flooding events but also to promote low-impact design. These initiatives aim to reduce the economic and environmental consequences of flooding and improve urban resilience against climate impacts. (*Resilient Communities Overview*)

2. **Sequestering Carbon through Scenic Open Spaces**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Urban environmental problems such as the urban heat island effect.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** While cost and specific timeframes are not detailed, it is noted that these spaces are located close to downtown Knoxville and are an economic asset.
   - **Other Attributes:** By maintaining and expanding open spaces, the plan seeks to enhance ecological resilience by using natural resources to decrease environmental problems. These spaces help stimulate economic growth through recreation and tourism while providing ecological benefits. (*Resilient Communities Overview*)

3. **Implementing Low-Impact Design in Community Projects**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Urban environmental degradation and increased flooding.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific cost details are not given. The initiatives are part of citywide enhancements and have been implemented across various infrastructural projects.
   - **Other Attributes:** Focusing on low-impact design promotes sustainable development. Infrastructure improvements seek to balance development with ecological integrity, potentially offering long-term economic benefits by reducing damage and service disruptions caused by climate impacts. (*Resilient Communities Overview*)

4. **Green Infrastructure Projects**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Mitigating damages from stormwater and high-intensity rainfall events.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** While cost specifics are not detailed, the timeframe includes ongoing projects overseen by the City of Knoxville Engineering. Locations include both public and private properties, with projects such as wetland construction at Fountain City Lake and infiltration islands on Dale Avenue.
   - **Other Attributes:** The projects are designed to manage stormwater more effectively, contributing to urban resilience. This promotes environmental sustainability by emulating natural processes and reducing infrastructure strain while providing cost-effective stormwater management solutions. (*Sustainable Landscapes*)

5. **Urban Tree Canopy Maintenance and Expansion**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Urban heat island effect and increased carbon levels.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific costs are not provided. The Urban Forestry Division handles maintenance, and coverage expansion is an ongoing goal citywide.
   - **Other Attributes:** Trees provide a multitude of benefits, including reducing cooling costs, carbon sequestration, and managing stormwater runoff. These environmental services exemplify how the natural environment can be an integral component of urban infrastructure strategies. (*Trees*)

The plan identifies several mitigation options aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Below are the details provided in the plan:

### **Transportation Mitigation Options:**
- **Expand and Improve Bicycle and Pedestrian Facilities:**
  - **Timing:** Ongoing with planned improvements.
  - **Location:** Community-wide with a focus on improving connectivity.
  - **Attributes:** Aims to increase trips taken by walking or biking, and success is measured by miles of improvements and estimated trips. (_Transportation Priorities_)

- **Public Transit Investments:**
  - **Timing:** Ongoing with future enhancements planned.
  - **Location:** Community-wide.
  - **Attributes:** Focuses on enhancing coverage, quality, frequency, and speed of public transit. Success is measured by the number of trips and improvements. (_Transportation Priorities_)

- **Accelerate Adoption of Electric Vehicles (EVs):**
  - **Timing:** High priority with future focus on community adoption.
  - **Attributes:** Success measured by EV registrations and electric vehicle supply equipment distribution. (_Transportation Priorities_)

- **Partner with Local Commercial Fleet Operators:**
  - **Cost:** Not explicitly stated.
  - **Timing:** Ongoing engagements with fleet operators.
  - **Location:** Community-wide with a focus on large fleet operators.
  - **Attributes:** Focus on transitioning to electric vehicles, success measured by EV registrations and infrastructure. (_Transportation Priorities_)

### **Buildings & Energy Mitigation Options:**
- **Large Commercial and Multi-Family Energy Upgrade Programs:**
  - **Cost:** Incentive-based, specifics not detailed.
  - **Timing:** Long-term focus, aiming for significant upgrades in 20%+ of buildings.
  - **Location:** Community-wide, targeted at larger buildings.
  - **Attributes:** Achieving deep energy savings (approx. 25%+), success measured by permits and energy intensity tracking. (_Buildings & Energy Priorities_)

- **Home Energy Upgrade Programs:**
  - **Cost:** Incentive and assistance-based, specifics not detailed.
  - **Timing:** Expanded focus on improving energy efficiency in homes.
  - **Attributes:** Target of deep energy savings in 20% of homes, success measured by participation and energy savings. (_Buildings & Energy Priorities_)

- **Renewable Energy Investment Opportunities:**
  - **Cost:** Community solar and generalized investment, specifics not detailed.
  - **Timing:** Ongoing with opportunities for scale investments.
  - **Location:** Community-wide with specific sites for solar.
  - **Attributes:** Focus on community solar and renewables, success measured by solar generation and participant numbers. (_Buildings & Energy Priorities_)

- **Electrification Strategies in Existing Buildings:**
  - **Timing:** Research and development focus over time.
  - **Attributes:** Promotes replacement of fossil fuel-fired systems with electric technologies, success measured by fuel source shares and usage. (_Buildings & Energy Priorities_)

### **Waste Mitigation Options:**
- **Food Waste Reduction and Collection Programs:**
  - **Cost:** Not specifically detailed, likely involving collection efforts.
  - **Timing:** Continuous program with high capture targets.
  - **Location:** High-volume locations like restaurants.
  - **Attributes:** Capture approx. 80% of organic waste, success measured by number of programs and audits. (_Waste Priorities_)

- **Increase Residential Recycling:**
  - **Cost:** Likely involves educational and promotional expenses.
  - **Timing:** Ongoing, with expanding educational engagement.
  - **Attributes:** Focus on raising recycling rates through community engagement, success measured by participation rates and presentations. (_Waste Priorities_)

- **Promote Consumption-Reduction Approaches:**
  - **Cost:** Focus on educational campaigns.
  - **Timing:** Long-term, educational.
  - **Attributes:** Emphasis on sharing and re-use, success measured by campaign participation. (_Waste Priorities_)

These mitigation options are aimed at reducing emissions and improving energy efficiency while considering community benefits and environmental impacts._("2021 Energy & Sustainability Work Plan")_

1. **Transportation Mitigation Strategies:**
   - **Electric Vehicles (EV) Adoption:** 
     - *Summary:* The plan focuses on accelerating community adoption of electric vehicles and partnering with major local commercial fleet operators to transition to electric vehicles.
     - *Measuring Success:* Number of EV registrations and Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) distribution on commercial property.
     - *Attributes:* 
       - **Location:** Community-wide implementation.
       - **Cost Information:** Not specified.
       - **Timeframe:** Not specified, but strategies are integrated into long-term community priorities.
   - **Public Transit Investments:**
     - *Summary:* Investments aimed at enhancing coverage, service quality, frequency, and speed of public transit.
     - *Measuring Success:* Number of trips, average route frequency, and number of bus stop improvements.
     - *Attributes:*
       - **Location:** Community-wide focus on transit connectivity.
       - **Timeframe:** Continuous improvement as part of ongoing transit development efforts.

2. **Buildings & Energy Mitigation Strategies:**
   - **Voluntary Energy Upgrade Programs:** 
     - *Summary:* Programs for large commercial, multi-family buildings, and homes to achieve deep energy savings (~25%+).
     - *Measuring Success:* Permits for improvements, tracking average energy intensity, program participation.
       - **Location:** Community buildings and homes.
       - **Cost Information:** Not specified, implied incentives and technical assistance.
       - **Timeframe:** 20%+ of buildings targeted, but specific timeframe not stated.
   - **Investments in Renewables:**
     - *Summary:* Opportunities to invest in renewables such as community solar and in-valley investments.
     - *Measuring Success:* Total solar generation, participation in community and renewable programs.
       - **Location:** Community-wide, with focus on local investments.
       - **Cost Information:** Not provided.
       - **Timeframe:** Not specifically mentioned, part of ongoing sustainability goals.

3. **Waste Mitigation Strategies:**
   - **Food Waste Reduction and Collection Programs:**
     - *Summary:* Programs aimed at capturing ~80%+ of organic waste from high-volume locations.
     - *Measuring Success:* Number of private collection programs, number of participants.
       - **Location:** High-volume locations such as restaurants.
       - **Timeframe:** Not specifically mentioned, integrated into community-wide waste management practices.
   - **Residential Recycling and Education:**
     - *Summary:* Increase residential recycling through community engagement and education strategies.
     - *Measuring Success:* Participation rates, educational presentations.
       - **Location:** Community-wide, residential focus.
       - **Timeframe:** Ongoing educational and engagement efforts.

These options demonstrate Knoxville's holistic approach to mitigation, emphasizing community-wide engagement and sector-specific actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The plan does not specifically detail costs or timeframes, suggesting a longer-term vision with multi-year strategies.

Based on the provided content, the plan identifies several adaptation options:

#### 1. **Green Infrastructure**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** The adaptation option is addressing stormwater management and increasing high-intensity rainfall events, which can lead to localized flooding.
- **Attributes:** The City of Knoxville Engineering oversees numerous water quality and green infrastructure projects annually on both public and private property. Projects like wetland construction, permeable parking lots, and infiltration islands are highlighted. A specific location mentioned is Fountain City Lake, showcasing a wetland construction project.

#### 2. **Low-Impact Design and Infrastructure Investments**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** These strategies focus on handling increased localized flooding events and the urban heat island effect that are becoming more severe due to climate change.
- **Attributes:** The City invests in infrastructure to support low-impact design, as reflected in their involvement with the Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan. This plan includes forward-looking assessments on climate change impacts such as extreme temperatures and increased severity of flooding, using expertise from Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

#### 3. **Sustainable Landscapes**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Urban development and its impact on natural carbon sequestration abilities.
- **Attributes:** Knoxville emphasizes the preservation and enhancement of its parks and greenspaces. The city is known for its outdoor recreation and tourism, and these green spaces serve to sequester carbon and mitigate environmental issues like urban heat islands and flooding.

It is noted that the plan does not explicitly provide detailed information on cost, specific timeframe, or comprehensive locations for these strategies; however, it emphasizes overarching goals and strategies embedded in city planning and infrastructure efforts.

The plan emphasizes advancing climate justice through various strategies embedded in its policies. Here are the identified climate policies and their implications:

1. **Sustainability Work Plan Refocus**  
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** It specifically focuses on "how can we advance climate goals while also supporting the specific needs of the most vulnerable in our community?" suggesting that it aims to address communities with high vulnerability to climate impacts ("2021 Sustainability Work Plan").

2. **Equity Working Group's Strategy Screening**  
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Greenhouse gas emissions reduction strategies with an emphasis on equity outcomes.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The group "screened strategies by considering subject matter expertise, lived experiences, and community surveys," targeting areas with historically marginalized communities or those experiencing social and economic inequities (Equity Working Group).

3. **Investments in Public Transit and Infrastructure**  
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Transportation emissions (comprising 59% of community emissions), traffic congestion, air pollution.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The policy aims to "expand and improve bicycle and pedestrian facilities" and "make public transit investments," which would benefit low-income communities and those without access to personal vehicles (Transportation Overview Director’s Statement).

4. **Building Efficiency and Clean Energy**  
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Energy emissions from buildings which constitute 37% of community-wide emissions.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Investments in energy efficiency, especially in homes, target "housing affordability through lower energy expenditures," benefiting low-income households and making their homes more resilient to energy price fluctuations (Buildings & Energy Overview Director’s Statement).

Each of these policies is crafted to ensure that as the city of Knoxville addresses climate change, it also caters to the needs of its most vulnerable populations, integrating equity into the climate action agenda.

Based on the provided plan, the following potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies are identified:

### Policy 1: **Investments in Low-Impact Design & Infrastructure**

- **Climate Threat it Addresses:**
  - The policy aims to address localized flooding events and urban heat island effects, which are exacerbated by climate change. This is discussed under the section titled "Resilient Communities Overview."

- **Mitigation or Adaptation Option it Proposes:**
  - The plan proposes "investing in infrastructure to handle the demands of increased localized flooding events" and embedding support for low-impact design.

- **Potential for Inadvertent Maladaptation:**
  - While the intention is to increase resilience to flooding, poorly planned or inequitable infrastructure investments could exacerbate socioeconomic disparities. If low-income areas are not prioritized for these enhancements, the benefits of resilience could become uneven, thus increasing vulnerability in neglected communities.

### Policy 2: **Promotion of Electrification in Existing Buildings**

  - This policy addresses the greenhouse gas emissions from natural gas and electricity usage in homes and workplaces.

- **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option it Proposes:**
  - The plan suggests "opportunistic electrification (e.g., replacement of fossil fuel-fired furnaces with electric heat pump technologies)" in existing buildings as an emissions reduction strategy. This is outlined under the "Buildings & Energy Priorities" section.

  - While electrification aims to reduce fossil fuel consumption, if the transition leads to increased electricity costs without corresponding support for low-income households, it could worsen energy poverty and reduce their ability to cope with other climate impacts.

### Policy 3: **Waste Management Practices**

  - The policy focuses on reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the waste stream, particularly methane from organic waste decomposition.

  - Strategies include enhanced recycling services and promoting backyard composting to limit methane emissions from organic waste.

  - While these actions aim to reduce emissions, if they are not supported by robust education and access initiatives, particularly in underserved areas, there is a risk these practices could shift burdens onto communities unequipped to handle them, potentially increasing local pollution or health hazards from improper waste handling. This concern is highlighted in the "Waste" section's focus on engaging with community partners to improve practices.

Each of these policies, while primarily aimed at addressing specific climate threats, has the potential for unintended consequences that could inadvertently increase vulnerability or exacerbate existing inequalities.

### Transportation Priorities

- **Metrics for Success:**
  - **Bicycle and Pedestrian Facilities Improvements:** 
    - *Miles of improvement.*
    - *Mapping corridors of connectivity.*
    - *Estimating pedestrian and bicycle trips.* 
  - **Public Transit Investments:**
    - *Number of trips.*
    - *Average route frequency.*
    - *Number of bus stop improvements.*
    - *Community Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT).* 
  - **Electric Vehicle Adoption:**
    - *Number of Electric Vehicle (EV) registrations.*
    - *Number of Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) by level of service.*
    - *EVSE distribution on commercial property.*

### Waste Priorities

  - **Food Waste Reduction and Collection Programs:** 
    - *Number of private collection programs.*
    - *Number of participants.*
    - *Research audit of waste composition.* 
  - **Residential Recycling:**
    - *Participants.*
    - *Number of presentations.*
    - *Number of participating households.* 
  - **Consumption-Reduction Approaches:**
    - *Number of presentations.* 
  - **Organics Collection Research:**
    - *Research audit of waste composition.*

### Buildings & Energy Priorities

  - **Energy Upgrade Programs for Large, Commercial, and Multi-family Buildings:**
    - *Permits for improvements in commercial buildings.*
    - *Tracking average energy intensity.*
    - *Participation in incentive programs.* 
  - **Home Energy Upgrade Programs:**
    - *Participation in existing assistance programs.*
    - *Report on energy savings results of programs relative to target.* 
  - **Renewable Investments:**
    - *Total solar generation.*
    - *TVA energy mix.*
    - *Participants in community solar programs.*
    - *Participants in other renewables programs.* 
  - **Electrification Strategies in Buildings:**
    - *Total energy share by fuel source.*
    - *Average use by service type.*

### Emission Reduction Goals

- **Concrete Goals or Targets:**
  - **City Government:**
    - *Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 50% by 2030 relative to 2005 levels.* 
  - **Knoxville Community:**
    - *80% reduction by 2050 for community emissions.*

| Feature           | Description                                                                                                                                                                                     |
|-------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Knoxville                                                                                                                                                                                    |
| **Population**    | Knox County's population has grown by more than 16% since 2005.                                                                                                                                |
| **Threats Identified**       | - Localized flooding <br>- Urban heat island effect <br>- Methane emissions from waste <br>- Increasing community emissions (+8% since original benchmark)                                       |
| **Measures Identified** | - Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan for increased localized flooding <br>- Green infrastructure projects (e.g., wetland construction, permeable parking lot) <br>- Voluntary energy upgrade programs <br>- Accelerating adoption of electric vehicles <br>- Expanding waste reduction and recycling programs <br>- Developing community solar and renewable energy investments |
```

The City of Atlanta Climate Action Plan document does not provide specific information regarding the physical and economic landscape, population, demographics, average income, or major geographic features such as mountains, rivers, deserts, and coastline specific to the City of Atlanta. Furthermore, details about key infrastructure like airports or seaports are not included in the plan.

However, the document does provide some information related to energy production and economic drivers as follows:

- **Energy Production:** The plan highlights that "the use of fossil fuels for energy (including electricity, heating, transportation, and other uses) is the single largest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions" in the State of Georgia. It mentions that "Emissions from fossil fuel combustion for energy, including transportation, represent 95 percent of the community's total GHG emissions" (City of Atlanta Climate Action Plan, Page 21). There are efforts to increase the percentage of electricity generated through renewable sources and to promote local small-scale renewable energy production.

- **Local Climate:** The plan includes discussions about climate challenges related to the heat island effect, stating that it "produces a negative effect on human health and comfort because it warms days and nights and produces higher air pollution levels" (City of Atlanta Climate Action Plan, Page 40). Measures to mitigate the urban heat island effect include increasing tree canopies and green spaces.

- **Natural Resources and Industries:** The plan refers to the potential for solar energy, stating that "Atlanta can meet 10 percent of its total electricity needs with solar power by 2030" (City of Atlanta Climate Action Plan, Page 21).

- **Key Economic Drivers:** Although the document does not elaborate on specific industries or economic drivers, it mentions the potential economic benefits of increasing solar power, including job creation and boosting the economy.

For more detailed information about the physical and economic characteristics of the City of Atlanta, additional sources and datasets outside of the Climate Action Plan would be required.

### **Summary of Plan Components**

- The plan emphasizes building resilience through enhancing energy security by reducing overall energy demand, which is critical during extreme climatic conditions such as heat waves. *"Many of the actions identified here to mitigate GHG emissions will also help City of Atlanta’s government, businesses, and residents to adapt to a changing climate."* The steps taken to increase energy efficiency are intended to *"better cope with those situations"* like service disruptions during high demand.

- The plan focuses significantly on reducing GHG emissions across various sectors such as commercial and industrial buildings, residential buildings, transportation, and materials management. Under its scope, it specifically aims for a *“reduction in GHG emissions by 20 percent below 2009 levels by 2020 and 40 percent below 2009 levels by 2030.”* Strategies like retrofitting buildings, improving energy efficiency, and reducing transportation emissions are highlighted extensively. Additionally, it covers initiatives such as air quality improvement and increasing waste diversion rates.

- Although the primary focus is mitigation, some adaptation measures are hinted at indirectly, especially in reducing vulnerability to energy disruptions due to extreme weather. The plan highlights how mitigation activities, such as improving energy efficiency, help in adapting to climate changes. However, specific adaptation measures beyond these indirect benefits are not extensively detailed.

The City of Atlanta Climate Action Plan is best classified as a **mitigation primary climate action plan**. Its primary focus is on reducing GHG emissions through various strategies and initiatives, but it also acknowledges some resilience and adaptation benefits indirectly resulting from mitigation activities.

The plan does not explicitly describe a specific scenario of climate change that the City of Atlanta will face. It focuses on the commitments and actions the city is undertaking to address climate change at a local level through resilience, mitigation, and adaptation strategies. The plan emphasizes the importance of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to the current and future effects of climate change in general. It outlines a goal to reduce GHG emissions by employing "common sense approaches and cutting edge policies" that the local government can implement to benefit the city in various ways. The specific impacts or scenarios anticipated are not detailed in the available text, but the overall effort is towards reducing emissions, improving air quality, and enhancing energy efficiency.

   - **Climate Hazard:** The urban heat island effect is marked by increased temperatures in urban areas compared to their rural surroundings.
   - **Climate Risks:** It produces negative effects on human health and comfort by warming days and nights, increasing air pollution levels that contribute to discomfort, respiratory difficulties, exhaustion, non-fatal heat stroke, and heat-related mortality. There is also a negative impact on water quality, as hot surfaces transfer excess heat to stormwater, which affects the temperature of water bodies, stressing aquatic ecosystems. (*City of Atlanta Climate Action Plan, Page 40 of 53*)
   - **Areas or Populations Most Vulnerable:** The plan indicates that the vulnerability is connected to areas with less vegetation and tree canopy, thus focusing on increasing the tree canopy and reducing impervious surfaces to mitigate these effects. (*City of Atlanta Climate Action Plan, Page 40 of 53*)

Based on the provided excerpts from the City of Atlanta Climate Action Plan, the document does not explicitly list specific resilience options with detailed attributes such as cost, timeframe, and location. Instead, it emphasizes mitigation strategies, GHG reduction targets, and the framework for implementing such strategies. For instance, resilience is discussed broadly in terms of the city's ability to manage climate change impacts through mitigation efforts, as seen in statements like:

- "Mitigation activities help to engender a greater degree of choice for City of Atlanta residents." (_City of Atlanta Climate Action Plan Page 8 of 53_)
- "By increasing efficiency across the City of Atlanta, such service disruptions are less likely and the city will be able to better cope with those situations." (_City of Atlanta Climate Action Plan Page 8 of 53_)

These hints at resilience are tied to mitigation actions primarily aimed at reducing GHG emissions and improving energy efficiency, rather than providing a detailed list of resilience options with specific climate threats, costs, timeframes, or locations. Thus, the plan appears to focus predominantly on climate mitigation as a pathway to bolster resilience indirectly, rather than detailing separate resilience options with comprehensive details.

1. **Replacement of Inefficient Lighting with LEDs:**
   - **Cost:** Reduces annual maintenance and electricity costs by $8,000 each.
   - **Timing:** Implemented in 2013.
   - **Location:** City Hall, City of Atlanta.
   - **Other Attributes:** Contributed to the abatement of 36 tons of GHG emissions. (*City of Atlanta Climate Action Plan, Other Benefits of Climate Protection Measures*)

2. **"Right-Sized" Vehicle Fleet:**
   - **Cost:** Less expensive to purchase, fuel, and maintain.
   - **Other Attributes:** Part of cost-saving measures and reduces direct and indirect costs like fuel and maintenance. (*City of Atlanta Climate Action Plan, Other Benefits of Climate Protection Measures*)

3. **Fuel Economy Standards and Promotion of Alternative Fuel Vehicles (AFV):**
   - **Location:** City of Atlanta.
   - **Other Attributes:** Supports adaptation and is a government strategy to reduce emissions from vehicles. (*City of Atlanta Climate Action Plan, Transportation*)

4. **Parking Policies (Pricing, Cash-Out):**
   - **Other Attributes:** Encourages reduced vehicle miles traveled (VMT). (*City of Atlanta Climate Action Plan, Transportation*)

5. **Transit-Oriented Development and Pedestrian Facilities:**
   - **Other Attributes:** Supports adaptation and government strategies to reduce transportation emissions. (*City of Atlanta Climate Action Plan, Transportation*)

6. **Bicycle Support Strategies and Telecommuting:**
   - **Other Attributes:** Part of strategies to reduce VMT emissions, supporting adaptation. (*City of Atlanta Climate Action Plan, Transportation*)

7. **Increasing Tree Canopy and Impervious Covers:**
   - **Other Attributes:** Aims to reduce the heat island effect resulting in cooling effects. Also provides carbon sequestration benefits. (*City of Atlanta Climate Action Plan, Urban Parks and Green Spaces*)

This summary reflects the available information in the plan regarding cost, timing, location, and other important attributes of the identified mitigation options.

The City of Atlanta Climate Action Plan identifies various mitigation options across different focus areas. Below is a summary of these options along with their attributes:

  - **Fuel Economy Standards & Promote AFV Purchasing:**
    - The plan suggests implementing policies to encourage the purchase of Alternative Fuel Vehicles (AFVs) and setting fuel economy standards.
      - **Supports Adaptation:** Yes.
      - **Government Strategy:** This requires community and governmental involvement.

  - **Reduction of Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT):**
    - **Strategies:**
      - **A. Parking Pricing, B. Parking Cash-Out, C. Transit Oriented Development**
      - **D. Pedestrian Facilities, E. Transit Investment, F. Bicycle Support Strategy**
      - **G. Telecommuting, H. Compressed Work Weeks**
      - **Government Strategy:** These strategies are government-driven with community involvement.

### **Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy**

  - **Retrofitting Existing Buildings:**
    - The plan mentions retrofitting existing commercial, industrial, and residential buildings to achieve significant reductions in energy consumption.
      - **Cost and Timeframe not explicitly mentioned.**
  
  - **New Construction to Maximize Energy Efficiency:**
    - Ensuring new constructions are built with maximum energy efficiency.

### **Materials Management and Recycling**

  - **Increase Waste Diversion Rate:**
    - Increasing the waste diversion rate to landfills up to 80% by 2020.
      - **Cost and Timeframe:** Not specified.

### **Emissions Reduction Focus Areas:**

- **Commercial & Industrial Buildings**
- **Residential Buildings**
- **Energy Production**

While specific costs and timeframes are not delineated in the plan, each identified mitigation option is associated with broader GHG reduction goals and aligns with actions that involve both government and community participation. The strategies are tailored to reduce costs and emissions over time while promoting sustainability.

The document provided does not explicitly list adaptation options directly. However, the overall focus of the City of Atlanta Climate Action Plan is on mitigation strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions with co-benefits that might support adaptation indirectly. For example, improving energy efficiency might reduce strain on energy systems during extreme heat events. Nevertheless, specific adaptation options addressing climate threats with details on cost, timeframe, location, and other attributes are not detailed in the provided excerpts.

**Adaptation-Related Strategy:**
- **Strategy:** Enhance energy efficiency to cope with extreme heat events.
  - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Extreme and prolonged heat waves, which can strain the energy delivery system and lead to service disruptions.
  - **Plan Reference:** "By increasing efficiency across the City of Atlanta, such service disruptions are less likely and the city will be able to better cope with those situations." (*City of Atlanta Climate Action Plan, Other Benefits of Climate Protection Measures*)

For more precise information on adaptation options with comprehensive details on cost, timeframe, location, and other attributes, additional content from the entire document would be required.

The provided document does not explicitly outline specific climate policies dedicated to advancing climate justice, nor does it mention particular climate threats, areas, or populations with the most climate vulnerability regarding climate justice. The available text primarily discusses the City of Atlanta's efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to climate change through various strategies related to energy efficiency, transportation, waste management, and green spaces. If the plan includes specifics on climate justice beyond the given excerpts, a more comprehensive analysis of the whole document would be necessary to identify those elements.

Based on the provided content from the City of Atlanta Climate Action Plan, I will address the question by identifying policies that might bear potential unforeseen maladaptive outcomes:

1. **Urban Parks and Green Spaces Policy**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The policy is addressing the urban heat island effect, which is exacerbated by climate change and leads to increased temperatures in urban areas (City of Atlanta Climate Action Plan, Pages 40-44).
   - **Proposed Option:** The resilience and adaptation options include increasing the tree canopy to mitigate higher temperatures through shading and evapotranspiration, and enhancing green spaces, such as urban parks, to moderate the heat island effect (City of Atlanta Climate Action Plan, Pages 40-44).
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** While expanding green spaces and tree canopies are beneficial for reducing urban heat, if not implemented with careful consideration of water resources, this policy could stress local water supplies due to increased irrigation needs. This may lead to conflicts between greening efforts and water conservation goals, possibly exacerbating issues in water-scarce conditions.

2. **Transportation GHG Reduction Policy**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The policy is aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions from transportation, a major source of emissions in the City of Atlanta (City of Atlanta Climate Action Plan, Page 6).
   - **Proposed Option:** Mitigation options propose reducing GHG emissions from transportation by 20% by 2020 and 40% by 2030 (City of Atlanta Climate Action Plan, Page 6).
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** If the policy heavily relies on biofuels or rapidly transitioning to electric vehicles without upgrading existing energy infrastructure, it might lead to increased emissions from indirect land use changes or cause energy grid instability. These scenarios could inadvertently increase overall emissions or compromise energy security, respectively.

These examples showcase potential areas within the Climate Action Plan where maladaptive outcomes could arise if policies are not implemented with comprehensive planning and resource consideration.

The City of Atlanta Climate Action Plan outlines several metrics and targets to measure the success of its adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options. Here are the key points from the plan:

### **Metrics and Targets for Measuring Success**

**1. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions:**
- **Reduction Targets:** 
  - The City of Atlanta aims for a **20% reduction in GHG emissions below 2009 levels by 2020** and a **40% reduction by 2030** (Introduction).
  - The target includes achieving total reductions of **2.06 Million mTCO2e by 2020** (Introduction).

**2. Emissions Reduction Focus Areas:**
- **Transportation:** 
  - Transportation emissions account for **31% of the City's total GHG emissions**.
  - The plan aims to **reduce emissions from transportation by 20% from the 2009 baseline by 2020** (Transportation).

**3. Energy Consumption in Buildings:**
- **Commercial Buildings:**
  - Reduce energy consumption by **20% by 2020** and **40% by 2030** (Scope).
- **Residential Buildings:**
  - Similar to commercial buildings, reduce energy consumption by **20% by 2020** and **40% by 2030** (Scope).

**4. Waste Diversion:**
  - Increase the waste diversion rate to landfills up to **80% by 2020** (Scope).

**5. Green Spaces and Urban Agriculture:**
- **Objective:** 
  - Increase park land, green spaces, and tree canopy, alongside enhancing local food security.
- **Targets by 2020 and 2025:**
  - **Maintain and increase park land** to **7% by 2020** and **10% by 2025** (Focus Area, Objectives).
  - **Accessibility to parks** for **40% of the population by 2020** and **45% by 2025**.
  - **Increase urban canopy** and **urban agriculture activities**.
  - **Reduce food deserts** and **quantify trees' carbon sequestration** (Focus Area, Objectives).

**6. Scenario Planning:**
- **GHG Emissions Forecast:** 
  - Emissions forecasts are based on the "business as usual" scenario versus projected emissions with the Climate Action Plan measures (Projected Growth in GHG Emissions).

The City of Atlanta's Climate Action Plan establishes clear metrics in terms of percentage reductions, target years, and specific sectors (e.g., buildings, transportation, waste) to track the effectiveness of its climate strategies. The plan emphasizes measurable environmental improvements, particularly in greenhouse gas reduction, energy efficiency, waste management, and greening the urban landscape.

| Feature         | Description                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             |
|-----------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name**   | City of Atlanta                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                |
| **Population**  | Not explicitly mentioned in the document.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               |
| **Threats Identified**   | The primary threat identified is climate change and its risks associated with increased GHG emissions, which impacts the environment, economy, and health of the citizens in Atlanta.                                                                                            |
| **Measures Identified** | - **Energy Efficiency Improvements:** Retrofit existing buildings, enforce energy-efficient standards for new constructions.<br>- **Transportation Improvements:** Reduce vehicle emissions, increase transit options.<br>- **Waste Management:** Increase waste diversion rate to landfills up to 80% by 2020.        |
```

The plan provides information about the planning jurisdiction, which is Spokane, located in the state of Washington, United States. Here are the details extracted from the plan concerning the physical and economic landscape of Spokane:

### **Location and Geographic Features**
- Spokane is positioned in the state of Washington.
- Although specific mountains, rivers, or geographic features are not detailed, the plan mentions the **Spokane River** as an important natural resource impacting native fish and wildlife (e.g., "Impact on native fish and wildlife as well as recreation on the river" - *Why We Need a Plan*).
- The plan speaks about the challenges with snowpack, indicating proximity to mountainous areas (e.g., "Less snow in the mountains resulting in changes in river flow" - *Why We Need a Plan*).

### **Population and Demographics**
- The plan does not provide specific demographic details such as population numbers or average income.

- The plan references the local climate impacts, noting issues such as "Warmer Year-Round Temperatures," "Decreased Snowpack," and "Increased Risk of Wildfire" due to climate change (*Why We Need a Plan*).
- Water challenges include changes in precipitation patterns, with more rain expected in spring and fall, and drier summers, altering river flow and impacting local ecosystems (*Why We Need a Plan*).

- Spokane has a strong focus on renewable energy, with a commitment to a 100% renewable electricity goal by 2030, as outlined in partnership projects such as the regionwide transportation electrification (TE) plan (*Spokane’s Sustainability Action Plan*).
- Specific targets are mentioned like "Promote local production and sourcing of renewable energy" (e.g., "Invest in community-scale and distributed energy generation and storage", "Harness energy from waste resources" - *Buildings & Energy*).

- The plan does not specifically mention key infrastructures like airports or seaports but highlights infrastructure investment in areas like "public transit" and "transportation electrification" as part of regional development efforts (*Economic Prosperity*).

### **Economy and Industries**
- The economic landscape emphasizes resilience and includes efforts to prepare for a low-carbon economy through projects supporting innovation and technology (e.g., "Eco-district on the West Plains," "energy innovators in the University District" - *Economic Prosperity*).
- Notable industries include technology, energy innovation, and a "local food economy" as pivotal areas with potential for contribution to Spokane's economic sustainability efforts (*Economic Prosperity*).

### **Summary of Economic Drivers and Challenges**
- The planning focuses on diversifying the economy with sustainable practices, creating good jobs, and maintaining a healthy environment. It emphasizes building economic resilience through local workforce access to "affordable healthcare, transportation, housing, and education" (*Economic Prosperity*).
- The negative economic impacts attributed to climate change include potential losses in iconic events like "Hoopfest and Pig Out in the Park," changes in "recreation due to early season low flows on the Spokane River," and "shorter ski seasons" (*Why We Need a Plan*).

In summary, Spokane serves as a planning jurisdiction aiming to adapt to and mitigate climate impacts while leveraging renewable energy and technology for economic growth. The plan focuses significantly on sustainability, resilience, and equitable economic development, despite not providing specific demographic and income data.

The plan addresses resilience by focusing on preparing the community for future challenges. It aims to ensure neighborhoods and the economy are ready for these challenges through actions that build resilience, such as "integrating projected climate impacts into data models for risk assessment" and "developing a disaster preparedness plan for both natural and man-made disasters" (*Strategy 7.*). Moreover, the plan includes goals to "implement climate adaptation strategies into emergency and disaster response" and to "include climate impacts in disaster and emergency management response" (*HEALTH & WELLBEING, GOAL 2*).

Mitigation is addressed by setting greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets and promoting renewable energy initiatives. The plan sets an ambitious goal of a "95% Reduction by 2050" compared to 2016 levels and a step approach to achieve this goal (*Introduction*). It also prioritizes promoting local production and sourcing of renewable energy, increasing energy efficiency in buildings, and advancing low-carbon transportation alternatives (*Buildings & Energy* and *Transportation & Land Use* sections).

The plan incorporates adaptation strategies by identifying and implementing strategies that adjust systems to expected climate changes. This includes partnering with emergency and disaster response teams to develop regional plans to respond to impacts such as increased heat and wildfire smoke on vulnerable populations (*HEALTH & WELLBEING, Strategy 3*), and partnering on aligning city programs to amplify progress toward resilience goals (*IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES, IS 6.3*).

The Spokane Sustainability Action Plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. It reflects a balanced approach, addressing both mitigation and adaptation/resilience comprehensively, by setting targets for GHG reductions while simultaneously planning for resilience and adaptation to climate impacts.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change that Spokane is facing and for which it is planning climate policies. According to the document:

- **Temperature Increases**: There will be "increases in temperatures in all seasons" with "more intense temperature increases during summer months" and "longer, drier summers" (Section: Why We Need a Plan).
  
- **Decreased Snowpack**: There will be "changes in type and timing of precipitation" with "less snow in the mountains," impacting "native fish and wildlife as well as recreation on the river" and resulting in a "shorter winter sport season" (Section: Why We Need a Plan).

- **Increased Risk of Wildfire**: "Wetter springs mean more underbrush growth for fire fuel" and "hotter, drier summers mean more intense and destructive wildfires," leading to "increased wildfire frequency and intensity" with "loss of habitat and increased smoke" (Section: Why We Need a Plan).

- **Economic & Recreational Costs**: Economic impacts include effects on major events like "Hoopfest and Pig Out in the Park" due to "increased heat and smoke during the summer months." There will also be a "loss of recreation due to early season low flows on the Spokane River" and "warmer winters means shorter ski seasons" (Section: Why We Need a Plan).

- **Disproportionate Impacts**: Increased risk of "respiratory and heat-related illness" will disproportionately affect "children, outdoor workers, under-sheltered," the "low-income, people with underlying health issues, elderly" (Section: Why We Need a Plan).

This scenario outlines potential consequences and forms the basis for Spokane's climate policies focused on resilience, mitigation, and adaptation.

1. **Warmer Year-Round Temperatures**
   - *Climate Hazard:* Increases in temperatures in all seasons, with more intense temperature increases during summer months and longer, drier summers.
   - *Climate Risks:* Projected lower river flows likely to increase water temperatures, favoring non-native predatory fish and resulting in reduced habitat quality, thereby affecting the native Redband Trout. Economic impacts on local events like Hoopfest and Pig Out in the Park, and shorter ski seasons due to warmer winters.
   - *Vulnerable Populations:* Those disproportionately exposed include children, outdoor workers, and the under-sheltered. Low-income individuals, people with underlying health issues (e.g., asthma, heart disease), and the elderly are more susceptible.

2. **Decreased Snowpack**
   - *Climate Hazard:* Changes in type and timing of precipitation with more rain in spring and fall, less rain in summer, and less snow in the mountains.
   - *Climate Risks:* Impact on river flow affecting native fish and wildlife, shortening the winter sport season, and affecting recreational activities on the river.
   - *Vulnerable Populations:* Not specifically outlined regarding snowpack, but general vulnerability is implied for wildlife and those reliant on snow-related recreation.

3. **Increased Wildfire Risk**
   - *Climate Hazard:* Wetter springs leading to more underbrush growth, combined with hotter, drier summers, resulting in more intense and destructive wildfires.
   - *Climate Risks:* Increased wildfire frequency and intensity leading to loss of habitat and increased smoke, contributing to hazardous air quality.
   - *Vulnerable Populations:* Increased risk of respiratory and heat-related illnesses among children, outdoor workers, the under-sheltered, low-income families, people with health issues, and the elderly.

4. **Economic & Recreational Costs**
   - *Climate Hazard:* General increase in economic costs associated with climate change impacts, particularly affecting local events and recreational activities.
   - *Climate Risks:* Financial impacts due to reduced participation or cancellation of events like Hoopfest and shorter recreational seasons.
   - *Vulnerable Populations:* Those dependent on the affected economic and recreational services.

5. **Hazardous Air Quality**
   - *Climate Hazard:* Increasing number of hazardous air quality days due to larger and longer wildfires.
   - *Climate Risks:* Health risks associated with air quality, notably on days when the AQI reaches high levels due to regional wildfire smoke.
   - *Vulnerable Populations:* Residents with respiratory issues, children, the elderly, and other populations sensitive to poor air quality are most vulnerable.

1. **Urban Tree Canopy and Climate-Adapted Plant Landscapes**

     - This option addresses increased carbon levels and moderates neighborhood microclimate. The focus is on environmental and infrastructural resilience.
   
     - The plan outlines strategies to expand the urban tree canopy to capture more carbon. Specific details on cost, timeframe, and location are not explicitly provided in the sections.
   
     - The initiative is part of the Natural Environment sector strategies designed to promote sustainability within Spokane's built environment. Enhancing the urban landscape contributes to overall climate resilience by improving air quality and providing more shade.

2. **Disaster Preparedness Plan Development**

     - This option addresses natural and man-made disasters, including the impacts of heat and wildfire smoke on vulnerable populations. The resiliency focus is on emergency preparedness and response.
   
     - Priority actions include finalizing the Climate Vulnerability Assessment by 2021 and developing regional plans for disaster response. Specific cost details are missing, but the plan aims to prepare the city for future crises.
   
     - The strategy includes identifying public buildings as cooling and clean air centers to address mental health needs during crises. This involves partnership with regional emergency teams for a cohesive response.

3. **Enhancement of Community Awareness and Engagement**

     - This strategy focuses on climate change risks and impacts, targeting increased community awareness and education as resilience measures against potential climate threats.
   
     - Public outreach campaigns and collaboration with community centers are prioritized to improve sustainability and climate action awareness. Cost and timeframe details are not explicitly outlined.
   
     - This option seeks to empower communities through education and participatory opportunities, addressing economic and social resilience by fostering informed and engaged citizens.

The plan does not provide explicit tables, charts, or images delineating additional detailed cost, timeframe, and specific location information. However, the plan emphasizes integrating equity into resilience efforts to ensure broad community involvement and access to climate-related information and resources.

The plan identifies several mitigation options within different sectors. Below is a summary of the identified mitigation options, along with information regarding cost, timing, location, and other important attributes as provided in the plan:

### **Buildings & Energy**

- **Ensure New Construction is Efficient and Renewable Energy Ready**
  - *Attributes*: Focus on energy efficiency and readiness for renewable energy.
  - *Cost, Timing, Location*: Not explicitly detailed regarding cost or timing, but residential and commercial construction efforts are implied within Spokane (BE 1).

- **Upgrade Existing Buildings for Efficiency and Renewable Sources**
  - *Attributes*: Increase energy efficiency, particularly in publicly funded facilities.
  - *Cost, Timing, Location*: Specific cost and timing not provided. Applicable to existing buildings locations within Spokane (BE 2).

- **Invest in Community-Scale and Distributed Energy Generation**
  - *Attributes*: Promotion of distributed renewable energy systems.
  - *Cost, Timing, Location*: No specific cost or timeline; targets community-scale systems (BE 3).

- **Harness Energy from Waste Resources**
  - *Attributes*: Utilize waste resources to generate energy beyond traditional means.
  - *Cost, Timing, Location*: Details on cost and implementation details are not included (BE 4).

- **Neutralize Carbon Emissions from Fossil Gas and Fuels**
  - *Attributes*: Targeted reduction of carbon emissions in buildings and transportation.
  - *Cost, Timing, Location*: No detailed cost or implementation timing mentioned (BE 5).

### **Transportation & Land Use**

- **Encourage Land Use to Minimize Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT)**
  - *Attributes*: Promotes development patterns that reduce dependency on vehicles.
  - *Cost, Timing, Location*: Broad city-wide application without direct cost or timing details (TL 1).

- **Increase Adoption of Walking, Cycling, and Micromobility**
  - *Attributes*: Reduce emissions by enhancing non-motorized transport.
  - *Cost, Timing, Location*: City-wide efforts with no explicit cost or timing (TL 4).

- **Advance Adoption of Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEVs)**
  - *Attributes*: Includes support for electric bicycles and conversion of city fleet vehicles.
  - *Cost, Timing, Location*: Goals set for years 2030, 2040, and 2050 with no direct cost details provided (TL 7).

### **Implementation & Monitoring**

- **Develop a Mitigation and Adaptation Matrix**
  - *Attributes*: Tool to aid in decision-making processes regarding mitigation.
  - *Cost, Timing, Location*: Planned for internal city use with timing aligned to plan accomplishments (IS 1.4).

### **Plan Overview & Evaluation**

The plan considers cost-effectiveness, feasibility, and co-benefits as evaluation criteria for priority actions, though specific cost estimates for individual mitigation options are not detailed. The plan acknowledges the necessity for ongoing evaluation of costs and benefits during implementation stages (Plan Summary).

- **Ensure new construction is as efficient as possible and ready to utilize renewable energy**:
  - **Cost & Timeframe**: The plan notes that each strategy was evaluated against factors like upfront costs and long-term economic benefits without providing specific figures. It states that, "More analysis will be necessary during the implementation stage and over time to determine specific costs and benefits" (_Plan Summary_).
  - **Location**: Applicable to new constructions within the planning jurisdiction.
  - **Attributes**: Focuses on new constructions being energy-efficient and suited for renewable energy sources.

- **Upgrade existing buildings for high efficiency and renewable energy sources**:
  - **Cost & Timeframe**: Similar to the above, specific cost and timeframe details will be analyzed further during implementation (_Plan Summary_).
  - **Location**: Targeted at existing buildings needing to be upgraded.
  - **Attributes**: Includes increasing energy efficiency at publicly funded facilities.

- **Neutralize carbon emissions from fossil gas and other fossil fuels used in buildings & transportation**:
  - **Cost & Timeframe**: No specific details provided, with more analysis required (_Plan Summary_).
  - **Attributes**: Focused on reducing carbon emissions from buildings and transportation.

- **Advance land use planning to minimize vehicle miles traveled (VMT)**:
  - **Cost & Timeframe**: Costs and benefits yet to be precisely determined (_Plan Summary_).
  - **Attributes**: Aims to encourage sustainable community design to reduce reliance on vehicles.

- **Increase adoption rate of Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEVs) including electric bicycles**:
  - **Cost & Timeframe**: Implementation targets include conversion of the City fleet to ZEVs by at least 50% by 2030, 75% by 2040, and reducing emissions to zero by 2050 (_GOAL 3, Strategy 7_).
  - **Location**: Implemented regionally, affecting both city fleets and broader community transportation options.
  - **Attributes**: Includes efforts to incorporate ZEVs in ride-share, freight, and city fleets.

- **Evaluate and update City code to encourage electric vehicle charging infrastructure in new development**:
  - **Attributes**: The plan anticipates launching a project for residential curbside electric charging to bolster neighborhood infrastructure (_Strategy 7, Priority Actions TL 7.8_).

### **Implementation Strategies**

- **Develop a mitigation and adaptation matrix to help with internal City decision making**:
  - **Attributes**: Aims to streamline and make effective decisions for climate resilience and mitigation (_Strategy 1, Priority Actions IS 1.4_).

**Note**: The plan emphasizes ongoing development in many areas, indicating that specific financial and geographical scopes are subject to further analysis and planning efforts. These strategies and actions reflect community priorities and intended multi-year frameworks.

The plan identifies several adaptation options aimed at addressing various climate threats. Each adaptation option is summarized below:

### **1. Temperature, Precipitation, Stream Flow, Snowpack, and Wildfires**

- Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns
- Altered stream flow and snowpack
- Increased risk of wildfires

- The plan highlights the need for bold action towards reducing GHG emissions due to anticipated impacts on species like the Native Redband Trout, which is threatened by lower river flows and increased temperatures favoring non-native predatory fish.  
- Important risks include warmer year-round temperatures, decreased snowpack, and increased wildfire risks impacting the local environment and economy.  
- No specific cost or timeframe information is provided in the documentation. 

### **2. Disaster and Emergency Response**

- Increased heat and wildfire smoke
- Various vulnerabilities identified through the Climate Vulnerability Assessment

- The plan sets goals to "Implement climate adaptation strategies into emergency and disaster response" and include climate impacts in disaster and emergency management response.  
- Priority actions involve finalizing the Climate Vulnerability Assessment by 2021 and ensuring disaster management plans adapt to vulnerabilities.  
- Regional collaboration efforts and the establishment of "cooling and clean air centers" are part of the strategy.  
- The plan does not specify cost or location details for these centers but emphasizes a regional approach.

### **3. Natural Environment and Urban Spaces**

- Climate vulnerabilities affecting natural and built environments

- Goals include increasing urban tree canopy to capture more carbon, expanding climate-adapted plant landscapes, and protecting natural spaces within Spokane.  
- No specific information on cost, timeframe, or specific implementation locations is provided.  
- The action involves working with regional partners and the importance of funding is mentioned but not detailed.

### **4. Health and Wellbeing**

- Health risks due to climate change, such as increased heat stress, decreased air quality, and altered disease patterns.

- The plan outlines strategy "4. Increase community awareness of climate change risks and impacts" which involves public outreach and tools for community participation.  
- No detailed costs or timeframes are specified, but partnerships with schools and local organizations are emphasized to enhance awareness and preparedness.

### **Overall Plan Summary**

The adaptation options emphasized in the document prioritize strategic responses to known climate threats such as temperature variations, extreme weather events, and health impacts. While the plan lays out a comprehensive set of strategies across several areas, specific details such as cost, timeframe, and locations for the implementation actions are largely unspecified and require further analysis during later stages of implementation.

The plan addresses climate justice through several policies and strategies aimed at identifying, engaging with, and prioritizing support for at-risk populations. Below are the key climate policies advanced by the plan:

### **1. Environmental Justice Strategy**

- **Climate Threat:** The plan does not specify a single climate threat under this strategy. Instead, it broadly targets environmental burdens that may be exacerbated by climate change, aiming to ensure that no community suffers disproportionate impacts.

- **Vulnerable Populations:** The strategy prioritizes at-risk populations, traditionally underserved communities, and those facing barriers based on race, income, and other socio-economic factors. This includes communities like BIPOC, low-income, and other traditionally marginalized groups. The city aims to reduce environmental health disparities exacerbated by climate change for these groups. *(Environmental Justice Program)*

### **2. Equitable Implementation**

- **Climate Threat:** The plan recognizes that the impacts of climate change might not be experienced uniformly, and existing inequities (e.g., in housing and healthcare) will be heightened by climate impacts.

- **Vulnerable Populations:** Key focus is on communities facing structural inequities, including those based on race, ethnicity, income, gender or sexuality, language, and physical accessibility. Specific vulnerable groups include low-income, homeless, school-age children, communities of color, elderly, disabled, and those with pre-existing health issues. *(EQUITABLE IMPLEMENTATION)*

### **3. Health & Equity Goals**

- **Climate Threat:** Effects of climate change on health, particularly those affecting physical and psychological wellbeing from recurring weather disasters, increased heat stress, decreased air quality, altered vector-borne disease patterns, and food, water, and nutrient insecurity.

- **Vulnerable Populations:** The focus is on increasing resiliency in underserved and highly impacted communities, with children highlighted as particularly at high risk due to the cumulative impacts of climate change such as weather disasters and increased heat. *(Health & Equity)*

### **4. Community Engagement and Inclusivity**

- **Climate Threat:** Broadly addressing climate awareness and the ability of communities to actively participate and respond to climate disruptions.

- **Vulnerable Populations:** Targets inclusivity across all demographic groups within the community, with efforts to engage BIPOC and low-income communities to ensure broad participation in planning and implementation. *(IS 9.1, IS 9.4, and IS 9.5)*

Through these policies, the plan aims to integrate climate justice into the broader framework of climate adaptation and resilience, ensuring that the benefits and burdens of climate action are distributed equitably among Spokane's diverse communities.

Based on the document, there are no explicit references or specific examples of climate policies that are directly identified as causing maladaptation. However, some general insights can be inferred from understanding the contents and strategies outlined within the document as potential areas where maladaptation could arise if careful monitoring and evaluation are not conducted:

1. **Urban Tree Canopy Expansion**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Urban heat island effect and carbon emissions.
   - **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:** Strategy mentioned in the document is to "Create a Master Planting Plan (by 2022) to increase the City's urban canopy from the current level of 23% to 40% cover by 2030" with priorities on "low-canopy and low-income neighborhoods" (Strategy 6, Natural Environment).
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** If not executed with careful consideration of local biodiversity and ecosystem balances, expanding the tree canopy could inadvertently lead to the planting of non-native species that might require more water and maintenance, or even become invasive, thereby disturbing the existing ecological balance and increasing water usage in regions that might be prone to drought.

2. **Renewable Energy Sourcing**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Greenhouse gas emissions from energy use.
   - **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:** The plan encourages "local production and sourcing of renewable energy" through community-scale generation and storage (Goal 2, Buildings & Energy).
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** Without proper integration into existing grid systems, renewable energy projects could lead to instability in energy supply or increased maintenance costs, which might render them unsustainable or economically unfeasible in the long term if they fail to adequately replace existing infrastructure or meet energy demand peaks.

3. **Regional Collaboration on Heat and Wildfire Smoke**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Increasing heat and wildfire smoke impacting vulnerable populations.
   - **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:** Developing a "regional plan to respond to impacts of increased heat and wildfire smoke on vulnerable populations" and establishing "cooling and clean air centers" (Strategy 3, Health & Wellbeing).
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** Establishment of centralized cooling centers may inadvertently neglect more distributed solutions that can be integrated into homes and local communities, potentially leading to reliance on centralized infrastructure that may be overwhelmed during extreme events, coupled with accessibility issues for marginalized populations who may have difficulty reaching such centers.

These insights highlight areas where ongoing evaluation, inclusive planning processes, and adaptive management strategies are crucial to avoid potential maladaptation.

The plan measures the success or failure of each adaptation, resilience, and mitigation option through a variety of metrics and targeted objectives. Specific metrics and targets mentioned in the plan include:

  - **Buildings & Energy Sector:**
    - **2016 Baseline:** 2,108,796 metric tons CO2e
    - **2030 Reduction Target:** 45% reduction to 1,159,838 metric tons CO2e
    - **2040 Reduction Target:** 70% reduction to 632,639 metric tons CO2e
    - **2050 Reduction Target:** 95% reduction to 105,439 metric tons CO2e
  - **Electricity:**
    - **2030 Reduction Target:** 80% reduction
    - **2040 Reduction Target:** 90% reduction
    - **2050 Reduction Target:** 100% reduction
  - **Gas:**
    - **2030 Reduction Target:** 30% reduction
    - **2040 Reduction Target:** 65% reduction
    - **2050 Reduction Target:** 95% reduction
    
- **Transportation & Land Use Sector:**
  - **Passenger, Light Duty Truck, Motorcycle:**
    - **2030 Reduction Target:** 50% reduction to 300,114 metric tons CO2e
    - **2040 Reduction Target:** 90% reduction to 60,227 metric tons CO2e

- **Sector Level GHG Targets for Transportation & Land Use:**
  - **2016 Baseline:** 600,227 metric tons CO2e
  - **2030 Reduction Target:** 50% reduction to 300,114 metric tons CO2e
  - **2040 Reduction Target:** 90% reduction to 60,227 metric tons CO2e
  - **2050 Reduction Target:** 100% reduction
  
- **City Fleet:**
  - **Goal of reducing fleet well-to-wheel emissions:** To zero by 2050
  - **2030 Target:** By at least 50% conversion to low-carbon alternatives
  - **2040 Target:** 75% conversion
  
- **Monitoring & Evaluation Process:**
  - The plan establishes "a monitoring process [to] enable the City to track the impacts of the actions included in the plan and compare estimated impacts to what is achieved in terms of energy savings, renewable energy production, GHG emissions reduction, conservation, and community resiliency."

- **Equity indicators** are to be included in monitoring and evaluation processes as part of the integration of equity considerations into plan implementation.

These metrics and targets help in assessing whether the specific goals for GHG emissions reduction, energy use, and sustainability efforts, among other plan objectives, are being met in a measurable way. Specific deadlines are set for respective years, such as 2030, 2040, and 2050 for achieving these targets.

| Feature                 | Details                                                                                                                                                       |
| **Location/City Name**  | Spokane                                                                                                                                                       |
| **Population**          | Not explicitly mentioned in the document.                                                                                                                     |
| **Threats Identified**  | - **Increased Temperatures**: Warmer year-round temperatures with more intense increases in summer months and longer, drier summers. *(Why We Need a Plan)*<br>- **Decreased Snowpack**: Changes in precipitation patterns, less snow in mountains impacting river flow, native fish, wildlife, and recreation. *(Why We Need a Plan)*<br>- **Increased Risk of Wildfire**: More underbrush growth and hotter, drier summers leading to intense wildfires. *(Why We Need a Plan)*<br>- **Economic & Recreational Costs**: Heat and smoke impact events like Hoopfest, decreased recreation due to low river flows, and shorter ski seasons. *(Why We Need a Plan)*<br>- **Disproportionate Impacts**: Higher risk of illness for children, outdoor workers, unsheltered individuals, low-income communities, the elderly, and those with health issues. *(Why We Need a Plan)* |
| **Measures Identified** | - **Equity Strategies**: Focus on equitable outcomes, food security, affordable housing, and community engagement. *(Summary of Sector Strategies - Health & Wellbeing)*<br>- **Natural Environment**: Partnerships for resource management, funding for city lands, expanding urban tree canopy, and promoting natural resources stewardship. *(Summary of Sector Strategies - Natural Environment)*<br>- **Buildings & Energy**: Efficient energy buildings, renewable energy sourcing, carbon neutralization, and community engagement. *(Summary of Sector Strategies - Buildings & Energy)*<br>- **Transportation & Land Use**: Policies for walkable communities, reducing vehicle miles, promoting alternative fuels, and integrating sustainability goals into city planning. *(Summary of Sector Strategies - Transportation & Land Use)*<br>- **Implementation Strategies**: GHG inventory, climate vulnerability assessment, disaster preparedness, equity integration, and community engagement. *(Implementation Strategies)*                                                |
```

The plan provided does not contain explicit and specific details regarding Baltimore's physical and economic landscape, such as population, demographics, average income, major geographic features, or comprehensive details of its infrastructure. However, it provides a broader vision for sustainability and development within Baltimore.

### **Planning Jurisdiction**
- **Name:** Baltimore
- **Location:** Not explicitly described within the document.

### **Physical Geography and Climate**
- **Geographic Features:** The plan does not provide details on geographic features such as mountains, rivers, deserts, or coastline, nor does it describe specific key infrastructure like airports or seaports.
- **Local Climate:** Although specifics about aridity or water challenges are not detailed, there are general discussions surrounding **"stormwater capture"** and **"flood insurance"** as indicated by efforts such as reducing the cost of flood insurance for properties.

- **Energy Production and Natural Resources:** The plan includes actions like developing programs for **"energy and water efficiency"** and promoting **"renewable energy"** sources, but does not mention specifics regarding oil or gas production.
- **Industries and Economic Drivers:** The plan emphasizes sustainable development and community involvement, mentioning training residents for **"green construction careers"** and initiatives such as the **"Baltimore Energy Challenge"** and solar installation training programs. Economic resilience seems to be a priority, with programs supporting **"neighborhood-wide, deep energy retrofit projects"** aimed at reducing utility costs.

### **Key Highlights**
- Utilizing concepts of **"buildings that are living, restorative and adaptive"** to integrate with the natural environment.
- The promotion of **"green infrastructure"** is part of broader efforts to integrate natural spaces within urban settings.
- Significant involvement of community members, educational institutions, and city agencies in pursuing **"rational equity"** and **"sustainable development goals."**

The plan does not elaborate on demographics, average income, or traditional economic sectors but underscores a community-focused approach centering around sustainability, energy efficiency, and urban agriculture.

The plan places significant emphasis on resilience by proposing various strategies to enhance community preparedness and infrastructure to withstand climate impacts. Specific actions include strengthening floodplain regulations and building codes to safeguard against future flood events, updating the Capital Improvement Process to integrate climate data and social vulnerability, streamlining permitting for resilient building designs, and upgrading infrastructure to protect vulnerable communities. The plan aims to develop community resilience through post-disaster recovery plans, equity in hazard mitigation, and community-driven identification of priority upgrades for utility and infrastructure components. As stated, “Neighborhoods and people prepared to withstand and recover quickly from extreme weather and other emergencies” are the big picture goals in Baltimore (Strategy #3 under Community Preparedness).

Mitigation efforts in the plan focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions through renewable energy, energy efficiency, and clean transportation. There is a commitment to becoming a “Carbon Neutral City” with a net-zero impact on GHG emissions. Actions focus on reducing short-lived climate pollutants, increasing the use of renewable energy, promoting electric vehicles, enhancing energy efficiency in buildings, and deploying innovative technologies like LED streetlights and green roofs. The plan's strategy to speed decarbonization through renewable energy and electric vehicles highlights its role in mitigating climate impacts (Strategy #2 under Climate & Resilience).

Adaptation strategies are woven into the resilience actions, as the plan addresses flood preparedness, infrastructure upgrades, and community resilience building. By applying an equity lens to all-hazards mitigation and focusing on the needs of vulnerable populations, the plan aims to adjust systems to anticipated climate change impacts. The plan envisions developing flood alert systems, disaster preparedness training, and community resiliency plans, showcasing its commitment to adaptation measures (Action 2 under Strategy #1 in Community Preparedness).

**Classification of the Plan:**

The plan most closely aligns with being classified as an **"equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan."** It effectively balances efforts to reduce emissions with robust strategies to enhance resilience and adapt to climate impacts, addressing both mitigation and adaptation components comprehensively.

Yes, the plan describes scenarios of climate change that the planning jurisdiction will face, and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation.

**Scenario:**
- The planning jurisdiction is dealing with *“natural hazards and extreme weather events”* that are *“unavoidable"* and expected to become *"stronger and more frequent”* due to climate change. These events include *“coastal storms, flooding, extreme heat, high winds, and winter storms"* (Baltimore Sustainability Plan: Climate and Resilience 77).
- *"A projected rise in sea level,"* with *“sea levels increasing at the rate of about 1 inch every 7 to 8 years,”* poses an additional risk (Baltimore Sustainability Plan 78).
- Climate change is contributing to *“rising sea levels”* and changing the climate, with *“average temperature”* increases leading to *“greater risks such as flooding, storm surges and wildfires, as well as disrupted food production and displaced populations.”* These risks particularly affect *“people who are more economically insecure, and on communities of color”* (Baltimore Sustainability Plan: Climate and Resilience 85).

**Planning:**
- The plan emphasizes the importance of becoming more resilient to these events, involving *“strengthening buildings, utilities, and emergency response systems, as well as fortifying social systems and resident safety nets”* (Baltimore Sustainability Plan: Climate and Resilience 77).
- It aims to *“integrate equity into all-hazards mitigation and climate adaptation planning and implementation to support our most vulnerable residents”* (Baltimore Sustainability Plan: Climate and Resilience 77).
- There are strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, *“such as the use of energy that powers our homes and our commercial and industrial buildings.”* It also highlights actions to be *"Net Zero"* and adopt renewable energy (Baltimore Sustainability Plan: Climate and Resilience 85).

**1. Coastal Storms**

- **Climate Hazard:** The plan notes that Baltimore is "highly vulnerable to coastal storms."
- **Climate Risks:** Coastal storms cause damage to properties and threaten "city-wide utilities, transportation systems, and sewage treatment plants." These storms also pose a threat to public safety and economic recovery post-disasters.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Low-income residents are particularly at risk as they "have fewer resources and face greater barriers to safety, adequate medical aid, and economic recovery after a storm."  

**2. Flooding**

- **Climate Hazard:** Flooding is another hazard identified in the plan.
- **Climate Risks:** Flooding threatens infrastructure and the safety of residents, and is exacerbated by sea level rise.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The plan emphasizes protecting "vulnerable residents, such as in neighborhoods with high percentages of seniors, low-income residents, and non-English-speaking immigrants" from flood impacts.

- **Climate Hazard:** Extreme heat events present a significant hazard for the city.
- **Climate Risks:** These events can endanger public health, strain utilities, and affect the city's ability to provide essential services.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Disinvested high-impact areas are noted, with particular support through "community resiliency hubs" to protect residents.

**4. High Winds**

- **Climate Hazard:** High winds are recognized as a threat to Baltimore.
- **Climate Risks:** High winds can cause damage to homes, businesses, and critical infrastructure, impacting safety and economic stability.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Communities with inadequate shelter and infrastructure are at higher risk, necessitating upgrades in wind hazard zones.

**5. Winter Storms**

- **Climate Hazard:** Winter storms are acknowledged as part of the resilience plan.
- **Climate Risks:** Such storms disrupt daily life, threaten safety, and can significantly affect the municipal service delivery.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The elderly, low-income, and those with mobility issues may face greater challenges during severe winter conditions.

These hazards highlight the multifaceted nature of climate risks facing Baltimore and underscore the need for comprehensive adaptation and resilience strategies.

1. **Community Preparedness Workshops**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Natural hazards and climate change impacts, including excessive heat, hurricanes, and extreme weather events.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** "Continue to host workshops on 'community preparedness,' inviting residents to collaborate and organize preparation strategies for natural hazards. To foster inclusive and accessible engagement, host workshops at locations where people gather, such as stores, day-care centers, or pop-ups; also translate materials into safe harbor languages." *(Sustainability Plan: Climate and Resilience 79)*
   - **Important Attributes:** Enhances community resilience and inclusivity by targeting locations easily accessible to residents and translating materials for non-English speakers.

2. **Community Resiliency Hubs**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Protection and resource provision during excessive heat, hurricanes, and other extreme weather events.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Support growth in "disinvested, high-impact areas." *(Sustainability Plan: Climate and Resilience 79)*
   - **Important Attributes:** Provides critical infrastructure for safety and resources during emergencies, focusing on vulnerable and high-risk areas.

3. **Development of Community Resiliency Plans**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Areas with highest risks and economic and health vulnerabilities.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Focus on areas with highest risks and vulnerabilities. No specific cost or timeframe provided. *(Sustainability Plan: Climate and Resilience 79)*
   - **Important Attributes:** Targets and enhances local-level planning to enhance resilience based on specific vulnerabilities.

4. **Community Preparedness Training**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Natural disasters and climate-related emergencies.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Increase training in low-resourced neighborhoods. No specific cost or timeframe provided. *(Sustainability Plan: Climate and Resilience 79)*
   - **Important Attributes:** Focuses on building community skills and preparedness in vulnerable neighborhoods.

5. **Floodplain Regulations and Building Code Enhancements**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flood events exceeding historic levels.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Enhance city floodplain regulations and building codes. *(Sustainability Plan: Climate and Resilience 78)*
   - **Important Attributes:** Strengthens building standards to protect infrastructure against projected flood levels and contributes to sustainable urban development.

6. **Post-Disaster Plan Development**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Recovery after a disaster.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** No specific details on cost or timeframe. *(Sustainability Plan: Climate and Resilience 78)*
   - **Important Attributes:** Ensures long-term recovery efforts prioritize those with the fewest resources.

7. **Flood Alert System Upgrade**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Timely communication during flood events.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Ensure warnings reach vulnerable communities. No specific cost or timeframe provided. *(Sustainability Plan: Climate and Resilience 78)*
   - **Important Attributes:** Improves communication infrastructure to enhance community preparedness and responsiveness.

The plan identifies several mitigation options focused on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting renewable energy. Below are the summarized mitigation options with the details provided in the plan:

### **1. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Expansion**
- **Strategy:** *Expand awareness of and funding models for energy efficiency and renewable energy.*
  - **Actions:**
    - Expand education programming related to energy efficiency, conservation, and renewable energy.
    - Increase financing for energy programs.
    - Expand solar job training programs and job placement opportunities.

  - **Timing:** Not specified in the provided content.
  - **Location:** Applicable city-wide with a focus on community involvement and education.

### **2. Deployment of Renewable Energy and Electric Vehicles**
- **Strategy:** *Speed the path to decarbonization through increased deployment of renewable energy and electric vehicles.*
    - Increase the supply of clean, renewable electricity.
    - Advocate for a higher State of Maryland renewable portfolio standard.
    - Increase electric vehicle adoption and set a goal for EV charging stations.
  
  - **Location:** City-wide with emphasis on infrastructure development.

### **3. Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions**
- **Strategy:** *Improve efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.*
    - Update the Climate Action Plan using an equity lens.
    - Establish a Climate Change Advisory Committee for strategy implementation.
  
  - **Timing:** Update to be completed by 2020 (relative timeframe).
  - **Location:** City-wide, focusing on community stakeholder engagement.

### **4. Clean Energy and Emission Reduction in Government Operations**
- **Strategy:** *Modify operations and policies in city government to reduce emissions.*
    - Set reduction targets for government operations.
    - Implement policies to achieve reductions via energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy.
  
  - **Cost:** Involves adoption of less fuel use and greater energy efficiency.
  - **Location:** Focused on city government operations.

### **5. Reduce Emissions and Harm from Industrial Operations**
- **Strategy:** *Reduce emissions from industrial operations and transportation.*
    - Encourage state-of-the-art pollution controls.
    - Work with agencies to reduce toxic air emissions and enforce anti-idling regulations.

  - **Location:** City-wide, especially where industrial and transportation emissions are most significant.

### **6. Green Infrastructure and Energy Use Reduction**
- **Strategy:** *Support and deploy innovative technologies to reduce energy use.*
    - Review building codes to increase energy efficiency.
    - Expand installation of cool roofs, green roofs, and plant shade trees.

  - **Cost:** Financial resources may be needed for infrastructure improvements (e.g., streetlights, roofs).
  - **Timing:** Ongoing implementation envisioned.
  - **Location:** Focus on urban heat island areas and neighborhoods with high energy consumption.

These mitigation options are centered on reducing energy consumption, encouraging sustainable practices, and integrating climate considerations into city planning. The specific details on cost, timing, and locations are generally not provided in the document excerpts, indicating a broader strategy level approach rather than detailed planning metrics.

The plan identifies several **mitigation options** for addressing climate change, focusing primarily on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting renewable energy. Below are the mitigation options along with the relevant details provided in the plan:

1. **Expand Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy**:
   - *Actions*: 
     - Expand education programming for energy efficiency and renewable energy (Strategy #1, Action 1).
     - Increase financing for energy programs (Strategy #1, Action 2).
     - Expand solar job training programs and job placement opportunities (Strategy #1, Action 3).
   - *Cost*: Not specified.
   - *Timeframe*: Not specified.
   - *Location*: Not specified.

2. **Deployment of Renewable Energy and Electric Vehicles**:
     - Increase supply of clean, renewable electricity (Strategy #2, Action 1).
     - Advocate for a higher state renewable portfolio standard (Strategy #2, Action 2).
     - Increase electric vehicle adoption (Strategy #2, Action 3).
     - Adopt a goal for electric vehicle charging stations (Strategy #2, Action 4).

3. **Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions**:
     - Commit to being a "Carbon Neutral City" (Climate and Resilience, Action 2).
     - Reduce short-term pollutants by developing an action plan (Climate and Resilience, Action 3).
   - *Timeframe*: Reduction targets by 2020, and further goals by 2025 (STATEGIES & ACTION).
   - *Location*: City-wide.

4. **Improve City Government Operations**:
   - *Actions*:
     - Set ambitious emission reduction targets for government operations and adopt policies to achieve reductions through less fuel use, greater energy efficiency, and use of renewable energy (STATEGIES & ACTION, Climate and Resilience).
   - *Location*: City government operations.

5. **Innovative Technologies and Programs**:
     - Convert streetlights to LEDs and pilot various technologies for efficiency (The Sustainability Plan: Climate and Resilience).
     - Promote installation of cool roofs, green roofs, and planting of shade trees to mitigate urban heat islands (The Sustainability Plan: Climate and Resilience).
   - *Location*: City-wide, with emphasis on neighborhoods affected by urban heat (The Sustainability Plan: Climate and Resilience).

The plan emphasizes education, funding, technology deployment, and policy advocacy as key strategies for mitigation, though it does not specify detailed costs, timeframes, or specific locations for these actions, unless generally indicated as city-wide or within government operations.

Based on the document provided, the following adaptation options are identified:

1. **Enhancing City Floodplain Regulations and Building Codes:**
   - **Climate Threat:**
     - Addresses **flood events projected to be higher than historic levels** (Strategies & ActionFAST FACT).
     - No specific information provided regarding **cost** or **timeframe**.
     - Involves increasing standards for buildings to safeguard against these projected flood events.

2. **Supporting Community-Based Resiliency Hubs:**
     - Addresses threats from **excessive heat, hurricanes, other extreme weather events, and local emergencies** (Strategies & ActionFAST FACT).
     - No specific information regarding **cost** or **timeframe**.
     - Located in **disinvested, high-impact areas** to provide protection and resources for residents.

3. **Updating Capital Improvement Process:**
     - Incorporates planning for various climate impacts using **climate data and social vulnerability** (Strategies & ActionFAST FACT).
     - Involves integrating proactive initiatives into city and community plans.

4. **Streamlining the Permitting Process:**
     - Addresses **flood, sea level rise, and/or wind hazards** (Strategies & ActionFAST FACT).
     - Offers **financial assistance** to disadvantaged residents for home retrofits to meet higher standards.
     - Specifics on **cost** and **timeframe** not provided.

5. **Upgrading Infrastructure:**
     - Focuses on minimizing threats from **flooding, sea level rise, and wind damage** (Strategies & ActionFAST FACT).
     - The process is **community-driven**, identifying priority upgrades to reduce vulnerability.

6. **Developing a Post-Disaster Plan:**
     - Targets long-term recovery efforts after any disaster (Strategies & ActionFAST FACT).
     - Ensures those with the least resources are prioritized.

7. **Applying an Equity Lens to All-Hazards Mitigation:**
     - Includes assessment and planning for **man-made hazards** along with climate adaptation (Strategies & ActionFAST FACT).
     - Includes newly assessing risks of **hazardous material releases** on roads and railways.

8. **Finalizing Flood Alert System Upgrade:**
     - Focuses on improving alert systems for flood events (Strategies & ActionFAST FACT).
     - Ensures that **warnings are translated or interpreted** to reach vulnerable communities in a timely manner.

The provided document outlines several climate policies aimed at advancing climate justice, each addressing specific climate threats and focusing on vulnerable areas or populations:

1. **Review regulatory codes and implement collaborative programs**
   - **Climate Threat:** Flood events projected to be higher than historic levels.
   - **Areas/Populations with Most Vulnerability:** Neighborhoods with high percentages of seniors, low-income residents, and non-English-speaking immigrants. The plan aims to enhance city floodplain regulations and building codes to protect these vulnerable groups. (*Sustainability Plan: Climate and Resilience 78*)

2. **Develop community resiliency plans**
   - **Climate Threat:** Extreme weather events such as excessive heat, hurricanes, and local emergencies.
   - **Areas/Populations with Most Vulnerability:** Disinvested, high-impact areas with significant economic and health vulnerabilities. Community resiliency hubs are supported in these areas to provide protection and resources. (*Sustainability Plan: Climate and Resilience 79*)

3. **Apply an equity lens to all-hazards mitigation and climate adaptation planning**
   - **Climate Threat:** All kinds of natural and man-made hazards, including hazardous material releases.
   - **Areas/Populations with Most Vulnerability:** Those with the least resources, ensuring long-term recovery efforts following a disaster prioritize these groups. (*Sustainability Plan: Climate and Resilience 78*)

4. **Establish a Climate Change Advisory Committee**
   - **Climate Threat:** Greenhouse gas emissions and associated climate change impacts.
   - **Areas/Populations with Most Vulnerability:** Diverse community stakeholders are engaged to ensure equitable adaptation to the impacts of climate change, particularly addressing communities with greater economic insecurities and communities of color. (*Sustainability Plan: Climate and Resilience 86*)

5. **Integrate equity into all-hazards mitigation**
   - **Climate Threat:** Coastal storms, flooding, extreme heat, high winds, and winter storms.
   - **Areas/Populations with Most Vulnerability:** Low-income residents who face barriers to safety and economic recovery after a storm. The plan focuses on supporting these residents by integrating equity into planning and execution. (*Sustainability Plan: Climate and Resilience 77*)

These policies aim to leverage an equity lens in planning and implementing climate adaptation and mitigation strategies to protect the most vulnerable communities and ensure equitable distribution of resources and recovery efforts.

**Potential Maladaptive Climate Policy: Enhanced City Floodplain Regulations and Building Codes**

1. **Climate Threat Addressed:**  
   The policy addresses the threat of flooding and sea-level rise which are projected to be higher than historical levels. As noted, *"Enhance City floodplain regulations and building codes to increase standards for buildings and safeguard against flood events projected to be higher than historic levels."*

2. **Option Proposed:**  
   This policy is an **adaptation option** as it proposes enhancing floodplain regulations and building codes to protect against flood events.

3. **Inadvertent Maladaptation:**  
   This policy may lead to maladaptation by potentially increasing the cost of construction and housing. Without sufficient financial assistance, this could render housing unaffordable for disadvantaged residents, potentially leading to social inequities. The plan does mention providing "financial assistance to disadvantaged residents for home retrofits", but the effectiveness of the assistance and reach may determine the success in avoiding maladaptive outcomes.

**Metrics for Success or Failure of Adaptation, Resilience, and Mitigation Options:**

- **Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Pollutants:**
  - **Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions:** Measured city-wide and specifically for city government.
  - **Total Emissions of Short-lived Climate Pollutants:** Specific pollutants emitted over a short period, such as those from certain refrigeration and air conditioning units. *(Strategies and Actions at a Glance: GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, Strategy #3)*

  - **Number of Days with Excessive Levels of Criteria Pollutants:** Such as ozone and particulate matter that exceed national standards. *(CLEAN AIR section, How we’ll measure success)*
  - **Asthma Hospitalization Rates:** Compared to the state average to assess health impacts of air quality. *(CLEAN AIR section, How we’ll measure success)*

- **Building and Energy Use:**
  - **Number of Participants in Property Assessed Clean Energy (P.A.C.E.) Financing:** To measure engagement in energy efficiencies. *(The Sustainability Plan: Human-Made Systems)*
  - **Number and Geographic Distribution of Certified Green Buildings:** To track the development of green infrastructure. *(The Sustainability Plan: Human-Made Systems)*

- **Community Preparedness and Resilience:**
  - **Number and Distribution of Community Resiliency Hubs:** To enhance local preparedness. *(Strategies and Actions at a Glance: COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS, How we’ll measure success)*
  - **Number and Distribution of Homes, Businesses, and Infrastructure in High-Risk Areas That Meet Code Standards:** As an indication of increased resilience against natural hazards. *(Strategies and Actions at a Glance: COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS, How we’ll measure success)*

- **Training and Job Placement:**
  - **Number of Job Seekers Trained in Solar Installation and Other 'Green' Job Skills:** Including those successfully hired for green or sustainable jobs. *(Strategies and Actions at a Glance: COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS, How we’ll measure success)*

- **Energy Use and Cost:**
  - **Total Electricity and Natural Gas Consumption per Capita:** For the city as a whole and specifically for city government. *(Strategies and Actions at a Glance: GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, How we’ll measure success)*
  - **Average Percentage of Household Income Spent on Energy:** To track the financial burden on residents. *(Strategies and Actions at a Glance: GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, How we’ll measure success)*

**Goals and Targets:**

  - **25 Percent Reduction by 2020 and 30 Percent by 2025 (Relative to 2007):** In line with goals similar to those set by the Paris Agreement. *(STRATEGIES & ACTION, reduction goals)*
  
- **Community Resilience and Preparedness:**
  - **Development of Community Resiliency Plans:** And increasing the number of residents receiving community preparedness training. *(Strategies and Actions at a Glance: COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS)*

- **Deployment of Renewable Energy:**
  - **Increase in Solar Installations and Use of Electric Vehicles:** Including setting goals for electric vehicle charging stations. *(Strategies and Actions at a Glance: COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS)*

By measuring these outcomes, the plan aims to track progress towards making the planning jurisdiction more sustainable and resilient to climate change impacts.

| **Feature**            | **Details**                                                                                          |
|------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Baltimore                                                                                            |
| **Population**         | *Not specified in the document*                                                                      |
| **Threats Identified** | - Climate change                                                                                     |
|                        | - Flooding                                                                                           |
|                        | - Coastal hazards (such as hurricanes and sea level rise)                                            |
|                        | - Extreme wind                                                                                       |
|                        | - Extreme heat                                                                                       |
|                        | - Sea-level rise (Maryland has seen increases at the rate of about 1 inch every 7 to 8 years)         |
| **Measures Identified**| - Enhance City floodplain regulations and building codes                                             |
|                        | - Update Capital Improvement Process                                                                 |
|                        | - Streamline permitting process for buildings designed to higher standards                           |
|                        | - Upgrade infrastructure to minimize threats to vulnerable communities                               |
|                        | - Develop plans to increase community resilience                                                     |
|                        | - Support community-based resiliency hubs                                                            |
|                        | - Mayor’s Office of Emergency Management provides training and materials                              |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction:** City of Lincoln, Lancaster County, Nebraska

**Location:** Lincoln is located in the central part of the United States within Lancaster County in the state of Nebraska.

- Notable demographics include a poverty rate of **14.2%**, and sizeable segments of the population such as *10% of households including adults 65 years or older living alone* and *7% of the population under 5 years old* are described as vulnerable.

**Average Income:** Specific average income details are not provided in the plan.

- There are no specific mentions of physical geographic features such as mountains, rivers, deserts, or coastlines in the provided section of the plan.

- There is no mention of specific infrastructure such as airports or seaports in the provided content.

- Lincoln faces significant climate risks, particularly susceptibility to **flooding** along the leveed portion of Salt Creek. It also experiences increasingly **hotter and drier conditions** leading to projected increases in drought incidents. The City of Lincoln also relies on a **single water source**, which was previously shown to be vulnerable to extreme weather conditions.

**Aridity or Water Challenges:**
- The reliance on a single water source is identified as a critical risk due to potential impacts from extreme weather, suggesting a challenge in water resource management.

- The plan does not provide detailed information about current energy production methods or the percentage derived from oil, gas, or renewables. However, there are various economic strategies to encourage the growth and development of sustainable energy, including **wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass**.

- Specific natural resources are not highlighted in the plan.

- The document outlines plans to align economic development goals with climate realities, emphasizing strategies encouraging local food culture and sustainable energy research and manufacturing, such as the production of wind and solar technology, battery storage solutions, and electric vehicles.

- **Vulnerabilities Related to Employment:** Future risks due to climate migration and job automation, noting Lincoln's vulnerability to economic impacts with increasing automation in jobs (e.g., **50% in transportation, 45% in manufacturing, and nearly 40% in construction**).

- **Economic Resilience Strategies:** Emphasis is given to creating training programs for climate-smart jobs, establishing task forces to shape workforce development plans, and training in roles like solar and wind technicians, building energy efficiency technicians, and sustainable food producers.

The information drawn from the City of Lincoln’s climate action plan reflects their intention to integrate climate resilience into economic development, focusing on supporting both existing vulnerabilities and harnessing local natural and human resources for sustainable growth.

The plan takes a comprehensive approach to resilience by aiming to enhance the capacity of Lincoln to withstand climate hazards. It outlines a strategic vision for increasing resilience across economic, demographic, and infrastructure sectors. The plan highlights the importance of maintaining essential functions and adapting to ongoing changes in the environment. An "intersectional approach" is utilized to address how "climate risks will intersect with Lincoln’s socio-economic, health and systemic vulnerabilities," seeking solutions that provide "co-benefits across sectors" (Introduction, 25).

The plan has clear objectives for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, notably the ambitious goal of reducing net emissions by 80% by 2050 relative to 2011 levels. Strategies to achieve this include increasing energy efficiency, transitioning to renewable energy, promoting electric vehicles, and leveraging natural climate solutions. These strategies are defined as part of a "climate-smart" future that aims for a zero-emissions vision through sustainable and equitable practices (Strategic Vision, 93; Strategies to Build Resilience, Introduction, 31).

Adaptation is integrated through actions designed to protect the community from climate impacts and ensure the city thrives amidst change. Key actions cover areas like "building a resilient local food system" and engaging local residents in co-creating adaptive strategies to the anticipated climate realities (Action Areas for Making Lincoln a Climate-Resilient City, 95).

Based on the document, the plan should be classified as an **"equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan."** It addresses both mitigation and adaptation comprehensively, setting ambitious goals for emission reductions while also focusing heavily on increasing resilience and adaptation measures to climate risks.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change that the planning jurisdiction, Lincoln, will face, and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation.

The scenario outlined in the plan highlights the climate impacts expected in Lincoln, Nebraska:

- **Warmer and Drier Summers:** "Nebraska will see warmer, drier summers" impacting water resources and agricultural activities.
  
- **Wetter Springs and More Extreme Rain Events:** The region will experience "wetter springs, more extreme rain events," which could lead to flooding and water management challenges.
  
- **Increased Frequency of Droughts and Floods:** There will be "more frequent drought, more frequent and more intense floods" affecting agriculture, infrastructure, and living conditions.
  
- **Economic Instability:** The scenario includes "potential economic instability from impacts to the state’s agricultural sector," a critical component of Nebraska's economy.
  
- **Health Impacts:** The plan anticipates "a range of climate-related health impacts, including heat-related illnesses, respiratory illnesses, and increased insect-borne diseases," affecting the well-being of Lincoln's residents.

These projected changes emphasize the necessity for Lincoln to develop and implement climate policies aimed at increasing resilience, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and adapting to ongoing and anticipated climate impacts. (From chapters discussing climate impacts and risks faced by Lincoln)

- **Climate Hazard:** Lincoln is susceptible to flooding, particularly along the leveed portion of Salt Creek.
- **Climate Risks:** Flooding poses one of the most significant climate risks for the city. Floods create numerous health risks, such as hazardous driving conditions, mold in flooded basements, and potential electrification dangers.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Nearly 23% of Lancaster County's population lives within the floodplain. In the city of Lincoln, nearly 6,000 people are vulnerable to flooding impacts, especially those in economically vulnerable situations.

- **Climate Hazard:** Increasingly hotter and drier conditions are projected to increase the incidence of drought.
- **Climate Risks:** The alternating between weather extremes like flooding and drought is characteristic of climate change, resulting in potential impacts on water resources.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The plan does not specify particular vulnerable populations or areas to drought within the provided excerpts.

**3. Single Water Source**

- **Climate Hazard:** Lincoln relies on a single water source, which is vulnerable to extreme weather.
- **Climate Risks:** The city’s reliance on one source for water needs poses a critical climate risk, especially given potential contamination or depletion during extreme weather events.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** All residents are vulnerable due to the single point of failure in the water supply.

**4. Public Health Risks**

- **Climate Hazard:** Extreme heat, storms, wildfires, floods, fewer freezing temperatures, and psychological stress.
- **Climate Risks:** These hazards lead to health issues such as heat exhaustion, heat stroke, respiratory illnesses from mold, and potential vectors of diseases.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Vulnerable groups include athletes, outdoor workers, individuals with chronic medical conditions, low-income households, infants and children, and adults over 65.

**5. Disproportionate Impacts on Vulnerable Populations**

- **Climate Hazard:** Economic, social, or physical vulnerabilities that exacerbate climate change impacts.
- **Climate Risks:** Vulnerable populations face higher risks from the cascading impacts of climate change.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Economically disadvantaged, socially or physically vulnerable populations, non-English speakers, youth, the elderly, and people living in poverty.

**6. Financial and Workforce Resources Not Aligned**

- **Climate Hazard:** Lack of economic and workforce readiness for climate risks.
- **Climate Risks:** Businesses may face damages and interruptions, and there’s a lack of workforce skills relevant to future climate-smart industries.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Low-income renters in floodplains without flood insurance, businesses, and workers not trained in climate-smart skills.

**7. City Policies Not Aligned with Climate Risks and Opportunities**

- **Climate Hazard:** Policies based on historical climate stability.
- **Climate Risks:** Outdated policies may lead to inadequate infrastructure and planning against projected climate hazards.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The city as a whole may suffer from policy misalignment, affecting all populations indirectly.

**8. Auto-Reliant Transportation System**

- **Climate Hazard:** Heavy reliance on combustion engine vehicles.
- **Climate Risks:** High greenhouse gas emissions are a challenge to reduce.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** General populace reliant on transportation infrastructure.

**9. Reliance on Fossil Fuels**

- **Climate Hazard:** High fossil fuel dependency.
- **Climate Risks:** Necessity to change energy consumption patterns to reduce emissions by 80%.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** All residents whose daily life depends on fossil fuels.

**10. External Control Over Food Supplies**

- **Climate Hazard:** Dependence on external food shipments.
- **Climate Risks:** Three-day supply in stores means vulnerability to supply chain disruptions.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Entire community dependent on imported food supplies.

**11. Vulnerable Natural Resources**

- **Climate Hazard:** Impact range due to changes in climate.
- **Climate Risks:** Degradation of natural resources with economic and environmental stress.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The plan does not specify particular vulnerable populations or areas for this hazard within the provided excerpts.

1. **Risk Management of Flooding:**
   - **Climate Threat:** Flooding due to increased precipitation and stormwater.
     - *Timeframe:* Short-term to medium-term strategies (0-20 years). "Continue to require air conditioners and heat pumps to be installed at high enough levels so as to avoid floodwaters in homes and apartment buildings in the floodplain" (Action Areas for Making Lincoln a Climate-Resilient City 130).
     - *Location:* Lincoln floodplain areas.
     - Environmental considerations include preserving floodplain as open spaces and evaluating lands to be preserved as recreation spaces (Action Areas for Making Lincoln a Climate-Resilient City 130).
     - Economic and infrastructural aspects involve implementing cluster subdivision regulations and overlay zoning to protect flood-prone areas (Action Areas for Making Lincoln a Climate-Resilient City 129).

2. **Development of a Second Water Source:**
   - **Climate Threat:** Ensuring a safe and secure water supply under changing climate conditions.
     - *Timeframe:* Short-term to assess and recommend a strategy by 2021 (Action Areas for Making Lincoln a Climate-Resilient City 130).
     - Economic consideration involves the need for requisite funding strategies in situations where a second water source is required earlier than planned.

3. **Engagement and Communication with Residents:**
   - **Climate Threat:** Ensuring community awareness and involvement in climate resilience.
     - *Timeframe:* Short-term strategies (0-10 years) to engage with residents, especially underserved populations, and affected neighborhoods (Action Areas for Making Lincoln a Climate-Resilient City 158-160).
     - Socio-economic considerations involve creating an integrated communications plan to educate and involve community groups in resilience strategies (Action Areas for Making Lincoln a Climate-Resilient City 160).

4. **Promotion of Green Infrastructure:**
   - **Climate Threat:** Flooding and stormwater management.
     - *Timeframe:* Short-term strategies, with structural efforts continuing as ongoing projects (Action Areas for Making Lincoln a Climate-Resilient City 130).
     - *Location:* Areas prone to stormwater issues across Lincoln.
     - Ecological and environmental benefits from using green infrastructure design principles in development projects (Action Areas for Making Lincoln a Climate-Resilient City 130).

5. **Economic Development Aligned with Climate Resilience:**
   - **Climate Threat:** Economic vulnerability to climate impacts.
     - *Timeframe:* Short-term initiatives to encourage sustainable energy development and climate-smart workforce development plans (Action Areas for Making Lincoln a Climate-Resilient City 121).
     - Economic and workforce considerations include training programs for climate-smart jobs and creating resilience bonds to finance projects (Action Areas for Making Lincoln a Climate-Resilient City 105, 121).

These resilience strategies are designed to accommodate and adapt to the multifaceted impacts of climate change within Lincoln, ensuring an integrated approach to climate adaptation and community engagement.

The plan identifies several mitigation options focused on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing energy efficiency. Here is a summary of the mitigation options provided in the plan:

1. **Rooftop and Ground-Mounted Solar**  
   - **Cost, Timing, and Location**: The plan includes creating a strategy to power all municipal operations with 100% renewable energy by 2035 using rooftop solar and ground-mounted solar (_Section S_).

2. **Energy Audits and Retrofits**  
   - **Cost, Timing, and Location**: Conduct a rooftop solar potential analysis for all municipal buildings and implement recommended energy conservation measures from previous energy audits. Deep energy retrofits should be performed on all existing municipal buildings to make them ultra-efficient and net-zero energy ready (_Section M_).

3. **Zero Energy Buildings**  
   - **Cost, Timing, and Location**: New construction and significant renovations of municipal facilities are to be zero energy buildings, i.e., their energy needs should be met by onsite renewable energy, including geothermal and solar (_Section M_).

4. **Energy Efficient Practices in Municipal Operations**  
   - **Cost, Timing, and Location**: Create policies requiring energy-efficient practices in the municipal government, such as using shared printers, switching to LED lighting, and reducing paper use (_Section S_).

5. **Use of Green Building Standards**  
   - **Cost, Timing, and Location**: Require new commercial construction to meet third-party green building standards like LEED, Green Globes, or Living Building Challenge. For existing buildings, impose energy efficiency requirements based on specific events like a sale or major renovation (_Section M, L_).

6. **Transition to All-Electric Systems**  
   - **Cost, Timing, and Location**: Encourage the transition from natural gas to all-electric heating and cooking systems in new homes (_Section M_).

7. **Electric Vehicle Infrastructure**  
   - **Cost, Timing, and Location**: Require all new homes and apartments to be built EV-ready to facilitate the future installation of electric chargers (_Section M_).

8. **Green Concrete in Construction**  
   - **Cost, Timing, and Location**: Explore using "green concrete," which sequesters carbon, in all city contracts (_Section M_).

9. **LES Sustainable Energy Program**  
   - **Cost, Timing, and Location**: Market and promote the program to incentivize building owners and landlords to weatherize and insulate commercial properties, especially multi-family housing units (_Section S_).

10. **Vehicles Emissions Reduction**  
    - **Cost, Timing, and Location**: Initiatives include reducing CO2 emissions from combustion engine vehicles through transit-oriented development policies and the adoption of electric buses for commuter services between Lincoln and Omaha (_Section S, M_).

11. **Energy Conservation Campaigns**  
    - **Cost, Timing, and Location**: Create public engagement campaigns to educate the public and influence behavior change regarding energy consumption (_Section S_).

**Note**: The specifics regarding cost, timing, and location details are often generalized, such as identifying short-term, medium-term, or long-term goals without precise figures or geographic delineations in the plan.

The plan outlines several mitigation options, each with varying attributes. Here are the identified options along with the details provided:

1. **Power Municipal Operations with 100% Renewable Energy by 2035**
   - **Options**: Rooftop solar, ground-mounted solar, geothermal, virtual net-metering, power purchase agreement with a solar or wind power facility, renewable energy credits.
   - **Cost**: Not specified.
   - **Timeframe**: Short-Term (next 0-10 years) with a target year of 2035.
   - **Location**: Municipal operations, unspecified exact locations.

2. **Green Concrete in City Contracts**
   - **Description**: Explore the use of "green concrete" for city contracts, which involves CO₂-injected concrete that sequesters carbon.
   - **Timeframe**: Medium-Term (next 10-20 years).
   - **Location**: City contracts, unspecified exact locations.

3. **Energy Efficient Practices in Municipal Government**
   - **Includes**: Inventory of technology assets, reduce individual printers, power down computers, reduce paper use, shift to LED lighting, optimize heating/cooling.
   - **Timeframe**: Short-Term (next 0-10 years).
   - **Location**: Municipal government buildings.

4. **Deep Energy Retrofits**
   - **Description**: Retrofit existing municipal buildings, including affordable housing, for ultra-efficiency and net-zero energy readiness.
   - **Location**: Municipal buildings, including affordable housing.

5. **Reduce Emissions in City-Contracted Projects**
   - **Requirement**: Vendors to disclose their GHG emissions for City contracts over a certain amount.
   - **Location**: City-contracted projects, unspecified exact locations.

Each mitigation option is intended to achieve the city’s emission reduction goals and align with its climate-smart future vision.

**Adaptation Options Identified in the Plan**

1. **Integrating Climate Change Data into Emergency Management Plans**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The integration focuses on updating floodplain maps and incorporating climate data to manage vulnerabilities related to Salt Creek levees and extreme temperature events. This addresses threats from flooding, extreme weather events, and heat extremes.
     - **Timeframe:** Classified as Short-Term (next 0-10 years) for various tasks such as incorporating climate projections.
     - **Location:** Lancaster County and Lincoln, including the Lower Platte South area.

2. **Prioritizing Vulnerable Populations in Emergency Management Plans**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** General climate impacts that affect vulnerable populations, including heat events and other extreme conditions.
     - **Timeframe:** Short-Term actions involve engaging vulnerable groups in decision-making and improving care provisions.

3. **Heat Response Plan Development**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Extreme temperature events, particularly addressing the need for specific responses to heatwaves.
     - **Timeframe:** Evaluated as a necessity within the Short-Term actions.

4. **Expanding Cooling Centers Based on Climate Projections**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Extreme heat and cold events.
     - **Timeframe:** Medium-Term considerations for expanding cooling centers beyond existing city/village rec centers.

5. **Public Health Plan Enhancements for Climate-Related Risks**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Vector-borne illnesses and broader public health risks due to a changing climate.
     - **Timeframe:** Continued management of disease outbreaks (Short-Term).

6. **Flood Management and Green Infrastructure Design**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Increased precipitation and stormwater management challenges.
     - **Timeframe:** Most related actions are Short-Term, with ongoing enhancements and outreach about flood risks.
     - **Location:** Lincoln, specifically in floodplain areas.
     - **Other Attributes:** Includes preserving open spaces and codifying green infrastructure principles in new developments.

7. **Co-Creation of Resilience Solutions with Underserved Populations**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Broad climate impacts with a specific focus on engaging populations disproportionately affected by climate change.
     - **Timeframe:** Short-Term initiatives for community engagement and strategy development.

8. **Communication of Climate Risks**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** General lack of awareness or understanding about climate risk and resilience opportunities.
     - **Timeframe:** Short-Term development of communication plans to engage community groups and residents.

The plan does not provide detailed cost information for these adaptation options. Instead, it classifies the actions based on their timeframe for implementation, identifying them as either Short-Term (next 0-10 years), Medium-Term (next 10-20 years), or Long-Term (next 20-30 years). The emphasis is on strategic planning and engagement to address specific climate threats.

**1. Climate Policy: Enhancing Emergency Management Plans**

- **Climate Threat:** Flooding and Extreme Heat Events
- **Areas or Populations with Climate Vulnerability:** Vulnerable populations include *“youth and the elderly living alone, people who do not speak English, and people who work or live outdoors.”* Additionally, *“23% of Lancaster County’s population lives within the floodplain,”* which presents an increased risk for flooding, particularly impacting economically vulnerable individuals.

**2. Climate Policy: Inclusivity and Participatory Decision-Making**

- **Climate Threat:** Disproportionate Impacts on Vulnerable Populations
- **Areas or Populations with Climate Vulnerability:** The focus is on enhancing participation for *“non-English speaking people, residents living in poverty, and elderly residents,”* recognizing their heightened vulnerability. This strategy ensures that *“vulnerable populations are prioritized in emergency management plans.”*

**3. Climate Policy: Equity and Transformation for Underserved Populations**

- **Climate Threat:** Systemic Inequities Exacerbated by Climate Change
- **Areas or Populations with Climate Vulnerability:** Acknowledging pre-existing systemic inequalities, this policy aims to address *“low-income communities of color,”* particularly those historically impacted by discrimination and poised to face *“the oncoming crisis of climate change.”*

**4. Climate Policy: Outreach and Education Programs**

- **Climate Threat:** Heat-Related Illnesses and Energy Insecurity
- **Areas or Populations with Climate Vulnerability:** Efforts are directed towards assisting those with limited means through programs like the *“Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP),”* addressing energy needs during extreme temperatures.

**5. Climate Policy: Enhanced Climate Health Plans**

- **Climate Threat:** Climate-Related Health Risks, including Vector-Borne Illnesses
- **Areas or Populations with Climate Vulnerability:** The policy aims to protect *“residents from the worst effects of climate change in Lincoln,”* particularly addressing threats to public health systems that affect vulnerable populations disproportionately during climate-exasperated health incidents.

Based on the plan provided, here are potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies along with their summaries:

1. **Policy to Continue to Require Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps to be Installed at High Levels to Avoid Floodwaters:**

   - **Climate Threat:** The policy addresses the threat of flooding in homes and apartment buildings, particularly those located in the floodplain.
   - **Resilience Option:** This policy proposes to install air conditioners and heat pumps at higher levels to prevent damage from floodwaters. *"Continue to require air conditioners and heat pumps to be installed at high enough levels so as to avoid floodwaters in homes and apartment buildings in the floodplain for new construction, existing buildings and retrofits." (Action Areas for Making Lincoln a Climate-Resilient City, 130)*
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** Elevating installations might be a stopgap solution, as it does not address the fundamental issue of living in flood-prone areas but rather only mitigates damage to specific appliances. This might encourage continued occupancy in high-risk areas, increasing long-term vulnerability and delaying necessary relocation or structural floodproofing measures.

2. **Incentives-Based Policy to Infill Basements at Risk of Flooding:**

   - **Climate Threat:** The policy targets flooding risks to basements located in the floodplain.
   - **Resilience Option:** Proposes implementing an incentives-based policy to infill at-risk basements. *"Consider a voluntary, incentives-based policy to infill basements at risk of flooding in the floodplain." (Action Areas for Making Lincoln a Climate-Resilient City, 130)*
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** While infilling basements might reduce immediate flood risk, it may inadvertently lead to an increase in unrelated construction or development in flood-prone areas. This approach might encourage residents to remain in vulnerable locations due to an illusion of safety.

3. **Expand Cooling Centers on Extreme Heat/Cold Days:**

   - **Climate Threat:** Addresses the threat of extreme heat or cold events, which are increasing in frequency and intensity due to climate change.
   - **Adaptation Option:** Expansion of cooling centers beyond city/village recreation centers as necessitated by projections. *"As needed, based on climate projections, consider expanding cooling centers on extreme heat/cold days to spaces additional to city/village rec centers." (Action Areas for Making Lincoln a Climate-Resilient City, 131)*
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** While creating more cooling centers can offer temporary relief, it could lead to a reliance on energy-intensive solutions rather than addressing urban heat effects through greening initiatives or building energy efficiency upgrades. This could inadvertently lead to higher overall energy consumption and neglect long-term sustainable urban planning solutions.

These policies, while attempting to mitigate or adapt to climate challenges, might cause maladaptation by reinforcing dependencies on short-term fixes rather than sustainable, long-term solutions.

**Metrics Used to Measure Success or Failure of Options:**

   - **Reduction Target:** The primary metric used is **net reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050**, relative to 2011 levels. This goal serves as a guiding target for municipal operations and the community at large. This metric includes both reductions in emissions and the accounting of carbon sequestration activities (Strategic Vision).

2. **Indicators for Monitoring Progress:**
   - The plan highlights the importance of monitoring the amount of greenhouse gases the city emits and sequesters. A greenhouse gas emissions inventory is conducted every three years by the Lincoln-Lancaster County Health Department. Additionally, a carbon sink inventory will be added to track sequestration (Implementation and Monitoring).

3. **Public Engagement:**
   - Another indicator is public engagement on the Climate Action Plan, specifically working with impacted communities and ensuring that the needs and vulnerabilities of communities of color are addressed (Implementation and Monitoring).

**Concrete Goals or Targets Set:**

   - The city has set an ambitious target to **reduce net greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050**, relative to 2011 levels. This reduction target is often referred to as the "80x50" goal (Introduction, Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Target).

2. **Renewable Energy for Municipal Operations:**
   - Develop a plan to power all municipal operations with 100% renewable energy by 2035, using a combination of rooftop solar, ground-mounted solar, geothermal, and other options (Action Areas for Making Lincoln a Climate-Resilient City).

3. **Energy Efficiency and Conservation Measures:**
   - Implement energy conservation measures from previous energy audit reports in municipal buildings and perform deep energy retrofits to make them ultra-efficient and net-zero energy ready (Action Areas for Making Lincoln a Climate-Resilient City).

**Additional Specific Goals:**

- **Transition to Low-Carbon Energy and Decarbonized Transportation Infrastructure:** Examples include switching to electric vehicles and active commuting modes. As technological advances such as battery storage technologies become available, these activities will also contribute to reducing emissions (Action Areas for Making Lincoln a Climate-Resilient City).

- **Natural Climate Solutions:**
  - Employ natural solutions like planting trees, expanding greenways, and composting to remove greenhouse gas emissions from the atmosphere (Strategies to Build Resilience).

Overall, these metrics and targets collectively form a robust framework to gauge the success of the City's efforts in climate adaptation, resilience, and mitigation.

| Feature             | Details                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     |
|---------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name**  | Lincoln                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
| **Population**      | Lincoln's population includes a growing cohort of older residents, with projections indicating that by 2050, the number of Nebraskans aged 65+ will more than double, accounting for 15% of Lancaster County's population.                    |
| **Threats Identified**  | - **Flooding**: Lincoln's susceptibility particularly along the leveed portion of Salt Creek.  <br> - **Drought**: Projected increase due to hotter and drier conditions.  <br> - **Single Water Source**: Reliance on one source for all water needs. <br> - **Public Health Risks**: Impacts from extreme heat and weather events. <br> - **Disproportionate Impacts on Vulnerable Populations**: Economically, socially, or physically vulnerable groups at risk. <br> - **Financial and Workforce Resources**: Not aligned with climate risks and opportunities. <br> - **City Policies**: Not aligned with climate risks and opportunities. <br> - **Auto-Reliant Transportation System**: Challenges to reduce GHG emissions from transportation. <br> - **Reliance on Fossil Fuels**: Shift needed to reduce GHG emissions. <br> - **External Control Over Food Supplies**: Reliance on food shipped from afar. <br> - **Vulnerable Natural Resources**: Negative effects on air, water, and soil quality. <br> - **Degree of Public Awareness**: Widespread unawareness of climate change dangers. |

| **Measures Identified** | - **Engaging with Diverse Groups**: Forming groups like the Climate Resilience Task Force representing diverse communities. <br> - **Public Health Measures**: Developing heat response plans, enhancing disease reporting systems. <br> - **Resilience and Mitigation Strategies**: Focus on reducing reliance on fossil fuels, developing resilience capacity, adapting city policies to consider climate risks. <br> - **Community Engagement**: Educating residents, building public awareness, and fostering co-creation of resilient solutions. <br> - **Infrastructural Improvements**: Monitoring systems for heat, air quality, and flood prevention. <br> - **Communication and Leadership Initiatives**: Establishing leadership structures for plan implementation, divesting from fossil fuel investments.                                                                                                |
```

The plan provided does not contain specific details about the physical and economic landscape of the planning jurisdiction, such as its geography, population, or economic drivers. The document may contain references to infrastructure investments and plans related to climate action, but it does not specify major geographic features, detailed demographics, average income, or local climate details such as aridity or water challenges. Additionally, it doesn't provide specific information about energy production, natural resources, or key industries and economic drivers in the Memphis area. If this information is crucial, it would need to be sourced from supplemental documents or data sources not included in this plan.

The plan places significant emphasis on resilience by integrating strategies and programs designed to reduce risks from local climate hazards such as flooding, extreme heat, and heavy winds. Notably, it includes the implementation of projects funded by a National Disaster Resilience Competition grant from the HUD, aimed at reducing flood risks and improving resident quality of life through green infrastructure. The Mid-South Regional Resilience Plan complements these efforts, focusing on a comprehensive approach to addressing risks beyond jurisdictional lines, highlighting the collaborative nature of resilience efforts (_"Executive Summary"_ and _"Priority Action E.8: Align Climate Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Efforts"_).

The plan is heavily focused on climate change mitigation, primarily through reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It sets ambitious targets for GHG reduction below 2016 levels: 15% by 2020, 51% by 2035, and 71% by 2050. The plan mentions actions such as improving energy efficiency, using green infrastructure to absorb carbon, and relying on increased carbon-free energy sources due to external factors like Tennessee Valley Authority's (TVA) energy portfolio (_"Executive Summary"_ and _"Introduction"_).

Adaptation efforts in the plan are directed towards reducing vulnerability to climate impacts. Strategies include the implementation of infrastructure projects like bioswales and floodable parks, which also serve to improve environmental health and amenities. Prioritizing investments in low-income communities to mitigate risks and improve equity is a key focus of adaptation efforts. The plan seeks to develop science-policy-practice interfaces to better quantify project benefits and capture social and economic impacts (_"Priority Action E.8: Align Climate Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Efforts"_ and _"Existing programs and policies in the climate change mitigation/adaptation space"_).

Given its dual focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions while also enhancing community resilience and adapting to climate changes, the plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. It aligns mitigation strategies with adaptation efforts to pursue comprehensive climate action emphasizing resilience, equity, and sustainability.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change that the Memphis area is expected to face and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. 

- The Memphis area faces several climate threats, such as "flooding, extreme heat and drought, and damaging wind," which are projected to become "more frequent and more severe over the next 50 years" (Executive Summary). 
- Expected future impacts for the region include "higher frequencies of extreme weather events including severe flooding, wind storms, 100+ degree days or heat events, and increased incidences of winter weather and precipitation" (Introduction).
- These events can lead to significant impacts on the community, including "property damage, compromised public health, environmental degradation, and lost economic activity" (Executive Summary).

These projected challenges underscore the need for climate policies focused on resilience, mitigation, and adaptation.

   - **Description:** The plan recognizes flooding as a significant hazard, noting its increase in frequency and severity over time. It specifically mentions historical events like the severe flooding in 2011.
   - **Climate Risks:** Flooding poses risks such as damage to property, compromised public health, and environmental degradation. It also affects economic activity by causing disruptions.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The projects implemented to mitigate flooding risks, such as green infrastructure in areas like Big Creek in Millington and the Wolf River in North Memphis, are indications that these regions and vulnerable low-income communities are particularly at risk.

   - **Description:** Extreme heat is identified as a climate hazard expected to occur more frequently in the future.
   - **Climate Risks:** It exacerbates risks to public health and the wellbeing of residents, especially during heatwaves.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Low-income communities, particularly those with energy inefficiency in housing, are vulnerable to these risks. Efforts to improve housing energy efficiency are aimed at reducing this vulnerability.

   - **Description:** Drought is mentioned as another climate hazard facing the Memphis area.
   - **Climate Risks:** Drought can significantly impact water resources and the availability of water for personal and community use.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** While drought is not explicitly tied to specific vulnerable populations in the plan, the focus on enhancing infrastructure for water management suggests that those reliant on consistent water availability are vulnerable.

4. **Damaging Wind**
   - **Description:** Damaging wind events are identified as climate hazards that the region experiences.
   - **Climate Risks:** Such events pose risks to physical structures and infrastructural integrity.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Vulnerable communities, particularly those with less robust infrastructure, are implied to be most at risk from such events.

5. **Heavy Winds**
   - **Description:** Heavy winds are acknowledged as a climate hazard in the region.
   - **Climate Risks:** They contribute to significant physical hazards that threaten property and infrastructure.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Populations living in areas with outdated infrastructure or inadequate storm preparedness are particularly vulnerable.

These descriptions address the hazards and vulnerabilities as outlined in the Memphis Area Climate Action Plan and its responses to potential climate risks faced by the community.

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flooding risks, extreme heat.
     - *"Green infrastructure such as bioswales, floodable parks, rain gardens, tree cover, and green roofs can reduce flooding risks, reduce energy costs and absorb carbon and other atmospheric pollutants."* (MEMPHIS AREA CLIMATE ACTION PLAN80)
     - Funded by a federal National Disaster Resilience Competition grant from HUD to address impacts from major flooding in 2011. (MEMPHIS AREA CLIMATE ACTION PLAN80)
     - Green infrastructure projects will take place in three areas affected by severe flooding in 2011: Big Creek in Millington, the Wolf River in North Memphis and Raleigh, and South Cypress Creek in southwest Memphis. (MEMPHIS AREA CLIMATE ACTION PLAN83)
     - Enhances environmental health, improves air and water quality, and aligns with storage and stormwater management practices. (MEMPHIS AREA CLIMATE ACTION PLAN83)
     - Provides social benefits through enhanced community gathering spaces and recreational opportunities. (MEMPHIS AREA CLIMATE ACTION PLAN71)
     - Contributes to economic development through job creation in green infrastructure projects. (MEMPHIS AREA CLIMATE ACTION PLAN81)

2. **Mid-South Regional Resilience Plan**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Broad resilience to various climate change risks.
     - *"In-process planning effort that focuses on infrastructure investments, policy updates, and regulatory changes that can comprehensively address community resilience to climate change risks."* (MEMPHIS AREA CLIMATE ACTION PLAN83)
     - Part of the projects funded through grant support to Memphian and Shelby County, focusing regionally. (MEMPHIS AREA CLIMATE ACTION PLAN80)
     - Encourages prioritization of cross-cutting strategies that improve equity outcomes, increasing low-income housing energy efficiency, and using green infrastructure to reduce flooding risks to vulnerable low-income communities. (MEMPHIS AREA CLIMATE ACTION PLAN80)
     - Requires collaboration between local government, the private development sector, and community organizations. (MEMPHIS AREA CLIMATE ACTION PLAN80)

3. **Community/Neighborhood-Scale Demonstration Projects**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flooding and other climate events.
     - *"Develop and implement community/neighborhood-scale demonstration projects to increase awareness and local resilience to flooding and other climate events."* (MEMPHIS AREA CLIMATE ACTION PLAN84)
     - Detailed cost and location not specified, but they focus on raising community awareness and resilience.
     - Aims to increase local awareness and involvement in resilience efforts, potentially enhancing social cohesion and public participation.

4. **Afforestation and Reforestation Strategies**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Erosion control and ecological balance.
     - *"Pursue afforestation and reforestation strategies to achieve better erosion control, promote ecosystem services, and improve community access to green spaces."* (MEMPHIS AREA CLIMATE ACTION PLAN 84)
     - Explicit financial costs and specific timelines are not provided in the document.
     - Promotes ecosystem services and enhances community access to green spaces, potentially improving ecological health and quality of life in the community.

These resilience options are part of the broader strategy to align climate mitigation and adaptation efforts, creating a comprehensive approach to addressing climate change impacts in the Memphis area.

1. **Green Building Standards (E1)**
   - **Cost:** $216,433,008 (cumulative, 2018 dollars)
   - **Cost Effectiveness:** $57 per tCO₂e
   - **Timing:** Cumulative impacts up to 2050
     - High potential impact on GHG reductions.
     - Connected to Memphis 3.0 Elements, promoting "Land Connectivity Opportunity."

2. **Low-Income Housing Energy Efficiency (E2)**
   - **Cost:** $78,035,768 (cumulative, 2018 dollars)
   - **Cost Effectiveness:** $126 per tCO₂e
     - High benefits in economic development and health equity.

3. **LED Streetlight Retrofit (E4)**
   - **Cost:** -$2,614,337 (negative cost indicates savings)
   - **Cost Effectiveness:** -$14 per tCO₂e
     - Medium level of effectiveness and potential widespread implementation.

4. **Retrofitting Existing Buildings (E5)**
   - **Cost:** -$245,336,527 (negative cost indicates savings)
   - **Cost Effectiveness:** -$275 per tCO₂e
     - High potential economic benefits.

5. **Grid Decarbonization (E6)**
   - **Cost:** $370,389,930 (cumulative, 2018 dollars)
   - **Cost Effectiveness:** $5 per tCO₂e
     - Medium impact on reducing GHG emissions.
     - Involves increasing renewable energy sources.

6. **Urban Tree Canopy (E7)**
   - **Cost:** $35,127,597 (cumulative, 2018 dollars)
   - **Cost Effectiveness:** $8 per tCO₂e
     - High environmental and resilience benefits.

7. **Complete Streets (T.2)**
   - **Cost:** $42,947,890 (cumulative, 2018 dollars)
   - **Cost Effectiveness:** $12 per tCO₂e
     - High efficacy in promoting sustainable transportation.

8. **Demand Management (T.4)**
   - **Cost:** -$83,836,344 (negative cost indicates savings)
   - **Cost Effectiveness:** -$9 per tCO₂e
     - Benefits spread across various sectors, promoting efficiency.

9. **Electric Vehicles (EVs) (T.5)**
   - **Cost:** $1,608,706,106 (cumulative, 2018 dollars)
   - **Cost Effectiveness:** $46 per tCO₂e
     - Low initial benefits but potentially transformative over time.

10. **Methane Recovery (W.6)**
    - **Cost:** $9,966,242 (cumulative, 2018 dollars)
    - **Cost Effectiveness:** $0.30 per tCO₂e
    - **Timing:** Cumulative impacts up to 2050
      - Low cost with potentially significant climate benefits.

The mitigation options in the plan focus on energy efficiency, building retrofits, renewable energy, sustainable transport, and waste management, with varying costs and effectiveness. Options like LED streetlight retrofits and methane recovery offer cost savings, while others, such as electric vehicles, require higher investments but promise significant emission reductions.

The plan identifies multiple mitigation options. Below are the summarized details for each identified option, including cost, timeframe, location, and other important attributes:

   - **GHG Reductions:** Cumulative reduction of 3,797,441 tCO2e by 2050.
   - **Cost:** $216,433,008 in 2018 dollars.
   - **Cost Effectiveness:** $57/tCO2e.
   - **Timeframe:** Significant reductions occur by 2035 and 2050.
   - **Attributes:** The action aligns with Memphis 3.0 elements focusing on land connectivity and opportunity.

   - **GHG Reductions:** Cumulative reduction of 618,379 tCO2e by 2050.
   - **Cost:** $78,035,768 in 2018 dollars.
   - **Cost Effectiveness:** $126/tCO2e.
   - **Attributes:** Targeted at improving energy efficiency in low-income housing to achieve high health, equity, and opportunity impacts.

   - **GHG Reductions:** Cumulative reduction of 191,984 tCO2e by 2035.
   - **Cost:** Savings of -$2,614,337 (negative cost).
   - **Cost Effectiveness:** -$14/tCO2e (indicative of cost savings).
   - **Timeframe:** Occurs by 2035.
   - **Attributes:** The investment in LED streetlights is justified as cost-saving with medium effectiveness.

   - **GHG Reductions:** Cumulative reduction of 892,189 tCO2e by 2035.
   - **Cost:** Savings of -$245,336,527 (negative cost).
   - **Cost Effectiveness:** -$275/tCO2e (indicative of cost savings).
   - **Attributes:** Offers high savings by reducing emissions through building retrofits.

   - **GHG Reductions:** Cumulative reduction of 75,992,009 tCO2e by 2050.
   - **Cost:** $370,389,930 in 2018 dollars.
   - **Cost Effectiveness:** $5/tCO2e.
   - **Timeframe:** Significant reductions by 2035 and 2050.
   - **Attributes:** Focuses on increasing the percentage of carbon-free energy in the electricity supply to 80% by 2035 and 100% by 2050.

   - **GHG Reductions:** Cumulative reduction of 4,174,555 tCO2e by 2050.
   - **Cost:** $35,127,597 in 2018 dollars.
   - **Cost Effectiveness:** $8/tCO2e.
   - **Timeframe:** Occurs progressively up to 2050.
   - **Attributes:** Targets increasing urban tree canopy to 60% coverage countywide in 30 years.

   - **GHG Reductions:** Cumulative reduction of 3,566,189 tCO2e by 2050.
   - **Cost:** $42,947,890 in 2018 dollars.
   - **Cost Effectiveness:** $12/tCO2e.
   - **Attributes:** Focuses on enhancing infrastructure like roads to promote low-carbon transportation options.

8. **Electric Vehicles (EVs) (T.5)**
   - **GHG Reductions:** Cumulative reduction of 34,857,980 tCO2e by 2050.
   - **Cost:** $1,608,706,106 in 2018 dollars.
   - **Cost Effectiveness:** $46/tCO2e.
   - **Timeframe:** Significant reductions by 2050.
   - **Attributes:** Incentivizes the adoption of electric vehicles to reduce emissions from transportation.

9. **Organic Waste Diversion (W.1)**
   - **GHG Reductions:** Cumulative reduction of 789,203 tCO2e by 2050.
   - **Cost:** $8,775,676 in 2018 dollars.
   - **Cost Effectiveness:** $11/tCO2e.
   - **Attributes:** Focuses on diverting organic waste to reduce methane emissions.

Based on the content provided from the **Memphis Area Climate Action Plan**, the identified adaptation options are:

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flooding (specifically addressing flood risks).
   - **Attributes and Details:**
     - These projects are being implemented with funding from a federal National Disaster Resilience Competition grant awarded to address impacts from major flooding in 2011 ([Energy, Background]).
     - Location-specific projects mentioned include areas affected by severe flooding in 2011, specifically Big Creek in Millington, the Wolf River in North Memphis and Raleigh, and South Cypress Creek in southwest Memphis ([Energy, Existing plans and programs]).
     - These include bioswales, floodable parks, rain gardens, tree cover, and green roofs ([Energy, Approach]).

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** General climate change adaptation.
     - This plan focuses on infrastructure investments, policy updates, and regulatory changes to comprehensively address community resilience to climate change risks ([Energy, Existing plans and programs]).
     - It is a collaborative effort intentionally created to address water and climate impacts that go beyond jurisdictional lines ([Energy, Background]).

3. **Afforestation and Reforestation Strategies**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flooding and erosion control.
     - These strategies aim to achieve better erosion control, promote ecosystem services, and improve community access to green spaces ([Energy, Implementation Steps]).
     - **Cost and Timeframe:** Not specified in detail.

4. **Community/Neighborhood-Scale Demonstration Projects**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Local resilience to climate events like flooding.
     - Aim to increase awareness and local resilience to flooding and other climate events through demonstration projects ([Energy, Implementation Steps]).

**Cost and Timeframe:** For many of these options, specific costs, timeframes, and detailed locations are not quantified or provided in the excerpts from the plan. However, challenges like financial and operational aspects, and the need for effective communication and policy change are emphasized ([Energy, Challenges]).

The plan identifies several climate policies that address climate justice concerns, focusing on equitable outcomes and reducing vulnerabilities for certain populations. These policies aim to address various climate threats, as summarized below:

### **1. Align Climate Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Efforts**

  - This policy addresses multiple climate threats such as flooding, extreme heat, drought, and heavy winds. It aims to integrate mitigation and adaptation strategies to reduce risks from these threats.

- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:**
  - The focus is on "low-income, vulnerable communities" with prioritization of mitigation/adaptation investments that improve equity outcomes. Implementing energy efficiency in low-income housing and using green infrastructure to manage flooding risks are highlighted strategies.

### **2. Shift to Low-Carbon Transportation Modes and Reduce Reliance on Motor Vehicles**

  - The policy targets emissions related to transportation, thereby addressing the threat of climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions.

  - While specific populations are not directly mentioned in this policy, transitioning to low-carbon transportation reduces air pollution, which often disproportionately affects lower-income neighborhoods and communities of color due to their proximity to major roadways and industrial areas.

### **3. Develop and Implement Community/Neighborhood-scale Demonstration Projects**

  - The projects are designed to increase local resilience to flooding and other climate events, thereby addressing the risk of severe weather impacts.

  - They specifically aim to increase awareness and resilience in "low-income, vulnerable communities," helping them adapt to climate events like flooding.

### **General Equity Considerations in Climate Action:**

- The plan emphasizes improving "racial and economic equity" through climate actions, indicating that initiatives like enhancing adaptation and resilience can lead to "lower loss of life, illness, and injury caused by extreme weather events" among the most vulnerable populations.
- It also highlights creating "new businesses and job creation" opportunities through green infrastructure projects, which may benefit economically disadvantaged areas.

These policies reflect a targeted approach to addressing the vulnerabilities of communities at higher risk from climate hazards, with an overarching goal of advancing climate justice through equitable investment and planning.

The provided document does not explicitly mention any specific climate policy as having potential unforeseen maladaptive consequences. The focus is on cross-cutting strategies that combine climate change mitigation and adaptation while enhancing equity outcomes.

However, based on the general nature of climate plans, one might consider:

- **Green Infrastructure**:
  - **Climate Threat Addressed**: This policy addresses threats from flooding, extreme heat, and air pollution.
  - **Option Proposed**: The proposed options include increasing low-income housing energy efficiency, using green infrastructure such as bioswales, floodable parks, rain gardens, tree cover, and green roofs.
  - **Potential Maladaptation Concern**: The installation of green infrastructure might unintentionally lead to increased property values and gentrification, potentially displacing low-income residents, thereby inadvertently increasing their vulnerability instead of decreasing it.

This is a speculative evaluation based on typical concerns related to green infrastructure projects and their socioeconomic impacts, particularly regarding gentrification, which is a common concern in urban development projects involving significant environmental upgrades. The document outlines benefits in equity, health, and resilience, and it aims to reduce risks for vulnerable populations.

### Success Measurement Metrics

The plan measures the success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options using various metrics. Here are the specific metrics used:

  - **Units**: Tons of CO2 equivalent (tCO2e)
  - **Metrics Included**: 
    - *Green Building Standards*: Reduction of emissions quantified.
    - *Grid Decarbonization*: Reduction of emissions quantified.
    - *Urban Tree Canopy*: Reduction of emissions quantified.
    - *Electric Vehicles (EVs)*: Reduction of emissions quantified.
    
- **Energy Efficiency and Resource Use:**
  - **Metrics**: 
    - *Building Energy Consumption by Sector*: To be tracked but no specific units provided.
    - *Energy Burden for Residents*: Tracked qualitatively or quantitatively to assess resources used.
    - *Renewable Energy Generation and Purchased Renewable Energy*: Set to be tracked but no specific units included.

- **Transportation and Waste:**
  - **Units**: Various units based on assessment levels.
  - **Metrics Included**:
    - *Daily per Capita Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT)*.
    - *Mode Share of Commutes*: Includes metrics such as carpooling and telecommuting.
    - *Amount of Landfilled Waste and Recycling Rates*: To be tracked.
    - *Transit Frequency and Diverse Uses within ½ Mile of Memphis 3.0 Anchor Areas*: Includes metrics for effectiveness.
    - *Number of Registered Electric Vehicles*: Specific quantitative metrics not provided but a target for increase in numbers exists.

- **Long-Term Emission Reduction Targets**:
  - *15% by 2020*.
  - *51% by 2035*.
  - *71% by 2050*.
  - **Contextual Targets Include**:
    - Potential future target of *80% by 2050*.

- **Sector-Specific Goals**:
  - **Energy**:
    - *Green Building Standards*: Aims for long-term reduction and alignment to introduce cost-effective solutions.
    - *Grid Decarbonization*: Focus on increasing carbon-free energy sources.
  - **Transportation**:
    - Aim to reduce personal Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT).
  - **Waste Management**:
    - Goal of increasing recycling rates and implementing organic waste diversion.

These metrics and targets provide a framework for tracking both the impact and effectiveness of the adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options outlined in the plan. They include both specific outcomes (e.g., tons of CO2e reduced) and broader qualitative indicators (e.g., transit frequency) to measure success.

| **Location/City Name** | **Population** | **Threats Identified**                                           | **Measures Identified**                                                                                                                                                                                |
|------------------------|----------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Memphis                | 936,691        | - Flooding<br>- Extreme heat and drought<br>- Damaging wind      | - **Energy Sector Recommendations**: Green building standards, retrofitting existing buildings, grid decarbonization, etc.<br>- **Transportation Sector Recommendations**: Complete streets, public transit, EVs.<br>- **Waste Sector Recommendations**: Organic waste diversion, waste reduction program, methane recovery, etc. |
```

The document provided does not contain specific details on the physical or economic landscape of the planning jurisdiction, Bozeman. Information regarding population, demographics, average income, geographic features, local climate details, energy production, natural resources, key infrastructure, or crucial economic drivers are not explicitly mentioned. However, the document does refer to the community's emphasis on climate action and highlights certain plans and strategies that relate to infrastructure and economic strategies in Bozeman, such as the **Economic Development Strategy (2017)** and the **Midtown Action Plan**, but without providing detailed demographic or geographic data. For additional physical and economic information about Bozeman, further external research beyond this document would be required.

The Bozeman Climate Plan comprehensively addresses resilience, mitigation, and adaptation in its strategies and goals.

- The plan emphasizes "the need for the City of Bozeman to incorporate climate change resiliency considerations into all City decision making" with goals centered around building a community that can "prepare for, respond quickly to, and recover from climate-related events and stressors through well-planned infrastructure, supportive social networks, and balanced economic prosperity" (Chapter 1: Introduction, 8).
- Resiliency goals contribute to "conserving natural resources, strengthening infrastructure to withstand natural hazards, increasing social cohesion, mitigating property and economic losses, and protecting human health" (Chapter 1: Introduction).

- The City of Bozeman’s mitigation goals focus on a "rapid transition to non-carbon emitting clean energy" which is necessary to eliminate a significant portion of greenhouse gas emissions. The targets include 26% emissions reduction by 2025, 100% net clean electricity by 2030, and carbon neutrality by 2050 (Chapter 1: Introduction, 8).
- The focus areas and cross-cutting topics in the plan support various interventions for reducing greenhouse gas emissions through energy transitions, transportation options, sustainable waste management, and more (Chapter 1: Introduction, 10).

- Although not explicitly separated from resilience, adaptation is woven into the resilience strategies, as evidenced by the comprehensive incorporation of "equity, health and well-being, and City of Bozeman assets" throughout the plan (Chapter 1: Introduction, 10).
- The plan includes considerations for adaptation through "Vulnerability Assessment and Resiliency Strategy" to identify vulnerable assets and enhance strategies to improve resiliency (Chapter 1: Introduction, 10).

Based on the significant attention to both mitigation and resilience strategies with a strong focus on adaptation, the Bozeman Climate Plan can be classified as an **"equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan."** This classification is supported by its blend of mitigation targets and comprehensive resiliency and adaptation strategies.

The plan does not describe a specific scenario of climate change that the planning jurisdiction will face. However, it acknowledges the necessity for **"anticipating future changes and the need to adapt to the risks associated with changing local climate conditions"** (Chapter 1: Introduction) and outlines strategies to improve climate resilience. It also indicates that the **"Bozeman community faced many serious challenges"** such as **"wildfire, economic disruptions,"** and other events which are linked to community resiliency (Chapter 1: Introduction). 

The plan mentions that the Climate Vulnerability Assessment and Resilience Strategy (2019) identified **"heat, flooding, drought, declining snowpack, wildfire, and winter storms"** as the top climate hazards (Appendix B: Existing Plan Summary). These acknowledgments imply consideration of climate scenarios in the planning process, but the plan itself does not detail a specific scenario.

   * *Description:* The plan identifies extreme heat as a climate hazard that can increase urban temperatures and impact energy demand.
   * *Climate Risks:* Extreme heat may exceed renewable energy capacity, increase energy shortages, and negatively affect agriculture productivity and food production. Cooling demand on hot days might stress energy infrastructure (“Focus Area 2. Responsible & Reliable Clean Energy Supply Increasing Resiliency to Climate Hazards”).
   * *Vulnerable Areas/Populations:* Urban areas without sufficient greenspaces may experience increased urban heat island effects (“Focus Area 3. Vibrant & Resilient Neighborhoods Increasing Resiliency to Climate Hazards”).

   * *Description:* Flooding is highlighted as a significant hazard, especially as it relates to stormwater management and infrastructure.
   * *Climate Risks:* It poses a risk to micro-hydro or other renewable energy infrastructure, increases demand on stormwater planning and infrastructure, and threatens agriculture productivity and food production (“Focus Area 2. Responsible & Reliable Clean Energy Supply Increasing Resiliency to Climate Hazards”).
   * *Vulnerable Areas/Populations:* Bozeman’s land areas with high water tables are at particular risk, with flood-prone areas likely posing significant dangers to new developments (“Focus Area 3. Vibrant & Resilient Neighborhoods Increasing Resiliency to Climate Hazards”).

**3. Drought & Mountain Snowpack**

   * *Description:* Drought and variations in mountain snowpack are identified as critical climate hazards affecting water resources.
   * *Climate Risks:* Drought can increase energy utility costs due to increased water costs, inhibit electricity generation dependent on water, and adversely affect agriculture ("Focus Area 2. Responsible & Reliable Clean Energy Supply Increasing Resiliency to Climate Hazards").
   * *Vulnerable Areas/Populations:* Communities dependent on water-intensive activities, such as agriculture, are especially vulnerable (“Focus Area 6. Regenerative Greenspace, Food Systems & Natural Environment Increasing Resiliency to Climate Hazards”).

**4. Wildfire**

   * *Description:* Wildfires present risks, especially in regions near wildland-urban interfaces (WUI).
   * *Climate Risks:* Wildfires can contaminate water resources, damage energy infrastructure, and disrupt transit systems. They also impact air quality significantly (“Focus Area 4. Diverse & Accessible Transportation Options Increasing Resiliency to Climate Hazards”).
   * *Vulnerable Areas/Populations:* Neighborhoods near WUI areas are at significant risk for smoke exposure and property loss if wildfires occur (“Focus Area 3. Vibrant & Resilient Neighborhoods Increasing Resiliency to Climate Hazards”).

   * *Description:* Severe winter storms are acknowledged as a climate hazard impacting various services and infrastructure.
   * *Climate Risks:* They could adversely affect agriculture productivity, increase risks to energy infrastructure, and pose challenges for decentralized energy systems. Transportation can be disrupted by snow and ice (“Focus Area 4. Diverse & Accessible Transportation Options Increasing Resiliency to Climate Hazards”).
   * *Vulnerable Areas/Populations:* Populations dependent on active transportation could be highly vulnerable during winter storms when roads and facilities are dangerous due to snow and ice (“Focus Area 4. Diverse & Accessible Transportation Options Increasing Resiliency to Climate Hazards”).

This list encompasses the hazards identified and the respective risks and vulnerabilities associated with each.

The plan outlines several resilience options that address specific climate threats, as follows:

### **1. Improve Efficiency of Existing Buildings**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Various including *extreme heat, flooding, drought, and wildfires*.
- **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** 
  - The plan mentions that efficient buildings can have a positive return on investment due to energy savings ([Chapter 4: Implementation Guide](#)).
  - Efficient buildings are better sealed and ventilated, ensuring better air quality during wildfires ([Focus Area 1. Healthy, Adaptive & Efficient Buildings](#)).
  - Reducing energy demands can lessen energy costs for low-income customers during extreme heat ([Focus Area 1. Healthy, Adaptive & Efficient Buildings](#)).

### **2. Electrify Buildings**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** *Extreme heat, flooding, drought, wildfires, and winter storms*.
  - Increased vulnerability if system overload occurs during high demand due to reduced system diversity ([Focus Area 1. Healthy, Adaptive & Efficient Buildings](#)).
  - Potential for cost increases based on timing and utility rate structures ([Focus Area 1. Healthy, Adaptive & Efficient Buildings](#)).

### **3. Increase Utility Clean Energy Mix**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** *Extreme heat and wildfire*.
  - No specific details on direct costs or timeframe mentioned.
  - Distributed energy storage can increase grid reliability during extreme temperatures and impurities from wildfires may impede solar energy generation ([Focus Area 2. Responsible & Reliable Clean Energy Supply](#)).

### **4. Develop and Promote Utility Green Power Programs**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** *Extreme heat, floodings, and wildfires*.
  - Provides cooling benefits through robust greenspaces ([Focus Area 6. Regenerative Greenspace, Food Systems & Natural Environment](#)).

### **5. Reduce Vulnerability of Neighborhoods and Infrastructure to Natural Hazards**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** General natural hazards, such as *flooding* and *wildfires*.
  - Focus on critical facility infrastructure hardening and capital projects to limit damage ([Focus Area 3. Vibrant & Resilient Neighborhoods](#)).
  - Emphasizes planning for operational performance during/after hazard events and incorporating resilience into all future infrastructure projects ([Focus Area 3. Vibrant & Resilient Neighborhoods](#)).

### **6. Enhance Social Infrastructure and Community Preparedness**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** *Social cohesion for various climate threats*.
  - Emphasis on increasing air filtration capabilities and back-up power systems ([Focus Area 3. Vibrant & Resilient Neighborhoods](#)).
  - Focus on resilience in infrastructure and emergency management in the community ([Focus Area 3. Vibrant & Resilient Neighborhoods](#)).

### **7. Increase Community-Based Distributed Renewable Energy Generation**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** *Distributed impacts across various climate events*.
  - The plan includes economic benefits with renewable energy solutions potentially reducing societal costs of carbon ([Chapter 4: Implementation Guide](#)).
  - A distributed energy supply remains essential for deep carbon reduction goals and improving overall resiliency ([Focus Area 2. Responsible & Reliable Clean Energy Supply](#)). 

Each of these resilience options is designed to mitigate specific climate threats and support the overall goal of enhanced resilience within the planning jurisdiction.

The plan identifies several mitigation options, each with specific information regarding cost, timing, location, and other attributes. Here is a summary for each option:

- **Cost and ROI:** Cost savings of $71.4 million; ROI of 4% for deep energy retrofits and 5.9% for medium retrofits (*Table 11*).
- **Timing:** Contributions to mitigation goals set for 2025, 2030, and 2050, with progressive electricity and natural gas savings throughout these years (*Appendix A1*).
- **Location:** Community-wide for existing residential and commercial buildings.

### **2. Achieve Net-Zero Energy New Construction**
- **Cost and ROI:** Cost savings of $47.4 million; ROI of 10-13% (*Table 11*).
- **Timing:** Contributions to electricity and natural gas savings in 2025, 2030, and 2050 (*Appendix A1*).
- **Location:** Applicable to new construction projects across the community.

### **3. Electrify Buildings**
- **Cost and ROI:** Cost of $9.3 million; no specific ROI provided, varies based on existing systems (*Table 11*).
- **Timing:** Expected natural gas savings realization by 2050 (*Appendix A1*).

### **4. Increase Utility Clean Energy Mix**
- **Cost and ROI:** Cost savings unknown; ROI not applicable (*Table 11*).
- **Timing:** Increased clean electricity production target for 2025, 2030, and 2050 (*Appendix A1*).

### **5. Increase Community Participation in Utility Green Power Programs**
- **Cost and ROI:** Variable cost based on green power agreement; ROI not applicable (*Table 11*).
- **Timing and Location:** Ongoing contributions toward clean electricity production, reflected in mixed timing with highest impact expected by 2030 (*Appendix A1*).

### **6. Increase Community-Based Distributed Renewable Energy Generation**
- **Cost and ROI:** Cost savings of $4.4 million; ROI of 2.5%-5.6% depending on net metering and electric TOU rates (*Table 11*).
- **Timing:** Steps up clean electricity production targets for 2025, 2030, and 2050 (*Appendix A1*).
- **Location:** Distributed community-wide.

### **7. Facilitate Compact Development Patterns**
- **Cost and ROI:** Cost savings of $37.9 million; public investment required with a high ROI to solution participants reducing trips (*Table 11*).
- **Timing and Location:** Gasoline savings targets set for 2025, 2030, and 2050, applicable to urban planning sectors (*Appendix A1*).

### **8. Increase Walking, Bicycling, Carpooling, and Use of Transit**
- **Cost and ROI:** Cost savings of $34.6 million; public investment with high ROI to participants (*Table 11*).
- **Timing and Location:** Targets gasoline reduction through enhancements in public and non-motorized transport infrastructure across the community (*Appendix A1*).

### **9. Decrease Direct Vehicle Emissions**
- **Cost and ROI:** Cost savings of $29.8 million; public investment with high ROI to participants (*Table 11*).
- **Timing and Location:** Vehicle emissions reduction goals set for 2025, 2030, and 2050 (*Appendix A1*).

**Overall Attributes:**
- **Timing:** Goals are set consistently for 2025, 2030, and 2050 across different options, aligned with major targets like the Paris Accord and the aspiration of carbon neutrality by 2050 (*Appendix A3*).
- **Planning Location:** Entire plans are devised for the community of Bozeman, covering various sectors like energy, transportation, and urban planning.

1. **Improve Efficiency of Existing Buildings**
   - **Cost:** Projected cost savings of $71.4 million.
   - **Timeframe:** No specific timeframe mentioned.
   - **Location:** Applicable to residential and commercial buildings in the community.
   - **Other Attributes:** Provides a return on investment (ROI) of 4% for deep energy retrofits and 5.9% for medium retrofits (Chapter 4, Table 11).

2. **Achieve Net-Zero Energy New Construction**
   - **Cost:** Projected cost savings of $47.4 million.
   - **Timeframe:** Aims to reach the goal baseline by 2030 as per C40 Cities initiative.
   - **Location:** Applicable to new buildings constructed in the community.
   - **Other Attributes:** Offers a 10-13% ROI and aligns with best practices in the construction field for net-zero standards (Chapter 4, Table 11; Appendix A, A7).

3. **Electrify Buildings**
   - **Cost:** Projected cost of $9.3 million.
   - **Location:** Targeted at residential and commercial buildings in Bozeman.
   - **Other Attributes:** Currently does not have a standardized ROI; varies based on existing systems (Chapter 4, Table 11; Appendix A, A7).

4. **Increase Utility Clean Energy Mix**
   - **Cost:** Unknown.
   - **Timeframe:** Aligns with NorthWestern Energy’s carbon reduction plan through 2045.
   - **Location:** Across the community’s energy system.
   - **Other Attributes:** Essential for reaching deep carbon reduction goals (Chapter 4, 159; Appendix A, A7).

5. **Develop and Promote Utility Green Power Programs**
   - **Cost:** Variable, based on the green power agreement.
   - **Other Attributes:** Return on investment is not specified (Chapter 4, Table 11).

6. **Increase Community-Based Distributed Renewable Energy Generation**
   - **Cost:** Projected cost savings of $4.4 million.
   - **Location:** Within the community.
   - **Other Attributes:** Provides an ROI of 2.5% to 5.6% dependent on net metering and electric time-of-use rates (Chapter 4, Table 11).

7. **Facilitate Compact Development Patterns**
   - **Cost:** Projected cost savings of $37.9 million.
   - **Location:** Community-wide, focusing on development patterns.
   - **Other Attributes:** Provides high ROI to participants by reducing trips; involves public investment (Chapter 4, Table 11).

8. **Increase Walking, Bicycling, Carpooling, and Use of Transit**
   - **Cost:** Projected cost savings of $34.6 million.
   - **Location:** Applicable throughout the community.
   - **Other Attributes:** Provides high ROI to participants; relies heavily on public investment in infrastructure (Chapter 4, Table 11).

9. **Decrease Direct Vehicle Emissions**
   - **Cost:** Projected cost savings of $29.8 million.
   - **Location:** Community-wide, focusing on vehicle emissions.
   - **Other Attributes:** Provides high ROI to participants and is reliant on public investments and incentives (Chapter 4, Table 11).

The plan provides several adaptation options across different focus areas to address various climate threats. Here's a summary of the adaptation options identified:

### Focus Area 1: Healthy, Adaptive & Efficient Buildings

1. **Energy Efficiency and Electrification**
     - Extreme Heat
     - Flooding
     - Drought & Mountain Snowpack
     - Wildfire
     - Winter Storms
     - Efficient buildings are highlighted for reducing energy demands which can lessen the risk of energy shortages and cost burdens during climate events like extreme heat and winter storms. Electrification could potentially reduce system diversity but may increase vulnerability during periods of high demand.
     - This option calls for siting new constructions away from flood-prone areas and emphasizes high-efficiency designs that incorporate water conservation measures.

### Focus Area 4: Diverse & Accessible Transportation Options

1. **Transit System Enhancement**
     - Flooding
     - Wildfire
     - A robust transit system is proposed to provide safe travel modes during flooding and extreme weather events. The plan mentions the need for infrastructure to support alternative modes of transportation and highlights the importance of reliable transit systems in evacuating residents during wildfires and providing transport during winter storms.

### Focus Area 6: Regenerative Greenspace, Food Systems & Natural Environment

1. **Greenspace and Urban Forest Development**
     - Flooding
     - Wildfire
     - Urban forests and robust greenspaces are positioned as having cooling benefits and decreasing urban heat island effects. These solutions aim to protect and restore wetlands for flood and erosion control, increase soil health for better water holding capacity, and enhance local food production systems to improve food security during disruptions.

### General Observations:

- **Cost and Timeframe:** The plan does not provide specific costs or timeframe details for each adaptation option. The focus is rather on strategic importance and potential impacts.
- **Location & Other Attributes:** Specific focus is given to siting construction wisely (away from flood-prone areas), promoting tree canopy and greenspaces in urban settings, and fostering local food systems to ensure food security against disruptions.

Each solution includes considerations of how they support wider resiliency goals and emissions reductions, aimed at maximizing return on investment while addressing climate threats.

The plan emphasizes the integration of climate justice considerations throughout its various initiatives, focusing on ensuring equitable outcomes. However, specific policies directly labeled as advancing "climate justice" are not explicitly detailed in terms of addressing specific climate threats or identifying particular vulnerable populations. Instead, the plan underscores the importance of equity as a cross-cutting theme.

### **Equity**

- **Climate Policies:** The plan embeds equity as a core value, ensuring that all community members benefit from mitigation and adaptation efforts. It involves considering the potential positive or negative impacts of each solution on diverse sectors of the Bozeman community.
- **Climate Threats Addressed:**
  - *General Mitigation and Adaptation Efforts:* The plan addresses broad climate threats such as greenhouse gas emissions and resilience to climate impacts.
- **Vulnerable Populations:**
  - *Low-Income Community Members:* The plan notes challenges such as the upfront costs of renewable energy installations, which can prevent some residents from benefiting from long-term savings (Chapter 1: Introduction).

### **Human Health and Well-being**

- **Climate Policies:** Prioritizes the physical, mental, and emotional well-being of community members within climate action efforts.
  - *Air Pollution:* Consideration of increased pollution from certain transportation modes.
  - *General Public, Particularly Those in Areas with Idling Vehicles:* The plan acknowledges potential increased air pollution due to on-demand transportation options (Chapter 1: Introduction). 

Overall, while the plan focuses on integrating equity across its various strategies, specific threats and the most vulnerable demographics are noted more generally rather than through fully defined, independent policies targeting climate justice.

## Identified Potential Maladaptive Climate Policies

### Policy: Electrification of Buildings

   - Addresses multiple climate threats, including reducing reliance on fossil fuels which contributes to reducing emissions and mitigating extreme heat risks.
   
   - **Mitigation Option:** Electrifying buildings to rely on clean electricity instead of natural gas.
   
   - _"Electrifying buildings will increase demand for electricity, which is currently associated with water consumption."_ This could increase vulnerability to water shortages, especially during drought conditions (Chapter 3: Focus Areas, Solutions & Actions, 58).
   - _"Electrification could reduce system diversity (by eliminating natural gas), increasing vulnerability if system is overloaded during a period of high demand."_ This could cause energy shortages or increased costs during peak usage periods such as extreme heat or cold (Chapter 3: Focus Areas, Solutions & Actions, 58).

### Policy: Active Transportation During Extreme Heat

   - Addresses the mitigation of vehicle emissions, which contribute to climate change and urban heat island effects.
   
   - **Mitigation Option:** Encouraging active forms of transportation such as biking and walking to reduce emissions.
   
   - _"Active forms of transportation (such as biking and walking) can be dangerous in extreme heat."_ Extreme temperatures could pose significant health risks to individuals engaging in biking and walking, contradicting the intention to improve community health and emissions (Chapter 3: Focus Areas, Solutions & Actions, 123).

### Policy: Compact Development in Wildfire-Prone Areas

   - Addresses efficient land use and aims to reduce emissions and reliance on vehicular transportation.
   
   - **Adaptation Option:** Compact development patterns that reduce travel distances and associated emissions.
   
   - _"Compact developments within or near WUI areas may put large populations at risk of smoke exposure or property loss if wildfire occurs."_ This could increase the community's vulnerability to wildfires instead of reducing risks (Chapter 3: Focus Areas, Solutions & Actions, 97).

### Policy: Circular Economy During Flooding

   - Addresses waste management issues, aiming to reduce landfill use and associated emissions.
   
   - **Mitigation Option:** Implementing a circular economy to minimize waste generation.
   
   - _"Flooding can cause high volumes of yard debris and organic materials that need disposal."_ This could overwhelm waste management systems during flood events, leading to exacerbated environmental and health issues (Chapter 3: Focus Areas, Solutions & Actions, 134).

### Measurement of Success or Failure

The plan includes various metrics and performance measures to track the success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options. The key metrics and targets set for these options include:

1. **Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Reduction**
   - **Solution L - Improve Air Travel Efficiency**
     - GHG Emissions Reduction (MT CO₂e):
       - **2025 Target:** 1,000 MT CO₂e
       - **2030 Target:** 2,000 MT CO₂e
       - **2050 Target:** 5,900 MT CO₂e  
       [*Appendix A: Mitigation Analysis Summary*]

2. **Gasoline Savings**
   - **Solution J - Increase Walking, Bicycling, Carpooling, and Use of Transit**
     - Gasoline Savings (gallons):
       - **2025 Target:** 1.7 million gallons
       - **2030 Target:** 3.4 million gallons
       - **2050 Target:** 10.2 million gallons  
       [*Chapter 3: Focus Areas, Solutions & Actions*]
   - **Solution K - Decrease Direct Vehicle Emissions**
       - **2025 Target:** 800,000 gallons
       - **2030 Target:** 2.7 million gallons
       - **2050 Target:** 10.6 million gallons  

3. **Electricity Use**
   - Increased Electricity Use (kWh) associated with decreasing direct vehicle emissions:
     - **2025 Target:** 6 million kWh
     - **2030 Target:** 19 million kWh
     - **2050 Target:** 74 million kWh  
     [*Appendix A: Mitigation Analysis Summary*]

4. **Future Solutions - GHG Emissions Reduction**
   - GHG Emissions Reduction (MT CO₂e):
     - **2050 Target:** 113,000 MT CO₂e  

#### **Comprehensive Goals**

- **Total GHG Emissions Reduction**
  - **2025 Target:** 319,000 MT CO₂e
  - **2030 Target:** 451,000 MT CO₂e
  - **2050 Target:** 1,218,000 MT CO₂e  
  [*Appendix A: Mitigation Analysis Summary*]

- **Electricity Savings**
  - **2025 Target:** 126,000,000 kWh
  - **2030 Target:** 213,000,000 kWh
  - **2050 Target:** 750,000,000 kWh  

- **Additional Clean Energy Production**
  - **2025 Target:** 220,000,000 kWh
  - **2030 Target:** 238,000,000 kWh
  - **2050 Target:** 386,000,000 kWh  

- **Natural Gas Savings**
  - **2025 Target:** 6,900,000 therms
  - **2030 Target:** 11,800,000 therms
  - **2050 Target:** 50,400,000 therms  

### Performance Assessment

- **Periodic Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories:**
  - The overarching metric for progress, with periodic updates to monitor total greenhouse gas emissions and track the implementation status, impact, or performance of each action.  
  [*Chapter 1: Introduction*]

By setting these metrics and targets, the plan aims to ensure its strategies effectively contribute to the city’s climate vision and goals.

| **Feature**                   | **Details**                                                                                                                                             |
|-------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name**        | Bozeman                                                                                                                                                 |
| **Population**                | - Estimated population growth scenarios for 2050 is between 70,000 and 105,500 people (Appendix A: Mitigation Analysis Summary A4)                        |
| **Threats Identified**        | - Heat, flooding, drought, declining snowpack, wildfire, and winter storms (Appendix B: Existing Plan Summary B2)                                         |
| **Measures Identified**       | - Improve Efficiency of Existing Buildings (Solution A)                                                                                                 |
|                               | - Achieve Net Zero Energy New Construction (Solution B)                                                                                                |
|                               | - Electrify Buildings (Solution C)                                                                                                                     |
|                               | - Increase Utility Clean Energy Mix (Solution D)                                                                                                       |
|                               | - Develop and Promote Utility Green Power Programs (Solution E)                                                                                        |
|                               | - Increase Walking, Bicycling, Carpooling, and Use of Transit (Solution J)                                                                              |
|                               | - Move Toward a Circular Economy and Zero Waste Community (Solution M)                                                                                 |
|                               | - Cultivate a Robust Local Food System (Solution N)                                                                                                    |
|                               | - Manage and Conserve Water Resources (Solution O)                                                                                                     |

|                               | - Manage Land and Resources to Sequester Carbon (Solution P)                                                                                           |
|                               | - Identify opportunities for the City to lead by example through improvements to public facilities and infrastructure and municipal operations (Chapter 1) |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction:** City of Tallahassee, Florida

**Location:** Tallahassee is situated in North Florida and serves as an economic and cultural hub for the region.

**Population:** The document refers to Tallahassee with a population of 191,049.

**Demographics and Average Income:** Details about specific demographics and average income are not provided in the document.

- **Urban Context:** Tallahassee is rich in natural resources, with a "dense urban tree canopy" and is located within the rolling Red Hills. It does not have a coastal location, which "deprives us of any ocean breeze during times of extreme heat" (EXTREME HEAT section).
  
- **Airport Infrastructure:** Investment is mentioned in the "International Passenger Processing Facility and Foreign Trade Zone to increase international imports and exports" at the Tallahassee International Airport as part of economic diversification efforts (GOAL 4: PLANNING AND INTEGRATION).

- **Extreme Heat:** The area is characterized by high temperatures and humidity during the summer months, regularly experiencing heat advisories. The plan notes, "Unlike many other Florida cities, Tallahassee is not a coastal community," which contributes to the sensation of "hot, humid, and stagnant air" (EXTREME HEAT section).

- **Extreme Cold:** Tallahassee experiences temperature variations with the mention of frost, freezing temperatures, and occasional snowfall (EXTREME COLD section).

- **Drought:** Tallahassee experiences drought conditions when rainfall totals fall well below annual averages, affecting vegetation and increasing wildfire risks (DROUGHT section).

**Energy Production and Natural Resources:** There is no specific mention of the city's energy production methods, such as oil, gas, or renewables, in the provided document.

- **Economic Importance:** Tallahassee is home to "two major universities and several colleges, the Florida Legislature, and regional healthcare facilities". The plan mentions the process of economic diversification and notes that "higher education being a significant part of our local economy" (GOAL 4: PLANNING AND INTEGRATION).

- **Economic Diversification:** There is a focus on diversifying the regional economy, investing in talent attraction and retention, and enhancing import and export capabilities through airport infrastructure (Strategy 4.5: Diversify regional economy and develop targeted programs to attract and retain talent for future-proof jobs).

Overall, Tallahassee is presented as a city with significant infrastructure and economic opportunities, focusing on community resilience and adaptation to climate-related challenges.

The plan places a significant emphasis on resilience as it is one of the core goals of the Tallahassee Community Resilience Plan. The plan aims to "make our city stronger for the benefit of all residents" by "strengthening our infrastructure, empowering residents to be self-sufficient, and creating an environment where everyone has the opportunity to prosper" (*Introduction*). The plan outlines multiple strategies focused on enhancing resilience, such as connecting urban challenges with opportunities to strengthen the community and ensuring that resilience ideals are part of everyday business and long-term strategy (*Goal 4: Planning and Integration*).

- **Key Resilience Strategies:**
  - Strategy 4.1: Track and share dynamic risk, climate, and social vulnerability data.
  - Strategy 4.4: Drive innovation and creative use of City data.

The plan includes several strategies aimed at mitigation, specifically reducing greenhouse gas emissions and encouraging sustainable practices. The plan emphasizes sustainable design and construction to lessen environmental impacts and resource conservation (*Guide to the Recommendations*).

- **Key Mitigation Strategies:**
  - Strategy 2.6: Reduce energy use and achieve net-zero local greenhouse gas emissions.
  - Encouragement of home hazard mitigation programs for low-income households (*Goal 2: Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation*).

Adaptation is another core component of the plan, with strategies aimed at protecting the environment and adapting to climate threats. The plan highlights the need for sustainable design standards to future-proof the built environment, ensuring buildings are resilient to natural hazards like wind, fire, and flooding (*Goal 2: Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation*).

- **Key Adaptation Strategies:**
  - Strategy 2.3: Upgrade public assets to minimize service disruptions during acute shocks.
  - Strategy 2.5: Future-proof the built environment by elevating risk considerations.

The Tallahassee Community Resilience Plan can be classified as an **adaptation/resilience dedicated plan**. While it does incorporate elements of mitigation and discusses reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the primary focus is on building resilience and adapting to climate risks through various strategies and initiatives aimed at enhancing community preparedness, protecting the environment, and integrating resilience into everyday business and planning.

The plan does not explicitly describe a detailed scenario of climate change that the planning jurisdiction will face. However, it does acknowledge the need for a comprehensive approach to prepare for future challenges due to the increasing severity and frequency of climate events, as illustrated by recent hurricanes impacting the city. The plan mentions the need to address chronic stresses such as job, food, and housing insecurity and acute shocks like flooding, extreme temperatures, and significant storm events as they intensify with changing climate conditions. This suggests an understanding that the planning jurisdiction will face challenges from both chronic stresses and acute climate impacts in the future, and thus, it plans for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation to address these threats ("Tallahassee Community Resilience Plan").

- **Description:** Extreme heat is defined as temperatures significantly above the average high temperature for the region, specifically days above 96 degrees, and is accompanied by high humidity due to Tallahassee not being a coastal community. 
  - *Source:* _"Temperatures that are significantly above (10 degrees or greater) the average high temperature for the region and last for an extended period of time. Extreme heat can also be defined as days above 96 degrees."_ (Extreme Heat, Section 22)
  
- **Climate Risks:** Extreme heat poses a public health risk, especially for low-income, elderly, and other socially vulnerable populations. It can lead to heat advisories and high heat indexes.
  - *Source:* _"Extreme heat is a public health risk, especially for low-income, elderly communities, and other socially vulnerable populations."_ (Extreme Heat, Section 22)
  
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Vulnerable populations include low-income and elderly communities that may not have adequate cooling resources.

**2. Extreme Cold**

- **Description:** Extreme cold in Florida is considered as freezing temperatures affecting crops, people, and animals.
  - *Source:* _"In Florida, extreme cold is considered freezing temperatures that cause a need for immediate protection to crops, people, and animals."_ (Extreme Cold, Section 22)

- **Climate Risks:** Extreme cold may impact utility and transportation operations and necessitates caring for vulnerable communities during cold spells.
  - *Source:* _"Extreme cold can also impact utility and transit operations."_ (Extreme Cold, Section 22)

- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Vulnerable populations, especially need attention during extreme cold events.
  - *Source:* _"Our community understands the need to take care of our vulnerable community during times of extreme cold."_ (Extreme Cold, Section 22)

**3. Drought**

- **Description:** Droughts are periods of limited rainfall leading to water shortages, often affecting large regions.
  - *Source:* _"Periods of limited rainfall, which can lead to water shortages. Often times, droughts are more regional in nature."_ (Drought, Section 22)
  
- **Climate Risks:** Drought conditions can exacerbate temperatures and may increase wildfire risk.
  - *Source:* _"When droughts occur during our warmer months, it increases temperatures greater than usual which may cause greater impacts to our more sensitive populations."_ (Drought, Section 22)
  
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Sensitive populations are more affected during droughts due to increased temperatures.
  - *Source:* _"Drought conditions...may cause greater impacts to our more sensitive populations."_ (Drought, Section 22)

**4. Infrastructure Failure**

- **Description:** Infrastructure failure occurs when structures, utilities, or facilities that provide community services malfunction.
  - *Source:* _"Failure in the operations or network of structures, utilities, and facilities that provide basic needs to a community."_ (Infrastructure Failure, Section 22)
  
- **Climate Risks:** Infrastructure failure during storms can significantly impact populations, leaving them without basic services.
  - *Source:* _"Infrastructure failures impact our sensitive populations who may not be able to adequately prepare for days or weeks without our basic services."_ (Infrastructure Failure, Section 22)
  
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Sensitive populations who rely on consistent utility services are most affected.
  - *Source:* _"Infrastructure failures impact our sensitive populations."_ (Infrastructure Failure, Section 22)

**5. Flooding**

- **Description:** Flooding involves an overabundance of water due to heavy rain or storm events, especially concerning areas in the 100-year and 500-year floodplain.
  - *Source:* _"An overabundance of water due to heavy precipitation or storm events that impacts normally dry land."_ (Flooding, Section 21)
  
- **Climate Risks:** Flooding impacts neighborhoods, roads, and daily life, especially in areas associated with sloughs, streams, marshes, and lake systems.
  - *Source:* _"Flooding impacts neighborhoods, roads, and daily life for residents."_ (Flooding, Section 21)
  
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas such as Orange Avenue and Springhill Road corridors are particularly affected.
  - *Source:* _"Tallahassee has a long history of flooding in certain areas such as near the Orange Avenue and Springhill Road corridors."_ (Flooding, Section 21)

**6. Wildfire**

- **Description:** Unplanned and uncontrolled fires often occur where there is an abundance of vegetation.
  - *Source:* _"Unplanned and uncontrolled fires usually located where vegetation is abundant."_ (Wildfire, Section 21)
  
- **Climate Risks:** The threat involves potential exposure to wildfires due to nearby state or federally protected lands and storm debris.
  - *Source:* _"Wildfires were the greatest exposure (potential for being in harm’s way) for our community."_ (Wildfire, Section 21)
  
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Tallahassee is surrounded by state and federally protected land, making it vulnerable to wildfires.
  - *Source:* _"Tallahassee is surrounded by state and federally protected land, including ... the Apalachicola National Forest."_ (Wildfire, Section 21)

**7. Hurricane/Severe Storms**

- **Description:** These are regional threats involving hurricanes and tropical storms, increasing in rate and severity.
  - *Source:* _"Vulnerability is based on regional exposure to hurricanes and tropical storms at an increasing rate and severity."_ (Hurricane/Severe Storms, Section 20)
  
- **Climate Risks:** Dense urban canopy exposure and an increasing rate of hurricanes are noted, affecting property and infrastructure.
  - *Source:* _"Vulnerability is based on regional exposure to hurricanes and tropical storms at an increasing rate and severity, along with Tallahassee’s dense urban forest canopy."_ (Hurricane/Severe Storms, Section 20)
  
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas with a dense urban canopy are more exposed.
  - *Source:* _"along with Tallahassee’s dense urban forest canopy."_ (Hurricane/Severe Storms, Section 20)

**Resilience Options Identified in the Tallahassee Community Resilience Plan:**

1. **Upgrade Public Assets to Minimize Service Disruptions During Acute Shocks**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option addresses natural and man-made threats that could cause service disruptions.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific cost or timeline details were not provided in the plan excerpts. It focuses on the city's vast network of public utilities and infrastructure, likely throughout the Urban Service Area and surrounding regions. 
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Enhancing the resilience of public assets can help the city rebound faster from shocks and stresses, as well as support the broader economic hub of North Florida. It also involves infrastructural considerations, ensuring continuity in essential services ("Protect people and our environment while also adapting to the future", Goal 2).

2. **Strengthen Utility Network Through Strategic Undergrounding, Smart Technology, and Distributed Systems**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** While not specified, this option likely addresses the threat of service interruptions due to storms or high-impact climate events.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** No direct references to cost, timeframe, or specific location were provided. However, this strategy suggests an infrastructural investment spread across the city.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** This option enhances the robustness and resilience of the utility infrastructure, ensuring reliable service during climate events and potentially reducing long-term maintenance costs ("Goal 2 Strategies").

3. **Mainstream Vulnerability Assessments and Resilience Adaptation into City’s Guiding Strategies, Plans, and Policies**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** General climate change impacts, encompassing threats like flooding, extreme heat, and more.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Initial actions include incorporating hazard mitigation and life cycle costing in budget planning. No specific costs or timeframes are mentioned. It affects city-wide strategies and includes spatial analysis of various risks.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Integrating these assessments into city strategies enhances decision-making, potentially leading to more cost-effective and sustainable urban planning. It covers economic and environmental considerations through integrated hazard mitigation and resilience strategies ("Goal 4: Planning and Integration").

The plan summarizes these strategies with an emphasis on collaborative efforts and partnerships across multiple stakeholders to achieve resilience ("Tallahassee Community Resilience Plan", "Goal 4").

The Tallahassee Community Resilience Plan outlines several mitigation options aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and fostering resilient infrastructure and systems. Below is a summary of the identified mitigation options along with corresponding details regarding cost, timing, location, and other attributes as provided in the plan:

1. **Reduce Energy Use and Achieve Net Zero Greenhouse Gas Emissions**
   - **Cost, Timing, Location, Attributes:** 
     - The plan emphasizes investing in sustainable design and preventative measures, acknowledging that "every dollar invested in better design and preventative measures will save six times as much money in recovery in the event of a disaster" (Goal 2).
     - Achieving net zero emissions is a forward-looking goal aimed at reducing the frequency and intensity of climate events (Goal 2).

2. **Update the GreenPrint Sustainability Strategy**
   - **Cost, Timing, Location, Attributes:**
     - The plan suggests updating this strategy with "robust greenhouse gas emission reduction actions and initiatives," though specific cost, timing, or location details are not mentioned (Strategy 4.2).

3. **Codify Resilient Design by Adopting High-Performance Building Criteria**
     - The implementation includes adopting resilient design criteria for all new constructions to encourage sustainable building practices (Strategy 2.1).

4. **Incentivize Sustainable Building Design and Construction**
     - The plan includes incentives for sustainable building design that exceed conservation requirements, focusing on connectivity to green spaces (Strategy 2.1).

5. **Assess the Impact of Renewable Energy Integration**
     - Assessment of renewable energy's impact on mutual aid agreements, particularly during storm recovery, is included in the actions for upgrading public assets to minimize service disruptions (Strategy 2.3).

These strategies collectively target energy reduction, sustainable building practices, and the integration of renewable energy, all key mitigation options to decrease anthropogenic emissions and contribute to a more resilient infrastructure. The plan, however, does not specify explicit costs or timelines for each mitigation option, reflecting instead a broader approach towards sustainability and resilience in the city's development plans.

1. **Reduce energy use and achieve net zero local greenhouse gas emissions.**
   - **Location:** City-wide effort addressing energy use.
   - **Attributes:** Focuses on reducing energy consumption and strives for net zero GHG emissions as a forward-looking plan to adapt to climate change and recover from disruptions (see **Goal 2: Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation**).

2. **Update the GreenPrint Sustainability strategy with robust greenhouse gas emission reduction actions and initiatives.**
   - **Timeframe:** No specific timeframe is provided.
   - **Location:** Implemented as part of the city’s strategic plans.
   - **Attributes:** This initiative involves incorporating more aggressive GHG emission reduction tactics into the city’s existing sustainability strategies (see **Goal 4: Planning and Integration**).

3. **Maintain tree canopy coverage levels and gradually eliminate unsuitable non-native species.**
   - **Location:** City-wide urban areas.
   - **Attributes:** Involves actions like increasing wind-resistant and native tree species and discourages unsuitable non-native species to strengthen urban green infrastructure (see **Recommendations for Goal 2: Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation**).

4. **Incentivize sustainable building design and construction.**
   - **Cost:** Not explicitly mentioned, involves incentives.
   - **Location:** Applicable to new developments city-wide.
   - **Attributes:** Encouragement for building designs that align with sustainable and resilient construction standards to enhance climate adaptability (see **Recommendations for Goal 2: Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation**).

5. **Codify resilient design by adopting high-performance building criteria for all new construction.**
   - **Location:** Targeted at new constructions within the city limits.
   - **Attributes:** Involves formalizing high-performance and resilient design practices as standard requirements for city infrastructure and developments (see **Recommendations for Goal 2: Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation**).

In the text, the cost details were not explicitly mentioned for these mitigation options, and specific timeframes are generally not provided. The plan describes general locations like city-wide efforts for energy reduction and greenhouse gas emission mitigation. Important attributes include incentives, sustainable design, and the conversion of unsuitable species which are crucial for these mitigation strategies.

#### 1. **Enhance the Protective Features of the Natural Ecosystem**
- **Climate Threat:** This option addresses threats related to flooding, stormwater management, extreme heat, and potentially other climate events by enhancing natural ecosystems like wetlands and urban forests.
  - **Location:** Aimed at urban forests and green infrastructures.
  - **Initial Actions:** Includes maintaining tree canopy coverage, increasing wind-resistant and native tree species, eliminating unsuitable non-native species, expanding green spaces, acquiring repeatedly flooded parcels for conversion to green infrastructure, and incentivizing sustainable development.
  - **Potential Partners:** Tallahassee-Leon County Planning Department, Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Northwest Florida Water Management District.

#### 2. **Upgrade Public Assets to Minimize Service Disruptions During Acute Shocks**
- **Climate Threat:** This option addresses potential shocks resulting from flooding, wildfires, storm surges, and other emergencies by upgrading public assets.
  - **Location:** Focuses on critical assets within flood-prone areas (100-yr and 500-yr flood zones).
  - **Initial Actions:** Actions include hardening critical assets or relocating, installing backup power at essential facilities, securing infrastructure, and improving infrastructure service levels.
  - **Potential Partners:** Talquin Electric, Local developers, Florida Department of Transportation.

#### 3. **Mainstream Vulnerability Assessments and Resilience Adaptation into the City's Guiding Strategies**
- **Climate Threat:** Addresses varied risks including social vulnerability, wildfire risk, flooding, storm surge, and extreme heat.
  - **Initial Actions:** Incorporate hazard mitigation and life cycle costing in budget planning, update GreenPrint Sustainability strategy, and integrate resilience into strategic city plans like the Comprehensive Plan, Local Mitigation Strategy.
  - **Potential Partners:** Tallahassee-Leon County Planning Department, Community Redevelopment Agency.

#### 4. **Mitigate the Increasing Threat of Wildfire Along the Wildland Urban Interface**
- **Climate Threat:** Focuses on mitigating wildfire risks along the Wildland Urban Interface.
  - **Strategic Focus:** Reducing risk through better planning and mitigation efforts.

#### 5. **Strengthen the Utility Network**
- **Climate Threat:** Aims to address outages and vulnerabilities in the utility network caused by extreme weather.
  - **Technology Use:** Focus on strategic undergrounding, smart technology, and distributed systems.

#### 6. **Future-proof our Built Environment**
- **Climate Threat:** Addresses risk considerations related to sustainable design standards, potentially impacting various climate threats.
  - **Design Considerations:** Emphasizes sustainable design standards and elevating risk considerations for future construction and development projects.

There are no specific details provided in the plan about the cost or timeframe for these adaptation options. However, the plan emphasizes collaboration and integration into broader strategic efforts to ensure these actions are feasible and impactful.

The plan outlines several climate policies to advance climate justice, focusing on addressing specific climate threats and identifying vulnerable populations and areas. Here are the policies and their related details:

1. **Policy: Provide safe shelter for all and increase pathways to secure affordable housing.**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy addresses housing insecurity, which is an underlying issue that exacerbates vulnerability to climate hazards.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The policy seeks to reduce disaster risks, climate vulnerabilities, and public health and safety issues associated with housing insecurity, especially targeting areas with "Social Vulnerability Index," "Housing Cost Burdened Owners," and "Residential Risk Vulnerabilities" ([Strategy 3.1](RECOMMENDATIONS 55)).
   
2. **Policy: Evaluate land use and zoning codes to mitigate development patterns that concentrate poverty.**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy is aimed at reducing vulnerability to climate hazards by avoiding the concentration of poverty in certain areas.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas where development patterns currently concentrate poverty, making them more susceptible to climate impacts ([Strategy 3.1](RECOMMENDATIONS 55)).

3. **Policy: Plan for the long-term housing needs of regional migrants impacted by climate hazards.**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The policy addresses displacement and housing needs due to climate-induced migration.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Regional migrants impacted by climate hazards who may face increased vulnerability due to lack of secure housing ([Strategy 3.1](RECOMMENDATIONS 55)).

4. **Policy: Support financial security and connect vulnerable individuals to safety net services.**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Economic insecurity that exacerbates vulnerability to climate impacts.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Vulnerable individuals needing connection to safety net services to improve resilience against climate shocks ([Strategy 3.2](GOAL 3 STRATEGIES)).

5. **Policy: Reduce the digital divide among residents by expanding public Wi-Fi and equal access to critical information.**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The lack of access to information during climate emergencies, increasing vulnerability.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Populations with limited access to critical information and technology, exacerbating their vulnerability during climate events ([Strategy 3.6](GOAL 3 STRATEGIES)).

These policies are intended to address both underlying socioeconomic vulnerabilities and the acute impacts of climate hazards, promoting equity and resilience within the community.

Based strictly on the content provided from the plan, here's an analysis of potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies:

### 1. Acquisition and Conversion of Flooded Parcels

- *Flooding*  
  The policy addresses flooding, which is defined as an overabundance of water impacting normally dry land, often intensified by storm events (OUR RESILIENCE CHALLENGES).

**Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:**  
- **Adaptation**  
  The plan proposes acquiring repeatedly flooded parcels and converting them into green infrastructure as part of its initial actions under Strategy 2.1: "Enhance the protective features of the natural ecosystem" (RECOMMENDATIONS, GOAL 2).

**Why It May Cause Inadvertent Maladaptation:**  
- The acquisition and conversion of flood-prone properties could potentially displace residents or alter the local economy if not managed carefully. Without addressing the housing needs or economic opportunities of displaced individuals, the policy may inadvertently increase housing insecurity or create economic stress for vulnerable populations already struggling with affordability (OUR RESILIENCE CHALLENGES).

### 2. Prescribed Burning for Wildfire Mitigation

- *Wildfire*  
  Wildfire threats are mitigated using prescribed burning, especially in regions with abundant vegetation (OUR RESILIENCE CHALLENGES).

- **Resilience**  
  The use of prescribed burning as a method to mitigate wildfire risks is mentioned as an existing practice in the community (OUR RESILIENCE CHALLENGES).

- While prescribed burning reduces wildfire risks, it can lead to intermittent poor air quality, which could harm sensitive populations. This could inadvertently lead to health impacts if not coupled with adequate air quality management and public health advisories, thereby increasing vulnerability rather than reducing it (OUR RESILIENCE CHALLENGES).

### 3. Strategic Undergrounding of Utility Networks

- *Infrastructure Failure during Acute Shocks*  
  The plan addresses the threat of infrastructure failure during acute shocks like storms by proposing utility network strengthening (GOAL 2: HAZARD MITIGATION AND CLIMATE ADAPTATION).

  Strategy 2.4 includes strengthening utility networks through strategic undergrounding, smart technology, and distributed systems (GOAL 2).

- Strategic undergrounding of utility networks might lead to increased costs or infrastructure complexities that hinder maintenance and flexibility. If not carefully planned and executed, it could result in higher costs for consumers or reduced adaptability to unforeseen conditions such as flooding or soil instability in certain areas, thereby reducing overall resilience (GOAL 2).

Based on the content provided from the Tallahassee Community Resilience Plan, the following measures, metrics, and targets are outlined for adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options:

### **Measures and Metrics**

1. **Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions:**
   - The plan aims to achieve a **50% reduction in energy use intensity** at city-operated facilities by 2024 (*Strategy 2.6: Reduce energy use and achieve net zero local greenhouse gas emissions*).

2. **Clean Energy Transition:**
   - Transition to **100% net renewable sources** for energy utilities by 2050 (*Strategy 2.6: Reduce energy use and achieve net zero local greenhouse gas emissions*).

3. **Vehicle Fleet Transition:**
   - Transition **100% of City-owned light-duty vehicles and bus transit fleet to clean fuels** by 2035 (*Strategy 2.6: Reduce energy use and achieve net zero local greenhouse gas emissions*).

4. **Building Code Compliance:**
   - Achieve **90% building code compliance** on public health and safety violations (*Strategy 2.5: Future-proof our built environment by elevating risk considerations and sustainable design standards*).

5. **Hazard Mitigation for Low-Income Households:**
   - Expand and promote a **home hazard mitigation grant program** for low-income households (*Strategy 2.5: Future-proof our built environment by elevating risk considerations and sustainable design standards*).

6. **GIS-based Resilience Dashboard:**
   - Build and launch a **GIS-based resilience dashboard** for tracking dynamic risk, climate, and social vulnerability data (*Strategy 4.1: Track and share dynamic risk, climate, and social vulnerability data*).

1. **Net Zero Emissions:**
   - Achieve **net zero local greenhouse gas emissions** as a long-term goal (*Strategy 2.6: Reduce energy use and achieve net zero local greenhouse gas emissions*).

2. **Sustainable and Resilient Design Standards:**
   - Adopt **high-performance building criteria** for all new constructions as a standard for reducing vulnerability to climate threats (*Strategy 2.5: Future-proof our built environment by elevating risk considerations and sustainable design standards*).

3. **Resilience Elements in Plans:**
   - Integrate a **resilience element** into the Comprehensive Plan and related elements (*Strategy 4.2: Mainstream vulnerability assessments and resilience adaptation into the City's guiding strategies, plans, and policies*).

The plan does not specifically mention units such as tons or percentages apart from the stated objectives and strategies. These goals and outcomes reflect efforts towards building a more resilient and sustainable community in Tallahassee.

| **Feature**       | **Details**                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
|-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Location/City Name| Tallahassee                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
| Population        | Approximately 191,049                                                                                                                                                                                                          |
| Threats Identified| - Hurricane/Severe Storms [Chapter: TALLAHASSEE'S URBAN CONTEXT]                                                                                                                                                               |
|                   | - Flooding [Chapter: TALLAHASSEE'S URBAN CONTEXT]                                                                                                                                                                              |
|                   | - Wildfire [Chapter: TALLAHASSEE'S URBAN CONTEXT]                                                                                                                                                                              |
|                   | - Poverty [Chapter: TALLAHASSEE'S URBAN CONTEXT]                                                                                                                                                                               |
| Measures Identified| - Empower households and organizations to be safe, secure, and self-sufficient [Section: GOAL 1: Public Safety and Preparedness]                                                                                              |
|                   | - Protect people and our environment while also adapting to the future [Section: GOAL 2: Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation]                                                                                             |
|                   | - Connect people with each other and with opportunities to thrive [Section: GOAL 3: Equity and Social Cohesion]                                                                                                                |

|                   | - Make resilience ideals part of our everyday business and our long-term strategy [Section: GOAL 4: Planning and Integration]                                                                                                  |
```

The plan does not provide a detailed description of the physical and economic landscape of the planning jurisdiction. Specifically, it does not mention the name, location, population, demographics, or average income of the planning jurisdiction. Details about major geographic features such as mountains, rivers, deserts, coastline, or key infrastructure like airports or seaports are also not included. The plan lacks specific information about the local climate, aridity, water challenges, energy production, natural resources, industries, or economic drivers that are crucial to the region.

The plan addresses resilience by focusing on preparing the City of Lancaster for the impacts of climate change, thereby ensuring the continued delivery of municipal operations and services. The plan explicitly mentions building resilience to climate impacts: "*The City of Lancaster’s core mission is to serve its residents, businesses, and environment. Throughout its nearly 300-year history, the City has proven resilient and adaptive to rapid shifts in industry, transportation, and technology, among other changing conditions.*"

Additionally, the plan seeks to establish "*a culture of sustainability*," which involves staff dedicated to leading these efforts and implementing sustainable behaviors as a foundation for future community-scale climate action (Culture of Sustainability). 

The plan places a strong emphasis on mitigation efforts aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Strategies are detailed across six key areas: Energy, Vehicle Fleet, Water and Wastewater, Stormwater, Waste, and Building a Culture of Sustainability; and Carbon Offsets. The plan highlights that "*when fully implemented, these strategies will result in carbon neutrality by 2050*," with intermediate targets for reducing emissions by 2025 and 2035 (City of Lancaster Municipal Climate Action Plan).

The plan acknowledges the urgency to reduce emissions given climate science: "*Climate science is clear: it is urgent that communities around the world join together and take proactive steps to reduce emissions by at least 80%.*" (EXECUTIVE SUMMARY)

Adaptation strategies in the plan focus on responding to and preparing for climate changes that are either occurring or projected. The aim is to create smarter infrastructure and improve the City’s capacity to manage climate-related risks. The plan states: "*With climate impacts projected to increase in coming years, it is imperative that the City of Lancaster identify opportunities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (mitigation) now, while also taking steps to address both current and anticipated shifts in local climate that Lancaster will not be able to avoid (adaptation).*"

Based on the content provided, the plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. The plan dedicates significant focus and strategies to both reducing GHG emissions (mitigation) and preparing for climate change impacts through resilience and adaptation measures.

Yes, the plan describes scenarios related to climate change that the City of Lancaster will face, and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. The plan outlines several observed and projected climate impacts for the city, including:

- **Increased Precipitation and Temperature**: The plan highlights that Lancaster City has experienced increased precipitation and temperatures. The city ranked 14th in the nation among the top 50 cities with the largest increases in heavy downpours from 2005-2014. Additionally, seven of the ten hottest days on record since 1914 have occurred in the last 20 years. These changes are already impacting municipal operations by stressing city facilities and threatening the delivery of essential services. (_City of Lancaster Municipal Climate Action Plan_)

- **Temperature and Seasonal Anomalies**: Over the past 50 years, Lancaster has experienced a 1.2°F increase in average annual temperature, with warm seasonal anomalies more evident in the summer and fall. (_City of Lancaster Municipal Climate Action Plan_)

- **Health Risks**: The plan cites health risks due to climate change, including a rise in heat-related illnesses and mortality, increased vector-borne diseases, higher rates of respiratory and heart diseases from declining air quality, water pollution-related diseases, casualties from extreme weather events, and increasing allergens. (_City of Lancaster Municipal Climate Action Plan_)

These scenarios are directly linked to Lancaster's climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. The City has committed to reducing GHG emissions while preparing for both current and anticipated local climate shifts that cannot be avoided. This includes developing smarter infrastructure and securing carbon offsets to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. (_City of Lancaster Municipal Climate Action Plan_)

1. **Increased Temperatures**
   - **Description:** The average annual temperature in Lancaster has increased by approximately 1.2°F over the past 50 years (City of Lancaster Municipal Climate Action Plan).
   - **Climate Risks:** The plan notes health-related risks, including a rise in heat-related illnesses and mortality, particularly in older populations and those with existing health conditions, as well as higher rates of respiratory and heart disease due to declining air quality (City of Lancaster Municipal Climate Action Plan).
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Older populations and individuals with pre-existing health conditions are more vulnerable to heat-related illnesses and declining air quality (City of Lancaster Municipal Climate Action Plan).

2. **Increased Precipitation and Intense Storms**
   - **Description:** Lancaster is experiencing an increase in the frequency of heavy rainfall events and intense storms, ranking 14th among the top 50 cities with the biggest increases in heavy downpours (City of Lancaster Municipal Climate Action Plan).
   - **Climate Risks:** The risks include urban flooding, overwhelmed stormwater systems, and combined sewer overflow events, which lead to flooding and water pollution (City of Lancaster Municipal Climate Action Plan).
   - **Vulnerable Areas:** The city’s older stormwater infrastructure is particularly vulnerable, and areas relying on the combined sewer system are at higher risk of flooding (City of Lancaster Municipal Climate Action Plan).

3. **Severe Weather Events**
   - **Description:** Severe weather events are expected to become more frequent and intense as climate patterns continue to shift (City of Lancaster Municipal Climate Action Plan).
   - **Climate Risks:** These events risk causing casualties, damage to property and infrastructure, and disruptions in municipal operations and services (City of Lancaster Municipal Climate Action Plan).
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Vulnerable communities that are disproportionately impacted by climate hazards and have limited capacity to recover from severe weather events (City of Lancaster Municipal Climate Action Plan).

4. **Public Health Threats from Climate Change**
   - **Description:** Climate change is expected to exacerbate existing public health threats, creating a more favorable environment for pathogens and pests (City of Lancaster Municipal Climate Action Plan).
   - **Climate Risks:** The risks include increased vector-borne diseases such as Lyme Disease, West Nile Virus, and Zika Virus, as well as increased disease related to water pollution (City of Lancaster Municipal Climate Action Plan).
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Older populations, those with existing health conditions, and low-income communities are more vulnerable to these public health threats (City of Lancaster Municipal Climate Action Plan).

The plan identifies several resilience options which address various climate threats. Here is a summary for each option:

### **1. Green Infrastructure Improvements:**

**Specific Climate Threat Addressed:**
- The plan aims to address flooding, especially in low-income and flood-prone areas, and intersections where flooding can cause additional challenges. This also relates to increased precipitation and urban flooding.

**Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:**
- **Cost:** The plan estimates annual benefits valued at $4.2 million from implementing green infrastructure throughout the city.
- **Location:** Focus is on low-income and flood-prone areas.
- **Timeframe:** No specific timeframe mentioned for completion, but continued implementation is suggested.

- **Economic Savings:** Annual climate-related benefits valued at $2.8 million and reduction of gray infrastructure capital costs by $120 million (Section "Continue to Implement Green Infrastructure Improvements").
- **Infrastructural:** Reduces wastewater operational costs by over $600,000 annually.
- **Environmental and Economic Benefits:** Supports public health, environmental quality, and economic savings.

### **2. Integration of Climate Action Within Municipal Services:**

- This option is not linked to a single climate threat but is aimed at integrating climate action into all aspects of municipal services to increase overall resilience.

- **Cost:** The plan provides a framework for understanding cost-effectiveness, but specific numbers are not provided for this specific integration effort.
- **Location:** City-wide focus within all municipal services.

- **Economic Impact:** Projected increases in personal income by $2.35 billion annually and in Gross State Product by $3.76 billion (Chapter "Climate Action Plan").
- **Health and Equity:** Improved public health outcomes and the protection of vulnerable communities from disproportionate impacts.

### **3. Updates to Streetscape Design and Municipal Guidelines:**

- Addresses urban flooding and infrastructure vulnerability to increased precipitation and temperature.

- **Cost:** No specific cost outlined for updates specifically, but improvements are mentioned as part of larger infrastructure investment plans.
- **Location:** Updates will be applied city-wide, especially in areas identified as vulnerable to urban flooding.
- **Timeframe:** Updates to guidelines are ongoing.

- **Community Benefits:** Incorporates local hiring, job training, and aims to maintain neighborhood affordability.
- **Infrastructural:** Incorporates community benefits and prioritizes green infrastructure as a strategy.

Each of these resilience options provides multifaceted benefits that extend beyond immediate climate risk reduction, emphasizing economic savings, community health and equity, and infrastructural improvements.

The plan identifies several mitigation options focusing on various sectors and strategies. Here is a summary of each identified mitigation option along with their details regarding cost, timing, location, and other important attributes:

1. **Energy Efficiency in Municipal Buildings**
   - **Strategy Title:** Reducing Energy Consumption in Municipal Buildings Through Energy Efficiency.
   - **Lead Agency:** Facilities Management and Engineering.
   - **Timing:** Short to Long term.
   - **GHG Reduction Impact:** 406 MT CO2e.
   - **Details:** Focused on improving energy efficiency in municipal buildings to reduce emissions.

2. **Renewable Energy Access**
   - **Strategy Title:** Accessing Renewable Energy Through On-Site And Off-Site Generation.
   - **Timing:** Mid to Long term.
   - **GHG Reduction Impact:** 940 MT CO2e.
   - **Details:** Transitioning to renewable energy sources to lower emissions.

3. **Building Electrification**
   - **Strategy Title:** Exploring Electrification of Buildings.
   - **Lead Agency:** Facilities Management.
   - **GHG Reduction Impact:** 166 MT CO2e.
   - **Details:** Electrifying buildings to reduce reliance on fossil fuels.

4. **Energy Efficient Street Lighting**
   - **Strategy Title:** Improving Streetlight Efficiency.
   - **Lead Agency:** Operations and Engineering.
   - **GHG Reduction Impact:** 224 MT CO2e.
   - **Details:** Enhancing street lighting efficiency for emissions reduction.

5. **Future Construction Energy Requirements**
   - **Strategy Title:** Establishing Efficiency and Renewable Energy Requirements for All Future Construction of Municipal Buildings.
   - **Lead Agency:** Engineering.
   - **GHG Reduction Impact:** 35 MT CO2e.
   - **Details:** Integrating efficiency and renewable energy mandates in new municipal buildings.

6. **Waste Reduction and Recycling**
   - **Strategy Titles:** Conduct Waste Analysis, Implement Food Composting, Adaptive Reuse of City Buildings, Reduce Employee Waste, and Reuse Office Equipment.
   - **Lead Agency:** Facilities Management and Solid Waste and Recycling.
   - **Timing:** Short to Mid term.
   - **Details:** No specific GHG reduction data provided, but focuses on waste minimization.

7. **Green Infrastructure**
   - **Strategy Title:** Continue to Implement Green Infrastructure Improvements to Ease Flooding in Key Areas.
   - **Lead Agency:** Not specified.
   - **Details:** Provides energy, air quality, and climate-related benefits valued at $2.8 million annually and reduces gray infrastructure costs by $120 million.

8. **Low Carbon Vehicles and Transportation Demand Management**
   - **Strategy Title:** Increase Number of Lower Carbon Vehicles and Expand Employee Bike Share.
   - **Lead Agency:** Operations and Green Team with Communications.
   - **GHG Reduction Impact:** 282 MT CO2e for low carbon vehicles.
   - **Details:** Focused on reducing transportation-related emissions.

9. **Green Team and Climate Processes**
   - **Strategy Titles:** Establish a Green Team, Develop a Green Meetings Policy, and Integrate Climate/Sustainability into Municipal Processes.
   - **Lead Agency:** Mayor’s Office, Climate Committee, and Admin Services.
   - **Details:** Aims to create a culture of sustainability and incorporate climate considerations in municipal processes.

Further, the plan emphasizes the potential for significant ancillary benefits, such as job growth, energy and fuel cost savings, and a cleaner environment, accompanying these mitigation strategies (**Introduction, Continued; Solutions Today with Multiple Benefits**). Additionally, the plan outlines the importance of locality in implementing these strategies and highlights potential partnerships and the creation of financing tools that benefit both green infrastructure and green building (*Green Infrastructure Improvements*).

### **Energy Conservation and Efficiency**

- **Implementation in Municipal Buildings:**
  - **Attributes:** The plan focuses on reducing energy consumption in municipal buildings through energy efficiency measures.
  - **Cost:** Not explicitly mentioned in the provided sections.
  - **Timeframe:** Short to Long Term.
  - **GHG Reduction Impact:** 406 MT CO₂e by 2050.
  - **Location:** Municipal buildings.
  - **Additional Details:** The city aims to establish efficiency and renewable energy requirements for future construction of municipal buildings ("Energy, Chapter 5").

- **Renewable Energy Generation:**
  - **Attributes:** Accessing renewable energy through on-site and off-site generation.
  - **Timeframe:** Mid to Long Term.
  - **GHG Reduction Impact:** 940 MT CO₂e by 2050.

- **Electrification of Buildings:**
  - **Attributes:** Exploring electrification of buildings.
  - **Timeframe:** Long Term.
  - **GHG Reduction Impact:** 166 MT CO₂e by 2050.

- **Fleet Analysis and Improvement:**
  - **Attributes:** Conducting a fleet analysis and increasing the number of lower carbon vehicles.
  - **Timeframe:** Short to Mid Term.
  - **GHG Reduction Impact:** 282 MT CO₂e by 2050.

- **Bike Share and Transportation Demand:**
  - **Attributes:** Expanding employee bike share and implementing transportation demand management.
  - **Timeframe:** Short Term.
  - **GHG Reduction Impact:** 109 MT CO₂e by 2050 (calculated as a reduction in overall vehicle miles traveled).

### **Water and Wastewater**

- **Energy Efficiency at Facilities:**
  - **Attributes:** Implementation of energy efficiency strategies at water and wastewater facilities.
  - **GHG Reduction Impact:** 2,393 MT CO₂e.

### **Carbon Offsets**

- **Attributes:** The plan intends to use carbon offsets as a means to definitively reach the emissions reduction goals.
  - **Timeframe:** By 2025, 2035, and 2050.
  - **Location:** Emphasis on having an impact on reducing emissions locally to benefit people in and near Lancaster City.
  - **Additional Details:** Carbon offsets are to be measured and verified for GHG accounting according to standardized protocols ("Carbon Offsets, Chapter 11").

### **Green Infrastructure**

- **Attributes:** The city will implement green infrastructure improvements to ease flooding and provide energy, air quality, and climate-related benefits.
  - **Cost:** Annual benefits valued at $4.2 million across the city; reduces gray infrastructure capital costs by $120 million.
  - **Location:** Citywide, with a focus on low-income and flood-prone areas to maintain neighborhood affordability.
  - **Additional Details:** The action steps include mapping urban flooding, working with climatologists for future needs, and incorporating community benefits like local hiring and job training ("Stormwater, Chapter 8"). 

These strategies emphasize not only emissions reduction but also broader benefits such as job growth, cost savings, and community resilience.

The plan identifies several adaptation options aimed at addressing various climate threats. Below is a summary of each identified adaptation option, along with the relevant details provided in the plan:

### Adaptation Options Identified in the Plan:

1. **Green Infrastructure Improvements:**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This adaptation option addresses the threat of flooding, particularly in key areas that are low-income, flood-prone, or otherwise significantly impacted by flooding.
   
     - **Cost:** The implementation of green infrastructure in the CSS area provides benefits valued at $2.8 million annually and reduces operational costs by $600,000 annually, with a reduction in gray infrastructure capital costs by $120 million. City-wide implementation could provide benefits valued at $4.2 million annually.
     - **Timeframe:** Ongoing implementation is implied, with continuous actions part of the plan.
     - **Location:** The focus is on municipal properties, public right-of-ways, and areas identified as urban flooding sites.
     - **Important Attributes:** 
       - Green infrastructure includes actions to ease flooding and provide public health, environmental quality, and economic savings benefits.
       - The plan emphasizes targeting low-income and flood-prone areas and incorporating strategies to directly benefit existing residents and maintain affordability.

2. **Community Benefit Strategies and Engagement:**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Not directly linked to a specific climate threat but aims to foster overall community resilience and preparedness.
   
       - Incorporates community benefits such as local hiring and job training.
       - Engagement with various institutions and organizations to bolster community-wide efforts.
       - Development of financing tools like Commercial Property Assessed Clean Energy (C-PACE) and Local Economic Revitalization Tax Abatement (LERTA).

3. **Partnering with Institutions and Organizations:**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Broad climate adaptation and resilience needs, supporting community adaptation and resilience-building efforts.
   
     - **Important Attributes:**
       - Collaborate with various stakeholders to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of adaptation strategies.
       - Engage with the State Climatologist to identify future climate adaptation needs.
       - Update guidelines and ordinances to prioritize green infrastructure.
       
4. **Mapping and Prioritization to Address Urban Flooding:**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Urban flooding and its associated impacts.
   
       - Identify specific locations of urban flooding to direct resources effectively.
       - Update city planning documents like Streetscape Design Guidelines and the capital improvement plan (CIP) to align with adaptation needs.

These adaptation options are crafted to enhance resilience against the impacts of climate change, particularly in urban contexts like Lancaster City, by proactively improving infrastructure, engaging communities, and utilizing collaborations and mapping to guide implementation.

The City of Lancaster Municipal Climate Action Plan identifies several climate policies to advance climate justice. Here is a summary of these policies, including the climate threats they address and the areas or populations with the most climate vulnerability:

1. **Equitable Distribution of Municipal Services**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The plan notes that climate change impacts, such as extreme weather events and rising temperatures, can disrupt municipal operations and services upon which people depend.
   
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The plan emphasizes the need to ensure that *"vulnerable communities,*" including those who rely heavily on city services, are protected from the *"disproportionate climate impacts"* and that the city is better equipped to address *"emerging needs that may be specific to particular neighborhoods, building sectors and the people within them."* 

   - _Citation: "Climate Action and the Equitable Distribution of Municipal Services"_

2. **Anticipating Climate Impacts on Health**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The plan discusses various climate-related health risks, such as heat-related illnesses, increased vector-borne diseases, and poorer air quality leading to respiratory and heart diseases.

   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Those who are particularly vulnerable include *"older populations and those with existing health conditions,"* as they are more susceptible to *"heat-related illnesses and mortality."* The plan underscores the importance of integrating *"protection of vulnerable communities"* into the strategy implementation to mitigate these health risks.

   - _Citation: "Climate-related health risks and impacts"_

3. **Building a More Equitable and Livable Place**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** General climate change impacts, including both current and anticipated shifts in climate.

   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The plan aims to create a *"more equitable and livable place for everyone—block-by-block,"* implying a focus on potentially vulnerable neighborhoods. The actions undertaken, *"such as increasing sidewalks and the number of street trees,"* reflect a commitment to incorporate equity into urban design and public infrastructure. 

   - _Citation: "Leading by Example"_

Collectively, these strategies aim to increase Lancaster's resilience to climate change while ensuring that the most vulnerable populations are protected and supported.

Based strictly on the provided plan, there are no direct mentions or explicit identifications of specific climate policies that could result in maladaptation. However, potential areas where maladaptation could occur are inferred from the broader strategies and approaches mentioned in the plan.

**1. Developing New Infrastructure Resilience**

- **Climate Threat Being Addressed:** The threat of increased climate impacts, such as "increased precipitation and temperatures," which could stress municipal operations and infrastructure.
- **Focused Option:** **Resilience Option** - The plan emphasizes integrating climate action in municipal services and operations to maintain function amidst these changing conditions.
- **Potential Maladaptive Outcome:** Building new infrastructure with a focus solely on resilience to current climate threats may unintentionally lead to maladaptation if future climate changes outpace the resilience measures. Such infrastructure might not sufficiently accommodate future conditions, requiring additional adjustments or resulting in excess costs without anticipated benefits, especially if infrastructure does not adapt to longer-term climate projections like "summers in southeastern Pennsylvania feel more like southeastern Georgia."

**2. Energy Efficiency and Mitigation Options**

- **Climate Threat Being Addressed:** Anthropogenic emissions of GHGs contributing to climate change.
- **Focused Option:** **Mitigation Option** - Emphasizing "energy conservation and efficiency actions" to reduce emissions from municipal operations.
- **Potential Maladaptive Outcome:** While focusing on energy efficiency is generally positive, if these actions do not also incorporate adaptive measures to handle extreme weather (such as heat waves or severe storms), they may contribute to increased vulnerability. For instance, if buildings are sealed for energy efficiency without considering increased ventilation for hotter conditions, it could worsen indoor air quality and increase health risks during heatwaves.

**3. Waste and Recycling Initiatives**

- **Climate Threat Being Addressed:** General waste contributing indirectly to emissions, impacting climate change.
- **Focused Option:** **Mitigation Option** - Reducing waste within supply chains and repurposing products.
- **Potential Maladaptive Outcome:** If waste reduction strategies do not adapt in time to volatile market conditions or shifts in waste types due to economic or climate changes, there could be waste management inefficiencies. For example, recycling systems established without considering changing patterns of waste generation due to climate impacts could struggle to cope with increased or altered waste streams, leading to higher operational costs or disposal issues. 

These interpretations infer potential maladaptive outcomes by analyzing areas where climate strategies might not fully align with rapidly changing or unforeseen future climate conditions. The plan itself doesn't explicitly detail maladaptive scenarios but highlights the necessity for cautious and adaptable planning to mitigate such risks.

**Success Measurement Metrics in the Plan**

1. **Reduction in CO₂ Emissions:**
   - *Municipal Operations Emission Reduction Targets:*
     - Reduce emissions due to municipal operations by:
       - **79% by 2025**
       - **80% by 2035**
       - **81% by 2050** (Figure 9 & Executive Summary)
     - Further sequester emissions with carbon offsets achieving:
       - **80% total reduction by 2025**
       - **90% total reduction by 2035**
       - **Carbon neutrality by 2050** (Culture of Sustainability and Carbon Offsets section)

2. **Annual Metrics Tracking:**
   - The city will track its progress on an **annual basis**. Reports on plan progress are expected yearly up to 2025, and every two to three years thereafter. (Reporting and Plan Updates section)

3. **Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy:**
   - Transition to **100% renewable energy sources for all electricity consumption by 2025**, which means avoiding all electricity-related emissions. (Goals section)
   - Energy savings from various strategies, such as reducing energy consumption in municipal buildings, are anticipated to achieve **specific emission reductions by 2050**: 
     - **406 MT CO₂e** for energy efficiency (Reducing Energy Consumption section)
     - **940 MT CO₂e** for renewable energy access (Accessing Renewable Energy section)

4. **Transportation and Fleet Management:**
   - Reduce vehicle emissions and travel miles:
     - 15% reduction of vehicle miles traveled (VMT) by 2025
     - **20% reduction** of VMT by 2035
    - **30% reduction** of VMT by 2050 (Goals section)

5. **Waste Management & Water Consumption:**
   - Waste diversion targets:
     - **25% diversion of waste to landfill by 2025**
     - **70% diversion by 2035**
     - **Zero waste goal in municipal facilities by 2050** (Waste section)

6. **Health Impacts:**
   - The plan acknowledges climate-related health risks without quantifying specific health metrics but emphasizes reducing illness and mortality linked to heat, vector-borne diseases, and waterborne diseases through climate readiness. (Climate Action Plan section)

Overall, the plan sets clear numerical targets for emissions reductions across various sectors with specific deadlines, particularly focusing on 2025, 2035, and 2050. The success in achieving these targets will be measured using the outlined indicators and through regular assessment updates.

| **Location/City Name** | City of Lancaster                                                                                                   |
| **Population**         | *Not specified in the document*                                                                                     |
| **Threats Identified**  | - Increasing levels of CO₂ and GHGs due to human activities. (Climate Change Impacts) <br> - Temperature and precipitation-related climate impacts. (City of Lancaster Municipal Climate Action Plan Introduction) <br> - Increased frequency of warm seasonal anomalies and extreme weather events. (Climate Change Impacts) <br> - Climate-related health risks such as heat-related illnesses, vector-borne diseases, declining air quality, and extreme weather event casualties. (Executive Summary) <br> - Increasing heavy downpours leading to urban flooding. (Stormwater) |
| **Measures Identified** | - Development of an Adaptation and Resilience Report containing Climate Risk Inventory, Vulnerability Assessment, and Adaptation Strategies. (Climate Change Impacts) <br> - Establishing climate readiness, increasing public information, improving service reliability, and protection of vulnerable communities. (Executive Summary) <br> - 25 strategies in six key areas: Energy, Vehicle Fleet, Water and Wastewater, Stormwater, Waste, and Building a Culture of Sustainability and Carbon Offsets. (City of Lancaster Municipal Climate Action Plan Introduction) <br> - Tracking progress on an annual basis and providing plan updates. (City Baseline Emissions) |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction: City of Bloomington**

The **City of Bloomington**, located in Indiana, is the focus of the Climate Action Plan. While the plan does not provide specific population figures or detailed demographic and income statistics, it references various economic sectors.

### **Geographic Features & Infrastructure:**

- The plan does **not detail specific geographic features** such as mountains, rivers, deserts, or coastline in Bloomington, nor does it mention key infrastructure like airports or seaports.

### **Local Climate & Water Challenges:**

- The climate in Bloomington includes climate stressors such as increases in the frequency and intensity of poor air quality days, extreme high temperature events, and heavy rainfalls ("Climate Hazards").
- There is no specific mention of **aridity or water challenges** in the extracted sections of the plan.

- Energy strategy goals include supporting decarbonization, increasing distributed renewable energy, and promoting energy efficiency measures ("Section 03 Energy And Built Environment").

### **Industries & Economic Drivers:**

- The plan mentions that **89% of the jobs** in the Bloomington metropolitan area are in sectors including manufacturing; trade, transportation, and utilities; professional and business services; education and health services; leisure and hospitality; and government ("Climate Economy").
- Economic considerations include the development of a **climate economy** that is resilient to climate change impacts and supports reducing community-wide emissions ("Climate Economy").

These details encapsulate the focus areas as outlined in the plan for the City of Bloomington.

The plan places a significant emphasis on building resilience to climate impacts. It includes strategies that focus on improving community resilience to extreme weather conditions, vector-borne and water-borne diseases, and air quality impacts, as highlighted by: "*Community health impacts and resilience in the face of current climate impacts and projected risks. Strategies in this sector focus on community resilience to extreme heat and weather, vector-borne and water-borne disease, and air quality impacts of climate change.*" (Introduction section). Additionally, the plan underscores the importance of resilience options in sectors like energy, economy, and health. The involvement of the business community and fostering connections through outreach is also emphasized as integral to building resilience (Climate Action Implementation).

The plan is deeply committed to mitigation efforts to address the root causes of climate change. This includes actions to reduce or prevent greenhouse gas emissions: "*Climate change mitigation addresses the root causes of climate change by taking action to reduce or prevent greenhouse gas (GHG) emission generation.*" (Introduction). Specific goals like increasing energy efficiency, supporting decarbonization, reducing vehicle miles traveled, and promoting electric vehicle adoption exemplify the mitigation strategies outlined in various sections such as Energy and Built Environment and Transportation and Land Use.

Adaptation is addressed through the plan's focus on lowering the risks posed by the inevitable impacts of climate change. The plan highlights the necessity of both mitigation and adaptation: "*Adaptation actions seek to lower the risks posed by these impacts by anticipating and responding effectively to the threats that climate change poses.*" The plan acknowledges that even with reduced global emissions, adaptation to existing climate impacts is essential (Introduction).

Taking into consideration the balance the plan achieves between addressing resilience, mitigation, and adaptation, the Bloomington Climate Action Plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. This classification is drawn from the plan's strategic focus on reducing GHG emissions, building community resilience, and implementing adaptation strategies to cope with anticipated climate impacts.

Yes, the plan describes scenarios of climate change that Bloomington will face, highlighting particular vulnerabilities and the impacts these may have on the city. 

**Scenarios and related vulnerabilities include:**

- **Increased Temperatures and Precipitation Changes:** 
  - These will stress trees, greenspaces, and agriculture, potentially making conditions more conducive for diseases, pests, and invasive species. Trees and crop species that previously thrived may become less suited to future climate conditions. (*"Bloomington Climate Action Plan 8"*)

- **Stormwater Management Challenges:**
  - Heavier rains and increased surface drought conditions may demand significant upgrades to the city's stormwater infrastructure, which may not be capable of handling increased runoff during heavy downpours. (*"Bloomington Climate Action Plan 8"*)

- **Water Quality Concerns:**
  - Increased heavy rain events may negatively affect water quality in local lakes, streams, and rivers, with higher risk of pollutants and potential for algal and bacterial growth harming habitats. (*"Surface Water Quality (Low)"*)

- **Housing Risks:**
  - Warmer temperatures will likely increase demand for air conditioning, and energy costs may be challenging for vulnerable populations. Increased risk of surface drought conditions may cause local flooding, especially flash flooding, damaging housing and reducing mobility. (*"Housing (High)"*)

- **Health Impacts:**
  - Warmer temperatures and more extreme heat pose a higher risk for heat-related illnesses and may lead to more poor air quality days and exposure to allergens. (*"Heat Stress (High)" and "Air Quality (High)"*)

- **Disease Risks:**
  - Longer growing seasons and higher temperatures could increase the prevalence of vector-borne diseases like West Nile Virus and Lyme disease. (*"Vector-Borne Disease (Medium)"*)

These scenarios underline why Bloomington is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. The plan aims to address these projected changes in climate to reduce negative impacts on the community.

   - **Climate Hazard:** Warmer temperatures and more extreme heat.
   - **Climate Risks:** This may lead to increased heat-related illnesses, higher demand for air conditioning, and increased energy costs, particularly for vulnerable populations who may struggle to meet these costs.
   - **Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:** Vulnerable populations such as children, older adults, low-income individuals, and some people of color; individuals with physical and mental illness, disabilities, the homeless, and those living alone are particularly sensitive to extreme heat.

2. **Heavy and Extreme Precipitation Events**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Increased frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall and precipitation events.
   - **Climate Risks:** Increased demand on stormwater management systems, potential for flash flooding, increased water contamination risks affecting water quality, and increased flooding/flash flooding.
   - **Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:** Areas with higher flood risk and older infrastructure, individuals vulnerable to flooding, economically stressed populations, and people of color.

   - **Climate Hazard:** Increased frequency and intensity of poor air quality events, including exposure to allergens.
   - **Climate Risks:** Respiratory illnesses due to more days of poor air quality and exposure to allergens.
   - **Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:** High-risk areas include those with compromised tree canopies and economically stressed populations who may lack access to resources to mitigate poor air quality exposure.

4. **Increased Temperature and Season Changes**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Shorter winters with fewer cold extremes, increased average annual temperature.
   - **Climate Risks:** Health stressors impacting public health and safety, increased interactions with pests such as ticks and mosquitoes, longer allergy seasons.
   - **Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:** Vulnerable populations, including low-income individuals, those with disabilities, people of color, and seniors; also, those employed in climate-exposed jobs.

5. **Vector-Borne Diseases**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Longer growing seasons and higher temperatures may increase vector-borne diseases like West Nile Virus and Lyme disease.
   - **Climate Risks:** Increased risk to public health from expanded range and activity of disease-carrying pests.
   - **Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:** Vulnerable populations, notably children, older adults, and those with pre-existing health conditions.

6. **Storms and Storm-Related Impacts**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Increased storm frequency and intensity.
   - **Climate Risks:** Increased risk of property damage, loss of tree canopy, compromised mobility due to storm impacts, and reduced emergency response capacity as the city contends with multiple emergencies concurrently.
   - **Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:** Vulnerable areas include those with older housing stock and inadequate stormwater management; populations include economically stressed individuals and those with limited mobility or resources to cope with storm impacts.

**Resilience Options Identified in the Bloomington Climate Action Plan:**

1. **Enhance Community Resilience and Infrastructure:**

   - **Specific Climate Threat addressed:** 
     - Increased demands from climate change leading to potential risks in water, road, utilities, and other public infrastructure. This is informed by the Bloomington Climate Risk and Vulnerability Assessment, the Emergency Management Plan, and State climate change data and projections.

     - Increased demands from climate change leading to potential risks in water, road, utilities, and other public infrastructure. This is informed by the Bloomington Climate Risk and Vulnerability Assessment, the Emergency Management Plan, and State climate change data and projections. 

   - **Details on cost, timeframe, and location:**
     - **Timeframe:** Initiated in Phase 3 within 4-8 years of CAP approval. 
     - **Location:** Local economy infrastructure such as water, roads, and utilities in Bloomington.

     - This option is part of a broader strategy to build marketplace climate resilience. It is aimed at preparing essential public infrastructures to withstand increased demands from climate change. The strategy is linked with improved community resilience which has co-benefits like reduced costs.

2. **Develop Resilience Hubs and Microgrids:**

     - High vulnerability of certain neighborhoods to grid instability during extreme weather events.

     - **Timeframe:** Implemented in Phase 2 within 2-5 years of CAP approval.
     - **Location:** High-risk neighborhoods in Bloomington, as determined through partnerships with NGOs and community organizations.

     - Ensures equitable grid resilience actions by supporting the establishment of resilience hubs. These hubs provide power and critical services during climate-induced emergencies, thereby enhancing community resilience and equity.

3. **Flood Mitigation Infrastructure Upgrades:**

     - Anticipated increase in heavy precipitation events and flash flooding in Bloomington.

     - **Timeframe:** Initiate Phase 1 actions within 1-3 years and Phase 2 actions within 2-5 years of CAP approval.
     - **Location:** At-risk infrastructure identified through flood risk assessments, including areas of critical infrastructure vulnerable to flooding.

     - Emphasizes integrated design standards for flood management, including green infrastructure strategies such as permeable parking lots, creek restoration, and stormwater management upgrades. Co-benefits include improved water quality, enhanced public spaces, and ecological health, contributing to overall community resilience.

4. **Climate Resilient Business Concierge Service:**

     - Business vulnerabilities to climate change impacts such as supply chain interruptions, property damage, and operational cost increases.

     - **Location:** Services to be established in collaboration with local and regional partners including the County and Indiana University.

     - Aims to assess business climate vulnerability and increase resilience through technical assistance, focusing on small businesses and those owned by disadvantaged groups, leading to improved economic resilience in the community.

The Bloomington Climate Action Plan identifies several mitigation options across different sectors. Below are summaries of the options along with their respective attributes based on the information provided in the plan:

#### 1. Improved Energy Efficiency and Emissions Reduction
- **Sector:** Electricity and Natural Gas Consumption
  - **Focus:** Improved energy efficiency and resilience.
  - **Economic Potential:** Includes potential for economic development, job creation, and business opportunities.
  - **Related Actions:** Actions aimed at reducing emissions associated with energy use within the city.
  - **Co-Benefits:** Includes improved energy resilience and improved building quality and comfort.

- **Sector:** On-Road Vehicle Traffic
  - **Strategies:** Includes reductions in vehicle miles traveled as well as shifts to public transit and alternative modes of transportation like biking and walking.
  - **Co-Benefits:** Reduced traffic congestion, enhanced transit system, reduced pollution, safer streets, improved mobility, and reduced GHG emissions.

#### 3. Carbon Reduction Goal Alignment
- **Sector:** Greenhouse Gas Emissions
  - **Targets:** Reduce community greenhouse gas emissions by 25% below 2018 levels by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2050.
  - **Global Context:** Aligns with the IPCC and Paris Climate Agreement goals for emissions reduction.
  
#### 4. Climate Economy Strategy
- **Strategy CE 3-B:** Develop New Financing Pathways
  - **Financing Options:** Adoption of a "resilience penny" property tax, exploration of a "Carbon Impact Fee," and issuing "resilience bonds."
  - **Timing:** Implementation phases are indicated for each action.
  - **Costs and Benefits:** 
    - **Jobs/Economic Development:** Opportunities to attract, create, and support businesses committed to sustainability.
    - **Reduced GHG Emissions:** Direct funding support for mitigation actions.

#### 5. Building Internal Capacity for Climate Action
- **Capabilities:** Establishing sustainable staffing and internal guidance.
- **Benefits:**
  - Internal capacity building facilitates participation in CAP implementation, which in turn enhances the effectiveness of mitigation actions.

### General Implementation Recommendations
- **Recommendation Scope:** Internal capacity building, funding sustainability staffing, convening a climate working group, and maintaining a City of Bloomington Climate Action webpage.
- **Timing:** Implementation in the initial years to ensure alignment and support for comprehensive community involvement.

### Monitoring and Adaptation
- **Plan Nature:** The CAP is regarded as a living plan with intermittent measurements of progress and plan adjustments to meet the goals.
- **Implementation Timeline:** Spanning from immediate actions through 2030 and beyond to ensure adaptability and effectiveness.

The plan lays out a structured and phased approach to implementing these mitigation strategies, aiming at aligning with global climate goals while integrating them into local economic and community development initiatives.

The Bloomington Climate Action Plan identifies several mitigation options. Below is a summary of the information provided in the plan regarding each option, including aspects such as cost, timeframe, location, and other important attributes:

1. **Reduction of Energy Consumption**
   - **Cost:** Potential cost savings of $461,435,000 by 2030 from reduced energy consumption (Appendix not provided for further details).
   - **Timeframe:** Through 2030.
   - **Attributes:** Focus on reduction of energy consumption to save money for the community. This relates to various sectors as a strategic focus for greenhouse gas reduction.

2. **Electric Vehicle Adoption**
   - **Goal:** Achieve 30% of vehicles sold and 15% of vehicle miles traveled (VMT) community-wide by 2030.
   - **Attributes:** Part of the Transportation and Land Use section, emphasizing a shift to lower-emission transportation modes.

3. **Increase Distributed Renewable Energy**
   - **Goal:** Increase distribution to 250,000 MWH of total generation annually by 2030.
   - **Attributes:** Part of the Energy and Built Environment section, aimed at reducing reliance on fossil fuels by promoting renewable energy resources.

4. **Increase Energy Efficiency**
   - **Goal:** Increase energy efficiency citywide by 16% for electricity and 12% for natural gas of 2018 values.
   - **Attributes:** Part of the Energy and Built Environment section, focusing on improvements to existing infrastructure and practices.

5. **Decarbonization of Local Electricity Grid**
   - **Attributes:** Encourage moving towards cleaner energy sources to further reduce emissions locally.

6. **Fuel Switching in Building Sector**
   - **Goal:** Reduce on-site fossil fuel use in the building sector by 3% of 2018 levels.
   - **Attributes:** Part of promoting renewable energy and reducing overall carbon footprint of buildings.

7. **Landfill Solid Waste Diversion**
   - **Goal:** Increase diversion by 30% of 2018 values (equating to 26,500 tons of waste reduction).
   - **Attributes:** Part of Waste Management aimed at reducing emissions from waste and promoting sustainability.

8. **Develop New Financing Pathways**
   - **Example Actions:**
     - "Resilience penny" property tax increase.
     - Exploring a "Carbon Impact Fee."
     - Issuing "resilience bonds."
   - **Attributes:** These financial mechanisms are intended to provide dedicated funding for climate mitigation strategies, with an emphasis on enhancing community equity.

Each of these mitigation options is supported by detailed actions and goals designed to integrate with the city’s overall Climate Action Plan. The plan aims for a comprehensive and community-wide approach by 2030, aligning with objectives such as the reduction of GHG emissions and achieving carbon neutrality by 2050.

The Bloomington Climate Action Plan identifies several adaptation options, addressing specific climate threats and providing various implementation details. Here are the adaptation options mentioned:

### **1. Equity of Climate Adaptation Measures**

  - Integrates climate change vulnerability into community plans to mitigate the impacts on populations and neighborhoods most vulnerable to climate change. This includes threats such as flooding, flash flooding, and the urban heat island effect.
  - **Implementation Phase:** 
    - Utilizes current science and best practices with a focus on locations prone to flooding and heat impacts. Is part of the implementation phase 1.
  - **Co-Benefits:**
    - Improved community resilience and equity.
  - **Specific Actions:**
    - Establish resilience hubs and criteria for community microgrids (Phase 2).
    - Mold awareness and mitigation assistance for flood-prone areas (Phase 2).
    - Support of extreme weather-safe working conditions (Phase 3).

### **2. Respond to Climate Risks and Impacts**

  - Targets extreme weather events like heat, flooding, and storms, focusing on vulnerable populations.
  - **Implementation Phase:**
    - Includes organizing transportation-assistance and public education on health risks of higher temperatures (Phase 2).
  - **Projection data for Monroe County by 2050:** 
    - Expectation of increased days over 95°F, with a significant impact on the community's weather and climate.
  - **High Risk Areas:**
    - Areas with projected elevated climate sensitivity by census tract are identified in the plan.

### **3. Establish and Update Plans to Address Climate Risks and Impacts**

  - Ensures ongoing adaptation through maintaining community plans based on climate projections.
    - Development of debris management plans and updating emergency management plans to account for climate projections (Phase 1 and 2).
  - **Collaborating Entities:**
      - Collaboration with County, Indiana University, Red Cross, utilities, etc., for various strategic actions.

### **4. Develop New Financing Pathways**

  - Provides financial resilience through funding related to climate adaptation measures.
    - Introducing the "resilience penny" property tax increase and exploring a "Carbon Impact Fee" for funding adaptation strategies (Phase 1).
- **Regions Targeted:**
  - The goal is to use funds for both climate mitigation and adaptation strategies, ensuring community equity as part of the plan’s focus.

These adaptation options address the varied and specific threats posed by climate change to Bloomington, with a focus on vulnerable populations and regions, cost-effective resilience measures, and partnership-based strategies. Each action is part of a phased approach, spread over several years, to ensure effective implementation and sustainability.

The plan includes several climate policies aimed at advancing climate justice. Below is a summary of the policies, the climate threats they address, and the areas or populations with the most climate vulnerability:

### **1. Health and Safety Policies:**

**Strategy HS 2-B: Improve Equity of Climate Adaptation Measures**

  - The strategy addresses the threats of flooding, heat impacts, mold, and other flood-related impacts.
  
  - Vulnerable populations include those most at risk of flooding and heat impacts, particularly people in high-risk neighborhoods, areas prone to flooding and flash flooding, and those living in multi-family housing.

**Strategy HS 3-A: Assist Heat, Flooding, and Storm Vulnerable Populations**

  - This strategy addresses extreme heat, flooding, and storm events.

  - Vulnerable populations include those identified in the Vulnerable Population Risk Sensitivity Chart, which includes significant portions of the population sensitive to projected climate impacts.

**Strategy HS 3-C: Establish and Update Plans to Address Climate Risks and Impacts**

  - The strategy tackles exposure to smog, toxic air pollutants, and climate hazards like extreme weather events.

  - Focuses on people of color who disproportionately suffer from asthma due to exposures near public housing, schools, freeways, industrial facilities, and power plants. It also prioritizes communities near projected climate risks.

### **2. Additional Considerations:**

**Equity Considerations in Climate Economy**

  - This addresses the broader impact of climate change on economic instability and income inequality, particularly due to extreme weather events.

  - Low-income individuals are especially prone to the effects, bearing the disproportionate share of costs associated with climate change impacts.

The plan highlights that specific areas within the city with increased flood risk, air quality impacts, compromised tree canopy coverage, and older housing stock are vulnerable environments with heightened exposure to climate change risks. Vulnerable populations, including aging adults, children, economically stressed individuals, and non-English speakers, among others, are disproportionately represented within these vulnerable environments, lacking resources to adapt effectively. **(Health and Safety, Equity Considerations)**

Based on the provided document content, direct mentions of maladaptive policies are not explicitly identified. However, potential for maladaptation can often arise from well-intentioned policies. Below are considerations inferred from the content that might lead to maladaptation if not implemented with care:

### **Policy 1: Shade Tree Installation in Urban Areas**

   - Addressing extreme heat and improving stormwater resilience by increasing urban canopy to reduce heat island effects.

   - **Adaptation Option:** Promoting and providing installation assistance for shade trees in community areas identified as having high heat island impact and/or flash flood prone areas (HS3-A-1).

   - If not properly planned, increasing tree coverage could strain water resources during drought conditions. Additionally, planting non-native species might cause ecological imbalance or impact local biodiversity negatively.

### **Policy 2: Energy-Efficient Air Conditioning Distribution**

   - Combatting exposure to extreme heat, particularly in high heat island impact areas.

   - **Adaptation Option:** Distribution of energy-efficient air conditioning units to vulnerable populations in high heat island areas (HS3-A-5).

   - While addressing heat stress, the increased reliance on air conditioning may lead to higher energy consumption, potentially increasing GHG emissions unless offset by clean energy sources.

### **Policy 3: Flood Risk Education Campaigns and Support Programs**

   - Preparing for flash floods and mitigating water damage risks.

   - **Adaptation Option:** Conducting flood risk education campaigns and offering readiness improvements in flood-prone areas (HS3-A-2, HS3-A-3).

   - If flood risk communication does not account for language and cultural differences, it might not effectively reach all vulnerable populations, potentially increasing rather than decreasing vulnerability.

These observations emphasize the importance of context-sensitive, inclusive planning and the potential for unintended consequences in adaptation strategies if holistic approaches and diverse community needs are not considered.

**The plan measures success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options through various metrics and goals:**

- **GHG Emissions Reduction Goals:**
  - **Citywide GHG Reduction Goals:**
    - *"To reduce Bloomington community greenhouse gas emissions 25% below 2018 emissions levels by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2050."* (Executive Summary)
    - **Projected Emissions Reduction:** *"Annual GHG emissions are projected to be 321,856 metric tons below 2018 citywide levels."* (Introduction)
    - **Cumulative Emissions Reduction:** *"Estimated at over 1,162,719 metric tons."* (Introduction)

### **Specific Sector Goals:**

  - **Goal TL 1:** *"Decrease vehicle miles traveled (VMT) by 8% of 2018 values."* 
  - **Goal TL 2:** *"Support and encourage electric vehicle adoption, achieve 30% of vehicles sold and 15% of VMT community-wide by 2030."* (Executive Summary)

- **Energy and Built Environment:**
  - **Goal EB 1:** *"Increase distributed renewable energy to 250,000 MWH of total generation annually by 2030."*
  - **Goal EB 2:** *"Increase energy efficiency citywide 16% for electricity and 12% for natural gas of 2018 values."* 
  - **Goal EB 4:** *"Promote 'fuel switching' to reduce on-site fossil fuel use in the building sector by 3% of 2018."* (Executive Summary)

  - **Goal WM 1:** *"Increase landfill solid waste diversion by 30% of 2018 values (26,500 tons of waste reduction)."* (Executive Summary)

- **Water and Wastewater:**
  - **Goal W 1:** *"Decrease potable water consumption by 3% of 2018 values."*
  - **Goal W 3:** *"Reduce energy use associated with treating and transporting water and wastewater by 10% of 2018 values."* (Executive Summary)

- **Greenspace and Ecosystem:**
  - **Goal G 3:** *"Increase citywide tree canopy coverage by 3% of 2018 values."* (Section 08 Greenspace and Ecosystem)

- **Health and Safety:**
  - **Goal HS 2:** *"Prepare Bloomington for climate risks and impacts."*
  - **Strategy HS 3-A:** *"Assist the city's heat, flooding, and storm vulnerable population in preparing for and mitigating climate change impacts."*
  - **Measurement for HS 3-A:** *"Shade tree, flood assistance, and weatherization assistance data."* (Health and Safety)

- **Economic Development:**
  - **Goal CE 1:** *"Build marketplace climate resilience."*
  - **Goal CE 3:** *"Develop new mechanisms for financing City climate action plan implementation."* (Section 09 Climate Economy)

- **Equity Considerations:** 
  - *"Status of integration of climate change vulnerability into community plans, programs, and decisions."* (Health and Safety, Strategy HS 2-B)

The plan outlines **phases for implementation**, indicating that actions are anticipated to be initiated over three phases: *"phase 1 within 1-3 years, phase 2 within 2-5 years, and phase 3 within 4-8 years of CAP approval."* (Health and Safety, Sector Goals)

**Timeline for Plan Updates:**
- *"The Climate Action Plan is intended to be a 10-year plan to be updated at the completion of that time."* (Health and Safety, Sector Goals)

| Feature            | Details                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|--------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name**  | Bloomington                                                                                                                                                                                                                              |
| **Population**      | Not specified in the document.                                                                                                                                                                                                              |
| **Threats Identified** | - Increased temperatures and changes to precipitation patterns. <br> - Stress on trees, greenspace, and agriculture leading to disease and pests. <br> - Heavy rainfall may stress stormwater management systems. <br> - Flooding/flash flooding impacts on surface water quality. <br> - Demand for air conditioning increases, potentially affecting vulnerable populations. <br> - Risk of heat-related illnesses and poor air quality. <br> - Increase in vector-borne diseases. <br> - Impacted housing, reduced mobility, and potential for increased air allergens. |
| **Measures Identified** | - Create a Climate Risk and Vulnerability Assessment to evaluate exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. <br> - Develop a Climate Action Plan to set long-term resilience and mitigation goals. <br> - Implement sector goals, such as reducing vehicle miles traveled and increasing renewable energy. <br> - Address equity considerations to support vulnerable populations. <br> - Incorporate climate considerations into community plans and infrastructure projects. <br> - Track and adjust the Climate Action Plan regularly to ensure progress and adaptation to changing conditions. |  
```

The plan does not provide specific details regarding the physical and economic landscape of the planning jurisdiction, including its location, population, demographics, average income, geographic features, or key infrastructure such as airports or seaports. Furthermore, there is no detailed information on the local climate, energy production, natural resources, and industries or economic drivers. The plan concentrates primarily on sustainability measures and objectives for municipal operations in Glendale, without delving into the broader economic or physical details of the jurisdiction.

- The plan incorporates resilience through various cross-cutting approaches, specifically mentioning the installation of a Smart Grid management system which "enables better coordination, increased efficiency, and faster response time" (Cross-Cutting Approaches).

- The plan sets specific greenhouse gas reduction targets: "6,352 MTCO2e by 2020, and an additional 4,834 MTCO2e by 2035" and includes strategies to achieve these goals by reducing emissions in line with the state's objectives (New and Existing Strategies). 

- Although the plan does not comprehensively address climate adaptation strategies, it notes the importance of adaptation planning, recognizing that "climate change is already underway." The plan discusses regional effects, such as increased temperatures and susceptibility to wildfire and mudslides (Climate Change Adaptation).

Based on its content, the plan can be classified as an **"equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan"** since it addresses both mitigation and adaptation strategies to a substantial extent, setting ambitious emissions reductions targets while also recognizing the importance of adaptation in response to regional climate impacts.

Yes, the plan describes several scenarios of climate change that the planning jurisdiction, Glendale, will face and for which it is planning climate policies. Here is a summary of the scenarios discussed:

- **Temperature and Weather Extremes:** Glendale has already experienced increased average temperatures, changes in temperature extremes, and is expecting these trends to continue with more intense extreme weather events like heat waves, droughts, and floods. "California is already experiencing the effects of climate change. It has seen increased average temperatures, changes in temperature extremes, reduced snow pack in the Sierra Nevada, sea-level rise, and ecological shifts" (Climate Change Adaptation).

- **High Fire Hazard:** Due to Glendale’s hilly terrain and urban-wildland interface, 62% of its land area is within a high fire hazard area, making it sensitive to climate change impacts such as fires and resultant mudslide dangers, especially following wildfires (Climate Change Adaptation).

- **Air Pollution and Heat Waves:** The local conditions contribute to susceptibility to freeway air pollution exacerbated by heat waves. Glendale lies "near the back of the South Coast Air Basin," which traps pollution due to topography, wind, and temperature patterns impacting air quality (Climate Change Adaptation).

- **Water Supply Challenges:** Higher temperatures will increase electrical demand and reduce snowpack, straining Glendale's water supply (Climate Change Adaptation).

- **Regional Impacts:** Beyond Glendale-specific issues, the plan notes broader regional impacts expected for the Southwest U.S., such as increasing water scarcity, landscape transformations due to temperature and wildfire risks, and increased flooding risks (Greener Glendale Plan: Municipal Operations).

- **California-Specific Impacts:** This includes sea-level rise, challenges to agriculture, snowpack reduction affecting water supplies, increased wildfire risk, and higher electricity demand (Climate Change Policy).

These scenarios are addressed through various strategies, including the promotion of energy efficiency, green building practices, waste diversion, and the development of a Climate Adaptation Plan, among others (Climate Change Policy; Cross-Cutting Approaches).

1. **Increased Average Temperatures**
   - **Climate Hazard:** The plan identifies increased average temperatures as a part of climate change impacts in California. These trends contribute to changes in temperature extremes.
   - **Climate Risks:** Increased temperatures pose risks such as intensified heat waves, which exacerbate poor air quality and increase fire hazard conditions. This will lead to higher electrical demand and strain water supply due to reduced snowpack.
   - **Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:** The City of Glendale is particularly vulnerable, especially its emergency response teams facing challenges from heat waves impacting air quality and fire hazards.

2. **Reduced Snow Pack in the Sierra Nevada**
   - **Climate Hazard:** The document states that there has been a reduction in snowpack in the Sierra Nevada.
   - **Climate Risks:** This reduction is expected to further strain Glendale’s water supply as it relies on this snowpack for resources.
   - **Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:** General vulnerability to water scarcity affects the entire jurisdiction, with greater risk to communities relying directly on this water source.

3. **Sea-Level Rise**
   - **Climate Hazard:** The plan references sea-level rise as an ongoing climate impact experienced in California.
   - **Climate Risks:** Although specific risks to Glendale are not detailed, the broader implication is an increased threat to infrastructure and ecosystems along the coast.
   - **Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:** Coastal areas and populations relying on coastal resources would be most vulnerable.

4. **Ecological Shifts**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Ecological shifts due to climate change.
   - **Climate Risks:** Potential threats to biodiversity and existing ecosystems.
   - **Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:** Vulnerability would be higher in regions dependent on stable ecosystems for agriculture, tourism, or recreation.

5. **Extreme Weather Events (Heat Waves, Droughts, and Floods)**
   - **Climate Hazard:** The plan indicates that extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, and floods are expected to intensify due to climate change.
   - **Climate Risks:** These events can exacerbate fire hazards, impact water supply, increase electrical demand, and pose direct challenges to emergency response.
   - **Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:** High-risk areas include regions prone to fires or with inadequate emergency response infrastructure; 62% of Glendale’s land area is identified as high fire hazard due to its geography.

6. **High Fire Hazard and Mudslide Danger**
   - **Climate Hazard:** The plan describes Glendale’s land area as largely within a high fire hazard area with risks of mudslides following wildfires.
   - **Climate Risks:** Ongoing fire and mudslide danger pose direct threats to residential neighborhoods and safety.
   - **Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:** Residential neighborhoods in urban-wildland interfaces are the most vulnerable.

7. **Air Pollution from Freeways and the Air Basin**
   - **Climate Hazard:** The presence of four major freeways and geographic positioning contribute to higher air pollution levels.
   - **Climate Risks:** Air pollution is compounded during heat waves, leading to higher health risks related to air quality.
   - **Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:** Areas near freeways and dense urban areas facing trapped pollution due to topography and wind patterns.

1. **Climate Adaptation Plan:**
   - **Threat Addressed:** The plan is suggested to address the inevitable impacts of climate change that are expected despite mitigation efforts, including increased average temperatures, changes in weather extremes, reduced snow pack, sea-level rise, ecological shifts, intensifying extreme weather events (heat waves, droughts, floods), and local conditions like high fire hazard areas, air pollution from freeways, and water supply strains due to reduced snow pack. (_Climate Change Adaptation_)
   - **Cost, Timeframe, Location:** The Climate Adaptation Plan is recommended to be completed, but specific details on cost, timeframe, and location are not quantified or specified in the document. It is mentioned as part of "Cross-Cutting Approaches" to support multiple sustainability categories. (_Cross-Cutting Approaches_)
   - **Other Attributes:** The Adaptation Plan will aid the city in coping with these climate changes, thereby enhancing the resilience of emergency response teams, electrical systems, and water supply systems. It's noted as a cross-cutting approach integral to the successful implementation of the other focus areas.

2. **Smart Grid Installation (CC1):**
   - **Threat Addressed:** While not directly a response to a specific climate threat, the Smart Grid is intended to indirectly reduce vulnerabilities by improving operational efficiency across municipal systems (energy, water, transportation, waste). (_Cross-Cutting Approaches_)
   - **Cost, Timeframe, Location:** The Smart Grid installation will provide benefits for 15 years. There is no specific cost mentioned, but it will potentially reduce resource consumption across sectors. The location is within the City of Glendale municipal operations. (_CC1 – Smart Grid Installation_)
   - **Other Attributes:** The Smart Grid promotes better coordination and efficiency, providing infrastructural improvements that support resilience. It decreases the city's resource use and potentially lowers environmental impact through enhanced efficiency in city operations, which could lead to economic savings.

3. **Urban Forest Management (UN1-UN4):**
   - **Threat Addressed:** Urban forestry efforts counter threats like urban heat, reduce smog levels, and improve human comfort. Well-shaded areas can mitigate heat waves, contribute to cleaner air, and aid in stormwater management. (_Urban Nature_)
   - **Cost, Timeframe, Location:** Specific costs aren't detailed, but objectives include planting 3,700 trees by 2020 and an additional 8,200 trees by 2035. The updates to the Urban Forest Management Plan will occur in the coming years, with location efforts in urban areas throughout Glendale. (_Urban Nature – Objectives UN1-UN3_)
   - **Other Attributes:** Trees provide economic benefits like reducing cooling and heating costs. They also offer environmental contributions by absorbing pollutants, capturing rainwater, and supporting wildlife habitats. Enhancing habitat and preserving corridors is stressed, but quantification is not provided.

**References to Tables, Charts, or Images:**
- No specific tables, charts, or images provided depict cost, timeframe, or detailed location information for these resilience strategies. However, the strategies are deeply embedded in policy objectives throughout the document to support the overall goals of the Greener Glendale Plan.

The plan identifies several mitigation options, each with different attributes regarding cost, timing, location, and other aspects. Below is a summary of each mitigation option based on the provided document:

   - **Cost:** Not explicitly quantified.
   - **Timing:** Benefits will continue for 15 years.
   - **Location:** Within municipal operations across City departments.
   - **Attributes:** Improves internal communication, information sharing, and operational efficiency. Expected to reduce City resource consumption like staff labor, transportation, energy and water consumption, and waste. (Cross-Cutting Approaches)

2. **Green Purchasing Policy**
   - **Attributes:** Focuses on increasing sustainability by identifying additional purchasing guidelines to reduce consumption, waste, and greenhouse gas emissions. (Cross-Cutting Approaches)

3. **33% Renewable Energy Portfolio**
   - **Cost:** Not detailed in the excerpt.
   - **Timing:** Planned by 2035.
   - **Location:** City of Glendale.
   - **Attributes:** Expected to reduce 3,256 MTCO2e emissions. (Summary Table: Greener Glendale Plan Strategies)

4. **Tree Planting**
   - **Cost:** $761,600 for 3,400 trees by 2020.
   - **Timing:** By 2020, with additional 7,750 trees by 2035.
   - **Attributes:** Designed to increase urban nature, absorb GHGs, and reduce heat. Trees planted by 2020 aim to achieve a cumulative reduction of 4,124 MTCO2e. Planting additional trees by 2035 is expected to achieve an additional reduction of 1,978 MTCO2e. (Summary Table: Greener Glendale Plan Strategies)

5. **HVAC Upgrades on Buildings**
   - **Cost:** $916,746 with a simple payback of 1.5 years for initial upgrades.
   - **Timing:** Ongoing with additional upgrades falling into longer timelines.
   - **Location:** 23 buildings in the City.
   - **Attributes:** Expect to achieve a cumulative reduction of 5,230 MTCO2e emissions. (Summary Table: Greener Glendale Plan Strategies)

6. **Switch Diesel to B10 Biodiesel**
   - **Cost:** Not provided.
   - **Timing:** Phase 2 implementation.
   - **Location:** City of Glendale transportation sector.
   - **Attributes:** Expected GHG reduction of 765 MTCO2e. (Summary Table: Greener Glendale Plan Strategies)

7. **Solar Panels on Buildings**
   - **Timing:** Phase 3.
   - **Location:** 8 identified buildings.
   - **Attributes:** Targeted for energy efficiency and expected to achieve a GHG reduction of 148 MTCO2e. (Summary Table: Greener Glendale Plan Strategies)

8. **Energy Efficiency Policy and Outreach**
   - **Location:** Facilities across the City.
   - **Attributes:** Focuses on additional facility energy efficiency upgrades and sustainability outreach, expected to collectively result in significant additional reductions. (Summary Table: Greener Glendale Plan Strategies)

Each of these mitigation options is part of the broader "Greener Glendale Plan" strategies, which aim for GHG reduction targets and build a sustainable urban environment.

   - **Cost:** Not quantified (cross-cutting approach)
   - **Timeframe:** Benefits expected to continue for 15 years
   - **Location:** Across City departments
   - **Attributes:** Transition to a Smart Grid management system improves internal communication, information sharing, and operational efficiency, potentially reducing resource consumption in municipal operations. (*Cross-Cutting Objectives & Strategies*)

2. **Renewable Energy Portfolio**
   - **Cost:** Not specifically detailed
   - **Timeframe:** 33% Renewable Energy Portfolio by 2035
   - **Location:** Citywide energy infrastructure
   - **Attributes:** It targets increased renewable energy use to significantly reduce GHG emissions. (**Sustainability Focus Areas**)

3. **HVAC Upgrades**
   - **Cost:** $916,746
   - **Timeframe:** Implementation part of mid-term phases
   - **Location:** 23 buildings
   - **Attributes:** Energy efficiency upgrades projected to save 308 MTCO2e with a simple payback period of 1.5 years. (*Sample Cost-Benefit Analysis*)

4. **Water Transport Facilities - Energy Management System**
   - **Location:** Water transport facilities
   - **Attributes:** Energy efficiency enhancements are estimated to reduce emissions by 443 MTCO2e. (*Summary Chart of Greener Glendale Plan Strategies*)

5. **Develop Two Local Water Wells**
   - **Cost:** Not detailed
   - **Attributes:** Aims to provide local water to decrease energy usage, reducing GHG emissions by 355 MTCO2e. (*Summary Chart of Greener Glendale Plan Strategies*)

6. **LED Exit Signs**
   - **Cost:** $5,700
   - **Location:** Various buildings
   - **Attributes:** Expected to save 20 MTCO2e with a simple payback period of 0.1 years. (*Sample Cost-Benefit Analysis*)

   - **Location:** 8 buildings
   - **Attributes:** Generation of solar energy to reduce emissions by 148 MTCO2e. (*Summary Chart of Greener Glendale Plan Strategies*)

8. **Facility Natural Gas Energy Audit and Upgrades**
   - **Location:** Various facilities
   - **Attributes:** Aims to enhance efficiency and lower emissions, but specific GHG reduction not quantified. (*Summary Chart of Greener Glendale Plan Strategies*)

9. **Reflective Roofing**
   - **Cost:** $58,576
   - **Timeframe:** Mid-term phases
   - **Location:** 234,303 s.f. area
   - **Attributes:** Reduces 165 MTCO2e with a simple payback period of 0.2 years. (*Sample Cost-Benefit Analysis*)

10. **Hybrid Vehicles**
    - **Cost:** $126,399
    - **Timeframe:** Phase 2
    - **Location:** Citywide
    - **Attributes:** Conversion to hybrid vehicles projected to reduce emissions by 83 MTCO2e. (*Sample Cost-Benefit Analysis*)

11. **Electric Vehicles**
    - **Cost:** $346,602
    - **Attributes:** Adoption of electric vehicles to save 222 MTCO2e with a payback period of 3.5 years. (*Sample Cost-Benefit Analysis*)

12. **Switch B10 Biodiesel to B20 Biodiesel**
    - **Cost:** Not specified
    - **Attributes:** Intended to further lower emissions, specifically targeting a reduction of 765 MTCO2e through fuel changes. (*Summary Chart of Greener Glendale Plan Strategies*)

13. **Tree Planting**
    - **Cost:** $761,600
    - **Timeframe:** By 2020 for 3,400 trees
    - **Attributes:** Increase green cover to absorb 868 MTCO2e, with a payback over 21 years. (*Sample Cost-Benefit Analysis*)

14. **Cross-Cutting Measures**
    - **Cost:** Not quantified
    - **Timeframe:** Phase 1 to ongoing implementation
    - **Location:** City operations
    - **Attributes:** Includes policies like Green Purchasing Policy and Smart Grid applications without specific emission reductions but are expected to facilitate sustainability and operational efficiency. (*Cross-Cutting Climate Adaptation*)

### Identified Adaptation Options

#### 1. Develop a Climate Adaptation Plan
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** The adaptation plan addresses the inevitable impacts of climate change despite ongoing mitigation efforts. The identified threats include increased temperatures, temperature extremes, reduced snowpack, sea-level rise, ecological shifts, intensified extreme weather events like heat waves, droughts, and floods, and specific local conditions like high fire hazard areas and air pollution exacerbated by geography and climate changes. 
  - *Excerpt:* "Although 2011 has been an unusually high rainfall year, historically California is already experiencing the effects of climate change. It has seen increased average temperatures, changes in temperature extremes, reduced snowpack in the Sierra Nevada, sea-level rise, and ecological shifts." (\*Climate Change Adaptation\*)

- **Cost, Timeframe, Location, and Attributes:**
  - **Timeframe:** No specific timeline given for the development of the Climate Adaptation Plan itself. However, it is implied that adaptation planning is crucial and ongoing due to the recognition of inevitable climate impacts.
  - **Location:** City of Glendale, with consideration to its unique geographic conditions and vulnerabilities.
  - **Other Attributes:** The plan underscores the importance of comprehensive adaptation planning and includes a recommendation in the "Cross-Cutting Approaches" section to develop a Climate Adaptation Plan as a supportive measure for adaptation. (\*Cross-Cutting Approaches\*)

#### Cross-Cutting Approaches
Although not directly an adaptation option, there are cross-cutting approaches mentioned that aid in resilience and supportive infrastructure for adaptation:
- **Smart Grid Installation:** Supports adaptation through operational efficiency and coordination in municipal operations. (\*Cross-Cutting Approaches\*)
- **Enhancement of the City’s Green Purchasing Policy:** While primarily reducing GHGs, it contributes to resilience by minimizing resource use and waste. (\*Cross-Cutting Approaches\*)

The plan primarily highlights the necessity for a broader Climate Adaptation Plan and references strategies and cross-cutting measures but lacks detailed specific costs or timelines for individual adaptation options beyond recognition and recommendation.

Based on the provided document, specific climate policies directly addressing climate justice are not explicitly identified. The document primarily focuses on broader sustainability efforts and general climate adaptation and mitigation strategies without detailing how these policies advance climate justice or directly address vulnerable populations. 

However, several related strategies and objectives indirectly contribute to improving equity and resilience by addressing broader environmental and human impacts. Here is a summary extracted from these related strategies:

1. **Reducing Criteria Air Pollution from Vehicles**:
   - **Climate Threat**: Air pollution affecting public health, specifically from vehicle emissions.
   - **Vulnerability**: Populations living near major transportation corridors, such as those in Glendale with its four major freeways, are more exposed to vehicle emissions and air pollution (Chapter "Environmental Health").

2. **Promoting Use of Locally Grown, Organic Foods**:
   - **Climate Threat**: Greenhouse gas emissions associated with long-distance food transportation.
   - **Vulnerability**: Communities lacking access to fresh and healthy food options may benefit from increased availability of local produce, supporting better health outcomes (Chapter "Environmental Health").

While these strategies implicitly improve community health and sustainability, specific focus on climate justice involving direct measures, targeted support, or resources for vulnerable communities is not detailed in the document excerpts provided.

Based strictly on the document provided, there are no explicit mentions or details of potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies. However, it discusses various climate policies and strategies meant to address climate threats, but it does not directly highlight any maladaptive consequences that might arise from those strategies.

If you have specific climate policies from the document that you suspect might lead to maladaptation, please provide more detail, and I can analyze those based on the content available.

**Metrics and Measures of Success:**

1. **GHG Reduction Targets:**
   - The plan aims for specific GHG reduction targets with measures to track success:
     - **6,352 MTCO₂e by 2020**
     - **11,186 MTCO₂e by 2035** (13% below 2004 levels)
     - An ambitious target of **17,679 MTCO₂e**, which is 30% below 2004 levels. 
   - These targets are presented as cumulative measures of success for different strategies (Greener Glendale Plan: Municipal Operations Page 11, Page 9).

2. **Renewable Energy Portfolio:**
   - A goal to increase the renewable energy portfolio which is expected to result in **3,256 MTCO₂e** GHG reduction (Summary Table: Greener Glendale Plan Strategies).

3. **Tree Planting:**
   - Planting 3,400 trees by 2020, which is anticipated to reduce emissions by **868 MTCO₂e** (Summary Table: Greener Glendale Plan Strategies).

4. **Energy and Water Efficiency:**
   - Various energy efficiency upgrades such as in HVAC systems are quantified, e.g., **152 MTCO₂e** reduction from water pumping efficiency improvements (Summary Table: Greener Glendale Plan Strategies).
   - Water transport facilities - energy management system contribution is **443 MTCO₂e** reduction (Summary Table: Greener Glendale Plan Strategies).

5. **Transportation Measures:**
   - Retiring underused/older vehicles is expected to contribute **221 MTCO₂e** reduction (Summary Table: Greener Glendale Plan Strategies).
   - Switching to biodiesel for fuel is expected to result in **765 MTCO₂e** for B10 and **222 MTCO₂e** for electric vehicles reduction (Summary Table: Greener Glendale Plan Strategies).

6. **Cross-Cutting Approaches:**
   - **Smart Grid Installation** and **Green Purchasing Policy** are marked as contributing to adaptation and sustainability but not quantified in specific emission reductions here (Cross-Cutting Approaches).

- **2035 Goal:** Various measures align with achieving the 2035 target, with contributions noted in cumulative reductions.
- **Performance Targets:** The plan assigns performance targets and timelines categorized as short-term, mid-term, long-term in alignment with legislation targets (Strategy Implementation Details, Page 19).

These metrics and timelines serve as a structured framework for Glendale to track the success or failure in reaching climate change resilience, adaptation, and mitigation goals.

| **Feature**            | **Details**                                                                                                                                                                                    |
|------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Glendale                                                                                                                                                                                      |
| **Population**         | Not provided in the document. However, it mentions "our city of 30 square miles" and notes the presence of several major freeways and urban-wildland interfaces.                               |
| **Threats Identified** | - High fire hazard areas (62% of land area) due to hilly terrain and urban-wildland interface. <br> - Mudslide danger post-wildfires. <br> - Air pollution from four major freeways. <br> - Proximity to San Gabriel and Verdugo Mountains leading to air pollution being trapped in the basin. <br> - Heat waves exacerbating poor air quality and fire hazards. <br> - Higher electrical demand due to higher temperatures. <br> - Strain on water supply due to reduced Sierra snowpack. |
| **Measures Identified**| - Smart Grid installation for operations efficiency and reduced resource consumption. <br> - Enhancing the City’s Green Purchasing Policy to reduce waste and GHG emissions. <br> - Development of a Climate Adaptation Plan. <br> - Monitoring and revising the Greener Glendale Plan. <br> - Ensuring data availability for future GHG inventories. <br> - Renewable energy portfolio goals. <br> - Planting trees to enhance urban nature. <br> - Upgrades in energy and water transport facilities. <br> - Encouraging rideshare and increasing bicycle infrastructure. |
```

**Location and Jurisdiction:**

The plan pertains to the City of **Columbus**, which is located in the state of Ohio, United States.

- Details about the population size, specific demographics, or average income are not explicitly mentioned in the provided content.

- Not specifically outlined in the provided content.

- The plan does not provide detailed information about specific infrastructure such as airports or seaports.

- The document highlights that Columbus faces climate-related challenges including "more frequent flooding, and increasingly stronger storms," which put stress on infrastructure and endanger human life (Executive Summary).

- The "importance of access to safe, clean drinking water" is emphasized, indicating a focus on water quality and infrastructure (Water).

- The plan also notes that Columbus is expected to encounter "stronger, more frequent rain events due to climate change" (Water).

- Columbus has passed regulatory measures "for a 100% Ohio-based clean energy Community Choice Aggregation (CCA)," contributing to greenhouse gas reduction in the energy sectors (Energy).

- Specifically, Columbus has been involved in energy initiatives through the "American Cities Climate Challenge (ACCC) and initial Smart Columbus grant," which enhance efforts in residential, commercial, and industrial energy sectors (Energy).

- The economic landscape includes efforts to support "green business initiatives" and increasing "annual sustainable development funding" (Climate Solutions: The Columbus Way).

- The plan does not explicitly outline specific industries and economic drivers but emphasizes the importance of economic prosperity through "providing opportunity for funding revenue streams, reduced or stable energy costs, and/or job creation" under the section labeled expected benefits (Expected Benefits).

The information provided in the document does not include a complete overview of Columbus's economic or physical landscape, and specific details such as mountains, rivers, deserts, coastline, and major economic drivers are not covered in the sections presented.

**Columbus Climate Action Plan Summary:**

- The plan highlights the need for resilience by addressing climate impacts such as "summer heat emergencies, more frequent flooding, and increasingly stronger storms" that stress infrastructure and endanger human life (Executive Summary). The plan includes actions like developing a regional adaptive management strategy and establishing a coordinated network of resilience hubs to enhance partnerships for preparedness efforts and support a healthy, resilient community (Columbus Climate Action Plan).

- Mitigation efforts are central to the plan, aiming to reduce GHG emissions and achieve the "2050 carbon neutrality goal." The plan focuses on reducing energy use, increasing energy efficiency, switching to alternative fuels, and promoting low- or zero-emission vehicles (Mitigation and Adaptation). The CAP lays out a set of actions to significantly reduce the GHG footprint (Executive Summary).

- The plan acknowledges that adaptation is necessary because climate change impacts are already occurring. It seeks to address effects like changes in rainfall patterns, rising temperatures, and severe storm events. Adaptation strategies include coordinated networks of resilience hubs and regional emergency alert systems for climate hazards (Mitigation and Adaptation; Columbus Climate Action Plan).

- The plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. It concurrently addresses mitigation efforts to reduce GHG emissions and adaptation strategies to cope with the already changing climate, creating synergies between these strategies (Mitigation and Adaptation).

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change that Columbus will face and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. The plan outlines a future scenario where Columbus will experience:

- **Extreme weather events** such as "record-breaking rainfall" leading to "substantial flooding," which occurred in May 2020. These events are expected to "become more intense and more frequent" (Columbus Climate Action Plan, Chapter: MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION).

- **Changing temperature and precipitation patterns**: Projections suggest that Ohio summers will resemble the current climate of Arkansas and Louisiana, while winters will be similar to current-day Virginia (Columbus Climate Action Plan, Chapter: OHIO FUTURE CLIMATE).

- **Increased severity of climate impacts** on infrastructure and communities due to factors like "summer heat emergencies, more frequent flooding, and increasingly stronger storms" (Columbus Climate Action Plan, Chapter: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY).

The planning jurisdiction is adopting both mitigation and adaptation strategies to address these anticipated climate change impacts through a structured approach as outlined in the Columbus Climate Action Plan.

1. **Rising Temperatures**
   - *Climate Hazard:* "Columbus’ climate is warming faster than the national average, and in particular, low temperatures are warming faster than high temperatures based on historical data from 1951-2012" with an increase of "Annual average temperatures warmed by 2.3˚F" and "Average low temperatures warmed by 3.6˚F".
   - *Climate Risks:* The increase in temperatures could lead to "Extreme Heat," which is one of the "ANTICIPATED COLUMBUS CLIMATE IMPACTS".
   - *Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:* The plan mentions the need to identify "locations where vulnerable populations reside without access to cooling in summer months" to prepare for increasing temperatures.

2. **Increasing Precipitation**
   - *Climate Hazard:* "Precipitation totals are increasing dramatically during the wet seasons in Ohio," with the region experiencing "more frequent and intense rainfall events."
   - *Climate Risks:* This can result in "Increased Flood Risk" and "Deteriorated Water Quality" due to the potential for significant flooding as exemplified by the "recent rainfall event on May 19, 2020 that led to significant flooding in Columbus and the surrounding region."
   - *Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:* Areas with "aging infrastructure" and "poor water quality" are implied to be more vulnerable, and the plan stresses the need to assess where "vulnerable populations reside" to mitigate these risks.

3. **Changing Seasonal Precipitation**
   - *Climate Hazard:* There are changes in precipitation patterns such as "Changing Seasonal Precipitation."
   - *Climate Risks:* It leads to "Changes to Water Availability" and could impact natural resources and agricultural patterns due to "Longer Growing Season."
   - *Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:* The plan does not specifically mention areas or populations but implies agricultural sectors and communities dependent on consistent water availability may be affected.

4. **Air Quality Deterioration**
   - *Climate Hazard:* "Deteriorated Air Quality" is anticipated, potentially exacerbated by climate change impacts and increased temperatures.
   - *Climate Risks:* Poor air quality directly impacts "Human Health" and can aggravate respiratory conditions and other health issues within the population.
   - *Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:* The plan does not specify but suggests vulnerable populations with pre-existing health issues would be more affected.

5. **Shifting Natural Resources**
   - *Climate Hazard:* "Shifting Natural Resources" due to climate change impacts.
   - *Climate Risks:* This shift can have widespread impacts on ecosystems and biodiversity, leading to a loss of natural habitats.
   - *Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:* The plan does not detail specific vulnerable populations, but it highlights potential risks to ecosystems that support biodiversity and environmental quality.

These identified climate hazards and risks emphasize the critical need for both mitigation and adaptation strategies, as well as special attention to vulnerable populations in the Columbus area.

Based on the content of the plan, the following resilience options are identified:

### **1. Resilience Hubs**

**Specific climate threat addressed:**
- Resilience hubs aim to respond to various climate-related challenges including natural disasters, utility outages, and climate emergencies like extreme heat events. They can serve as cooling centers during heat waves and provide safe spaces for resources distribution post-disaster.

**Details on cost, timeframe, and location:**
- **Cost:** Not explicitly detailed in the provided sections.
- **Timeframe:** Aims to develop an implementation plan for priority resilience hub locations by 2025 and to implement resilience hubs with access within a 15-minute walk for all residents by 2050.
- **Location:** Targeted towards neighborhoods, with an emphasis on accessible locations for vulnerable residents.

**Other important attributes:**
- **Economic considerations:** Some economic prosperity benefits are anticipated.
- **Environmental considerations:** Provides some environmental quality benefits.
- **Infrastructure considerations:** Supports existing community infrastructure by providing essential services during emergencies.
- **Social considerations:** Major contributions to climate justice and human health by offering equitable services to all community members (Columbus Climate Action Plan • 55).

### **2. Regional Adaptive Management Strategy**

- This strategy is intended to address a range of climate threats, including extreme temperatures, severe storms, flooding, and air quality issues.

- **Timeframe:** Aims to have prioritized strategies outlined by 2025, short-term strategies implemented by 2030, and long-term strategies in place by 2050.
- **Location:** Applies to the greater municipal area for regional management.

- **Economic considerations:** Moderate economic prosperity benefits foreseen.
- **Environmental considerations:** Some improvements in environmental quality expected.
- **Social considerations:** Provides moderate benefits to climate justice and some enhancement of human health (Columbus Climate Action Plan • 48).

### **3. Assess and Protect Assets from Climate Impacts**

- Targets critical infrastructure and vulnerable populations, focusing on assets likely impacted by insufficient stormwater control, poor water quality, and older utility infrastructure especially vulnerable to climate impacts.

- **Timeframe:** Plans to complete a physical vulnerability assessment by 2025, implement short-term actions by 2030, and long-term actions by 2050.
- **Location:** Specific to vulnerable areas within Columbus that align with the existing infrastructure and demographic needs.

- **Economic considerations:** Moderate contributions to the economy are anticipated.
- **Environmental considerations:** Major environmental quality benefits are expected.
- **Social considerations:** Some human health benefits and moderate contributions to climate justice by prioritizing investments in areas that have been historically underserved (Columbus Climate Action Plan • 63).

### **4. Resilient Building Standards**

- Focuses on preparing buildings to endure extreme heat and flooding conditions in the future.

- **Timeframe:** Develop and pilot a resilient design checklist by 2025 with official rollout by 2030.
- **Location:** Applies to buildings within the City of Columbus.

- **Economic considerations:** Moderate economic prosperity benefits anticipated.
- **Environmental considerations:** Moderate enhancement of environmental quality.
- **Social considerations:** Major improvements in human health and moderate climate justice benefits as these standards would ensure safer living conditions for all (Columbus Climate Action Plan • 77).

These resilience options are crucial for building a more robust system in Columbus to handle the anticipated climate impacts effectively.

The plan identifies several mitigation options aimed at reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and enhancing sustainability efforts. Below is a summary of the identified mitigation options, including information regarding cost, timing, location, and other important attributes:

1. **Reducing Energy Use and Increasing Energy Efficiency**
   - **Cost:** Not explicitly mentioned for each specific action.
   - **Timing:** Emphasis on achieving a 38% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030, with a target of carbon neutrality by 2050.
   - **Location:** City of Columbus.
   - **Attributes:** Focus on adopting energy efficiency standards and renewable energy generation mandates.

2. **Switching to Alternative Fuels and Clean Energy Supply**
   - **Cost:** Various strategies listed with cost estimates:
     - E.g., Clean energy procurement is categorized with a low to medium cost ($ to $$).
   - **Timing:** Strategies to be implemented with quantifiable tracking targets by 2030.
   - **Location:** City of Columbus, with regional implications.
   - **Attributes:** Dependence on electric grid decarbonization; future CAP updates to review progress.

3. **Promoting the Use of Low- or Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEVs)**
   - **Cost:** Medium to high costs across initiatives ($$ to $$$).
   - **Timing:** Focused on strategy implementation between 2025 and 2050.
   - **Location:** Within transportation networks in Columbus, such as comprehensive multi-modal networks and transit frameworks.
   - **Attributes:** Emphasizes adoption of medium/heavy duty ZEVs and reducing single occupant vehicle miles traveled.

4. **Increasing Renewable Energy Adoption**
   - **Cost:** Medium to high costs ($$ to $$$).
   - **Timing:** Phased implementation through 2050.
   - **Location:** Includes residential and commercial areas within the city limits.
   - **Attributes:** Actions involve increasing on-site solar energy for residential and commercial buildings.

5. **Implementing Land Use Planning Strategies**
   - **Timing:** Initiatives like LED streetlight retrofits and increased equitable access to green space will be tracked for progress by 2030.
   - **Location:** Targeted throughout Columbus neighborhoods.
   - **Attributes:** Aim to create green infrastructure and improve environmental quality and accessibility to green spaces.

6. **Reducing Waste Generated and Increasing Waste Diversion Rate**
   - **Cost:** Low to medium costs ($ to $$).
   - **Timing:** Ongoing efforts with strategies outlined from 2015 to 2045.
   - **Location:** City of Columbus and wider regional cooperation with SWACO (Solid Waste Authority of Central Ohio).
   - **Attributes:** Includes reducing organic and recyclable waste sent to landfills, supporting circular economy organizations.

### **Expected Benefits:**
- **Climate Justice:** Equitable distribution of benefits from climate actions across the community.
- **Environmental Quality:** Preserves and improves natural ecosystems.
- **Human Health:** Enhances public health through reduced pollutants and hazards.
- **Economic Prosperity:** Opportunities for funding revenue streams, stable energy costs, and job creation.

The plan prioritizes actions based on an analysis of expected benefits taking into account the emissions reduction potential and the community's priorities, thereby ensuring a balanced approach for the City’s climate action plan.

The plan identifies several **mitigation options** focused on reducing greenhouse gas emissions, increasing energy efficiency, and promoting clean energies. Below are the identified options, along with their associated costs, timeframes, locations, and other relevant attributes:

### 1. **Support Green Business Initiatives**
- **Cost:** Low ($)
- **Timeframe:** Not specified
- **Location:** Citywide
- **Attributes:** Part of developing a clean energy economy by supporting businesses that contribute to sustainability efforts.

### 2. **Increase Annual Sustainable Development Funding**
- **Cost:** Medium to High ($$ - $$$)
- **Attributes:** Aiming to enhance the infrastructure and environment through increased financial commitments to sustainable development.

### 3. **LED Streetlight Retrofit**
- **Cost:** High ($$$)
- **Attributes:** Aimed at reducing energy consumption by upgrading street lighting to more efficient LED technology.

### 4. **Increase Residential and Commercial On-Site Solar**
- **Location:** Building-focused within residential and commercial sectors
- **Attributes:** Encourages adoption of solar energy systems to decentralize and clean energy production.

### 5. **Implement Clean Energy Procurement**
- **Attributes:** Focuses on procuring energy from renewable and clean energy suppliers to decrease reliance on fossil fuels.

### 6. **Increase Energy Efficiency**
- **Location:** Building sectors
- **Attributes:** Aims to reduce energy use by enhancing the efficiency of buildings and infrastructure.

### 7. **Increase Water Efficiency**
- **Attributes:** Targets reducing water usage and inefficiencies within city infrastructure and private buildings.

### 8. **Enable Carbon-Free Vehicles**
- **Cost:** Medium ($$)
- **Location:** Transportation sector
- **Attributes:** Includes actions like increasing zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) adoption and implementing ZEV fleets.

### 9. **Implement Multi-Modal Network and Support Active Transportation Infrastructure**
- **Attributes:** Focused on reducing single-occupant vehicle miles and encouraging diverse transportation modes to reduce carbon footprint.

### 10. **Reduce Waste Generated**
- **Location:** Waste sector
- **Attributes:** Involves reducing organic and recyclable waste sent to landfills to decrease methane emissions.

### **Other Important Attributes**
- **Economic Prosperity:** Many of the mitigation options provide economic opportunities, such as job creation and stable energy costs.
- **Climate Justice:** Ensuring equitable distribution of benefits from these mitigation measures across the diverse community is a priority.
- **Human Health & Environmental Quality:** Actions are aimed at improving natural ecosystems, promoting biodiversity, and enhancing public health through reduced pollutants.

The **timeframes** for the implementation of these options are generally not specified in the plan; however, they align with the overarching goals toward carbon neutrality by 2050, with interim targets by 2025 and 2030.

Based on the content of the Columbus Climate Action Plan, the following adaptation options are identified:

### 1. Establish a Coordinated Network of Resilience Hubs
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option addresses severe climate hazards impacting community well-being.
  - **Cost:** $$ (medium)
  - **Timeframe:** Implementation expected by 2030.
  - **Location:** Citywide within Columbus.
  - **Important Attributes:** The resilience hubs are part of the strategy to support a healthy and resilient community, which aligns with the city's human health and climate justice goals.

### 2. Establish a Regional Emergency Alert System for Climate Hazards
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addresses threats from climate hazards such as severe storms and extreme temperatures.
  - **Location:** Regional within the Central Ohio area.
  - **Important Attributes:** Designed to enhance public health and environmental quality by providing timely alerts to residents.

### 3. Implement Water Adaptation Strategies
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addresses risks from intense rainfall and flooding incidents.
  - **Timeframe:** Implementation aligned with the timeframe between 2015-2045, as per the Sustaining Scioto plan.
  - **Location:** Within city limits as part of the regional water quality strategy.
  - **Important Attributes:** Aims to protect water infrastructure and watersheds, utilizing green sanitary sewer mitigation approaches like Blueprint Columbus.

### 4. Reduce Urban Heat with Tree Canopy Cover
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addresses the urban heat island effect, reducing heat impacts.
  - **Timeframe:** The specific timeframe is not provided but included within the broader set of actions by 2050.
  - **Location:** Focused on urban areas within Columbus.
  - **Important Attributes:** Contributes to human health and environmental quality through natural temperature regulation.

### 5. Evaluate Microgrid and Storage Projects
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Ensures energy resilience during extreme weather events affecting electricity supply.
  - **Cost:** $$ (medium) to $$$ (high)
  - **Timeframe:** Specific timeframe is not mentioned but prioritized within the broader power infrastructure resilience efforts.
  - **Location:** Scoped within relevant areas for implementation based on infrastructure needs.
  - **Important Attributes:** Enhances energy resilience and aligns with economic prosperity goals by securing energy supply during adverse conditions. 

These options reflect a coordinated approach to adapt to existing and future climate impacts while emphasizing resilience, environmental quality, and public health.

### Climate Policies to Advance Climate Justice

The Columbus Climate Action Plan identifies several climate policies that are designed to advance climate justice by addressing specific climate threats and focusing on the areas or populations with the most climate vulnerability.

**1. Equitable Engagement and Transparency**

- **Climate Threat Addressed**: Systematic inequality exacerbated by climate impacts.
- **Vulnerable Populations/Areas**: *"Conducting equitable engagement with diverse voices and clearly outlined procedures for input and influence is necessary in breaking down systematic inequality."* This policy centers on *"equity, diversity, and inclusion"* and involves *"partnering with residents and community groups to deliver meaningful change"* (Equitable Engagement and Transparency).

**2. Assess and Protect Assets from the Impacts of Climate Change**

- **Climate Threat Addressed**: The plan aims to address vulnerable infrastructure systems that are disproportionately affecting populations.
- **Vulnerable Populations/Areas**: Populations residing in areas with *"insufficient stormwater control, poor water quality, and older electric utility infrastructure"* are most vulnerable as these areas are often aligned with vulnerable populations (Assess and Protect Assets from the Impacts of Climate Change 6.1).

**3. Leading with Equity**

- **Climate Threat Addressed**: The impacts of more frequent and intense climate events such as heatwaves and rainstorms.
- **Vulnerable Populations/Areas**: Communities of color and marginalized communities are particularly at risk. Specifically, *"Black and African American individuals are 40% more likely to live in areas with the highest projected increase in mortality rates due to climate-driven extreme temperatures"* (Leading with Equity).

**4. Regional Adaptive Management Strategy**

- **Climate Threat Addressed**: Changes in extreme temperatures, severe storms, flooding, air quality, and soils.
- **Vulnerable Populations/Areas**: Threats do not respect municipal boundaries, therefore, collaboration is necessary to streamline equitable responses. Neighboring jurisdictions will have different infrastructure and response policies, indicating variability in vulnerabilities (Develop a Regional Adaptive Management Strategy 3.1).

Through these policies, the Columbus Climate Action Plan attempts to mitigate climate justice-related vulnerabilities by engaging vulnerable populations and ensuring that the benefits of climate actions are equitably distributed across diverse communities.

Based on the document, the following potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies are identified:

1. **Policy: Increasing Development Density**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy addresses climate impacts through land use planning strategies for healthy ecosystems.
   - **Proposed Option:** The proposed resilience and adaptation option is to increase development density as a strategy under "Implement Land Use Planning Strategies for Healthy Ecosystems."
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** Increasing development density, if not carefully managed, may inadvertently lead to insufficient stormwater control and worsen flooding issues, particularly in older neighborhoods with inadequate infrastructure. This could increase the vulnerability of low-income neighborhoods disproportionately aligned with vulnerable populations. (*Columbus Climate Action Plan • 35*)

2. **Policy: Implementing Water Adaptation Strategies**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** It seeks to address the impacts related to water systems, like flooding.
   - **Proposed Option:** The adaptation option involves implementing water adaptation strategies to prepare for more extreme weather events and changing water patterns.
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** While aiming to enhance resilience, these strategies may overlook the socioeconomic dynamics of the communities affected. Maladaptation could occur if water management improvements inadvertently marginalize communities that cannot afford adaptation infrastructure or access improved water systems. (*Columbus Climate Action Plan • 35*)

3. **Policy: Retrofit LED Streetlights**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The focus is on reducing energy use associated with urban infrastructure.
   - **Proposed Option:** The mitigation option involves retrofitting streetlights with LED technology to improve energy efficiency.
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** The focus on energy efficiency may lead to unintended consequences in neighborhoods that depend on street lighting for safety. Poorly implemented, it could compromise lighting quality or coverage, reducing safety and security in vulnerable areas at night. (*Columbus Climate Action Plan • 35*)

Each of these policies addresses critical climate threats through proposed solutions meant to enhance resilience or reduce emissions. However, without comprehensive planning and community engagement, they risk inadvertently increasing vulnerabilities in certain populations or creating new challenges.

The Columbus Climate Action Plan measures success and tracks progress through various metrics and goals related to adaptation, resilience, and mitigation. Specific metrics and targets set in the plan include:

- **GHG Emissions Reduction Targets:**  
  - *2030 Target*: A 45% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 as indicated in "GHG Reductions by 2030" with GHG impact categories specified as:
    - **Low:** Less than 20,000 MTCO2e
    - **Medium:** 20,000 - 200,000 MTCO2e
    - **High:** More than 200,000 MTCO2e (Columbus Climate Action Plan, Summary Action Matrix).

- **Projected GHG Emission Changes:**  
  - By 2030: *No Further Action* scenario projects a +20% increase in emissions, while *CAP Actions* project a -45% reduction (Columbus Climate Action Plan, Projected GHG Emission Changes).
  - By 2050: *No Further Action* scenario projects a +39% increase, while *CAP Actions* project a -100% reduction, achieving carbon neutrality (Columbus Climate Action Plan, Projected GHG Emission Changes).

- **Climate Justice, Environmental, Human Health, and Economic Benefits:**  
  - Each action is evaluated for its contribution to these categories with benefits classified as none, some, moderate, or major (Columbus Climate Action Plan, Summary Action Matrix).

- **Implementation Cost by 2030:**  
  - Costs are categorized as:
    - **Low:** $0 - $500,000
    - **Medium:** $500,000 - $1,000,000
    - **High:** More than $1,000,000 (Columbus Climate Action Plan, Summary Action Matrix).

- **GHG Emissions Pathways:**  
  - The plan uses the ICLEI Clearpath tool for scenario modeling and monitoring to develop pathways and analyze future scenarios, including the impact of the Climate Actions and a No Further Action scenario (Columbus Climate Action Plan).

The document outlines comprehensive strategies to achieve the specified goals with a focus on reducing GHG emissions, improving resilience, and addressing climate impacts through concrete actions with set deadlines up to 2050.

| Feature              | Description                                                                                                                                                     |
|----------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name**  | Columbus                                                                                                                                                     |
| **Population**       | Not specified in the document                                                                                                                                   |
| **Threats Identified** | - Summer heat emergencies <br> - More frequent flooding <br> - Increasingly stronger storms <br> - Infrastructure stress <br> - Increased cost of living in Columbus |
| **Measures Identified** | - Structural and individual changes for energy production, food gathering, transportation, and construction <br> - Develop a coordinated, living Climate Action Plan (CAP) <br> - Secure climate justice and equity in climate action (Executive Summary) |
```

The plan does not provide comprehensive details about the physical and economic landscape of the planning jurisdiction, which in this case is Louisville, Kentucky. However, some relevant information about the region can be derived from the plan:

### **Location and Climate:**
- **Location:** Louisville is located in the Ohio River Valley. 
- **Climate:** Louisville is experiencing climate change impacts such as "more extreme heat, larger storms, and record rainfall." The city has already warmed by 2 °F since the historical period of 1961-1990 and experienced a 9% increase in precipitation and 25% less snowfall.

### **Key Geographic Features:**
- **Urban Heat Island:** The region is noted for its "rapidly growing urban heat island."

- **Transportation Hub:** Louisville serves as a "shipping, trucking, and global air freight hub and a major center for manufacturing and logistics."
- **Aging Infrastructure:** There is mention of "aging sewer infrastructure" and "congested transportation routes" that are vulnerable to climate impacts.

### **Economy and Industries:**
- **Economic Clusters:** Louisville's economic development focuses on five business clusters:
  - Advanced manufacturing
  - Business services
  - Food and beverage
  - Lifelong wellness and aging care
  - Logistics

- **Economic Growth:** The city has experienced significant economic growth, creating 83,000 new private sector jobs in the last 8 years, along with 3,000 new businesses and $13 billion in capital investment.

### **Challenges and Opportunities:**
- **Potential Economic Impacts:** Climate change is expected to affect businesses through "more severe storms, flooding, drought, and extreme heat," which may increase costs for "energy, insurance, goods and services, and transportation."
- **Climate Resilience Objectives:** There is an emphasis on promoting "sustainable practices" and "green jobs and living wages" as part of enhancing climate resilience.

### **Natural Resources and Energy:**
- **Renewable Energy:** The city has leveraged $2.3 million in renewable energy and energy efficiency since the launch of Louisville's EPAD program in 2016.

The plan lacks detailed demographic data such as population figures or average income, as well as more comprehensive details about Louisville’s energy production from oil or gas, if applicable. Additionally, while it highlights certain economic sectors, it does not elaborate on other specific natural resources.

  - The plan places significant emphasis on resilience, detailing strategies for community preparedness and adaptive capacities. It aims to build resilience through goals like ensuring *"equitable neighborhoods, healthy residents, natural capital, sustainable businesses, resilient infrastructure, community readiness, and Louisville leadership"* (Strategies to Prepare For Change). Specific actions include improving emergency preparedness, conducting climate risk assessments of critical infrastructure, and developing resilience hubs, which are *"trusted neighborhood locations or facilities where residents can access resources and support on a regular basis"* (Objective 4: Cohesively address inequity, health, affordability, sustainability, and preparedness).

  - Mitigation efforts are highlighted in the context of reducing emissions. The goal is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050. The plan outlines actions such as fully implementing Louisville’s Emissions Reduction Plan, partnering with the state to promote renewable energy, and ensuring city events are zero waste and carbon neutral (Louisville Leads). Although the mitigation component is present, it is interwoven with broader adaptation and resilience strategies, linking it to the overarching plan for building a climate-resilient city.

  - The plan strongly emphasizes adaptation strategies, aiming to *"adapt and build resilience to extreme events while creating opportunities for every community member to prosper and flourish"* (Introduction). It addresses community readiness by expanding emergency response planning, protecting those most at risk, and improving technology and tools. Actions also focus on adapting infrastructure, such as *"scale up stormwater management"* and *"update zoning for sustainability and resilience"* (Resilient Infrastructure).

- Based on the detailed strategies outlined for both adaptation and resilience, along with a notable but integrated focus on mitigation, the plan can be classified as **adaptation/resilience dedicated**. While mitigation is addressed, the plan primarily centers around adapting to the impacts of climate change and building community resilience.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change that Louisville is facing and planning for in terms of resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. 

**Summary of the Scenario:**

- **Current Climate Change Impacts:** Louisville is already experiencing impacts such as extreme heat, larger storms, and record rainfall. Local residents are facing flooding, heat stress, and health impacts. The region has experienced 12 additional days per year above 90°F, a 9% increase in precipitation, and a 25% decrease in snowfall. Furthermore, the three wettest days on record have occurred in the last decade. (_Introduction_)

- **Projected Climate Change Impacts:** If global emissions continue at current levels, average temperatures in the Louisville Metro region are expected to increase by 4-7°F by the middle of the century (2040-2069) and 7-12°F towards the end of the century (2070-2099). Should emissions be substantially reduced, this warming might level off. (_Louisville’s Changing Climate_)

- **Long-Term Climate Impact Goals:** Louisville Metro is committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050 in order to mitigate these changes over the long term. (_Introduction_)

- **Climate Vulnerabilities:** The plan identifies several vulnerabilities, including increasing respiratory and heart diseases from heat and ozone exposure and mental health impacts associated with extreme weather events. (_Louisville’s Climate Vulnerabilities_)

The plan outlines policies and strategies to address these scenarios comprehensively, including adaptation measures to prepare for and mitigate the impacts already being felt, and to reduce future risks.

**1. Tornado**

- **Description**: The plan includes tornadoes as one of the major hazards.
- **Climate Risks**: Not specifically detailed.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations**: Not specifically detailed.

**2. Severe Winter Storm**

- **Description**: Severe winter storms are identified as a major hazard.

**3. Severe Storm**

- **Description**: Severe storms are identified as a major hazard.
- **Climate Risks**: Not detailed in this section.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations**: Not detailed in this section.

**4. Hail Storm**

- **Description**: Hail storms are included as a significant hazard.
- **Climate Risks**: Not specifically detailed in this section.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations**: Not specifically detailed in this section.

**5. Earthquake**

- **Description**: This is the only hazard expected not to be substantially affected by climate change.
- **Climate Risks**: Not affected by climate change.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations**: Not mentioned as vulnerable due to climate change.

**6. Karst/Sinkhole**

- **Description**: Karst/sinkholes are considered major hazards.

**7. Landslide**

- **Description**: Landslides are identified as a significant hazard.

**8. Hazardous Materials**

- **Description**: Risk associated with hazardous materials is identified as a hazard.
- **Climate Risks**: Not specifically detailed beyond mapping risks by flood elevation.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations**: Mapping HazMat risks by flood elevation suggests areas with flooding are vulnerable.

**9. Drought**

- **Description**: Drought is identified among the major hazards.

**10. Extreme Heat**

- **Description**: Extreme heat is recognized as a major hazard.
- **Climate Risks**: Poses risks like increasing respiratory and heart diseases due to heat and ozone exposure.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations**: Populations most affected include marginalized groups with limited resources.

**11. Wildfires**

- **Description**: Wildfires are considered a significant hazard.

**12. Dam/Levee Failure**

- **Description**: Failure of dams and levees is a recognized hazard.

**13. Flood**

- **Description**: Flooding is identified as a significant hazard.
- **Climate Risks**: Poses health risks, impacts infrastructure, and could expose hazardous materials.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations**: Vulnerability is higher in areas prone to flooding.

**14. Air Quality/Ozone (Newly Added)**

- **Description**: Added to the list due to the potential for worsening impacts as air temperatures increase.
- **Climate Risks**: Increasing respiratory and heart disease due to ozone exposure.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations**: Marginalized groups and those in areas with existing pollution may be more vulnerable.

1. **Resilience Hubs**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The resilience hubs are aimed at increasing community capacity to handle extreme events and assist during recovery periods, particularly in communities most vulnerable to climate change impacts due to systemic racism. *("They are focused in communities most vulnerable to climate change impacts and stressors due to the legacy of systemic racism.")*
   - **Details:** No specific details on cost, timeframe, or location are provided in the document. However, it is implied that the development of these hubs would be part of a larger network. *("Shifting power and capacity to communities through the development of a network of community-driven resilience hubs can help reduce stress on systems and infrastructure such as public safety, hospitals, and transportation while increasing adaptive community capacity.")*
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Resilience hubs foster cultural and relationship-building in communities, support all residents, and attempt to dismantle historical inequities. *("Developing a resilience hub creates culture and relationships that support all residents and helps dismantle historical inequities and their root causes.")*

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option addresses stressors from larger storms and hotter temperatures impacting Louisville’s energy, water, transportation infrastructure, homes, and other buildings. *("Larger storms and hotter temperatures create stressors to Louisville’s energy, water, and transportation infrastructure.")*
   - **Details:** Specific actions include scaling up stormwater management, funding efficient transportation, updating zoning for sustainability, and protecting infrastructure from extreme conditions. No specific cost, timeframe, or location details are given. *("Scale up stormwater management," "Fund efficient, affordable transportation," "Update zoning for sustainability and resilience," "Protect homes and businesses from more extreme conditions.")*
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Actions are aimed at reducing impervious surfaces, supporting public transportation, expanding rideshare options, creating housing with green spaces, and reducing development in flood-prone areas. These efforts aim to enhance infrastructural resilience and sustainability. *("Reducing impervious surfaces," "Supporting more accessible public transportation," "Expanding rideshare and HOV options," "Creating condensed housing with green spaces," "Reducing development in flood-prone areas.")*

3. **Community Readiness**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option prepares the community for more frequent, severe events due to climate change, including the need to protect those most at risk. *("Louisville already experiences its share of extreme events and natural disasters. With projections for more frequent and severe events and greater variability, ensuring that all community members are prepared is vital.")*
   - **Details:** Actions include reevaluating emergency response planning, protecting those at risk from climate impacts, and improving technology and tools. No specific details on cost, timeframe, or location are provided. *("Re-evaluate and substantially expand emergency response planning," "Identify and protect those most at risk from climate impacts," "Improve technology and tools.")*
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Emphasizes the importance of equitable access to technology and developing neighborhood disaster plans, aligning efforts with broader community values and health. *("Ensuring equitable access to technology," "Developing and disseminating neighborhood disaster plans.")*

4. **Natural Capital Enhancement**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option seeks to protect Louisville's natural systems, which are sensitive to climate impacts such as heatwaves, drought, storms, harmful pests, and diseases. *("Natural systems are also highly sensitive to climate impacts such as heatwaves, drought, storms, harmful pests and disease.")*
   - **Details:** Specific actions include increasing tree canopy cover, enhancing ecosystem functions, and increasing biodiversity. No specific cost, timeframe, or location details are provided. *("Increase tree canopy cover," "Enhance ecosystem functions, such as water filtration, flood abatement, and pollination.")*
   - **Other Important Attributes:** The plan emphasizes supporting tree planting and maintenance efforts, increasing green space, and reducing unsafe pesticide use, all of which have significant environmental benefits. *("Supporting tree planting, maintenance and protection efforts," "Increasing green space in new developments," "Reducing unsafe herbicide and pesticide use.")*

5. **Sustainable Business Practices**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Local businesses face risks from climate impacts as well as economic recovery challenges from the Covid-19 pandemic. Resilience objectives focus on sustaining business operations under these conditions. *("Louisville’s business growth over the last decade is impressive but at risk as climate impacts increase...")*
   - **Details:** Actions include providing incentives for sustainable practices, rewarding conservation efforts, and improving emergency preparedness. No specific cost, timeframe, or location details are provided. *("Providing incentives for green and sustainable practices," "Rewarding conservation efforts with lower utility rates," "Improving emergency preparedness of local businesses and industry.")*
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Additional actions aim to support green jobs, and living wages, and align economic strengths with the global economy, enhancing both economic resilience and environmental sustainability. *("Supporting green jobs and living wages," "Evolving economic strengths to align with global economy.")*

The plan identifies several mitigation options. Below is a summary of the information provided for each option regarding cost, timing, location, and other important attributes:

1. **Louisville’s Emissions Reduction Plan:**
   - _Information provided:_ The plan includes mitigation efforts that are detailed within the Louisville’s Emissions Reduction Plan. It supports efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
   - _Attributes:_ It is separate from the Prepare Louisville plan, which focuses on resilience and adaptation, but is meant to complement it.

2. **Work with the State to Make Renewable Energy More Feasible and Cost-Effective:**
   - _Information provided:_ Collaboration with the state to make renewable energy more affordable and accessible.
   - _Attributes:_ Partnerships and policy work at the state level. This is part of broader efforts to make renewable energy more accessible despite legal and financial barriers.

3. **Invest in Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy:**
   - _Information provided:_ Encouraged as part of the mitigation strategies to reduce emissions.
   - _Attributes:_ General investments in energy-efficient practices and renewable energy sources to achieve sustainable energy use.

4. **Renegotiate Energy Contracts to Reduce Emissions:**
   - _Information provided:_ Part of the actions to prioritize emissions reduction.
   - _Attributes:_ It involves working with energy providers to renegotiate terms that favor lower emissions outcomes.

5. **Encourage Usage of Electric Vehicles and Alternative Fuel Vehicles:**
   - _Information provided:_ Includes increasing public and private electric vehicle charging stations.
   - _Attributes:_ Encouraged as a means to reduce emissions, can be combined with infrastructure development like charging stations.

6. **Set Renewable Energy Targets at the Utility Scale:**
   - _Information provided:_ Establishing larger-scale goals for renewable energy usage.
   - _Attributes:_ Encouraged at a broader utility level, assisting in the target of community-wide clean energy by 2040.

7. **Expand Existing Efforts:**
   - _Information provided:_ Prioritize strategies in the Louisville Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Plan (ERP).
   - _Attributes:_ This includes advocacy and partnership on academic and institutional research on green energy development.

8. **Advocate for and Partner on Academic and Institutional Research on Green Energy Development:**
   - _Information provided:_ Support and advocacy for research to further green energy development.
   - _Attributes:_ Collaborative efforts with academic institutions to further innovation in green energy technology.

The plan places a strong emphasis on collaborative actions involving local government, businesses, and state authorities to achieve comprehensive mitigation strategies. Each option is aimed at reducing emissions, promoting the shift towards renewable resources, and increasing energy efficiency, although specific cost, timing, and location details are not explicitly provided.

   - *Information Provided:* "Reducing emissions to prevent the most catastrophic impacts of climate change is imperative for climate change adaptation and resilience, because we can only adapt to a certain magnitude of change and impact." Measures include transitioning city operations to 100% renewable electricity by 2030 and clean energy community-wide by 2040. 
   - *Cost:* Not explicitly mentioned.
   - *Timeframe:* Transition to 100% renewable electricity by 2030 for city operations; community-wide by 2040.
   - *Location:* Applies city-wide.

   - *Information Provided:* "Work with the state to make renewable energy more feasible and cost-effective," and "Invest in energy efficiency and renewable energy."
   - *Timeframe:* Not explicitly mentioned.
   - *Location:* Applies city-wide, with an emphasis on aiding state efforts.

3. **Energy Efficiency:**
   - *Information Provided:* Emphasizes investment in energy efficiency as part of renewable energy goals.
   - *Location:* City-wide.

4. **Electric Vehicles and Alternative Fuel:**
   - *Information Provided:* "Encourage usage of electric vehicles and alternative fuel vehicles and increase public and private electric vehicle charging stations."
   - *Location:* Applies city-wide with a focus on increasing infrastructure for electric vehicles.

5. **Update Infrastructure Codes and Standards:**
   - *Information Provided:* Address future climate impacts: "Lobby at the state level for code updates that account for future climate impacts."
   - *Location:* State-level lobbying for city-wide implementation.

6. **Emissions Reduction in Energy Contracts:**
   - *Information Provided:* "Renegotiate energy contracts to reduce emissions."
   - *Location:* Applies to city operations.

**Additional Notable Points:**

- Collaborative Efforts: Emphasizes collaboration with state, utilities, and academic institutions for effective mitigation and adaptation.
- Policy Leadership: "Take the lead in reducing greenhouse gas emissions as a mid-sized, fossil fuel dependent city" by updating policy and increasing education and outreach to the community.
- Resilience Incorporation: "Prepare Louisville goes hand-in-hand with Louisville’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Plan," indicating the intertwined nature of mitigation with broader resilience efforts. 

*Note: The plan does not provide specific costs and timeframes for each mitigation option, nor specifies particular locations within the city, unless mentioned otherwise.*

The plan identifies several adaptation options within the framework of the **Prepare Louisville** plan to help the community adapt and become more resilient to climate change. Here are the adaptation options identified, along with the summaries:

### 1. **Whole Community Adaptation**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Climate change affecting everyone and everything simultaneously.
- **Attributes:** Close coordination and communication are needed to ensure all areas of Louisville are protected. Strategies need to be developed at all scales, including individuals, neighborhoods, businesses, organizations, and government. 
- **Citation:** _Whole Community Adaptation_

### 2. **Protect Homes and Businesses**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Increasing frequency and severity of floods and storms.
  - Expand buy-outs in flood-prone areas.
  - Tighten restrictions on development in those areas.
  - Prioritize retrofit programs to reduce future flood impacts.
  - Lobby for code updates to reflect future climate impacts.
- **Citation:** _OBJECTIVE 18: Protect Homes and Businesses_

### 3. **Resilient Infrastructure**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Larger storms and hotter temperatures.
  - Scale up stormwater management.
  - Fund efficient, affordable transportation.
  - Update zoning for sustainability and resilience.
  - Protect homes and businesses from extreme conditions.
- **Citation:** _Resilient Infrastructure_

### 4. **Community Readiness**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** More frequent and severe climate events and natural disasters.
  - Re-evaluate and expand emergency response planning.
  - Identify and protect those most at risk.
  - Develop mapping of hazardous materials/flood risk, and neighborhood disaster plans.
  - Conduct climate risk assessments.
- **Citation:** _Community Readiness_

### 5. **Natural Capital**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Degradation of natural areas due to climate impacts such as heatwaves, drought, and storms.
  - Increase tree canopy cover and natural vegetation.
  - Enhance ecosystem functions such as water filtration and flood abatement.
- **Citation:** _Natural Capital_

**Note:** The plan provides detailed actions that Louisville Metro Government and community stakeholders should implement; however, specific information regarding cost, timeframe, and exact locations were not detailed in these excerpts.

The Louisville climate plan identifies several climate policies to advance climate justice. Below are summaries of each policy, including the climate threat it addresses and the areas or populations with the most climate vulnerability:

1. **Policy: Empower Louisville’s residents and engage disadvantaged groups in decision-making.**
   - **Climate Threat:** General climate impacts in Louisville, such as extreme weather events and exacerbation of existing stressors related to health, income, and housing.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** "Those who have been historically marginalized," as the plan states the importance of addressing stressors and investing in such communities (Introduction).

2. **Policy: Prioritize investment in disadvantaged groups and reduce stressors to vulnerable populations.**
   - **Climate Threat:** Climate change exacerbates existing stressors like health issues, income disparities, and housing quality.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** The plan specifically mentions "historically marginalized groups," highlighting the importance of tackling historic discrimination and empowering communities based on race, language, gender, LGBTQ+ status, health, and income (Introduction).

3. **Policy: The Vision Russell Choice Neighborhood Initiative.**
   - **Climate Threat:** Environmental and social vulnerabilities that may arise or worsen with climate change, such as health and income inequalities.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Residents of Louisville's poorest neighborhoods, particularly West Louisville, including the Russell neighborhood, are targeted for improvements linked to health, job, income, and educational attainment (Objective 24).

4. **Policy: Update Policy by incorporating climate goals and equity goals into decision-making.**
   - **Climate Threat:** Discriminatory practices and systemic inequities can worsen the impacts of climate change.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Those affected by systemic discrimination, as the plan aims to create a culture valuing social and economic equity while dismantling discriminatory practices (Objective 24).

5. **Policy: Protect people from air pollution by increasing renewable energy support and advancing interventions.**
   - **Climate Threat:** Higher temperatures increase ground-level ozone, contributing to respiratory issues like asthma.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Black children are predominantly affected by asthma hospitalizations in West Louisville, signifying the area's vulnerability to air quality issues (Objective 5).

6. **Policy: Natural Systems protection and enhancement.**
   - **Climate Threat:** Climate impacts like heatwaves, drought, and storms affect natural systems, which provide vital community benefits.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Residents who benefit from ecological services such as cooler temperatures and recreational opportunities, but especially those in areas affected by flooding and other climate-induced hazards (Natural Systems).

Each policy is designed to mitigate the identified climate threats while focusing on the most vulnerable populations to advance climate justice across Louisville.

Based on the document provided, there are no specific climate policies explicitly identified as potentially leading to maladaptation. However, the document does emphasize the importance of avoiding unintended consequences by ensuring close coordination and communication in climate adaptation efforts. This suggests an awareness of the possibility of maladaptive outcomes. Here’s a relevant excerpt from the document:

- **Potential Unforeseen Maladaptation Consideration:**
  - "As people implement new strategies to adapt to climate change, some could have unintended consequences. Close coordination and communication are needed to prevent redundancy or conflicting actions." (_Whole Community Adaptation_)

Though this statement does not describe a specific maladaptive policy, it highlights the importance of vigilance and coordination to avoid actions that may inadvertently increase vulnerability or create new issues.

If you have specific policies or examples within the plan you'd like explored for potential maladaptive outcomes, please provide more details for further analysis.

The **Prepare Louisville** plan outlines specific goals, metrics, and targets to measure the success of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options:

### Climate Change Mitigation
- **Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions:** 
  - A target is set to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050 (Introduction, Louisville's Changing Climate).
  - Transition city operations to 100% renewable electricity by 2030 and clean energy community-wide by 2040 (Objective 22).

### Air Quality
  - The plan highlights the need for improved air quality to protect public health (Objective 5).
    - Increase renewable energy support and incentives.
    - Increase real-time air quality monitoring and enforcement.
    - Expand weatherization programs (Actions under Objective 5).

### Renewable Energy
- **Renewable Energy Usage:**
  - Integration of clean and renewable sources to replace fossil fuels.
  - Development of a Solar Incentive Program for residents (Objective 5).

### Infrastructure and Natural Capital
- **Infrastructure Goals:**
  - Scale up stormwater management and protect infrastructure from extreme conditions (Resilient Infrastructure).
  - Increase tree canopy cover and increase natural vegetation for better ecosystem functions (Natural Capital).

### Economic and Community Objectives
- **Sustainable Business Metrics:**
  - Provide incentives for green and sustainable practices.
  - Support green jobs and living wages (Sustainable Businesses).

- **Community Support and Readiness:**
  - Identify and protect those most at risk from climate impacts (Community Readiness).

### Summary
The **Prepare Louisville** plan sets ambitious targets, such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050 and transitioning to renewable electricity by 2030 for city operations and 2040 community-wide. It employs strategies such as improving air quality through monitoring, incentives for renewable energy, and infrastructure protection against climate impacts, creating a comprehensive multi-sectoral approach to resilience and adaptation.

| **Feature**          | **Details**                                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|----------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Louisville                                                                                                                                                                                                                     |
| **Population**       | The document does not provide a specific population number for Louisville.                                                                                                                                                      |
| **Threats Identified**   |   - Extreme heat                                                                                                                                                                                                               |
|                      | - Larger storms and record rainfall                                                                                                                                                                                             |
|                      | - Flooding and associated hazardous materials exposure                                                                                                                                                                          |
|                      | - Increase in respiratory and heart disease from heat and ozone exposure                                                                                                                                                        |
|                      | - Mental health impacts associated with extreme events                                                                                                                                                                           |
|                      | - Impact on natural systems, including species extinction and loss of ecosystem functions                                                                                                                                       |
|                      | - Rising business costs due to disruptions, increased energy costs, and insurance rates                                                                                                                                         |

|                      | - Susceptibility of infrastructure due to aging systems, storms, and flooding                                                                                                                                                   |
|                      | - Legacy of discrimination causing racial, income, and gentrification tensions                                                                                                                                                  |
| **Measures Identified** | - Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050                                                                                                                                                                             |
|                      | - Take a two-pronged approach of mitigation and adaptation to reduce climate impacts                                                                                                                                             |
|                      | - Focus on equitable neighborhood development                                                                                                                                                                                   |
|                      | - Initiate health improvement strategies for residents                                                                                                                                                                          |
|                      | - Enhance and protect Louisville's natural capital                                                                                                                                                                               |
|                      | - Encourage sustainable business practices and support for green jobs                                                                                                                                                           |
|                      | - Strengthen resilient infrastructure, such as stormwater management and affordable transportation                                                                                                                               |
|                      | - Promote community readiness through public participation                                                                                                                                                                      |

|                      | - Build green technology and social equity                                                                                                                                                                                      |
|                      | - Reduce impervious surfaces and promote green spaces in housing developments                                                                                                                                                     |
|                      | - Increase access to healthcare and mobile health clinics                                                                                                                                                                       |
|                      | - Increase air and water quality monitoring systems                                                                                                                                                                             |
```

The plan does not provide extensive detail about the physical and economic landscape of Lexington, but it does highlight some key features:

- **Name:** Lexington
- **Location:** Referred to as the "Horse Capital of the World," which implies a location known for its horse farms, likely in the state of Kentucky.

### **Physical Landscape:**
  - It is described as having "sharply defined urban boundaries, tree-lined rural roads, horse farms, other crop and livestock farms, palisades, and stone fences," suggesting a primarily rural and agrarian area with well-preserved natural and historical landscapes.
  
- **Economic Initiatives:**
  - The community aims to become more "sustainable and resilient" by becoming more energy-efficient, as stated within the **Empower Lexington plan**.
  - The thrust towards sustainability is expected to "save the community money, create jobs by keeping more money in the local economy, position us to be more competitive economically," emphasizing economic benefits through energy efficiency.

### **Energy Production and Use:**
  - The plan discusses the necessity of improving energy efficiency, which is a significant goal due to the high per capita energy use in Kentucky. According to the document, "total energy usage in Kentucky was the sixth highest per capita in the United States" in 2005.
- **Reduction Targets:**
  - The plan aims for an annual "1% reduction in our community’s energy use," leveraging measures that focus on energy conservation and efficiency.

### **Infrastructure and Industries:**
  - The region is characterized by substantial involvement in agriculture, particularly horse farming, as indicated by the repeated reference to Lexington being the "Horse Capital of the World."
  
### **Climate and Environmental Notes:**
- **Environmental and Climate Goals:**
  - The plan aims to form a sustainable and energy-efficient community as a response to environmental challenges, but specific climate descriptions like aridity or water challenges are not provided directly.

This summary encapsulates the plan's focus on energy efficiency and sustainable development as economic strategies without delving into specific statistical data on demographics or income, which are not covered in the provided excerpts.

- The plan addresses resilience by emphasizing the importance of building a sustainable and energy-efficient community. The Empower Lexington plan outlines strategies that are intended to maintain essential functions, adapt to energy cost changes, and preserve the quality of life in Lexington, such as implementing energy-efficient practices and expanding farmland protection programs. It notes, "These communities value healthy ecosystems, use resources efficiently, and actively seek to retain and enhance a locally-based economy" (Page 4). The strategy of infill development is promoted to accommodate growth while preserving greenspace, which enhances urban resilience (Page 20).

- The plan has a strong focus on mitigation by presenting various strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through energy efficiency and conservation measures. It includes actions such as promoting best management practices, encouraging land preservation, and implementing infill development to curb greenhouse gas emissions: "Empower Lexington is a common sense plan for Lexington that relies largely on voluntary measures and public-private partnerships to reduce our energy use" (Page 4). The plan aims at a "minimum of 1% per year" reduction in energy use to meet mitigation goals (Page 5).

- Adaptation is less explicitly emphasized compared to resilience and mitigation, but it is evident in the intent to adjust systems to energy and environmental changes. The plan's adaptation efforts are seen in land use strategies that include protecting agricultural land and managing urban growth, which can buffer against climate impacts and help the community adapt to changing environmental conditions. The plan states, "Protecting farmland from commercial development will enhance environmental quality and will reduce anthropogenic causes of climate change" (Page 20).

The plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. It focuses significantly on mitigation strategies to reduce GHG emissions and achieve energy efficiency, while also supporting resilience and adaptation through sustainable land use policies and community planning efforts to adapt to and withstand climate changes. The mix of voluntary energy reduction targets, emphasis on community involvement, and integration of best management practices reflect a balanced approach.

The plan does not explicitly describe a specific scenario of climate change that the planning jurisdiction will face. Instead, it focuses on the projected increase in energy use and the subsequent rise in greenhouse gas emissions if no action is taken. The plan states that "Kentucky’s energy use is projected to grow by slightly more than 40 percent between now and 2025 under a Business-As-Usual scenario," highlighting the need for the community to become more energy efficient to avoid increased energy costs and environmental impact (Executive Summary). Additionally, it estimates future emissions by forecasting emissions for years 2015 and 2025 using projected population growth and previous emissions data, but this serves as a baseline for action rather than a detailed climate change scenario (Page 40). The focus of the plan is to take proactive measures to reduce emissions and improve energy efficiency to address the anticipated growth in energy use.

Based strictly on the content provided, the plan does not explicitly identify specific climate hazards or provide detailed descriptions regarding the climate risks these hazards might pose to the planning jurisdiction. Additionally, it does not specify areas or populations with significant climate vulnerability to these hazards within the document excerpts provided. Therefore, I am unable to generate a numbered list of climate hazards and their associated risks or vulnerabilities as per the request.

Based strictly on the document provided, the following resilience options are identified in the plan:

1. **Retrofitting Vehicles and Fleet Management**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Reduces greenhouse gas emissions from transportation.
     - Retrofitting and repowering existing vehicles can be expensive, often pursued through normal operations and fleet turnover.
     - No specific timeframe or location mentioned.
     - Federal fuel economy standards are expected to reduce carbon pollution by 21% by 2030.
     - Economic consideration involves cost savings through reduced fuel consumption and maintenance.

2. **Smart Street Lighting and Energy Management**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Reduces energy consumption and associated carbon dioxide emissions.
     - LED streetlights use less energy and last longer but have higher upfront costs.
     - Costs continue to decrease as more municipalities adopt LED technology. No specific timeframe or location mentioned.
     - Potential economic savings and reduced light pollution with smart lighting solutions.
     - Public acceptance needed due to perceived safety concerns with lighting changes.

3. **Farmland Protection and Land Use Planning**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Preserves land that sequesters carbon, thus reducing anthropogenic causes of climate change.
     - Focuses on preserving unique bluegrass soils through comprehensive planning and zoning.
     - No specific cost, timeframe, or location mentioned, although the plan encourages infill development.
     - Protecting agricultural land and promoting efficient urban growth reduces overall emissions and supports local agriculture.

4. **Waste Management and Energy Recovery**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Reduces methane emissions from landfilled waste by converting waste to energy.
     - Waste conversion could reduce CO2 emissions significantly if adopted.
     - Evaluated through a request for proposals (RFP) process; no specifics provided on cost or timeframe.
     - Aligns with zero waste goals and enhances waste as a resource.
     - Potential for economic benefits through reduced energy costs and new revenue from waste energy conversion.

5. **Vegetation Management and CO2 Sequestration**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Increases carbon sequestration, moderates temperature, and manages water.
     - Involves best management practices such as tree planting and maintaining riparian buffers.
     - No specific cost or timeframe mentioned.
     - Environmental benefits through improved air quality, reduced water pollution, and enhanced biodiversity.

The plan "Empower Lexington" identifies several mitigation options. Here is a summary of the information provided for each option regarding cost, timing, location, and other important attributes:

1. **Smart Street Lighting and Streetlight Management**
   - **Summary:** The plan suggests replacing high-pressure sodium (HPS) streetlights with LED technology to save energy and reduce carbon dioxide emissions. They also consider turning off streetlights from midnight to 5 am and removing midblock lights in specific areas.
   - **Cost:** Replacing streetlights with LEDs may double the current costs if utility companies retain ownership.
   - **Timing:** As conditions and resources allow.
   - **Location:** Across the community in coordination with utility companies.
   - **Other Attributes:** Requires public acceptance due to perceived safety concerns. (RECOMMENDATION #8)

2. **Alternative Fuels and Infrastructure**
   - **Summary:** Encourages the use of alternative fuels like biodiesel, propane, compressed natural gas (CNG), electric, and hybrids.
   - **Cost & Timing:** No specific costs or timing details are provided, but fuel cost and infrastructure availability issues need to be addressed.
   - **Location:** Not specified, generally applicable to areas with vehicle fleets.
   - **Other Attributes:** Observes that large fleets often initiate alternative fuel use, and electric or fuel cell technologies are seen as promising for reducing reliance on imported petroleum and carbon emissions. (RECOMMENDATION #6)

3. **Energy-Efficient Vehicles**
   - **Summary:** Focuses on improving fleet vehicle efficiency by replacing conventional vehicles with alternatives, retrofitting, and repowering.
   - **Cost:** Retrofitting and repowering can be expensive.
   - **Timing:** Implemented through normal operations and fleet turnover.
   - **Location:** Applicable to all fleet vehicles.
   - **Other Attributes:** Encourages using technologies like diesel particulate filters and right-sizing vehicles. (RECOMMENDATION #7)

4. **Landfill and Waste Management**
   - **Summary:** Discusses utilizing waste to energy technologies and investigating landfill mining to recover resources and potentially create energy.
   - **Cost:** Landfill mining can be expensive; specific costs for waste-to-energy technologies are not provided.
   - **Timing:** No specific timing details.
   - **Location:** Waste generated in Fayette County.
   - **Other Attributes:** Potential benefits include generating or saving money, reducing CO2 emissions, and reducing reliance on foreign oil. (RECOMMENDATION #4)

5. **Farmland and Vegetation Management**
   - **Summary:** Recommends practices like rotational grazing, no-till planting, tree planting for carbon sequestration, and expanding farmland protection programs.
   - **Cost:** Not specified in detail.
   - **Timing:** Ongoing efforts with emphasis on sustainability.
   - **Location:** Agricultural, residential, and commercial areas.
   - **Other Attributes:** Enhances environmental quality, preserves soil, and sequesters carbon dioxide. (RECOMMENDATION #3) 

6. **Highway Infrastructure and Traffic Management**
   - **Summary:** Innovations in traffic management like adaptive signal control technology and roundabouts to improve efficiency and reduce emissions.
   - **Cost:** May have higher initial costs but lead to long-term gains.
   - **Timing:** No specific timeline.
   - **Location:** Applies to intersections and highway infrastructure.
   - **Other Attributes:** These measures are expected to reduce fuel consumption and delays, leading to cleaner air. 

These mitigation options are part of a broader strategy to ensure Lexington becomes more energy-efficient and reduces its greenhouse gas emissions.

The plan identifies several mitigation options, providing details on cost, timeframe, location, and other important attributes for each option:

1. **Retrofitting and Repowering Vehicles:**
   - **Cost:** "Retrofitting and repowering existing vehicles can be expensive so many fleets are pursuing this strategy through normal operations and fleet turnover."
   - **Location and Timeframe:** This is a strategy teams are pursuing through strategies like normal operations and fleet turnover.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Involves "replacing older diesel engines with cleaner burning equipment; and/or right-sizing vehicles by matching duty requirements with appropriate vehicle class and size."

2. **Smart Streetlights and LED Technology:**
   - **Cost:** "LED lights use less energy and last longer but are more expensive to purchase. However, costs continue to decrease as more municipalities switch."
   - **Timeframe:** Implementation is recommended as "conditions and resources allow."
   - **Location:** Lexington has approximately 30,000 streetlights managed by utility companies.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** The plan suggests replacing "all high pressure sodium (HPS) streetlights with solid state lighting technologies (LED)."

3. **Energy from Waste:**
   - **Cost:** The financial feasibility is being reviewed; the technology often requires "bundling of different materials to provide sufficient volumes and/or regional partnerships."
   - **Location:** The plan references locations already pursuing this, such as Los Angeles and Palm Beach Co.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** "Potential benefits include generating money and/or saving money, reducing dependence on foreign oil, and helping us reach zero waste goal."

4. **Using Yard Waste to Produce Energy:**
   - **Cost:** "Biomass to energy projects are receiving financial incentives."
   - **Location and Timeframe:** Could be located close to downtown; "if successful this would result in reduced transportation emissions and creation of energy."
   - **Other Important Attributes:** The goal is to "use all yard waste generated in the county to produce energy."

5. **Promote Energy Efficient Vehicles:**
   - **Cost:** Not specified directly, but it suggests replacing, retrofitting, and repowering vehicles.
   - **Timeframe:** Ongoing efforts with the inclusion of hybrid vehicles.
   - **Location:** Implementation suggested for the community fleet (LexTran, LFUCG).
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Includes promoting the use of alternative fuels such as biodiesel, propane, and electric/hybrids.

6. **Alternative Fuel Infrastructure:**
   - **Cost:** Issues of "fuel cost, availability, and infrastructure" are noted that may need to be addressed.
   - **Location:** Focus on large fleets initially, such as LexTran, UK, Fayette County Schools.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Emphasis on electric or fuel cell technologies as "the most promising technologies for reducing reliance on imported petroleum and for reducing carbon emissions."

Each mitigation option is thoughtfully considered, accounting for various practical variables, such as financial feasibility, implementation aspects, and potential long-term benefits to the community.

Based on the "Empower Lexington" plan, the adaptation options identified primarily focus on addressing environmental quality, land preservation, and efficient resource management. However, the plan does not explicitly categorize strategic actions under "adaptation" separate from resilience or mitigation, which makes it necessary to interpolate adaptation-related actions from broader strategies addressing climate resilience and environmental sustainability.

### **Adaptation Options Identified in the Plan:**

1. **Farmland Protection and Land Preservation Programs**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This adaptation strategy addresses the threat of urbanization and its impact on agricultural land, which can contribute to climate risk by increasing urban heat and reducing carbon sequestration.
     - *Cost:* Specific costs are not mentioned, but the emphasis is on protection and incentives.
     - *Timeframe:* Ongoing; involves planning and policy changes to implement preservation.
     - *Location:* Focus on the unique bluegrass soils and farmland in Fayette County and surrounding areas.
     - *Other Attributes:* The strategy aims to enhance environmental quality, reduce urban sprawl, and promote infill development. "We should focus on protection our bluegrass soils in planning and zoning, comprehensive planning, and in discussions relative to the expansion of the Urban Service Boundary." (Page 20)

2. **Best Management Practices for Vegetation and Water Management**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addresses soil erosion, carbon sequestration loss, and surface water runoff.
     - *Cost and Timeframe:* Not explicitly detailed in the plan.
     - *Location:* Applicable in agricultural, residential, and commercial areas.
     - *Other Attributes:* Includes techniques like rotational grazing, no-till planting, and creating no-mow zones. Planting trees increases carbon sequestration and reduces water pollution. "Strategic planting of trees, including replacement of street trees, can provide improved temperature moderation, water management, and carbon sequestration." (Page 22)

3. **Smart Streetlights and Lighting Management**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Indirectly addresses energy consumption and light pollution, which can affect ecological systems and night-time temperature.
     - *Cost:* Installation of LED streetlights could potentially double costs if utility companies maintain ownership.
     - *Timeframe:* Implementation as conditions and resources allow.
     - *Location:* Community-wide, focusing on approximately 30,000 streetlights in Lexington.
     - *Other Attributes:* Involves turning off streetlights during certain hours and evaluating ownership transfer for cost efficiency. "Turning streetlights off from midnight to 5 am would save almost as much energy as converting to LED lights so this option deserves consideration." (Page 30)

Each adaptation option indirectly points to strategies that enhance resilience against climate threats like urban expansion, inefficient resource management, and ecological degradation, while promoting sustainable practices and policies.

Based strictly on the provided text from the plan, the document does not explicitly detail specific climate policies solely addressing climate justice or particular threats and populations with the most climate vulnerability in relation to climate justice. 

However, the plan does refer to the development and implementation of the "Empower Lexington" plan which aims for a more sustainable, energy-efficient community. The plan involves various stakeholders and covers multiple sectors such as residential, transportation, land use, and agriculture with strategies that possibly touch on elements of climate justice implicitly by aiming to improve quality of life, reduce emissions, and increase energy efficiency across the community. There is also mention of promoting best management practices and preserving agricultural lands which could support equitable environmental benefits indirectly.

Here's what is implicitly suggested regarding climate policies:

### *General Policy Framework*
- **Policy:** Development and implementation of the "Empower Lexington" plan.
  - **Threat Addressed:** Broad energy inefficiency and high energy demands leading to increased greenhouse gas emissions.
  - **Potential Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** While not explicitly stated, populations impacted could include low-income communities who may be more affected by rising energy costs and less able to transition to more energy-efficient practices without support.

### *Specific Recommendations*
- **Policy:** Preservation of agricultural lands within the Bluegrass region.
  - **Threat Addressed:** Loss of agricultural land could increase carbon footprint and affect local food security.
  - **Potential Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Farmers and rural communities dependent on agriculture, potentially facing reduced livelihoods and food security due to urbanization.

The plan emphasizes a collective community effort involving various stakeholders, suggesting a broad and inclusive approach, which can implicitly support climate justice by involving diverse community interests and potentially addressing vulnerabilities through participatory planning and implementation processes.

For a detailed analysis specifically about climate justice policies, further detailed review of the complete document would be necessary if it includes more explicit discussion of these aspects in sections not provided here.

Based on the content provided in the plan, here are potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies identified:

1. **Policy: Infill Development to Preserve Greenspace**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The policy aims to reduce urban sprawl and excessive greenhouse gas emissions while accommodating growth needs by using mass transportation, mixed-use, energy-efficient development, increased density, and preservation of greenspace. (*"The Brookings Institute, the Urban Land Institute, American Planning Association, and others promote this approach as a tool to effectively accommodate growth while curbing excessive greenhouse gas emissions…"*)
   - **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:** Mitigation through increased urban density and reduced GHG emissions by promoting infill development.
   - **Possible Inadvertent Maladaptation:** Increased density could potentially lead to insufficient infrastructure and service provision in redeveloped areas, or increased pollution and congestion within urban centers if not planned properly, thereby exacerbating vulnerabilities instead of enhancing resilience.

2. **Policy: Promotion of Alternative Fuels and Infrastructure**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The policy seeks to reduce pollution and reliance on gasoline and diesel by encouraging the use of alternative fuels like biodiesel, propane, compressed natural gas (CNG), and electric vehicles. (*"This recommendation encourages the use of alternative fuels to power vehicles and equipment…"*)
   - **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:** Mitigation by transitioning to low-carbon or alternative fuel vehicles.
   - **Possible Inadvertent Maladaptation:** The production and supply chain of alternative fuels might result in new environmental impacts, or cultural and economic shifts could disadvantage communities without ready access to the technology or infrastructure changes, making them more vulnerable.

3. **Policy: Replacement of Streetlights with LED Technology**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The goal is to reduce energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions from streetlights. (*"It is recommended that all high pressure sodium (HPS) streetlights be replaced with solid state lighting technologies (LED) as conditions and resources allow…"*)
   - **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:** Mitigation through the decrease of energy consumption by utilizing efficient lighting technologies.
   - **Possible Inadvertent Maladaptation:** The higher upfront costs associated with LED technology might divert resources from other critical adaptation or resilience projects. Additionally, if street lighting reductions occur without public buy-in, it could lead to issues of public safety or perceptions of decreased safety.

Each of these policies aims to address climate threats through potentially effective strategies. However, if not implemented with consideration of possible secondary impacts, they could inadvertently lead to maladaptive outcomes.

**The plan outlines the following measures and metrics for monitoring the success of its adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options:**

1. **Reduction Targets:**
   - The plan sets **"an annual 1% reduction in our community's energy use"** as a target, compared to the amount of energy currently used by the community. This target is described as both ambitious and achievable and is deliberately chosen because it is easy to communicate. (*Page 43*)

2. **Greenhouse Gas Inventory:**
   - A greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory for Lexington-Fayette County was completed for calendar year 2011 using Clean Air and Climate Protection software. This inventory acts as a baseline for measuring success and future emissions. (*Page 43*)

3. **Emission Metrics:**
   - Emissions of specific greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆), are reported in metric tons of carbon equivalents (MTCE), which weights each gas by global warming potential (GWP). (*Page 38*)

4. **Energy Consumption:**
   - The plan indicates tracking energy use per capita and community’s absolute energy use (not based on population) as methods for measuring whether the community is becoming more energy-efficient. (*Page 43*)

5. **Projected Emissions:**
   - The plan has forecasted emissions under a "business as usual" scenario for the years 2015 and 2025. For 2015, emissions were projected to be almost 7 million metric tons, and for 2025, approximately 7,600,000 metric tons based on population growth projections. (*Page 40*)

6. **Sector-based Emissions:**
   - Emissions are also measured in terms of percentages contributed by different sectors: 35.3% by the commercial sector, 28.4% by the residential sector, 23.3% by the transportation sector, 10% by the industrial sector, and 2.9% by the waste and wastewater sector. (*Page 39*)

7. **Electricity, Petroleum, and Natural Gas Usage:**
   - Use of 4,612,819,373 kWh of electricity accounts for 66.4% of community emissions, 92 million gallons of petroleum for 23.3%, and 7,570,979 mcf (thousand cubic feet) of natural gas for 7.8%. (*Page 39*)

8. **Review and Monitoring:**
   - Progress will be monitored through periodic reviews every two years by the stakeholder teams and other interested parties. Community-wide emissions will be quantified at least every five years using Clean Air and Climate Protection software. (*Page 43*)

9. **Voluntary Reduction Target:**
   - A voluntary energy reduction goal of at least 1% per year was developed, with calendar year 2011 chosen as the reference point. Progress toward this target will be measured on a per capita basis. (*Page 9*)

- **Annual 1% reduction in energy use.**
- **Measurement of greenhouse gas inventory using a new baseline year of 2011.**
- **Emissions targets for years 2015 and 2025 based on projected population growth.**

The plan emphasizes the community-wide effort required to meet these goals and the need for periodic reviews to ensure successful implementation.

| Feature                   | Description                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |
|---------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name**    | Lexington, Kentucky                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           |
| **Population**            | 278,287 (as of 2007)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          |
| **Threats Identified**    | - Rising energy costs due to increased demand and production costs.<br>- Projected increase in energy use by more than 40% between now and 2025 under a Business-As-Usual scenario.<br>- Risk of urbanization threatening agricultural lands if economic viability of agriculture declines.<br>- Largest carbon footprint per capita among 100 metropolitan areas (based on a 2005 report).  |
| **Measures Identified**   | - Development of Empower Lexington plan to reduce energy use and GHG emissions.<br>- Voluntary energy reduction target of at least 1% per year on a per capita basis. <br>- Use of Clean Air and Climate Protection software for emissions inventory.<br>- Five subteams targeting Residential, Industrial/Commercial/Institutional, Land Use/Food/Agriculture, Transportation, and Waste.      |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction: Oklahoma City**

- **Location:** Oklahoma City is situated in the state of Oklahoma.
- **Population:** The metro area is home to approximately 1.4 million residents, comprising 35% of the statewide population.
- **Economic Contribution:** The Oklahoma City metro contributes about 38% of Oklahoma's gross domestic product (GDP).
  
- The plan does not mention specific mountains, rivers, deserts, or coastlines within Oklahoma City.

- **Airports:** Long-term data is collected from the Will Rogers World Airport weather monitoring station. 

**Local Climate Characteristics:**
- The plan describes climate change as a "threat multiplier" due to changes in temperature and precipitation patterns which intensify existing challenges in infrastructure, safety, security, and public health. 
- Specific risks associated with climate change include:
  - **Increase in temperature marked by drier, hotter summers**
  - **Increase in inundating rainfall events and associated flooding**

- **Oil and Gas:** Oklahoma City's economy is significantly tied to the oil and gas sector, with an economic share 6.65 times the national average. Oil and gas-related sectors account for about 5.8% of total state employment, compared to the national share of 2.4%.
- **Renewable Energy:** There is a burgeoning interest in renewable energy, particularly in solar and wind sectors, though the city faces barriers due to state law.
- **Economic Activities:** The plan mentions the renewable energy sector as a significant national employer with recent expansions, though local expansion is hindered.

- Economic drivers include oil and gas, along with emerging interests in the renewable energy sector.
- The planning document emphasizes the need to expand existing industries, attract new businesses, and promote sustainable growth to ensure economic vitality.
- The city's economic health is intertwined with balancing environmental sustainability, economic development, and societal well-being, aligning with sustainability’s "triple bottom line": environment, society, and economy.

*"Our metro is responsible for approximately 38% of Oklahoma’s gross domestic product (GDP) and, at about 1.4 million residents, is home to 35% of statewide population."* (Introduction)

*"The share of Oklahoma City’s economy related to oil and gas is 6.65 times the national average and Oklahoma’s oil and gas-related sectors are about 5.8% of total state employment, well above the national share of 2.4%."* (Chapter on Economic Landscape and Energy)

The plan emphasizes resilience by integrating the concept into various aspects of city planning and development. It highlights the importance of enhancing community preparedness and resilience during extreme weather events (adapt okc | 28). Additionally, resilience is incorporated into each topic area rather than as a standalone focus (adapt okc | 31), ensuring that it is a continuous element throughout the plan's initiatives.

Mitigation efforts in the plan focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions through sustainable practices. Specific areas of focus include energy productivity, waste reduction, and air quality improvement (Chapters Two-Five) (adapt okc | 5). The plan calls for policies to address emissions and air quality (adapt okc | 31) and includes goals and initiatives related to energy, air quality, and waste management, aiming to mitigate their environmental impact (Chapters Two-Five) (adapt okc | 5).

The plan outlines various adaptation strategies, emphasizing the need to adjust to climate change impacts. It discusses projections of changes to the local climate and their importance in guiding long-range planning (adapt okc | 13). The plan proposes specific initiatives to address vulnerabilities, such as the integration of preparedness and adaptation options into city planning (adapt okc | 31) and improving infrastructure and policies to cope with changing climate scenarios (adapt okc | 30).

Based on the emphasis on integrating resilience across policy areas, addressing emissions reduction through mitigation strategies, and the focus on adaptation to changing climate conditions, the plan can be classified as an **"adaptation/resilience dedicated"** plan. It demonstrates a strong commitment to preparing for and adapting to climate impacts while maintaining resilience as a core focus.

Yes, the plan describes scenarios of climate change that Oklahoma City will face, which are integral to formulating climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. The plan projects changes to Oklahoma City's climate through 2080 using a combination of datasets, including 30-year climate normals, long-term data from the Will Rogers World Airport weather monitoring station, and global climate models. These scenarios indicate potential hazards that may threaten infrastructure, neighborhoods, and businesses (adapt okc).

Some of the significant risks identified include:

- **Increase in temperature marked by drier, hotter summers.**
- **Increase in the cost of and demand for electricity.**
- **Increase of inundating rainfall events and associated flooding.**
- **Increase in the operating and maintenance costs of infrastructure and assets.**
- **Increase in cultural, linguistic, and age-related challenges to public service delivery** (adapt okc).

These climate change scenarios highlight the need for Oklahoma City to adopt strategies and policies to address these risks effectively.

   - **Climate Hazard:** The plan notes that the increase in frequency and severity of extreme heat events is a major concern in Oklahoma City. This is highlighted through the likelihood of experiencing extreme heat events and their subsequent impacts ("adapt okc | 26").
   - **Climate Risks:** Increased extreme heat elevates risk to public health and safety, burdens the power grid due to higher electricity demand, and affects existing infrastructure with potential increases in maintenance and operational costs ("adapt okc | 4, 26").
   - **Vulnerable Populations or Areas:** Certain residents, especially those in mobile homes, low-income communities, or those with low access to cooling resources, are more vulnerable to extreme heat. Social factors such as age, income, and disability also contribute to the degree of vulnerability ("adapt okc | 26").

**2. Flooding**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** Flooding events have been identified as a persistent hazard, with historical assessments made of flood-prone properties ("adapt okc | 28").
   - **Climate Risks:** Flooding risks involve potential damage to homes and infrastructure, leading to economic losses, and increased recovery costs ("adapt okc | 28").
   - **Vulnerable Populations or Areas:** Properties and populations located in floodplains, particularly those with substandard housing, are at heightened risk. The plan suggests conducting a historical flood damage assessment to better quantify and address these vulnerabilities ("adapt okc | 26").

**3. Tornadoes**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** Oklahoma City is particularly prone to tornadoes, contributing to its high number of federal major disaster declarations, second only to Texas and California ("adapt okc | 28").
   - **Climate Risks:** Tornadoes pose significant risks of severe property damage, potential loss of life, and disruptive impacts on community safety and resilience measures ("adapt okc | 28").
   - **Vulnerable Populations or Areas:** Vulnerability is high in structurally substandard homes and areas with low accessibility to emergency services ("adapt okc | 26").

**4. Wildfires**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** Oklahoma City's proximity to rural, undeveloped lands increases the risk of wildfires ("adapt okc | 26").
   - **Climate Risks:** Wildfires threaten suburban and exurban homes due to their location, with risks including property loss and extended recovery times. They also contribute to poor air quality, compounding health risks ("adapt okc | 26").
   - **Vulnerable Populations or Areas:** Homes near rural lands face significant risks, with additional concern for residents susceptible to poor air quality caused by fires ("adapt okc | 26").

**5. Severe Storms**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** Severe storms, including high winds and hail, are frequent occurrences posing serious threats to Oklahoma City ("adapt okc | 28").
   - **Climate Risks:** Severe storms result in property damage, electricity outages, and disruptions to daily life and economic activity. They can necessitate extensive emergency response resources ("adapt okc | 28").
   - **Vulnerable Populations or Areas:** Populations at risk include those living in older housing and areas with infrastructure poorly equipped to withstand such events ("adapt okc | 26").

**6. Drought**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** The plan highlights drought as a significant historical and ongoing climate hazard that has implications for water resource management ("adapt okc | 26").
   - **Climate Risks:** Risks involve water scarcity, negatively affecting agriculture, drinking water supplies, and water-dependent industries. This scarcity contributes to economic stress and potential food security issues ("adapt okc | 12").
   - **Vulnerable Populations or Areas:** Vulnerable areas include those reliant on consistent water supply, such as agricultural regions, as well as low-income populations with few alternative options available ("adapt okc | 26").

**7. Earthquake**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** Earthquakes are identified as a hazard within Oklahoma City's broader risk profile due to regional susceptibility ("adapt okc | 26").
   - **Climate Risks:** Earthquakes can cause substantial structural damage, disrupt services, and necessitate considerable community and economic recovery efforts ("adapt okc | 26").
   - **Vulnerable Populations or Areas:** Buildings with outdated structural codes, particularly in lower-income neighborhoods, are especially vulnerable to earthquake damage ("adapt okc | 26").

The plan identifies several resilience options designed to address climate threats. Here is a summary of each option, including the specific climate threat, cost, timeframe, location, and other relevant attributes:

1. **Diversifying and Decentralizing Electricity Infrastructure**
   - *Climate Threat:* This option addresses the threat from extreme weather events such as ice storms, straight-line winds, flash flooding, and tornadoes that can cause electricity outages in Oklahoma City. ("adapt okc Resilience")
   - *Details:* The plan does not explicitly provide detailed cost or timeframe information for this option. However, it involves the diversification and decentralization of electricity infrastructure as a key resilience strategy.
   - *Attributes:*
     - Economic: The plan suggests that renewable forms of energy can offer redundancies suited to critical infrastructure, potentially providing cost-effective solutions compared to traditional fuels like diesel. ("adapt okc Resilience")
     - Environmental: Emphasizes on renewable energy options such as solar microgrids to enhance resilience.
     - Infrastructural: It mentions that areas with a significant rural portion could benefit from downscaled electricity grids, providing redundancies regardless of geography or density.

2. **Enhancing Building Codes in Flood-Prone Areas**
   - *Climate Threat:* This addresses the threat of flooding, particularly in areas with a 1% annual chance of flooding (100-year flood plain) and in the 500-year floodplain with a 0.2% chance of flooding each year. ("Adapt okc Resilience")
   - *Details:* The plan indicates the need to update municipal codes to increase elevation requirements for new and substantially improved structures in the 500-year floodplain. Specific costs, timeframe, or location details are not provided directly.
     - Infrastructural: Protects vital infrastructure facilities located within these flood-prone zones.
     - Economic: Aims to prevent costly major losses from future catastrophic events.

3. **Tree Canopy and Urban Heat Island Mitigation**
   - *Climate Threat:* This addresses urban heat island conditions which can exacerbate heat-related issues, impacting vulnerable populations. ("Adapt okc Resilience")
   - *Details:* The plan suggests assessing the current tree canopy, setting coverage targets, and measuring urban heat conditions. Cost, timeframe, or geographic specifics are not detailed explicitly.
     - Environmental: Enhancing tree coverage aligns with both climate mitigation and adaptation objectives by cooling the urban environment.
     - Economic: Prioritizing activities in the most vulnerable areas could maximize the benefits of investments in urban forestry.

4. **Promotion of Renewable Energy for Critical Infrastructure**
   - *Climate Threat:* Targets overall resilience against various extreme weather events by ensuring operational capability during power outages. ("Adapt okc Resilience")
   - *Details:* The plan mentions on-site renewable energy solutions such as solar microgrids as alternatives. Cost specifics are not provided, but it discusses expedited return on investment due to regulatory support like net-metering.
     - Economic: Potentially reduces reliance on less reliable, costlier traditional energy solutions.
     - Environmental: Encourages the use of renewables, reducing carbon footprint.
     - Infrastructural: Provides self-sufficiency during utility service disruptions.

For all the resilience options listed, the plan emphasizes the necessity of integrating resilience into planning to cope with the effects of climate change and secure sustainable development.

The plan identifies several mitigation options, primarily focused on reducing emissions, diversifying the energy economy, and increasing energy efficiency. Below are the identified options along with summaries of their relevant attributes as mentioned in the plan:

1. **Energy Efficiency Improvements:**
   - **Cost:** While specific costs are not detailed, the plan emphasizes that "energy efficiency must be an inseparable and essential operating principle of City projects" to avoid costs in new facilities and for return on investments in renovations and remodels. (Chapter on Resilience, adapt okc, page 90)
   - **Timing:** Immediate action is implied as a priority, especially with rising temperatures and energy needs.
   - **Location:** Applies to City operations and infrastructure.
   - **Attributes:** Focuses on affordability through "efficiency, enforcement, and modern building requirements" for City operations, residents, businesses, and institutions.

2. **Renewable Energy Deployment:**
   - **Cost:** The plan mentions barriers to renewable energy deployment that "compound costs by curtailing economic growth." However, it emphasizes the need to explore the full potential of the "thriving renewable energy sector, especially our emerging solar market." (Chapter on Resilience, adapt okc, page 90)
   - **Timing:** No specific timing mentioned, but urgency is suggested by the context of rising costs and renewable energy potential.
   - **Location:** City-wide, with an emphasis on municipal operations.
   - **Attributes:** Aims to reduce electricity costs, diversify energy sources, and decrease reliance on fossil fuels.

3. **Reduction of Emissions Associated with Energy Consumption:**
   - **Cost:** The plan does not specify exact costs but implies a need for strategic investment in energy efficiency and low-carbon alternatives.
   - **Timing:** No explicit timing, but ongoing and critical for reducing climate impact.
   - **Location:** Across the planning jurisdiction, including both public and private sectors.
   - **Attributes:** Includes transitioning to renewable energy sources and improving energy efficiency as a means to reduce emissions.

4. **Use of Technological Innovations:**
   - **Cost:** Not directly stated, though implied benefits and efficiencies could lead to cost reductions.
   - **Timing:** No specific timeline, but the plan encourages proactive technology adoption.
   - **Location:** Encompasses city infrastructure and services.
   - **Attributes:** Focuses on leveraging emerging technologies—such as driverless vehicles and advanced energy solutions—to improve sustainability.

5. **Diversification of Local and State Energy Economies:**
   - **Cost:** Not directly specified, but diversification is posed as a strategy to reduce costs and economic exposure.
   - **Timing:** Ongoing strategy.
   - **Location:** Involves both local and state energy sectors.
   - **Attributes:** Encourages expansion into different energy sectors to reduce dependency on fossil fuels.

6. **Resilience in Energy Infrastructure:**
   - **Cost:** No specific costs detailed, but resilience is framed in terms of avoiding costly service interruptions.
   - **Timing:** The need is ongoing due to increasing climate variability.
   - **Location:** City-wide, especially in areas prone to flooding and weather extremes.
   - **Attributes:** Focuses on diversifying and decentralizing electricity infrastructure to adapt to shocks and ensure operational continuity.

These mitigation options collectively contribute to a comprehensive approach to addressing climate risks and advancing sustainability goals in Oklahoma City.

The plan identifies several mitigation options. Here is a summarized list of the options along with their attributes as specified in the plan:

1. **Reduce Electricity Costs with Increased Efficiency and Renewable Energy Use**
   - **Timeframe:** Not specifically mentioned.
   - **Location:** Not specified in the extract.
   - **Cost:** Improved energy use can reduce electricity costs; specific cost details are not provided.
   - **Important Attributes:** This is part of the proposal to address risks such as increased operating and maintenance costs of infrastructure and assets. *"reduce electricity costs with increased efficiency and renewable energy use"* (adapt okc)

2. **Increase Use of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in City Fleet**
   - **Location:** Applies to the entire city fleet, including public transit.
   - **Cost:** *"The reduction of more than 31 annual tons of NOx and PM2.5 emissions would equate to about $650,000 in annual health benefits according to the EPA."* (adapt okc, Policies & Implementation chapter)
   - **Important Attributes:** This includes retrofitting 19 buses to use CNG and replacing diesel vehicles, thus reducing emissions associated with public transit service. *"Increase use of alternative fuel vehicles in City fleet including buses when operationally appropriate."* (adapt okc, Policies & Implementation chapter)

3. **Support Electric Vehicles**
   - **Timeframe:** No specific time frame provided.
   - **Cost:** Not directly mentioned in terms of cost but indicates enhanced revenue for road maintenance.
   - **Important Attributes:** Encourages EV use by providing and promoting a public network of reliable fuel sources, which minimizes emissions associated with metro-area commutes. *"Electric vehicle use reduces emissions and supplements City revenue for road maintenance through sales tax and franchise fee collections."* (adapt okc, Policies & Implementation chapter)

4. **Support Bicycle Commuting**
   - **Location:** City-wide infrastructure improvements for bicycle commuting.
   - **Important Attributes:** Encourages active transportation by creating a safe environment and providing secure bicycle parking. Reduces congestion and associated emissions. *"Support bicycle commuting."* (adapt okc, Policies & Implementation chapter)

5. **Mitigate Heat through Development Requirements and More Natural Urban Environments**
   - **Location:** Urban areas where heat is a concern.
   - **Important Attributes:** Involves increasing tree and vegetation cover, making roofs and hardscapes cooler. Aims to limit negative impacts of urbanization on public health and local watersheds. *"Mitigate heat through development requirements and more natural urban environments."* (adapt okc)

6. **Reduce Idling in City Vehicles**
   - **Location:** Applies to the city vehicle fleet.
   - **Cost:** Idling wastes public resources; specific cost details not provided.
   - **Important Attributes:** Reduction of unnecessary emissions through a comprehensive analysis to develop strategies to reduce idling. *"Reduce idling in City vehicles."* (adapt okc, Policies & Implementation chapter)

Each of these options is aimed at reducing emissions, enhancing energy efficiency, or improving environmental and public health outcomes in Oklahoma City. However, detailed specifics regarding cost and exact implementation time frames are not fully covered in the provided documentation.

The plan identifies several adaptation options addressing different climate threats. Below are the summarized details for each identified adaptation option:

### **1. Adaptation of Infrastructure and Services**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Changing climate conditions in Oklahoma City, characterized by increasing temperatures, and more frequent extreme weather events.
  - The plan emphasizes the importance of adapting infrastructure, services, and communities to the changing climate of Oklahoma City. It calls for planning and designing for instability to ensure resilience.  
  - Important attributes include efficient and effective public services, an environment with clean air and water, and fully-funded and maintained infrastructure. (*adapt okc*).

### **2. Development Requirements for Mitigating Heat**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Urban heat island effect and increasingly hotter temperatures.
  - To mitigate heat, the plan suggests implementing development requirements and fostering natural urban environments.  
  - It highlights the need for consistent and reliable data to develop efficacious and efficient mitigation policies. (*adapt okc*).

### **3. Protection and Conservation of Water Resources**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Risks of increased rainfall and associated flooding events.
  - The plan emphasizes protecting and conserving water resources as a measure against climate impacts like inundating rainfall events and flooding.  
  - Specific adaptations such as updating municipal code for elevation requirements in floodplains are suggested. (*adapt okc*).

### **4. Strengthening Infrastructure Against Extreme Weather**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Extreme weather events and their increasing frequency and intensity.
  - The plan underscores the need to strengthen infrastructure against extreme weather to prevent costly major losses from future catastrophic events.  
  - Suggestions include assessing current tree canopies and targeting coverage to prioritize vulnerable areas. (*adapt okc*).

### **5. Emission Reductions**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Increased emissions that threaten health and economy.
  - The plan aims to reduce emissions by improving energy efficiency and increasing the use of renewable energy.  
  - Supporting technological innovations to streamline processes and proactively respond to resident needs is emphasized. (*adapt okc*).

### **6. Enhancement of Equitable Disaster Recovery**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Cultural, linguistic, and age-related challenges in public service delivery.
  - Enhancing equitable approaches to disaster recovery and response is a critical adaptation strategy.  
  - These efforts are aimed at overcoming the challenges in service delivery exacerbated by climate change. (*adapt okc*).

The plan does not provide specific details on cost, timeframe, or precise locations for each of these adaptation options but highlights a strategic approach to incorporating them city-wide as part of its ongoing climate resilience efforts.

The document "adapt okc" identifies several initiatives and policies that advance climate justice by addressing vulnerabilities and ensuring equitable resources and support for all residents, particularly those most susceptible to climate impacts. Here's a summary of the climate policies and their targets:

### **1. Policy: Enhance Equity in Disaster Recovery and Response**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy recognizes the multifaceted threats posed by climate change, including extreme weather events that can cause disasters.
  
- **Areas or Populations with Most Vulnerability:** The plan highlights "low-income" groups, populations with "low educational attainment," and those experiencing "social marginalization" as vulnerable groups. The document also emphasizes addressing the needs of individuals living in "structurally substandard housing" and those with "low proximity and/or low accessibility to basic services" (*26, adapt okc*).

### **2. Policy: Improve Understanding of Social Vulnerability**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** This is aimed at addressing vulnerabilities to various climate threats, including extreme weather events such as heatwaves, floods, and storms.
  
- **Areas or Populations with Most Vulnerability:** Utilizing the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), the plan seeks to identify communities most likely to need support before, during, and after hazardous events. Vulnerabilities considered include factors like "unemployment, minority status, and disability" (*26, adapt okc*).

### **3. Policy: Increase Access to Public Transit and Non-Vehicle Travel**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** The policy aims to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from transportation, which contribute to climate change.
  
- **Areas or Populations with Most Vulnerability:** This policy particularly benefits residents who may not have reliable access to private transport, including those in low-income communities and individuals without other means of transportation (*110, adapt okc*).

### **4. Policy: Support Reliable Fuel Sources for Electric Vehicles (EVs)**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** This targets reducing emissions by promoting cleaner transportation options like electric vehicles.
  
- **Areas or Populations with Most Vulnerability:** While not explicitly detailing specific populations, the implementation supports systemic reductions in emissions. Indirect improvements in air quality can benefit communities in dense urban areas particularly impacted by transportation pollution (*110, adapt okc*).

These policies highlight Oklahoma City’s commitment to addressing climate justice by identifying vulnerable populations and proposing measures to reduce their climate risk and enhance resilience.

Based on the content of the plan "adapt okc," here are potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies:

### 1. Tree Canopy Assessment

**Policy Summary**: The policy proposes assessing the current tree canopy and setting a coverage target to prioritize mitigation activities in the most vulnerable areas. (_Chapter: Policies and Implementation_)

- **Climate Threat**: Urban heat island effect, air quality.
- **Option**: Adaptation - Increasing tree coverage to mitigate heat and improve air quality.
- **Maladaptation Risk**: If poorly implemented, focusing on increasing tree canopy without consideration of native vs. non-native species or proper maintenance could lead to increased water use, pests, and higher maintenance costs. In addition, if not targeted correctly, it may not address the areas most needing temperature reduction, thus inadvertently exacerbating heat vulnerability elsewhere.

### 2. Renewable Energy and Efficiency

**Policy Summary**: The plan suggests reducing electricity costs by increasing efficiency and renewable energy use. (_Chapter: Topics - Energy Productivity_)

- **Climate Threat**: High energy costs, electricity demand, and greenhouse gas emissions.
- **Option**: Mitigation - Switching to renewable energy sources and increasing efficiency.
- **Maladaptation Risk**: A focus on renewable energy without parallel investments in grid modernization or ensuring infrastructure resilience could risk energy supply disruptions, especially during extreme weather events that renewable installations might be vulnerable to, like wind or hail storms damaging infrastructure such as solar panels.

### 3. Updating Municipal Code for Floodplains

**Policy Summary**: Update municipal code to increase elevation requirements for new construction and substantially-improved structures in the 500-year floodplain. (_Chapter: Natural & Built Environment Policies_)

- **Climate Threat**: Flooding due to increased rainfall events.
- **Option**: Adaptation - Strengthening building codes to combat flooding impacts.
- **Maladaptation Risk**: Raising building elevation standards may inadvertently shift the focus to new developments leaving existing infrastructures vulnerable, or it could lead to less affordable housing options if construction becomes more expensive, thus increasing economic vulnerability. 

### 4. Encouraging Natural Urban Environments

**Policy Summary**: Encourage the development of more natural urban environments to mitigate heat. (_Chapter: Natural & Built Environment_)

- **Climate Threat**: Increasing urban temperatures and related heat risks.
- **Option**: Adaptation - Developing natural environments to reduce urban heat.
- **Maladaptation Risk**: Without careful planning, this may lead to increased water consumption for maintaining green spaces, especially in drought-prone areas, thus conflicting with water conservation goals. Additionally, these spaces might invite invasive species if not managed properly, leading to ecological imbalances.

These policies highlight the importance of balancing climate interventions with holistic planning to avoid unintended consequences that could potentially exacerbate existing vulnerabilities or create new ones.

**Measurement of Success/Failure:**

   - **Inventory and Reduction Target:** Create a baseline for GHG emissions by identifying major sources for both city operations and community-wide. Update the inventory every five years (Chapter Six).
   - **Reduction Strategy:** Use emissions data to establish reduction targets (AQ-3).

2. **Emissions from Transportation:**
   - **Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT):** Oklahoma City is expected to increase 54% in VMT between 2010 and 2040 (adapt okc | 86).
   - **Idling Reduction:** Conduct a comprehensive analysis of idling time to quantify emissions and fuel losses (110 | adapt okc).
   - **Alternative Fuel Vehicles:** Convert a percentage of the City fleet to alternative fuel, specifically electric vehicles, with concrete goals for reductions in annual tons of NOx and PM2.5 emissions and associated health benefits (110 | adapt okc).

3. **Electric Vehicles (EVs):**
   - **Charging Infrastructure:** Increase the number of publicly available EV charging ports and promote locations online (AQ-5).

   - **Nonattainment Economic Impact:** Perform partnership studies to estimate economic impacts (AQ-1).
   - **Pollutant Emissions:** Target reductions in CO₂, NOx, and VOCs, citing an opportunity to equate reductions to about $650,000 in annual health benefits (110 | adapt okc).

5. **Renewable Energy:**
   - **Solar and Wind:** Incorporate solar and wind best management practices into development regulations (54 | adapt okc).
   - **Geothermal Installations:** Consider geothermal technology for new and renovated City facilities (54 | adapt okc).

6. **Baseline Measurement:**
   - Use available data for each indicator to set a baseline for evaluation. Indicators include current conditions, 5-year targets, and 10-year targets (adapt okc | 155).

7. **External and Internal Indicators:**
   - **External Indicators:** Monitor trends outside of the City’s direct control that contribute to a broader picture of each chapter topic.
   - **Internal Indicators:** Track progress of City operations and effectiveness of actions directly in the City’s control (adapt okc | 155).

**Concrete Goals/Targets:**

1. **Five-Year and Ten-Year Targets:** Indicators will contain expected future values in “5-Year Target” and “10-Year Target” columns, providing specific numerical objectives (adapt okc | 155).

2. **Conduct GHG Emissions Inventories Every Five Years:** Capture both City operations and community-wide emissions (AQ-2).

These strategies not only provide a framework for tracking effectiveness but also establish clear goals and targets with specific timeframes to evaluate progress.

| **Feature**            | **Details**                                                                                                    |
|------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Oklahoma City                                                                                                  |
| **Population**         | Approximately 1.4 million residents                                                                             |
| **Threats Identified** | - Climate Change characterized by changes in temperature and precipitation                                     |
|                        | - Intensification of existing challenges affecting infrastructure, safety, security, and public health         |
|                        | - Increase in temperature marked by drier, hotter summers                                                       |
|                        | - Increase of inundating rainfall events and associated flooding                                                |
|                        | - Increase in operating and maintenance costs of infrastructure and assets                                      |
|                        | - Cultural, linguistic, and age-related challenges to public service delivery                                   |
| **Measures Identified**| - Increase tree and vegetation cover                                                                           |
|                        | - Make roofs and hardscapes cooler                                                                             |
|                        | - Implement development and conservation strategies to limit negative impacts of urbanization                  |
|                        | - Use renewable energy and increase energy productivity                                                         |
|                        | - Mitigate heat through development requirements and more natural urban environments                            |
|                        | - Reduce emissions that threaten health and economy                                                             |
|                        | - Protect and conserve water resources                                                                          |
|                        | - Enhance equitable approach to disaster recovery and response                                                  |
|                        | - Strengthen infrastructure against extreme weather and increasing costs                                        |
|                        | - Reduce paper consumption and promote recycling and composting strategies                                      |

```

The plan provided does not explicitly detail the full physical and economic landscape of the City of San Diego, but it does offer some insights and context:

- **Name:** City of San Diego
- **Location:** San Diego, California

- **Coastline:** San Diego is known for its extensive coastline and is likely to be impacted by climate-related hazards affecting coastal areas.
- There is no explicit mention of mountains, rivers, or deserts within this extract, but it's implied that the city has significant urban and built environments.

- The plan does not specify key infrastructure such as airports or seaports in this particular extract.

- The document notes the City is facing a climate crisis, with impacts such as air quality issues and extreme weather events. 
- No specific mention of aridity or water challenges is provided in the content provided. 

- The focus is on transitioning the city to renewable energy and achieving net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2035. 
- The plan discusses "removing fossil fuels from new construction" and transitioning all City facilities "to zero emissions" (Chapter "Workforce Impact").

### **Economic Landscape & Drivers:**

- **Housing:** The plan highlights a housing affordability crisis, partly because housing production has not kept pace with population growth (Chapter "Housing"). 
- **Transportation:** The City aims to reduce reliance on gasoline-powered personal vehicles, suggesting that personal vehicle use is a significant local economic factor and contributor to climate challenges (Chapter "Active and Healthy Lifestyles").
- **Job Market:** The implementation of new clean energy projects and building decarbonization efforts are expected to create new job opportunities in the clean energy market, balancing out the job losses in more traditional sectors.
- **Industries:** Current strategic shifts focus on jobs in the renewable energy sector and transitioning traditional roles to greener economies (Chapter "Workforce Impact").
- **Community:** There is a specific emphasis on ensuring that economic growth is inclusive, equitable, and benefits all neighborhoods.

### **Demographics and Average Income:**

- There are no explicit details provided about the demographics or average income of residents in this extract. 

### **Key Themes:**

- The plan emphasizes partnerships, economic transformation, and equitable job creation as pivotal to addressing climate change impacts and transitioning away from fossil fuel dependency (Chapters "Green Economy", "Partnerships and Advocacy").

- **Resilience Focus**: The plan emphasizes resilience through the "Climate Resilient SD," which is designed to prepare, adapt, and recover from climate change impacts such as extreme heat, wildfires, sea level rise, flooding, and drought. It also aims to protect vulnerable populations and improve civic infrastructure to create more equitable and sustainable communities.  
  - *"Climate Resilient SD focuses on how we can protect those most vulnerable to climate change and improve the lives of the people in our city while preparing for a changing climate."* (Climate Resilient SD)

- **Mitigation Efforts**: San Diego's Climate Action Plan (CAP) details specific strategies to reduce GHG emissions, targeting net zero emissions by 2035. Strategies to achieve emission reductions include decarbonization of the built environment, clean and renewable energy, and resilient infrastructure.
  - *"This Climate Action Plan (CAP) is the City’s policy commitment to set clear goals to reduce GHG emissions and details the strategies and actions we will collectively take to make San Diego a more sustainable, healthy and thriving city."* (Introduction)

- **Adaptation Strategies**: The plan includes a comprehensive set of adaptation strategies under the "Climate Resilient SD" to address climate change hazards including sea level rise, flooding, extreme heat, and wildfires, with a focus on reducing risk and building more resilient communities.
  - *"The Climate Resilient SD plan includes adaptation strategies and associated core benefits which include GHG reductions."* (Introduction)

The plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. It integrates extensive measures for both reducing GHG emissions and enhancing resilience against climate impacts, with a balanced focus on both mitigation and adaptation strategies to address climate change comprehensively.

Yes, the plan describes various scenarios of climate change that the City of San Diego is planning for, focusing on climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation:

- **Extreme Heat:** The plan emphasizes preparing for extreme heat by prioritizing adaptation strategies based on urban heat mapping data. Heat distribution maps guide where to implement these strategies effectively (Sec. "Climate Resilient SD").

- **Wildfires:** Wildfires are identified as a significant climate hazard the city must adapt to (Sec. "Climate Resilient SD").

- **Sea Level Rise and Flooding:** The plan includes sea level rise and flooding as primary climate change hazards and incorporates actions to mitigate these risks (Sec. "The Intersections of Climate Action").

- **Drought:** Droughts are noted as climate change-related hazards, impacting San Diego's water supply and requiring adaptive measures (Sec. "The Intersections of Climate Action").

The plan outlines a comprehensive approach through the "Climate Resilient SD" initiative, aiming "to reduce impacts from climate change-related hazards including extreme heat, extreme rainfall, drought, wildfires and sea level rise" (Sec. "The Intersections of Climate Action").

The plan identifies several climate hazards that present risks for the planning jurisdiction. Below is a numbered list of each hazard along with the plan’s description:

   - **Description of the Hazard:** The plan describes extreme heat as a significant climate hazard impacting the city, with increased temperatures being one of the biggest perceived impacts of climate change.
   - **Climate Risks Posed:** Heat increases the demand for air conditioning, leading to higher electricity bills and rolling blackouts caused by energy use, as well as health concerns and discomfort for residents.
   - **Areas or Populations Most Vulnerable:** Residents without access to air conditioning or who are unable to afford increased electricity costs are particularly vulnerable, as well as those affected by rolling blackouts.

   - **Description of the Hazard:** Wildfires are mentioned frequently in the plan as a major consequence of climate change, with increasing frequency and intensity.
   - **Climate Risks Posed:** Wildfires pose risks such as mandatory evacuations, property loss, and significant anxiety due to the consistent threat they represent.
   - **Areas or Populations Most Vulnerable:** Populations living in or near wildfire-prone areas are most vulnerable, particularly those who have already experienced evacuations or property loss.

3. **Sea Level Rise**
   - **Description of the Hazard:** Sea level rise is identified as a notable impact of climate change, threatening coastal areas.
   - **Climate Risks Posed:** Rising sea levels can lead to increased flooding and erosion, endangering infrastructure and property near the coast and affecting local ecosystems.
   - **Areas or Populations Most Vulnerable:** Communities located along the coast, low-lying areas, and infrastructure close to the water are particularly at risk.

   - **Description of the Hazard:** The plan highlights flooding as a hazard exacerbated by extreme rainfall and sea level rise.
   - **Climate Risks Posed:** Flooding can damage homes, infrastructure, and the natural environment, posing threats to safety and economic stability.
   - **Areas or Populations Most Vulnerable:** Flood-prone areas, particularly those with inadequate drainage or poor infrastructure, are vulnerable to this hazard.

   - **Description of the Hazard:** Drought is recognized as a significant climate hazard with potential widespread impacts.
   - **Climate Risks Posed:** Drought conditions threaten water supply, affect agriculture, and can lead to increased costs for water usage and restrictions.
   - **Areas or Populations Most Vulnerable:** Populations dependent on consistent water supply for agriculture or daily living needs, as well as those unable to afford increased water costs, are most at risk.

6. **Poor Air Quality**
   - **Description of the Hazard:** Poor air quality is linked to increased temperatures, wildfires, and general pollution.
   - **Climate Risks Posed:** Health issues such as respiratory problems are heightened by poor air quality, affecting general well-being and increasing healthcare needs.
   - **Areas or Populations Most Vulnerable:** Communities already experiencing poor environmental quality or those with higher rates of respiratory issues are most vulnerable.

For each hazard, the plan aims to identify those most at risk and proposes measures to enhance resilience and adapt effectively to these challenges.

Based on the provided document, the following resilience options are identified:

### **1. Resilient Infrastructure and Healthy Ecosystems**

**Specific Climate Threat It Addresses:**
- The resilience option specifically addresses four primary climate change hazards: **sea level rise, flooding and drought, extreme heat, and wildfires**. (See "Strategy 5: Resilient Infrastructure and Healthy Ecosystems").

- The document did not provide explicit details on the cost, timeframe, or precise location for these resilience options. However, it mentions that the actions identified better prepare San Diego to minimize the negative effects of climate change. (Refer to "Strategy 5: Resilient Infrastructure and Healthy Ecosystems").

- **Economic Considerations:** Investment in the water supply system to maintain a reliable water source is highlighted, focusing on energy efficiency and upgrades. In 2019, the Public Utilities Department (PUD) utilized about 56% of its energy from onsite renewable generation. There is a focus on upgrading existing renewable facilities. (Refer to "Strategy 5: Resilient Infrastructure and Healthy Ecosystems").

- **Environmental Considerations:** The strategy emphasizes increasing green spaces such as tree canopies and urban forests to mitigate urban heat islands and improve air quality. (Refer to "Strategy 5: Resilient Infrastructure and Healthy Ecosystems").

- **Infrastructural Considerations:** The strategy involves coordination with local transit agencies and the development of cultural plans connecting the arts with sustainability. It implies an integrated approach to infrastructure improvements. (See "Strategy 5: Resilient Infrastructure and Healthy Ecosystems").

### **General Observations from the Document:**

- The goals of the resilience strategies align with improving infrastructure and ecosystem health by preparing for climate impacts.
- There is a focus on promoting sustainable futures for vulnerable populations in San Diego by implementing equitable strategies. (Refer to the section discussing Communities of Concern).

This summary is based on the information available in the provided document sections. Additional tables, charts, or images were not referenced in the provided text.

The plan identifies several mitigation options aimed at reducing GHG emissions and enhancing sustainability. Below is a summary of each identified option based on cost, timing, location, and other attributes as detailed in the plan:

### **1. Sequestration Measures**
- **Description:** Focus on restoring and enhancing urban canyons and developing management plans for wetlands. 
- **Cost:** Financial viability varies, with some actions having low feasibility scores due to costs.
- **Timing:** Targets set for 2030 and 2035. 
- **Location:** Prioritizes Communities of Concern and City-managed lands.
- **Attributes:** Actions support habitat restoration and include environmental education and preservation. They focus on equitable implementation by addressing historical disparities.

### **2. Decarbonization of Buildings**
- **Description:** Transition existing buildings, new developments, and city facilities to low or zero carbon strategies.
- **Cost:** Some measures have high financial viability, while others are medium.
- **Location:** Citywide, addressing all types of buildings.
- **Attributes:** Emphasizes the use of renewable energy technologies such as heat pumps and energy storage, with an effort to increase affordability of household energy.

### **3. Climate-Focused Land Use**
- **Description:** Plan for transit-oriented development and active transportation options to reduce vehicular miles traveled (VMT).
- **Cost:** Varies by action; some actions face medium financial viability challenges.
- **Timing:** Targets for VMT reduction set for 2030 and 2035.
- **Location:** Focused on Transit Priority Areas (TPAs) and areas with the lowest amount of vehicular travel.
- **Attributes:** Includes updating ordinances to better support public space activation and pedestrian safety.

### **4. Circular Economy and Clean Communities**
- **Description:** Reduce municipal waste and capture methane emissions.
- **Cost:** Not explicitly detailed.
- **Location:** Citywide application at municipal facilities.
- **Attributes:** Focus on capturing emissions at the source and improving local environmental quality.

### **5. Resilient Infrastructure and Ecosystems**
- **Description:** Enhance urban greenery through tree canopy expansion.
- **Cost:** Financial viability rated as medium.
- **Timing:** Timing of specific projects not detailed.
- **Location:** Prioritizes Communities of Concern for enhanced tree planting and ecological planning.
- **Attributes:** Actions aim to reduce the heat island effect and improve biodiversity.

Each mitigation option is aligned with broader goals of enhancing resilience, sustainability, and equity, with many explicitly prioritizing historically under-resourced areas, termed "Communities of Concern," ensuring that actions address systemic disparities.

The plan identifies several mitigation options, each aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainability. For each option, the provided information details various attributes such as cost, timeframe, location, and importance. Here are the mitigation options identified in the document:

### 1. **Decarbonize Existing Buildings** 
  - **Cost Feasibility:** High financial viability is noted, indicating that this is a potentially cost-effective measure.
  - **Timeframe:** Details of exact timeline not specified, though actions are ongoing.
  - **Location:** Implemented throughout the planning jurisdiction, focusing on existing structures.
  - **Other Attributes:** Emphasizes technical feasibility and mainstreaming potential with a significant priority on reducing emissions. 

### 2. **Decarbonize New Building Development**
  - **Cost Feasibility:** High financial viability indicates strong potential for cost-effective implementation.
  - **Timeframe:** Current actions show ongoing efforts.
  - **Location:** Applies to new construction projects within the planning jurisdiction.
  - **Other Attributes:** High stakeholder acceptability and mainstreaming potential are noted, with efforts aligned with the City's overall climate action strategies.

### 3. **Transportation Demand Management (TDM)**
  - **Cost Feasibility:** Financial viability is considered as part of broader transportation management strategies.
  - **Timeframe:** No specific timeframe indicated, but efforts are implied to be continuous.
  - **Location:** City-wide application to manage transportation demand regulation.
  - **Other Attributes:** Focus on increasing affordability and reducing vehicular traffic to lower GHG emissions.

### 4. **Electrify Construction Equipment**
  - **Cost Feasibility:** Financial feasibility not explicitly mentioned, but implied through explorations of policies and incentives.
  - **Timeframe:** Ongoing exploration of policies and incentives for further implementation.
  - **Location:** Applies to construction projects within the city.
  - **Other Attributes:** Potential to significantly reduce emissions from construction activities through electrification.

### 5. **Carbon Sequestration Efforts**
  - **Cost Feasibility:** Associated costs or financial viability are not explicitly stated.
  - **Timeframe:** Targets for 2030 and 2035 include specific restoration land area goals.
  - **Location:** Focus on wetland and riparian habitats within the jurisdiction, including urban canyons.
  - **Other Attributes:** Emphasis on partnerships with tribal governments and environmental justice.

### 6. **Renewable Energy Adoption**
  - **Cost Feasibility:** High financial viability reported, with mainstreaming potential through City facilities.
  - **Timeframe:** Strategies are part of long-term goals; specific timelines are not mentioned.
  - **Location:** Implemented city-wide with emphasis on municipal facilities.
  - **Other Attributes:** Focus on achieving zero emissions with strategic energy projects for increased community resiliency.

Each of these mitigation options plays a role in the City's climate action strategy to reduce GHG emissions and promote sustainable development practices. The plan emphasizes financial viability and stakeholder acceptability, ensuring broad support for these initiatives.

The plan outlines various adaptation options through Climate Resilient SD, aimed at preparing for and recovering from the impacts of climate change. Below are the adaptation options identified in the plan along with the climate threats they address and their attributes:

1. **Urban Heat Mapping and Adaptation Strategies**
    - **Climate Threats Addressed:**
      - *Extreme Heat*
      - High resolution maps produced from the urban heat mapping event will guide the prioritization of adaptation strategies specifically targeting extreme heat (`Climate Resilient SD`).
    - **Additional Details:**
      - In September 2021, the City partnered with NOAA and other organizations to conduct the urban heat mapping event which involved collecting temperature and humidity data. The data helps in spatially identifying heat distribution across the city to better focus adaptation efforts (`Climate Resilient SD`).

2. **Water Supply System Investments**
      - *Drought and Water Scarcity*
      - Investments are made by the Public Utilities Department to maintain water reliability for residents and businesses, and efforts are made to improve energy efficiency and upgrade facilities (`Climate Resilient SD`).
      - As of 2019, about 56% of the energy used in water supply operations came from onsite renewable generation, showing a commitment to sustainable practices (`Climate Resilient SD`).

3. **Coordination with Local Agencies and Climate Experts**
      - *General Climate Change Impacts and Risks*
      - Involves strategies like collaboration with local transit agencies and climate science experts to inform policy decisions. This is part of a comprehensive adaptation and resilience strategy to build sustainable and equitable communities (`Climate Resilient SD`).
      - The plan also highlights the importance of developing a cultural plan that links arts to sustainability and resilience efforts, which highlights a multi-disciplinary approach to adaptation.

Overall, the plan does not provide specific detailed cost estimates or timeframes for these options, focusing instead on strategic alignment and partnerships. Locations and other specific attributes are geared towards building resilience across the city, with particular attention to communities most vulnerable to climate impacts. The plan aims to integrate adaptation measures with broader sustainability goals while addressing climate risks and vulnerabilities.

The plan identifies several climate policies to advance climate justice, focusing on climate threats and vulnerable populations:

1. **Climate Equity Fund**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The policy addresses the lack of infrastructure and resources in historically underserved and underinvested communities, exacerbated by climate impacts like infrastructure degradation, poor air quality, and extreme weather events.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The fund prioritizes investment in the City's "Communities of Concern," which have historically experienced structural exclusion and limited access to investment. These communities largely consist of people of color and low-income residents who are disproportionately affected by climate change effects. "*Funding mechanisms like a Climate Equity Fund assist in prioritizing investments into Communities of Concern.*" (Introduction)

2. **Environmental Justice Element**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Disproportionate pollution exposure and other health burdens that are exacerbated by climate change.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Neighborhoods disproportionately impacted by pollution and health risks, often comprised of low-income communities and communities of color. The EJ Element will develop policies and actions focusing on these communities’ access to clean air, healthy food, parks, and infrastructure. "*The EJ element will develop goals, objectives, policies, and actions to address the following issues for neighborhoods disproportionately experiencing pollution and other health burdens.*" (Environmental Justice Element)

3. **Climate Resilient SD**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Climate hazards like extreme heat, sea level rise, flooding, drought, and wildfires.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Residents of "Communities of Concern" who have the greatest needs and fewest resources to adapt to changing climate conditions. This policy seeks to protect these vulnerable populations while prioritizing social equity goals. "*Climate Resilient SD focuses on how we can protect those most vulnerable to climate change and improve the lives of the people in our city while preparing for a changing climate.*" (Climate Resilient SD)

4. **Prioritizing Communities of Concern**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The policy addresses general climate impacts including poor air quality and infrastructure degradation that disproportionately affect vulnerable communities.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Communities of color, which predominantly reside within the City’s "Communities of Concern." These areas face systemic inequities enhanced by a history of redlining and underinvestment. "*The effects of climate change, such as poor air quality, extreme heat and infrastructure degradation, disproportionately impact communities of color, which are predominantly concentrated within the City’s Communities of Concern.*" (Prioritizing Communities of Concern)

Each of these policies is designed to ensure climate justice by prioritizing investments in and protection for populations most vulnerable to climate-related hazards.

Based on the provided document, no explicit maladaptive climate policies are directly mentioned. However, I can highlight some areas where potential for maladaptation might exist based on general principles:

1. **Policy Area: Building Electrification**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The policy addresses the threat of GHG emissions from the energy used in buildings.
   - **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option Proposed:** The option proposes reducing emissions by mandating the electrification of new and existing buildings to eliminate the use of natural gas, as part of the decarbonization strategy. This involves developing policies through engagement with Communities of Concern and affordable housing developers.
   - **Potential for Maladaptation:** While the intention is to reduce emissions, this policy could lead to maladaptation if it does not adequately account for the initial cost and technical challenges associated with retrofitting older buildings. This could inadvertently increase costs for residents, particularly affecting low-income communities and potentially leading to inequitable energy burdens.

2. **Policy Area: Urban Heat Mitigation**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The policy addresses the threat of extreme heat events in urban areas.
   - **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option Proposed:** The option involves using high-resolution heat mapping to prioritize the implementation of heat adaptation strategies, such as enhancing urban green spaces and tree canopies.
   - **Potential for Maladaptation:** If not carefully planned and executed, these interventions may inadvertently increase water use or lead to the selection of plant species that are not drought-resistant, thereby exacerbating water scarcity issues, especially during periods of drought.

While these areas are not explicitly identified in the plan as being maladaptive, they represent potential pitfalls that could arise if the policies are not carefully designed and implemented with consideration of all community needs and environmental conditions.

The plan includes several quantifiable metrics and specific goals to measure the success of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options:

#### **1. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions:**

- **Targets to Reduce Emissions:**
  - "Decarbonization of the Built Environment" aims for:
    - *2030 Target:* Phase out 45% of natural gas usage from existing buildings.
    - *2035 Target:* Phase out 90% of natural gas usage from existing buildings.
  - "Reduction in Municipal Facilities" targets:
    - Phase out 50% of natural gas usage by 2030.
    - Phase out 100% natural gas usage by 2035.

- **Renewable Energy Goals:**
  - "Access to Clean & Renewable Energy" strategy:
    - *100% renewable or GHG-free power* provided by SDCP for all customers.

#### **2. Transportation and Mobility:**

- **Vehicle Targets:**
  - Increase in Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEVs) with specific percentage targets for Light-duty Vehicles (LDVs), Medium-duty Vehicles (MDVs), and Heavy-duty Vehicles (HDVs):
    - *2030 Target:* 50% for all categories.
    - *2035 Target:* 100% for LDVs; 75% for MDVs and HDVs.

- **Transit Mode Share:**
  - Increase walking, cycling, and transit mode shares among residents:
    - *2030 Target:* 19% walking and 7% cycling.
    - *2035 Target:* 25% walking and 10% cycling.

- **Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) Reductions:**
  - Achieve 4% reduction through telecommuting by 2030 and 6% by 2035.
  - 8% VMT reduction per capita by 2030; 15% by 2035.

#### **3. Waste Management and Circular Economy:**

- **Waste Diversion and Gas Capture:**
  - Waste management targets:
    - *2030 Target:* 82% Waste Diversion Rate and 85% Landfill Gas Capture.
    - *2035 Target:* 90% Waste Diversion Rate and 90% Landfill Gas Capture.
  - Methane capture from wastewater treatment facilities: 99%.

#### **4. Ecosystem and Infrastructure Resilience:**

- **Urban Canopy and Restoration:**
  - Urban canopy cover goals: 28% by 2030; 35% by 2035.
  - Restoration of tidal wetland habitats:
    - *2030 Target:* Restore 350 acres.
    - *2035 Target:* Restore 700 acres.

- **Local Water Supply:**
  - Contribution of local water supply from PureWater:
    - *2030 Target:* 33,000 acre-feet.
    - *2035 Target:* 93,000 acre-feet.

#### **5. Emerging Climate Action:**

- **Net Zero GHG Emissions:**
  - The strategy involves further exploration to achieve a *net zero GHG emissions* status, aiming for an additional reduction/removal of 2,262,000 metric tons.

#### **6. Air Quality and Public Health:**

- **Core Benefits Analysis:**
  - The plan includes metrics for improving air and water quality, safety, and resilience, rated on a scale from 0 to 3 (0-N/A, 1-Low, 2-Medium, 3-High) for each supporting action, focusing on:
    - "Improve outdoor air quality"
    - "Reduce pollution & litter"
    - "Increase access to healthy & affordable food"
    - "Increase walkability" and others.

### **Reporting and Accountability:**

- The city commits to providing an "annual progress report" and conducting comprehensive GHG "emissions inventories at least every two years" to track the effectiveness and progress of these strategies in meeting their set goals and targets.

Through these targets and measures, the plan aims for accountability and transparency in achieving climate goals.

| Feature           | Description                                                                                                                                                                  |
|-------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | City of San Diego                                                                                                                                                           |
| **Population**         | Not directly mentioned; however, table references: "Population, Housing, and Jobs Estimates (San Diego, 2019–2050)" indicating a projected estimate timeframe.            |
| **Threats Identified** | *Climate Impacts* and vulnerabilities specific to San Diego are not detailed, but general concerns can be inferred from context. Examples might include emissions, water supply, energy use, etc., as indirectly indicated through section titles within the document. |
| **Measures Identified**| - **Strategy 1:** Decarbonization of the Built Environment; <br> - **Strategy 2:** Access to Clean and Renewable Energy;<br> - **Strategy 3:** Mobility and Land Use;<br> - **Strategy 4:** Circular Economy and Clean Communities;<br> - **Strategy 5:** Resilient Infrastructure and Healthy Ecosystems; <br> - **Strategy 6:** Emerging Climate Action; <br> - Specific measures include increasing urban canopy cover, exploring further GHG emission removal opportunities, increasing tree canopy, local water supply enhancements, and renewable energy generation initiatives. |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction:** City of Dallas, Texas

**Location:** Dallas is situated in Texas, United States, which is in the Southern Great Plains region. 

- The plan does not specify the population, demographics, or average income.

- The plan does not describe specific geographic features such as mountains, rivers, deserts, or coastlines.
- Key infrastructure like airports or seaports are not mentioned in the plan.

- Dallas experiences extreme weather including "flooding and storms, heatwaves, and drought." (Executive Summary)
- By 2050, the city is expected to face "a 5° F increase in mean temperature during summer months." (Challenges and Approach)
- Climate models predict "a decrease in overall annual precipitation, and an increase in the frequency, intensity, and length of severe droughts." (Challenges and Approach)

**Water Challenges:**
- The plan acknowledges challenges in water management due to potential increased drought conditions. Measures such as water conservation and flood protection are prioritized in the adaptation strategies (Goals, Objectives, Actions + Targets).

- Dallas aims to generate and use "renewable, reliable, and affordable energy," encouraging "investment in, and greater use of, renewable energy." (Comprehensive Environmental and Climate Action Plan)
- The shift from fossil fuels is mentioned with labor force changes "away from oil and gas development to renewable energy resources." (Challenges and Approach)

- Key sectors likely to be impacted by climate change include "mining, logging, and construction; trade, transportation, utilities, and manufacturing," which account for about "1/3 of the region’s total employment." (Challenges and Approach)
- Economic impacts from climate change may include "disruptions to operations due to power outages and damage to critical infrastructure," "brownouts," and "a decrease in labor productivity for outdoor workers." (Challenges and Approach)

**General Summary:**
- Dallas faces significant climate challenges with impacts on weather patterns, water resources, and economic sectors. The city’s strategy focuses on increasing resilience and reducing emissions through renewable energy and infrastructure improvements.

**Summary of Resilience, Mitigation, and Adaptation:**

- The plan emphasizes resilience through strategies like forming a new Environment and Sustainability Advisory Committee to assist with implementation and working with different committees and coalitions for support. It mentions increasing climate resilience of buildings through structural and operational improvements and promoting neighborhood infrastructure to mitigate adverse environmental impacts. *"Increase climate resilience for new and existing buildings through structural and operational improvements."* (RESILIENT DALLAS STRATEGY) 

- The plan integrates mitigation by aiming for carbon neutrality by 2050 and includes reducing greenhouse gas emissions from key sectors such as buildings, energy, and transportation. *“The suite of actions in the plan has been carefully selected to include mitigation, adaptation and environmental quality and justice activities to start Dallas on a positive path towards achieving carbon neutrality by 2050.”* (EXECUTIVE SUMMARY)

- It addresses adaptation by preparing for impacts such as extreme heat, more frequent and severe storms, and anticipating their effect on infrastructure and vulnerable populations. Strategies include the development of resilience hubs and protection of neighborhoods from flooding and droughts. *"Dallas generates and uses renewable, reliable, and affordable energy" and "Protect neighborhoods from flooding and prepare them for droughts."* (GOALS, OBJECTIVES, ACTIONS + TARGETS)

Given its incorporation of mitigation and adaptation strategies, and the focus on a wide range of environmental quality and justice activities, the plan can be classified as an **"equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan."**

Yes, the plan describes scenarios of climate change that Dallas will face and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. 

### **Described Scenarios:**

- **Temperature Increase:** By 2050, Dallas is expected to experience a 5°F increase in mean temperature during summer months, resulting in 30 to 60 more days with temperatures over 100°F. These heat waves are expected to be more frequent, hotter, and longer than historic events, posing health threats and worsening air quality. (_Environmental + Climate Challenges: Our Changing Climate_)

- **Extreme Weather:** Dallas is expected to face exacerbated extreme weather conditions due to climate change, such as storms, flooding, heatwaves, and droughts. Models predict decreased overall annual precipitation and more frequent, intense, and prolonged severe droughts. (_Challenges and Approach_)

- **Economic Impacts:** Climate change is anticipated to increase electricity demand significantly, reduce heat-related labor productivity costing the economy up to $12.5 billion statewide each year, and potentially as much as $19.6 billion annually with a 1-in-20 likelihood. (_Executive Summary: The Challenges_)

- **Vulnerability of Populations:** Vulnerable populations, including low-income households, children, and the elderly, are at greater risk due to social, economic, and environmental barriers, susceptibility to heat-related illnesses, and sensitivity to air quality issues. (_Executive Summary: The Challenges_)

These scenarios highlight the impacts of climate change on Dallas, including increased heat, extreme weather conditions, economic burdens, and social vulnerability, driving the development of resilience, mitigation, and adaptation policies.

   - **Description:** Extreme heat events, characterized by temperatures over 100°F, are projected to increase in frequency and duration. By 2050, Dallas is likely to experience 30 to 60 more days over 100°F.
   - **Climate Risks:** Extreme heat can cause or exacerbate negative health impacts, including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, mental health challenges, and loss of life. It also leads to increased electricity demand and reduced heat-related labor productivity, potentially costing the economy up to $12.5 billion annually, with a worst-case scenario of more than $19.6 billion.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** "Vulnerable populations," including low-income households, children, and the elderly, are at greater risk due to existing social, economic, and environmental barriers. They are more likely to live in poor-quality homes and have difficulties affording repairs and improvements after weather-related damage.

2. **Severe Storms and Flooding**
   - **Description:** Dallas is experiencing more frequent floods, with significant rainfall events like those observed following the catastrophic 2015 impacts in the Upper Trinity River basin and Hurricane Harvey in 2017.
   - **Climate Risks:** Flooding causes economic and environmental damages, disproportionately affecting communities located outside of regulated floodplains, indicating a surprising increase in unexpected flooding incidents.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Low-income communities and communities of color, primarily in the southern and western sectors of Dallas, are most at risk due to historic underinvestment in their neighborhoods. They face increased exposure to flooding and the associated disruptions.

   - **Description:** Dallas is likely to experience increased frequency, intensity, and length of severe droughts, with a decrease in overall annual precipitation.
   - **Climate Risks:** Droughts affect Dallas's water resources, challenging its water resilience and impacting agricultural outputs and economic growth.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Not explicitly mentioned, but generally, communities with less adaptive capacity or access to alternate water sources may face higher risks.

   - **Description:** Extreme heat creates stagnant air conditions, resulting in poor air quality, which already affects parts of Dallas.
   - **Climate Risks:** Poor air quality worsens respiratory diseases and aggravates health issues caused by heat.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Children and the elderly are more sensitive to air quality excursions, as they have a lower ability to regulate body temperature and are more affected by poor air quality.

1. **Creation of 'Resilience Hubs':**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Major storm events that disrupt electricity services, posing safety challenges if they impact the City’s fire, police, and emergency response services. Resilience hubs provide emergency heating, cooling, and power services during outages. *["Resilience hubs located in vulnerable communities can provide access to emergency services, including heating/cooling and electricity for phone charging, for residents who may not have backup generators for storm events." (COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLIMATE ACTION PLAN)]*
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific data on cost, timeframe, and location is not provided, but the focus is on dispersing stormproof facilities across the community. *["The City will identify potential resilience hub locations that can be developed to establish a citywide network that serves Dallas’ various communities." (COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLIMATE ACTION PLAN)]*
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Economic considerations include leveraging solar photovoltaics and battery storage systems for reliable power. These hubs serve as bases for first responders and critical service providers.

2. **Water Infrastructure Resilience:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Extreme weather events impacting drinking water facilities, road access, facility capacity, and energy sources. *["As part of the ongoing Risk and Resilience Assessment of the DWU water system, the vulnerability of drinking water facilities to extreme weather events will be assessed and strategies will be identified to mitigate their impacts." (COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLIMATE ACTION PLAN)]*
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific data on cost and timeframe is not provided. Resilience is to be achieved through secondary power sources like solar panels and generators. Location focus on critical water infrastructure facilities. 
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Environmental considerations include maintaining water quality and continuous service during extreme weather events. *["Parameters such as road access to facilities, capacity of facilities during extreme weather events and energy sources to power these facilities will be assessed." (COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLIMATE ACTION PLAN)]*

3. **Green Infrastructure Programs:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addresses urban heat islands and stormwater runoff through urban greening. *["Vegetation and green space help to reduce and/or slow stormwater runoff (and therefore flooding) and can reduce urban heat islands, provide wildlife habitat, and provide other social and environmental benefits." (COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLIMATE ACTION PLAN)]*
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific cost and timeframe details not provided. The network targets neighborhoods in need of mobility improvements and additional parks and trails, often lower-income areas.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Environmental benefits include improved air and water quality, and public health through increased green space. Economic considerations involve the long-term Capital Improvement Plan. *["The green infrastructure and mobility network will be prioritized in neighborhoods that are in most need of mobility improvements and additional parks and trails, which tend to be lower income neighborhoods." (COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLIMATE ACTION PLAN)]*

4. **Energy Storage Technologies:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Enhances resilience during grid outages resulting from major storm events. *["Energy storage technologies such as batteries provide multiple benefits... They can be used to provide emergency electricity supply in the case of grid outage during major storm events for critical facilities." (COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLIMATE ACTION PLAN)]*
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific cost details are not provided. Prioritization for implementation in highly susceptible areas. *["City will evaluate opportunities to duplicate the technology for energy storage and microgrid installation for critical buildings such as emergency service buildings or community facilities." (COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLIMATE ACTION PLAN)]*
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Economic benefits include improved cost-effectiveness of renewable energy and potential for time-of-day economic benefits. *["improve the cost benefit of renewable energy technologies through improving the continuity of service." (COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLIMATE ACTION PLAN)]*

The plan identifies several mitigation options aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Below are summaries of the mitigation options provided in the plan, including information on cost, timing, location, and other important attributes:

1. **Energy Efficiency of Existing Buildings or Facilities (B1):**
   - **Description:** The City plans to demonstrate leadership in developing a carbon neutrality plan for municipal operations, focusing on increasing energy efficiency in buildings and facilities.
   - **Cost:** Not specifically stated, but referenced as a method for "Cost savings."
   - **Timing:** To achieve carbon neutrality by 2030.
   - **Location:** Municipal buildings and facilities across the city.
   - **Attributes:** Nearly two-thirds of municipal emissions come from energy use in buildings; building energy audits and retrofit opportunities are key components.

2. **Airport Carbon Accreditation (B2):**
   - **Description:** Achieve Level 3+ Airport Carbon Accreditation at Love Field for carbon neutral operations and maintain accreditation for DFW and pursue for Dallas Executive Airport.
   - **Timing:** Ongoing action; a three-year Level 3+ accreditation through 2021 is mentioned.
   - **Location:** Love Field Airport, DFW Airport, and Dallas Executive Airport.
   - **Attributes:** Includes solar panel installation and carbon offsets.

3. **Demonstrating Leadership in Carbon Neutrality (T3):**
   - **Description:** Reduce emissions through energy-efficient new construction and waste minimization.
   - **Cost:** Not directly stated, but involves "Cost savings."
   - **Location:** Citywide new constructions.
   - **Attributes:** Involves leadership in a carbon neutrality plan.

4. **Increase Use of Public Transit and Active Transportation Options (T15):**
   - **Description:** Encourage a mode shift from single occupancy vehicles to public transit and active transportation.
   - **Cost:** Not mentioned.
   - **Location:** Transportation networks throughout Dallas.
   - **Attributes:** Supporting infrastructure for electric vehicle technology and public transit.

5. **Travel Mode Shift: Single Occupancy Vehicle Trip Reduction (T16):**
   - **Description:** Reduce the reliance on single occupancy vehicles to cut down emissions.
   - **Location:** Broad citywide implementation.
   - **Attributes:** Encourage the adoption of more sustainable transportation methods.

6. **Vehicle Fuel Efficiency: Federal Standards (T11):**
   - **Description:** Adoption of federal vehicle fuel efficiency standards.
   - **Location:** Covers all vehicle operations within Dallas.
   - **Attributes:** Reduce emissions from vehicle fleet operations.

Each of these mitigation options addresses different elements of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in Dallas, with a focus on energy efficiency, renewable energy installation, and transportation improvements. Specific costs, timing, and detailed geographic locations are not extensively detailed but the general focus and strategy are laid out within the plan.

The plan identifies several mitigation options aimed at reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The summarized information includes details about cost, timeframe, location, and other important attributes for each option:

1. **Energy Efficiency: Existing City Buildings**
   - **Attributes:** The City will develop a program to implement retrofits for energy efficiency. 
   - **Cost/Timeframe:** Medium-term (2-6 years).
   - **Other Details:** Implementation is anticipated to result in programmatic savings, which may be used to implement energy generation.

2. **Energy Efficiency: Existing Residential Buildings**
   - **Emissions Reduction Target:** All existing residential buildings are to reduce energy use by 10% through lighting, appliance upgrades, space heating/cooling improvements, low-flow fixtures, and building envelope improvements by 2030, and 25% by 2050.

3. **Energy Efficiency: Existing Commercial Buildings**
   - **Emissions Reduction Target:** 20% of existing commercial buildings to reduce energy use by 15% below 2015 levels by 2030, and 50% to reduce energy use by 20% below 2015 levels by 2050.

4. **Renewable Energy: Increase Use**
   - **Emissions Reduction Target:** 
     - Dallas achieves 10% and 50% of solar capacity potential by 2030 and 2050, respectively.
     - 20% and 50% of customers purchase 100% renewable energy by 2030 and 2050, respectively.

5. **Recycling: Paper Diversion**
   - **Emissions Reduction Target:** 60% and 90% paper waste diversion by 2030 and 2050, respectively.

6. **Electric Vehicles: Transit**
   - **Emissions Reduction Target:** 75% and 100% of DART buses are electric by 2030 and 2050, respectively.

7. **Electric Vehicles: Passenger**
   - **Emissions Reduction Target:** 14% and 50% passenger vehicles to be electric by 2030 and 2050, respectively.

8. **Energy Efficiency: New Construction**
   - **Emissions Reduction Target:** All new construction from 2030 onward is to be zero-net energy.

9. **Energy Generation: Organics**
   - Not detailed in the provided excerpts.

10. **Travel Mode Shift: Single Occupancy Vehicle (SOV) Trip Reduction**
    - **Emissions Reduction Target:** Shift from single occupant vehicle travel to Bus and Light rail from 88% to 79% by 2030 and to 62% by 2050.

11. **Vehicle Fuel Efficiency: Federal Standards**
    - **Emissions Reduction Target:** Additional reductions associated with federal vehicle fuel efficiency standards total 2,603,600 and 1,536,200 MT CO₂e/year for 2030 and 2050, respectively.

- The plan emphasizes the importance of equity and cost-effectiveness for both public and private sectors in selecting and implementing these actions.
- It reflects a commitment to aligning actions with policy consistency and City authority while ensuring public engagement and partnership with stakeholders.

Based on the provided document excerpts, the Comprehensive Environmental and Climate Action Plan identifies several adaptation options. Below are the summaries of each adaptation option as per your request:

### 1. Increase Climate Resilience for Buildings

### 1. Increase Climate Resilience for Buildings 

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** The adaptation option focuses on mitigating climate impacts such as extreme weather events which threaten structural integrity and safety.
  - The plan mentions "structural and operational improvements" but does not provide specific cost, timeframe, or location details. The emphasis is on increasing resilience for both new and existing buildings.

### 2. Protect Water Resources and Communities from Flooding and Drought

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flooding and droughts, which are expected to become more frequent due to climate change impacts.
  - To be a leader in water resilience by "leveraging innovative approaches, strategies and technologies." 
  - Specific projects mentioned include "Mill Creek Drainage Relief Tunnel" and "Dallas Floodway/Dallas Floodway Extension," though no cost or timeframe details are provided.
  - Emphasizes partnership with the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) for implementation.

### 3. Leverage Green Spaces to Provide Climate Adaptation Benefits

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Urban heat island effect, localized flooding, and public health issues.
  - Plans to increase and improve access to green spaces, especially in vulnerable communities. 
  - No specific cost or timeframe details are provided.

### 4. Evaluate and Upgrade Water Infrastructure Facilities

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Extreme weather events, which can impact service delivery of key water infrastructure.
  - Vulnerability assessments and mitigation strategies for drinking water facilities.
  - DWU will evaluate installing secondary power sources like solar panels and generators for resilient power supply during outages.
  - Costs and specific timeframes are not detailed.

### 5. Implement Green Infrastructure Programs

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flood risk and lack of mobility infrastructure and green spaces, especially in lower-income neighborhoods.
  - Developing design and performance standards that treat the right-of-way as a mobility and green infrastructure asset.
  - Prioritization in neighborhoods needing mobility improvements and additional parks and trails.
  - No specific cost or timeframe details provided.

### 6. Comprehensive Storm Drainage System Assessment

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Existing and future flood risks due to climate change.
  - Includes evaluating the existing storm drainage system to identify necessary improvements.
  - Part of a long-term Capital Improvement Plan.
  - The plan mentions potential funding from low-interest loans and State grants via the Texas Water Development Board flood program but does not specify costs or timeframe details.

  - The plan mentions potential funding from low-interest loans and State grants via the Texas Water Development Board flood program but does not specify costs or timeframe details. 

Each adaptation option targets different climate threats, ranging from infrastructure resilience to flood and heat management, with varying levels of detail provided regarding implementation attributes.

**Climate Policies Advancing Climate Justice:**

The plan identifies several climate policies aimed at advancing climate justice. Here are the key policies, summarized with their respective climate threats and vulnerable populations:

1. **Policy on Environmental Justice**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy addresses the disproportionate impact of climate change on certain communities, emphasizing mitigative and adaptive actions to improve environmental quality.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** *"Communities disproportionately impacted by climate change"* are the focus. It recognizes that *"the effects of climate change will disproportionately impact communities with the least means to adapt, and who have been burdened with negative environmental impacts due to institutionalized discriminatory practices"*. (Section: An Equitable Approach to Climate Action)

2. **Policy on Infrastructure Revitalization**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy targets the climate impacts of heatwaves and poor living conditions.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** The focus is on *"historically underserved neighborhoods,"* which often include low- and moderate-income communities. The policy calls for a *"multi-pronged, coordinated, place-based approach and the long-term commitment necessary to achieve holistic revitalization."* (Section: Goals from Resilient Dallas)

3. **Policy promoting Green Infrastructure**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This targets urban heat island effects, poor water quality, and poor air quality.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** The policy aims at neighborhoods disproportionately affected by these impacts, implicitly targeting *"low income communities and communities of color in Dallas"* due to sustained, historic underinvestment. (Section: Goals from Resilient Dallas)

4. **Community Engagement Strategy**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The engagement strategy indirectly targets inequitable access to information and participation concerning climate planning.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** The strategy prioritizes *"communities that have not historically been engaged in planning processes"* and focuses on *"neighborhoods of southern and western Dallas"* which are emphasized through partnerships with trusted community partners. (Section: An Equitable Approach to Climate Action)

Each policy aims to address specific climate threats while focusing on the most vulnerable populations to ensure that environmental justice is integrated into climate resilience and adaptation strategies.

**1. Urban Greening Factor Requirements**

- **Climate Threats Addressed:** 
  - Stormwater runoff leading to flooding.
  - Urban heat islands (Executive Summary).

- **Proposed Adaptation Option:** 
  - Establishing urban greening factor requirements for new developments to "quantify how projects contribute to urban greening for reduced stormwater runoff and urban heat island improvements" (Goals, Objectives, Actions + Targets).

- **Potential for Maladaptation:**
  - If the urban greening factor pilot is primarily implemented in low-income communities that are currently devoid of permeable surfaces or street greening, it could inadvertently lead to economic strain. Implementing these requirements might increase construction costs for developers, potentially driving up housing costs in areas where affordable housing is already a concern (Goals, Objectives, Actions + Targets).

**2. Resilience Hubs**

  - Major storm events that disrupt electricity services (Goals, Objectives, Actions + Targets).

  - Evaluating city-owned properties for the creation of ‘resilience hubs’ to provide independent power sources and services during outages (Goals, Objectives, Actions + Targets).

  - Establishing resilience hubs primarily in vulnerable communities could lead to unintended consequences if not managed properly. For instance, it might create dependency on these hubs rather than encouraging broader community and infrastructure resilience improvements. Additionally, prioritizing city-owned properties for such hubs might not cover all vulnerable areas effectively (Goals, Objectives, Actions + Targets).

The plan includes a variety of metrics to measure the success or failure of each adaptation, resilience, and mitigation option. These metrics are used to assess reductions in CO2 emissions, improvements in air quality, and other quantifiable impacts.

### **Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction**

- **CO₂ Emissions Reduction**: The total estimated reductions from CECAP actions are approximately "9,825,200 MT CO2e/yr in 2030 and 24,248,500 MT CO2e/yr in 2050" ("Summary of Targets").

- **Net Zero Energy for New Constructions**: 100% starting in 2030 ("Summary of Targets").
- **Energy Use Reduction in Existing Residential Buildings**:
  - 10% reduction by 2030
  - 25% reduction by 2050

- **Solar Power Installation**:
  - 739,000 MW by 2030
  - 3,695,000 MW by 2050

### **Waste Diversion**

- **Organic Waste Diversion**:
  - 35% diverted by 2030
  - 80% diverted by 2050

- **Paper Waste Diversion**:
  - 60% diverted by 2030
  - 90% diverted by 2050

- **Landfill Diversion**: 
  - 35% reduction in waste by 2030
  - 45% reduction by 2040

### **Water Management**

- **Water Consumption Reduction**: 
  - 1% decrease (per-capita) annually
- **Impaired Waterbodies**:
  - 30% reduction by 2030
  - 60% reduction by 2040
  - 100% reduction by 2050
  - (within DWU service area)

### **GHG Emissions from Treatment Facilities**

- **GHG Emissions Reduction**:
  - 45% reduction by 2035

### **Urban and Environmental Quality**

- **Canopy Cover Citywide**:
  - 33% by 2030
  - 37% by 2040
  - 40+% by 2050

- **Urban Heat Island Index**:
  - 20% reduction by 2030
  - 50% reduction by 2040
  - 75% reduction by 2050

### **Public Access and Support**

- **Park or Trail Access**:
  - 80% of the population by 2030
  - 90% of the population by 2040
  - 95% of the population by 2050
  - (within 1/2 mile walk from home)

- **Healthy, Affordable Food Access**:
  - 50% of the population by 2030
  - 75% of the population by 2040
  - 100% of the population by 2050
  - (within a 1/2 mile walk or 10-minute drive from home)

### **Transportation and Infrastructure**

- **Publicly Available EV Charging**: 
  - 1,500 outlets installed to support 39,000 vehicles by 2030
  
- **Electric Fleets**:
  - All new transit vehicle purchases by the City, DISD, DART fully electric by 2030
  - 100% electrified fleet by 2040

- **Single Occupant Vehicle Travel Mode Shift**:
  - 88% to 79% in 2030
  - 88% to 62% in 2050

### **Air Quality**

- **Ground Level Ozone**:
  - Meet NAAQS attainment standard by 2030 
  - Maintain status through 2050
  
- **Air Pollutants**:
  - Maintain NAAQS attainment status through 2050
 
**Concrete Goals/Targets**

The plan has targets consistent with global climate agreements:

- **2030 Interim GHG Reduction Target**: 43% below 2015 levels
- **2050 GHG Reduction Target**: 100% below 2015 levels
- **2050 Carbon Neutrality Target**: Achieving net-zero GHG emissions ("GHG Reduction Targets")

**Tracking and Monitoring Mechanisms**

The City will track and publicly report the implementation of actions, emission reductions, and action metrics on "dallasclimateaction.com." The GHG inventory will be updated every 3 years to review progress ("CECAP Evaluation and Updates").

| **Feature**         | **Details**                                                                                                                                                                |
|---------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Dallas, Texas                                                                                                                                                             |
| **Population**         | Not explicitly mentioned in the document.                                                                                                                               |
| **Threats Identified** | - Extreme weather including flooding, heatwaves, and drought                                                                                                            |
|                       | - 5°F increase in mean temperature during summer by 2050                                                                                                                 |
|                       | - Decrease in annual precipitation                                                                                                                                        |
|                       | - Increase in frequency, intensity, and length of severe droughts                                                                                                         |
|                       | - Extreme heat days over 100°F likely to increase by 30 to 60 days by 2050                                                                                                |
|                       | - Impacts on electricity demand and labor productivity                                                                                                                    |
|                       | - Vulnerable populations at greater risk                                                                                                                                  |
| **Measures Identified** | - Conducting GHG inventory and forecasting                                                                                                                                |
|                       | - Setting emissions reduction targets                                                                                                                                     |
|                       | - Environmental quality and climate justice actions                                                                                                                      |

|                       | - Forming advisory committees for implementation                                                                                                                         |
|                       | - Prioritizing adaptation, mitigation, and environmental quality                                                                                                          |
|                       | - Public engagement and educational programs                                                                                                                              |
|                       | - Operational improvements to increase resilience                                                                                                                         |
|                       | - Sustainable transportation and energy efficiency measures                                                                                                               |
|                       | - Urban forest management and water conservation                                                                                                                          |
|                       | - Infrastructure upgrades and disaster management                                                                                                                         |
```

The provided plan does not include specific details about the average income, exact population, or complete demographic breakdown of the planning jurisdiction, which is the **City of Minneapolis**. Here's a summary of the available information:

- **Location:** Minneapolis is located in the state of Minnesota.
- **Major Geographic Features:** 
  - The city is renowned for its **urban parks and parkways** which provide green space and are a significant aspect of the city’s identity. 
  - The **Mississippi River** historically served as a hub for the milling district, and the use of hydroelectric energy was innovative in the 1880s.
  - Minneapolis has gained recognition as one of the best biking cities in the country, with over 98 miles of bike lanes and 101 miles of off-street bikeways and trails.
  
- **Demographics:** The document highlights disparities caused by historical redlining practices, which have led to unequal representation of green infrastructure in Black, Indigenous, People of Color, and Immigrants (BIPOCI) neighborhoods.
- **Key Infrastructure:** Although specifics such as airports and seaports are not mentioned, the document notes significant energy infrastructure such as **Xcel Energy’s Riverside plant** and **Hennepin Energy Recovery Center (HERC)**.
- **Energy Production:** 
  - Major energy-generating facilities include **Xcel Energy’s Riverside plant and district heating and cooling plants** which are large emitters of GHG emissions.
  - The city has a **100% Renewable Electricity Blueprint** aiming to reach 100% renewable electricity by 2023 for city operations and by 2030 citywide.
  
### **Local Climate and Water Challenges:**
- While the report does not specifically detail aridity or water challenges, it makes reference to assuming climate change impacts like extreme heat, flooding, and air pollution.

- The city's economy is influenced by the presence of small businesses and the local economy which are emphasized as thriving sectors.
- **Green Jobs:** An emphasis is placed on creating green jobs and supporting community empowerment through education and resource access.

### **Climate and Environmental Goals:**
- The city aims for **carbon neutrality by 2050** and reducing carbon emissions to **75% below 2006 levels by 2030**.
- Equity and environmental justice are key focuses, addressing historical injustices and prioritizing initiatives in Green Zones.

This summary provides an overview based on the details given in the plan about Minneapolis, though it does not cover all specific data such as average income or population numbers.

The plan addresses resilience by aiming to build community-wide collaboration for climate action, such as involving diverse communities and implementing outreach campaigns to engage those who want to get involved. The plan also includes conducting a vulnerability analysis and completing a citywide resilience plan to ensure climate investments meet community needs and prioritize Green Zones and Environmental Justice Communities (2023 Climate Equity Plan City Operations & Enterprise | Our Call to Action 41).

Mitigation efforts are demonstrated through initiatives aiming for Net Zero GHG emissions by 2040 for all City Operations, such as leveraging sustainable building policies and accelerating electrification of enterprise cars and trucks (2023 Climate Equity Plan City Operations & Enterprise | Our Call to Action 40). The plan also includes achieving 100% renewable electricity for municipal operations by 2023 through local solar installations and securing renewable energy contracts (2023 Climate Equity Plan City Operations & Enterprise | Our Call to Action 41).

Adaptation is addressed through specific actions like promoting customer lead testing programs in Green Zones and raising awareness about federal/state funding opportunities for service line replacement (82 Phase I Implementation Plan 2023 Climate Equity Plan City of Minneapolis). There is also an emphasis on expanding green spaces as part of the Plan (Equity Impact 2023 Climate Equity Plan City Operations & Enterprise | Our Call to Action 39).

The plan is best classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. It emphasizes both reducing emissions and preparing the community to adapt to the impacts of climate change, demonstrating a balanced approach to addressing climate challenges.

The plan does not explicitly describe a single scenario of climate change that the planning jurisdiction will face. However, it outlines several aspects that imply the potential impacts of climate change and the need for planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation:

- The plan acknowledges that "Climate change is one of the most urgent and complex challenges of our time" and highlights that it affects "everyone, but not equally" with specific communities being "more vulnerable and less resilient to the impacts of climate change" (Plan Purpose, City of Minneapolis).

- The impacts mentioned include "extreme heat, flooding, air pollution, and rising energy costs," and notes that these affect communities that have "historically faced racial, economic, and environmental injustices" (Plan Purpose, City of Minneapolis).

- The vision for the future imagines a "Minneapolis where we live sustainably and respond resiliently to growing climate impacts" with specific goals such as improving Mississippi river water quality, having predictable temperatures to grow community gardens, and ensuring that pollinators and animals thrive in healthy habitats (Climate, City of Minneapolis).

These points collectively suggest the kinds of climate change impacts the jurisdiction anticipates and for which it is developing resilience, mitigation, and adaptation policies.

- **Description of the Climate Hazard:** The plan indicates concern over "Temperature related deaths and illnesses" as climate hazards experienced in Minneapolis (Plan Background & Processes 11, City of Minneapolis).
  
- **Climate Risks Posed:** This hazard increases the risk to human health through heat-related illnesses and temperature-related deaths (Plan Background & Processes 11, City of Minneapolis).

- **Areas or Populations with Most Vulnerability:** Those living with income inequality, poverty, and lack of access to health care are more vulnerable to this hazard. Communities of color, indigenous communities, and low-income communities are particularly at risk (Plan Background & Processes 11, City of Minneapolis).

**2. Air Quality Impacts**

- **Description of the Climate Hazard:** Increased "Air quality impacts" and exposure to pollution are highlighted as climate hazards (Plan Background & Processes 11, City of Minneapolis).
  
- **Climate Risks Posed:** Poor air quality contributes to illnesses like asthma and other respiratory diseases (Phase I Implementation Plan 79, City of Minneapolis).

- **Areas or Populations with Most Vulnerability:** Low-income communities and communities of color often reside closer to pollution sources, making them more vulnerable to air quality issues (Plan Background & Processes 11, City of Minneapolis).

- **Description of the Climate Hazard:** Occurrences of "Extreme weather events" are identified as increasing in frequency and posing risks (Plan Background & Processes 11, City of Minneapolis).
  
- **Climate Risks Posed:** These events threaten public safety, property, and can displace communities (Plan Feedback, Appendix 95, City of Minneapolis).

- **Areas or Populations with Most Vulnerability:** Vulnerability is heightened for those living in areas prone to storms and flooding, often impacting low-income, and marginalized populations most severely (Plan Background & Processes 11, City of Minneapolis).

- **Description of the Climate Hazard:** The spread of diseases transmitted by vectors like insects is an increasing hazard (Plan Background & Processes 11, City of Minneapolis).
  
- **Climate Risks Posed:** An increase in vector-borne diseases can lead to higher healthcare demands and risks to community health (Plan Background & Processes 11, City of Minneapolis).

- **Areas or Populations with Most Vulnerability:** Communities with limited healthcare access and lower socioeconomic status may face greater challenges in addressing these health threats (Plan Background & Processes 11, City of Minneapolis).

**5. Waterborne Illnesses**

- **Description of the Climate Hazard:** Waterborne diseases due to climate change are a recognized threat (Plan Background & Processes 11, City of Minneapolis).
  
- **Climate Risks Posed:** Contaminated water supplies can affect public health and lead to widespread illnesses (Plan Background & Processes 11, City of Minneapolis).

- **Areas or Populations with Most Vulnerability:** Communities with inadequate access to clean water and sanitation facilities are more vulnerable to waterborne illnesses (Plan Background & Processes 11, City of Minneapolis).

**6. Food Safety, Nutrition, and Distribution Complications**

- **Description of the Climate Hazard:** Issues with "Food safety, nutrition, and distribution" are concerns articulated within the plan due to changing climate conditions (Plan Background & Processes 11, City of Minneapolis).
  
- **Climate Risks Posed:** These complications can lead to food insecurity and affect vulnerable populations' health and well-being (Plan Background & Processes 11, City of Minneapolis).

- **Areas or Populations with Most Vulnerability:** Low-income communities often face the greatest risks regarding food insecurity and disruptions in food supply chains (Plan Background & Processes 11, City of Minneapolis).

**7. Mental Health and Wellbeing Concerns**

- **Description of the Climate Hazard:** The plan notes adverse effects on "Mental health and wellbeing" attributed to climate change impacts (Plan Background & Processes 11, City of Minneapolis).
  
- **Climate Risks Posed:** Mental health issues may increase, exacerbating stress, anxiety, and other psychological conditions (Plan Background & Processes 11, City of Minneapolis).

- **Areas or Populations with Most Vulnerability:** Those with pre-existing mental health conditions, along with communities with little access to mental health resources, may find themselves most susceptible to these risks (Plan Background & Processes 11, City of Minneapolis).

#### Strategy WAT.3: Build Strong Inter-jurisdictional Relationships

   - **Water Systems Efficiency and Climate Resilience:** This strategy aims to improve overall system efficiency by 10% by 2030 to mitigate water system vulnerabilities likely to be exacerbated by climate change impacts such as increased precipitation variability.

**2. Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:**
   - **Timeframe:** By 2030
   - **Location:** Collaboration with neighboring counties, the watershed, Met Council, downstream communities, and key upstream communities.

**3. Other Important Attributes:**
   - **Economic Considerations:** Enhanced system efficiency could result in cost savings.
   - **Infrastructural Considerations:** Improved collaboration and data collection for water systems management.

#### Strategy WAT.4: Optimize Municipal Systems for Resiliency

   - **Water Scarcity and Drought:** Investigating alternative non-potable water sources, like stormwater and rainwater, to enhance resiliency to future water shortages.

   - **Timeframe:** By 2026
   - **Location:** Across municipal systems in Minneapolis.
   - **Cost:** Specific costs are not detailed in the plan.

   - **Environmental Considerations:** Encouraging drought-resistant natural landscaping reduces dependency on potable water.
   - **Infrastructural Considerations:** Implementation of gray water systems in buildings could decrease potable water usage.

#### Green Zones and Community Engagement

   - **Environmental Justice and Climate Resilience:** Prioritizing resources for communities historically affected by pollution and environmental neglect to improve resilience.

   - **Location:** Southside and Northside Green Zones in Minneapolis.
   - **Cost:** Includes various programs funded from 2019-2021, specifics not detailed.

   - **Economic Considerations:** Projects reduce energy costs and offer financial aids like energy audits.
   - **Social Considerations:** Focus on climate equity, reducing disparities, and promoting economic opportunities through green jobs.

#### General Resilience and Community Vision

   - **General Climate Disruption:** Plans to improve overall resilience and adaptability to climate changes in Minneapolis.

   - **Timeframe:** Long-term vision beyond immediate and five-year goals.
   - **Location:** City-wide in Minneapolis.
   - **Cost:** Detailed financial specifics are not provided.

   - **Environmental Considerations:** Includes enhancing water quality and maintaining healthy ecosystems.
   - **Economic Considerations:** Envisions a robust local economy through sustainable community practices.

These resilience strategies are aimed at bolstering the city’s ability to manage various climate threats while simultaneously improving economic, infrastructural, and environmental conditions.

#### 1. **Whole Home Weatherization and Electrification Retrofit**
- **Summary:** The plan proposes a pilot project aimed at whole home weatherization and electrification retrofits.
- **Cost:** Utilizes $1.4 million in ARPA and EECDBG federal funding.
- **Timing:** Initiated as a pilot project; no specific timeline provided.
- **Location:** Coordination with other metro cities’ initiatives.
- **Attributes:** Aims to understand sequencing, build knowledge, and develop workforce. _(*Healthy Homes - Goal Area Action: HEH.1.3*)_

#### 2. **Renewable Energy and Solar Optimization for Water Processing**
- **Summary:** The policy seeks to maximize the use of renewable energy and optimize on-site solar for water processing.
- **Cost:** No specific cost details provided.
- **Timing:** Implemented when possible.
- **Location:** Not specifically mentioned, but inferred to be within city operations.
- **Attributes:** Emphasizes reducing fossil fuel use. _(*Water - WAT.1.5*)_

#### 3. **Decarbonization of City Operations**
- **Summary:** Commissions a blueprint for decarbonizing city operations by 2040.
- **Timing:** To be achieved by 2040.
- **Location:** Pertains to city operations.
- **Attributes:** Includes establishing a GHG budget for the 6-year Capital Improvement Program, piloting carbon reduction technologies, and integrating carbon accounting. _(*City Operations & Enterprise - COE.2.8, COE.2.9*)_

#### 4. **Increased Use of Renewable Energy for City Operations**
- **Summary:** Achieve 100% renewable electricity for municipal operations by 2023.
- **Cost:** Includes leveraging municipal rooftops for solar and securing contracts through 2030.
- **Timing:** Goal set for 2023.
- **Location:** Pertains to municipal operations.
- **Attributes:** Involves virtual net metering and community benefits in renewable projects. _(*City Operations & Enterprise - COE.3*)_

#### 5. **Methane Gas Leakage Reduction**
- **Summary:** Reduce methane gas leakage and emissions, leveraging the Natural Gas Innovation Act.
- **Timing:** This action has been added to the Energy Systems.
- **Location:** General city-wide application.
- **Attributes:** Utilizes advanced detection and compression technologies. _(*Energy Systems*)_

#### 6. **Green Cost Share Program**
- **Summary:** Expand the use of the Green Cost Share program.
- **Cost:** No specific cost details, dedicated revenue expected.
- **Timing:** Ongoing and expandable.
- **Location:** Across residential, commercial, and industrial sectors.
- **Attributes:** Focuses on equity and aligns with federal Justice40 requirements. _(*City Operations & Enterprise - COE.4.3*)_

#### 7. **Energy Efficiency and Training**
- **Summary:** Expand workforce training for solar energy and energy efficiency.
- **Location:** General, city-wide efforts.
- **Attributes:** Aims to provide technical assistance and expand technical knowledge. _(*Economy and Workforce - ECW.1.3*)_

These mitigation options represent a mix of policies, programs, and pilot initiatives that address emissions reduction through renewable energy use, energy efficiency, and infrastructure updates.

Based on the information provided in the *2023 Climate Equity Plan* from the City of Minneapolis, here are the identified **mitigation options** along with their summarized attributes:

1. **Whole Home Weatherization and Electrification Retrofit Pilot**
    - **Cost**: Utilizes $1.4 million in ARPA and EECDBG federal funding.
    - **Timeframe**: Implemented as a pilot project.
    - **Location**: Coordinate with other metro cities' initiatives.
    - **Attributes**: Focus on sequencing, building knowledge, and workforce development. [Healthy Homes HEH.1.3]

2. **TISH Energy Reports Update**
    - **Cost**: Not specified.
    - **Timeframe**: Implemented as a program.
    - **Location**: City-wide in residential homes.
    - **Attributes**: Aims to identify gas and electric resistance equipment, encouraging high-efficiency electrification and carbon-free energy choices. [Healthy Homes HEH.3.2]

3. **Promoting Alternatives to Car Ownership**
    - **Location**: City-wide.
    - **Attributes**: Focuses on promoting bike share, EV car share, transit, and other shared mobility options. [Transportation and Complete Streets TCS.4.2]

4. **Maximizing Use of Renewable Energy for Water Processing**
    - **Timeframe**: Implemented as a policy.
    - **Location**: At water processing sites.
    - **Attributes**: Aims to optimize on-site solar and reduce fossil fuel use. [Water WAT.1.5]

5. **Green Cost Share Program Expansion**
    - **Attributes**: Provides financial support for projects reducing pollution and increasing energy efficiency. [City Operations and Enterprise COE.4.3]

6. **Commissioning a Blueprint for City Decarbonization**
    - **Timeframe**: Implemented as a process.
    - **Location**: City operations.
    - **Attributes**: Aims for City Operations to decarbonize by 2040. [City Operations and Enterprise COE.2.8]

7. **Residential Cold-Climate Heat Pumps Incentivization**
    - **Location**: Multifamily buildings.
    - **Attributes**: Incentivizes replacement of gas appliances with electric ones. [Buildings and Industry BIN 6.9]

8. **Supporting Resilience Hubs and Advanced Microgrids**
    - **Location**: Northgate Training Center, Sabathani Community Center, and the Minneapolis American Indian Center.
    - **Attributes**: Supports solar + storage and ground source district energy systems. [Energy Systems ENS.3.4]

9. **Achieving 100% Renewable Electricity for Municipal Operations**
    - **Timeframe**: By 2023.
    - **Attributes**: Involves local solar installations and securing Xcel Energy’s Renewable*Connect Contracts. [Strategy COE.3]

These options reflect the City's commitment to addressing climate change through various mitigation strategies encompassing energy efficiency, renewable energy use, and systemic policy changes.

Based on the plan, several adaptation options are identified, each addressing specific climate threats:

1. **Healthy Homes Adaptation Options:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Changes associated with weather patterns that impact residential energy efficiency and overall home sustainability.
     - **Pilot: Whole home weatherization and electrification retrofit pilot** to understand sequencing, build knowledge, develop workforce, and further coordination with other metro cities’ initiatives. Utilizes $1.4 million in federal funding ("Goal Area Action Implementation Actions Lead(s)").
     - **Pilot: Engage in an educational home electrification campaign** in conjunction with metro cities ("Goal Area Action Implementation Actions Lead(s)").

2. **Water Adaptation Options:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Water-related issues such as increased pollution, lead contamination in pipes, and resource management.
     - **Program: Promote customer lead testing program** in Green Zones to help address lead in pipes ("Goal Area Action Implementation Actions Lead(s)").
     - **Program: Raise awareness about federal/state funding opportunities** for service line replacement in the Green Zones, highlighting the need for culturally and linguistically relevant formats ("Goal Area Action Implementation Actions Lead(s)").
     - **Policy: Maximize renewable energy use and optimize on-site solar** to process water and reduce fossil fuel use ("Goal Area Action Implementation Actions Lead(s)").

3. **Climate Equity and Resilience Planning:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Overall social vulnerabilities exacerbated by climate change impacts, including pollution and disinvestment in marginalized areas.
     - **Strategy: Green Zone Prioritization:** Engagement, development, and implementation of city programs focusing on communities with historical pollution and disinvestment. The Green Cost Share Program offers higher incentives for projects in Green Zones ("2023 Climate Equity Plan Plan Background & Processes").
     - **Community Involvement:** Southside Green Zone Council and Northside Green Zone Task Force advise on climate resiliency and environmental justice, meeting monthly for planning and implementation ("Green Zones Prioritization").

No specific timelines apart from the broad mention of using current and future funding opportunities, nor detailed costs aside from the mentioned $1.4 million for initiatives under Healthy Homes are explicitly detailed in the provided content. Most adaptation options are community-focused, aimed at increasing awareness, education, and financial accessibility within identified "Green Zones," locations within the city characterized by vulnerabilities.

The plan identifies several climate policies aimed at advancing climate justice. Below are some policies along with their targeted climate threats and vulnerable populations:

1. **Green Zones Initiatives**
   - **Climate Threat:** Pollution and energy inefficiency leading to increased energy costs.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Areas identified as Green Zones, which include neighborhoods with a high percentage of Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) residents, low-income, and uninsured individuals. These communities have historically faced disinvestment and marginalization and are in close proximity to environmental hazards (2023 Climate Equity Plan Plan Background & Processes 17).

2. **Health Department’s Green Cost Share Program**
   - **Climate Threat:** Pollution and high energy costs.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Residents in the Green Zones who face the greatest levels of pollution and energy costs. Since 2019, this program has funded over 200 environmental justice projects aimed at reducing pollution and increasing energy efficiency in these areas (2023 Climate Equity Plan Plan Background & Processes 17).

3. **Zero Waste Plan**
   - **Climate Threat:** Solid waste management affecting sustainability goals.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** The policy targets communities generating solid waste across various sectors, which indirectly benefits low-income communities and those with less access to proper waste management resources (Appendix | Existing Plans 2023 Climate Equity Plan).

4. **Community Engagement and Investment**
   - **Climate Threat:** Systemic harms and lack of climate resilience due to insufficient resources and support.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Marginalized groups including low-income individuals, renters, and communities of color, who disproportionately suffer from environmental issues. The plan emphasizes the need to increase funding and create job opportunities in these communities (Appendix | Plan Feedback 2023 Climate Equity Plan).

These policies aim to repair past environmental injustices and create equitable, resilient solutions for a sustainable city, reflecting the vision to ensure all people benefit from climate protection efforts regardless of race, income, or other social factors (2023 Climate Equity Plan Plan Background & Processes 5, 8, 11).

**1. Reduce the flow of wastewater from Minneapolis**

- **Climate Threat**: This policy addresses the threat of excessive wastewater contributing to pollution and environmental stress, especially in water bodies receiving this wastewater.

- **Option Proposed**: The adaptation option proposed here is to, **“Reduce the flow of wastewater from Minneapolis”** as an effort to mitigate pollution and manage urban water systems more sustainably (2023 Climate Equity Plan, Action WAT.3.4. Process).

- **Potential Maladaptation**: There is a possibility of maladaptation if the reduction of wastewater flow is not managed carefully. If the reduction leads to inadequate wastewater treatment capacity or reduces the ability to carry wastes efficiently, it may lead to increased concentrations of pollutants, creating new environmental hazards or shifting the problem downstream, necessitating more comprehensive management strategies than currently considered.

**2. Encourage gray water systems for new development and landscaping**

- **Climate Threat**: This policy addresses the threat of water scarcity and the need to optimize municipal water systems for resilience by investigating alternative water sources.

- **Option Proposed**: The policy proposes incentivizing the use of gray water systems in new developments to conserve potable water for essential uses (Action WAT.4.2. Policy).

- **Potential Maladaptation**: The promotion of gray water systems, while beneficial for water conservation, may lead to maladaptation if inadequate systems are installed. There could be potential health risks if the gray water is not properly treated and managed, leading to contamination issues. Furthermore, improper gray water use could strain the existing infrastructure if not carefully integrated into current systems.

**3. Increase tree planting on private property**

- **Climate Threat**: This policy is intended to mitigate the urban heat island effect and improve urban air quality through increased vegetation.

- **Option Proposed**: The program seeks to **“Increase the number of trees planted on private property”** particularly targeting areas with lower tree canopy and promoting equitable distribution of greenery (Strategy GST.3).

- **Potential Maladaptation**: An unforeseen maladaptive outcome could arise from limited maintenance resources leading to tree loss or poor health, which could exacerbate allergen issues or unmanaged growth damaging infrastructure. Additionally, if certain non-native species are chosen for speed of growth or other reasons, it may lead to biodiversity issues or increased water and management resource demands.

The plan includes several metrics and targets to measure the success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options:

### **Resilience and Mitigation Metrics**

- **Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Reduction Goals:**
  - *Targets* are set for various sectors compared to a 2006 baseline, with the ultimate goal of achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. Specific targets include:
    - **Electricity:** Carbon-neutral by 2030 and maintained through 2050.
    - **Fossil Gas:** 
      - 2025 Goal: -10%
      - 2030 Goal: -35%
      - 2035 Goal: -80%
      - 2040 Goal: -93%
      - 2045 Goal: -97%
      - 2050 Goal: Carbon-neutral
    - **On-Road Transportation:**
      - 2025 Goal: -30%
      - 2030 Goal: -70%
      - 2035 Goal: -91%
      - 2040 Goal: -97%
      - 2045 Goal: -98%
    - **Solid Waste:**
      - 2025 Goal: -25%
    - **Wastewater:**
      - 2025 Goal: -45%
      - 2030 Goal: -75%
      - 2035 Goal: -92%
      - 2045 Goal: -99%

### **Adaptation and Resilience Options**

- **Healthy Homes:**
  - *Program:* Update TISH (Truth in Sale of Housing) Energy Reports to promote high-efficiency electrification and dual fuel heating systems.
- **Transportation & Complete Streets:**
  - *Process:* Update the Minneapolis Transportation Action Plan GHG reduction goal to align with the new goal of net zero by 2050.
  
- **Overall Goal:**
  - Achieve net-zero GHG emissions by 2050, following the "Race to Zero" accelerated action path. "Not exceed the total city-wide cumulative carbon budget through 2050." (Plan Background & Processes)
  
- **Specific Metrics and Quantitative Targets:**  
  - **Greenhouse Gas Emissions:** Metrics are expressed in terms of percentage reductions relative to a baseline year (2006) and stated ambitions for carbon neutrality.
  - **Energy Systems:** Actions such as utilizing industry-leading leak detection technologies to reduce methane gas leakage and emissions are mentioned without specific numeric targets.
  
These metrics and targets provide a comprehensive basis for monitoring progress in implementing adaptation, resilience, and mitigation strategies as part of the climate actions of the planning jurisdiction.

| Feature           | Description                                                                                                                                       |
|-------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Minneapolis                                                                                                                                    |
| **Population**        | Not explicitly stated in the provided document.                                                                                                 |
| **Threats Identified**| - Public Safety: Residents feel unsafe in some areas with a need for more discussions on safety. <br>- Housing Energy Burden: High utility costs and poor utility management by building owners. <br>- Green Space Access: Safety concerns and accessibility issues for green spaces. <br>- Air Quality: Although some improvements were noted, disparities remain in exposure to air pollutants. |
| **Measures Identified**| - _Green Zones_: Implementation based on the new Climate Equity Plan to leverage strategy recommendations. <br>- _Community Engagement_: Aims for accessible and tailored communication for community needs. <br>- _Tools & Strategies_: Tangible tools for sustainability to ensure equitable distribution. <br>- _Adoption of Equity Metrics_: To be incorporated with each goal as feasible. |
```

The document provided is specific to the City of Boston and outlines various facets of its climate action plan but does not provide detailed information about Boston’s physical and economic landscape, demographics, geographic features, local climate specifics, energy production, natural resources, or economic drivers. Therefore, I am unable to extract such information from the document provided. It primarily focuses on the climate action initiatives, resilience, and adaptation strategies adopted by the city. 

To answer your question based strictly on content within the document, additional context about Boston's physical and economic landscape would need to be obtained from supplementary sources beyond the provided plan.

The plan addresses resilience, mitigation, and adaptation extensively, providing a comprehensive approach to climate action in Boston. Below is a brief summary of how it addresses each component:

- The plan emphasizes urban resilience as the capacity of various systems within the city to "survive, thrive, adapt and grow no matter what kinds of chronic stresses and acute shocks they experience" (*2019 Boston CAP Update | Climate Action Across the City 15*).
- It includes strategies such as developing a redundant and reliable public transportation network for equitable accessibility and preparing for climate change impacts to accelerate sustainable infrastructure and community development (*2019 Boston CAP Update | Climate Action Across the City 15*).

- The plan sets ambitious carbon reduction goals, aiming to reduce emissions by 25 percent by 2020, 50 percent by 2030, and achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 (*2019 Boston CAP Update | Introduction 10*).
- Mitigation efforts include investing in energy efficiency, renewable energy generation, and ensuring the resilience of transportation networks to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (*2019 Boston CAP Update | Climate Action Across the City 15*).
- Additional mitigation efforts involve making buildings more energy efficient and fossil fuel-free and investing in local clean power, energy storage, and infrastructure (*2019 Boston CAP Update | Introduction 12*).

- The plan outlines the need for adaptation alongside carbon reduction, such as preparing communities and the natural and built environment to withstand local climate change impacts (*2019 Boston CAP Update | Introduction 11*).
- Specific initiatives like "Climate Ready Boston" are designed to prepare neighborhoods for the impacts of climate change, particularly sea level rise, extreme storms, and flooding (*2019 Boston CAP Update | Climate Action Across the City 14*).

Given the details and initiatives outlined in the plan, it is best classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. It incorporates extensive strategies for both mitigating emissions and preparing the city to adapt to the inevitable impacts of climate change, ensuring a balanced approach to achieving climate resilience and sustainability.

Yes, the plan describes scenarios of climate change impacts that Boston is expected to face and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation:

- **Temperature Increase:** By 2050, Boston's summers may be as hot as Washington, DC's summers today, and by the end of the century, they could be hotter than Birmingham, AL's current summers. This increase in temperature is accompanied by predictions of increased heat-related mortality rates, which could rise to as high as 19.3 per 100,000 people under a "business-as-usual" emissions scenario (2019 Boston CAP Update | Introduction 9).

- **Sea Level Rise and Flooding:** The plan projects that as soon as the 2050s, 7 percent of Boston's total land area could be exposed to stormwater flooding. By the end of the century, 10 to 20 percent of areas like Charlestown, East Boston, Downtown, and South Boston could face flooding at high tide, even without a storm (2019 Boston CAP Update | Introduction 9).

- **Projected Inundation Areas:** In the latter part of the century, buildings most exposed to coastal and river flooding will predominantly be residential and mixed-use buildings housing over 88,000 people, nearly 15 percent of Boston's population (2019 Boston CAP Update | Introduction 9).

The plan emphasizes that future sea-level rise and temperature change depend on global efforts to cut carbon emissions, with projections indicating that a continuation of "business as usual" may result in over seven feet of sea-level rise (2019 Boston CAP Update | Introduction 10).

   - **Climate Hazard:** "As a coastal city, Boston is particularly vulnerable to sea level rise."
   - **Climate Risks:** "Projected impacts include...by the end of the century, between 10 and 20 percent of Charlestown, East Boston, Downtown, and South Boston will face flooding at high tide, even when there is no storm."
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** "Communities and assets especially at risk from the impacts of climate change, including people of color, low-income people, women, youth, disabled people, people with limited English proficiency, and older residents."

   - **Climate Hazard:** "Boston's summers may be as hot as Washington, DC’s summers are today; by the end of the century, they may be hotter than Birmingham, AL summers are today."
   - **Climate Risks:** "Heat-related mortality...is expected to more than double in the 2020s. By the 2080s, this rate may more than triple under a moderate emissions scenario."
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** "This effect will disproportionately affect communities of color, women, youth, disabled people, elderly people, and people with limited English proficiency."

   - **Climate Hazard:** "More frequent and more intense rain storms."
   - **Climate Risks:** "As soon as the 2050s, 7 percent of the total land area in the city could be exposed to stormwater flooding."
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** It does not specify areas but highlights social vulnerabilities affecting communities such as "people of color, low-income people, women, youth, disabled people, people with limited English proficiency, and older residents."

4. **Storms and High Tides**
   - **Climate Hazard:** "More frequent and intense heat waves, extreme storms, and flooding."
   - **Climate Risks:** "Buildings most exposed to coastal and river flooding will predominantly be residential and mixed-use buildings that house over 88,000 people."
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** "Charlestown, East Boston, Downtown, and South Boston" and the populations identified in social vulnerability analyses, such as "people of color, low-income people, women, youth, disabled people, people with limited English proficiency, and older residents."

1. **Redundant and Reliable Public Transportation Network**
   - **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:** This resilience option primarily addresses the threats posed by climate change impacts, including disruptions caused by extreme weather events.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The plan emphasizes the importance of developing a "redundant and reliable public transportation network to provide equitable accessibility for all Bostonians" (*Resilient Boston*). Specific details regarding cost, timeframe, and location are not provided in the plan.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Enhancing the public transportation system also supports economic equity and accessibility, ensuring that transportation remains available and reliable in times of climate-induced disruptions.

2. **Coastal Flood Resilience Plans**
   - **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:** These plans address the threat of flooding due to sea-level rise and increased storm intensity.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Boston has developed coastal resilience plans for parts of East Boston, Charlestown, South Boston, and is in progress for Downtown, the North End, and Dorchester, preparing the city for "40 inches of sea-level rise, expected around the 2070s" (*Resilient Boston Harbor*). Specific costs are not detailed; the timeframe for coastal resilience plans extends at least until the completion of ongoing reviews and implementations.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** These plans are part of Mayor Walsh's "climate-ready vision" that includes increasing open space and accessibility along the waterfront, enhancing environmental quality, and possibly boosting economic activities dependent on waterfront access.

3. **Smart Utilities Policy**
   - **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:** Anticipates the infrastructure impacts of climate change and aims to increase the resilience of utility systems.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** While specific costs and timeframe details are not provided in the document, the policy's location focuses on large new developments in Boston (*Our Progress Since 2014*).
   - **Other Important Attributes:** This policy encourages the use of "green infrastructure, district energy, and other smart technologies," thus providing economic efficiencies and environmental benefits by modernizing utility infrastructure.

4. **Open Space as Protective Infrastructure**
   - **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:** Aims to mitigate heat, flooding, and waste generation impacts in coastal areas and flood zones.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific cost, timeframe, and location details are not provided, but the plan involves evaluating existing open spaces (*Open Space and Recreation Plan 2015-2021*).
   - **Other Important Attributes:** This resilience option emphasizes developing "best practices and performance measures for green infrastructure," with potential economic benefits by reducing infrastructure damage costs and maintaining tourism attractiveness.

5. **Resilient Boston Harbor Plan**
   - **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:** Focuses on resilience to major flooding events and increasing sea-level rise.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The plan prepares for flooding impacts up to the 2070s across the 47-mile coastline of Boston, although specific cost details are not provided (*Our Progress Since 2014*).
   - **Other Important Attributes:** It involves creating "a network of accessible open spaces and climate-ready buildings," balancing economic development with the risk mitigation of waterfront areas.

These options form a part of Boston's broader strategy to integrate resilience into urban planning, aiming to reduce vulnerabilities to climate change while fostering a sustainable urban environment that considers economic, environmental, and social impacts.

The plan identifies several mitigation options aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions in Boston. Below is a summary of each identified mitigation option along with information on cost, timing, location, and other important attributes as specified in the document:

1. **Expanding Public Transit Use**
   - **Location:** Boston’s neighborhoods.
   - **Attributes:** Expanding access to all travel modes in Boston is highlighted as a crucial mitigation strategy. The plan mentions incorporating measures to ensure the resilience of transportation networks to climate change ("Go Boston 2030 Vision and Action Plan").
   - **Cost and Timing:** Not specified.

2. **Deployment of Zero-Emission Vehicles**
   - **Attributes:** Ensure city-wide zero-emission vehicle deployment and transition to low-emission municipal fleet vehicles ("Support city wide zero-emission vehicle deployment").
   - **Cost and Timing:** No specific details provided.

3. **Decarbonizing Energy Supply**
   - **Attributes:** Implement and expand Community Choice Energy, support state policies to decarbonize the region’s energy supply, and plan for carbon-neutral district energy microgrid systems ("Support state policies and programs that further decarbonize the region's and Boston’s energy supply").
   - **Cost and Timing:** No detailed cost and timing information provided.

4. **Building Decarbonization**
   - **Attributes:** The plan mentions constructing new municipal buildings to a zero net carbon standard, adopting zero net carbon standards for city-funded affordable housing, and investing in energy efficiency and renewable energy generation in municipal buildings ("Construct new municipal buildings to a zero net carbon standard").
   - **Cost and Timing:** No specific cost details; timing involves goals set for decarbonization by 2030 and 2050.

5. **Energy Efficiency in Large Buildings**
   - **Attributes:** Develop a carbon emissions performance standard to decarbonize existing large buildings ("Develop a carbon emissions performance standard to decarbonize existing large buildings").
   - **Cost and Timing:** Not detailed in the information provided.

6. **Exploring Carbon Offsets**
   - **Attributes:** Develop guidelines for carbon offsets, explore a local carbon offsets market, and evaluate urban forestry for resilience benefits ("Develop a values-based framework for carbon offsets").
   - **Cost and Timing:** Implementation details such as cost and timing are not specified.

7. **Social Equity and Community Involvement**
   - **Attributes:** Focus on social equity during implementation to ensure benefits are equitably shared. This includes engaging with people of color, low-income communities, and other socially vulnerable groups ("In order to ensure that climate action results in positive outcomes for all Bostonians...").
   - **Cost and Timing:** Not specifically delineated.

Overall, the plan primarily outlines strategic goals and actions with limited specific details regarding cost, precise timing, and specific locations apart from a general focus on the entire city.

**Mitigation Options in the Plan**

1. **Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy in Buildings**
   - **Information Provided:** The plan calls for investment in energy efficiency and renewable energy generation in municipal buildings as part of a strategy to construct new municipal buildings to a zero net carbon standard. It also emphasizes developing carbon emissions performance standards to decarbonize existing large buildings.
     - **Timeframe:** Goals for carbon neutrality are set for 2030 and 2050.
     - **Location:** Specific to municipal buildings in Boston.
     - **Other Attributes:** The plan highlights the importance of adopting a Zero Net Carbon standard for new construction by 2030 and retrofitting and electrifying existing buildings as essential steps (2019 Boston CAP Update | Buildings).

2. **Transportation and Active Transit Projects**
   - **Information Provided:** The plan encourages mode shifts through transportation demand management and sustainable parking policies, supports zero-emission vehicle deployment, and aims to accelerate the transition of the municipal fleet to zero- and low-emission vehicles.
     - **Timeframe:** The 2030 and 2050 carbon reduction goals drive these initiatives.
     - **Location:** Throughout Boston, with a focus on neighborhood access and transportation networks.
     - **Other Attributes:** Includes 58 projects and policies related to transit and active transportation to contribute to emissions reductions (Go Boston 2030 Vision and Action Plan).

3. **Energy Supply and Carbon-Neutral Goals**
   - **Information Provided:** The plan includes implementing and expanding Community Choice Energy and planning for deploying carbon-neutral district energy microgrid systems.
     - **Timeframe:** Part of the long-term strategy to reach 2030 and 2050 goals.
     - **Location:** Focused on the city's energy infrastructure.
     - **Other Attributes:** Support for state policies and programs to further decarbonize Boston's and the region's energy supply is emphasized (2019 Boston CAP Update | Energy Supply).

4. **Waste Management and Zero Waste Boston Initiative**
   - **Information Provided:** The Zero Waste Boston plan aims to decrease emissions from waste disposal, contributing to Boston's overall emissions reduction strategies.
     - **Timeframe:** aligns with the 2030 and 2050 goals, focusing on strategies to decrease 78% of annual direct emissions from waste (2019 Boston CAP Update | Carbon Free Boston Summary Report).

5. **Green Municipal Investments**
   - **Information Provided:** The city launched the Environmental, Social, Governance (ESG) Investment Initiative to invest in companies with strong ESG practices, reflecting Boston's commitment to environmentally and socially responsible investments.
     - **Cost:** The initiative involves up to $150 million in city operating funds.
     - **Timeframe:** Over the next five years.
     - **Location:** Investments span across various sectors but reflect Boston's values.
     - **Other Attributes:** Focus on integrating ESG principles into the management of City pension and trust funds (2019 Boston CAP Update | Green Municipal Investments).

6. **Carbon Offsets**
   - **Information Provided:** The plan discusses developing guidelines for carbon offsets, exploring a local carbon offsets market, and evaluating the role of urban forestry and resilience benefits.
     - **Cost:** Not specifically detailed, but involves concepts around investing in carbon offsets.
     - **Timeframe:** Initiatives in the next five years.
     - **Location:** Local, with potential partnerships with neighboring municipalities.
     - **Other Attributes:** Part of a values-based framework for offsetting unavoidable emissions (2019 Boston CAP Update | Develop a Values-Based Framework for Carbon Offsets).

Based on the provided document, the City of Boston's 2019 Climate Action Plan Update includes several adaptation options to address various climate threats:

### 1. **Develop Redundant and Reliable Public Transportation Network**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Impacts of climate change and other threats requiring preparation and acceleration of sustainable infrastructure.
  - **Timeframe:** Long-term vision.
  - **Location:** City-wide, with a focus on equitable accessibility for all Bostonians.
  - **Important Attributes:** Part of a strategy to improve collaboration among partners working in Boston communities to address climate change and other emergencies. 

  *“Develop a redundant and reliable public transportation network to provide equitable accessibility for all Bostonians; Prepare for the impacts of climate change and other threats while accelerating sustainable infrastructure, environment, and communities”* (Resilient Boston).

### 2. **Climate Ready Boston Program**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Sea level rise, extreme heat, and extreme precipitation.
  - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Details on these specific attributes are not provided, but it is a city-wide initiative.
  - **Important Attributes:** Identified major risks and social vulnerabilities, including communities especially at risk such as people of color, low-income people, women, youth, disabled people, people with limited English proficiency, and older residents. 
  - **Strategies Included:** 11 strategies with 39 actions aimed at enhancing community preparedness for climate change.

  *“The Climate Ready Boston plan included updated local climate projections, a detailed vulnerability analysis, and strategies to enhance our community’s preparedness for climate change.”* (2019 Boston CAP Update | Our Progress Since 2014).

### 3. **Coastal Resilience Solutions for Dorchester**

*“The Climate Ready Boston plan included updated local climate projections, a detailed vulnerability analysis, and strategies to enhance our community’s preparedness for climate change.”* (2019 Boston CAP Update | Our Progress Since 2014).

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Coastal impacts due to climate change.
  - **Location:** Neighborhood of Dorchester.
  - **Important Attributes:** Involves coastal resilience solutions tailored for the specific neighborhood's needs.

  *“The City launched the Climate Ready Dorchester process to develop coastal resilience solutions for the neighborhood...”* (2019 Boston CAP Update | Our Progress Since 2014).

### 4. **Resilient Boston Harbor**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flooding due to sea-level rise.
  - **Location:** The entire 47-mile coastline of Boston.
  - **Important Attributes:** Development of a system of parks, beaches, and trails designed to block floods and improve the quality of life.

  *“Resilient Boston Harbor, our plan to strengthen Boston’s entire 47-mile coastline with a system of parks, beaches, and trails that block floods and improve quality of life all year round.”* (2019 Boston CAP Update | Introduction).

### 5. **Open Space as Protective Infrastructure**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flooding risk in coastal areas and flood zones.
  - **Location:** Coastal areas and flood zones throughout the city.
  - **Important Attributes:** Evaluate opportunities for open space to serve as protective infrastructure.

  *“Evaluating opportunities for open space to serve as protective infrastructure in coastal areas and flood zones”* (Open Space and Recreation Plan 2015-2021).

**Climate Policy 1: Community Engagement and Equity-Centered Policy Design**

- **The climate threat it is addressing:** This policy addresses the socio-economic impacts of climate change and uneven exposure to climate hazards, recognizing that communities that contribute the least to climate pollution bear the greatest impacts.
  
- **Areas or populations with the most climate vulnerability to the identified climate hazard:** The policy particularly focuses on "communities of color, low-income neighborhoods, youth, older adults, women, people with impairments, persons facing homelessness, and people with limited English proficiency." The plan emphasizes the importance of designing and implementing policies with these vulnerable groups, ensuring equitable outcomes. (*2019 Boston CAP Update, Introduction*)

**Climate Policy 2: Social Vulnerability Analysis and Adaptation Strategies**

- **The climate threat it is addressing:** This policy addresses the vulnerability to climate change impacts such as sea level rise, extreme heat, and extreme precipitation.

- **Areas or populations with the most climate vulnerability to the identified climate hazard:** The social vulnerability analysis identified people of color, low-income people, women, youth, disabled people, people with limited English proficiency, and older residents as being especially at risk from the impacts of climate change. (*2019 Boston CAP Update, Our Progress Since 2014*)

**Climate Policy 3: Reduction of Carbon Emissions with a Focus on Vulnerable Communities**

- **The climate threat it is addressing:** This policy targets carbon emissions, recognizing that reducing these emissions not only mitigates climate change but also reduces pollution, improving air quality.

- **Areas or populations with the most climate vulnerability to the identified climate hazard:** Vulnerable populations, particularly those in "low-income neighborhoods" and "communities of color," benefit the most from emissions reduction, as they are often more severely impacted by pollution and less likely to have resources for recovery. The policy aims to bring equitable benefits of climate mitigation and preparedness efforts. (*2019 Boston CAP Update, Introduction*)

These policies align with Boston's commitment to simultaneously address racial and social equity along with environmental challenges, ensuring an equitable distribution of benefits from climate action.

Based strictly on the provided document, there are no explicit mentions of specific climate policies that are identified as causing maladaptation. However, I can analyze the initiatives mentioned and discuss potential scenarios where maladaptive consequences might arise, even if not directly acknowledged in the text.

### **1. Geothermal Energy Investment**

- The transition from fossil fuel dependency and reducing carbon emissions.

**Proposed Climate Option:**
- The exploration of geothermal energy sources, as part of mitigating GHG emissions by investing in clean energy technologies.

**Potential Maladaptation:**
- If geothermal projects do not adequately assess local geological conditions, there could be unintended environmental impacts such as induced seismicity or destabilization of land. Further potential maladaptation might involve prioritizing geothermal energy over other renewable sources without considering comprehensive environmental impacts or community needs, thus not optimizing resilience or adaptation capacities.

### **2. Natural Gas Demand Response**

- Management of energy demand and reduction of peak usage emissions.

- Developing frameworks to encourage demand response among commercial natural gas users.

- Continued investment in natural gas infrastructure may discourage shifts towards fully renewable energy systems, locking in emissions and impeding progress towards comprehensive resilience strategies. Additionally, reliance on demand response might neglect vulnerabilities of low-income communities if the solutions do not account for equitable energy access.

These analyses are speculative interpretations based on the excerpted content and general principles of climate adaptation and resilience strategies. They do not imply that these policies were explicitly identified in the plan as maladaptive.

**Adaptation, Resilience, and Mitigation Metrics and Goals:**

- **Carbon Emissions:**
  - The City of Boston set a carbon reduction goal of **25 percent by 2020**, **50 percent by 2030**, and **80 percent by 2050** below 2005 levels. The ultimate goal is achieving **carbon neutrality by 2050** (Introduction 10).

- **Municipal Emissions:**
  - Reduction in emissions from municipal operations by **60 percent by 2030** and **100 percent by 2050** is targeted (Introduction 10).

- **Progress in Emission Reductions:**
  - As of 2017, emissions had decreased by **21 percent** from 2005 levels, with an aim to reduce community-wide carbon emissions by **50 percent in 2030** and **100 percent by 2050** (Boston’s Carbon Footprint 26).

- **Sector-specific Emissions:**
  - Buildings account for **71 percent** of total emissions, whereas transportation accounts for nearly **29 percent** of emissions (Boston’s Carbon Footprint 24).

- **Specific Sector Targets:**
  - **10 megawatts of commercial solar** with **15 megawatts (150 percent of target)** installed since 2015 (Boston’s Carbon Footprint 26).
  - **15 percent of energy use from cogeneration** with **125 megawatts installed by 2018** (Boston’s Carbon Footprint 26).
  - **Improved fuel economy** by **17 percent** between 2005 and 2017 (Boston’s Carbon Footprint 26).

- **Climate Ready Boston Initiative:**
  - Projected impacts of climate change such as sea level rise and extreme temperatures will be addressed, including preparing waterfront areas for more frequent and intense heat waves, extreme storms, and flooding (Climate Action Across the City 15).

- **Climate Change Effects:**
  - By the end of the century, Boston projects between **10 and 20 percent** of certain neighborhoods will face flooding at high tide, and by the 2050s, **7 percent** of total land area could be exposed to stormwater flooding (State of the Climate 9).

- **Building Emissions Standards:**
  - Goal for **100 percent reduction in annual carbon emissions from large buildings by 2050** (Buildings 46).

- **Zero Waste:**
  - Aim to become a zero-waste community, increasing recycling rates from the current **25 percent** (Introduction 10).

  - Go Boston 2030 emphasizes goals to make Boston a city with better and more equitable travel choices to reduce emissions (Our Progress Since 2014 20).

- **Adaptation Measures:**
  - Details the need for communities and infrastructure to withstand local climate change impacts, highlighting the necessity of adaptation even in light of carbon reduction efforts (Introduction 11).

These metrics and goals form the backbone of Boston's strategy to tackle climate change through both mitigation and adaptation, setting clear targets and timelines for achieving significant reductions in emissions and preparing for inevitable climate impacts.

| **Feature**          | **Details**                                                                                                                                                            |
|----------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Boston                                                                                                                                                               |
| **Population**         | Not specified in the document                                                                                                                                         |
| **Threats Identified** | - Sea level rise, extreme heat, and extreme precipitation (Climate Ready Boston, 2016)                                                                                 |
|                        | - Vulnerability in communities of color, low-income people, women, youth, disabled people, people with limited English proficiency, and older residents (State of the Climate)|
|                        | - Heat-related mortality increases (State of the Climate)                                                                                                            |
|                        | - Increased flooding and stormwater exposure by 2050 (State of the Climate)                                                                                         |
| **Measures Identified** | - Improving environmental quality and resiliency of waterfront areas (Imagine Boston 2030)                                                                         |
|                        | - Climate readiness and vulnerability analysis including social factors (Climate Ready Boston)                                                                       |
|                        | - Developing coastal resilience solutions and evaluating open space for protective infrastructure (Climate Ready Boston, Open Space and Recreation Plan, 2015-2021)   |
|                        | - Climate-related strategies such as energy efficiency, public transportation network improvements, and zero-emission vehicle support (Boston's Carbon Footprint)    |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction: O‘ahu, Hawai'i**

- **Location:** O‘ahu is an island in the state of Hawai'i, United States. 
- **Population:** O‘ahu has a population of approximately 992,605 residents.
  
### **Demographics**
- O‘ahu is a vibrant and diverse community, with **20 percent** of residents born outside the U.S. and **25 percent** speaking a language other than English at home. It has the highest population percentage of multiracial individuals at **24 percent**, compared to a national average of 3 percent.

### **Income and Economic Landscape**
- The plan does not provide information on average income.
- O‘ahu’s economy heavily relies on **tourism and military**, which together account for **36 percent** of Hawai‘i’s economy—20 percent from tourism and 16 percent from military expenditures and contracts.

- **Coastline:** The plan emphasizes that O‘ahu is an island, suggesting an extensive coastline but does not specify rivers, mountains, or deserts.
- **Key Infrastructure:** **Honolulu Harbor** is a crucial part of O‘ahu's infrastructure as it handles 400 shipping containers every four days to supply the island.
  
### **Local Climate and Water Challenges**
- **Climate Impacts:** The plan mentions busy tropical cyclone seasons, heavy rainfall following prolonged drought, warmer oceans leading to coral bleaching, and eroding beaches with high tide flooding.
- **Water Challenges:** Although 90 percent of the food and fuel are imported, the document highlights the vulnerabilities as a result of O‘ahu's isolation and dependence on imports.

- **Energy Production:** O‘ahu has a natural advantage in the renewable energy market.
- **Natural Resources:** The plan does not mention specific natural resources.
  
- Besides tourism and military, there is an emphasis on expanding the renewable energy sector and the broader green and blue economies to foster economic opportunities and transition away from oil dependence.
- The local housing stock is being increasingly purchased by offshore dollars, influencing the high cost of living.

### **Conclusion**
The resilience strategy suggests that O‘ahu's traditional values of equity and responsible stewardship are vital to thriving amidst the challenges presented by climate change, income inequality, and resource scarcity. The local community is drawn together by a collective identity rooted in aloha and inclusion, forming a key part of its resilience framework.

The plan addresses resilience through its commitment to creating a more cohesive climate resilience strategy across different neighborhoods and communities on O‘ahu. It emphasizes the need for a **"comprehensive CAS (Climate Adaptation Strategy) [which] will be critically important to building consistent, cohesive climate resilience across different neighborhoods and communities"** (O‘ahu Resilience Strategy). This includes developing a Climate Adaptation Strategy to coordinate *"policy and projects, [achieve] greater regional cohesiveness and provide our City and partners with a holistic scope and detailed direction for action"* (O‘ahu Resilience Strategy).

The plan includes multiple initiatives aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and transitioning to a clean energy economy. **"The Administration and City Council have established clear goals and commitments: 100 percent renewable City fleet by 2035; 100 percent renewable electricity by 2045; and carbon neutrality by 2045"** (O‘ahu Resilience Strategy). This is underscored by efforts such as changing streetlights to high-efficiency LEDs and building an all-electric rail system to reduce emissions (O‘ahu Resilience Strategy).

Adaptation is a core focus of the plan, with the City emphasizing the need to **"create a Climate Adaptation Strategy (CAS) that contains the following components: 1) A vulnerability assessment for City infrastructure;...and 7) Key recommendations for land use and policy changes for decision-makers and implementing agencies to reduce risk exposure to climate change impacts"** (O‘ahu Resilience Strategy). These initiatives include strategies related to urban water infrastructure and green infrastructure components to address the impacts of climate change on the island's infrastructure (O‘ahu Resilience Strategy).

The O‘ahu Resilience Strategy can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. The document equally emphasizes both reducing emissions through clean energy and carbon-neutral initiatives as well as enhancing resilience and adaptation through detailed strategies for infrastructure and community planning.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change that O‘ahu will face and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. The scenario includes:

- **Impacts from Sea Level Rise:** "A rapidly changing climate presents severe challenges to our future ability to live on O‘ahu. The impacts of sea level rise are commonly associated with climate change" (O‘ahu Resilience Strategy).
- **Changes in Weather Patterns:** There are "profound changes in rainfall, flooding, less trade winds, heat waves, and ocean acidification" which "may present even more dangerous near-term threats to our population" (O‘ahu Resilience Strategy).
- **Vulnerability of Infrastructure:** Climate change will require efforts to protect "our island city’s transportation infrastructure, water systems, and housing stock" (O‘ahu Resilience Strategy).
- **Climate Impacts in Real-Time:** The island is experiencing "impacts from sea level rise, increased rainfall flooding, and extreme heat" in real time, including "king tide inundation, severe beach erosion along the North Shore and Ko‘olau Loa, and the April 2018 'rainbomb' flooding" (O‘ahu Resilience Strategy).
- **Need for Clean Energy Transition:** The City is transitioning to a "100 percent clean energy economy as rapidly as possible" due to these climate change impacts (O‘ahu Resilience Strategy).

This scenario outlines the significant climate impacts and vulnerabilities O‘ahu is facing and indicates the areas where resilience, mitigation, and adaptation efforts will be targeted.

   - **Description of the Climate Hazard:** The plan mentions that "impacts of sea level rise are commonly associated with climate change" which poses challenges to the island.
   - **Climate Risks:** Sea level rise presents risks such as king tide inundation and severe beach erosion which demonstrate the need to act to protect lives and property that are increasingly in harm’s way.
   - **Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:** The plan specifically mentions beach erosion along the North Shore and Ko‘olau Loa, indicating these areas as vulnerable.

2. **Rainfall and Flooding**
   - **Description of the Climate Hazard:** The plan notes "profound changes in rainfall" leading to increased flooding events, such as the April 2018 "rainbomb" flooding.
   - **Climate Risks:** Flooding poses risks to transportation infrastructure and assets, and it is identified as a threat to O‘ahu’s infrastructure networks.
   - **Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:** The plan does not specify particular areas or populations, but the vulnerability assessment for City infrastructure might identify these.

3. **Less Trade Winds**
   - **Description of the Climate Hazard:** The document mentions a decrease in trade winds as one of the climate changes.
   - **Climate Risks:** While specific risks are not detailed in the document, the absence of trade winds can exacerbate heat waves and impact ventilation, affecting health and comfort.
   - **Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:** Not specified in the document.

4. **Extreme Heat Waves**
   - **Description of the Climate Hazard:** "Heat waves" are identified as one of the near-term threats along with other climate changes.
   - **Climate Risks:** Extreme heat can lead to health issues, increased energy demand, and stress on water systems.
   - **Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:** Areas with vulnerable populations such as the elderly or those without adequate cooling systems could be most affected, although not specifically detailed in the plan.

5. **Ocean Acidification**
   - **Description of the Climate Hazard:** Ocean acidification is mentioned as a potential near-term threat.
   - **Climate Risks:** Ocean acidification can harm marine life, affecting biodiversity and the fishing industry.
   - **Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:** Communities relying on marine resources for livelihood could be most vulnerable.

6. **Hurricane**
   - **Description of the Climate Hazard:** Recognized as one of O‘ahu's top shocks.
   - **Climate Risks:** Hurricanes can cause infrastructure failure, risk to lives and property.
   - **Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:** General vulnerability across the island is implied, prioritizing updated building codes to strengthen properties.

7. **Tsunami**
   - **Description of the Climate Hazard:** Identified as a significant shock.
   - **Climate Risks:** Can cause coastal flooding and damage to infrastructures.
   - **Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:** Coastal areas are implied to be the most vulnerable.

8. **Infrastructure Failure**
   - **Description of the Climate Hazard:** Included among top shocks.
   - **Climate Risks:** Causes disruption to vital services affecting community resilience.
   - **Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:** Not specific but implicates systemic risk across urban centers.

9. **External Economic Crisis**
   - **Description of the Climate Hazard:** Listed as a shock that can affect the community.
   - **Climate Risks:** Economic downturns can reduce funding for resilience measures and support services.
   - **Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:** Economically disadvantaged populations may be most at risk.

10. **Cost of Living**
    - **Description of the Climate Hazard:** Ranked as a significant stress.
    - **Climate Risks:** High living costs can lead to reduced capacity for adaptation to climate changes.
    - **Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:** Low-income residents are particularly vulnerable. 

11. **Aging Infrastructure**
    - **Description of the Climate Hazard:** Considered a top stress affecting resilience.
    - **Climate Risks:** Increases the risk of failure under extreme weather conditions.
    - **Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:** All residents relying on these infrastructures are affected with no specific population detailed.

12. **Climate Change Impacts**
    - **Description of the Climate Hazard:** Broadly recognized as a stress.
    - **Climate Risks:** Affects diverse sectors and increases the frequency and intensity of other hazards.
    - **Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:** Generalized across O‘ahu.

13. **Lack of Affordable Housing**
    - **Description of the Climate Hazard:** Identified stress impacting resilience.
    - **Climate Risks:** Limits the ability of families to invest in resilience measures.
    - **Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:** Housing insecure populations are most affected.

Each of these identified hazards contributes uniquely to the climate risks faced by O‘ahu, indicating the need for a comprehensive adaptation and resilience strategy.

1. **Incorporating Flexibility and Economic Benefits in Investment Decisions**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The need for economic adaptation in a rapidly changing environment.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The "Resilience Dividend" is an approach mentioned, aiming to ensure that necessary expenditures produce co-benefits and incorporate flexibility to yield not just financial returns but also social benefits and increased community buy-in. (No specific cost, timeframe, or location details were provided.)
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Emphasizes the economic benefit of investments and social benefits that enhance community support. ("As the City...to gain, as well." - Pillar III: Climate Security)

2. **Creating a Climate Adaptation Strategy (CAS)**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Risks due to sea level rise, profound changes in rainfall, flooding, and expected flooding predictions.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** This includes vulnerability assessments, identifying climate-driven risks, evaluation and ranking of risks, mitigation plans, recommendations for capital improvement projects, and coordination across departments. (No specific cost, timeframe, or location details were provided.)
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Enhances fiscal efficiency, coordinated policy and projects, provides holistic scope and direction for action, focuses on improving current conditions. ("The complexity and scale of this challenge require unprecedented collaboration..." - Pillar III: Climate Security)

3. **Designing for Resilience – Iwilei-Kapālama Roundtable**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Urban water management challenges indicative of climate change threats.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** An intensive, multi-day program with experts to inform transit-oriented development and infrastructure planning for the Iwilei-Kapālama area. The timeframe and location are specified as Iwilei-Kapālama.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Enhances transit-oriented development, incorporates urban design improvements. ("The City organized an Iwilei- Kapālama Resilience Roundtable..." - Pillar III: Climate Security)

4. **Developing Climate Resilience Design Guidelines**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Anticipated changes in temperature, precipitation, and sea levels.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** These guidelines are in development to provide step-by-step instructions on design incorporating climate changes. Referencing New York City’s guidelines, it aims for voluntary interim guidance until formal standards evolve. (No specific cost, timeframe, or location details provided.)
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Aim to incorporate scientific data into design processes, enhance building and infrastructure resilience. ("Forward-looking advisory guidelines can serve..." - Resilience Design Guidelines)

5. **Transition to 100% Clean Energy Economy**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Mitigation of emissions and adaptation to sea level rise, increased funding, and extreme heat.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** There are goals of 100% renewable city fleet by 2035 and 100% renewable electricity by 2045. (No specific cost or location details were provided.)
   - **Other Important Attributes:** The transition involves designing resilient infrastructure, which lowers risks to life and property, and reduces monetary exports for fossil fuels. (Pillar III: Tackling Climate Change by Reducing Emissions and Adapting to Impacts)

6. **Enhancing Resilience Through Community Engagement**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** General preparedness for natural disasters and long-term livability challenges.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Involving community representatives in developing resilience strategies. There was no specific mention of cost, timeframe, or location.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Focuses on community ties and ensuring integration of cultural values into resilience planning. ("Over the span of four months and dozens of meetings..." - O‘ahu Resilience Phases)

These options are integral to improving resilience for O‘ahu in the face of climate change, with a focus on integration and community synergy.

The plan identifies several mitigation options, summarizing them as follows:

1. **Expand Opportunities for Methane Capture and Re-Use**
   - **Timing:** Not explicitly mentioned.
   - **Location:** Island-wide.
   - **Other Attributes:** The City and County of Honolulu have opened a renewable wastewater biogas facility ("Action 23").

2. **Expand Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Island-Wide**
   - **Timing:** Short-term.
   - **Other Attributes:** Aimed at supporting the transition to electric vehicles and reducing emissions associated with transportation ("Actions Summary").

3. **Accelerate Carbon-Free New Mobility Options**
   - **Location:** Not explicitly mentioned.
   - **Other Attributes:** Intended to reduce emissions by promoting alternative, carbon-free modes of transportation ("Actions Summary").

4. **Transform the City’s Public Fleet to 100% Renewable Fuel by 2035**
   - **Timing:** Long-term.
   - **Other Attributes:** Part of the effort to transition the City's fleet to clean, renewable energy sources ("Actions Summary").

5. **Reduce Taxpayer Expense and Increase Renewable Energy through a City-Wide Energy Performance Contract**
   - **Cost:** Directed towards reducing expenses and increasing renewable energy but specific costs not mentioned.
   - **Other Attributes:** Through Energy Performance Contracting, the aim is to achieve cost savings while enhancing energy efficiency. The contract is a tool that allows for the implementation of energy-saving measures. Model adapted from the City of Boston ("Actions Summary" and "Action 20").

6. **Establish an Energy Benchmarking Standard for O‘ahu Commercial Buildings**
   - **Location:** O‘ahu.
   - **Other Attributes:** Focused on improving energy efficiency in commercial buildings by implementing benchmarking standards ("Actions Summary" and "Action 21").

7. **District Cooling: Tap the Ocean to Cool Our Buildings**
   - **Timing:** Mid-term.
   - **Other Attributes:** Utilizes sea water air conditioning systems similar to those in Toronto to reduce energy consumption for cooling ("Actions Summary" and "Action 22").

The plan provides a timeline for these actions ranging from immediate to long-term and indicates various roles and contributions from partners in achieving these mitigation strategies. Each action is part of a broader effort to align with sustainable development goals and make systemic changes for a cleaner energy economy ("Pillar III / CLIMATE SECURITY" and "Goal 1: Clean Energy Economy").

   - **Information:** The plan references a renewable wastewater biogas facility opened in Honolulu, indicating efforts to capture and re-use methane. 
   - **Location:** City and County of Honolulu.
   - **Other Attributes:** The project highlights a commitment to renewable energy and sustainability.

   - **Information:** This action involves increasing the availability of electric vehicle charging stations across the island.
   - **Timeframe:** Not specified; categorized as a "Short-term" action.
   - **Other Attributes:** Supports the transition to electric vehicles, contributing to lowering emissions.

3. **Transform the City’s Public Fleet to 100% Renewable Fuel by 2035**
   - **Information:** This option aims to convert the city's public vehicle fleet to run entirely on renewable fuels by 2035.
   - **Timeframe:** Long-term (5+ years).
   - **Other Attributes:** Part of strategic efforts to reduce GHG emissions from the transportation sector.

4. **Accelerate Carbon-Free New Mobility Options**
   - **Information:** Focuses on promoting carbon-free transportation methods to reduce emissions.
   - **Timeframe:** Not specified; categorized as a "Mid-term" action.
   - **Other Attributes:** Aims to address transportation emissions through innovative mobility solutions.

5. **Ensure Equal Access to Sustainable Transportation Options and Cost Savings**
   - **Information:** This seeks to provide equitable access to sustainable transportation and related financial benefits.
   - **Timeframe:** Not specified; categorized as a "Long-term" action.
   - **Other Attributes:** Highlights climate justice by ensuring all communities benefit from sustainable transportation developments.

6. **Reduce Taxpayer Expense and Increase Renewable Energy through a City-Wide Energy Performance Contract**
   - **Information:** Involves utilizing an Energy Performance Contract to boost renewable energy use and lower costs.
   - **Other Attributes:** Focused on fiscal efficiency and advancing renewable energy initiatives.

7. **Establish an Energy Benchmarking Standard for O‘ahu Commercial Buildings**
   - **Information:** Proposes an energy benchmarking standard for commercial buildings to drive energy efficiency.
   - **Location:** O‘ahu commercial buildings.
   - **Other Attributes:** Aims to enhance energy savings and efficiency in the commercial sector.

8. **District Cooling: Tap the Ocean to Cool Our Buildings**
   - **Information:** Introduces sea-water air conditioning systems to use ocean water for building cooling.
   - **Other Attributes:** Innovatively uses natural resources to reduce energy usage in building cooling systems. 

These mitigation options collectively focus on reducing emissions, enhancing energy efficiency, and promoting renewable energy within the planning jurisdiction. Each option is part of a broader strategy aiming to mitigate the impacts of climate change within the community.

Based on the O‘ahu Resilience Strategy document, the following adaptation options are identified, each addressing specific climate threats:

### Adaptation Option 1: Climate Adaptation Strategy (CAS)
- **Climate Threat:** Multidimensional impacts of climate change including sea level rise, flooding, drought, and heatwaves.
  - **Cost:** Not specifically mentioned in explicit terms.
  - **Timeframe:** Designed to adapt and refine over time; no specific deadlines are indicated.
  - **Location:** City-wide across O‘ahu, encompassing all infrastructure and communities.
  - **Other Important Attributes:** Calls for a comprehensive approach including a vulnerability assessment, evaluation of risks, and coordination of adaptation across departments. It also emphasizes the incorporation of green infrastructure and water management ("O‘AHU RESILIENCE STRATEGY 88; "A comprehensive CAS will be critically important to building consistent, cohesive climate resilience across different neighborhoods and communities.").

### Adaptation Option 2: Sustainable Roof Systems
- **Climate Threat:** Urban heat and rainfall management.
  - **Timeframe:** Immediate implementation is indicated.
  - **Location:** Not specifically detailed, likely aimed at urban areas.
  - **Other Important Attributes:** This option aims to deploy systems that help manage urban heat and rainfall, contributing to reducing urban heat island effects ("Deploy Sustainable Roof Systems to Manage Urban Heat and Rainfall").

### Adaptation Option 3: Community Forest
- **Climate Threat:** Heat management and community cooling.
  - **Location:** Island-wide, focusing on enhancing community green spaces.
  - **Other Important Attributes:** By maintaining and enhancing the community forest, the strategy helps in keeping O‘ahu cool and fostering resilience through natural resource management ("Keep O‘ahu Cool by Maintaining and Enhancing the Community Forest").

### Adaptation Option 4: Storm Water Management
- **Climate Threat:** Storm water management to prevent flooding.
  - **Timeframe:** Implementation is planned in the short-term.
  - **Location:** Although exact locations are not specified, likely targeted areas prone to flooding.
  - **Other Important Attributes:** Establishing a Storm Water Enterprise Fund to finance water management and reduce economic and property risks, such as those within the Ala Wai Canal Watershed ("Establish a Storm Water Enterprise Fund to Better Finance Water Management"; "Minimize Economic and Property Risk within the Ala Wai Canal Watershed").

### Adaptation Option 5: Revised Shoreline Management Rules
- **Climate Threat:** Preservation of beaches and protection from coastal erosion.
  - **Timeframe:** Short-term and immediate actions are indicated.
  - **Location:** Coastal areas subject to erosion and property risks.
  - **Other Important Attributes:** Protecting coastal properties and beaches through innovation and partnerships, adjusting management rules ("Protect Beaches and Public Safety with Revised Shoreline Management Rules"; "Protect Coastal Property and Beaches Through Innovation and Partnerships").

These adaptation options are intended to collectively enhance O‘ahu's climate resilience by addressing immediate threats and laying the foundation for long-term infrastructure and community adjustment.

The plan includes various climate policies to advance climate justice, focusing primarily on ensuring equitable access and addressing specific climate vulnerabilities. Below is a summary of the key climate policies related to climate justice, including the threats they address and the vulnerable areas or populations:

### **1. Ensure Equal Access to Sustainable Transportation Options and Cost Savings**
  - **Greenhouse Gas Emissions:** This policy addresses emissions from traditional fossil fuel vehicles by promoting sustainable transportation options.
  - **Economically Disadvantaged Groups:** The plan aims to ensure that all communities, especially those in lower-income brackets, have equal access to cost-saving and sustainable transportation options. This is crucial as these populations might be more reliant on public transport and less able to afford eco-friendly options without subsidies or programs to assist them.

### **2. Transform the City’s Public Fleet to 100 Percent Renewable Fuel by 2035**
  - **Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions:** Transforming the city fleet to renewable energy reduces emissions contributing to health problems and climate change.
  - **Urban Residents:** Specifically, those living in densely populated areas are more exposed to air pollution. By targeting the city's fleet, the policy alleviates some of the city's environmental burdens on these populations.

### **3. Chart a Climate Resilient Future by Creating and Implementing a Climate Adaptation Strategy**
  - **Multiple Climate Impacts:** Such as sea-level rise, extreme weather events, and heatwaves.
- **Areas/Populations with Climate Vulnerability:**
  - **Coastal Communities and Low-Income Neighborhoods:** Particularly those that may be more exposed to flooding and less equipped to recover from extreme weather events without external assistance.

These policies reflect a comprehensive approach to integrating climate justice by acknowledging and planning for the differential impacts of climate threats on more vulnerable populations. The plan emphasizes equal access, equitable development, and proactive adaptation measures to support all communities, especially those historically marginalized or most at risk.

Based strictly on the content provided in the O‘ahu Resilience Strategy, potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies could include:

### **1. Sustainable Roof Systems Ordinance**

- This policy addresses the issues related to rainfall runoff, high volumes of flooding during storm events, and urban heat island effects from impervious surfaces such as rooftops ("O‘AHU RESILIENCE STRATEGY  « »resilientoahu.org 96 97").

- Proposed options include implementing sustainable rooftop systems such as "blue roofs," "green roofs," "cool roofs," and onsite renewable energy generation. These systems aim to repurpose available open space to mitigate climate impacts effectively ("O‘AHU RESILIENCE STRATEGY  « »resilientoahu.org 96 97").

- While the ordinance aims to address urban heat and rainfall issues, enforcing a blanket requirement for all commercial, government, and multi-dwelling unit buildings could potentially disregard diverse local conditions. Excessive focus on rooftop solutions might divert attention and resources from other needed infrastructure adaptations, potentially increasing vulnerability in areas where rooftop systems are less effective or feasible due to technical, historical, or architectural constraints. Additionally, implementing these roof systems without adequate consideration of local climates, economic conditions, or the technological capacity of building owners could inadvertently lead to financial strain or reduced adaptability ("O‘AHU RESILIENCE STRATEGY  « »resilientoahu.org 96 97").

### **In Summary:**
Though well-intentioned, the potential for maladaptive outcomes arises when policies are applied without sufficiently accounting for local variability and specific circumstances, which may result in increased vulnerabilities or unintended consequences in less compatible contexts. The need for flexible ordinance implementation that accommodates special conditions is underscored to mitigate potential maladaptive outcomes.

**Measurement of Success:**

The plan outlines various metrics and goals to evaluate the success of its adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options:

1. **Renewable Energy and Emissions Mitigation:**
   - *Metrics:* 
     - Decrease in the City purchase of external energy.
     - Increase in kilowatts (kW) of renewable energy generation produced at City facilities.
     - Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions avoided by increased efficiency and renewable energy production (units not specified).
   - *Goals:* 
     - Transform the City's Public Fleet to 100% renewable fuel by 2035.
     - Achieve 100% renewable electricity by 2045.
     - Carbon neutrality by 2045. *(Pillar III, Climate Security)*

     - Increased public transit mode share.
     - Increased number of bus passes/Holo passes purchased.
     - Reduced commute times and congestion. (No units of measure specified)
   - *Goals:* 
     - Expand electric vehicle charging infrastructure island-wide. *(Goal 2, Clean Ground Transportation)*

3. **Climate Resilience:**
   - *Metrics:*
     - Adopt Sustainable Roof Systems Ordinance.
     - Number/Acres of Cool, Blue, and Green Roofs Installed. 
   - *Goals:*
     - Design and implement a City-wide Climate Adaptation Strategy with a published Climate Vulnerability Assessment. *(Goal 3, Climate Resilient Future)*

4. **Waste Management and Renewable Energy:**
     - Percentage of gas captured for beneficial use.
     - Amount of energy use displaced by captured biogas.
     - Reduction in annual GHG emissions equaling the removal of approximately 400 gasoline-powered cars.
   - *Spotlight Example:* RNG facility at Honouliuli Wastewater Treatment Plant displacing about 15,000 barrels of oil per year, yielding expected revenue of nearly $1.6 million annually. 

5. **General Goals Across Actions:**
   - To transition to a carbon-free economy.
   - To uphold the Paris climate agreement to reduce emissions. *(Pillar III, Climate Security)*

6. **Performance Metrics for Specific Initiatives** (units or concrete numbers not specified):
   - Chart a Climate Resilient Future by Creating and Implementing a Climate Adaptation Strategy.
   - Deploy Sustainable Roof Systems to Manage Urban Heat and Rainfall.
   - Protect Coastal Property and Beaches through Innovation and Partnerships.
   - Establish a Storm Water Enterprise Fund to Better Finance Storm Water Management. *(Goal 3, Climate Resilient Future)*

- While specific units are sometimes not mentioned, there are clear performance metrics and goals associated with each of the adaptations, resilience, and mitigation options. 
- Deadlines are primarily long-term (2035, 2045) with various immediate to long-term project implementations across the strategies.

| Feature           | Description                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     |
|-------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | O'ahu                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           |
| **Population**        | "For the first time in our state history, our population dropped three years in a row as housing costs continue to rise and force local residents to relocate." *Resilience Context*                                                                 |
| **Threats Identified** | *Top Shocks:*<br> - Hurricane (77%)<br> - Tsunami (51%)<br> - Infrastructure Failure (37%)<br> - Rainfall Flooding (29%)<br> - External Economic Crisis (29%)<br><br>*Top Stresses:*<br> - Cost of Living (50%)<br> - Climate Change Impacts (47%)<br> - Aging Infrastructure (50%)<br> - Lack of Affordable Housing (40%)<br> - Over-reliance on Imports (24%) |
| **Measures Identified** | - "Implement a Guaranteed Security Program to Support Local Home Ownership" *Actions Summary*<br> - "Expand Housing and Energy Transformation by Accelerating the Permitting Process" *Actions Summary*<br> - "Launch Residential Hurricane Retrofit Program to Strengthen Properties Vulnerable to Hurricanes" *Actions Summary*<br> - "Increase Flood Insurance Affordability for O‘ahu Residents" *Actions Summary*<br> - "Develop a Network of Community Resilience Hubs" *Actions Summary*<br> - "Chart a Climate Resilient Future by Creating and Implementing a Climate Adaptation Strategy" *Pillar III. CLIMATE SECURITY* |
```

**Physical and Economic Landscape of Detroit**

- **Location:** Detroit is a city in the state of Michigan, United States.
- **Geographic Features:** Detroit is notable for being near the Great Lakes, which provide a significant supply of freshwater. 
- **Key Infrastructure:** The plan does not specifically mention key infrastructure such as airports or seaports.
- **Local Climate:** Detroit faces challenges related to climate change, specifically increasing temperatures and precipitation. The plan mentions that Detroit will experience a significant increase in very hot days, potentially as many as 65 days per year above 90°F by the end of the century, which will exacerbate air quality issues and impact vulnerable residents. Additionally, Detroit may face projected increases in intense precipitation, contributing to urban flooding challenges (Section: Changing Climate).

- **Population and Demographics:** The document does not provide specific data on population numbers or demographic breakdowns.
- **Economic Overview:**
  - **Average Income:** Fewer than half of Detroit households earned a living wage as of 2017, with over a third of Detroiters living in poverty (Section: Unemployment & Income Insecurity).
  - **Industries and Economic Drivers:** Recent economic growth and investments have been observed in Detroit. However, specific industries or economic drivers are not detailed in the document.
  - **Housing:** There is a challenge with affordable housing, as approximately 60 percent of renters spend more than 30 percent of their income on housing expenses (Section: Poor & Unaffordable Housing).

- **Energy Production and Natural Resources:** The document does not delve into specifics about Detroit's energy production or its natural resources.
  
The plan emphasizes problems that arise from climate changes, such as infrastructure being tested and overwhelmed by flooding and increased heat affecting health (Section: Sustainability Challenges). Additionally, the city has committed to global environmental standards, including the Paris Climate Agreement, aiming to reduce GHG emissions by 30 percent by 2025 (Section: Equitable Green City).

The plan includes numerous initiatives aimed at enhancing resilience to climate impacts. Key actions involve "integrating climate change impacts into hazard mitigation planning" and ensuring infrastructure improvements to better handle extreme weather events such as heavy rainfall and extreme temperatures. For example, "we will pilot green infrastructure on streetscape projects through incorporating street trees and vegetation into transportation projects whenever possible, with an emphasis on areas with high-flood risk" (GOAL 9).

Mitigation initiatives focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and expanding renewable energy sources. The plan commits to "reduce municipal and citywide greenhouse gas emissions" and aims for a 30 percent reduction by 2025 from a 2005 baseline. Additionally, "we will develop a streamlined solar permitting process in conjunction with DTE" to increase solar PV adoption (GOAL 10).

Adaptation measures include preparing the city and its residents for increased frequency and intensity of climate events. For example, the plan highlights the need to "expand emergency preparedness and communication tools" to ensure that vulnerable populations have access to necessary information and resources during emergencies (GOAL 9).

The plan as a whole can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. It addresses both reducing GHG emissions and preparing for and enhancing resilience against climate impacts with equal emphasis.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change that the planning jurisdiction, Detroit, is facing and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation.

- The plan mentions that climate change is expected to result in increased overall temperatures and precipitation in Detroit, as well as an increase in the frequency and intensity of precipitation events. These changes are anticipated to exacerbate existing challenges such as heat islands and urban flooding, particularly impacting vulnerable populations. (*Equitable Green City*)

- A scenario of more extreme weather events is evident from statements like, "As Detroit faces a changing climate, natural disasters such as extreme heat and cold events and heavy rainfall are expected to happen more often and with higher intensity." This suggests that Detroit is planning for increased occurrences of natural disasters. (*Integrate climate change impacts into hazard mitigation planning*)

- There is mention of current and future extreme heat conditions with projections of increasing days per year over 90º F and over 100º F, under both lower and higher emissions scenarios. (*Extreme Heat Becomes More Frequent*)

Overall, the scenario described includes increased temperatures, more intense and frequent precipitation, and extreme weather events, prompting Detroit to adopt various climate policies to enhance resilience, mitigate impacts, and adapt to these expected changes.

- **Climate Hazard:** "Detroit will also see a significant increase in very hot days, with as many as 65 days above 90°F by the end of this century."
- **Climate Risks:** "Exacerbating the burden of heat and poor air quality on our most vulnerable residents."
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** "Vulnerable populations, such as those with low income, some communities of color, immigrant groups (including those with limited English proficiency), Indigenous peoples, children and pregnant women, older adults, vulnerable occupational groups, persons with disabilities, and persons with preexisting or chronic medical conditions."

**2. Intense Precipitation Events**

- **Climate Hazard:** "The changing climate will test and overwhelm our infrastructure and threaten our health in other ways. Flooding will continue to affect Detroit homes and streets due to projected increases in intense precipitation."
- **Climate Risks:** "These discharges create water quality and potential quality of life impacts for residents. Flooding can overwhelm wastewater infrastructure, causing releases of untreated sewage and affecting water quality."
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** No specific areas or populations are directly mentioned, but the general vulnerability implies a significant burden on the overall infrastructure affecting potentially all residents.

**3. Urban Flooding**

- **Climate Hazard:** "Flooding will continue to affect Detroit homes and streets due to projected increases in intense precipitation, seen as recently as Spring 2019 in the Jefferson Chalmers neighborhood."
- **Climate Risks:** "Testing and overwhelming our infrastructure and threatening our health in other ways."
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** No specific groups mentioned directly; however, urban flooding affects areas with inadequate infrastructure, potentially impacting all residents reliant on those infrastructures.

**4. Increased Precipitation and Overwhelming Sewer Systems**

- **Climate Hazard:** "Untreated Combined Sewer Overflows (CSO) are a result of overwhelming the city’s system during rain events."
- **Climate Risks:** "Water quality impacts that could impact quality of life for residents, such as through beach closings. Release of untreated sewage into waterways."
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** General population; no specific groups are mentioned directly.

1. **Integrate Climate Change Impacts into Hazard Mitigation Planning**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option addresses the threats of extreme heat, cold events, and heavy rainfall which are expected to increase in frequency and intensity due to climate change. 
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The timeframe is near-term, 0-2 years. It is partially funded by philanthropy.
     - Co-benefits include improved public safety, public health, and increased government efficiency and transparency.
     - The plan aims to incorporate climate change risk information for residents and infrastructure to identify potential mitigation strategies. (*SECTION: GOAL 9: ENHANCE INFRASTRUCTURE AND OPERATIONS TO IMPROVE RESILIENCE TO CLIMATE IMPACTS*)

2. **Expand Emergency Preparedness and Communication Tools**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option tackles more intense and frequent natural disasters such as heat waves and flooding.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The timeframe is mid-term, 3-5 years. It is partially funded by the city and the state.
     - The strategy includes reviewing and evaluating current emergency notification procedures and communication tools.
     - Co-benefits include improved public health, increased government efficiency and transparency, and improved public safety. (*SECTION: GOAL 9: ENHANCE INFRASTRUCTURE AND OPERATIONS TO IMPROVE RESILIENCE TO CLIMATE IMPACTS*)

3. **Incorporate Green Stormwater Infrastructure into Street Redesign and Greenway Projects**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option is designed to address the threat of stormwater overwhelming the city’s infrastructure during rain events.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The timeframe is mid-term, 3-5 years. It is partially funded through city bond funding and philanthropy.
     - The goal is to incorporate green infrastructure into transportation projects, especially in high-flood risk areas.
     - Co-benefits include improved public health, increased government efficiency and transparency, and improved water/wastewater quality and management. (*SECTION: GOAL 9: ENHANCE INFRASTRUCTURE AND OPERATIONS TO IMPROVE RESILIENCE TO CLIMATE IMPACTS*)

4. **Create Neighborhood Scale, Distributed Green Infrastructure Projects**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option aims to reduce neighborhood-level flooding and manage stormwater by addressing combined sewer overflow events.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The timeframe is mid-term, 3-5 years. It is partially funded by the city (DWSD) and philanthropy.
     - This involves working with partners to develop green stormwater infrastructure projects in neighborhoods with high flooding incidents and limited green space. 
     - Co-benefits include improved public health, improved water/wastewater quality and management, and improved air quality. (*SECTION: GOAL 9: ENHANCE INFRASTRUCTURE AND OPERATIONS TO IMPROVE RESILIENCE TO CLIMATE IMPACTS*)

Each resilience option is carefully crafted to address specific climate threats while considering economic, environmental, and infrastructural benefits, ensuring a more comprehensive approach to enhancing the city's resilience against climate impacts.

The plan identifies several mitigation options. Below is a summary of each, including information regarding cost, timing, location, and other important attributes:

1. **Increase the Adoption of Solar PV**
   - **Summary:** The city aims to expand solar PV adoption by streamlining the solar permitting process, publicizing finance and funding opportunities, and developing a solar potential map to evaluate integration opportunities.
   - **Timing:** Near-term (0-2 years)
   - **Cost/Funding:** Partially Funded by Federal, Business
   - **Lead:** Sustainability with partners like DTE Energy and local departments

2. **Develop a Greenhouse Gas Assessment and Climate Action Strategy**
   - **Summary:** The city plans to conduct a new GHG inventory and develop a climate action strategy to reduce emissions. This includes aligning with the Paris Climate Agreement for a significant GHG reduction by 2025.
   - **Cost/Funding:** Partially Funded by Philanthropy
   - **Lead:** Sustainability with local stakeholders

3. **Reduce Emissions from City Vehicles**
   - **Summary:** The initiative aims to lower emissions from municipal vehicles, supporting the city's carbon reduction goals.
   - **Timing:** Mid-term (3-5 years)
   - **Cost/Funding:** Partially Funded by City and State
   - **Lead:** General Services with various city and external partners

4. **Improve Access to Utility Efficiency Programs**
   - **Summary:** This involves enhancing access to programs that improve utility efficiency, thus reducing GHG emissions.
   - **Timing:** Information not specified
   - **Location/Lead:** Led by Sustainability

5. **Develop an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Strategy**
   - **Summary:** A strategy to support electric vehicle adoption through infrastructure development, including identifying priority locations and necessary upgrades.
   - **Cost/Funding:** Partially Funded
   - **Lead:** Sustainability with partners such as DTE Energy

These mitigation strategies are designed to reduce GHG emissions and contribute to the city's sustainability and climate action goals.

1. **Develop a Greenhouse Gas Assessment and Climate Action Strategy**
   - **Details**: A comprehensive strategy is aimed at reducing municipal and citywide greenhouse gas emissions. This includes conducting a new GHG inventory and Business-As-Usual (BAU) forecast of emissions. Based on this, a quantitative emissions reduction pathway and climate action strategy will be developed.
   - **Cost**: Not specifically mentioned in the document.
   - **Timeframe**: **Near-term 0-2 years** (Detroit Sustainability Action Agenda 2019).
   - **Funding**: Partially Funded by Philanthropy.
   - **Co-benefits**: Includes improved public health, increased government efficiency and transparency, improved air quality, and reduced greenhouse gases (Detroit Sustainability Action Agenda 2019, Goal 10).

2. **Increase the Adoption of Solar PV**
   - **Details**: The plan involves the development of a streamlined solar permitting process in conjunction with DTE Energy. It includes publicity for existing finance and funding opportunities, development of a solar potential map, and evaluation of opportunities to install solar PV systems on municipal buildings.
   - **Cost**: Not explicitly stated.
   - **Funding**: Partially funded by Federal and Business sources.
   - **Co-benefits**: Increased utility efficiency and affordability, reduced greenhouse gases (Detroit Sustainability Action Agenda 2019, Action 40).

3. **Develop an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Strategy**
   - **Details**: A strategy aimed at developing comprehensive electric vehicle infrastructure to support and accelerate the adoption of clean energy transportation. This includes identifying priority locations for new infrastructure and necessary upgrades to support EVs.
   - **Timeframe**: Not directly stated, but related to enhancing energy infrastructure (Detroit Sustainability Action Agenda 2019).
   - **Funding**: Not specified.
   - **Co-benefits**: Improved public health, reduced greenhouse gases, increased access to economic mobility (Detroit Sustainability Action Agenda 2019, Action 43).

4. **Launch a Challenge Program for Large Commercial Buildings**
   - **Details**: Encouraging large commercial buildings to reduce energy and water usage by 50% by 2030, along with committing to measure these reductions. A peer-to-peer technical assistance group will facilitate sharing of energy reduction strategies.
   - **Cost**: Not mentioned.
   - **Funding**: Not clearly specified.
   - **Co-benefits**: Improved water/wastewater quality and management (Detroit Sustainability Action Agenda 2019, Action 42). 

These options reflect the planning jurisdiction's commitment to mitigating climate change impacts through strategic interventions, funding engagements, and co-benefits that support public health and environmental quality.

   - **Climate Threat:** The plan addresses natural disasters such as extreme heat, cold events, and heavy rainfall, expected to happen more often and with higher intensity due to climate change.
     - *Timeframe:* Near-term (0-2 years)
     - *Cost and Funding:* Partially funded by philanthropy.
     - *Location:* Impact and implementation are citywide.
     - *Lead:* Emergency Management
     - *Co-Benefits:* Improved public safety, improved public health, increased government efficiency and transparency.
   - **Citation:** "As Detroit faces a changing climate, natural disasters such as extreme heat and cold events and heavy rainfall are expected to happen more often and with higher intensity." (Goal 9: Enhance Infrastructure and Operations to Improve Resilience to Climate Impacts)

   - **Climate Threat:** Increased severity and frequency of natural disasters like heat waves and flooding due to climate change.
     - *Timeframe:* Mid-term (3-5 years)
     - *Cost and Funding:* Partially funded by city and state.
     - *Location:* Targeted towards vulnerable residents across Detroit.
   - **Citation:** "A changing climate will bring more intense and frequent natural disasters, like heat waves and flooding, to Detroit." (Goal 9: Enhance Infrastructure and Operations to Improve Resilience to Climate Impacts)

   - **Climate Threat:** Stormwater management issues related to increased precipitation events.
     - *Cost and Funding:* Partially funded by city (Bond Funding) and philanthropy.
     - *Location:* Citywide with emphasis on areas with high-flood risk.
     - *Lead:* Public Works
     - *Co-Benefits:* Improved public health, increased government efficiency and transparency, improved water/wastewater quality and management.
   - **Citation:** "Road surfaces are the largest area of impervious surface in the city and present an opportunity to capture and divert stormwater from the sewer system." (Goal 9: Enhance Infrastructure and Operations to Improve Resilience to Climate Impacts)

   - **Climate Threat:** Ensuring resilience to extreme precipitation and improved water quality.
     - *Cost and Funding:* Partially funded by City (DWSD) and philanthropy.
     - *Location:* Across neighborhoods in the city.
     - *Lead:* Water and Sewerage
     - *Co-Benefits:* Improved public health, improved water/wastewater quality and management, improved air quality.
   - **Citation:** "Green infrastructure is a key strategy for improved stormwater management, water quality, and neighborhood revitalization." (Goal 9: Enhance Infrastructure and Operations to Improve Resilience to Climate Impacts)

The plan identifies several climate policies aimed at advancing climate justice, focusing on making Detroit more equitable and resilient. Here are the climate policies along with the threats they address and the populations most vulnerable:

### **1. Climate Policy: Alignment with the Paris Climate Agreement**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** The policy addresses the threat of increased GHG emissions, which contribute to climate change.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The plan aims to reduce emissions and acknowledges a disproportionate impact on vulnerable populations such as those with low income, communities of color, immigrant groups, Indigenous peoples, children, pregnant women, older adults, vulnerable occupational groups, persons with disabilities, and those with preexisting or chronic medical conditions.

### **2. Climate Policy: Integrate Climate Change Impacts into Hazard Mitigation Planning**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** The policy tackles climate hazards such as extreme heat, cold events, and heavy rainfall, which are expected to increase in frequency and intensity.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Vulnerable populations include low-income communities and those already facing challenges from previous flooding events, such as the 2014 floods. These factors are not equally distributed across the city.

### **3. Climate Policy: Emergency Preparedness and Communication Tools Expansion**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy addresses the increased incidence and severity of natural disasters, including heat waves and flooding.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The policy is designed for residents most vulnerable to climate-related risks, ensuring they have the necessary information and preparedness for emergencies.

### **4. Climate Policy: Incorporate Green Stormwater Infrastructure into Street Redesign**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** The policy addresses the threat of urban flooding due to increased intense precipitation events.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Emphasis is placed on high-flood risk areas, which often overlap with communities that are more likely to be socioeconomically vulnerable.

### **5. Climate Policy: Develop an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Strategy**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy targets air pollution caused by motor vehicle emissions contributing to poor air quality and climate change.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The policy highlights the need to address health issues like asthma rates in Detroit, predominantly affecting residents in areas with high vehicle emissions and industrial activities.

Each of these policies focuses on addressing specific climate threats while recognizing the particular vulnerabilities of different populations within Detroit, aiming for equitable outcomes through targeted measures.

**Potential Unforeseen Maladaptive Climate Policy: Green Stormwater Infrastructure**

1. **Climate Threat it is Addressing:**
   - The climate policy of incorporating *"green stormwater infrastructure into street redesign and greenway projects"* addresses the threat of extreme precipitation events and the subsequent risk of overwhelming wastewater infrastructure. It is aimed at reducing the impacts of such events by capturing and diverting stormwater from the sewer system, thereby addressing risks related to urban flooding and improving water quality.

   - The climate policy of incorporating *"green stormwater infrastructure into street redesign and greenway projects"* addresses the threat of extreme precipitation events and the subsequent risk of overwhelming wastewater infrastructure. It is aimed at reducing the impacts of such events by capturing and diverting stormwater from the sewer system, thereby addressing risks related to urban flooding and improving water quality. 

   - **Adaptation Option:** This policy represents an adaptation strategy by utilizing green infrastructure techniques such as street trees and vegetation to manage stormwater and enhance urban resilience against extreme weather events, particularly in high-flood risk areas.
   - It aims to *"pilot green infrastructure through incorporating street trees and vegetation into transportation projects whenever possible, with an emphasis on areas with high-flood risk"* (Implementation Table).

   - Although well-intentioned, this policy may lead to maladaptation if not properly planned and executed. If the green stormwater infrastructure is not adequately designed or maintained, it could potentially exacerbate flooding instead of mitigating it. Poorly executed projects might fail to effectively manage large volumes of stormwater or could potentially divert water inappropriately, leading to unintended consequences in other areas, such as property damage or increased flood risk for vulnerable communities. Additionally, the focus on urban aesthetics may inadvertently prioritize less critical areas over those with the greatest needs, shifting resources away from more effective but less visible solutions. This risk of poor planning and execution could thus result in adverse outcomes contrary to the intended benefits of enhancing resilience to climate impacts.

**Adaptation and Resilience Options:**

- **Enhance infrastructure and operations to improve resilience to climate impacts:**
    - **Average annual gallons of untreated combined sewer overflow:** "722 million gallons" (Baseline). The goal is to "reduce" this metric.
    - **Acres managed by green stormwater infrastructure:** "900 Acres" (Baseline), targeted to increase to "1,800 Acres" by "2029."
    - **Responsiveness to resident requests within SLA:** "15%" (Baseline), targeted to "25%" by "2024" and "50%" by "2029." 
  - *Goals:*
    - **Untreated Combined Sewer Overflows:** "Reduce volume of untreated combined sewer overflows."
    - **Green stormwater infrastructure:** "Double the acres managed by green stormwater infrastructure."
    - **Resident Requests:** "Increase responsiveness to resident requests to 50 percent."

- **Make it easier and safer to get around Detroit without a personal vehicle:**
    - **Number of citywide auto, pedestrian, and crashes:** "12,900 crashes" (Baseline), targeted reduction to "10,191 crashes" by "2024."
    - **Share of pedestrian crashes resulting in fatality or serious injury:** "16.80%" (Baseline), targeted to "13.40%" by "2024."
    - **Share of bicyclist crashes resulting in fatality or serious injury:** "4.80%" (Baseline), targeted to "3.40%" by "2024."
    - **AllTransit Performance Score:** "6.8" (Baseline), targeted to "7.6" by "2024" and "8.3" by "2029."
    - **WalkScore:** "55" (Baseline), targeted to "60" by "2024" and "75" by "2029."

**Mitigation Options:**

- **Reduce municipal and citywide greenhouse gas emissions:**
    - **Municipal greenhouse gas emissions:** "1.18 million tons CO2e" (Baseline), targeted to "0.77 million tons CO2e" by "2024," and "0.29 million tons CO2e by 2034."
    - **Community greenhouse gas emissions:** "10.6 million tons CO2e" (Baseline), targeted reduction to "7.95 million tons CO2e by 2025."
    - **Local solar generation capacity:** "3.3 MW" (Baseline), targeted to "6.6 MW" by "2024" and "10 MW" by "2029."
    - **Average industrial and commercial energy consumption per square foot:** "42 MMBtu/sf" (Baseline), targeted to "37.8 MMBtu/sf" by "2024" and "29.4 MMBtu/sf" by "2029."

- **Improve air quality and reduce exposure to pollution:**
    - **Asthma hospitalization rates:** "41 per 10,000 residents" (Baseline), targeted reduction to "37 per 10,000 residents" by "2024" and "33 per 10,000 residents" by "2029."
    - **Tree Planting in the 20 most vulnerable census tracts:** Approximately "500/year" (Baseline), targeted to "5,000 trees" by "2024" and "15,000 trees" by "2029."

- **Increase access to healthy food, green spaces, and recreational opportunities:**
    - **Percent of Residents within a 10-minute walk to a park:** "77%" (Baseline), targeted to "85%" by "2024" and "90%" by "2029."

- **Advance equity in access to economic opportunity:**
  - *Goals:*
    - **Number of Detroiters earning a living wage:** Increase from "48%" (Baseline) to "58%" by "2024" and "68%" by "2029."
    - **Share of active city contracts with Minority, Women, and Detroit-Based vendors:** Increase from "34%" (Baseline) to "44%" by "2024." 

These specific metrics and targets enable tracking of the success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation measures outlined in the plan.

| Feature              | Description                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
|----------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Detroit                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
| **Population**       | Not specified in the provided document content                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               |
| **Threats Identified** | - Aging infrastructure and pollution due to outdated systems leading to issues such as poor road conditions and combined sewer overflows. (Sustainability Challenges)  <br> - Changing climate resulting in increased flood risks and more extreme heat days impacting vulnerable residents. (Climate Impacts)                            |
| **Measures Identified** | - Transform vacant lots into productive spaces and improve infrastructure to enhance resilience to climate impacts. (Goal 6 & 9) <br> - Create a greenhouse gas assessment and action strategy to reduce emissions. (Action 39) <br> - Increase solar PV adoption and develop an electric vehicle infrastructure strategy. (Action 40 & 43) |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction:** City of Raleigh  
**Location:** Southeast United States, Triangle region

- **Climate Impacts:** Experience of more frequent, longer-lasting heat waves; more frequent heavy rains and storms; more frequent warm nights; and the impacts of ocean warming manifested in stronger winds and heavier rains from hurricanes. There is rapid population growth contributing to increased development, infrastructure, and impervious surfaces (Introduction).

- **Challenges and Opportunities:** The economy will be impacted by climate change and by efforts to mitigate it. The transition required across the economy is noted to be expensive, necessitating years of planning, coordination, and collaboration. However, the adoption of new technology presents opportunities for high-skill, high-paying jobs in the community. Furthermore, reducing vehicle traffic creates safer streets for bicycles and pedestrians, and reducing GHGs leads to cleaner air and water, benefitting residents' health (Introduction).

The plan does not provide information on population, demographics, average income, or specific geographic features such as mountains, rivers, deserts, coastline, airports, or seaports. Additionally, specific details on Raleigh's energy production, natural resources, key industries, and economic drivers are not covered within the sections provided.

The plan explicitly aims to increase resilience in Raleigh by addressing various factors. It incorporates strategies addressing flood risk, preserving open spaces, promoting natural and green spaces, and social impacts. Moreover, several GHG reduction strategies are expected to have resilience co-benefits. The plan recognizes that building community resilience requires connecting stakeholders, incorporating climate equity and resilience across timeframes, and evaluating resilience considerations for CCAP strategies. This is evidenced by the section: "CCAP has a number of strategies explicitly aimed at increasing resilience in Raleigh by addressing flood risk and preserving open spaces. Additionally, many of CCAP’s GHG reduction strategies will likely have resilience co-benefits." (Building Community Resilience)

The plan outlines a detailed framework for GHG mitigation through strategies in three main sectors: Buildings & Energy, Transportation & Land Use, and Resilience & Cross Cutting. For example, Buildings & Energy accounts for a significant portion of Raleigh’s emissions, and the plan proposes strategies in energy efficiency and renewable energy. In Transportation & Land Use, it focuses on reducing traditional transportation modes, adopting alternative fuel vehicles, and modifying land use patterns. The plan states: "Buildings and energy accounts for 56 percent of Raleigh’s total GHG emissions... The buildings and energy strategies are grouped into the following strategy areas: Energy Efficiency Best Practices (EEBP); Energy Efficiency Standards (EES); Energy Supply (ES) and Renewable Energy (RE)." (Buildings & Energy)

The plan incorporates adaptation elements by providing guidance for community stakeholders on embedding resilience into actions and identifying specific considerations for equity and resilience when addressing climate risks. The resilience focus includes strategies to manage climate-related hazards and to build adaptive capacity. This is captured by: "An evaluation of resilience considerations for CCAP strategies was conducted using the resources and information gathered for CCAP development... These resilience considerations for strategies can be found in Chapters 5, 6, and 7 after the strategies and actions for each category." (Building Community Resilience)

Given the plan's equal emphasis on mitigation and resilience/adaptation strategies, along with its effort to integrate resilience co-benefits in GHG reduction efforts, it can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change that the planning jurisdiction, Raleigh, will face and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. The plan outlines various anticipated climate impacts such as:

- **More Frequent and Longer-Lasting Heat Waves:** The Southeast United States, including Raleigh, is experiencing increased frequency and duration of heat waves.

- **More Frequent Heavy Rains and Storms:** There is a noted increase in both the frequency and intensity of heavy rains and storms.

- **Effects of Ocean Warming:** The region faces hurricanes with stronger winds and heavier rains as a result of ocean warming.

- **Rapid Population Growth:** The Triangle region is experiencing rapid population growth, which contributes to more development and infrastructure, creating more impervious surfaces, and increasing the number of people needing protection from climate impacts such as storms, floods, and extreme heat.

This scenario emphasizes that "the likelihood, frequency, and strength of climate impacts are linked to the effectiveness of mitigation measures worldwide" (Building Community Resilience). Raleigh's climate change mitigation strategies are seen as part of a global effort, suggesting that local actions are necessary, but not sufficient on their own, highlighting the need for both local planning and global collaboration.

Additionally, climate and non-climate stressors, such as extreme precipitation, increasing temperatures, and drought conditions, combined with robust population growth, are anticipated to lead to increased resource demand and enhanced social vulnerability (Building Community Resilience). This understanding of climate impacts and vulnerabilities is intended to guide resilience planning and program development tailored to the needs of specific communities within Raleigh.

**1. Extreme Precipitation**

- **Climate Hazard:** The plan anticipates "increasing extreme precipitation events that lead to more frequent local flooding."
   - **Climate Risks:** These events can cause significant flooding, impacting infrastructure, homes, and roadways, and increasing pollution from runoff.
   - **Climate Vulnerability:** Communities with properties in the floodplain, especially those with low adaptive capacity, such as lower-income and minority neighborhoods, are most vulnerable. These areas are identified using the CDC Social Vulnerability Index to highlight those needing extra support to recover from floods.

**2. Increasing Temperatures and Temperature Variability**

   - **Climate Hazard:** The plan notes "increasing temperatures and temperature variability."
   - **Climate Risks:** These changes can result in "more frequent, longer-lasting heat waves" and stress on energy systems, human health, and local ecosystems.
   - **Climate Vulnerability:** Populations with lower adaptive capacity, including those without access to adequate cooling or living in areas with fewer street trees and green spaces, are particularly vulnerable.

**3. Drought Conditions**

   - **Climate Hazard:** The plan foresees "increasing frequency and duration of drought conditions."
   - **Climate Risks:** Droughts impact water availability, agriculture, and can exacerbate heatwaves, stressing local ecosystems and water resources.
   - **Climate Vulnerability:** Communities reliant on stable water supplies for agriculture or without adequate water conservation measures are more vulnerable.

**4. Hurricanes and Tropical Storms**

   - **Climate Hazard:** The plan mentions hurricanes and tropical storms, describing how "ocean warming leads to hurricanes with stronger winds and heavier rains."
   - **Climate Risks:** Such storms pose risks of flooding, wind damage, and infrastructure disruption. Raleigh, being over 100 miles from the coastline, still experiences these impacts.
   - **Climate Vulnerability:** Properties in low-lying areas and communities with low insurance penetration or substandard housing quality are more vulnerable.

**5. Winter Storms and Thunderstorms**

   - **Climate Hazard:** The plan indicates that "winter storms and thunderstorms" might become "more frequent over time."
   - **Climate Risks:** These storms can cause significant damage to homes, power outages, and hazards to human life.
   - **Climate Vulnerability:** Vulnerable populations include those living in areas prone to power outages and without access to emergency shelters or resources.

**6. Population Growth as a Non-Climate Stressor**

   - **Impact on Climate Risks:** Rapid population growth is listed as a non-climate stressor that exacerbates climate impacts. It leads to more development and infrastructure, which in turn increases impervious surfaces contributing to flooding and heat island effects.
   - **Climate Vulnerability:** With increased development, areas with high population density are more susceptible to compounded climate risks due to insufficient infrastructure and social services to manage the impacts effectively.

---

#### **1. Green Infrastructure**

- **Climate Threat**: Addresses flood resilience.
  - *"Floods are a highly disruptive climate risk, but their impacts can be mitigated by restricting development in floodplains and by investing in green infrastructure and programs that reduce stormwater runoff."* (Resilience & Cross Cutting)

- **Details**
  - **Cost**: Not specified in the document.
  - **Timeframe**: Short-term and long-term actions are outlined.
    - Short-term actions (0-7 years) include incentivizing green infrastructure and participating in programs like Raleigh Rainwater Rewards. (Page 85)
    - Long-term focus on expanding Green Infrastructure and Low Impact Development. (Page 89)
  - **Location**: Implementation in hazard-prone areas, such as floodplains. (Page 85)

  - Promotes environmental sustainability by integrating natural resources to manage floodwaters.
  - Encourages economic investment by reducing costs related to storm damage and enhancing urban planning. (Page 82)

---

#### **2. Preservation and Green Space**

- **Climate Threat**: Mitigates urban heat islands and enhances natural habitats.
  - *"...encourage opportunities to promote green space through initiatives such as Raleigh’s Open Space Plan, as well as to address urban heat islands, tree planting programs, pollinator habitat, food access, urban agriculture, and greenway development."* (Resilience & Cross Cutting)

---

  - **Timeframe**: Both short-term (0-7 years) and long-term (8+ years) actions are identified.
    - Encouraging green space initiatives like tree planting and urban agriculture in the short term. (Page 85)
  - **Location**: Implementation through local community engagement and development of neighborhood-specific green spaces. (Page 82)

- **Other Attributes**:
  - Enhances community resilience by improving air and water quality.
  - Promotes economic benefits by attracting businesses and residents to green neighborhoods while also being mindful of potential gentrification effects. (Page 82)

---

#### **3. Community Resilience**

- **Climate Threat**: Addresses multiple climate and non-climate stressors, enhancing overall community resistance to varied impacts.
  - *"Community resilience to climate and non-climate stressors includes the water, transportation, energy, food, and land use sectors of the community."* (Resilience & Cross Cutting)

  - **Timeframe**: Focused on long-term measures (8+ years).
    - Emphasizes continued focus and development of strategies, aligning with existing plans like the Triangle Regional Resilience Assessment. (Page 89)

  - Socially vulnerable populations may experience disproportionate impacts, thus resilience planning must be inclusive.
  - Infrastructural improvements include expanding green infrastructure and equitable development around transit to connect people to opportunities. (Page 89)

---

The resilience options outlined in the plan are part of a broader strategy to address Raleigh's vulnerability to climate change impacts through infrastructural investments, sustainable development practices, and community engagement initiatives.

The plan identifies several mitigation options, categorized under **Buildings & Energy**, **Transportation & Land Use**, and **Resilience & Cross-Cutting**. Below are the summaries for each identified mitigation option:

### Buildings & Energy

- **Energy Efficiency Best Practices (EEBP)** and **Energy Efficiency Standards (EES)**
  - **Cost:** Not specified in detail.
  - **Timing:** Implementation is already underway and continues over the short-term (0-7 years).
  - **Location:** City facilities and broader community initiatives.
  - **Attributes:** Focus on improving existing and new City facilities by enhancing sustainability, energy efficiency, and renewable energy integration.

- **Energy Supply (ES) and Renewable Energy (RE)**
  - **Timing:** Actions have short-term and long-term phases.
  - **Location:** City-wide.
  - **Attributes:** Emphasizes the promotion and enabling of renewable energy use across Raleigh.

- **Electric Vehicles (EV) / Alternative Fuel Vehicles (AFV)**
  - **Timing:** Short-term strategies are being actively developed.
  - **Location:** City-wide promotion of EV and AFV use.
  - **Attributes:** Encouragement of electric and alternative fuel vehicle adoption to reduce reliance on conventional gasoline vehicles.

- **Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) Reduction**
  - **Timing:** Short-term action with long-term goals.
  - **Location:** City-wide strategies.
  - **Attributes:** Aims to reduce VMT through efficient land use planning and investment.

### Resilience & Cross-Cutting

- **Green Infrastructure**
  - **Timing:** Short-term (0-7 years) actions underway.
  - **Location:** City-wide, focused on hazard-prone areas.
  - **Attributes:** Strategies include limiting development in flood-prone areas and promoting programs like Raleigh Rainwater Rewards to mitigate flood risk.

- **Preservation and Green Space**
  - **Timing:** Short-term actions are in progress with a strategic focus on long-term sustainability.
  - **Location:** City-wide, with emphasis on urban heat island mitigation and carbon sequestration.
  - **Attributes:** Promotes initiatives such as tree planting, urban agriculture, and developing green spaces to improve carbon sequestration and reduce urban heat.

- **Waste Reduction and Waste Efficiency**
  - **Timing:** Ongoing efforts for short-term and long-term implementation.
  - **Location:** City-wide initiatives.
  - **Attributes:** Focuses on strategies like recycling promotion, waste diversion, and potential pilot projects for organic waste management.

These mitigation strategies are designed to align with Raleigh's largest areas of GHG emissions, aiming to maximize GHG reduction potential while addressing strategies for resilience and equity within the community.

The plan identifies several mitigation options under different strategy areas. Here is a summary with available details regarding cost, timeframe, location, and other attributes:

#### **1. Energy Efficiency Best Practices (EEBP)**
- **Summary**: Strategies focused on the implementation of best practices to reduce energy consumption.
- **Attributes**: No specific details about cost, timeframe, or location are provided.

#### **2. Energy Efficiency Standards (EES)**
- **Summary**: Establishes standards to promote greater energy efficiency in buildings and facilities.

#### **3. Energy Supply (ES) and Renewable Energy (RE)**
- **Summary**: Engages in strategies to transition to renewable energy sources and enhance the energy supply.

#### **4. Electric Vehicles (EV) / Alternative Fuel Vehicles (AFV)**
- **Summary**: Promotes the adoption and use of electric and alternative fuel vehicles to reduce vehicular emissions.

#### **5. Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT)**
- **Summary**: Targets a reduction in vehicle miles traveled to decrease overall transportation emissions.

#### **6. Land Use (LU)**
- **Summary**: Improves land use to reduce emissions associated with transportation and development.

#### **7. Waste**
- **Summary**: Focuses on waste reduction and diversion to prevent waste-related emissions.

### **Additional Details**

- **General Information**: The development of GHG Mitigation Strategies included stakeholders identifying over 600 potential strategies, subsequently distilled into the main strategy areas mentioned above (*Building the Community Climate Action Plan*).
- **Modeling and Assumptions**: Quantitative modeling forecasts GHG reductions within these strategy areas, though specific cost, timeframe, and location attributes are not detailed for individual strategies.

### **Cross-Cutting Strategies**

- **Cross-Cutting Themes**: Include climate equity, financing, education, and outreach, all crucial for the success of these strategies (*Building the Community Climate Action Plan*).
- **Note**: These strategies are noted as important but not directly modeled for GHG reduction output in the plan.

This summary reflects the available information as provided in the plan without additional context on cost, specific timeframes, or location specifics for each identified mitigation strategy.

The plan identifies several adaptation options aimed at building resilience and addressing various climate threats. Below is a summary of each identified adaptation option, including the climate threat it addresses and relevant information regarding cost, timeframe, location, and other important attributes:

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Floods, which are a highly disruptive climate risk.
   - **Plan Details:** 
     - The plan suggests strategies to promote green infrastructure to support flood resilience by restricting development in floodplains and investing in green infrastructure to reduce stormwater runoff. 
     - Incentives are recommended for participation in existing or future programs, such as Raleigh Rainwater Rewards, to develop additional flood mitigation efforts. 
     - While specific costs and timeframes are not provided, the focus is on leveraging incentives and existing programs to promote adaptation ([Chapter: Resilience & Cross Cutting](#)).

2. **Preservation and Green Space**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Urban heat islands and increased temperatures.
   - **Plan Details:**
     - The initiative will promote green space through efforts like Raleigh’s Open Space Plan and urban agriculture, as well as tree planting and pollinator habitat initiatives. 
     - Trees and green spaces are emphasized as vital for cooling, carbon consumption, and rainwater collection. 
     - Specific cost or timeframe details are not mentioned; however, it emphasizes the multiple benefits green spaces provide, including cooling the air and social connectivity ([Chapter: Resilience & Cross Cutting](#)).

3. **Waste Reduction and Efficiency**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** GHG emissions related to waste.
     - Although waste emissions account for only about 2 percent of Raleigh’s GHG emissions, the plan identifies significant opportunities for reduction.
     - Strategies are discussed to reduce these emissions through efficiency improvements in waste management processes. 
     - Specific cost or timeframe details are not mentioned, but the focus remains on efficiency and reduction efforts as part of broader adaptation strategies ([Chapter: Resilience & Cross Cutting](#)).

4. **Flood Resilience Initiatives**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Local flooding due to extreme precipitation events.
     - The strategies include implementing flood resilience initiatives by investing in green infrastructure to manage stormwater and improve flood resilience.
     - Specific programs like Raleigh Rainwater Rewards are mentioned as a means to engage the community in these initiatives.
     - No specific cost or timeframe is provided; emphasis is on community engagement and leveraging existing programs ([Chapter: Resilience & Cross Cutting](#)).

### **Overall Attributes:**

- **Location:** Focused within the City of Raleigh, leveraging city-specific programs and plans.
- **Timeframe:** The document does not provide explicit timeframes for each adaptation option, emphasizing ongoing and future engagement.
- **Cost:** Specific costs are not outlined; however, several options mention leveraging incentives and existing program frameworks to mitigate costs.
 
The goal appears to be to integrate adaptation efforts with existing plans and community action to build a resilient infrastructure and community.

The plan identifies several climate policies aimed at advancing climate justice by addressing specific climate threats and focusing on areas or populations with the most vulnerability. Below are the climate policies outlined in the plan:

### **1. Flooding and Poor Air Quality in Vulnerable Areas**
- **Climate Threat:** 
  - Flooding and poor air quality resulting from industrial activities or transportation.
- **Areas or Populations with Most Vulnerability:**
  - Neighborhoods that contain both flood-prone areas and poor air quality due to industry or transportation. These areas may also have lower-quality housing and lack of green space, increasing vulnerability. 
  - "For example, a single neighborhood may contain flood-prone areas while also experiencing poor air quality due to industry or transportation, have lower-quality construction for housing, and lack green space." (_Supporting Climate Equity_)

### **2. Social Vulnerability Exacerbated by Population Growth**
  - Increased social vulnerability due to ongoing population growth leading to urban sprawl.
- **Areas or Populations with Most Vulnerability:** 
  - Low-income individuals and communities of color who may lack access to affordable housing, jobs, and other essential resources and services.
  - "This continued population growth, along with above-average wages, further exacerbates demand for newer houses and urban sprawl. Many socially vulnerable populations lack access to affordable housing, jobs, and other resources and services." (_Supporting Climate Equity_)

### **3. Health Hazards from High GHG Emitting Activities**
  - Health risks due to high levels of air pollutants and poor air quality from GHG-emitting activities, along with extreme weather conditions.
  - Youth, seniors, health-compromised individuals, and outdoor workers, particularly in communities of color and lower-income neighborhoods prone to flooding.
  - "Moreover, high GHG-emitting activities such as driving, lead to higher levels of air pollutants and poor air quality, which disproportionately affect youth, seniors, and health-compromised individuals, increasing their risk for air-quality-related respiratory conditions (e.g., asthma)." (_Equity Context for Health and Climate Change Impacts_)

### **4. Heat and Cold Exposure**
  - Heatwaves and cold spells leading to health risks such as heart disease, heat stroke, and hypothermia.
  - Outdoor workers, older adults, the homeless, and low-income populations who might not have adequate access to cooling or heating.
  - "Longer periods of extreme heat can exacerbate allergies (through increased pollen), lead to higher rates of heart disease and other health conditions, and increase the risk for heat stroke —particularly among outdoor workers and older adults. On the opposite end of the temperature spectrum, extreme cold is most threatening to homeless and low-income populations, who are at heightened risk of suffering hypothermia." (_Equity Context for Climate Change Impacts_)

### **5. Access to Healthcare During Extreme Weather**
  - Potential increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events leading to more hospitalizations and challenges in accessing healthcare.
  - Low-income areas where hospital facilities may be overloaded and routes to healthcare facilities could be blocked, particularly for rural populations.
  - "However, the increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events that result from climate change could lead to more hospitalizations, potentially overloading medical facilities in low-income areas." (_Equity Context for Health and Climate Change Impacts_)

These policies focus on enhancing the resilience of vulnerable communities and equitably distributing climate change burdens and benefits, aiming to ensure that all community members can thrive despite climate challenges.

1. **Green Stormwater Infrastructure Initiatives**

     - This policy addresses the risk of flooding, particularly in areas of low-income and minority communities that are disproportionately affected by flood risks. The aim is to manage stormwater and mitigate floods by expanding green stormwater infrastructure (Chapter: *Equity Considerations*).

     - The strategy involves expanding green infrastructure installations throughout the community to absorb and filter stormwater (Chapter: *Equity Considerations*).

     - Although this initiative aims to improve flood resilience, it could inadvertently result in uneven distribution of green infrastructure projects based on race and class. This might lead to disparities in the benefits received from these installations, thereby exacerbating existing inequalities. Additionally, limiting development in flood-prone areas might negatively affect property values and hinder economic growth for low-income communities, impacting property ownership and wealth accumulation (Chapter: *Equity Considerations*).

2. **Limiting Development in Floodplains**

     - This policy seeks to deal with the dangers presented by floods, particularly in flood-prone areas. It aims to reduce exposure to flood risk by limiting further development in these areas (Chapters: *Resilience & Cross Cutting, Green Infrastructure*).

     - The proposed option is to preserve flood storage capacity by restricting development in floodplains, which is intended to reduce exposure to flood risk (Chapters: *Resilience & Cross Cutting, Short-Term Resilience and Cross Cutting Actions*).

     - While restricting development could potentially reduce flood exposure, it may also constrain the resale value of properties in these areas, which are often some of the only affordable options for low-income residents near downtown. This could limit wealth growth opportunities for these communities, potentially exacerbating socio-economic inequality and reducing community resilience in the long term (Chapter: *Equity Considerations*).

The plan outlines several ways to measure the success or failure of the adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options:

1. **GHG Emission Reductions**:
   - The plan indicates that a customized model was used to calculate GHG emission reductions over time relative to a base case of GHG emissions growth. This model evaluates the effectiveness of various strategies on reducing emissions such as building energy use, carbon content of the energy, vehicular usage, and waste emissions. However, the plan does not specify precise units, like tons or percentages for these reductions. 

2. **Tracking Objectives**:
   - The creation of specific milestones is mentioned to ensure the City stays on track towards meeting longer-term climate goals. These milestones will incorporate ongoing work of the Strategic Plan and the City's 2030 Comprehensive Plan Update.
   - The plan involves working with partners to identify key metrics for regular reporting (e.g., annually) for both internal and external audiences, though no specific units are mentioned for these metrics.

3. **Funding and Resource Allocation**:
   - Efforts to track progress include focusing on strategy and action implementation data and category-specific metrics such as energy efficiency and the use of alternative fuels like electric vehicles.

4. **Community and Partner Reporting**:
   - The task of measuring progress and reporting on CCAP actions is to be carried out consistently by both city departments and partners. Partners are encouraged to provide qualitative data and share stories of CCAP completion in addition to any quantitative data available.
   - Tracking the effectiveness of outreach efforts through community stakeholder systems that log climate action events and presentations.

5. **Public Transit and Alternative Fuels**:
   - The plan outlines several specific initiatives regarding the promotion and incentivization of public transit efficiency and the adoption of electric and alternative fuel vehicles. The plan does not, however, detail units or numerical targets for assessing the effectiveness of these initiatives.

6. **Green Infrastructure and Waste Reduction**:
   - Opportunities to support green infrastructure, enhance stormwater management, and increase waste diversion are discussed, but again, no specific quantifiable units are included for tracking these outcomes.

In conclusion, while the plan discusses the broad strategies and areas of focus, it does not provide precise metrics, numerical targets, or deadlines for specific adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options in the sections referenced.

| **Feature**         | **Details**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           |
|---------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Raleigh                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              |
| **Population**         | Not specified in the provided excerpts.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                |
| **Threats Identified** | - More frequent, longer-lasting heat waves<br>- More frequent heavy rains and storms<br>- More frequent warm nights<br>- Effects of ocean warming in the form of hurricanes with stronger winds and heavier rains<br>- Rapid population growth leading to more impervious surfaces<br>- Flood risks, especially in areas with high social vulnerability                                                                                                                                         |
| **Measures Identified**| - Promoting community resilience<br>- Expanding Green Infrastructure and Low Impact Development<br>- Equitable Development around Transit<br>- Evaluating land use projects for carbon impact<br>- Waste reduction and analysis with pilot projects for diversion of waste streams<br>- Developing opportunities for open and natural spaces<br>- Plans and assessments like the Triangle Regional Resilience Assessment and Wake County Food Security Plan used to guide efforts |
```

The document does not provide detailed information on the physical and economic landscape of the planning jurisdiction, which is the City of Bellingham. However, some insights can be gathered:

- **Location & Population Growth**: It is mentioned that Bellingham has experienced a population increase of 15 percent over the last ten years, indicating a growing community ("What's Next").
  
- **Climate & Natural Beauty**: The plan emphasizes the importance of "preserving the natural beauty and resources" which indicates that the area is valued for its environmental features ("What's Next").

- **Energy & Resources**: 
  - **Energy Efficiency and Conservation**: The city has implemented significant energy efficiency measures, such as upgrading streetlights to LED bulbs, reducing energy consumption ("Energy Efficiency and Conservation").
  - **Renewable Energy**: There is a mention of renewable energy initiatives, but specific details on energy production sources are not given.
  
- **Infrastructure & Urban Development**: 
  - **Urban Villages and High-Density Development**: The plan references the master-planning of urban villages and the development of high-density areas that concentrate services and public infrastructure. These developments are tied to public transit corridors, highlighting an emphasis on well-planned infrastructure ("Community Measures | Land Use").

- **Industries & Economic Drivers**: There are no specific industries mentioned; however, the focus on energy upgrades, infrastructure planning, and community resilience suggests economic activities around sustainability and urban development are pivotal.

The document emphasizes the city's efforts in climate mitigation and adaptation, urban planning, and community engagement rather than providing a comprehensive account of its physical and economic features.

The plan addresses resilience as an inherent component of the strategies it proposes to tackle climate change. It highlights the importance of "preserving the natural beauty and resources" (OverviewWhat’s Next) and "improve the lives of our residents and visitors, grow our local economy, and create a more sustainable and equitable future for Bellingham" (OverviewCore Strategies), indirectly underscoring the resilience of natural and human systems against climate impacts.

Mitigation is a primary focus of the plan. The document details specific emission reduction targets and strategies such as increasing energy efficiency, promoting renewable energy use, improving transportation systems, and reducing waste. Specific targets include emission reductions for both municipal and community sectors, such as reducing municipal emissions "by 64% in 2012 and 70% in 2020" compared with 2000 levels (Local Climate Policy), and it outlines various ongoing and proposed measures across different sectors (Core StrategiesOngoing & Proposed Measures).

Adaptation is not a primary focus of the plan, as the strategies and goals are predominantly aimed at reducing emissions and mitigating climate change impacts rather than specifically adapting to them. Details about comprehensive adaptation measures are scarce, indicating that it is not the primary component of the current strategies.

The plan can be classified as a **mitigation primary climate action plan**. It emphasizes emission reduction targets and strategies to combat climate change but does not extensively outline specific measures for adaptation or resilience, although it acknowledges their importance indirectly within its broader sustainability goals.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change that Bellingham will face. The scenario includes:

- **Temperature Changes:** Bellingham is predicted to experience "hotter and drier summers and more intense rain events in winter, spring, and fall." This is described as potentially becoming the new normal for the area. (Overview, Climate Science Update)

- **Glacial Retreat:** The plan notes that glaciers in the North Cascades have shrunk to half their size since 1900, causing consequences such as warmer rivers harmful to salmon and reduced runoff affecting water supply. (Overview, Local Impacts)

- **Water Temperature Increases:** Lakes worldwide, including those near Bellingham, are warming faster than oceans and the atmosphere, threatening water quality and exacerbating local issues. (Overview, Local Impacts)

Overall, these climate changes are contributing to local impacts such as diminished water supplies and adversely affecting local ecosystems like salmon habitats. (Overview, Local Impacts)

1. **Climate Hazard: Sea-Level Rise**
   - **Description:** Global sea level is rising faster than previously predicted due to the expansion of warming sea water and melting terrestrial glaciers and ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica. More rapid ice sheet collapse could raise global sea levels by more than three feet by 2100, which is unavoidable if emissions are not reduced. *("City of Bellingham Climate Protection Action Plan | 2018 Update - Climate Science Update")*
   - **Climate Risks:** Sea level rise could threaten up to 94,000 Washington residents and 13 million people nationwide by 2100. *("City of Bellingham Climate Protection Action Plan | 2018 Update - Climate Science Update")*
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** Not specifically detailed in the document.

2. **Climate Hazard: Ocean Warming and Toxic Algae Blooms**
   - **Description:** Warm ocean temperatures have caused unprecedented toxic algae blooms, leading to widespread impacts on fisheries. *("City of Bellingham Climate Protection Action Plan | 2018 Update - Local Impacts")*
   - **Climate Risks:** Impacts include closures of recreational razor clamming in Washington and Oregon, and much of the state’s Dungeness crab harvest. *("City of Bellingham Climate Protection Action Plan | 2018 Update - Local Impacts")*
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** The document does not specify the vulnerable areas or populations affected.

3. **Climate Hazard: Heat and Drought**
   - **Description:** The hottest year in Washington State was recorded in 2015, with the region experiencing increased temperatures and associated impacts. *("City of Bellingham Climate Protection Action Plan | 2018 Update - Local Impacts")*
   - **Climate Risks:** The 2015 drought resulted in the closure of salmon fishing, worsened toxic algae blooms, and contributed to Washington’s worst-ever wildfire season. *("City of Bellingham Climate Protection Action Plan | 2018 Update - Local Impacts")* 
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** Specifically affected are salmon in the South Fork of the Nooksack River and the state’s fisheries. The report does not specify human populations. *("City of Bellingham Climate Protection Action Plan | 2018 Update - Local Impacts")*

4. **Climate Hazard: Snowpack Loss**
   - **Description:** Low snowpack levels have led to cancellations of events like the Ski to Sea race due to lack of snow. *("City of Bellingham Climate Protection Action Plan | 2018 Update - Local Impacts")*
   - **Climate Risks:** Reduced snowpack causes warmer river temperatures that harm salmon and diminish runoff, reducing water supply. *("City of Bellingham Climate Protection Action Plan | 2018 Update - Local Impacts")*
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** Salmon populations and associated ecosystems. *("City of Bellingham Climate Protection Action Plan | 2018 Update - Local Impacts")*

5. **Climate Hazard: Wildfires**
   - **Description:** The state of Washington experienced its worst-ever wildfire season in 2015, leaving over a million acres burned. *("City of Bellingham Climate Protection Action Plan | 2018 Update - Local Impacts")*
   - **Climate Risks:** Significant monetary costs due to firefighting efforts, with a $347 million bill, and ecological damage. *("City of Bellingham Climate Protection Action Plan | 2018 Update - Local Impacts")*
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** The document does not specify, but implies widespread ecological and economic vulnerability across the state. *("City of Bellingham Climate Protection Action Plan | 2018 Update - Local Impacts")*

6. **Climate Hazard: El Niño Rains**
   - **Description:** Record-breaking summer heat and historic El Niño rains occurred in Bellingham, consistent with climate change predictions. *("City of Bellingham Climate Protection Action Plan | 2018 Update - Local Impacts")*
   - **Climate Risks:** These events represent new climate norms of hotter and drier summers coupled with more intense rainfall in the other seasons. *("City of Bellingham Climate Protection Action Plan | 2018 Update - Local Impacts")*
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** Not explicitly stated in the document.

The document does not explicitly mention "resilience options" as defined above, focusing instead on emissions reduction strategies as a response to climate change. However, it alludes to actions and strategies that have resilience aspects incorporated, found under broader climate initiatives like energy efficiency, renewable energy, transportation, green building, waste reduction, and land use. Here is a summarized analysis:

1. **Energy Efficiency & Conservation:**
    - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Reducing energy consumption can mitigate risks associated with energy shortages and reducing GHG emissions.
    - **Cost, Timeframe, Location:** Not specifically detailed, but involves both municipal and community efforts with ongoing implementation.
    - **Other Attributes:** Increases economic savings, improves public health, and reduces pollution.

    - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Mitigates dependence on fossil fuels, addressing the threat of GHG emissions.
    - **Cost, Timeframe, Location:** While specific costs, timelines, and locations are not detailed, it involves significant municipal and community participation.
    - **Other Attributes:** Promotes sustainable energy, expected to create jobs, and supports environmental sustainability.

    - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Reduces emissions from vehicles by promoting alternatives like public transport and cycling.
    - **Cost, Timeframe, Location:** Encompasses 12 municipal and 11 community measures. Specific details on costs and timelines are not provided.
    - **Other Attributes:** Offers economic benefits by reducing fuel consumption and traffic congestion, and enhances environmental quality.

4. **Green Building:**
    - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Reduces energy use in buildings, curbing GHG emissions and improving climate adaptation.
    - **Cost, Timeframe, Location:** Includes 2 municipal and 3 community measures, but lacks specific financial or temporal details.
    - **Other Attributes:** Improves energy efficiency and reduces operational costs, enhancing infrastructural resilience.

    - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Decreases emissions from waste and mitigates landfill overuse.
    - **Cost, Timeframe, Location:** 6 municipal and 4 community measures are included; specific details on cost or location are not provided.
    - **Other Attributes:** Economic savings through reduced waste management costs and environmental benefits by preserving ecological health.

6. **Land Use:**
    - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addresses the impact of urban sprawl on emissions and ecosystem services.
    - **Cost, Timeframe, Location:** Involves 2 municipal and 3 community measures without specific details on cost or timeline.
    - **Other Attributes:** Encourages economic vitality and sustainable communities, protects natural resources, and integrates urban planning with resilience efforts.

Overall, the plan emphasizes the economic and environmental benefits of these strategies alongside their potential to reduce emissions and build resilience against climate change impacts.

The plan identifies several mitigation options, categorized primarily under energy efficiency and conservation, renewable energy, transportation, green building, waste reduction, and land use. Here is a summary of the mitigation options mentioned in the plan:

### **Energy Efficiency and Conservation**

1. **Resource Conservation Management**
   - **Timing:** Ongoing since 2007
   - **CO2e Reduction:** -1238 tons (2015-2030)
   - **Lead:** COB Public Works, Facilities
   - **Attributes:** Contributes to 52% of the 2020 target in municipal emissions reduction.

2. **Post Point Best Management Practices**
   - **CO2e Reduction:** -157 tons (2015-2030)
   - **Lead:** COB Public Works, Post Point

3. **Operations and Employee Actions**
   - **CO2e Reduction:** -19 tons (2015-2030)

4. **Parks LED Upgrades**
   - **Timing:** Proposed for 2019
   - **CO2e Reduction:** -595 tons (2015-2030)

5. **Residential Water Metering**
   - **Timing:** Complete since 2015
   - **CO2e Reduction:** -54 tons (2015-2030)
   - **Lead:** COB Public Works

1. **City Solar**
   - **Timing:** Ongoing since 2005
   - **CO2e Reduction:** -332 tons (2015-2030)

2. **Post Point Resource Recovery**
   - **Timing:** Proposed for 2025
   - **CO2e Reduction:** -1558 tons

1. **Limit Idling**
   - **CO2e Reduction:** -117 tons (2015-2030)
   - **Lead:** COB Public Works, Fleet

2. **Increase Biofuel Use**

3. **Free Employee Bus Passes**
   - **CO2e Reduction:** -18 tons (2015-2030)

4. **Invest in Hybrid & Electric Vehicles**
   - **Timing:** Ongoing efforts proposed for 2022, 2028
   - **CO2e Reduction:** -328 tons and ongoing efforts

5. **Fleet Vehicle Telematics**
   - **Timing:** Proposed for 2018
   - **CO2e Reduction:** -88 tons (2015-2030)

6. **Commute Trip Reduction**
   - **Timing:** Ongoing since 2008
   - **CO2e Reduction:** -142 tons (2015-2030)

### **Green Building**

1. **Promote Green Building Standards**
   - **Attributes:** Encourages construction and renovation using environmentally sustainable practices.
   - **Lead:** City Planning and Development Dept., supporting the use of LEED standards.

### **Waste Reduction**

1. **Construction and Demolition Recycling**
   - **Timing:** Ongoing since 2018
   - **CO2e Reduction:** -4,122 tons
   - **Lead:** City Planning and Development Dept.

### **Land Use**

1. **Habitat Restoration Program**
   - **Attribute:** Increases carbon sequestration through planting vegetation for fish and wildlife habitat improvement.
   - **Location and Timing:** City parks, ongoing

The descriptions provided reflect municipal and community leadership and their role in implementing respective measures, aligning with CO2 emissions reduction targets detailed in the 2030 forecast.

The City of Bellingham's Climate Protection Action Plan outlines several **mitigation options** aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Below are the key options identified:

#### **Energy Efficiency and Conservation**
- **Resource Conservation Management**
  - **Cost**: Not specified
  - **Timeframe**: Ongoing since 2007
  - **Location**: Municipal level
  - **Other Attributes**: CO₂e change of -1238 tons between 2015 and 2030; accounts for 52% of the 2020 target (Chapter: Ongoing & Proposed Measures).

- **Post Point Best Management Practices**
  - **Other Attributes**: CO₂e change of -157 tons between 2015 and 2030; accounts for 7% of the 2020 target (Chapter: Ongoing & Proposed Measures).

- **Industrial Energy Efficiency**
  - **Timeframe**: Proposed in 2018
  - **Location**: Community level
  - **Other Attributes**: CO₂e change of -12,711 tons between 2015 and 2030; accounts for 5.58% of the change (Chapter: Community Reduction Measure).

#### **Renewable Energy**
- **City Solar**
  - **Timeframe**: Ongoing since 2005
  - **Other Attributes**: CO₂e change of -332 tons between 2015 and 2030; accounts for 14% of the 2020 target (Chapter: Ongoing & Proposed Measures).

- **Green Power (COB, WWU, Whatcom County, PSE)**
  - **Timeframe**: Ongoing
  - **Other Attributes**: CO₂e change of -57,465 tons between 2015 and 2030; accounts for 25.23% of the target (Chapter: Community Reduction Measure).

- **Promote Hybrid & Electric Cars**
  - **Other Attributes**: CO₂e change of -20,844 tons between 2015 and 2030; accounts for 9.15% of the target (Chapter: Community Reduction Measure).

#### **Transportation**
- **Limit Idling**
  - **Other Attributes**: CO₂e change of -117 tons between 2015 and 2030; accounts for 5% of the 2020 target (Chapter: Ongoing & Proposed Measures).

- **Increase Biofuel Use**

#### **Green Building**
- **Promote Green Building**
  - **Other Attributes**: CO₂e change of -2,906 tons between 2015 and 2030; accounts for 1.28% of the target (Chapter: Community Reduction Measure).

#### **Waste Reduction**
- **Construction and Demolition Recycling**
  - **Timeframe**: Ongoing since 2018
  - **Other Attributes**: CO₂e change of -4,122 tons between 2015 and 2030; accounts for 1.81% of the target (Chapter: Community Reduction Measure).

Each of these mitigation measures is part of the broader strategy of the plan to achieve emissions reductions targets for Bellingham by 2030 and beyond, contributing to the overall emission reduction goals outlined in the plan (Chapter: Emissions Forecast & Reduction Measures).

The document does not provide specific details on adaptation options. The focus of the City of Bellingham Climate Protection Action Plan | 2018 Update is primarily on mitigation strategies, emission reduction targets, and related policies. Information regarding specific adaptation options, their costs, timeframes, or locations is not detailed in the excerpts provided.

The provided document does not explicitly mention climate policies specifically aimed at advancing climate justice. Therefore, there is no detailed information regarding specific climate threats, areas, or populations with the most climate vulnerability associated with climate justice policies in this plan. However, the document includes overall goals and actions towards emissions reductions, renewable energy adoption, and community engagement which may implicitly support climate justice by promoting equitable climate resilience and sustainability in Bellingham.

The document provided does not explicitly identify potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies. Therefore, an assessment must be made based on general principles and examples that are implied within the text. Here is an analysis based on the content available:

### Potential Unforeseen Maladaptive Climate Policies:

#### 1. Clean Power Plan

  - The Clean Power Plan aims to cut carbon emissions from electricity generation, addressing the threat of increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
  
- **Option Proposed:**
  - The plan proposes mitigation by targeting a 32 percent reduction in carbon emissions from 2005 levels by 2030, thereby contributing to the overall reduction of GHGs (Overview, page 29).

  - If the Clean Power Plan leads to an increased reliance on bioenergy without sustainable practices, it may inadvertently lead to deforestation or the displacement of food crops with biofuel crops, which can contribute to food insecurity or ecological imbalance. Additionally, if coal plants are replaced with natural gas plants, this could lead to methane leaks, another potent GHG, thereby offsetting reductions (Analysis based on understanding of climate policies, not direct text).

#### 2. Renewable Energy Credits (RECs)

  - RECs aim to reduce reliance on fossil fuels, thus mitigating GHG emissions.

  - Bellingham's policy of purchasing renewable energy credits to offset all municipal electricity (Local Climate Policy, page 31).

  - The reliance on RECs might inadvertently lead to complacency in actual energy reductions or renewable energy installations within Bellingham. If the purchases do not support genuine renewable energy projects, this approach can result in a false sense of progress without tangible local emissions reductions (Analysis based on understanding of climate policies, not direct text).

Note: The potential maladaptive effects mentioned are speculative analyses based on typical examples of maladaptation and not directly extracted from the document provided.

### **Measurement of Success or Failure**

The plan measures the success or failure of each adaptation, resilience, and mitigation option primarily through reductions in CO2 emissions. Below are the specific metrics used and the concrete goals or targets outlined in the plan:

#### **Metrics Used**

- **CO2 Emission Reductions**
  - The plan tracks CO2e (carbon dioxide equivalent) reductions in various sectors. The reductions are measured in tons of CO2e and as a percentage of the 2020 target.
  - Example: "Green Power (COB, WWU, Whatcom Cty, PSE)" has a CO2e change from '15-'30 of -57,465 tons, contributing 25.23% toward the 2020 target (Page 45).

- **Emissions Reduction Goals**
  - Municipal emissions are targeted to be reduced by "85% below 2000 levels by 2030 and 100% below 2000 levels by 2050" to achieve a carbon-neutral status (Page 13).
  - Community emissions targets are set at "70% below 2000 levels by 2030 and 85% by 2050" (Page 13).

- **Specific Emission Reduction Measures**
  - Multiple ongoing and proposed measures are outlined with expected changes in CO2 emissions, such as "Promote Hybrid & Electric Cars" with a reduction of -20,844 tons by 2030 (Page 45).

#### **Concrete Goals or Targets**

- **Long-term Goals**
  - Achieve "100% below 2000 levels by 2050" for municipal emissions (Page 13).
  - Community emissions targets are to achieve "70% below 2000 levels by 2030 and 85% by 2050" (Page 13).

- **Short-term and Interim Goals**
  - Community emissions reduction targets for 2020 are stated, such as a -28% from 2000 levels (Page 38).
  - Municipal reduction measures are noted, like the goal of "-64% emissions from 2000 exceeded (-69.5%)" by 2012 (Page 12).

- **Specific Sector Strategies**
  - Various initiatives such as "Vehicle Mode Shift Goal (gas + diesel)" aim for a CO2e reduction of -13,073 tons by 2030 (Page 45).
  - "Industrial Energy Efficiency" is proposed for a reduction of -12,711 tons of CO2e, comprising 5.58% of the 2020 target (Page 44).

The document outlines these metrics and goals to track progress quantitatively, allowing for the assessment of the effectiveness of each measure implemented.

| Feature            | Description                                                                                     |
|--------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | City of Bellingham                                                                          |
| **Population**     | The plan mentions that the population increased by 15 percent in the last 10 years (exact number not specified). |
| **Threats Identified** | The document focuses on reducing greenhouse gas emissions as a key threat to address.        |
| **Measures Identified** | The plan outlines several measures across sectors:                                        |
|                    | - **Municipal Sectors:** Buildings & Facilities, Fleet, Employee Commute, Streetlights, Water & Sewer Utility, Waste |
|                    | - **Community Sectors:** Residential, Commercial, Industrial, Transportation, Waste             |
|                    | - The plan identified 24 ongoing and proposed municipal emissions reduction measures and 56 community emissions reduction measures across six core strategies. |
|                    | - Specific measures include Energy Efficiency & Conservation, Renewable Energy, Transportation, Green Building, Waste Reduction, Land Use. |
```

**Physical and Economic Landscape of Gary, Indiana**

**Planning Jurisdiction:**
- **Location:** Gary, Indiana
  - Gary is home to historic and valuable ecosystems, notably the dune and swale habitats. It is in close proximity to the Grand Calumet River and Lake Michigan.
  - There is a presence of wetlands near the Chicago/Gary Airport.

- The **Chicago/Gary Airport** is identified as a key infrastructure asset.
- Gary is located at the intersection of multiple major inter- and intra-state highways and toll roads including: I-80/90, I-80/94, I-65, U.S. 41, U.S. 30, I-90, and US 231, making it a significant intermodal transportation hub.
- Additionally, it has over 150 miles of heavy rail mainline.

**Local Climate and Environmental Concerns:**
- The plan does not provide specific details on the population, demographics, or average income of Gary.
- **Climate:** The Indiana Climate Change Impacts Assessment suggests higher temperatures, longer heat waves, and more extremely hot days. Urban Heat Islands are described as a significant risk due to urban development.
- **Water Challenges:** Mention of proximity to environmentally protected lands that require conservation due to much known environmental contamination.

- **Renewable Energy Potential:** 
  - Northwest Indiana, where Gary is situated, has high potential for solar energy development, claiming 25-50% more potential compared to Germany, which is a global leader in solar electricity generation.
  - There is also significant potential for wind energy projects.

- **Natural Resources:** The urban forest in Gary is noted as valuable for mitigating urban heat island effects, managing stormwater, and enhancing public health.
- **Industries and Economic Drivers:** There is an emphasis on establishing a Green Economy, tapping into renewable energy for economic revitalization, attracting renewable energy investments, and training local residents for jobs in the renewable energy sector.
- The revitalization efforts are aimed at reversing the trend of declining populations, disinvestment, and abandonment in Gary. There is a focus on conserving natural habitats while balancing developmental needs, particularly regarding airport expansion and adjacent contaminated sites.

The plan addresses resilience by focusing on strategies to ensure the lakeshore is adaptable to anticipated changes. It emphasizes the creation of climate refugia, landscape corridors, and enhancing biodiversity to build a resilient environment that can handle large-scale disturbances and long-term climate change impacts:

- "*The National Park System is developing strategies to ensure that the lakeshore is resilient to anticipated changes by strengthening certain elements.*"
- "*Strategies like creating climate refugia exemplify resistance to climate change by trying to preserve an ecosystem and protect it from disturbance.*"

The plan emphasizes mitigation through goals to reduce GHG emissions from buildings, enhance renewable energy, and improve energy efficiency:

- "*Buildings generate nearly 40% of annual global GHG emissions and nearly 50% of urban greenhouse gas emissions.*"
- "*One way of mitigating the increased heat impacts of climate change and the development of urban heat islands is to plant trees which provide shade where temperatures are cooler.*"
- "*Promotion of renewable energy, such as solar panels, and targets for local renewable energy generation by 2030.*"

Adaptation is addressed by identifying strategies to prepare communities for projected climate impacts, such as enhancing urban forestry to adapt to heat and adapting building codes to prepare for local climate changes:

- "*Adapt stormwater management practices and increase green infrastructure for projected increases in precipitation.*"
- "*Adapt building code to prepare for projected local climate change impacts.*"

Considering the emphasis on creating climate refugia and landscape corridors (resilience), goals to reduce emissions and enhance renewable energy (mitigation), and the adaptation of urban forestry and building codes for future climate impacts (adaptation), the plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**.

Yes, the plan describes several scenarios of climate change that the Indiana Dunes and the surrounding region, including Gary, Indiana, will face and is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation.

- **Increased Temperatures and Changing Seasons:** The region is projected to have a longer growing season by one month, hotter summers with 30-45 days above 95 degrees, and wetter winters with 24-36 fewer days of snow cover. ("Indiana Dunes Climate Change Adaptation Plan").

- **Urban Heat Islands:** A goal is to mitigate the urban heat island effect through urban forestry efforts to provide shade and reduce utility costs. ("Gary Climate Action Plan" Goals).

- **Coastal and Water Impacts:** The National Park Service Climate Response Team found that a portion of the park’s lakeshore is highly vulnerable to changes in lake levels, although parts in Gary, IN are predicted to have relatively low coastal change potential. Increased precipitation will cause more frequent and intense rain, potentially overwhelming stormwater management systems and exacerbating local flooding and contamination issues. ("Indiana Dunes Climate Change Adaptation Plan" & "Gary Climate Action Plan").

- **Loss of Biodiversity and Invasive Species:** Longer summers could allow invasive species to thrive, impacting local biodiversity. The composition of forests is expected to change, as tree species migrate north due to rising temperatures. The phenological mismatch, or the out-of-sync life cycle of organisms, is expected to occur as well. ("Indiana Dunes Climate Change Adaptation Plan").

- **Developing Resilience and Adaptation Strategies:** Climate refugia and landscape corridors are planned to facilitate species migration and adapt ecosystems to changes. Strategies to enhance biodiversity and create climate-resilient environments are part of the adaptation efforts. ("Indiana Dunes Climate Change Adaptation Plan").

These scenarios indicate the planning jurisdiction is preparing for climate impacts through resilience, mitigation, and adaptation policies to address the various potential climate change impacts described within the plan.

1. **Heatwaves and Increased Temperatures**

   - **Description of the Climate Hazard:** The plan highlights that higher temperatures, longer heat waves, and more extremely hot days are projected as part of Indiana’s changing climate due to climate change.
   - **Climate Risks:** The risks include increased injuries and deaths due to extreme heat, particularly affecting urban populations where "heat islands" amplify temperature impacts. The annual number of temperature-related deaths is expected to increase and even double.
   - **Vulnerable Areas or Populations:** The most at-risk populations include children, the elderly, members of low-income households, and individuals with pre-existing health conditions, especially those without access to cooling technologies.

2. **Increased Precipitation and Stormwater Management Challenges**

   - **Description of the Climate Hazard:** Northwest Indiana is projected to experience increased precipitation, with frequent and intense rain.
   - **Climate Risks:** The risks involve overwhelming existing stormwater management systems, leading to backups, local flooding, and increased contaminants in local waterways like the Little Calumet River and the Grand Calumet River. There are also potential risks of runoff and water infiltration issues.
   - **Vulnerable Areas or Populations:** Areas with inadequate stormwater infrastructure and water management systems, and populations residing in such areas, are particularly vulnerable.

3. **Urban Heat Island Effect**

   - **Description of the Climate Hazard:** Urban Heat Islands are created as cities replace natural land cover with dense concentrations of pavement, buildings, and other surfaces that absorb and retain heat.
   - **Climate Risks:** This effect leads to increased energy costs (e.g., for air conditioning), higher air pollution levels, and increased heat-related illness and mortality.
   - **Vulnerable Areas or Populations:** Urban areas like the City of Gary are especially vulnerable due to the intensified temperature impacts in such regions.

4. **Changes in Ecosystems and Habitats**

   - **Description of the Climate Hazard:** Rising temperatures and shifting precipitation patterns alter local ecosystems and habitats, potentially making them less amenable to certain species.
   - **Climate Risks:** The risks include changes in species composition, with tree species driven northward and invasive species thriving. These changes may affect indigenous plant and animal species, leading to phenological mismatches and ecological imbalances.
   - **Vulnerable Areas or Populations:** Natural habitats like boreal plant environments and ecosystems dependent on specific climate conditions are vulnerable.

1. **Improved Stormwater Management Strategies**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Increased precipitation and flooding due to climate change.
     - No specific cost, timeframe, or location is provided in the content given.
     - **Environmental:** These strategies include creating bioswale ditches, box tree filters, permeable pavement, rain gardens, and green roofs to manage stormwater naturally and prevent flooding.
     - **Economic/Infrastructure:** These options support improved water infrastructure and address potential flooding in vulnerable areas.
   - **Citation:** "Some strategies for improved stormwater management include the following..." (Gary Climate Action Plan)

2. **Building Stronger and Higher Flood Walls**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Risk of flooding due to increased storm intensity and rising water levels.
     - **Economic:** Investing in flood walls may prevent costly flood damage.
   - **Citation:** "Build stronger and higher flood walls where necessary" (Gary Climate Action Plan)

3. **Urban Forestry and Tree Planting**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Urban heat island effect and increased temperatures.
     - No specific cost or timeframe is provided, but the plan involves planting trees in locations vulnerable to heat islands or flooding.
     - **Environmental:** Enhancing tree cover for cooling and reducing energy consumption.
     - **Economic:** Provides potential savings on utility bills.
   - **Citation:** "The climate-related goals concerning natural environment are to... mitigate the urban heat island effect through urban forestry efforts" (Gary Climate Action Plan)

4. **Landscape Corridors and Climate Refugia**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Ecosystem and biodiversity threats due to changing climates and habitat fragmentation.
     - No specific cost or timeframe provided; location involves regional natural habitats.
     - **Environmental:** Supports biodiversity by enabling species migration and adaptation.
   - **Citation:** "Improve the resilience of regional plants and animals by providing landscape corridors and climate refugia" (Gary Climate Action Plan)

5. **Messaging Systems for Communicating Climate Threats**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Unawareness and lack of information about climate-related threats among residents and visitors.
     - Specific cost or timeframe is not provided.
     - **Infrastructure:** Encourages real-time communication systems.
   - **Citation:** "Develop messaging systems for communicating climate related threats to visitors, residents and staff" (Gary Climate Action Plan)

These resilience options aim to improve environmental sustainability, public safety, and economic stability within the planning jurisdiction.

Based on the information provided in the plan, the following **mitigation options** have been identified:

1. **Urban Forestry**:
   - **Cost**: Not explicitly detailed.
   - **Timing**: Initial steps include identifying areas with poor tree cover.
   - **Location**: Areas within the city that are identified to have poor tree cover.
   - **Attributes**: Planting trees to mitigate urban heat island effects, reduce air conditioner usage, and reduce winter heating utility costs. Trees provide shade and act as windbreaks. (_Gary Climate Action Plan, Urban Forestry_)

2. **E85 Fuelling Stations**:
   - **Cost**: Not specified within the document provided.
   - **Timing**: Not specified within the document provided.
   - **Location**: Cook County; aiming for more stations to support the 11 million flex-fuel vehicles.
   - **Attributes**: Ethanol’s greenhouse gas emission intensity is significantly less than gasoline. The plan considers the higher presence of E85 fueling stations. (_Gary Climate Action Plan_)

3. **Deconstruction and Building Materials Reuse**:
   - **Cost**: Market potential assessed by the Delta Institute is estimated to be between $3-7 million.
   - **Timing**: Successful piloting on a small scale in Gary.
   - **Location**: Applicable within the city with appropriate properties for deconstruction. 
   - **Attributes**: Converts materials from demolition into resources, creates jobs, and can involve properties appropriate for deconstruction. (_Gary Climate Action Plan, Deconstruction_)

4. **Solar/Electricity Hybrid Carport and Charging Stations**:
   - **Cost**: Not explicitly mentioned.
   - **Timing**: No specific timeline mentioned.
   - **Location**: In the city, ensuring public accessibility.
   - **Attributes**: Incentivize electric vehicle use, ensure public access, and are community-owned, not tied to proprietary software. (_Gary Climate Action Plan_)

5. **Road Diets and Complete Streets**:
   - **Cost**: No specific costs mentioned.
   - **Timing**: Not mentioned within the document provided.
   - **Location**: Major transportation routes like US 12/20 and various existing roads.
   - **Attributes**: Reconfiguration to accommodate bike lanes, sidewalks, multi-use paths, and off-street parking to reduce vehicular travel and emissions. (_Gary Climate Action Plan_)

6. **Transit Oriented Development (TOD)**:
   - **Timing**: No specific timeframe mentioned.
   - **Location**: Near the South Shore commuter station and regional and local bus stations.
   - **Attributes**: Eliminate unnecessary vehicular travel and make jobs and services accessible to those without personal vehicles. (_Gary Climate Action Plan_)

7. **Alternative Fuel Expansion (Propane, Hydrogen, LNG)**:
   - **Timing**: Designation as ‘corridor ready’ or ‘corridor pending’.
   - **Location**: Along I-94 and other relevant corridors.
   - **Attributes**: Support for alternative fuel sources such as propane, hydrogen, and liquid natural gas to lower emissions. (_Gary Climate Action Plan_)

These mitigation options collectively aim to reduce GHG emissions and support sustainability in the urban environment described in the plan.

The plan identifies several mitigation options with varying attributes. Here's a summary of each:

1. **Stormwater Management:**
   - **Attributes:** Implementation of Green Corridors through bioswales, box tree filters, permeable pavement, rain gardens, and green roofs to manage stormwater efficiently.
   - **Timeframe/Cost/Location:** Specific timeframes and costs are not detailed, but these methods are intended for implementation city-wide to reduce runoff and improve water infiltration. Locations include roadways and municipal areas.

2. **Urban Forestry Efforts:**
   - **Attributes:** Mitigating urban heat by planting trees to reduce air conditioning use and heating utility costs.
   - **Cost/Timeframe/Location:** Specific timeframe and costs are not mentioned. Efforts will focus on identifying and addressing areas with poor tree cover.

3. **Green Infrastructure Projects:**
   - **Attributes:** Expansion of such projects in priority areas for stormwater management and resilience to long-term climate impacts.
   - **Timeframe/Cost/Location:** No specific timeframe or cost outlined, but focus is on regions with high priority for stormwater management.

4. **Transportation Initiatives:**
   - **Attributes:** Adoption of policies such as complete streets and enhancements to alternative fuel infrastructure (e.g., E85 and alternative fuels like hydrogen and LNG). Establishment of solar/electricity hybrid carports and charging stations.
   - **Location/Timeframe/Cost:** Locations include major transportation routes and public spaces. No specific cost or timeframe provided.

5. **Renewable Energy and Efficiency:**
   - **Attributes:** Establish a 2030 District for emissions reductions, develop local energy generation for city buildings, and promote water efficiency and climate resiliency.
   - **Timeframe/Cost/Location:** Project timelines, costs, and exact locations are not provided.

6. **Building Materials Reuse:**
   - **Attributes:** Implementation of deconstruction projects to salvage building materials for reuse rather than traditional demolition.
   - **Cost/Attributes:** Market potential is expected to be between $3-7 million. Provides more jobs and converts waste materials into resources.

7. **Public Transit and Transportation Modifications:**
   - **Attributes:** Prioritize transit-oriented development, establish a bike-share program, reroute trucks, and expand E85 fueling stations.
   - **Timeframe/Cost/Location:** No specific timeframe or cost listed. Targeted for areas with high transit access or existing transport infrastructure.

These strategies aim to mitigate climate impact through infrastructure improvements, optimized resource usage, and reduced emissions, emphasizing regional adaptability and urban planning.

Based strictly on the content provided, here are the adaptation options identified in the plan, along with their summarized details:

1. **Messaging Systems for Communicating Climate Threats**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed**: Rising temperatures and precipitation, as well as general climate-related threats.
     - "Messaging systems for communicating climate-related threats to visitors, residents, and staff" are identified as a key adaptation strategy for the entire Indiana Dunes Region. (Source)

2. **Creation of Climate Refugia and Landscape Corridors**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed**: Ecosystem disturbances and habitat fragmentation.
     - Strategies include "creating climate refugia, enhancing biodiversity, and landscape corridors".
     - This intends to facilitate "the movement of plants and animals to more suitable environments." (Source)
     - No specific cost, timeframe, or location details are provided in the extracts.

3. **Adaptation of Stormwater Management Practices**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed**: Projected increases in precipitation leading to possible flooding and runoff issues.
     - Includes stormwater management options like "bioswale ditches, box tree filters, permeable pavement, rain gardens, and green roofs." (Source)
     - Specific cost, timeframe, and location attributes aren't detailed in the extracts provided.

4. **Urban Forestry for Mitigation of the Urban Heat Island Effect**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed**: Urban heat island effect and increased temperatures.
     - Planting trees "to provide shade, reducing temperatures and utility costs" (Source)
     - No detailed cost or timeframe information is provided.
   
5. **Reclamation of Vacant Lots as Parks**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed**: Long-term climate change impacts and stormwater management needs.
     - Mentions using vacant lands for "stormwater management and resilience." (Source)
     - Further cost or location details are not specified in the extracts.

6. **Improvement of Plant and Animal Genetic Diversity**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed**: Ecosystem vulnerability to disturbances and climate changes.
     - Includes maintaining "healthy populations that are genetically diverse enough to adapt." (Source)
     - No additional specifics on cost or timeframes are provided.

7. **Creating Infrastructure for Managing Water Quality and Availability**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed**: Increased precipitation and reduced ice and snow cover affecting hydrology and water quality.
     - Strategies involve "achieving water quality standards for lakes and rivers, upgrading water infrastructure," etc. (Source)
     - Specific cost and timeframe not provided in the information given.

These adaptations are part of a holistic approach to address the various impacts of climate change identified in the plan, focusing on building resilience through environmental and infrastructural strategies.

Based on the content provided from the Gary Climate Action Plan, the following climate policies are identified to advance climate justice:

1. **Building Codes and Energy Efficiency**
   - **Climate Threat being addressed:** This policy addresses the threat of high utility costs, which are exacerbated by inefficient buildings that contribute to a substantial energy burden.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** The policy primarily targets low-income households which face a utility bill burden that is four times larger than that of other households. These households are especially vulnerable to high utility costs, particularly during heating and cooling seasons, which can impact food security and public health. This is emphasized where the document states, "High utility costs are the second leading cause of homelessness in the US." (Chapter 4: Equity and Resilience)

2. **Adaptation of Building Code for Climate Change Impacts**
   - **Climate Threat being addressed:** The adaptation of the building code is designed to prepare for the projected local climate change impacts, such as increased temperatures and the urban heat island effect.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Populations most vulnerable include low-income residents and those without access to cooling technologies, as they are more susceptible to health risks from extreme heat. The document states, "In particular, the annual number of temperature-related deaths in Indiana is expected to increase and even double. The most at-risk will be children, the elderly, members of low-income households and those with pre-existing conditions." (Chapter 3: Built Environment)

3. **Urban Forestry and Increase in Green Infrastructure**
   - **Climate Threat being addressed:** This policy addresses the urban heat island effect and stormwater management due to projected increases in precipitation.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Urban areas of the city are particularly vulnerable due to their potential to create "heat islands" where temperature impacts are intensified. This affects the larger population in urban settings but especially those without access to cooling technologies. (Chapter 3: Built Environment - Goals)

These policies not only aim to address respective climate threats but also prioritize equity, reducing the burdens on the most vulnerable populations within Gary, by enhancing energy efficiency and building climate resilience in low-income communities.

Based on the provided plan, the following potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies have been identified:

1. **Urban Forestry for Mitigating Urban Heat Islands**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The policy aims to mitigate the impacts of increased heat and urban heat islands resulting from climate change.
   - **Resilience/Mitigation/Adaptation Option:** The policy proposes planting trees to provide shade, cooler temperatures, and windbreaks, which could lead to less use of air conditioning and reduced utility costs. It emphasizes identifying areas in the city with poor tree cover for tree planting initiatives.
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** While planting trees can help reduce temperatures, this policy does not consider the potential for certain tree species to crowd out native plants, especially warm-weather plants that could increase their presence due to rising temperatures. This could unintentionally lead to reduced biodiversity and make the ecosystem more vulnerable to new disturbances. Furthermore, if not properly managed, increased tree cover might also inadvertently exacerbate pollen-related allergies or respiratory issues in urban settings. *Section: Urban Forestry*

2. **Energy Efficient Building Codes**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy addresses high energy usage and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from buildings, especially as buildings contribute significantly to GHG emissions.
   - **Resilience/Mitigation/Adaptation Option:** The policy suggests adopting stronger building codes to improve energy efficiency, thereby reducing energy consumption and associated utility burdens for low-income households. 
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** The focus on upgrading building codes to improve energy efficiency could inadvertently increase housing costs, making renovations and constructions more expensive. This can lead to increased financial strain on low-income households who may not afford the upgrades but necessary to comply with new standards. High retrofit costs could also delay necessary updates, leaving vulnerable households exposed to extreme weather events longer. Moreover, without subsidies or financial support mechanisms, the financial burden for homeowners might outweigh the benefits, leading to resistance against implementing these standards. *Chapter: Built Environment*

The analysis identifies these potential maladaptive outcomes, underscoring the importance of integrating comprehensive assessments and stakeholder engagement in policy planning to ensure that well-intentioned climate policies do not lead to unforeseen adverse effects.

### Success Metrics and Targets

The plan outlines several metrics and targets to measure the success of its adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options:

#### **Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Targets:**
- **Community-Wide Emissions Reduction:**
  - **Target:** Reduce community greenhouse gas emissions by 35% from the 2017 baseline by 2030, excluding industrial sources. 
  - **Metric Unit:** Percentage reduction from a baseline of 1,073,472 MT CO₂e (without industry) (Chapters: Emissions Projections and Targets).
  
- **Municipal Operations Emissions Reduction:**
  - **Target:** Reduce local government operations emissions by 50% by 2030. 
  - **Metric:** Additional 10,000 MT CO₂e reduction beyond the business-as-usual projection of 56,720 MT CO₂e in 2030 (Chapter: Local Government Operations GHG Reduction Target).

#### **Specific Sector Targets:**
- **Buildings and Facilities:**
  - **Target:** Emissions from buildings and facilities projected to decrease by 60% to 7,000 MT CO₂e by 2030 from the 2017 baseline of 17,849 MT CO₂e (Chapter: City Government Operations Projections).

- **Waste and Wastewater Treatment:**
  - **Target:** Emissions projected to decrease from 19,462 MT CO₂e to 9,662 MT CO₂e by 2030, a 50% reduction (Chapter: City Government Operations Projections).

- **Solid Waste:**
  - **Challenge:** Solid waste emissions need actionable steps, as it produced 35,819 MT CO₂e and is the largest municipal GHG contributor (Chapter: City Government Operations Projections).

#### **Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency:**
- **Local Renewable Energy Generation:**
  - **Target:** 50 MW of local renewable energy generation by 2030 (Chapter: Community -Wide Emissions Projections to 2030).

#### **Transportation:**
- **Electric Vehicle Incentives:**
  - Removal of fees for electric vehicles in Indiana as a barrier to electrification is noted. The establishment of solar/electricity hybrid carports and charging stations is aimed to incentivize electric vehicle use (Chapter: Transportation Recommendations).

The plan sets specific deadlines and numerical objectives, such as emission reductions by 2030 and renewable energy generation targets, demonstrating a commitment to quantifying success in its climate strategies.

| **Feature**          | **Details**                                                                                                                                                                 |
|----------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | City of Gary                                                                                                                                                              |
| **Population**       | Not specified in the document                                                                                                                                               |
| **Threats Identified**| - Habitat fragmentation (chapter 5) <br> - Urban heat islands leading to increased energy costs and heat-related illnesses (Natural Environment Background) <br> - Increased heat injuries and deaths among vulnerable groups like children, the elderly, and low-income households (Natural Environment) |
| **Measures Identified** | - Increase urban forestry to mitigate urban heat island effect (Natural Environment Goals & Urban Forestry) <br> - Adapt stormwater management and increase green infrastructure (Natural Environment Goals) <br> - Provide landscape corridors and climate refugia for wildlife (Natural Environment Goals) <br> - Targeted tree planting and protecting existing trees to enhance urban forestry (Urban Forestry) |
```

The provided document does not contain specific details about the physical and economic landscape, such as location, population, demographics, income, geographic features, or specific infrastructure of the planning jurisdiction, which is Eugene. However, the document includes some relevant information about the local climate and economic efforts related to climate challenges.

- The document mentions climate impacts in Eugene, noting "hotter temperatures, drought, wildfire smoke, and less mountain snow" as current issues. It highlights that dry months will be "hotter and drier with increased wildfires, and wet months will have more rain and flooding with less snowpack" (CAP2.0 SECTION 1).
- According to the Climate Central forecast, the average summer temperatures in the Eugene area are expected to increase significantly by 2100, potentially reaching levels similar to Chino, California (near Los Angeles) (CAP2.0 SECTION 1).

### **Economic and Energy Landscape:**
- The plan emphasizes economic development through green infrastructure, mentioning "grants for green job training programs" focusing on solar, energy efficiency, and other green industries, with a priority on marginalized communities (CAP2.0 SECTION 3).

While specific details about Eugene's population, average income, or key infrastructure like airports and seaports are not provided in the document, the emphasis on climate resilience and economic transition towards sustainability are highlighted through strategic plans such as transportation system planning and electric vehicle strategies.

- The plan addresses resilience by focusing on adapting the community to local climate impacts such as rising temperatures, increased storm intensity, reduced snowpack, and wildfire events. It emphasizes building community resilience through engagement and partnerships with various organizations and marginalized communities. The plan highlights strategies such as creating emergency plans and supply kits, strengthening community connections, and enhancing personal and community-wide resilience skills (CAP 2.0 Page 21; CAP2.0 SECTION 3).

- The plan addresses mitigation by identifying specific greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction goals and measuring emissions. It outlines actions to reduce emissions in sectors such as transportation and building energy, with a target of reducing annual emissions by 790,000 MT CO2e by 2030. Actions also include promoting community initiatives for climate mitigation and lobbying for state and federal climate actions (CAP2.0 SECTION 3; A Data-driven Roadmap for Climate Action, Section 1).

- Adaptation is addressed through actions focused on preparing for climate changes and impacts specific to Eugene, such as updating floodplain maps and stormwater design standards. The plan includes adaptation efforts through urban forestry management and water reuse partnerships to prepare for drought (Natural Hazard’s Mitigation Plan).

- **Equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan:** The plan shows a balanced approach to addressing both mitigation and adaptation through specific actions, goals, and partnerships aimed at reducing emissions as well as increasing community resilience and adaptation to climate impacts.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change impacts that the planning jurisdiction, Eugene, will face, and for which it is formulating climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation.

- **Rising Temperatures:** The plan indicates that "Eugene is already experiencing the impacts of climate change with hotter temperatures" and anticipates that average summer temperatures could increase to be comparable to those of Chino, California, with an average of 88.9°F by 2100 (CAP2.0 SECTION 1).

- **Drought and Reduced Snowpack:** There is an expectation of drought conditions and less mountain snow, with predictions that "snowpack in the Cascades is expected to be non-existent by 2050," which removes a major regional water storage mechanism making the area more susceptible to flooding (CAP2.0 SECTION 1).

- **Wildfires and Smoke:** The plan projects a significant increase, "a 400-500% increase in the number of acres burned annually" by 2040, resulting in extended periods of hot, smoky summers with corresponding health impacts, especially for lower-income communities (CAP2.0 SECTION 1).

- **Increased Precipitation and Flooding:** Wet months are expected to have more rain, causing "precipitation to fall as rain instead of snow more often," leading to increased vulnerabilities to flooding (CAP2.0 SECTION 2).

- **Storm Events:** The intensity of storm events is expected to rise, resulting in potential issues for the local stormwater system due to "more intense showers," which will "tax the local stormwater system even further" (CAP2.0 SECTION 2).

- **Changing Disease Patterns:** There is also mention of "new disease patterns" as disease vectors increase with global changes, alongside population growth due to the relatively mild climate of Eugene compared to other regions (CAP2.0 SECTION 1).

The plan incorporates these elements to strategize and implement climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation to prepare the community for such future scenarios.

   - **Climate Hazard:** The plan anticipates "hotter temperatures" with projections suggesting average summer temperatures in the Eugene area will increase to be "comparable to Chino, California" by 2100.
   - **Climate Risks:** Rising temperatures could lead to more extreme weather patterns, droughts, and increased wildfire risks.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Lower-income communities and communities of color, who may have less ability to stay indoors and face exacerbated health conditions due to smoke and heat.

2. **Reduced Snowpack**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Snowpack is expected to be "non-existent by 2050," removing a major regional water storage mechanism.
   - **Climate Risks:** This will leave the area more vulnerable to flooding as rain will flow into streams in real-time, increasing the risk.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Those living in flood-prone areas.

3. **Increased Wildfire and Smoke Events**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Expectation of a "400-500% increase in the number of acres burned annually" by 2040.
   - **Climate Risks:** Extended periods of hot, smoky summers, particularly affecting air quality and health.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Disproportionately impacts lower-income community members and people of color, particularly those working outdoors, and those with existing health conditions.

4. **Intensity in Storm Events and Flooding**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Increased frequency of intense rain showers.
   - **Climate Risks:** Changes in flooding patterns traditionally seen in the area and potential taxing of the local stormwater system.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Residents living in areas prone to flooding, especially those with inadequate flood control infrastructure.

5. **Algal Blooms**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Anticipated as a result of changing weather patterns.
   - **Climate Risks:** Potentially harmful to water quality and aquatic life.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** People relying on affected water sources for drinking and recreational activities.

6. **Disease and Mental Health Patterns**
   - **Climate Hazard:** New disease patterns as a result of increasing and changing disease vector ranges.
   - **Climate Risks:** Increased public health risks and mental health challenges.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Elderly, low-income, and marginalized communities who have limited access to healthcare and support systems.

These hazards and associated risks outline the plan's emphasis on the specific impacts of climate change that Eugene is preparing to address.

1. **Emergency Preparedness and Community Involvement**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** General preparedness for climate-related emergencies.
     - *Cost, Timeframe, Location:* No specific cost or timeframe provided. Emphasis on community-based actions.
     - *Attributes:* Enhancing personal and community resiliency skills, building capacity to handle stress, and fostering community connections are emphasized. These actions are seen as a way to fortify psychological, social, and spiritual well-being. (*CAP2.0 SECTION 3*)

2. **Extreme Weather Safety Awareness and Floodplain Maps Update**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Extreme weather events and flooding risks.
     - *Timeframe:* Extreme weather safety awareness by 2023. Floodplain maps to be updated by 2030. (*CAP 2.0 Page 105*)
     - *Attributes:* Important for public safety and urban planning. Provides critical data for decision-makers and infrastructure planning. (*CAP 2.0 Page 73*)

3. **Stormwater Design Standards Evaluation**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Increased storm intensity and flooding.
     - *Timeframe:* Evaluation by 2022. (*CAP 2.0 Page 105*)
     - *Attributes:* Ensures infrastructure can handle new weather patterns. It is an important step to prevent overloading of stormwater systems. (*CAP 2.0 Page 73*)
   
4. **Urban Forestry Initiatives**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Urban heat and air quality.
     - *Goals:* Increase urban tree canopy to 30%. Current coverage is 23%.
     - *Attributes:* Includes both public and private land. Aims to reverse the decline in canopy coverage and improve ecosystem services. (*CAP 2.0 Page 105*)
   
5. **Water Reuse Partnership**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Drought preparedness.
     - *Timeframe:* Demonstrations expected to begin in 2022.
     - *Attributes:* Initial uses of recycled water include local operations and irrigation—part of broader drought management efforts. (*CAP 2.0 Page 105*)

6. **Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) Training**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** General emergency preparedness.
     - *Attributes:* Training citizens to be prepared to respond to emergency situations strengthens community-level resilience. (*CAP 2.0 Page 105*)

7. **Wildlife-Urban Interface Plan Update**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Wildfire risk.
     - *Timeframe:* Update by 2025.
     - *Attributes:* Enhancing planning and response strategies to maintain critical access routes during wildfire emergencies. (*CAP 2.0 Page 105*)

8. **Comprehensive Stormwater Management Plan Implementation**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flooding and public safety.
     - *Attributes:* Guides protection of public health, enhances wildlife habitat, and reduces flooding risks. (*CAP 2.0 Page 105*)
  
9. **Urban Forest Management Plan Update**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Ecosystem stability and urban climate resilience.
     - *Timeframe:* Plan development by July 2021.
     - *Attributes:* Establishes baseline conditions and future goals for urban forestry, which is essential for maintaining city resilience. (*CAP 2.0 Page 105*)
   
10. **Ecosystem Services Tracking and Maximization**
    - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Broad ecological impacts.
      - *Timeframe:* Establish baselines in 2020, with ongoing annual assessments.
      - *Attributes:* Utilizes technology like i-Tree to track progress and ensure adaptation of urban forests to changing conditions. (*CAP 2.0 Page 105*)

11. **Vulnerable Population Outreach Plan**
    - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Social vulnerability during climate events.
      - *Timeframe:* By 2023.
      - *Attributes:* Aimed at ensuring vulnerable populations are prepared with emergency supplies. (*CAP 2.0 Page 105*)

These resilience options reflect a comprehensive approach addressing various climate threats while highlighting community engagement, infrastructure improvements, ecological health, and urban planning as key components of Eugene's climate resilience strategy.

The plan identifies several mitigation options with varying details regarding cost, timing, location, and other attributes:

1. **Northwest Natural Franchise and Climate Agreement**
   - **Summary**: The City of Eugene and Northwest Natural are negotiating a new Right of Way Franchise Agreement to include actions reducing GHGs from natural gas.
   - **Timing**: Expected to be finalized by the end of 2020.
   - **Location**: City of Eugene.
   - **Attributes**: Actions within the agreement aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from natural gas. 

2. **State and Federal Action**
   - **Summary**: State and Federal actions are necessary for meeting Eugene's CRO targets, including legislation and policy adoption for carbon reduction.
   - **Timing**: Ongoing, with specific references to Executive Order 20-04 in March 2020.
   - **Location**: State and Federal levels impacting Eugene.
   - **Attributes**: Includes increasing CAFÉ standards and investments in electrification.

3. **Carbon Offsets**
   - **Summary**: The City will consider purchasing carbon offsets to compensate for community emissions as a bridge strategy while working on local emission reductions.
   - **Timing**: Not specified.
   - **Location**: Projects could be outside the local area.
   - **Attributes**: A strategy to achieve emissions reductions outside Eugene while local strategies are developed.

4. **Biogas Purification for Renewable Natural Gas (RNG)**
   - **Summary**: The Metropolitan Wastewater Management Commission is building facilities for biogas purification to produce RNG.
   - **Timing**: Construction expected to begin in 2020 with completion in 2021.
   - **Location**: Connects to NW Natural’s utility grid.
   - **Attributes**: Part of producing Renewable Natural Gas.

5. **Lane Community College Energy Efficiency Improvements**
   - **Summary**: Plans to increase building energy efficiency, pursue LEED certification, and conduct annual performance verifications.
   - **Timing**: Expected to complete by 2022.
   - **Location**: Lane Community College, Florence Center.
   - **Attributes**: Includes HVAC system replacements, lighting upgrades, and better insulation.

6. **NWN Smart Energy Program**
   - **Summary**: Allows customers to purchase carbon offsets for their natural gas use.
   - **Timing**: Ongoing.
   - **Location**: NW Natural service area.
   - **Attributes**: Provides an option for customers to offset carbon emissions.

Each of these actions is designed to contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and build towards Eugene’s climate goals. While specific cost information is generally not detailed, the timing and location are provided for several actions to show the scale and scope of implementation.

1. **Climate Agreement with Northwest Natural**
   - **Summary:** The City of Eugene and Northwest Natural are negotiating a new Right of Way Franchise Agreement. This agreement is expected to include actions to reduce greenhouse gases from natural gas.
     - **Timeframe:** Expected to be finalized by the end of 2020.
     - **Location:** City of Eugene.
     - **Other Important Attributes:** The agreement will focus on reducing GHGs emissions from natural gas (CAP 2.0 Page 35).

   - **Summary:** Involves leveraging state and federal actions, such as the Oregon Governor's Executive Order 20-04, to reduce carbon emissions.
     - **Timeframe:** Targets to reduce carbon emissions, with a significant interim goal by 2030.
     - **Location:** Action at the state level involving Oregon and federal strategy.
     - **Other Important Attributes:** Relies on comprehensive legislation at the federal level to reduce emissions across sectors, enhancing federal Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFÉ) standards, and investing in electric vehicles (CAP 2.0 Page 35).

   - **Summary:** Carbon offsets are considered a bridge strategy to achieve emissions reductions where other local strategies are being developed.
     - **Timeframe:** Ongoing evaluation as part of a broader strategy.
     - **Location:** City of Eugene and potentially elsewhere.
     - **Other Important Attributes:** The offsets aim to compensate for emissions already generated by purchasing reductions from verified carbon offset projects (CAP 2.0 Page 35).

4. **NW Natural Smart Energy Program**
   - **Summary:** Allows customers to purchase carbon offsets equivalent to the carbon dioxide produced by their natural gas use.
     - **Timeframe:** Program details as of CAP2.0 implementation period.
     - **Location:** Service area of NW Natural.
     - **Other Important Attributes:** Provides carbon offset opportunities to natural gas customers (Page 56 CAP 2.0).

5. **Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) Production**
   - **Summary:** Metropolitan Wastewater Management Commission is building facilities to produce biogas and connect to NW Natural’s utility grid.
     - **Cost:** Not specified; construction cost likely involved.
     - **Timeframe:** Construction expected to begin in 2020 with completion in 2021.
     - **Location:** Utility grid and facilities involved in biogas purification.
     - **Other Important Attributes:** This transition to RNG aims to reduce overall emissions from natural gas use (Page 56 CAP 2.0).

6. **Lane Community College Energy Efficiency**
   - **Summary:** The college aims to increase building energy efficiency through system upgrades and pursues LEED certification for selected buildings.
     - **Timeframe:** Expected completion by 2022.
     - **Location:** Lane Community College campuses.
     - **Other Important Attributes:** Includes installing more efficient systems such as HVAC and lighting, which contribute to overall energy savings and reduced emissions (Page 56 CAP 2.0).

Based on the document provided, the plan identifies several adaptation options. Here is a summary of each adaptation option, the climate threat it addresses, and additional information provided regarding cost, timeframe, location, and other important attributes:

### Action R1: Water Reuse Partnership
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Drought preparation
  - **Timeframe:** Demonstrations expected to begin in 2022
  - **Location:** Use by local sand and gravel operations, City street tree watering, and wastewater plant landscaping
  - **Attributes:** Partnership with MWMC to produce Class A recycled water suitable for all uses except drinking. (CAP 2.0 Page 73)

### Action R2: Extreme Weather Safety Awareness
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Extreme weather events
  - **Timeframe:** By 2023
  - **Attributes:** Incorporation into the City of Eugene's public outreach program (CAP 2.0 Page 74)

### Action R3: Floodplain Map Updates
  - **Timeframe:** By 2030
  - **Location:** Focus on Willamette River through Eugene, Mill Race, Glenwood, and Springfields' 42nd Street Levee Seclusion Zone
  - **Attributes:** COE seeks funding for updates. Previous update was in 2018. (CAP 2.0 Page 74)

### Action R4: Stormwater Design Standards Evaluation
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Intensity of storm events and flooding
  - **Timeframe:** By 2022
  - **Attributes:** Evaluation using climate change modeling; anticipates less frequent but more intense rainfall, affecting the stormwater system. (CAP 2.0 Page 74)

### Action R5: Wildlife-Urban Interface (WUI) Plan Update
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Wildfire risks
  - **Timeframe:** By 2025
  - **Attributes:** Addressing access routes and updating the WUI plan (CAP 2.0 Page 74)

### Action R6: Vulnerable Populations Outreach Plan
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** General emergency preparedness and response
  - **Attributes:** Using maps developed for the Lane Livability Consortium, preparing vulnerable populations for emergencies (CAP 2.0 Page 74)

### Action R7: Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) Training
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Overall community emergency preparedness
  - **Attributes:** Sponsorship of CERT training in the Eugene/Springfield area (CAP 2.0 Page 74)

### Action R8: Water Conservation and Drought Management Plan
  - **Attributes:** COE Parks and Open Space plan, maintaining Salmon Safe Certification for water quality protection. (CAP 2.0 Page 74)

### Action R9: Comprehensive Stormwater Management Plan
  - **Attributes:** Policy guide to protect public health, enhance wildlife habitat, and reduce flooding risk (CAP 2.0 Page 74)

### Action R10: Use of DOGAMI Landslide Maps
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Landslides
  - **Attributes:** Planning tool and guide for the Urban Reserves Project (CAP 2.0 Page 74)

The plan identifies several climate policies aimed at advancing climate justice. Below is a summary of these policies, along with the climate threat they address and the areas or populations with the most climate vulnerability to the identified hazard:

1. **Equity-Centered Climate Action**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** General climate change impacts, including those that exacerbate existing social inequalities.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** The plan emphasizes that "the impacts of climate change tend to disproportionately impact marginalized communities such as communities of color, the elderly, low-income communities, and people experiencing disabilities" (CAP 2.0 Page 15).

2. **Engagement of Vulnerable Communities**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Exclusion from decision-making processes and the unequal distribution of resources and opportunities in climate resilience and mitigation actions.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Frontline communities, particularly those "most impacted by climate change," including marginalized communities mentioned earlier.

3. **Climate Education and Incentives**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Lack of awareness and resources for engaging in climate action among vulnerable communities.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Low-income communities, migrants, communities of color, and people with disabilities. The plan recommends creating "climate change education for public schools on mitigation and adaptation" and providing "award and monetary incentives for organizations working primarily with low-income communities" (CAP 2.0 Page 83).

4. **Coordination with Community Organizations**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Insufficient collaboration and support for community organizations that represent and work with vulnerable populations.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Underserved communities. The plan suggests "develop strong partnerships between the City and organizations on specific projects that benefit frontline communities impacted by climate change" (CAP 2.0 Page 83).

5. **Equitable Access to Resources and Engagement**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Ensuring equitable participation and access to resources for all community members in climate planning and action.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Communities of color, low-income populations, people with disabilities, and other marginalized groups. The inclusion of these populations is articulated in guiding principles where equity is centered in climate work: "Keeping frontline communities - those most impacted by climate change - at the center of our climate work is a guiding tenant of the CAP2.0" (CAP 2.0 Guiding Principles).

By centering on these policies, the plan aims to integrate climate justice by addressing the specific threats posed by climate change and enhancing the resilience of the most vulnerable populations within the community.

1. **Policy: Tree Ordinance and Urban Forestry**

     The policy aims to address increased temperatures and reduced ecological function due to climate change by increasing urban tree canopy and preserving existing mature trees.

     Resilience option includes actions such as updating the City’s Urban Forestry Plan, instituting a Tree Ordinance to enforce the preservation of existing mature trees, reviewing planning permits for tree removal, and creating a comprehensive canopy development and maintenance strategy. *(CAP 2.0 Page 73)*

     Although increasing urban tree canopy can help mitigate urban heat islands and improve air quality, it may inadvertently lead to maladaptation if not carefully managed. For instance, enforcing strict tree preservation without considering appropriate tree species selection could result in increased vulnerability to pests or diseases that thrive under warmer conditions. Moreover, if neighborhoods have control over tree removal but lack the expertise to make ecologically sound decisions, it may lead to ineffective outcomes or resistance from property owners due to perceived restrictions on land use.

2. **Policy: Prohibition or Limitation of Natural Gas in New City Buildings**

     The policy targets the reduction of emissions from natural gas, which contributes to GHGs exacerbating climate change.

     Mitigation option includes prohibiting or severely limiting natural gas in all new City buildings and major renovations of City-owned buildings. *(CAP 2.0 Page 63)*

     While the move aims at reducing emissions from fossil fuels, the abrupt shift from natural gas might lead to maladaptation if alternative energy sources are not sufficiently reliable or if the transition costs disproportionately burden low-income households. If the electric grid is not prepared to handle increased demand, it could result in energy insecurity, particularly during extreme weather events when heating or cooling needs are critical.

3. **Policy: Phase-Out of Single-Use Plastics**

     The policy targets reducing waste and its associated emissions which contribute to climate change.

     Mitigation option involves phasing out most or all single-use plastics over ten years. *(CAP 2.0 Page 63)*

     The prohibition of single-use plastics without adequate and accessible alternatives may result in maladaptation due to increased use of alternative materials. If the alternatives have greater environmental impacts across their lifecycle or if composting and recycling infrastructure cannot cope with these alternatives, it could lead to increased environmental degradation and costs, potentially negating the intended reduction in waste emissions. Additionally, if businesses and consumers do not transition to sustainable alternatives, the demand for environmental resources could increase, exacerbating climate impacts.

Each of these policies addresses significant threats and intends to build resilience or reduce emissions. However, without careful implementation and context consideration, there is a risk of unintended consequences that could hinder effectiveness or exacerbate vulnerabilities.

The plan measures success or failure of various climate actions through specific metrics and targets outlined as follows:

  - The plan identifies a target to reduce emissions by **790,000 Metric Tons of CO₂ equivalent (MT CO₂e)** annually by **2030** to meet the interim goal of a **64% reduction in emissions**. This is part of the larger goal of reaching carbon neutrality as per the CRO (Climate Recovery Ordinance) (CAP 2.0, Section 1).

- **Fossil Fuel Use Reduction:**
  - There is a community-wide goal to reduce total fossil fuel use by **50%** by the year **2030**, compared to the levels in 2010 (CAP 2.0, Section 1).

- **Annual and Long-Term Targets:**
  - The plan uses a "Climate Recovery Thermometer" to illustrate annual greenhouse gas emission targets, with a baseline of **1,010,000 MT CO₂e** in 2017 and a target of **70,000 MT CO₂e** by **2050** (CAP 2.0, Section 1).

- **Behavior Change Campaigns:**
  - Although not explicitly quantified, the plan includes behavioral change campaigns targeted at individuals, households, and neighborhoods to encourage climate actions in their daily lives (CAP 2.0, Section 1).

- **Reporting Tools:**
  - The plan includes annual reporting on CAP2.0 progress, with updates to the GHG inventories every two years, helping to measure improvements and track emissions over time (CAP 2.0, Page 107).

- **Dashboard Metrics:**
  - A CAP2.0 Dashboard will be developed to track approximately 10 key metrics related to the actions in the plan, providing data accessibility to the community and measuring annual progress towards climate goals (CAP 2.0, Page 107).

- **Additional Emission Reductions:**
  - The City recognizes the need for reductions beyond current measures and explores further options such as Carbon Offsets, State and Federal actions, with the broader aim of reducing emissions further by **305,000 MT CO₂e** annually, necessary for reaching CRO goals (CAP 2.0, Section 1).

These outlined metrics and goals demonstrate the plan's commitment to measuring and tracking the success of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options.

| **Feature**          | **Details**                                                                                                     |
|----------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Eugene                                                                                                         |
| **Population**          | Not explicitly mentioned in the provided text                                                                  |
| **Threats Identified**  | - Rising temperatures                                                                                           |
|                        | - Reduced snowpack                                                                                              |
|                        | - Reduced summer stream flows                                                                                  |
|                        | - Algal blooms                                                                                                  |
|                        | - Increased wildfire and related smoke events                                                                   |
|                        | - Increasing intensity in storm events and flooding                                                             |
|                        | - Changing disease and mental health patterns                                                                  |
| **Measures Identified**| - Increase urban tree canopy to 30% (Actions R11, R15)                                                         |
|                        | - Use Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries (DOGAMI) landslide maps for planning efforts (Action R10)     |
|                        | - Implement Comprehensive Stormwater Management Plan (Action R9)                                              |
|                        | - Develop a water conservation and drought management plan (Action R8)                                          |
|                        | - Incorporate extreme weather safety awareness into public outreach (Action R2)                                 |
|                        | - Update floodplain maps by 2030 (Action R3)                                                                    |
|                        | - Evaluate stormwater design standards considering climate change (Action R4)                                   |
|                        | - Engage vulnerable populations with outreach plans and prepare them for emergencies (Action R6)                 |

|                        | - Increase ecosystem services benefits of the urban forest and establish baseline conditions (Action R12)       |
```

The planning jurisdiction is the City of Hampton, which is situated in the Hampton Roads region, one of the most vulnerable areas in the country for impacts from climate change, sea level rise, and recurring flooding.

- Population density and demographics are not explicitly detailed in the provided excerpts. 
- The plan indicates a focus on diverse neighborhoods with unique challenges and values.

**Average Income:**

- Median income varies significantly across the region, with reported ranges: 
  - Over $82,000
  - $68,000 - $82,000
  - $53,001 - $68,000
  - $39,001 - $53,000
  - $24,001 - $39,000
  - Less than $24,000

- Hampton is characterized by its proximity to water including coastal areas, bays, harbors, and inland rivers/creeks.
- Specific mention of Newmarket Creek, a connective element creating opportunities for redevelopment.

- Hampton has a network of roads, drainage systems, sewers, and public facilities.
- Notable facilities such as Langley Air Force Base and NASA Langley Research Center play significant roles.

- The city faces challenges from sea level rise, storm surge, tidal action, and storm events.
- Water is considered both an asset and a challenge, with an emphasis on treating water not as a "backyard condition" but as an amenity.
- There is a cultural connection to water, historically supporting the early economy through the seafood industry and tourism.

- The document does not specifically mention energy production or natural resources in the excerpts provided.

- The economy is supported by large employers such as Langley Air Force Base, NASA Langley Research Center, and several educational and medical facilities.
- "48 cents of every dollar in Hampton’s economy is associated with government work."
- The city has historically been a center for innovation, supported by organizations like Hampton University and the National Institute of Aerospace.
- Economic opportunities are envisioned through smarter utilization and adaptation to water-related challenges. 

Hampton's landscape is heavily influenced by its coastal and water-adjacent geography, with a strong cultural and economic connection to water bodies. The city faces significant climate and water-related challenges but also sees these as opportunities for significant socio-economic and infrastructural development.

The plan addresses resilience, mitigation, and adaptation with a strong focus on resilience and adaptation strategies. Here's how it addresses each component:

- The plan emphasizes the **"bolstering of a community’s inherent strengths"** to address chronic stresses and recover from extreme events, making the community stronger ("A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO ADDRESSING SEA LEVEL RISE AND RESILIENCY").
- Resilience options include adopting higher **“resiliency standards”** for new public projects and improving infrastructure to address future conditions like sea level rise ("RH4. Hampton will adopt higher “resiliency standards”").
- It identifies the need for a multi-scale approach to resilience, from regional to individual parcel levels ("RH5. Enhancing our response to sea level rise and resiliency shall be addressed at multiple scales").
- Resilience strategies are categorized into policy, education and communication, physical changes, and operations and maintenance ("A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO ADDRESSING SEA LEVEL RISE AND RESILIENCY").

- While mitigation is not the primary focus, the plan includes actions such as promoting/incentivizing improvements that reduce runoff (e.g., rain gardens, cisterns) and reducing greenhouse gas emissions through **"Nature-Based Solutions"** and ecological benefits ("Promote/incentivize parcel-level adaptations and improvements" and "Attributes of Natural include Nature-Based Solutions, Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions").

- Adaptation is a key focus, with actions such as modifying zoning policies to prioritize water space ("Modify zoning and future land use policies") and expanding water management policies to improve water quality ("Expand existing water management policies").
- Adaptations are focused on future land use, building codes, and encouraging floodproofing measures in new constructions and renovations ("Modify or expand building codes to encourage adaptation and/or floodproofing measures").

**Classification:** The plan can be classified as an **adaptation/resilience dedicated plan** due to its emphasis on building resilience against sea level rise and other climate-related challenges, while also incorporating adaptation strategies.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change that the planning jurisdiction, Hampton, will face. It outlines threats such as **sea level rise, increased precipitation, storm surges, surface runoff, and tidal action**, which can lead to subsidence and chronic flooding. These forces, combined with climate change, threaten the city’s character and economy by increasing flood insurance rates and causing repetitive loss, which may displace residents. The complex interactions of these water-related forces create challenges for Hampton, emphasizing the need for strategic planning to protect the city's unique cultural and economic assets. The document emphasizes that Hampton’s proactive approach in addressing **nuisance flooding and preparing for future shocks from large weather events** is crucial for resilience and adaptation ("Executive Summary", "A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO ADDRESSING SEA LEVEL RISE AND RESILIENCY").

**1. Sea Level Rise**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** It's highlighted as one of the main vulnerabilities in the Hampton area, contributing to recurring flooding and impacting the economy and quality of life (Executive Summary).
   - **Climate Risks:** Sea level rise amplifies storm surge, surface runoff, and tidal action, leading to chronic flooding and threatens the character and economy of Hampton (A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO ADDRESSING SEA LEVEL RISE AND RESILIENCY).
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The city of Hampton, especially areas adjacent to bodies of water like the James River, Chesapeake Bay, and local rivers and creeks, are identified as particularly vulnerable (Challenges).

**2. Storm Surge**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** Associated with major storm events such as hurricanes and nor'easters, causing high winds, waves, and subsequent water surges (Challenges).
   - **Climate Risks:** It can lead to flooding and erosion, causing extensive damage and making areas more vulnerable to future events (Challenges). These events threaten local economic stability and quality of life (A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO ADDRESSING SEA LEVEL RISE AND RESILIENCY).
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Historically and nationally important assets within Hampton, along with its general population, are considered vulnerable (Challenges).

**3. Tidal Action**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** Includes fluctuations of water levels between low and high tide due to the geographic positioning of Hampton (Challenges).
   - **Climate Risks:** Tidal variations can exacerbate flooding risks, compounding effects with storm surges and sea level rise (Challenges).
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Riverine and creek areas influenced by tidal fluctuations are particularly at risk (Challenges).

**4. Stormwater**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** The collection and movement of rainwater over impervious surfaces can contribute to localized flooding and related issues (Challenges).
   - **Climate Risks:** Increased stormwater from heavy precipitation contributes to surface runoff and potential flooding, impacting infrastructure and housing (Challenges).
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Infrastructure-laden areas and those with inadequate drainage systems are at heightened risk (Challenges).

**5. Groundwater Levels**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** Rising and fluctuating groundwater levels contribute to the region's susceptibility to subsidence and amplify flooding risks (Challenges).
   - **Climate Risks:** This can lead to structural damage over time and increased vulnerability during significant weather events (Challenges).
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas prone to subsidence and regions with high existing groundwater levels face significant risks (Challenges).

This detailed list underscores a focused concern for managing various forms of water-related hazards in Hampton, emphasizing a need for targeted resilience and adaptation strategies.

The plan identifies numerous resilience options. Below is a summary of these options, including the specific climate threat they address, cost and location details, and other important attributes:

### Raised Infrastructure and Ingress/Egress Options
1. **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flooding from sea level rise and storms.
2. **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Not specifically detailed; projects may vary based on feasibility.
3. **Other Attributes:**
   - Enhances egress from flood-prone areas.
   - Important for maintaining access to critical services during flooding.

### Moving Critical Assets
1. **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flood-prone areas impacting emergency services.
2. **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Cost and location not detailed; dependent on feasibility considerations.
   - Ensures continuity of emergency and essential services.
   - Protects infrastructure from flood damage.

### Power Grid Improvements
1. **Climate Threat Addressed:** Consistency of service during storm events.
2. **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Not specified.
   - Enhances reliability of power supply.
   - Supports community resilience to power outages.

### Burying Utility Lines
1. **Climate Threat Addressed:** Service interruptions due to storm events.
2. **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Feasibility to be examined.
   - Potentially improves service consistency during adverse weather.

### Shoreline Stabilization Measures
1. **Climate Threat Addressed:** Erosion and degradation.
2. **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Location-specific; includes breakwater systems, living shorelines, and beach replenishment.
   - Protects coastal ecosystems and infrastructure.
   - Enhances habitat resilience.

### Expanding Tree Canopy
1. **Climate Threat Addressed:** Urban heat island effect.
   - Improves air quality.
   - Provides ecological and aesthetic benefits.

### Installation of Backflow Preventers
1. **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flooding and stormwater management.
2. **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Where deemed appropriate.
   - Protects against backflow during storm events.

### Installation of Infiltration Wells
1. **Climate Threat Addressed:** Poor soil infiltration.
   - Enhances groundwater recharge.

### Public Demonstrations of Sustainability
1. **Climate Threat Addressed:** Water management and sustainability.
2. **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Integrated into public sites and buildings.
   - Educates the public on sustainable practices.
   - Incorporates features like pervious parking lots and rain gardens.

### Tide Gates and Green Infrastructure
1. **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flooding.
2. **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Costs and effectiveness to be evaluated.
   - Community education on decision-making process.
   - Alternatives provided for ineffectiveness or high costs.

### Enlarging Stormwater Infrastructure
1. **Climate Threat Addressed:** Inadequate stormwater management.
2. **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Evaluated based on effectiveness and costs.
   - Alternatives proposed for financially unfeasible options.

### Pump Stations for Stormwater Management
1. **Climate Threat Addressed:** Overwhelmed stormwater systems during storm events.
   - Manages stormwater more effectively in vulnerable areas.

### Policy Modifications
1. **Climate Threat Addressed:** Future development in flood-prone areas.
2. **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Including zoning changes and incentives.
   - Promotes sustainable land use and development practices.
   - Supports water management improvements.

### Collaborative Partnerships
1. **Climate Threat Addressed:** Regional and systemic climate resilience.
2. **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Coordinated with regional and private partners.
   - Ensures broader impact and shared responsibilities.

These options are integrated into the broader strategy to address specific conditions in Hampton’s neighborhoods, as part of the city’s commitment to a place- and asset-based approach. The plan emphasizes the importance of adapting infrastructure and the role of local participation and partnerships in resilience initiatives.

The plan does not explicitly label any measures as "mitigation options." Instead, the plan primarily focuses on resilience and adaptation strategies addressing sea level rise and climate resilience. These strategies include:

- **Infrastructure Improvements:**
  - Described as creating "a network of raised roads" and "burying utility lines" to maintain service during storm events. Importance is placed on consistent operation of infrastructure during storm events, but specific details regarding cost and timing are not provided. (*[Section: A Holistic Approach to Addressing Sea Level Rise and Resiliency]*)

- **Educational and Communication Measures:**
  - The plan highlights the need to "empower citizens to report violations of pollution policies" and to inform them "how to prepare for storms and flooding." While these actions indirectly support mitigation by fostering community awareness, they do not include specific cost or timing details. (*[Section: A Holistic Approach to Addressing Sea Level Rise and Resiliency]*)
  
- **Urban Forestry:**
  - Proposes to "broaden the tree canopy to reduce the heat island effect and improve air quality," which may have indirect benefits for GHG emission reduction through improved environmental quality. Specific attributes such as cost, timing, and location are not detailed. (*[Section: A Holistic Approach to Addressing Sea Level Rise and Resiliency]*)

These strategies reflect an emphasis on resilience and adaptation rather than explicit mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions.

The plan does not explicitly identify specific mitigation options that directly focus on reducing or preventing the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs). The document primarily addresses resilience, adaptation, and communication strategies in response to sea level rise and flooding. As such, it lacks detailed information on the cost, timeframe, location, and other attributes specifically related to traditional climate change mitigation options. 

Instead, the plan outlines various potential solutions to address resilience, adaptation, and policy-based needs, which may indirectly contribute to mitigation by enhancing sustainability and reducing the impact of climate change-related events:

- **Expanding Tree Canopy:** Broaden the tree canopy to reduce the heat island effect and improve air quality. This not only contributes to resilience but can also be indirectly tied to mitigation through carbon sequestration and improved urban air conditions (CH55, A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO ADDRESSING SEA LEVEL RISE AND RESILIENCY).

- **Green and Sustainable Infrastructure Improvements:** The plan suggests using public site improvements to demonstrate sustainability principles, such as pervious parking lots and rain gardens, which may indirectly contribute to reduced carbon footprint through sustainable construction practices (CH55, A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO ADDRESSING SEA LEVEL RISE AND RESILIENCY).

- **Zoning and Land Use Policy Modifications:** The plan recommends policy adjustments, such as modifying zoning to prioritize space for water retention/detention and limiting impervious development, which could indirectly mitigate climate change by encouraging green spaces that absorb CO₂ (CH51, A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO ADDRESSING SEA LEVEL RISE AND RESILIENCY).

Because the document does not provide detailed cost analyses, timeframes, or locations related to explicit mitigation options, the information above is inferred from broader strategies and actions that may indirectly support climate mitigation objectives.

Based on the provided document, several adaptation options are identified with respect to addressing various climate threats. Below are the adaptations along with the climate threats they address and any relevant information regarding cost, timeframe, location, and other attributes:

1. **Creating a Network of Raised Roads & Multiple Ingress/Egress Options**  
   - **Climate Threat:** Addresses flooding threats to ensure safe egress from flood-prone areas.
   - **Attributes:** Suggested where feasible; intended to provide safe escape routes during floods. No specific cost, timeframe, or location details are provided.  
   - **Citation:** A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO ADDRESSING SEA LEVEL RISE AND RESILIENCY

2. **Relocating Critical Assets**  
   - **Climate Threat:** Mitigates the threat of operational disruption of emergency services due to flooding.
   - **Attributes:** Moving critical assets like emergency services out of flood zones where feasible. Specific costs and timeframes are not provided.

3. **Power Grid Improvements**  
   - **Climate Threat:** Maintains power consistency during storm events.
   - **Attributes:** Investigating improvements with utility companies, including possibly burying utility lines. No specific cost, timeframe, or location details are provided.

4. **Shoreline Stabilization Measures**  
   - **Climate Threat:** Prevents further erosion and degradation of shorelines.
   - **Attributes:** Includes breakwater systems, living shorelines, and beach replenishment. Specific cost, timeframe, and location information are not detailed.

5. **Backflow Preventers and Infiltration Wells**  
   - **Climate Threat:** Addresses stormwater management and flooding.
   - **Attributes:** Installation where appropriate to improve stormwater management. Cost, timeframe, and specific locations are not detailed.

6. **Green Infrastructure and Stormwater Infrastructure Enhancements**  
   - **Climate Threat:** Mitigates flooding and improves stormwater management.
   - **Attributes:** Evaluating cost-benefits for installation in various locations. Alternate scenarios are proposed if deemed ineffective or costly. Specific cost, timeframe, and location information are lacking.

7. **Pump Stations for Stormwater Management**  
   - **Climate Threat:** Addresses stormwater management and flooding threats.
   - **Attributes:** Evaluated for their cost-benefit in different locations; alternatives are suggested if ineffective. Details on cost, timeframe, and exact locations are not specified.

8. **Zoning and Land Use Policy Modifications**  
   - **Climate Threat:** Mitigates flood risk and environmental impact through planning and land use adjustments.
   - **Attributes:** Includes prioritizing space for water, protecting sensitive areas, and imposing on-site water management requirements. Cost and timeframe not specified.

9. **Building Code Modifications**  
   - **Climate Threat:** Strengthens building resilience against flooding and climate change.
   - **Attributes:** Encourages adaptation and floodproofing measures. Specific costs and timeframes are not included.

10. **Public Education and Communication Initiatives**  
    - **Climate Threat:** Increases awareness and preparedness for climate impacts like flooding.
    - **Attributes:** Includes efforts to educate the public and provide resources for adaptation. Detailed cost and timeframe information are not provided.
    - **Citation:** A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO ADDRESSING SEA LEVEL RISE AND RESILIENCY

The plan identifies several climate policies that focus on advancing climate justice. Here are the summaries of these policies, including the climate threats they address and the areas or populations with the most climate vulnerability:

1. **Equitable Strategies**:
   - **Climate Threat Addressed**: Flooding and pollution-related environmental risks.
   - **Vulnerable Populations**: Marginalized sectors of the community who are disproportionately affected by these environmental risks, as well as socio-economic factors such as lack of services or investment. The focus is on strengthening these specific sectors to mitigate the disproportionately higher impact they face. *Attributes of Equitable include Neighborly, Citizen Ownership and Involvement, Widespread Access to Benefits and Services, and Social Justice* (Sec. "A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO ADDRESSING SEA LEVEL RISE AND RESILIENCY").
  
2. **Public Engagement and Stakeholder Involvement**:
   - **Climate Threat Addressed**: Various, including sea level rise and recurring flooding.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations**: Different areas of Hampton with specific vulnerabilities, such as Bay Facing and Hampton River areas where unique risks like shoreline erosion and stormwater runoff are prevalent. Stakeholders include local and state governments, non-profits, educational institutions, and business communities, ensuring that diverse opinions and needs are considered (Sec. "LIVING WITH WATER HAMPTON").

3. **Educational and Communication-Based Solutions**:
   - **Climate Threat Addressed**: Lack of awareness and preparation for climate impacts such as storms and flooding.
   - **Vulnerable Populations**: General public, with an emphasis on those lacking access or understanding of protective measures like flood insurance and storm preparation. By empowering citizens with knowledge and resources, the policy aims to equip those less informed or able to independently access such information (Sec. "A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO ADDRESSING SEA LEVEL RISE AND RESILIENCY").

These policies reflect a concerted effort to integrate equity and climate justice into the broader climate strategy, ensuring that the benefits of climate resilience and adaptation are equitably spread across all communities, especially those most vulnerable.

Based strictly on the document provided, the following potential instances of maladaptation were identified:

1. **Climate Policy**: Enlargement or installation of stormwater infrastructure.
   - **Climate Threat**: The threat addressed by this policy is flooding, particularly during storm surge and extreme weather events.
   - **Option**: The proposed adaptation option is to evaluate the benefits and costs of enlarging or installing stormwater infrastructure at various locations.
   - **Potential Maladaptation**: Enlarging or installing stormwater infrastructure might inadvertently lead to an increase in development in previously undeveloped flood-prone areas because of a false sense of security. As a result, if the infrastructure fails or is overwhelmed, it could lead to even greater flood damage in areas where more people and properties are at risk. Additionally, expanding stormwater infrastructure can sometimes have ecological impacts, such as altering natural waterways or increasing runoff, which might exacerbate flooding elsewhere.

2. **Climate Policy**: Burying utility lines to improve service consistency during storm events.
   - **Climate Threat**: The threat this policy addresses is the inconsistency of utility services during storm events, which are becoming more frequent and intense due to climate change.
   - **Option**: The resilience option proposed is working with utility companies to examine the feasibility of burying utility lines.
   - **Potential Maladaptation**: While burying utility lines can protect against wind damage during storms, it could lead to issues such as increased difficulty and cost in accessing lines for repairs after flooding events or when ground conditions are unstable, potentially leading to longer service outages in some situations.

3. **Climate Policy**: Establishing graywater reuse systems.
   - **Climate Threat**: The policy addresses the efficient use and management of water resources, particularly in flood-prone areas.
   - **Option**: The adaptation option includes modifying or making exceptions in building codes to facilitate graywater reuse.
   - **Potential Maladaptation**: If not carefully managed and regulated, graywater reuse systems could inadvertently contribute to groundwater contamination or public health issues if not properly treated or if these systems overwhelm current water management infrastructure during flooding.

These potential maladaptive outcomes highlight the importance of carefully evaluating the broader impacts of resilience and adaptation strategies to avoid inadvertently increasing vulnerability or negative environmental effects.

The document does not provide specific metrics or units for measuring the success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options. However, it outlines several approaches and general frameworks for evaluating practices and making decisions. Here are some relevant excerpts from the plan regarding evaluation and decision-making:

- **Evaluation Tool:** The plan emphasizes the development of an "evaluation tool" to assist in decision-making. This tool is intended to provide a framework for understanding how community investments align with the city's values and goals, assessing resilience and adaptation strategies in qualitative rather than strictly quantitative terms (Section: "RH9. Hampton will develop and utilize an 'evaluation tool'").

- **Community Values and Guiding Principles:** The evaluation process is framed around community values and guiding principles, such as being safe, equitable, natural, heritage-focused, integrated, sufficient, nimble, innovative, and living with water. These values do not have specific metrics but rather serve as qualitative criteria for evaluating projects and policies (Section: "Purpose," "Value Intent Statement").

- **Short-Term, Measurable Objectives:** While the plan mentions adopting targeted benchmarks for short-term, measurable objectives to help clearly identify successes or areas for improvement, specific metrics or numeric goals are not detailed in the provided content (Section: "RH3. Hampton’s resiliency initiatives shall be 'nimble,' 'adaptive,' and accountable").

Currently, the plan focuses on providing a framework to guide decision-makers instead of quantifiable outcomes or strict numeric targets for each option. Therefore, no specific units or numerical objectives are outlined for tracking outcomes in the provided text.

| **Feature**          | **Details**                                                                                                                                             |
|----------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Hampton, Virginia                                                                                                                                       |
| **Population**       | Not specifically mentioned in the document.                                                                                                             |
| **Threats Identified** | - Sea level rise and recurring flooding.                                                                                                                |
|                      | - Storm surge, surface runoff, tidal action, and fluctuations in groundwater levels leading to subsidence.                                                |
|                      | - Increased flood insurance rates and repetitive loss from flooding.                                                                                     |
|                      | - Lack of safe routes to employment and critical services due to flooding and large storms.                                                               |
|                      | - Vulnerability of critical infrastructure and national defense installations.                                                                           |
| **Measures Identified** | - Development of city-wide strategies across four categories: Policy, Education & Communication, Physical, Operations & Maintenance (Place-Driven Analysis). |
|                      | - Create an evaluation tool to assess project resilience and alignment with community values (Introduction).                                             |
|                      | - Amend the Hampton Community Plan and City codes to reflect resilience goals (Next Steps).                                                              |
|                      | - Pursue state-level changes to legal frameworks if needed (Next Steps).                                                                                 |
|                      | - Set resiliency targets and track progress (Next Steps).                                                                                                |
|                      | - Develop a community education program on resilience (Next Steps).                                                                                      |

|                      | - Work with Langley Air Force Base and establish a Hampton Resilience Partnership (Next Steps).                                                           |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction: Boise, Idaho**

- **Population:** The plan does not specify the exact population of Boise.
- **Demographics:** The plan states that approximately "10 percent of Boise’s population speaks a language other than English" (Climate Equity Principles).

- **Average Income:** The plan does not specify the average income of Boise.
- **Industries and Economic Drivers:** 
  - Innovation and entrepreneurship are highlighted as pillars of economic development in Boise, particularly in clean energy and climate solutions (Climate Economy).
  - Energy efficiency is noted for its job growth, with a "18.8 percent increase since 2016" (Climate Economy Principles).
  - Trees play a significant role in the green economy, generating "10,000 seasonal and full-time jobs" (Climate Economy Principles).
  - The city supports incubators focused on climate action business opportunities (Climate Economy).
  - The presence of clean energy and infrastructure is used to attract new businesses (Climate Economy Principles).

### **Geographic Features and Key Infrastructure:**
- **Key Geographic Features:**
  - The plan mentions parklands and open spaces, including "wetlands, sagebrush, grasslands, riparian areas, rivers, and native species" as important ecological resources (Healthy Ecosystems).
  - Boise River is specifically mentioned, which parks have been designed around for flood management (Healthy Ecosystems).
  
  - The Boise Airport is specifically noted as a point for encouraging adoption of alternative fuel aircraft and fuel-saving practices (Transportation).

- **Local Climate:** 
  - The plan includes initiatives to manage climate-related impacts like drought, extreme heat, wildfires, and flooding (Healthy Ecosystems).
  
- **Water Challenges:**
  - Water supply and resilience are noted concerns, with efforts to educate about water supply and to establish water use practices (Enhancing Resilience).
  - Water conservation and promoting water-conserving landscaping are prioritized (Enhancing Resilience Immediate Priorities).
  
  - Idaho Power provides "50 percent" of its electricity from clean sources, primarily hydropower. Idaho Power’s goal is 100 percent clean electricity by 2045, while Boise's goal for city government is set for 2030 and for the community by 2035 (Utility-Scale Clean Electricity; Appendix A: Climate Opportunity Targets).
  - The city aims to expand geothermal energy use and install solar panels (Appendix A: Climate Opportunity Targets).

- **Natural Resources:** 
  - The plan highlights the importance of native vegetation and species, which contribute ecosystem services like fire prevention and clean air and water (Healthy Ecosystems).
  
Overall, Boise is positioning itself as a leader in clean energy and climate resilience, with a focus on economic development through innovation in these areas.

The plan includes numerous strategies to enhance resilience across various sectors of the community. It underscores the importance of resilience planning and climate vulnerability considerations in the design, construction, and operation of city government facilities and infrastructure. Specific initiatives to boost resilience include:

- Creating a network of community "resilience centers" (e.g., air-conditioned spaces during heatwaves or heated areas during winter storms) (Chapter: ACTIONS).
- Conducting planning and analysis to assess assets against vulnerabilities and prioritize protecting community members and critical community functions during hazard events (Chapter: RESILIENT DEVELOPMENT & INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN).
- Maintaining an inventory and condition assessment of critical city government facilities, community centers, and critical infrastructure (Chapter: ENHANCING RESILIENCE).

The plan outlines various mitigation strategies centered around reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. These include both technological and policy-driven approaches:

- Advancing carbon offsets and integrating new technologies to impact emissions (Chapter: REDUCING EMISSIONS IMMEDIATE PRIORITIES).
- Reducing emissions through initiatives like building efficiency, clean heat, utility-scale clean electricity, and more (Chapter: REDUCING EMISSIONS THROUGH ADVOCACY AND INNOVATION).
- Setting a target for Boise to be carbon neutral by 2050 and noting that all emission reduction opportunities need to be implemented to achieve this goal (Chapter: REDUCING EMISSIONS).

The adaptation aspect of the plan is focused on preparing and responding to climate change impacts, such as increased heat stress days, heavy precipitation days, and irrigation demands. Key elements include:

- Developing a regional water resources planning group to address water supply, demand, and water use practices (Chapter: ENHANCE RESILIENCE IMMEDIATE PRIORITIES).
- Proactively creating and restoring native vegetation communities to provide ecosystem services (Chapter: ENHANCE RESILIENCE IMMEDIATE PRIORITIES).
- Implementing projects like the use of recycled water for a resilient water supply and designing public spaces to serve dual purposes, such as flood control (Chapter: INCREASING RESILIENCE TO A CHANGING CLIMATE).

Based on the aforementioned components, the plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. It provides a balanced focus on both reducing emissions (mitigation) and preparing for and responding to the impacts of climate change (adaptation and resilience).

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change that the City of Boise will face, and it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. The scenario presented includes multiple climate impacts expected over the coming decades, which the city aims to address proactively:

- **Heat Stress Days:** The frequency of Moderate Risk days (heat index greater than 91 degrees F) is projected to increase from around 16 days per summer historically to 66 days per summer by the mid-21st century. High Risk days (heat index greater than 103 degrees F) are expected to become more common during the 21st century. (*6 INCREASING RESILIENCE TO A CHANGING CLIMATE*)

- **Heavy Precipitation Days:** Events with daily totals exceeding 0.7 inches are projected to increase by approximately 50 percent by early 21st century and nearly 100 percent by mid-21st century. (*6 INCREASING RESILIENCE TO A CHANGING CLIMATE*)

- **Irrigation Demands:** Climate change will lead to increased evaporative demand, with irrigation requirements increasing by approximately 2 inches by early 21st century and 4 inches by mid-21st century. (*6 INCREASING RESILIENCE TO A CHANGING CLIMATE*)

- **Drought Frequency:** Moderate droughts, historically occurring 1 out of every 4 years on average, are projected to increase to 1 out of every 2 years by mid-21st century. Exceptional droughts could occur nearly every 3-4 years. (*7*)

- **Poor Air Quality Days:** The duration of critically dry landscapes, and potential for very large fires, is projected to increase significantly, with likelihood increasing by 400 percent by mid-21st century, indicating more chronic air quality issues. (*7*)

- **Seasonal Stream Flows:** Projections show more winter and spring runoff and reduced summer flows, affecting river levels. (*7*)

- **Flooding Danger:** No overall change projected in river flooding, but increased high streamflow events in fall and winter are expected due to shifts in snow and snowmelt timing. (*7*)

- **Water Quality:** Projected to decline with increased frequency of low flow conditions in the Boise River, leading to poorer quality water affecting aquatic life. (*7*)

These scenarios highlight the potential for increased climate risks and vulnerabilities in the area, prompting the city to plan comprehensive resilience, mitigation, and adaptation strategies to address these projected changes.

1. **Heat Stress Days**
   * **Description:** The frequency of moderate risk days with a heat index over 91 degrees Fahrenheit will increase from approximately 16 days to 66 days per summer by mid-21st century. High-risk days will become more common.
   * **Climate Risks:** Heat stress days can lead to heat stroke and dehydration, impacting health and wellness.
   * **Vulnerable Populations:** Those with outdoor work occupations and individuals without proper indoor climate control are particularly susceptible.

2. **Heavy Precipitation Days**
   * **Description:** Such events, defined by daily totals exceeding 0.7 inches, are projected to increase by about 50 percent in the early 21st century and nearly 100 percent by mid-21st century.
   * **Climate Risks:** Increased precipitation can lead to flooding, which poses risks of injury and life-threatening conditions.
   * **Vulnerable Populations:** Communities residing in flood-prone areas, including about 1,600 structures already at risk of flooding.

3. **Drought Frequency**
   * **Description:** Moderate drought, currently occurring in 1 of every 4 years, is expected to increase to 1 of every 2 years by mid-21st century. Exceptional drought frequency is also projected to increase.
   * **Climate Risks:** Drought can limit access to healthy nutritional food and decrease access to water-based recreation.
   * **Vulnerable Populations:** Agricultural communities and those reliant on local food resources and water-based activities.

4. **Poor Air Quality Days**
   * **Description:** Duration of critically dry summer periods is expected to increase, leading to a 400 percent rise in the odds of very large fires, thus worsening air quality.
   * **Climate Risks:** Poor air quality can aggravate respiratory illnesses and reduce outdoor recreation and sports opportunities.
   * **Vulnerable Populations:** Outdoor workers, homeless individuals, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions.

5. **Seasonal Stream Flows**
   * **Description:** Altered river levels will result in increased runoff in winter and spring, but less during summer months.
   * **Climate Risks:** Reduced summer stream flows can degrade water quality and impact aquatic life.
   * **Vulnerable Populations:** Communities dependent on river systems for water and ecological functions.

6. **Flooding Danger**
   * **Description:** No overall change in flooding is projected, but more high streamflow events are expected in fall and winter due to new snowmelt and precipitation patterns.
   * **Climate Risks:** Increased flooding events pose immediate threats to safety and infrastructure.
   * **Vulnerable Populations:** Residents in areas with current or potential flood danger, infrastructure like roads and facilities.

7. **Water Quality**
   * **Description:** With earlier mountain snowmelt and increased evaporative demand, lower flows in the summer can lead to notable declines in water quality.
   * **Climate Risks:** Declining water quality threatens aquatic life and human health by increasing the potential for waterborne illnesses.
   * **Vulnerable Populations:** Populations relying on river water for consumption and recreation.

Based on the provided document, the resilience options identified in the plan focus on enhancing the community’s ability to withstand and adapt to various climate-related threats. Below are the specific resilience options detailed in the plan, along with their attributes:

1. **Water Supply & Resilience**
   - **Climate Threat:** Addresses water scarcity and variability.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, Location:** Not specified in detail; involved actions include "initiating partnerships and planning efforts to catalyze longer-term progress and benefits" (Enhancing Resilience).
   - **Other Attributes:** Focuses on increasing education about water supply and usage, developing a regional water resources planning group, and exploring partnerships. It aims at diversifying water sources and developing collaborative policies for mutual benefits.

2. **Healthy Ecosystems**
   - **Climate Threat:** Addresses threats to biodiversity and ecological degradation.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, Location:** Already underway on "city government properties (including parks, open spaces, and other public properties)" (Enhancing Resilience Immediate Priorities).
   - **Other Attributes:** Involves creating, protecting, and restoring native vegetation communities and species habitats, identifying invasive species, and developing restoration plans for climate-adapted landscapes.

3. **Water Conservation**
   - **Climate Threat:** Responds to potential increased water demand and drought conditions.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, Location:** Near-term actions include updating development regulations and educating about conservation opportunities (Water Supply & Resilience).
   - **Other Attributes:** Aims to reduce urban heat island effect, sequester carbon, and promote water-efficient landscaping. Encourages education to enhance water conservation awareness.

4. **Resilient Development & Infrastructure Design**
   - **Climate Threat:** Addresses infrastructure vulnerabilities to climate stressors.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, Location:** Near-term and longer-term priorities include critical facility assessments, contractor education, and integration of resilience planning (Resilient Development & Infrastructure Design).
   - **Other Attributes:** Emphasizes planning, education, and infrastructure retrofitting. Promotes a wide range of strategies including resilience centers, back-up power solutions, and climate-conscious road and infrastructure design. Varies in cost but aims for low to very high resilience benefits, depending on infrastructure type and readiness (Resilience Benefits).

5. **Increasing Resilience to a Changing Climate (General)**
   - **Climate Threat:** Targets heat stress, drought, heavy precipitation, fires, low river flows, and high streamflow events.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, Location:** No specific costs mentioned; timeframe includes immediate and extended implementation as per needs (Increasing Resilience to a Changing Climate).
   - **Other Attributes:** Intended to enhance community resilience by creating projects like the Recycled Water Program and designing public parks for dual functionality as flood control during high river flows.

These resilience options are structured to not only address specific climate threats but also to incorporate economic, environmental, and infrastructural enhancements integral to comprehensive climate adaptation strategies.

The plan identifies several mitigation options for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Here's a summary based on the attributes provided:

   - **Cost and Timing:** Some opportunities will require upfront capital costs but may result in lower utility bills, resulting in a positive ROI. 
   - **Location:** Measures targeting city government operations and community-wide building efficiency.
   - **Attributes:** Includes developing a detailed climate action and efficiency strategy and identifying barriers to utility energy efficiency programs. (*Reducing Emissions Immediate Priorities*)

2. **Clean Heat**
   - **Cost and Timing:** Investments in electrifying city government buildings represent an upfront cost but contribute to long-term emission reductions.
   - **Location:** City government buildings.
   - **Attributes:** Involves major retrofits or repair and maintenance of space and hot water heating equipment to electrify buildings. (*Reducing Emissions Immediate Priorities*)

3. **Electric & Efficient Vehicles & Equipment**
   - **Cost and Timing:** Continuation of investments in regional partnerships for electrification of fleets, which may require initial costs but provide quick emissions reductions.
   - **Location:** City government and private fleet vehicles.
   - **Attributes:** Developing a fleet replacement plan to convert city vehicles and promoting electric equipment. (*Reducing Emissions Immediate Priorities*)

4. **Carbon Offsets & New Technologies**
   - **Cost and Timing:** Developing new technologies represents long-term investment; carbon offsets present a cost premium but are necessary investments.
   - **Location:** Community-wide; focus on harder-to-reduce emissions.
   - **Attributes:** Feasibility planning for a Climate Economy Accelerator/Incubator and consideration of carbon offsets to address emissions not feasible to mitigate. (*Reducing Emissions Immediate Priorities*)

5. **Distributed Renewable Energy**
   - **Cost and Timing:** Requires ongoing investment and infrastructure development.
   - **Location:** Residential, commercial, and community-scale installations.
   - **Attributes:** Increasing solar installations, building on existing solar programs, and eliminating barriers to energy storage adoption. (*Enhancing Resilience Immediate Priorities*)

6. **Utility-Scale Clean Electricity**
   - **Cost and Timing:** Some occur beyond community boundaries, perhaps involving significant infrastructure investment.
   - **Location:** Outside community boundaries.
   - **Attributes:** Collaborating with utility providers to manage renewable energy credits and developing a clean electricity strategy. (*Reducing Emissions*)

The plan acknowledges that achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 will require implementing all identified opportunities, and it emphasizes the need for both immediate and long-term actions.

The plan identifies several mitigation options as part of Boise’s strategy to become carbon neutral by 2050. Below are the mitigation options with the relevant details provided in the plan:

### **1. Carbon Offsets & New Technologies**

  - This option focuses on addressing harder-to-reach GHG emissions through emerging technologies and carbon offsets.
  - Develop new technologies locally, supporting research institutions and attracting investments, hence fostering a "Climate Economy Accelerator/Incubator."
- **Cost:** 
  - Not specifically detailed; however, it includes planning for feasibility and funding.
- **Timeframe:** 
  - Short-term: Advance planning and collaboration (e.g., with Idaho National Lab).
  - Long-term: Develop standards for carbon offsets and calculate sequestration benefits.
- **Location:** 
  - City of Boise, supporting local research and technology.
  - Supports Boise’s strategic goal and collaboration opportunities.
- **Citation:** 
  - “Up to 15 percent of community GHG emissions are from difficult-to-reduce sources for which cost-effective commercially available solutions are still emerging.” (Section 23)

### **2. Electric & Efficient Vehicles & Equipment**

  - Investment in partnerships to electrify private fleets.
  - Develop a replacement plan for city government vehicles and equipment.
  - Not specifically detailed.
  - Initiative is already underway.
  - City-wide partnerships and government operations.
  - Expected to have quick emissions reduction potential.
  - “Continue investment in regional partnerships (e.g., TVCCC) to electrify private fleets.” (Section 8)

### **3. Clean Heat**

  - Develop a thermal energy implementation plan.
  - Install electrified heating systems in city government buildings.
  - Immediate action priority.
  - City government buildings.
  - Advanced planning phases for electrification.
  - “Develop a process to electrify city government buildings with major retrofits or repair and maintenance of space and hot water heating equipment.” (Section 2)

### **4. Building Efficiency**

  - Enhance energy efficiency in city government operations.
  - Engage with utility programs for wider outreach and implementation campaigns.
  - Included as localized outreach potential cost.
  - City-wide and government buildings.
  - Focus on underutilized utility programs.
  - “Develop a detailed climate action and efficiency strategy for city government operations.” (Section 1)

### **5. Distributed Renewable Energy**

  - Increase solar installations to 3.5 MW/yr and manage barriers to on-site energy storage.
  - Ongoing and immediate action priorities.
  - Residential, commercial, and community scales.
  - Building upon success of SolSmart program.
  - “Develop metrics and tracking, to increase solar installation levels to 3.5 MW/yr.” (Section 5)

### **6. Climate Advocacy**

  - Establish policy agenda for climate priorities and advocate for renewable energy credits.
  - Ongoing.
  - City-wide, legislative focus.
  - Ensures alignment with public utility regulations.
  - “Establish an annual legislative policy agenda that advances city government climate priorities and positions.” (Section 22)

The plan emphasizes immediate priorities where possible to maximize impact towards carbon neutrality by 2050 and acknowledges reliance on evolving technologies and partnerships.

The plan identifies several adaptation options. Below are the details for each identified adaptation option, including the climate threat it addresses and relevant information regarding cost, timeframe, location, and other attributes.

---

### **1. Resilient Development & Infrastructure Design**

- Chronic climate stressors and more frequent and severe hazard events due to climate change (e.g., heat stress, drought, heavy precipitation, fires, and high streamflow events).

---

**Important Attributes:**
- *Planning and Analysis:* Assessing assets against vulnerabilities and identifying priorities for protection.
- *Education and Awareness:* Providing information to builders and developers about expected climate impacts.
- *Resilience Centers and Demonstration Sites:* Establishing community shelters and resilience demonstration sites.
- *Back-Up Power and Telecommunications:* Using smart technologies to harden infrastructure.
- *Roads and Civil Infrastructure:* Designing with climate stressors in mind.
- *Retrofitting or Relocating At-Risk Structures:* Increasing shelters at risk of flooding.

**Cost, Timeframe, and Location:**
- The plan emphasizes that all future public infrastructure projects should establish climate resilience as a primary design objective (no specific costs or timeframes provided).

---

### **2. Water Supply & Resilience**

- Variations in water supply and increased irrigation demands due to climate change.
  
- Increase education about water supply, demand, and opportunities.
- Develop a regional water resources planning group for collaborative policies.

- No specific costs or timeframes provided.

---

### **3. Healthy Ecosystems**

- Degradation of native vegetation and species habitat.

- Protect and restore native vegetation and species habitat on city government properties.
- Complete mapping of invasive species and develop restoration plans.

---

### **4. Water Conservation**

- Increased evaporation and water use due to climate change.
  
- Update regulations to promote water-conserving landscaping.
- Increase education on water conservation.

---

### **5. Agriculture & Environmental Health**

- Impacts on food production and agricultural practices.

- Improve food production and agricultural practices on city-managed properties.

---

### **6. Water Quality, Stormwater Management & Flooding**

- Impact of climate change on precipitation, stormwater management, and water quality.

- Focus on natural solutions like green stormwater infrastructure, restoring streamside buffers and wetlands.

---

- Emphasis on developing infrastructure proactively considering future scenarios (no specific costs or timeframes provided).

---

All these adaptation options aim to enhance resilience to climate change impacts in Boise by focusing on critical infrastructure, ecosystems, water resources, and community awareness and involvement. Specific costs, locations, or timeframes are not detailed in the plan.

The plan identifies several climate policies to advance climate justice:

### 1. Meeting Parallel and Underserved Communities Where They Are
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** The lack of access to climate goals and opportunities due to language barriers.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Approximately 10% of Boise’s population that speaks a language other than English.

### 2. Protecting Community Members Vulnerable to Boise’s Climate Risks
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Higher heat days and wildfire smoke.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Community members for whom air conditioning may be unaffordable.

### 3. Ensuring Equal Access to Jobs and Economic Opportunities Related to Climate Action
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Underrepresentation in new green job opportunities.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Groups historically underrepresented in industries like energy efficiency, solar installation, and HVAC systems.

### 4. Ensuring Equal Access to New Amenities and Community Resources Related to Climate Action
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Unaffordable transportation affecting low-income communities.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** People with lower incomes who have high rates of biking and walking to/from work but face unsafe street conditions.

### 5. Providing Incentives, Resources and Funding Mechanisms for Low-Income Households
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** High cost of energy retrofits.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Households with low incomes needing assistance to participate in energy retrofit programs.

### 6. Watching for Potential Pitfalls Related to Climate Action (e.g., Housing Affordability)
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Affordability issues potentially arising from retrofitting homes.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Homeowners for whom retrofitting costs may be prohibitive and those potentially priced out of the resale market.

These policies aim to create a resilient community while ensuring equitable sharing of climate action benefits and burdens, with a particular focus on engaging frontline communities (Chapter: Climate Equity Principles Quick Facts & Examples).

Based on the content of the Boise Climate Action plan, here is a potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policy:

#### 1. Retrofitting or Relocating At-risk Structures
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy is addressing the risk of flooding from high precipitation events. 
- **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:** The policy proposes retrofitting or relocating structures believed to be at increased risk of flooding. This is part of the broader opportunity focusing on enhancing resilience to climate risks (Chapter 20: Resilient Development & Infrastructure Design).
- **Potential for Maladaptation:** Retrofitting or relocating structures could inadvertently lead to maladaptation if it results in:
  - **Increased Vulnerability:** If not all at-risk structures are identified properly, some may still face flood risks while others are unnecessarily prioritized, leading to increased vulnerability.
  - **Economic Displacement:** Relocation efforts could displace vulnerable communities economically, increasing their vulnerability to other societal stressors.
  - **Resource Misallocation:** Misallocation of resources may occur if efforts are not focused on the most critical areas or if future climate projections change, making current efforts ineffective. 

These issues highlight how, without careful and precise planning and implementation, this policy could inadvertently lead to maladaptive outcomes.

The plan identifies various specific metrics and concrete goals or targets to measure the success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options. These are as follows:

### **CO2 Emissions Reduction**
- **Metrics:**
  - Emissions are measured in metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MTCO2e). 
  - Boise’s overall community emissions in 2018 were 2.5 million MTCO2e and 9.1 MTCO2e per capita.
- **Goals/Targets:**
  - **Carbon Neutral**:
    - Carbon neutral municipal government by 2035.
    - Carbon neutral community-wide by 2050.

### **Building and Energy**
  - Participation in energy efficiency programs is a key metric, aiming to match energy efficiency savings to annual energy use growth estimates by 2030.
  - Convert all new and existing buildings to high efficiency fossil fuel free heating systems by 2050.
  - Install 3.5 megawatts of rooftop solar each year.
  - Install a 500-kilowatt community solar array every five years.
  - *City Government Goal:* 100% clean electricity by 2030.
  - *Community Goal:* 100% clean electricity by 2035, prioritizing affordability and access.

  - Reduction in per capita vehicle miles traveled by one percent annually.
  - Eliminate one single-occupant vehicle trip per day per household by 2025.
  - Transition to 100% electric light-duty vehicles and 100% zero emission medium- and heavy-duty vehicles and equipment by 2050.

### **Consumption and Waste**
  - Enhance and expand waste reduction, reuse, and diversion programs to decrease waste sent to the landfill.
  - Maintain at least 40% residential waste diversion annually.

### **Food Systems**
  - Improve food security and grow the food economy by eliminating food deserts and increasing access to affordable and healthy food options.

  - For each opportunity, potential resilience benefits are estimated and illustrated with ranks from low to very high, based on the number of climate risks improved.
  - All future public infrastructure projects to establish climate resilience as a primary design objective.

### **Implementation and Tracking:**
- **Monitoring:**
  - Achievements, lessons learned, and community stories will be shared as part of periodic reporting.
  - **Interim Goals:** 
     - Interim targets are established before 2050 to ensure progress toward becoming carbon neutral.

These metrics, goals, and targets are part of the city's comprehensive strategy to pursue both emissions reduction and resilience enhancement, while ensuring ongoing tracking and adjustment of their approaches.

| **Feature**               | **Details**                                                                                                                                                            |
|---------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name**    | Boise                                                                                                                                                                   |
| **Population**            | *The document does not specify the population of Boise.*                                                                                                               |
| **Threats Identified**    | - Water supply variation <br> - Deteriorating water quality <br> - Prevalent wildfire activity <br> - Increased temperatures <br> - Heat stress <br> - Drought <br> - Heavy precipitation <br> - Wildfire <br> - Low river flows <br> - High streamflow events <br> - Climate risk such as heat waves and winter storms (A ROADMAP FOR CLIMATE ACTION, ROADMAP ORIENTATION)                         |
| **Measures Identified**   | - Local climate action <br> - Reducing GHG emissions and improving climate resilience <br> - Innovation for resilience solutions <br> - Enhancing climate priority areas like buildings & energy, transportation, consumption & waste, food systems, natural environment, water, innovation & engagement <br> - Developing a roadmap for carbon neutral city government operations and facilities <br> - Expanding community action and engagement (A ROADMAP FOR CLIMATE ACTION, ROADMAP ORIENTATION, ROADMAP SUMMARY, INNOVATION & ENGAGEMENT) |
```

The plan provided does not include detailed information about the physical and economic landscape of the planning jurisdiction, such as demographics, average income, specific geographic features, or key infrastructure. However, it does provide some high-level details regarding the jurisdiction's energy landscape and related aspects:

- **Planning Jurisdiction**: City of Atlanta
- **Location**: Atlanta, Georgia

- The plan emphasizes energy-related challenges, particularly in relation to climate change and air quality issues due to the historical reliance on fossil fuels. "The mid-20th century saw tremendous population and economic growth...technology like air conditioning [...] created a need for increased electricity generation. That electricity [...] predominantly still is, produced by the burning of fossil fuels [...] which releases [...] carbon dioxide [...] and particulate matter (soot) into our airshed." (Chapter: Executive Summary)
- *Water is a critical resource* in power generation, with the plan noting that "electricity generation requires a tremendous amount of water [...] used to cool power plants and to produce steam." In 2010, power generation was responsible for 40% of freshwater withdrawals in Georgia, which highlights water challenges in the region. (Chapter: Atlanta’s Energy Landscape)

- "Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport" is mentioned as part of the City's operations. (Chapter: Leading By Example)

### **Energy Landscape**
- *Energy Production*: The plan acknowledges a transition from coal and natural gas towards "solar and nuclear energy sources." The business as usual projections include an increase in solar installations and two new planned nuclear generators in the early 2020s. (Chapter: Atlanta’s Energy Landscape)
- An emphasis on increasing solar energy generation and energy efficiency is a focal part of Atlanta's clean energy transition. This transition includes "440 MW of power produced from onsite and community solar." (Chapter: Benefits)

- The plan highlights the "expansion of clean energy" as a crucial economic driver. This includes the promotion of new businesses, job creation in clean energy sectors like solar energy, and economic growth predicted to arise from the clean energy transition (expected "8,000 new jobs"). (Chapter: Executive Summary)
- The plan also underscores the necessity of a sustainable, resilient, and equitable energy system for community benefits like "improved public health and more local, high-quality jobs." (Chapter: Executive Summary)

### **Industries and Economic Landscape**
- The plan identifies clean energy as an economic stimulus, capable of reducing healthcare costs significantly (estimated "$545 million reduction in healthcare costs"). (Chapter: Benefits)
- The strategy involves considering equity, local job creation, and cost-effectiveness as crucial aspects as Atlanta transitions to 100% clean energy. (Chapter: Findings)

Unfortunately, the plan does not provide specific details about the broader economic landscape, demographics, or average income for the City of Atlanta.

**Summary of how the plan addresses each component:**

  - The plan places a strong emphasis on resilience, particularly by highlighting the importance of engaging diverse stakeholders and considering equity. The plan states, "The Mayor’s Office of Resilience and partners will move forward with the implementation of the strategic actions outlined within it" and focuses on an "equitable, cost-effective, and sustainable" pathway towards achieving 100 percent clean energy. Additionally, resilience is reflected in the community engagement process and the emphasis on ensuring that the transition to clean energy is equitable and beneficial for all Atlantans.

  - Mitigation is a primary focus of the plan, with specific goals and actions aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and transitioning to clean energy. The plan includes ambitious targets for achieving a "100 percent clean energy transition for municipal operations by 2025 and community-wide by 2035." Key mitigation strategies include enhancing energy efficiency, expanding the use of renewable energy, and reducing carbon emissions, as shown by objectives such as "Reduction in # metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions."

  - While the primary focus of the plan is on mitigation and resilience, it also addresses adaptation by considering the need to adjust strategies over time. The plan emphasizes a "living document" approach that will evolve with advancements in technology and changes in market conditions. The commitment to revisit and update the plan every three years ensures that adaptation to new circumstances and challenges is considered.

**Classification of the plan as a whole:**

The plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan** because it highlights both mitigation strategies, such as transitioning to clean energy, and adaptation by focusing on resilience and the continuous evolution of the plan to address new challenges.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change that Atlanta will face and is planning for through climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. The scenario highlights several key climate impacts and risks:

- **Extreme Heat:** Atlanta, like other cities in the United States, is experiencing an increase in extreme heat events. The rate of increase in Atlanta is particularly high, contributing to the urban heat island effect, which poses life-threatening risks such as heat stroke, especially for vulnerable populations. The city ranks third nationally for increases in the urban heat island effect (Section on "exposing vulnerable populations").

- **Health Risks from Disease:** There is an increase in health risks from diseases transmitted by mosquitoes, fleas, and ticks. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, based in Atlanta, reports that such diseases have more than tripled, with nine new diseases becoming threats in the past twelve years.

- **Ecosystem Losses:** Atlanta is experiencing major losses to its ecosystem, with significant impacts on its tree canopy (section on "Atlanta is experiencing major losses").

These climate-related hazards highlight the need for Atlanta's climate policies focusing on resilience, mitigation, and adaptation to address extreme heat, health risks, and ecosystem losses. The city's commitment to transitioning to 100% clean energy by 2035 is part of its strategy to mitigate climate change impacts and enhance resilience (Section on "Pathways to 100 Percent Clean Energy").

**1. Extreme Heat Events**

- **Climate Hazard:** 
  - "Extreme heat events are occurring more frequently in cities across the United States, but the rate of increase in Atlanta is particularly high." *(Executive Summary)*

- **Climate Risks:** 
  - "Exposing vulnerable populations to life-threatening situations such as heat stroke." *(Executive Summary)*
  - "Atlanta ranks third nationally for increases in the urban heat island effect." *(Executive Summary)*

- **Climate Vulnerability:** 
  - "The risk to health and wellbeing is acutely felt by vulnerable populations struggling with access to healthcare resources." *(Executive Summary)*

**2. Vector-Borne Diseases**

  - "Health risks from disease are also increasing already, with the Atlanta-based Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reporting that diseases transmitted to people by mosquitoes, fleas, and ticks have more than tripled and nine new diseases have become a threat in the past twelve years alone." *(Executive Summary)*

  - "The risk to health and wellbeing is acutely felt by vulnerable populations struggling with access to healthcare resources." *(Executive Summary)* 

  - Vulnerable populations struggling with access to healthcare. *(Executive Summary)* 

These climate hazards present significant risks to the City of Atlanta, particularly impacting the health and wellbeing of vulnerable populations within the city.

Based strictly on the content provided, the following resilience options are identified in the plan:

### Resilience Option 1: **Energy Efficiency Upgrades**

1. **Specific climate threat it addresses:**
   - This option addresses the threat of high energy consumption leading to increased greenhouse gas emissions, which contribute to climate change.

2. **Details on cost, timeframe, and location:**
   - **Cost and timeframe:** The plan discusses the continuation and expansion of deep energy retrofits for municipal buildings as a long-term initiative beyond 2020 to "cost-effectively reduce energy waste." However, specific costs are not mentioned.
   - **Location:** This option is applied to municipal buildings within Atlanta.

3. **Other important attributes:**
   - **Economic consideration:** Investing in energy efficiency creates skilled jobs in clean energy sectors, as stated, resulting in "higher incomes and increased gross domestic product (GDP) in Atlanta."
   - **Environmental consideration:** Reduction in energy waste also contributes to better public health outcomes by reducing emissions from fossil-fueled power plants.

### Resilience Option 2: **Round-it-up Energy Efficiency Program**

   - The threat of unequal access to energy efficiency benefits and clean energy, particularly for low-income communities.

   - **Cost and timeframe:** The plan suggests working with Georgia Power on a program that would "round up participant electricity bills to the nearest dollar to fund low-income energy efficiency initiatives." No specific timeframe or cost details are provided.
   - **Location:** This program targets low-income communities within Atlanta.

   - **Economic consideration:** Provides financial support for energy efficiency improvements in low-income communities, helping to reduce electricity bills.
   - **Equity consideration:** The program emphasizes equitable distribution of clean energy benefits.

### Resilience Option 3: **Equitable Community Solar Program**

   - It addresses threats related to energy inequity by providing access to solar energy for low-income residents.

   - **Cost and timeframe:** The plan details a long-term exploration "in partnership with stakeholders" to develop this solar program beyond 2020. Specific costs are not provided.
   - **Location:** Applicable to communities in Atlanta, emphasizing low-income areas.

   - **Economic consideration:** Payments for solar energy provided to the grid are "credited to low-income bills," potentially reducing financial burdens.
   - **Environmental consideration:** Promotes the use of solar energy, thus reducing reliance on fossil fuels and reducing emissions.

### Resilience Option 4: **Expand Combined Heat and Power (CHP) at Wastewater Treatment Plants**

   - This option addresses threats related to inefficient energy use and high dependency on non-renewable energy sources.

   - **Cost and timeframe:** No specific cost details are provided, but it is part of a long-term Capital Improvement Plan. 
   - **Location:** Implemented at the City’s wastewater treatment facilities.

   - **Infrastructural consideration:** Utilizes existing facilities to generate energy more efficiently.
   - **Environmental consideration:** Contributes to reduced emissions through more efficient energy use.

**Note:** The document does not provide a comprehensive table, chart, or image explicitly outlining cost, timeframe, and location for these resilience options. The information provided is based on excerpts from the document.

The plan identifies several mitigation options, each with specific attributes related to cost, timing, location, and other important elements. These options are designed to reduce or prevent emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and include:

1. **Energy Efficiency Initiatives:**
   - **Cost Attributes:** There is a focus on cost-effectively reducing energy waste across municipal buildings. "Continue to look for opportunities to cost-effectively reduce energy waste" (Long-Term).
   - **Timing:** Long-term approach beginning beyond 2020.
   - **Other Attributes:** Emphasis on reducing waste; initiatives include expanding deep energy retrofits. (Section: Energy Efficiency)

2. **Round-It-Up Energy Efficiency Program:**
   - **Cost Attributes:** Funded by rounding up electricity bills to the nearest dollar, specifically targeting low-income communities.
   - **Timing:** Implementation details are not specified, but it involves ongoing collaboration.
   - **Other Attributes:** Collaboration with Georgia Power, aimed at benefiting low-income households. (Long-Term)

3. **Net-Zero Energy Code:**
   - **Cost Attributes:** Implementation cost is implied in the development of the code.
   - **Timing:** Feasibility and phasing plan need exploration.
   - **Location:** Community-wide, involving new building constructions.
   - **Other Attributes:** The measure requires buildings to generate as much energy as they consume. (Long-Term)

4. **Pay As You Save Program:**
   - **Cost Attributes:** Allows financing energy efficiency projects via electricity bills.
   - **Timing:** Duration and initiation not specified.
   - **Other Attributes:** Partnership with Georgia Power, geared towards homeowners. (Long-Term)

5. **Electric Vehicle (EV) Integration:**
   - **Cost Attributes:** Cost can vary based on pilot program findings.
   - **Timing:** Exploratory phase for pilot programs.
   - **Location:** Community-wide with specific focus potentially on public and private sectors.
   - **Other Attributes:** Engaging with EV manufacturers and utility companies could expand grid capacity. (Long-Term)

6. **Renewable Energy Deployment:**
   - **Cost Attributes:** Implied cost in infrastructure and program development, like the Equitable Community Solar Program.
   - **Timing:** Indefinite, part of a broader campaign for clean energy adoption.
   - **Location:** Community-wide and municipal facilities.
   - **Other Attributes:** Includes programs like retail net metering, expanding combined heat and power at wastewater plants, and creating a green tariff with Georgia Power. Focus on diverse clean energy sources including solar, hydroelectric, and more. (Renewable Energy Deployment)

7. **Renewable Energy Credit Procurement:**
   - **Cost Attributes:** Potential costs associated with purchasing credits.
   - **Timing:** Long-term, phased with broader clean energy adoption.
   - **Other Attributes:** Collaborations with partners for organized bulk credit purchases. (Renewable Energy Deployment)

Each of these options emerges from a strategic emphasis on building a robust clean energy infrastructure that prioritizes equity, cost-effectiveness, and innovative collaborations with local partners and stakeholders.

Below are the mitigation options identified in the plan, along with summaries of information regarding cost, timeframe, location, and other important attributes:

### **1. Clean Energy Transition**

  - The "Achieving 50% of Atlanta’s Local Clean Energy Potential" scenario is deemed the most cost-effective, returning "roughly $11 in Atlanta-based benefits for every dollar spent" with "more than 90 percent of these benefits coming from energy savings through energy efficiency" (Section: Pathways to 100 Percent Clean Energy).

  - Municipal operations are targeted for a 100% clean energy transition by 2035, aligning with the community-wide goal of 2050 (Section: Achieving Clean Energy Community-Wide).

  - The plan discusses implementations within municipal buildings and community-wide initiatives, emphasizing projects such as rooftop solar and energy efficiency (Section: Leading By Example).

  - Engagement with Georgia Power for renewable energy credits and facilitating clean energy generation through rooftop solar, energy-efficient technologies, and other local clean energy sources are highlighted (Section: Pathways to 100 Percent Clean Energy).

### **2. Renewable Energy Credits (RECs)**

  - Although direct cost data is not provided, it is implied that purchasing RECs would be part of a strategy to achieve cost-effective clean energy targets (Section: Pathways to 100 Percent Clean Energy).

  - Integrated into the long-term goal of transitioning to 100% clean energy by 2035 for both municipal operations and community-wide (Section: Achieving Clean Energy Community-Wide).

  - RECs are meant to be purchased in case local renewable energy generation does not suffice (Section: Pathways to 100 Percent Clean Energy).

### **3. Energy Efficiency Programs**

  - Energy efficiency improvements have historically saved "millions of dollars in taxpayer money" and are expected to provide $11 in benefits for every dollar invested (Section: APPENDIX: RESILIENT ATLANTA).

  - Immediate actions include forming an advisory board within 90 days of the plan's adoption. Longer-term efforts like "consuming less electricity through investing in energy efficiency" are part of the overarching strategy to achieve the 2035 clean energy goal (Section: Pathways to 100 Percent Clean Energy).

  - Focus is widespread including municipal buildings and community engagement (Section: Leading By Example).

  - Programs like "Round-it-up Energy Efficiency Program" and "Pay As You Save Program" target low-income communities by funding energy efficiency efforts (Section: Long-Term).

### **4. Solar Energy Deployment**

  - Cost mechanisms such as retail net metering provide financial incentives as building owners can sell excess electricity back to the utility (Section: Renewable Energy Deployment).

  - Part of long-term and ongoing priorities, targeting substantial renewable energy integration by 2035 (Section: Renewable Energy Deployment).

  - Focuses on solar installation on municipal buildings and community solar programs (Section: Renewable Energy Deployment).

  - Programs like "Equitable Community Solar Program" aim to provide credits to low-income households while encouraging broader solar energy adoption (Section: Renewable Energy Deployment).

### **5. Combined Heat and Power (CHP) at Wastewater Plants**

  - No specific cost details are provided, but seen as part of improving cost-effectiveness (Section: Renewable Energy Deployment).

  - Incorporated into long-term Capital Improvement Plans with ongoing assessment of feasibility and cost-effectiveness (Section: Renewable Energy Deployment).

  - Specific to water treatment facilities managed by the City's Department of Watershed Management (Section: Renewable Energy Deployment).

  - Seen as a method to enhance energy efficiency and reliability within the resilience strategy (Section: Renewable Energy Deployment).

### **6. Electric Vehicle Integration**

  - General cost implications are tied to pilot programs and technology development, rather than specific figures (Section: Electric Vehicle Integration).

  - Identified as a pilot project in partnership with manufacturers and energy providers (Section: Electric Vehicle Integration).

  - City-wide potential but with specific technological pilots (Section: Electric Vehicle Integration).

  - Integrates vehicle-grid interconnectivity to expand grid capacity and reliance on EV technology (Section: Electric Vehicle Integration).

The plan does not explicitly list specific adaptation options with details on the climate threat being addressed or attributes such as cost, timeframe, and location. However, the plan does outline various initiatives and goals that might intersect with adaptation strategies, particularly in the context of transitioning to clean energy to combat climate change impacts more broadly.

### Implicit Adaptation Options Could Include:

1. **Deep Energy Retrofits for Municipal Buildings**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Energy consumption and associated emissions.
     - **Cost:** Focus on cost-effective reduction of energy waste.
     - **Timeframe:** Continued into the long term.
     - **Other Attributes:** Aimed at municipal buildings.

2. **Water Efficiency and Conservation Programs**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Water scarcity and management issues.
     - **Cost and Savings:** Expected to provide benefits through lower water bills and electricity savings.
     - **Timeframe:** Ongoing, part of long-term strategies.
     - **Other Attributes:** Includes incentivized installation of high-efficiency toilets.

3. **Equitable Community Solar Program**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Energy access and affordability, with an additional focus on equity for low-income households.
     - **Other Important Attributes:** Payments for solar provided to the grid are credited to low-income bills.

4. **Renewable Energy Deployment**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Dependence on fossil fuels and resultant emissions, indirectly mitigating impacts like air pollution and climate change.
     - **Location:** Includes projects like rooftop solar on municipal buildings.

These implicit adaptation options are geared toward reducing vulnerabilities related to water and energy usage, are part of a broader resilience strategy focused on clean energy, and aim to improve equity and cost-effectiveness across the board.

Based on the plan, the identified climate policies to advance climate justice include:

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The transition to 100% clean energy aims to combat climate change, which is exacerbated by the burning of fossil fuels that release pollutants such as carbon dioxide. These pollutants contribute to poor air quality and public health problems, as well as climate change.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Vulnerable populations in Atlanta, particularly those in ZIP codes with a high energy burden, are the most affected. As stated, Atlanta ranks third nationally for increases in the urban heat island effect, exposing vulnerable populations to life-threatening situations. Moreover, "360,000 Atlantans live in ZIP codes where the average household spends a higher percentage of income on electricity" (section Achieving Clean Energy Community-Wide).

2. **Energy Equity**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The policy addresses energy poverty and the disproportionate impact of high electricity costs on low-income households, as well as ensuring that all Atlantans benefit from a transition to clean energy, thus reducing dependency on fossil fuels.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Vulnerable residents in areas with a high energy burden are significantly affected, including those in the most burdened ZIP code, where 50% of residents pay more than 9.6% of their monthly income on electricity bills. Energy equity must be prioritized to address this vulnerability (Letters from Officials).

3. **Investments in Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy aims to address the inefficiencies in energy use that contribute to high greenhouse gas emissions and increased energy costs, linking to climate change.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Low-income communities are particularly vulnerable, as they often experience higher electricity burdens and may lack access to energy-efficient technologies. The plan emphasizes that "energy efficiency must be increased" and "local investments in renewable energy must take precedence" (Letter from Amol S. Naik).

4. **Community Engagement and Education**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The threat addressed here is the exclusion or lack of participation of marginalized communities in policymaking and decision-making related to climate change, which can lead to solutions that don't address their specific needs.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Underserved communities, often composed of minorities and low-income individuals, who historically have been excluded from the decision-making process regarding environmental policies. The plan underscores the importance of public outreach to keep the community informed and involved (Section Stakeholder Engagement Process).

Based on the content provided, potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies and their summaries include:

1. **Policy: Purchasing Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) as a Strategy**

   - **Climate threat it is addressing:** 
     - The policy aims to address greenhouse gas emissions and their contribution to climate change by achieving clean energy targets.
   
   - **Resilience, mitigation, or adaptation option proposed:** 
     - *Mitigation Option:* "Buy renewable energy credits" is mentioned as one of the three approaches Atlanta can undertake to meet its 100% clean energy targets (Achieving Clean Energy Community-Wide, 51).
   
   - **Why it may cause inadvertent maladaptation:**
     - This approach might result in the city "simply purchasing large amounts of renewable energy credits rather than achieving the goal through energy efficiency and in-state renewable generation" (Executive Summary: Setting Achievable Goals), which does not directly contribute to local resilience or adaptation. This could lead to over-reliance on external markets for clean energy classification without supporting local energy infrastructure improvements or reducing actual local emissions, potentially increasing Atlanta's vulnerability if RECs markets change or become unreliable.

2. **Policy: Adjustment of Timeline for 100% Clean Energy Transition**

   - **Climate threat it is addressing:**
     - This policy aims to mitigate climate impacts by transitioning to clean energy to reduce emissions and associated climate-related risks.
   
     - *Mitigation/Resilience Option:* Changes to the timeline for achieving clean energy transition — from 2025 for municipal operations to 2035 and community-wide to 2050 (Achieving Clean Energy Community-Wide, 51).
   
     - By extending the timeline, Atlanta may inadvertently weaken the urgency required for immediate improvements in energy infrastructure and efficiency. Long-term delays might lower immediate actions' effectiveness against climate impacts, such as extreme heat or air quality issues, reducing the resiliency of Atlanta's infrastructure and communities to current climate threats (Achieving Clean Energy Community-Wide).

### Metrics for Measuring Success or Failure

The plan outlines various metrics and goals to assess the success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options:

#### Potential Metrics/Measures of Success:

- **Reduction in CO2 Emissions:**
  - *Metric:* Reduction in the number of metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions. (Section: Appendix: Resilient Atlanta)

- **Solar Capacity:**
  - *Metric:* Megawatts (MW) of solar capacity installed on municipal buildings. (Section: Appendix: Resilient Atlanta)

- **Water Efficiency:**
  - *Metric:* Number of water audits conducted in commercial buildings greater than 25,000 square feet. (Section: Appendix: Resilient Atlanta)

- **Energy Efficiency Improvements:**
  - *Metric:* Dollars available for energy-efficiency improvements. (Section: Appendix: Resilient Atlanta)

### Concrete Goals or Targets

- **100 Percent Clean Energy Transition:**
  - *Municipal Operations:*
    - *Goal:* Achieve 100 percent clean energy by 2025.
    - *Revised Goal:* Recommended adjustment to 2035. (Section: Executive Summary, Appendix: Resilient Atlanta)
  
  - *Community-Wide:*
    - *Goal:* Achieve 100 percent clean energy by 2035.
    - *Revised Goal:* Recommended adjustment to 2050. (Section: Executive Summary, Appendix: Resilient Atlanta)

- **Clean Energy Strategies:**
  - *Goal:* Prioritize energy efficiency, renewable energy, and eliminate fossil fuel reliance. (Section: Achieving Clean Energy Community-Wide)

#### Additional Considerations

- **Economic Development and Equity:**
  - Focus on creating jobs in the clean energy sector, addressing electricity burden inequalities, and ensuring fair distribution of clean energy benefits. (Section: Pathways to 100 Percent Clean Energy, Executive Summary)

The plan emphasizes the reduction of CO2 emissions, increase in local solar capacity, and conducting water audits as key measurable outcomes. It sets forth ambitious goals for transitioning to 100 percent clean energy, with municipal operations initially targeted for 2025 and community-wide targets for 2035, later recommended to be adjusted to 2035 and 2050, respectively.

| **Feature**        | **Details**                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |
|--------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Atlanta                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |
| **Population**     | Not explicitly mentioned in the provided content.                                                                                                                                                                                 |
| **Threats Identified** | - **Extreme Heat Events**: Atlanta ranks third nationally for increases in the urban heat island effect. <br>- **Health Risks**: Increasing diseases transmitted by mosquitoes, fleas, and ticks. <br>- **Ecosystem Losses**: Ranking first for impacts on the tree canopy. |
| **Measures Identified** | - **Clean Energy Transition**: Pledge to achieve 100% clean energy by 2025 for municipal operations and by 2035 community-wide. <br>- **Policy Initiatives**: Implementing the Atlanta Better Buildings Challenge and Commercial Buildings Energy & Water Efficiency Ordinance. <br>- **Infrastructure Improvements**: Adoption of alternative fuel vehicles and the installation of solar panels on municipal buildings. <br>- **Community Engagement**: Engaging over 3,500 local stakeholders in the planning process.                                                                               |
```

**Cambridge Climate Protection Plan**

### Location and Population
- **Planning Jurisdiction:** Cambridge 
- **Location:** Situated in the Boston metropolitan area
- **Population Density:** Cambridge is densely populated with 14,899 people per square mile. 

### Demographics and Diversity
- The plan emphasizes maintaining a **socially, economically, ethnically, racially, and culturally diverse population**. This diversity is highlighted as crucial for the city's identity and sustainability. 

### Economy and Employment
- **Jobs:** There are 111,325 jobs in Cambridge.
- **Housing:** 91% of the housing stock is multifamily housing, which tends to be more energy-efficient than single-family housing.
- **Economic Sustainability:** A **mixture of land uses** is seen as important for economic sustainability.

### Geographic Features
- Proximity to the Charles and Mystic Rivers is noted in terms of infrastructure, particularly regarding stormwater runoff affecting these rivers.
- Regional sprawl affecting Cambridge impacts the availability of natural areas for residents to access, which implies reliance on surrounding open spaces outside the city's dense urban environment.

### Climate and Environmental Challenges
- The high percentage of **paved land** and **limited green space** creates a heat island effect, raising summer air temperatures, increasing air conditioning use, impairing air quality, and affecting health. 
- The plan highlights challenges related to balancing **density** with environmental impact, aiming to reduce heat retention and promote livability through improved land use planning and vegetation management.

- **Energy Vision for 2025:** Cambridge aims to rely less on centralized electricity systems, with buildings producing power via solar panels and fuel cells, and excess power sold into the regional grid.
- **Renewables:** There is a focus on **solar thermal systems** for heating air and water, and a push for wind power and hydrogen-fueled large-scale fuel cells.
- **Natural Gas:** Where renewable energy is insufficient, the plan mentions using natural gas for clean-burning combined cycle generators.

### Industry and Economic Drivers
- A shift towards **energy-efficient buildings** and a bustling industry for energy conservation services are noted as economic drivers.
- The installation of rooftop gardens, expansion of tree canopies, and other environmentally friendly efforts play roles in both economic and environmental improvement strategies.

This summary provides an overview based strictly on the content of the Cambridge Climate Protection Plan regarding the physical and economic landscape of Cambridge.

The plan emphasizes building community resilience by promoting sustainable development and growth. It focuses on engaging a participatory process involving stakeholders from various sectors to strengthen institutional and professional capacities within the community:  
- "Building on strengths — Bank on the institutional and professional strengths and skills available throughout the community (e.g., in universities, existing neighborhood groups, churches etc.)."  
- "Create appealing small-scale public gathering spaces with well-adapted vegetation as part of development and redevelopment projects."  
It also emphasizes enhancing the community's capacity to adapt by increasing tree canopy coverage and creating public spaces conducive to social interaction.

The plan outlines comprehensive strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions primarily through fuel switching, energy efficiency, and waste reduction:  
- "Fuel switching involves converting existing fossil fuel uses to alternative fuels that reduce or eliminate the emission of CO2."  
- "The primary purpose of this plan is to reduce the GHG emissions that cause climate change, but actions that reduce GHG emissions also achieve other goals."  
The plan also includes setting emission reduction targets and implementing citywide campaigns to engage all community sectors in GHG reduction efforts.  

Adaptation is address through adjustable and flexible strategies to accommodate new knowledge and opportunities:  
- "Recognition of long-term problem — Climate change is a long-term global problem and cannot be solved by one community alone, nor through any short-term action plan. The nature of the problem demands a long-term commitment."  
- "Adaptive, learning-oriented approach — Measures and actions to be adopted should be designed in such a way to be flexible and adaptable as new knowledge, needs or opportunities arise."

The plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. It clearly emphasizes both greenhouse gas mitigation through various outlined strategies and adaptive responses through participatory processes and community strengthening.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change that the planning jurisdiction, Cambridge, will face. The New England Regional Assessment predicts that average temperatures in the region will increase by 6 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit within the next 100 years. This increase will cause the climate to potentially resemble that of Richmond, Virginia, at the lower range and Atlanta, Georgia, at the upper range.

Other effects of climate change identified in the plan include:

- Creation of habitats for disease-carrying insects currently not present.
- Changes in rain and snowfall patterns, which will affect water supplies, agriculture, and the frequency of flooding.
- Alterations in natural habitats that will eliminate some species while introducing new ones.
- Rising sea levels and greater coastal storm damage.

These impacts suggest that local and state governments, businesses, institutions, and citizens will need to adapt, bearing the costs for public works projects, insurance premiums, and disaster responses (Summary).

**1. Extreme Weather Events:**

- **Climate Hazard:** The plan describes extreme weather events as increasingly frequent occurrences such as heavy rainfall, ice storms, floods, droughts, and heat waves.

- **Climate Risks:** These events are likely to lead to increased damage to public and private property and more insurance claims.

- **Climate Vulnerability:** The plan does not specifically identify vulnerable areas or populations, but it implies a general risk to property and infrastructure.

**2. Increased Summer Temperatures:**

- **Climate Hazard:** An increase in summer temperatures, leading to more days exceeding 90 degrees.

- **Climate Risks:** Higher temperatures are expected to increase smog levels and result in more frequent unhealthy air quality days, which could damage public health.

- **Climate Vulnerability:** Populations vulnerable to air quality issues, likely including individuals with pre-existing health conditions, the elderly, and children.

**3. Disease-carrying Organisms:**

- **Climate Hazard:** Conditions becoming more favorable for disease-carrying organisms such as mosquitoes.

- **Climate Risks:** The potential increase in disease transmission is a significant health risk.

- **Climate Vulnerability:** Populations living in areas where these organisms thrive, potentially including low-lying areas with standing water.

**4. Droughts:**

- **Climate Hazard:** Droughts affecting water supplies as runoff decreases and evaporation increases.

- **Climate Risks:** Risk of water scarcity and its subsequent impact on agriculture, ecosystems, and daily life.

- **Climate Vulnerability:** Areas and populations reliant on specific water sources, potentially including agricultural and rural communities.

Based on the content provided from the Cambridge Climate Protection Plan, the following **resilience options** are identified:

### 1. **Develop and carry out policies and programs to maximize tree canopy cover**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Urban heat island effect and the need for temperature regulation.
  - *Timeframe:* The policies and programs are part of medium-term and long-term strategies.
  - *Location:* Special attention to parking lots and other heat-absorbing locations and shading air-conditioning units.
  - *Environmental Considerations:* Attention to soils, water retention, and appropriate species is crucial for healthy urban forestry and ensuring the resilience of the tree canopy.
  
### 2. **Reduce the Urban Heat Island Effect through Design of the Built Environment**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Heat absorption by buildings, streets, and other surfaces.
  - *Timeframe:* Medium and long-term action.
  - *Location:* Citywide in areas with significant heat absorption through reflective surfaces and increased vegetation.
  - *Economic and Environmental Considerations:* Use of cool roof systems can lead to cost savings on air conditioning and reduced urban temperatures, thereby mitigating heat-related health risks.
  
### 3. **Incorporate LEED Standards for Reflectance and Shading**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** High-energy consumption and the heat island effect.
  - *Timeframe:* Medium-term strategy.
  - *Location:* All parking lots and new construction and major renovations, both in city and private areas.
  - *Economic Considerations:* Incorporating LEED principles can lead to energy savings and reduced greenhouse gas emissions.
  - *Infrastructure Considerations:* Reflectance and shading improve building energy efficiency and thermal comfort.

### 4. **Promotion of Cool Roofs**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Contribution to the urban heat island effect and increased energy consumption.
  - *No specific timeframe mentioned.*
  - *Location:* Applicable to all new construction and major renovations.
  - *Economic Considerations:* Cool roofs are up to $22.80 cheaper per 10,000 sq. ft. than traditional black roof systems and offer substantial savings on air conditioning costs.
  - *Environmental Considerations:* Cool roofs help mitigate the urban heat island effect and reduce air pollution problems.

### 5. **Participatory Process and Stakeholder Involvement**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Supports community-wide engagement in resilience efforts.
  - *No specific cost or timeframe provided.*
  - *Location:* Community-wide within Cambridge.
  - *Economic and Social Considerations:* Likely to enhance community cohesion and effectiveness of climate initiatives by involving a broad base of supporters.

These options focus on enhancing urban resilience through vegetation management, smart urban planning, and community engagement. Though specific costs are not detailed, the economic, environmental, and infrastructural benefits highlight their importance in the broader strategy to adapt to and mitigate climate change effects locally.

The plan identifies several mitigation options, each with specific attributes related to cost, timing, location, and other important factors:

### **1. Fuel Switching**
- **Cost:** Specific costs are not detailed, but it highlights transitioning to alternative fuels that can be more cost-efficient.
- **Timing:** No specific timeline provided; it's framed as an ongoing effort.
- **Location:** Applies broadly across sectors, including transportation and energy production facilities.
- **Other Attributes:** Encourages the use of renewable energy such as solar and wind, landfill gases, and replacing oil and coal with natural gas or hydrogen fuel cells where possible. In transportation, it mentions the use of natural gas, electricity, and biodiesel as alternatives to gasoline and diesel.

### **2. Energy Efficiency**
- **Cost:** Emphasizes cost savings through reduced utility bills.
- **Timing:** Describes actions as ongoing with no specific end date.
- **Location:** Applicable primarily to buildings and transportation.
- **Other Attributes:** Suggests improved design and use of technologies in buildings to incorporate daylight, insulation, and green techniques. Also, it calls for selecting energy-efficient appliances and increasing the fuel economy of vehicles.

### **3. Waste Reduction**
- **Cost:** Not explicitly stated, though reduced waste disposal costs are implied.
- **Timing:** Medium-term focus, with ongoing efforts suggested.
- **Location:** Citywide, across residential and commercial areas.
- **Other Attributes:** Focus on reducing emissions from landfills and incinerators. The plan includes specifics like waste prevention measures and recycling promotion.

### **4. Renewable Electricity**
- **Cost:** Does not detail costs, but promoting efficiency implies cost-effectiveness in the long term.
- **Timing:** Implies immediate and ongoing implementation.
- **Location:** Citywide, impacting municipal facilities and possibly broader regions through different programs.
- **Other Attributes:** Encourage purchase of green power, setting a target of purchasing 20% of electricity from renewable sources. It also promotes legislative support for renewable energy standards.

### **5. Tree Canopy and Building Standards**
- **Cost:** Not detailed, although economic benefits from increased shading and reduced air-conditioning costs are implied.
- **Timing:** Short to medium-term, with ongoing planting and construction guidelines.
- **Location:** Emphasizes urban areas like parking lots and heat-absorbing locations.
- **Other Attributes:** Maximize tree canopy coverage and incorporate LEED standards for shading, reflecting heat, and vegetation management to combat urban heat island effects.

### **6. Transportation**
- **Cost:** Costs are not outlined, but options imply potential savings via fuel economy.
- **Timing:** Medium to long-term, with specific strategies like increasing average fuel economy and reducing vehicle miles traveled.
- **Location:** Implements citywide adoption of measures like anti-idling and support for higher fuel economy standards.
- **Other Attributes:** Promotes alternate fuels, hybrid vehicles, and involvement in campaigns for more stringent fuel economy standards.

### **7. Public Campaigns and Education**
- **Cost:** Not specified, but implied through campaigns and educational material production.
- **Timing:** Continuous and as-needed basis.
- **Location:** Community-wide.
- **Other Attributes:** Engages stakeholders through marketing campaigns, educational materials, and public recognition to foster broad collaboration in emissions reduction efforts.

These mitigation options reflect a comprehensive approach to reducing greenhouse gas emissions with an emphasis on collaboration across all community sectors.

The plan identifies several mitigation options with various attributes:

### **Fuel Switching**

- **Description:** This involves converting existing fossil fuel uses to alternative fuels that reduce or eliminate CO₂ emissions.
  - Renewable energy sources such as solar and wind, and landfill gases are preferred. 
  - Hydrogen fuel cells should replace oil and coal-fired generating stations.
  - Natural gas can be used efficiently where renewables aren't viable.
  - **Location:** Applicable broadly across sectors.
  - **Timeframe & Cost:** Not explicitly mentioned but implied to be a strategic shift over time with initial investments needed for technology changes.

### **Energy Efficiency**

- **Description:** Improving energy efficiency by better design and use of buildings and leveraging technological innovations.
  - Focus on using daylight, adequate insulation, and green building techniques.
  - Encourages selection of energy-efficient appliances.
  - **Location:** In both municipal and private buildings and homes.
  - **Timeframe:** Ongoing with emphasis on immediate implementation.
  - **Cost:** Financial savings through reduced energy consumption.

### **Green the Electricity Fuel Mix**

- **Description:** Transitioning the electricity generation away from coal and oil to renewable energy sources.
  - Support federal and state renewable portfolio standards and legislation to regulate power plant emissions.
  - **Location:** Power generation facilities.
  - **Timeframe & Cost:** Long-term; requires policy changes and infrastructure investment.

### **Increase Fuel Economy**

- **Description:** Enhancing fuel economy standards for transportation.
  - Encourages higher Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards.
  - **Location:** Automotive sector.
  - **Timeframe:** Long-term, with ongoing advocacy and policy work.
  - **Cost:** Cost savings from improved fuel efficiency.

### **Reduce Vehicle Miles Traveled and Promote Alternate Transportation**

- **Description:** Reducing dependency on vehicles and promoting alternate modes of transportation.
  - Propose car-free events, encourage public transit use, and advocate for a non-truck interstate system.
  - **Location:** Transportation infrastructure and policy.
  - **Timeframe:** Medium to long-term; depends on legislative support.
  - **Cost:** Potential decrease in transportation costs for consumers, investment in alternate transit solutions.

### **Increase Recycling and Waste Prevention**

- **Description:** Improving waste management to reduce emissions from landfills and incinerators.
  - Waste prevention programs, recycling initiatives, and expansion of electronic waste recycling.
  - **Location:** City-wide across residential, commercial, and municipal sectors.
  - **Timeframe:** Medium to long-term; aligns with policy changes and infrastructure development.
  - **Cost:** Cost savings from material reuse and waste management efficiencies.

These strategies are designed to collectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions with added benefits such as improved air quality, cost savings, and enhanced quality of life in Cambridge.

The Cambridge Climate Protection Plan focuses primarily on climate mitigation strategies and greenhouse gas emissions reduction. However, it does mention resilience and adaptation approaches within its broader climate strategies. Here are the adaptation options that can be inferred from the plan:

1. **Developing a long-term commitment**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Long-term climate change impacts, such as rising sea levels, more frequent storms, and temperature changes.
     - *Cost, Timeframe, Location:* The plan emphasizes a long-term commitment and the necessity of flexibility and adaptability as new knowledge and circumstances arise. It involves the commitment of city leaders and educational institutions in a comprehensive, ongoing process (Appendix I).

2. **Enhanced coping ability**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Inevitable climate changes that will occur even with immediate GHG emissions reduction, necessitating adaptation to changing environmental conditions.
     - *Cost, Timeframe, Location:* Specific costs, timeframes, or locations are not detailed in the provided sections. However, the focus is on planning and implementing actions that increase the community's ability to cope with climate changes and provide benefits in light of adaptation efforts (Cambridge Climate Protection Plan II-II).

3. **Creating and assuring multiple benefits**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Potential negative environmental and social impacts from climate change.
     - *Cost, Timeframe, Location:* The plan suggests examining proposed actions to avoid negative environmental and social consequences, seeking to achieve multiple goals such as air quality enhancement, water conservation, and public safety (Cambridge Climate Protection Plan II-II).

The plan does not provide detailed information regarding the specific cost, timeframe, or location for each adaptation measure, focusing instead on broad strategies and principles to enhance the city’s overall resilience and adaptive capacity.

Based on the content provided from the Cambridge Climate Protection Plan, the following climate policies have been identified to advance climate justice:

1. **Stakeholder Involvement and Community-wide Implementation**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The policy addresses the threat of social inequities that could arise from the implementation of climate actions if not inclusively designed. The plan recognizes the need for engaging diverse community members in addressing climate change.
   
   - **Populations with Most Climate Vulnerability:** The plan emphasizes the importance of involving stakeholders across different sectors and demographics, including "people of different faiths, race, lifestyle, gender, class etc." (*Appendix II: Climate Protection Task Force Guiding Principles*). This acknowledgment suggests recognition of vulnerability among socially and economically diverse groups who might be disproportionately affected by climate actions or lack thereof.
   
2. **Examining Proposed Actions for Affordability and Social Disparities**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** To avoid entrenching social inequities or creating new ones, the plan focuses on examining the affordability of proposed actions to ensure they do not exacerbate existing disparities. This is critical in ensuring that climate change mitigation efforts do not unfairly burden low-income households.
   
   - **Populations with Most Climate Vulnerability:** The plan identifies "lower-income households" as particularly vulnerable, emphasizing a need to ensure that proposals do not create unintended burdens on these communities (*Section 8: Implementation*).
   
3. **Ensuring Equity in Implementation Process**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The threat here is the potential for climate policies to have unintended, inequitable effects if not designed inclusively. Without careful design and stakeholder engagement, there is a risk that actions could disproportionately disadvantage certain groups.
   
   - **Populations with Most Climate Vulnerability:** The plan acknowledges potential impacts on "different social groups," stressing the need for an inclusive process that considers a wide segment of the community. This suggests attention to issues that may particularly affect vulnerable groups, such as those facing economic challenges (*Section 8: Implementation*).

4. **Strategies to Reduce Social Disparities**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy is directed toward the threat of enhancing or creating inequity within the community as a result of climate actions.
   
   - **Populations with Most Climate Vulnerability:** It seeks to "reduce existing social disparities" and ensure that no actions "entrench social inequities further," acknowledging that certain socio-economic groups could be more vulnerable to poorly designed climate policies (*Appendix II: Climate Protection Task Force Guiding Principles*).

In summary, the Cambridge Climate Protection Plan identifies several policies aimed at promoting climate justice, with a clear focus on inclusive participation, equitable action distribution, and attention to affordability to protect vulnerable populations.

Based on the provided document, potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies are not explicitly identified or detailed. However, examining the general approach and principles outlined in the Cambridge Climate Protection Plan, some elements can be inferred regarding potential areas where maladaptation might arise:

### 1. Potential Policy Area: Fuel Switching
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** The policy addresses the emission of CO₂ from fossil fuel use.
- **Mitigation Option Proposed:** The plan suggests *"Fuel switching involves converting existing fossil fuel uses to alternative fuels that reduce or eliminate the emission of CO₂..."* (Cambridge Climate Protection Plan 3-2).
- **Potential for Maladaptation:** Fuel switching might lead to maladaptation if the alternative fuels employed have their own negative environmental impacts, or if infrastructure changes are not adequately planned and result in increased long-term dependency on another non-renewable resource.

### 2. Potential Policy Area: Land Use and Vegetation Management
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** The policy addresses urban heat and carbon sequestration.
- **Adaptation and Mitigation Options Proposed:** The plan includes strategies like maximizing tree canopy cover and developing small-scale public spaces with vegetation. It also mentions *"incorporate LEED standards for reflectance and shading in all parking lots and in new construction and major renovations."* (Cambridge Climate Protection Plan III-X).
- **Potential for Maladaptation:** Such measures may inadvertently cause maladaptation if they lead to increased water use for vegetation without provision for sustainable water management, or if they unintentionally encourage urban sprawl.

### 3. Potential Policy Area: Energy Efficiency
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** The policy addresses excessive energy consumption and CO₂ emissions.
- **Mitigation Option Proposed:** Energy efficiency improvements are emphasized, specifically through *"using green building techniques" and "taking advantage of daylight to reduce artificial light."* (Cambridge Climate Protection Plan 3-2).
- **Potential for Maladaptation:** Maladaptation might occur if these efficiency measures are applied in a non-holistic manner, particularly if they focus solely on energy savings without considering other factors like indoor air quality or the embodied carbon in new materials. 

In summary, while the plan advocates for commendable resilience, mitigation, and adaptation strategies, potential maladaptation could occur if the broader environmental, social, or economic implications of these policies are not thoroughly evaluated.

The plan outlines several ways to measure the success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options using specific metrics, goals, and targets. Here are the key metrics and objectives as mentioned in the plan:

### **Metrics and Specific Units:**

- **Electricity Use Efficiency:**
  - **Metric:** Improve efficiency of electricity use.
  - **Target/Measurement:** 12.5% improvement.

- **Natural Gas and Fuel Oil Use:**
  - **Reduction Target:** 10%.

- **Electricity Generation Emissions:**
  - **Reduction Target:** 40%.

- **Green Power Sources:**
  - **Target:** Purchase 20% of electricity from green power sources.

- **Average Fuel Economy:**
  - **Target:** Increase to 40 miles per gallon (MPG).

- **Vehicle Miles Traveled:**

- **Recycling Rate:**
  - **Increase Target:** Reach a rate of 60%.

### **Concrete Goals and Objectives:**

- **Municipal Solid Waste Reduction:**
  - **Current Status:** Cambridge's recycling rate at 33% as of the plan.
  - **Goal:** Double efforts to achieve a 60% recycling rate by year 2010.

- **Traffic Congestion Reduction:**
  - Linked with a target congruent with the Cambridge Parking and Transportation Demand Management Ordinance for a 10% reduction in vehicle miles traveled.

- **GHG Emission Reductions in Other Areas:**
  - **Focus:** Mainly on CO2 and to a lesser degree methane reductions through strategies involving energy, transportation, land use, and waste management.

  - **Focus:** Mainly on CO2 and to a lesser degree methane reductions through strategies involving energy, transportation, land use, and waste management. 

Each of these metrics and targets provides a specific measurement to assess progress and ensure accountability in the city's efforts to address climate change through adaptation, resilience, and mitigation strategies.

| Location/City Name | Population | Threats Identified                                                                                     | Measures Identified                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
|--------------------|------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Cambridge          | 95,802     | - Increasing average temperatures and potential climate resembling Richmond, VA or Atlanta, GA.        | - Design and construct durable buildings based on LEED principles.  <br> - Create small public gathering spaces with well-adapted vegetation. <br> - Maximize tree canopy cover, especially in parking lots and shading air-conditioning units. <br> - Waste management programs including recycling and electronic waste recycling expansion. <br> - Encourage taxis to switch to CNG and promote low-emissions buses. <br> - Public education on stormwater management practices. |
|                    |            | - Habitat change for disease-carrying insects.                                                         | - Expand electronics recycling to include more devices and establish a City working group on energy management. <br> - Incorporate LEED standards in construction and renovations. <br> - Ensure commercial waste paper recycling and facilitate food waste collection. <br> - Promote waste prevention measures and use point-of-sale reminders for recycled products. <br> - Replace incandescent traffic signals with LED lights, recruit businesses into Energy Star program.                        |

|                    |            | - Changing rain and snowfall patterns affecting water supply, agriculture, and flooding frequency.     | - Develop policies for reflectance and shading in construction, promote energy efficiency through ESCOs. <br> - Publicize utility energy efficiency programs and organize “green teams” for sustainable practices. <br> - Explore options to increase City street lighting efficiency, assess condition of existing buildings for inefficiencies. <br> - Encourage shifts from highways to transit in state and federal transportation planning.                                   |
|                    |            | - Changes in natural habitats affecting species and leading to sea-level rise and greater coastal damage. |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |
```

### Planning Jurisdiction: Chattanooga, Tennessee

**Geographic Location and Features:**
- **Physical Landscape:** Chattanooga is located in the southeastern part of Tennessee. A notable geographic feature is the confluence of the Cumberland Plateau and Ridge and Valley physiographic regions, which supports a variety of terrestrial habitats. The Tennessee Valley is visible from Sunset Rock on Lookout Mountain. The city is home to the largest intact floodplain forest of Chattanooga Creek, although it is impacted by pollution.

- From 2008 to 2018, Chattanooga’s population grew by over 14%. The plan highlights that there are disparities based on race and income affecting the community, with a significant portion of the population living in poverty.

- **Average Income and Economic Disparities:** The city faces economic disparities where "over 30% of Chattanooga remains within poverty conditions, and over 40% are in economically distressed conditions." The One Chattanooga plan emphasizes dismantling barriers such as limited access to education, capital, housing, and employment.
  
**Climate and Environmental Challenges:**
- **Local Climate:** Chattanooga has experienced a rapid increase in volatile and extreme weather events, including historic tornadoes, droughts, wildfires, and high temperatures.
  
- **Energy Production:** The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) has contributed to a 70% reduction in its carbon footprint, with its current energy generation portfolio including more than 50% from nuclear, hydro, wind, and solar resources. The plan highlights a commitment to further expand solar energy generation through TVA’s Green Invest Program.

**Key Industries and Economic Drivers:**
- Chattanooga’s economy is driven by its natural resources and an innovative fiber optic broadband network that supports manufacturing, business processes, and remote work opportunities. The plan mentions economic growth but stresses that the benefits are not equitably distributed.
  
- There is no specific mention of key infrastructure such as airports or seaports in the provided excerpts.

The details provided in the plan emphasize Chattanooga's focus on sustainability, resilience, and equity in facing its economic and environmental challenges while aiming to grow its green economy and infrastructure.

The Chattanooga Climate Action Plan addresses resilience by focusing on several strategies and actions that aim to build the city's ability to cope with climate hazards. The plan emphasizes reducing disparities among vulnerable communities through strategies like developing Community Resilience & Response Plans and establishing Community Resilience Hubs: "_Develop and implement Community Resilience & Response Plans for at-risk populations_" and "_establish Community Resilience Hubs in publicly accessible facilities_" (G1 Quick Reference Table). It also incorporates findings from the Regional Resilience Report, which assessed risks associated with increasing climate change and other hazards to ensure essential functions can withstand stressor events (_History | Major Milestones_).

Mitigation is a key component of this plan, as Chattanooga aims to become a net zero-carbon and zero-waste community. This involves reducing greenhouse gas emissions by committing to the USDOE’s Better Climate Challenge, which requires a 50% reduction in GHG emissions within 10 years (_History | Major Milestones_). Additionally, the plan outlines numerous strategies and actions to decrease municipal contributions to greenhouse gas emissions, calling for whole-of-government and community efforts (_Goal: Chattanooga will become a net zero-carbon community_).

Adaptation strategies in the plan focus on structural, institutional, and community measures to adjust to climate impacts. This includes implementing district-level challenges and developing actions to manage regional impacts collaboratively (_History | Major Milestones_). The plan emphasizes aligning land use planning and zoning with sustainability goals to support climate adaptation (_Goal: Chattanooga will build a more sustainable city_).

Overall, the Chattanooga Climate Action Plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. The plan incorporates a balanced emphasis on both reducing emissions and enhancing the city's resilience and adaptation measures to climate change.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change for which Chattanooga is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. The plan states that since the city's first Climate Action Plan in 2009, the region has experienced a rapid increase in volatile and extreme weather events and patterns, highlighting several instances of extreme weather:

- Historic tornado outbreak in 2011.
- Droughts and wildfires in 2017.
- Record rainfall years in 2018.
- A year in which Chattanooga saw double the annual average of 90+ degree days and back-to-back 100-degree days in October 2019.
- The Easter tornado in 2020.

The document notes that "the reality and impact of a shifting climate where the extreme has become the norm is now more than evident" (§1.2 Background). These scenarios illustrate the ongoing and potential future climate challenges the city is preparing to address through various climate policies.

1. **Extreme Weather Events and Patterns**

   - **Description:** The plan notes that there has been a "rapid increase in volatile and extreme weather events and patterns" experienced by the region in the past 14 years. These events include historic tornado outbreaks, droughts, wildfires, record rainfall, and extended periods of high temperatures. (_Chattanooga Climate Action Plan4 | Background_)

- **Description:** The plan notes that there has been a "rapid increase in volatile and extreme weather events and patterns" experienced by the region in the past 14 years. These events include historic tornado outbreaks, droughts, wildfires, record rainfall, and extended periods of high temperatures. (_Chattanooga Climate Action Plan4 | Background_)

   - **Climate Risks:** These extreme weather events and patterns indicate a shifting climate where "the extreme has become the norm," potentially impacting infrastructure, economy, and living conditions. 

   - **Vulnerable Populations:** While specific populations are not mentioned in conjunction with this hazard, the plan does highlight a general concern for populations living in poverty and minorities who face greater health disparities. For instance, Black Chattanoogans face significantly higher health risks than their white counterparts. (_Chattanooga Climate Action Plan17 | Goal: Chattanooga will reduce disparities among socially and economically vulnerable communities_)

2. **High Temperature Events**

   - **Description:** There was a year where Chattanooga experienced double the annual average of 90+ degree days and back-to-back 100-degree days in October, illustrating an increase in high temperature events. (_Chattanooga Climate Action Plan4 | Background_)

   - **Climate Risks:** Increased high temperatures can lead to health risks, particularly for vulnerable populations without access to air conditioning or adequate shelter.

   - **Vulnerable Populations:** While the plan does not directly specify populations affected by high temperature events, it focuses on economically and socially vulnerable communities, suggesting that those without access to resources are more susceptible. (_Chattanooga Climate Action Plan19 | Goal: Chattanooga will reduce disparities among socially and economically vulnerable communities_)

3. **Flooding and Rainfall Events**

   - **Description:** Record rainfall years contribute to significant flooding risks in the area. (_Chattanooga Climate Action Plan4 | Background_)

   - **Climate Risks:** Flooding risks can damage infrastructure, displace communities, and harm agricultural activities. 

   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Although not explicitly mentioned, flooding likely poses greater risks to those living in lower-income areas with insufficient infrastructure. (_Chattanooga Climate Action Plan17 | Goal: Chattanooga will reduce disparities among socially and economically vulnerable communities_)

   - **Description:** Droughts and wildfires occurred in 2017, indicating a susceptibility to such hazards. (_Chattanooga Climate Action Plan4 | Background_)

   - **Climate Risks:** Wildfires can lead to property damage, evacuations, air quality issues, and loss of life.

   - **Climate Risks:** Wildfires can lead to property damage, evacuations, air quality issues, and loss of life. 

   - **Vulnerable Populations:** While specific populations are not highlighted concerning wildfires, generally, those without means for evacuation or residing near wildland-urban interfaces may be more vulnerable. (_Chattanooga Climate Action Plan17 | Goal: Chattanooga will reduce disparities among socially and economically vulnerable communities_)

5. **Tornadoes**

   - **Description:** There was a historic tornado outbreak in 2011 and an Easter tornado in 2020, highlighting tornadoes as a recurrent issue. (_Chattanooga Climate Action Plan4 | Background_)

   - **Climate Risks:** Tornadoes pose threats of destruction to buildings, infrastructure, and can cause loss of life. 

   - **Vulnerable Populations:** The plan emphasizes a focus on socially and economically vulnerable communities, implying these groups are more vulnerable to all hazards, including tornadoes. (_Chattanooga Climate Action Plan17 | Goal: Chattanooga will reduce disparities among socially and economically vulnerable communities_)

Based strictly on the provided content of the Chattanooga Climate Action Plan, the resilience options identified in the plan are as follows:

1. **Regional Resilience Planning**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Increases in climate change and other hazards such as seismic and pandemic threats, as referenced in the "Major Milestones" section.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The plan involves a strategic capital commitment implementation of the Chattanooga Regional Resilience Report to prepare for challenges in the coming decades. Specific cost details, timeframes, and location information are not provided in the text.
   - **Other Important Attributes:** This plan aims to ensure essential functions can withstand impacts of stressor events like frequent and extreme events, enhancing the ability to support surrounding communities in a coordinated manner.

2. **Community Resilience & Response Plans for At-Risk Populations**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Enhanced resilience actions for at-risk populations to cope with climate-related stressors. It includes measures like establishing Community Resilience Hubs and emergency response and communication plans.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific cost, timeframe, and location details are not provided for these options.
     - Economic: Fostering economic stability by ensuring the continuation of necessary services.
     - Infrastructural: Setting up evacuation routes and public water stations to improve community response capabilities.

3. **Development of Resilient and Energy-Efficient Affordable Housing**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addressing the stress on vulnerable populations exacerbated by climate threats.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Details on cost and location specifics are not included, but actions such as implementing programs to maintain affordable housing in perpetuity are mentioned.
     - Economic: Insights into the affordability, quality, and quantity of housing can provide long-term economic benefits.
     - Environmental: Energy-efficient housing reduces energy use, supporting environmental goals.

These resilience options reflect the strategic focus on creating community readiness to face diverse stressor events and ensuring socioeconomic disparities are reduced with a focus on community-wide resilience. The details regarding cost, timeframe, and location are minimal within the provided sections of the plan.

1. **Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy:**
   - **Option:** Installation of solar panels on City buildings.
   - **Cost:** Reducing the City’s raw consumption of electric power has saved over $2 million annually.
   - **Timing:** Significant progress has been achieved already, including a 25% reduction in power consumption since 2012.
   - **Location:** City-owned facilities, including a solar feasibility study for additional locations.
   - **Attributes:** Energy-efficiency remains a cost-effective method for carbon emission reduction. The plan includes strategic facility improvements and energy management through the expansion of building automation systems (Chattanooga Climate Action Plan27).

2. **Electric Vehicles (EV) and Alternative Fuel Vehicles:**
   - **Option:** Encourage and incentivize EV and alternative fuel vehicle adoption.
   - **Timing:** Ongoing implementation actions.
   - **Location:** City fleet vehicles and public adoption.
   - **Attributes:** Includes installation of EV charging infrastructure and reduction of diesel fleet size as part of City operations (Chattanooga Climate Action Plan61).

3. **Water Use and Energy-Water Nexus:**
   - **Option:** Water use assessment and reduction in water consumption.
   - **Timing:** Assessments are to be completed as part of ongoing efforts.
   - **Location:** City operations including the Moccasin Bend Environmental Campus.
   - **Attributes:** The plan involves establishing a baseline of water consumption, assessing energy consumption and GHG emissions, and reducing the carbon footprint related to water use (Chattanooga Climate Action Plan29).

4. **Participation in TVA Green Invest:**
   - **Option:** Increase renewable energy through TVA's Green Invest Program.
   - **Cost:** Not specifically detailed but involves public and private sector partnerships.
   - **Timing:** Feasibility and potential scope discussions with TVA.
   - **Location:** Potential renewable energy projects within Chattanooga.
   - **Attributes:** This program involves new-to-the-world renewable energy projects, aiming to reduce the overall carbon footprint of the energy consumed in Chattanooga (Chattanooga Climate Action Plan29).

5. **Energy-Efficiency Projects in City Facilities:**
   - **Option:** Portfolio-wide energy-efficiency and maintenance feasibility study.
   - **Cost:** Requires external partners and federal funding.
   - **Timing:** Requires strategic long-term planning.
   - **Location:** Various City facilities.
   - **Attributes:** This includes conducting energy-efficiency assessments, implementing retrofits, and expanding renewable energy efforts such as solar installations (Chattanooga Climate Action Plan27).

6. **Decarbonization of Power Supply:**
   - **Option:** Identify opportunities for distributed energy resources.
   - **Location:** Community-scale power distribution.
   - **Attributes:** Encouraging home and business solar array installations and participating in TVA Green Invest (Chattanooga Climate Action Plan26).

These options reflect a comprehensive approach to reducing GHG emissions through energy efficiency, renewable energy adoption, and strategic city planning as part of Chattanooga's goal to become a net zero-carbon community by 2040.

The Climate Action Plan identifies several mitigation options aimed at reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and achieving net zero-carbon goals. Here is a summary of the identified mitigation options with their respective attributes:

1. **GHG Inventory**
   - **Information Provided:** A GHG Inventory will be conducted every two years to define the sources of carbon emissions in Chattanooga and establish benchmarks for progress reporting. *"A GHG inventory is a crucial first step in implementing the Climate Action Plan."* (Ch. "Plan | Goal: Chattanooga will become a net zero-carbon community")

2. **Encouraging EV and Alternative Fuel Vehicle Adoption**
     - Encourage and incentivize electric vehicle (EV) and alternative fuel vehicle adoption.
     - Require and incentivize EV charging infrastructure as part of new development.
     - Reduce commercial vehicle trips and idling off designated truck routes.
     - Establish low- or no-emission zones. 
   - **(Ch. "Plan | Goal: Chattanooga will become a net zero-carbon community")**

3. **Energy-Efficiency and Host-Site Solar Feasibility Assessment**
   - **Information Provided:** Conduct a comprehensive energy-efficiency assessment to identify impactful projects and incorporate a solar feasibility study at city facilities. This is aimed at reducing electric utility costs and improving energy efficiency. *"Energy-efficiency remains the most cost-effective way to reduce carbon emissions."* (Ch. "Plan | Goal: Chattanooga will become a net zero-carbon community")

4. **Participating in TVA Green Invest Program**
   - **Information Provided:** Collaborate with TVA for the Green Invest Program to expand solar energy generation, reducing reliance on carbon-intensive energy sources. *"TVA’s energy generation portfolio includes more than 50% from nuclear, hydro, wind, and solar."* (Ch. "Plan | Goal: Chattanooga will become a net zero-carbon community")

5. **Water Use Assessment**
   - **Information Provided:** Establish a baseline for water consumption to understand the energy-water nexus and develop plans to reduce water use intensity. This includes assessing the energy and GHG emissions involved in water treatment. *"It is therefore essential that the City establish a baseline of portfolio-wide water consumption."* (Ch. "Plan | Goal: Chattanooga will become a net zero-carbon community")

6. **Establishment of Moccasin Bend Environmental Campus as Self-Powered**
   - **Information Provided:** Implement operational energy-efficiency projects alongside anaerobic digestion and thermal hydrolysis processes to ensure the campus is self-powered. *"Complete plan to establish Moccasin Bend Environmental Campus (MBEC) as a self-powered campus."* (Ch. "Plan | Goal: Chattanooga will become a net zero-carbon community")

### **Additional Attributes: Cost, Timeframe, Location, Etc.**

- **Cost:** The plan suggests using external partners and federal funding opportunities such as the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law and Inflation Reduction Act to fund these initiatives. Implementation will also depend on establishing a robust facility and energy management team for oversight and execution.
  
- **Timeframe:** The plan outlines achieving a net zero-carbon municipal footprint by 2040, with specific actions such as conducting a GHG inventory every two years and participating in ongoing federal programs.

  - Solar arrays and energy efficiency projects are targeted at city facilities, particularly the Moccasin Bend Environmental Campus.
  - Water use assessments are applicable citywide, focusing on major consumers like the Moccasin Bend Environmental Campus. 
  - EV infrastructure is part of new developments citywide.

*No specific costs or detailed timeframes beyond general project outlines are provided in the document.*

The Chattanooga Climate Action Plan identifies several adaptation options, which address various climate threats. Here is a summary of each option:

1. **Community Resilience & Response Plans for At-Risk Populations**
   - **Climate Threat:** This adaptation option addresses threats such as extreme weather events, heat islands, and other stressor events that impact at-risk communities.
     - **Location:** Establish Community Resilience Hubs in publicly accessible facilities. 
     - **Timeframe and Other Attributes:** Develop community-wide emergency response and communication plans to ensure safety and continuation of necessary services and establish evacuation routes for at-risk neighborhoods and population centers. Public water fountain/bottle refill stations will be installed in key areas like heat islands and parks. (*Plan, Goal 1.3*)

2. **Resilient and Energy-Efficient Affordable Housing Plans**
   - **Climate Threat:** Addresses the increased vulnerability of economically disadvantaged populations to climate impacts such as heat waves and flooding.
     - **Cost and Investment in Housing:** Establish a housing directory and implement programs to ensure affordable housing developments remain accessible and integrated within resilient communities. (*Plan, Goal 1.4*)

3. **Energy-Efficiency and Fuel Infrastructure for City Vehicles**
   - **Climate Threat:** Prepares for the future impacts of resource constraints and fossil fuel dependency.
     - **Infrastructure Investment:** Installation of solar panels and electric vehicle chargers. Reductions in the size of the City’s diesel fleet are underway. (*Next Steps, Staffing and Resources*)

Each adaptation option involves multiple strategies that address climate risks and vulnerabilities, with a focus on enhancing resilience. More detailed financial, locational, and temporal information may be provided in specific project proposals under each strategic framework within the plan.

1. **Applying Equity Lens and Principles Across Strategies:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** General disparities in climate impacts across vulnerable communities.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** "Socially and economically vulnerable communities" who experience disparities based on "race and income" (Section 3.1, PLAN).

2. **Community Health and Resilience Assessments:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Unequal health disparities exacerbated by climate change.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** "Chattanoogans, particularly those who have been most impacted by the effects of climate change and who experience disparities most acutely" (Section 3.1, PLAN).

3. **Community-Wide Implementation of the Climate Action Plan:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Inequitable effects of climate change on health, income, and other disparities.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Areas and populations "with greatest health, income, and other disparities" (Section G1 Quick Reference Table).

4. **Community Resilience and Response Plans for At-risk Populations:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Displacement and lack of access to services during extreme weather and disasters.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** "At-risk neighborhoods and population centers" (Section G1 Quick Reference Table).

5. **Resilient and Energy-efficient Affordable Housing Plans:**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Increased utility costs and inadequate housing resilience during extreme weather.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Populations experiencing "housing-burdened" situations and struggling to afford rent and essentials (Section 3.1, PLAN).

These policies are designed to specifically target and reduce disparities, placing an intentional focus on "reversing trends" related to inequitable climate impacts across Chattanooga (Section History | Major Milestones).

Based strictly on the provided document, the plan does not explicitly identify any potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies. However, I can infer that certain strategies could potentially lead to maladaptation if not carefully managed.

### Potential Maladaptive Climate Policy: Affordable Housing Developments

1. **The climate threat it is addressing:**
   - The plan aims to reduce disparities among socially and economically vulnerable communities through ensuring access to resilient and energy-efficient affordable housing. This is in response to climate vulnerabilities like housing affordability and the impacts of climate change on vulnerable communities.

2. **The resilience, mitigation, or adaptation option that the climate policy proposes:**
   - The Climate Action Plan includes developing and implementing resilient and energy-efficient affordable housing plans. Specifically, it mentions that “affordable housing developments remain in perpetuity” and should be sited and designed “within resilient, interconnected communities” (*Chattanooga Climate Action Plan17, Goal 3.1*).

   - Ensuring permanent affordable housing could potentially lead to maladaptation if these developments are placed in areas at high risk of climate impacts, such as flood zones or heat islands. Without careful site selection and risk assessment, these developments may increase exposure and vulnerability to climate hazards for economically vulnerable populations, rather than decreasing them.

### Potential Maladaptive Climate Policy: Transit Oriented Development (TODs)

   - Transit Oriented Developments are aimed at addressing urban sprawl and reducing emissions by creating walkable communities with access to transit options.

   - The plan suggests establishing TODs “in appropriate locations” (*Chattanooga Climate Action Plan39, Strategy 4.2*), promoting sustainable urban development and reducing transportation-related emissions.

   - If TODs are implemented without adequate public transportation infrastructure or are developed in areas not suited to increased density due to existing vulnerabilities (e.g., flood-prone areas), they may inadvertently increase exposure to climate risks. Additionally, without inclusive policies, TODs might lead to gentrification, displacing vulnerable populations and reducing their ability to adapt to climate changes.

These examples demonstrate the necessity of thorough site assessment and inclusive planning to prevent potential maladaptive outcomes.

**Key Performance Metrics:**
- The plan establishes that "*Key performance metrics will be established and reported for all goals, strategies, and actions*" as part of tracking progress ("Ongoing Reporting & Updating the Plan").
- Emphasis is placed on ensuring *equity and community health* when determining key performance metrics ("Ongoing Reporting & Updating the Plan").

**Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Inventory:**
- To support the GHG reduction goals, a GHG inventory will be performed every two years, establishing a reliable baseline and tracking progress towards "*net zero-carbon goals*" ("Ongoing Reporting & Updating the Plan", "Goal: Chattanooga will become a net zero-carbon community").

**Energy Efficiency and Carbon Emissions:**
- The plan involves conducting a GHG inventory every two years, with a target for the municipal footprint to achieve *net zero-carbon* by 2040. This will help identify the most impactful ways to reduce carbon emissions and benchmark progress ("Goal: Chattanooga will become a net zero-carbon community").
- Chattanooga plans to join the *Better Climate Challenge*, aiming for a 50% reduction in GHG emissions within 10 years ("History | Major Milestones").
- Carbon emissions reductions will be measured through *GHG inventories* that define Chattanooga's carbon sources, such as electricity, gas utility use, and transportation emissions ("Goal: Chattanooga will become a net zero-carbon community").

**Energy and Water Use:**
- The plan includes strategies to *maximize energy efficiency* in city facilities, conduct energy efficiency retrofits, and establish water use intensity reduction goals ("Goal: Chattanooga will become a net zero-carbon community").

**Solar Capacity:**
- It aims to *maximize host-site solar capacity at city facilities* by conducting feasibility studies and implementing photovoltaic solar installations ("Goal: Chattanooga will become a net zero-carbon community").

**Waste Management:**
- The plan envisions achieving a *zero-waste community goal*, with biennial waste audits required to measure progress ("Ongoing Reporting & Updating the Plan").

### Concrete Goals and Targets

- **Net Zero-Carbon Goal:** Chattanooga aims to become a net zero-carbon community, with a municipal footprint target by 2040 ("Goal: Chattanooga will become a net zero-carbon community").
- **GHG Reduction:** The plan commits to continual GHG inventories and a reduction target of 50% within 10 years through the Better Climate Challenge ("History | Major Milestones").
- **Water Use Reduction:** Establishment of water use intensity reduction goals is part of the city's carbon reduction and energy efficiency strategies ("Goal: Chattanooga will become a net zero-carbon community").
- **Maximizing Solar Capacity:** Feasibility studies for solar installations aim to integrate solar energy into city operations ("Goal: Chattanooga will become a net zero-carbon community").
- **Waste Reduction:** The city sets a "zero-waste" community goal, requiring broad participation to achieve it, supported by biennial audits to track progress ("Ongoing Reporting & Updating the Plan").

Overall, Chattanooga's Climate Action Plan includes a variety of metrics and targets, incorporating GHG inventories and a focus on transitioning to energy efficiency and renewable resources, with specified goals of net zero-carbon and zero-waste community statuses.

| **Feature**              | **Description**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               |
|--------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name**   | Chattanooga                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |
| **Population**           | Between 2008 and 2018, Chattanooga’s population grew by over 14%. *(Chattanooga Climate Action Plan4)*                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| **Threats Identified**   | - Volatile and extreme weather events: historic tornado outbreak (2011), droughts, wildfires, record rainfall years (2018), unusually high temperatures, and easter tornado (2020). *(Chattanooga Climate Action Plan4)*<br>- Impacted floodplain forest ecosystems and uneven tree canopy distribution. *(Chattanooga Climate Action Plan42)*                                                  |
| **Measures Identified**  | - Transition from Better Buildings to USDOE’s Better Climate Challenge. *(Chattanooga Climate Action Plan12)*<br>- Implement strategies and actions for preserving natural resources, including tree canopy strategies, biodiversity programs, and food resource enhancements. *(Chattanooga Climate Action Plan46)*<br>- Develop Community Resilience & Response Plans for at-risk populations. *(Chattanooga Climate Action Plan19)*  |
```

The document provided does not include comprehensive details about the physical and economic landscape of the jurisdiction, including geographical features, demographics, average income, or specific natural resources related to the energy production of St. Petersburg. The plan primarily focuses on sustainability, resiliency strategies, and economic goals without specifically detailing the geographical or demographic data. Here is the information available from the plan:

### Planning Jurisdiction
- **Name:** City of St. Petersburg

- The City of St. Petersburg is committed to creating "equitable access to quality jobs and to promote a thriving and resilient local economy," which is seen as "essential to the City’s long-term sustainability and that of its residents and businesses" (*Sustainability Action 28*).
  
- **Targets and Objectives:**
  - Business Retention & Development: "**Demonstrate continued increase in number of business establishments over time**" (*Sustainability Action 28*).
  - Green Market Development: Efforts to increase the percentage of "third-party certified green building stock" and "population employed by green business or within green industry" (*Sustainability Action 28*).
  
- **Priority Actions:**
  - A focus on "**Quality Jobs & Living Wages**," with objectives such as increasing median income over time and ensuring household incomes meet living wage standards. There's an emphasis on promoting a range of employment opportunities through targeted industry development and workforce readiness (*Integrated Sustainability Action Plan*).
  
- **Workforce Readiness:**
  - Efforts to maintain equitable employment rates across "each racial/ethnic group" and promote existing "workforce development efforts" (*Sustainability Action 29*).

### Energy and Natural Resources
- The plan mentions a "100% clean energy goal" which involves developing a "high-level roadmap for 100% clean energy in the City" and reducing "greenhouse gas emissions" (*Purpose and Vision 1*).

### Local Climate and Challenges
- The city is focusing on adapting and preparing for "climate change effects like sea level rise and extreme weather" (*Purpose and Vision 1*).
- The City is involved in protecting and restoring "coastal ecological resources to enhance coastal resiliency" (*Sustainability Action 56*).

### Key Infrastructure and Geographic Features
The document does not detail specific major geographic features such as mountains, rivers, or coastlines, nor does it mention specific infrastructure like airports or seaports.

- The emphasis is on "promoting a thriving and resilient local economy," focusing on business retention and green market development as key to economic growth (*Sustainability Action 28*).

### Community and Economic Goals
- The City integrates sustainability into decision-making to enhance equity, livability, and resiliency (*Purpose and Vision 1*).
- Committed to balancing "social equity and environmental stewardship with a thriving economy" (*Purpose and Vision 1*). 

The document does not provide detailed statistical data or descriptions of natural features and infrastructure in St. Petersburg. For further information, additional resources or documents would be needed.

The plan integrates resilience throughout its strategies, emphasizing the importance of preparing for climate change impacts. Key actions include:

- **Improving Infrastructure:** "Improve facilities and infrastructure throughout the community to prepare for climate change impacts" by adhering to comprehensive sustainability and resiliency guidelines (Sustainability Action 55).
- **Protecting Coastal Resources:** "Protect and restore coastal ecological resources to enhance coastal resiliency," recognizing their role in providing ecosystem services and defending against climate risks (Sustainability Action 56).
- **Community Engagement:** Developing a "resiliency communication and outreach program" to raise awareness and understanding of climate change risks among various community groups (Sustainability Action 56).

The plan outlines significant measures to mitigate climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Specific initiatives include:

- **Clean Energy Goals:** St. Petersburg committed to becoming a city with "100% clean energy by 2035 and an 80% GHG emissions reduction by 2050" (Sustainability Action 19).
- **Renewable Energy:** Exploring opportunities to integrate "solar photovoltaic and energy storage" into infrastructure to reduce GHG emissions (Sustainability Action 55).

Adaptation strategies are also a critical focus of the plan, aiming to adjust the community to climate impacts by:

- **Flood Risk Assessment:** Conducting assessments of "community development strategies with floodplain and coastal high hazard area updates" to guide better development practices (Sustainability Action 55).
- **Vulnerable Populations:** Expanding resources for "vulnerable populations" to enhance their preparedness for extreme climate events (Sustainability Action 56).

Based on the detailed focus on integrating resilience, mitigation, and adaptation strategies, the plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. It addresses both the reduction of greenhouse gases and preparation for climate change impacts, with a solid emphasis on building resilience across the community.

The plan describes a scenario of climate change that the City of St. Petersburg is planning for, involving several anticipated climate impacts:

- **Increasing Temperatures and Extreme Heat Events:** The ISAP mentions strategies for improving energy efficiency and shifting to clean energy sources, which are essential for mitigating contributions to global climate change and securing energy future resilience (_Sustainability Action 3.1_).

- **Sea Level Rise and Extreme Weather Events:** A resilient city is defined as one that adapts and prepares for climate change effects like sea level rise and extreme weather, ensuring that municipal operations, businesses, and residents, especially vulnerable populations, can thrive amid changing conditions (_Purpose and Vision 1.2_).

- **Coastal Risks and Climate Hazards:** The plan emphasizes the protection and restoration of coastal resources, such as beaches, tidal marshes, and mangroves, which serve as critical defenses against risks like saltwater intrusion, increased water temperatures, sea level rise, and storm surge (_Sustainability Action 56_).

These scenarios inform the city's climate policies focusing on resilience, mitigation, and adaptation to address both current and anticipated climate vulnerabilities.

**1. Sea Level Rise**

   - **Description:** The plan identifies sea level rise as a significant concern. It notes the impact on coastal areas and infrastructure, which are at risk due to the proximity to the ocean.
   
   - **Climate Risks:** Sea level rise leads to increased risks of coastal flooding, erosion, and saltwater intrusion. These threats compromise coastal habitats, critical infrastructure, and local economies.

   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Coastal habitats and communities are particularly vulnerable to sea level rise. The plan emphasizes the risk to beaches, tidal marshes, and mangroves which provide crucial ecosystem services and economic benefits.

**2. Storm Surge**

   - **Description:** Storm surge is highlighted as a climate hazard associated with hurricanes and other severe weather events.

   - **Climate Risks:** Storm surges present risks of flooding and infrastructure damage, threatening both natural systems and human settlements.

   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas and populations along the coast, including critical habitats and infrastructure prone to storm surges, are under significant threat.

**3. Increasing Water Temperatures**

   - **Description:** The plan notes the rising temperatures of water bodies, impacting ecosystems.

   - **Climate Risks:** This hazard affects marine and coastal life, disrupting ecosystems and potentially leading to harmful algal blooms.

   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Marine and estuarine environments, along with the species that inhabit them, face the highest vulnerability from increasing water temperatures.

**4. Extreme Weather Events**

   - **Description:** Extreme weather events, such as hurricanes and intense storms, pose significant hazards.

   - **Climate Risks:** These events can lead to severe flooding, infrastructural damage, and economic disruptions.

- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Marine and estuarine environments, along with the species that inhabit them, face the highest vulnerability from increasing water temperatures.

   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** All communities, but especially low-income and coastal populations, are at increased risk due to their limited resources to prepare and respond effectively.

**5. Floodplain and Coastal High Hazard Area Risks**

   - **Description:** Risks related to floodplains and coastal high hazard areas are addressed with a focus on necessary updates and assessments.

   - **Climate Risks:** Floodplain and high hazard area risks include flooding and increased likelihood of property and infrastructure damage.

   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Populations living in these identified areas face heightened risks of flooding and associated challenges.

**6. Saltwater Intrusion**

   - **Description:** A hazard that results from sea level rise and affects freshwater resources.

   - **Climate Risks:** Saltwater intrusion threatens water quality and availability, impacting both human and ecological systems reliant on these resources.

   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Communities and habitats depending on freshwater resources are particularly vulnerable to saltwater intrusion.

1. **Joining the Tampa Bay Regional Resiliency Coalition**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option is targeted at understanding and addressing local climate change challenges that do not respect jurisdictional boundaries. 
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** There is no specific cost or timeframe mentioned. It involves collaboration with 5 counties and 16 other cities in the Tampa Bay region ("Section 3.9 Realizing Resilience").
   - **Other Important Attributes:** It emphasizes a collaborative approach to leverage shared resources for resiliency strategies, enhancing regional participation and shared climate risk understanding.

2. **Green Infrastructure Development**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option focuses on minimizing development in high-risk areas to reduce exposure to climate impacts.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific cost and timeframe details are not provided, but it involves encouraging the redevelopment of vacant lots for projects like green infrastructure or urban agriculture ("Section 3.9 Realizing Resilience").
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Economic sustainability through focusing on green infrastructure and enhancing urban agricultural projects for community sustainability and resilience.

3. **Coastal Ecological Resource Protection and Restoration**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Targeted at coastal climate change risks such as saltwater intrusion, increased water temperatures, sea level rise, and storm surge.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** No specific costs or timeframes cited. Involves collaboration with organizations like Tampa Bay Watch and the Tampa Bay Estuary Program ("Section 3.9 Realizing Resilience").
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Provides essential ecosystem services and is critical to the local economy, serving as a primary defense mechanism against coastal climate impacts.

4. **Resiliency Communication and Outreach Program**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Lack of awareness and preparedness among residents and businesses for climate change risks.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific costs and timelines are not mentioned; outlined as an educational and communication initiative to be implemented citywide ("Section 3.9 Realizing Resilience").
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Focuses on tailored communication for various demographics to develop preparedness and business continuity plans, involving community champions and various key partners.

5. **Resiliency Resources for Vulnerable Populations**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Vulnerability to extreme events without sufficient resources.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** No specific costs or timeframes mentioned. It involves expanding resources like the Energy Neighbor Fund to enhance preparedness ("Section 3.9 Realizing Resilience").
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Addresses economic resilience by supporting low-income residents in extreme climate events and exploring additional financial support options.

6. **Facilities and Infrastructure Improvements**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Infrastructure vulnerability to climate change impacts.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Costs are not specified but emphasized for new developments and significant redevelopments ("Section 3.9 Realizing Resilience").
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Involves using current climate science for planning city infrastructure to prioritize resiliency, including solar photovoltaic and energy storage for critical buildings.

7. **Community Development Strategies with Floodplain Updates**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Risks associated with floodplains and coastal high hazard areas.
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** There are no explicit costs or locations detailed, but continual assessments are encouraged ("Section 3.9 Realizing Resilience").
   - **Other Important Attributes:** Encourages ongoing mapping and understanding of updated risks for improved planning and development decision-making.

--- 

**Notes:** 
- While the document outlines a number of resiliency initiatives, most do not have explicit cost, location, or timeframe details provided.
- Many initiatives focus on collaboration, education, economic opportunities, and enhancing community resilience through diversified and integrated approaches.

1. **Grant Opportunities for Solar Photovoltaic and Energy Storage:**
   - **Summary:** The City will explore grant opportunities to add solar photovoltaic and energy storage for critical building infrastructure, including emergency shelters, schools, and nursing/assisted-living homes.
   - **Timing:** Not specified in the plan.
   - **Location:** Critical building infrastructure, including emergency shelters, schools, and nursing/assisted-living homes.
   - **Attributes:** This option aims to protect vulnerable populations while reducing GHG emissions through avoidance of gasoline-powered generator use. (Sustainability Action 55)

2. **Deep Energy Retrofits and Retro-Commissioning of City Facilities:**
   - **Summary:** The City will implement a Better Buildings or similar program for energy retrofits.
   - **Cost:** Estimated $30 million energy retrofit program.
   - **Timing:** Implementation requested by the end of 2020 for early action retrofits.
   - **Attributes:** Aims for quick and significant energy and cost savings in municipal operations. A performance contract with an energy service company is considered to streamline identification, implementation, and maximize savings. (Sustainability Action 22)

3. **Private Sector Building Challenge:**
   - **Summary:** Engage commercial and residential buildings to conduct energy audits and complete deep energy retrofits.
   - **Location:** Commercial and residential sectors.
   - **Attributes:** This challenge aims to create early leadership around building energy efficiency, contribute to GHG reduction, and reduce demand on the electric grid. (Sustainability Action 22)

4. **Blue Carbon Funding for Coastal Habitat Maintenance and Expansion:**
   - **Summary:** Exploring potential for Blue Carbon funding resources to support coastal habitat maintenance and expansion.
   - **Location:** Coastal habitats within the watershed.
   - **Attributes:** The initiative focuses on seagrass, mangroves, salt marshes, and wetlands, which sequester carbon and mitigate climate change effects like storm surge and flood protection. (Sustainability Action 52)

5. **Clean and Distributed Energy Strategies:**
   - **Summary:** These strategies provide more redundancies and enhanced resilience of the city’s energy supply.
   - **Attributes:** Clean energy sources reduce air pollution, which is exacerbated by extreme temperatures. (Sustainability Action 54)

Overall, the plan emphasizes various mitigation options focusing on renewable energy, building retrofitting, and carbon sequestration through habitat restoration.

The plan identifies several mitigation options, each with detailed attributes:

1. **Solar Co-op and Community Solar Improvements**
   - **Summary:** "St. Petersburg can expand community solar, building on its existing solar co-ops. Increasing the number of co-ops and/or participants in existing co-ops, especially with virtual net metering, would open numerous opportunities for independent solar developers."
   - **Cost:** The plan does not specify the exact cost but notes the potential to "reduce between 4,000 and 20,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂e) over the next five to 10 years."
   - **Timeframe:** Next five to 10 years.
   - **Location:** City of St. Petersburg and surrounding regions benefiting from expanded co-op opportunities.
   - **Additional Attributes:** This expansion could significantly benefit communities by offering cost reductions.

2. **Electric Vehicle (EV) Infrastructure and Incentives**
   - **Summary:** The plan aims to deploy EV infrastructure and establish various incentives through local laws and policies.
   - **Cost:** Specific costs are not detailed, but incentive programs are part of the strategy.
   - **Location:** Citywide deployment through various mechanisms.
   - **Additional Attributes:**
     - "Local EV ordinances for EV ready developments and building code streamlining for developers."
     - "Bulk purchase agreements and/or programs for low-cost EV fleet acquisition."
     - "Incentive programs for businesses to install Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE)."

3. **Building Energy Benchmarking and Disclosure Policy**
   - **Summary:** "Mandatory benchmarking is an increasingly popular practice among cities. Municipal governments require certain buildings to measure energy and water consumption."
   - **Timeframe:** Not specified, but the policy is part of ongoing efforts in many cities.
   - **Location:** Applies to buildings selected under municipal government authority.
   - **Additional Attributes:** The expectation is a reduction in energy use, cost, or intensity, with reductions ranging from 1.6 to 14 percent over two to four years.

4. **Deep Energy Retrofits and Retro-Commissioning of City Facilities**
   - **Summary:** The program is estimated to be a $30 million energy retrofit program with expected quick and significant energy and cost savings.
   - **Cost:** $30 million estimated for energy retrofits.
   - **Timeframe:** Early action retrofits are requested for implementation by end of year 2020.
   - **Additional Attributes:** The plan mentions the possibility of entering a performance contract with an energy service company to streamline identification, implementation, and maximization of savings.

5. **Private Sector Building Challenge**
   - **Summary:** "The City will engage commercial and residential buildings to conduct energy audits and complete deep energy retrofits."
   - **Additional Attributes:** This challenge is aimed at creating leadership around building energy efficiency, contributing to GHG reduction, and reducing demand on the electric grid.

These options highlight the city's commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions through energy efficiency, clean energy development, and fostering environmentally responsible practices across various sectors.

The plan identifies several adaptation options with details as follows:

1. **Green Infrastructure Development and Limiting Development in High-Risk Areas**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option aims to enhance resilience and provide sustainability value, targeting climate threats related to high-risk area development.
   - **Information Provided:** The plan emphasizes prioritizing and codifying strategies for investing in green infrastructure and limiting development in high-risk areas. It encourages focusing on green infrastructure or urban agriculture projects on vacant lots to enhance resilience. However, specific cost, timeframe, or location details are not provided in the excerpt.  
   _Reference: Sustainability Action 56_

2. **Protection and Restoration of Coastal Ecological Resources**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This action addresses climate change risks such as saltwater intrusion, increased water temperatures, sea level rise, and storm surge.
   - **Information Provided:** The City plans to work with entities like Tampa Bay Watch and local academic institutions to protect and restore critical coastal habitats and ecological resources, including beaches, tidal marshes, and mangroves. Specific details on cost, timeframe, or exact locations are not detailed in the provided text.  

3. **Resiliency Communication and Outreach Program**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Aims to address climate change risks through education and preparedness for emergencies and disruptions.
   - **Information Provided:** The City is tasked with developing an educational outreach and communications program targeting businesses, residents, low-income, senior, and multi-lingual populations. It includes identifying community champions and partners. The excerpt does not provide specific cost or timeframe information.  

4. **Resources for Vulnerable Populations**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addresses climate change impacts on at-risk and vulnerable populations.
   - **Information Provided:** The plan proposes expanding existing resources such as the Energy Neighbor Fund and exploring additional resources for elevating storm-proof buildings and installing generators. No specific cost, timeframe, or location data is detailed.  

5. **Improvement of Facilities and Infrastructure**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Prepares for climate change impacts on infrastructure.
   - **Information Provided:** Mandates new and significant building and infrastructure developments adhere to comprehensive sustainability and resiliency guidelines, requiring current local climate science in planning. The plan mentions City-led initiatives and potential grant opportunities for adding solar photovoltaic systems but lacks specific cost or timeframe details.  
   _Reference: Sustainability Action 55_

6. **Assessment of Development Strategies with Floodplain and Coastal Hazard Area Updates**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Floodplain and coastal high hazard area risks due to climate change.
   - **Information Provided:** A thorough assessment of priority development areas with updated floodplain and hazard area risks is recommended, but specific details about costs, timeframe, or locations are not included in the text.  

These options highlight efforts to adapt to climate change impacts through infrastructure, ecosystem protection, and community programs but lack specific cost and timeline details in the provided sections.

The plan identifies several climate policies to advance climate justice, addressing climate threats and targeting vulnerable populations:

1. **Policy: Engage residents and stakeholders in exercises to identify and address environmental justice areas**
    - *Climate Threat Addressed:* Environmental justice issues, which may include the effects of pollution, historic contamination, and development projects.
    - *Vulnerable Populations:* Low-income and minority communities that may be affected by rehabilitation of brownfields and affordable housing improvements. The plan calls for engaging a diverse group of residents, local coalitions, nonprofits, and businesses to identify and tackle these environmental justice issues.  
    - Citation: *Sustainability Action 41*

2. **Policy: Invest in projects that reduce exposure to contaminants and risks associated with environmental justice conditions**
    - *Climate Threat Addressed:* Exposure to pollution and harmful contaminants from industrial operations located near communities.
    - *Vulnerable Populations:* Low-income and minority communities historically positioned close to polluting industrial operations such as landfills and toxic waste facilities.  
    - Citation: *Sustainability Action 52*

3. **Policy: Promote existing and develop additional resiliency resources for vulnerable populations**
    - *Climate Threat Addressed:* Impacts of extreme climate events and climate change.
    - *Vulnerable Populations:* At-risk populations, including low-income residents who often have fewer resources to prepare for and respond to climate change impacts. This includes enhancing resources like the Energy Neighbor Fund to help with energy bills and support measures like storm-proofing buildings.
    - Citation: *Sustainability Action 56*

4. **Policy: Incorporate environmental justice criteria and priorities into zoning and land use policies**
    - *Climate Threat Addressed:* Environmental and public health impacts from land use decisions.
    - *Vulnerable Populations:* Low-income and minority communities that may suffer from excessive levels of pollution and other impacts such as noise, odor, and traffic. This policy seeks to prevent and mitigate these impacts.
    - Citation: *Sustainability Action 55*

**1. Policy: Redevelopment of Vacant Lots for Green Infrastructure or Urban Agriculture**

  - The policy addresses climate change risks and aims at enhancing resilience and providing sustainability value by focusing on redevelopment projects (Integrated Sustainability Action Plan, Sustainability Action 56).

- **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:**
  - The option proposed is the redevelopment of vacant lots to focus on green infrastructure or urban agriculture projects (Integrated Sustainability Action Plan, Sustainability Action 56).

  - There is a potential for maladaptation if the redevelopment efforts do not comprehensively assess future climate risks such as flooding or other environmental stressors in those areas. Focusing on specific green projects without thorough risk assessment might inadvertently increase vulnerability, especially if the green infrastructure is not suitable for the projected climate conditions of those areas.

**2. Policy: Improved Facilities and Infrastructure with New Sustainability and Resiliency Guidelines**

  - The policy aims to prepare for climate change impacts through enhanced building and infrastructure development (Integrated Sustainability Action Plan, Sustainability Action 55).

  - The proposed option is to implement sustainability and resiliency guidelines for new and existing buildings with specific design criteria accounting for local climate change projections (Integrated Sustainability Action Plan, Sustainability Action 55).

  - Maladaptation could occur if the guidelines emphasize immediate resiliency benefits without considering long-term impacts or adaptability to future climate scenarios. For example, investing heavily in infrastructure that may require frequent updates or modifications with changing climate scenarios could lead to inefficient use of resources and increased long-term vulnerability.

**3. Policy: Promoting Resiliency Resources for Vulnerable Populations**

  - This policy is designed to help at-risk populations prepare for and respond to climate change impacts by enhancing preparedness for extreme events (Integrated Sustainability Action Plan, Sustainability Action 56).

  - The option is to expand existing resources like the Energy Neighbor Fund and explore new resources for building elevation, storm-proofing, and installing back-up generators (Integrated Sustainability Action Plan, Sustainability Action 56).

  - The initiative may inadvertently cause maladaptation if the resources provided do not sufficiently account for future climate risks or if they inadvertently lead to increased dependency on mechanical or energy-intensive solutions without addressing fundamental vulnerabilities. Additionally, if financial resources are used for adaptations that are not sustainable in the long term, it may end up not offering the presumed security, thus increasing vulnerability.

**Adaptation, Resilience, and Mitigation Metrics and Goals**

The Integrated Sustainability Action Plan (ISAP) outlines specific metrics, goals, and targets to measure the success of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options.

### **Metrics for Success:**

#### **Reduction in GHG Emissions:**

- **GHG Emissions Inventory and Clean Energy Roadmap:**
  - **Target:** 100% clean energy by 2035.
  - **Objective:** 80% reduction in GHG emissions by 2050.
  - **Short-term Target:** 20% GHG emissions reduction by December 2020.
  - **Measurement Unit:** Emissions tracked in metric tons of CO₂e. (Source: Chapter 3.3 Climate & Energy)

#### **Resilience to Climate Impacts:**

- **Priority Objectives:**
  - **Demonstrate a measurable reduction in vulnerability and/or increase in resiliency to at least three community-wide risks and one at-risk population group.** 
  - **Current building codes reflect design standards to withstand climate risks.**
- **Measured Reduction:**
  - **Economic Risks:** Reduction in the value of protected property, business operational downtime, etc.
  - **Increased Percentage of Resilient Infrastructure:** The percentage increase in infrastructure/building stock designed for resiliency. (Source: Chapter 3.9 Realizing Resilience)

#### **Air Quality Improvements:**

- **Leveraging New Technologies:**
  - Track **outdoor air quality** via networked streetlight poles with air quality monitors.
  - **Indoor Air Quality:** Ensured through green building standards and the Sustainability & Resiliency City Facility Building Ordinance. (Source: Chapter 3.9)

- **Energy Efficiency and Clean Energy:**
  - Implementation of strategies through collaboration with local institutions and stakeholders such as the Sierra Club, with pathways to achieving **100% clean energy.** 
  - **Requirement** for 5% of building stock certified with a green building program. (Source: Chapter 3.2 Built Environment)

- **Tracking Sustainability Performance:**
  - **Progress Tracking:** Utilization of the STAR Communities framework, which encompasses over **500 metrics**, including specific targets and goals.
  - **Ongoing Measurement:** Monitoring strategy implementation, responsibility assigned to lead departments with oversight from OSR. (Source: Chapter 4.1 Implementation and Early Actions)

These metrics, targets, and goals reflect the proactive approach St. Petersburg is taking to measure and ensure the success of its sustainability initiatives as outlined in the ISAP.

| **Feature**          | **Description**                                                                                                   |
| **Location/City Name** | St. Petersburg                                                                                                |
| **Population**        | *Information not provided in the document*                                                                      |
| **Threats Identified** | - Climate risks including **saltwater intrusion**, **increased water temperatures**, **sea level rise**, and **storm surge**. <br> - Economic risks from **climate change hazards**.  |
| **Measures Identified** | - Prioritizing protection and restoration of **coastal habitats** and **ecological resources**. <br> - Developing a **resiliency communication and outreach program** for climate risk awareness. <br> - Promoting **resiliency resources** for vulnerable populations. <br> - Investing in **green infrastructure** and urban agriculture. <br> - Participating in the **Tampa Bay Regional Resiliency Coalition**.  |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction:** City of Manhattan Beach

**Location:** Manhattan Beach is a coastal community.

**Population and Demographics:** The plan does not provide specific details on the population and demographics, such as average income.

- Manhattan Beach is a coastal community with proximity to ocean resources.
- The city actively participates in managing storm drains to protect the ocean and coastal beaches.

**Key Infrastructure:** The plan does not mention specific key infrastructure such as airports or seaports.

- The plan notes that "Being a small coastal community, we understand the privilege of our proximity to our ocean resources, and the responsibility we have to maintain and protect it" (Conclusion section).
- Manhattan Beach has implemented several measures to conserve water, including using "reclaimed water to irrigate many of our green spaces" and adopting a "Water Conservation Ordinance" which has led to approximately 20% water savings monthly (Appendix 1: Summary of Existing Sustainability Measures).

- The plan highlights efforts towards energy conservation, such as an "Energy Audit" conducted in 1995 and replacement of city vehicles with low-emission and alternative fuel vehicles (Appendix 1: Summary of Existing Sustainability Measures).
- Installation of energy-saving devices in city buildings when possible.
- Encouragement of maximum recycling in all sectors of the community.

**Industries and Economic Drivers:** The plan does not specify the industries, economic drivers, or average income for the city. 

- The plan indicates a commitment to "energy efficiency, cost savings, and reductions in environmental impacts" (Conclusion section).
- Programs include "Sustainable (“Green”) Building," "Waste Reduction and Recycling," and "Vehicle Fleet and Low-Carbon fuels," suggesting a focus on environmental sustainability as part of the local economy (Appendix 1: Summary of Existing Sustainability Measures).

Manhattan Beach is a small coastal community with a strong emphasis on environmental sustainability, seen in its various policies and ordinances aimed at preserving ocean resources and promoting water conservation and energy efficiency. The economic landscape outlined in the plan is largely centered on sustainability and environmental protection initiatives.

The plan addresses resilience by emphasizing the development of the Climate Action Plan as a roadmap to assist in reducing its impact on the environment and meeting climate protection goals. It highlights the importance of engaging the community through outreach and education initiatives, promoting sustainable building practices, and maintaining healthy urban forests to absorb CO2 and enhance neighborhood aesthetics. _"Planning for environmental policies can be difficult in challenging times; however, there is a nexus between energy efficiency, cost savings, and reductions in environmental impacts."_ (Conclusion)

The plan is centered around mitigation, aiming to reduce GHG emissions through various measures such as energy efficiency improvements, renewable energy sources, and transportation options optimization. Some key mitigation actions include implementing an energy audit, adopting a Sustainable Building Ordinance, replacing vehicles with low-emission options, and promoting recycling. _"City staff and the Environmental Task Force have co llaborated to develop a Climate Action Plan that outlines some of the measures the City can imp lement to reduce its carbon footprint."_ (Conclusion) Additionally, the anticipated emissions reduction through these measures is outlined in Table 3, offering a detailed analysis of their potential impact.

While the focus is predominately on mitigation, adaptation is addressed through programs that seek to enhance energy efficiency, reduce energy costs, and store or offset carbon emissions. Moreover, tree planting and urban forestry management programs are identified as potential methods for CO2 offset and improving overall community benefits, such as air quality. _"In the future, the City may want to consider methods to store and offset CO2 emissions, in addition to implementing GHG reduction measures, as a way to reduce its carbon footprint."_ (Measures for Future Consideration)

**Plan Classification**  
Based on the described components, the plan can be classified as a **mitigation primary climate action plan**. The primary focus is on GHG reduction and energy efficiency measures, with some consideration of resilience and adaptation actions as supportive components.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change that the City of Manhattan Beach is facing. Key elements of the scenario include:

- **Rising Carbon Dioxide Levels:** The plan notes that about 200 years ago, humans began burning fossil fuels, leading to an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide to nearly 390 parts per million, rising by about 2 parts per million every year. It is stated that "this amount of CO2 is higher than any time seen in the recorded history of our planet, and that it is too much" (Introduction to Manhattan Beach, Climate Change, and Climate Action).

- **Disastrous Impacts:** As a result of rising CO2 levels, the plan mentions "disastrous impacts on people and places all over the world," specifically highlighting the rapid melting of glaciers, which are essential sources of drinking water for millions, and the rising sea levels, which could leave cities and farmland underwater (Introduction to Manhattan Beach, Climate Change, and Climate Action).

- **Local Emissions and Reduction Goals:** The plan identifies Manhattan Beach's municipal emissions goals and the requirement to reduce emissions to meet the targets, mentioning that if no action is taken, emissions are expected to rise to 5,459 metric tons of CO2e by 2012 (Key Highlights and Findings; Executive Summary).

The plan outlines these scenarios to emphasize the importance of implementing resilience, mitigation, and adaptation policies to address climate change impacts effectively.

   - **Climate Hazard:** The plan identifies sea level rise as a significant climate hazard, highlighting that "sea levels have begun to rise and scientists warn that they could go up as much as several meters this century" (*Introduction to Manhattan Beach, Climate Change, and Climate Action*).
   - **Climate Risks:** Rising sea levels pose substantial risks to Manhattan Beach, as they could lead to "many of the world's cities, island nations, and farmland...being underwater" (*Background on Climate Change*). This includes threats to the city's infrastructure and the natural environment.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The plan does not specify particular areas or populations within Manhattan Beach but implies a general vulnerability due to its status as a "small coastal community," which has "an innate reason to be concerned about climate change" due to the threats "to our beaches, marine life, and recreational uses of our prized natural resource—the ocean" (*Manhattan Beach Climate Action*).

2. **Ocean Acidification**

   - **Climate Hazard:** Ocean acidification is identified as a climate hazard resulting from "the CO2 they [oceans] are absorbing," making it challenging for marine animals, such as corals and clams, to maintain their shells and skeletons (*Background on Climate Change*).
   - **Climate Risks:** The risks include potential impacts on marine ecosystems and the associated recreational and commercial activities. The plan acknowledges the threat to marine life and implies associated risks to the local economy and biodiversity that depend on a healthy ocean.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Again, the plan hints at general impacts on the community due to its dependence on marine resources but does not specify certain areas or populations apart from the acknowledgment that Manhattan Beach is "committed to taking action to reduce its impacts on climate change" due to these threats (*Introduction to Manhattan Beach, Climate Change, and Climate Action*).

3. **Glacier Melting**

   - **Climate Hazard:** Glacier melting is noted as a hazard, with impacts reaching far beyond their immediate locations. "Glaciers everywhere are melting and disappearing fast" is tied to risks like reduced fresh water for populations depending on these glaciers (*Background on Climate Change*).
   - **Climate Risks:** Although primarily a global issue, this contributes to rising sea levels, which is relevant for coastal cities like Manhattan Beach.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The plan does not detail specific local vulnerabilities related to glacier melting, instead focusing on its broader implications such as contributing to sea-level rise.

The plan does not explicitly identify resilience options under the specific definition provided, as it primarily focuses on greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction and energy efficiency initiatives. However, some actions mentioned in sections related to energy efficiency and carbon footprint reduction can indirectly contribute to resilience by improving infrastructure and reducing emissions. These options could have the secondary effect of building resilience by maintaining and enhancing the functionality of municipal operations in the face of climate change.

Here are the options with potential resilience benefits, including available details:

### 1. Energy Efficient Buildings

**Climate Threat Addressed:** 
- General reduction of GHG emissions contributing to climate change impacts.

- Costs range from $7,000 to over $1.5 million depending on the project scope (Implementation of Energy Audit Recommendations, Chapter 11).
- Potential CO2 reduction of over 280 metric tons annually.

- Economic: Offers energy cost savings.
- Environmental: Reduces GHG emissions and improves energy efficiency of municipal facilities.

### 2. Renewable Energy Sources

- Reduces dependency on fossil fuels, mitigating climate change impacts.

- Small-wind turbines at Marine Park and a solar tree/carport at the Civic Center parking lot with CO2 reductions of 47 MT and 51 MT per year respectively (GHG Reduction Measures, Chapter 11).

- Demonstrates city leadership and support of new technologies.

### 3. Improved Transportation Options

- Reducing emissions that contribute to climate change.

- Fleet replacement could reduce approximately 532 MT CO2/year.
- Employee Rideshare program saves an average of 28 MT CO2/year (GHG Reduction Measures, Chapter 11).

- Economic: Fuel cost savings.
- Environmental: Reduction in overall GHG emissions.

While these options are primarily categorized as mitigation measures, they hold potential for indirect resilience benefits by enhancing municipal operations and reducing exposure to energy price volatility and the environmental impacts of fossil fuels.

The plan identifies several mitigation options aimed at reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Below are summaries of each identified mitigation option, including information regarding cost, timing, location, and other important attributes as provided in the plan:

### **1. Energy Efficient Buildings**
- **Description:** Implementation of energy audit recommendations to improve building energy efficiency.
- **Cost:** Costs range from $7,000 to over $1.5 million depending on the project.
- **CO2 Reduction:** Over 280 metric tons of CO2 can be reduced each year.
- **Benefits:** Includes energy cost savings, GHG emissions reduction, and improved energy efficiency of municipal facilities.
- **Timing and Additional Info:** These projects are prioritized by the Environmental Task Force and should be phased into implementation when feasible. Implementation could be done over the next three years, realizing nearly 300 metric tons of CO2 offsets from 2012 onwards.

### **2. Renewable Energy Sources**
#### **Wind and Solar Pilot Projects**
- **Wind Project:**
  - **Location:** Marine Park
  - **CO2 Reduction:** Reduces 47 MT CO2 per year.
- **Solar Project:**
  - **Location:** Civic Center parking lot
  - **CO2 Reduction:** Reduces 51 MT CO2 per year.
- **Benefits:** These projects result in energy cost savings, reduce GHG emissions, and demonstrate city leadership and support for new technologies.
- **Cost and Additional Info:** The renewable energy projects are also meant to show city leadership in supporting renewables, with potential funding through grants or low-interest financing.

### **3. Improved Transportation Options**
#### **Low-emission Fleet and Employee Commute Program**
- **Fleet Replacement:**
  - **CO2 Reduction:** Could reduce approximately 532 MT CO2 per year.
  - **Cost and Timing:** The cost of replacement vehicles less resale value is considered in alignment with the normal vehicle replacement cycle to best take advantage of new technologies.
- **Employee Commute Program:**
  - **CO2 Reduction:** Saves an average of 28 MT CO2 per year.
  - **Funding:** Funded through Prop A.
  - **Benefits:** Flexible fleet replacement allows for new technologies, increased rideshare program participation, and savings on fuel costs.

### **4. Tree Planting and Urban Forestry**
- **Description:** Programs to store and offset carbon emissions.
- **Cost:** Tree maintenance estimated at $15,000 per year.
- **CO2 Reduction:** Reduces 2 MT of CO2 per year.
- **Benefits:** Offsets GHG emissions, improves watershed health, air quality, aesthetics, and increases property values. 
- **Funding Source:** Existing Tree Canopy Restoration Fund with $50,000 is available for implementation.

Each of these mitigation options is part of the City’s broader Climate Action Plan aimed at making significant reductions in emissions and improving sustainability.

The plan identifies several mitigation options, each with specific attributes such as cost, timeframe, location, and other important attributes:

- **Summary:** Implementation of energy audit recommendations for building energy efficiency improvements.
- **Cost:** Costs range from $7,000 to over $1.5 million, with additional rebates and incentives associated with each measure.
- **Benefits:** Energy cost savings; reduces GHG emissions; improves energy efficiency of municipal facilities.
- **Important Attributes:** Prioritized recommendations based on various factors, not solely GHG offset capability.

- **Wind and Solar Pilot Projects:**
  - **Location:** Marine Park (wind turbines) and Civic Center parking lot (solar carport).
  - **Cost & CO2 Reduction:** Small-wind turbines reduce 47 metric tons CO2/year; Solar projects reduce 51 metric tons CO2/year.
  - **Attributes:** Shows City leadership in renewable energy technology.
  - **Timeframe:** Implementation can begin as soon as funding is secured through grants, purchase power agreements, or other financing methods.

- **Solar Projects:**
  - **Initial Costs:** Range from $12,280 to $1,041,343 for various projects.
  - **Total CO2 Offset:** 319 metric tons.
  - **Important Attributes:** High visibility projects such as the Covered Parking in the Civic Center are prioritized to demonstrate City leadership.

- **Low-emission Fleet and Employee Commute Program:**
  - **Cost & CO2 Reduction:** Fleet replacement could reduce 532 metric tons CO2/year; Employee Rideshare saves an average of 28 metric tons CO2/year.
  - **Location:** Citywide.
  - **Benefits:** Flexible fleet replacement to allow advantage of new technology; fuel cost savings; reduces GHG emissions.
  - **Timeframe & Attributes:** Scheduled as part of the normal vehicle replacement cycle; funded through Prop A for Employee Rideshare.
  
### **4. Storing and Offsetting Carbon Emissions**
- **Tree Planting and Urban Forestry:**
  - **Estimated Cost:** Tree maintenance estimated at $15,000 per year.
  - **CO2 Reduction:** Reduces 2 metric tons of CO2/year.
  - **Benefits:** Offsets GHG emissions; improves watershed health, habitat, and air quality; enhances aesthetics and increases property values.
  - **Fund:** City has a Tree Canopy Restoration Fund with $50,000 available.

### **5. Other Options for Future Consideration**
- **Renewable Energy Credit Programs:**
  - **Attributes:** Dependent on regional or national carbon emission cap and trade program implementation.
  
### **6. Projected Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs)**
- **Implementation Costs:** Totaling nearly $7 million for all recommendations, bringing an estimated $300,000 annual saving.
- **Annual CO2 Offsets:** Projected at different phases with cumulative savings reaching up to 282 metric tons CO2/year.
- **Fiscal Impact:** Top four prioritized energy measures would cost approximately $1.8 million and yield annual energy savings of nearly $110,000.

These options depict a multifaceted approach to reducing emissions and fostering sustainability through infrastructure investment, renewable energy adoption, and policy measures.

The provided document does not specifically mention adaptation options that directly address climate threats such as rising sea levels, extreme weather events, or other climate change impacts along those lines. Instead, the plan focuses heavily on greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction measures and municipal carbon footprint reductions, including renewable energy projects, improved transportation options, energy-efficient building measures, and recommendations for future projects like tree planting and urban forestry.

If adaptation options were present in the document, they would typically include strategies to adjust systems to actual or expected climate changes to minimize harm. However, based on the content provided, no explicit adaptation options meeting the definition are detailed. The plan primarily addresses climate mitigation through specific measures to reduce GHG emissions.

The provided document does not explicitly mention or identify specific climate policies aimed at advancing climate justice. It does not address specific **climate threats** that certain areas or populations with the most **climate vulnerability** to identified climate hazards face in the context of climate justice. The focus of the plan is on GHG emissions reduction and municipal measures to address climate impacts generally.

Based strictly on the content provided in the document, there is no explicit mention of potential maladaptive climate policies. All policies and measures are intended to address climate threats such as increasing greenhouse gas emissions, carbon footprint, and associated impacts. However, if inferred, analyses of certain policies may suggest potential maladaptive outcomes based on the broad definition of maladaptation:

1. **Tree Planting for Carbon Offset**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Greenhouse gas emissions leading to increased atmospheric CO2.
   - **Proposed Option:** **Resilience** and **Mitigation** through tree planting and urban forestry management to offset CO2 emissions (`Measures for Future Consideration`).
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** Increased tree planting without appropriate maintenance can lead to poor survival rates of trees or monocultures, potentially reducing biodiversity or increasing water usage.

2. **Renewable Energy Credit Programs**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Greenhouse gas emissions.
   - **Proposed Option:** **Mitigation** through renewable energy credit programs (`Measures for Future Consideration`).
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** Reliance on credit programs rather than actual emission reductions may create a false sense of progress, potentially allowing overall emissions to remain unchanged or even increase if the credits do not correspond to genuine reductions.

3. **Transition to Low-emission Vehicles**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Greenhouse gas emissions from municipal vehicle fleet.
   - **Proposed Option:** **Mitigation** through procurement of low-emission vehicles such as hybrids and CNG vehicles (`Executive Summary` and `Appendix 2`).
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** If not carefully managed, increased battery demand for hybrid or electric vehicles can lead to environmental issues related to mining and disposal of battery materials, or the transition might inadvertently increase dependency on fossil fuel-based energy for electricity without parallel advancements in clean energy sourcing.

Again, these analyses are inferred, considering the potential for maladaptive outcomes in climate policy implementation, and are not explicitly detailed within the provided document text.

The plan measures the success or failure of the adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options through several specific metrics, goals, and targets:

- **GHG Emissions Reduction:**
  - The City has set a target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by approximately **17.5%** from the estimated 2009 emissions level of **5,306 metric tons** to **4,381 metric tons of CO2e** (equivalent to 7% below 1990 levels) (Emissions Profile).

- **Energy Efficiency in Municipal Facilities:**
  - Implementation of energy audit recommendations is expected to reduce over **280 metric tons of CO2** per year (Municipal GHG Reduction Measures).
  - Renewable energy projects like wind and solar aim to reduce **47 metric tons CO2/year** and **51 metric tons CO2/year**, respectively (Table 3: Summary of Measures).

- **Improved Transportation Options:**
  - Low-emission fleet replacement could reduce approximately **532 metric tons CO2/year**.
  - The Employee Rideshare program saves an average of **28 metric tons CO2/year** (Table 3: Summary of Measures).

  - Tree maintenance is estimated to reduce **2 metric tons of CO2** per year (Measures for Future Consideration).

### **Goals, Targets, and Deadlines:**

- **Municipal Emissions Reduction Goal:**
  - The City of Manhattan Beach aims to reduce municipal GHG emissions to at least **7% below 1990 levels** by 2012, aligning with the U.S. Mayors Climate Protection Agreement (Executive Summary).

- **Community-wide Emissions Reduction:**
  - The City is conducting an inventory of community-wide GHG emissions and aims to set a community-wide emissions reduction goal, potentially targeting "net-zero energy" (Community Wide Emissions Reduction Measures).

- **Building Energy Efficiency:**
  - Costs for implementing energy audit recommendations range from **$7,000 to over $1.5 million**, with incentives for each measure to improve energy efficiency (Municipal GHG Reduction Measures).

- **Transit-related Measures:**
  - Consideration of measures such as traffic circles and bicycle lanes to impact community’s carbon footprint (Community Wide Emissions Reduction Measures).

- **Commitment Comparison:**
  - The City committed to a **15% reduction** below current emissions levels in 2007. However, without further action, achieving this goal is unlikely, as indicated by an estimated **0.6% annual increase** in GHG emissions under a business-as-usual scenario (Executive Summary and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Forecast).

By quantifying these aspects, the plan focuses on specific targets and metrics for tracking the success of its climate actions.

| Feature              | Details                                                                                           |
|----------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Manhattan Beach                                                                              |
| **Population**         | Not specified in the document                                                                  |
| **Threats Identified** | - Increase in GHG emissions under a business-as-usual scenario                                 |
|                        | - Rising emissions from buildings, vehicle fleet, and employee commute (Municipal emissions)   |
| **Measures Identified**| - Energy efficient buildings and implementation of energy audit recommendations                |
|                        | - Renewable energy with wind and solar pilot projects                                          |
|                        | - Improved transportation options such as low-emission fleet and employee commute programs     |
|                        | - Tree planting and urban forestry to offset carbon emissions                                  |
|                        | - Various existing sustainability measures including energy efficiency, renewable energy, etc. |
```

The plan outlines the following details about the City of Berkeley, California:

### **Physical and Economic Landscape**

#### **Location and Geographic Features**
- **Jurisdiction:** City of Berkeley
- **Major Geographic Features:**
  - **Coastal:** Berkeley is near the San Francisco Bay, which poses threats to coastal infrastructure due to rising sea levels. "The bay rose seven inches over the past 150 years. Estimates are that by 2100, the bay could rise up to a meter." (Executive Summary)
  - **Proximity to Natural Landscapes:** Berkeley is close to the Sierra Nevada mountains, which are crucial for the state's water supply but face significant reductions in snowpack due to rising temperatures.

- **Projected Growth:** "According to ABAG’s Projections 2007, the total population of Berkeley is expected to grow from 104,400 in 2005 to 119,400 in 2035 – a total increase of 15,000 people." (Chapter 3)

- The document does not explicitly mention specific infrastructure like airports or seaports but emphasizes the importance of sustainable transportation and land use integration with existing infrastructures such as the transit corridors.

#### **Local Climate and Water Challenges**
- **Climate Impacts:** The City of Berkeley recognizes significant climate impacts, including "serious public health threats," increased wildfires, and "water shortages" due to a "decrease by 80% by century’s end" of the Sierra Nevada mountain snowpack. (Executive Summary)

- **Renewable Energy Initiatives:**
  - The community's task is to "develop a local, clean, decentralized renewable energy supply to meet a larger portion of the community’s energy needs." (Chapter 4)
  - Goals include covering 70% of available roof space with solar installations and adding more renewable energy sources to the electricity grid. (Chapter 4)
  - "The City’s goal is to eliminate at least 11,600 MTCO2e per year by 2020 through decentralized solar installations on residential and nonresidential buildings." (Chapter 4)

- **Green Economy:**
  - Implementing the Climate Action Plan will increase demand for "skilled labor that can do the work we need done, such as energy efficiency retrofits, solar installations, processing of recyclables, growing and processing local food, and designing, building, and maintaining infrastructure related to alternative transportation." (Chapter 4)
  - Employment opportunities are being created in the emerging green economy, which "cannot be outsourced" and is based on local improvements. (Chapter 4)
  
- **Green Collar Jobs:**
  - The East Bay Green Corridor Partnership involves Berkeley, Oakland, Richmond, and Emeryville to support green workforce development and attract green energy investment. The goal is to provide education and training for "future workforce demand in the green economy." (Chapter 4)

The plan elaborates on multiple dimensions of Berkeley's commitment to addressing climate change while also fostering economic growth through renewable energy initiatives and sustainable urban planning.

The Berkeley Climate Action Plan addresses resilience, mitigation, and adaptation in the following ways:

The plan outlines steps to enhance Berkeley's resilience to climate change impacts. It highlights the importance of collaborations and partnerships with neighboring cities and relevant regional, and state agencies to increase preparedness for climate change ("Chapter 6 - City of Berkeley Climate Action Plan"). It also emphasizes developing and implementing a strategic plan for climate change adaptation which includes increasing public awareness, building strong partnerships, and increasing the adaptive capacity of the region’s infrastructure ("Adapting to a Changing Climate" in Chapter 6).

Mitigation efforts focus on reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through various strategies, including:
- Reducing vehicle miles traveled and increasing the use of sustainable modes of transportation ("Sustainable Transportation & Land Use" in Chapter 3).
- Decreasing energy use in buildings and encouraging renewable energy sources ("Building Energy Use" in Chapter 4).
- Enhancing waste reduction and recycling programs ("Waste Reduction & Recycling" in Chapter 5).

The plan was developed with the objective of aggressively cutting Berkeley’s greenhouse gas emissions, as reflected by the purpose outlined in "Climate Action Plan Purpose".

The plan details several adaptation measures to prepare for the impacts of climate change. It emphasizes collaborating with other government entities to conduct a vulnerability assessment and creating implementation strategies in preparation for climate changes, such as rising sea levels, increased temperatures, and water shortages ("Preparing for the Impacts" in Chapter 6).

Based on the analysis, the Berkeley Climate Action Plan can be classified as an **"equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan."** The plan places substantial emphasis on both mitigation through GHG reductions and adaptation strategies for enhancing resilience to climate impacts, indicating a balance between both components.

Yes, the plan describes scenarios of climate change that the City of Berkeley is planning for, and it outlines associated climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. The key scenarios include:

- **Sea-Level Rise:** The San Francisco Bay has already risen by seven inches over the past 150 years, and estimates suggest it could rise by up to a meter by 2100. This poses threats to Berkeley's coastal development and infrastructure. The plan considers actions such as limiting new coastal development or redevelopment to mitigate risks associated with sea-level rise. (*Chapter 1: Introduction*; *Chapter 6: Preparing for the Impacts*)

- **Water Shortages:** Due to rising temperatures, the Sierra Nevada mountain snowpack, which supplies much of California's water, could decrease by 80% by century's end. This threatens drinking, agricultural water supplies, and hydropower generation. Water shortages are thereby significant considerations for resilience policies. (*Chapter 1: Introduction*)

- **Public Health Threats:** Increasing temperatures and extreme heat events could exacerbate air pollution, lead to intensified heat waves, and increase the range for infectious diseases. Vulnerable populations such as children, the elderly, and people who are already ill could be most affected. Public health is therefore a major focus in adaptation efforts. (*Chapter 1: Introduction*; *Chapter 6: Preparing for the Impacts*)

- **Increased Wildfire Incidence:** The risk of large wildfires in California might increase by as much as 55% by the end of the century, posing a significant danger to both natural and human systems. (*Chapter 1: Introduction*)

Policies in the plan advocate for multi-level collaboration to enhance resilience, as well as strategic planning for adaptation to these anticipated impacts. Examples include developing an adaptive plan to address water resource management and building infrastructure adaptive capacity in anticipation of these climatic changes. (*Chapter 6: Adapting to a Changing Climate*)

**1. Rising Sea Levels**

- **Climate Hazard:** "The San Francisco Bay rose seven inches over the past 150 years. Estimates are that by 2100, the bay could rise up to a meter." (Executive Summary)
  
- **Climate Risks:** "Threats to coastal infrastructure due to a rising San Francisco bay." (Executive Summary)
  
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Coastal developments in Berkeley are particularly vulnerable to sea-level rise. There is a concern about whether Berkeley’s coastal development is vulnerable and if there should be limits on new coastal development to avoid these hazards. (Chapter 6: Preparing for the Impacts)

**2. Increased Incidence of Large Wildfires**

- **Climate Hazard:** "The risk of large wildfires in California could increase by as much as 55% by century’s end." (Executive Summary)
  
- **Climate Risks:** This increase in wildfire risk affects areas with urban-wildland interfaces and could severely impact natural resources and infrastructure.

- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** While specific areas or populations within Berkeley are not detailed, regions adjacent to wildland areas are suggested to be at risk.

**3. Serious Public Health Threats from Increased Temperatures**

- **Climate Hazard:** "Increasing temperatures exacerbate local air pollution, lead to intensified heat waves, and expand the range for infectious diseases." (Executive Summary)
  
- **Climate Risks:** This results in "dehydration, heat exhaustion, and respiratory distress, among other things." (Chapter 6: Preparing for the Impacts)

- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** "Children, the elderly, and people who are already ill are especially at risk." (Chapter 6: Preparing for the Impacts)

**4. Water Shortages**

- **Climate Hazard:** "Rising temperatures causing the Sierra Nevada mountain snowpack that supplies much of the state’s water supply to potentially decrease by 80% by century’s end." (Executive Summary)
  
- **Climate Risks:** This decrease poses a threat to drinking and agricultural water supplies as well as hydropower generation and the health of the state’s creeks and rivers.

- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Regions depending on the Sierra Nevada mountain snowpack for water supply would be vulnerable.

**5. Flooding and Coastal Erosion Due to Severe Storms**

- **Climate Hazard:** "As global temperatures continue to increase, the combination of rising sea levels and increasingly severe winter storms is expected to cause more frequent flooding and the associated coastal erosion and damage to infrastructure." (Chapter 6: Adapting to a Changing Climate)
  
- **Climate Risks:** This could result in property damage associated with flooding and coastal erosion.

- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** "Coastal cities such as Berkeley should increase preparedness through enhancing local capacity to manage stormwater and coastal floods." (Chapter 6: Adapting to a Changing Climate)

1. **Collaborative Process for Preparedness**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option addresses climate change impacts broadly, including vulnerabilities to infrastructure, public health, the economy, energy, urban forest, and water resources. 
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** No specific cost or timeframe details are provided. However, the plan emphasizes collaboration with neighboring cities and relevant regional and state agencies.
     - By conducting a regional climate vulnerability assessment, the community can prioritize resource allocation for adaptive management strategies.
     - The assessment and process should account for emerging climate science to keep the region's preparedness strategic and effective.

2. **Climate Change Adaptation Strategic Plan**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addresses a wider range of impacts from climate change, such as sea level rise, increased temperatures, and extreme weather events.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific cost or timeframe is not detailed, but involves local governments in a coalition supported by regional and state agencies.
     - The plan should serve as a blueprint for regional resilience and integrate with the state Climate Adaptation Strategy.
     - Key components include raising public awareness, building partnerships across sectors and regions, and increasing the adaptive capacity of regional infrastructure.

3. **Water Conservation and Efficiency**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Focuses on the impact of climate change on the region’s water resources, including potential shortage scenarios.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** No specific costs are outlined, but actions involve local partnerships, including working with the East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD).
     - Emphasizes examining new local groundwater sources and encourages water recycling and gray water use.
     - The outreach and local guidelines would align with the Building Code to conserve water and energy used in water treatment and transportation.

4. **Public Awareness and Partnerships**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** General climate change impacts across sectors.
   - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Not specified, but involves strong partnerships and public awareness campaigns across public health, environment, economic development, and public works sectors.
     - The plan aims to build strong cross-sectoral and regional partnerships to improve communication and reduce vulnerabilities.
     - This includes increasing the region’s infrastructure adaptive capacity and engaging a task force of experts for input in adaptive planning.

**General Attributes Observed in Resilience Options:**
- Each option emphasizes collaboration and partnerships, indicating a community-wide approach is crucial for resilience.
- Adaptive strategies are informed by current and emerging climate science.
- Economic considerations include aligning with ongoing regional infrastructure investments and resource conservation to balance implementation costs with long-term savings.

The plan identifies several mitigation options, each with specific details regarding cost, timing, location, and other important attributes. Here is a summary:

### **1. Sustainable Transportation & Land Use**
- **Cost:** The plan suggests implementation will provide cost savings through reduced vehicle miles and increased energy efficiency.
- **Timing:** Actions are targeted for short, medium, and long-term implementation.
- **Location:** Community-wide, focusing on areas less accessible to public transit.
- **Attributes:** Strategies include increasing public transit safety and frequency, expanding mobility options, implementing Bicycle and Pedestrian Plans, and incentivizing low-carbon vehicles. (*Executive Summary – City of Berkeley Climate Action Plan*)

### **2. Building Energy Use**
- **Cost:** Measures suggest cost savings exceed implementation costs; estimated savings in residential sector exceed costs by $28 million, and $75 million net savings for the commercial sector is expected by 2020.
- **Timing:** Targeted for full realization by 2020, with short-term implementation measures included.
- **Location:** Focus on residential, commercial, and public buildings.
- **Attributes:** Aims to achieve zero net energy in new construction, enhance energy efficiency standards, and develop local renewable energy supplies. (*Chapter 4 – City of Berkeley Climate Action Plan*)

### **3. Waste Reduction & Recycling**
- **Cost:** Emphasizes eliminating waste at the source to reduce costs.
- **Timing:** Implement short-term priorities before 2010, while continuing through the medium and long-term.
- **Location:** Community-wide, including residential and non-residential buildings.
- **Attributes:** Enhances recycling, composting, and source reduction services and expands recyclable materials. (*Executive Summary – City of Berkeley Climate Action Plan*)

### **4. Community Outreach & Empowerment**
- **Cost:** No specific cost details provided, focus on mobilizing resources and efforts.
- **Timing:** Included in short-term goals with ongoing efforts.
- **Location:** Community-wide involvement.
- **Attributes:** Focuses on launching education campaigns, increasing opportunities for students, and training City government. (*Executive Summary – City of Berkeley Climate Action Plan*)

### **5. Preparing for Climate Change Impacts**
- **Cost:** Public funding and strategic investments are necessary; private sector investments are emphasized.
- **Timing:** Preparation is essential alongside immediate actions.
- **Location:** Collaborations with local, regional, and state agencies.
- **Attributes:** Partners with agencies to develop a climate adaptation plan, ensuring equitable burden sharing and preparedness. (*Executive Summary – City of Berkeley Climate Action Plan*)

Additionally, these actions and others aim to facilitate significant reductions in GHG emissions while addressing barriers, such as market barriers preventing savings, and emphasize the societal co-benefits like improved public health and increased demand for green jobs. (*Chapter 8 – City of Berkeley Climate Action Plan*)

The plan identifies several mitigation options, categorized under different areas of focus. Here is a summary of each, including information on cost, timeframe, location, and other important attributes:

- **Options:**
  - Increase public transit safety, reliability, and frequency.
  - Expand mobility options like car share pods and shuttle buses.
  - Implement city’s Bicycle and Pedestrian Plans to encourage walking and cycling.
  - Incentivize low-carbon vehicles, such as electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids.

- **Cost & Timeframe:**
  - Cost details are not explicitly provided, but it is indicated that some actions can be implemented with funding for fiscal years 2009-2010.
  - Timeframe for some actions is set for short-term implementation (prior to the end of 2010).

  - Action would take place throughout the city, with a focus on transit development areas.

  - Benefits include reduced local air pollutants, improved public health, and creating local green jobs. (Executive Summary – City of Berkeley Climate Action Plan ES4)

  - Retrofit existing buildings for energy efficiency and promote renewable energy like solar.
  - Aim for zero net energy performance in new constructions by 2020.
  - Increase energy efficiency in public buildings.

  - Estimated net savings for the community from energy efficiency measures in the residential sector is $28 million by 2020. For the commercial sector, it's $75 million. Appendices provide further cost assumptions.
  - Timeframes include achieving certain measures by 2020.

  - Focus on residential, commercial, and public buildings throughout the city.

  - Energy retrofits could unlock both energy and cost savings, enhancing demand for energy upgrade services. (Chapter 4 – City of Berkeley Climate Action Plan)

  - Maximize recycling and source reduction services.
  - Expand the types of materials recycled locally.

  - Specific cost information is not provided.
  - Timeframe includes short-term and ongoing efforts.

  - Implemented within residential and non-residential buildings citywide.

  - Aim to eliminate waste at the source, which could involve extended producer responsibility. (Executive Summary – City of Berkeley Climate Action Plan ES5)

  - Coordinate outreach to engage residents, businesses, and students on climate action.
  
  - Costs are integrated into the program's funding but not specifically detailed.
  - Timeframes for outreach are ongoing and adaptive to needs.

  - Citywide initiatives with involvement from various community sectors.

  - Crucial for fostering behavioral change necessary to achieve broader plan goals. (Executive Summary – City of Berkeley Climate Action Plan ES5)

### **5. Renewable Energy Development**

  - Develop a local, clean, decentralized renewable energy supply, particularly through solar installations on buildings.

  - The primary barrier is the upfront cost, with targets set to eliminate 11,600 MTCO2e per year by 2020 through solar installations.

  - Targeted towards both residential and non-residential buildings.

  - City aims to tackle market barriers to solar adoption. (Chapter 4 – City of Berkeley Climate Action Plan)

These mitigation options form part of the broader strategic initiatives under the City of Berkeley Climate Action Plan intended to significantly reduce GHG emissions and enhance the City's sustainability goals.

Based on the provided document, the City of Berkeley Climate Action Plan outlines several adaptation options:

1. **Conducting a Vulnerability Assessment:**
   - **Climate Threat:** This option addresses various climate change impacts, including risks to infrastructure, public health, economy, and energy, as well as urban forest and water resources.
   - **Attributes:** It's a collaborative effort with neighboring cities and state agencies to assess regional climate vulnerability. The assessment should be updated based on emerging climate science to assist in prioritizing resource allocation for adaptive management strategies. The timeframe and specific costs are not explicitly mentioned, but it emphasizes keeping the assessment up-to-date (Chapter 6).

2. **Developing and Implementing a Strategic Plan for Climate Change Adaptation:**
   - **Climate Threat:** Addresses the overall impacts of climate change with the goal of making the region more resilient.
   - **Attributes:** This involves forming a coalition of local governments to create a preparedness vision and set goals for climate adaptation. The plan would include measures to increase public awareness, build partnerships across sectors, and increase adaptive capacity of infrastructure. Cost, timeframe, and location specifics are not detailed, but the collaboration and comprehensive nature of the plan indicate it would be an ongoing effort (Chapter 6).

3. **Partnering to Encourage Water Conservation and Efficiency:**
   - **Climate Threat:** This option targets potential water shortages due to climate change impacts.
   - **Attributes:** Specific actions include examining local groundwater sources, encouraging water recycling and gray water use, and partnering with the East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD) to provide water-saving incentives. The importance of local and regional partnership, as well as community outreach, is emphasized. No specific costs or timeframes are provided, but the focus is on ongoing efforts to expand and diversify the water supply and promote efficient usage (Chapter 6).

These adaptation options collectively aim to enhance resilience to various climate threats, though specific costs, precise locations, and timeframes are not extensively detailed within the brief excerpts provided.

The plan identifies various areas where climate policies could intersect with advancing climate justice, although it does not explicitly label them as "climate justice" initiatives. Below is a summary of relevant climate policies aimed at addressing equity and justice, along with the associated threats and vulnerable populations:

### **1. Climate Protection Policies**
- **Climate Threat**: General threats from climate change, including sea-level rise, increased temperatures, extreme weather events, and other associated impacts.
- **Vulnerable Populations**: All residents of Berkeley are implied, but the plan emphasizes the importance of addressing "social justice, local economic vitality, public health, and dependence on oil" which affect disadvantaged communities disproportionately.
   - It states, "At the same time, our community must ensure that the solutions we propose and implement are sensitive to a broader set of societal concerns such as social justice, local economic vitality, public health, and dependence on oil, a finite resource" (Executive Summary – City of Berkeley Climate Action Plan ES1).

### **2. Preparing for Climate Change Impacts**
- **Climate Threat**: Sea-level rise, threats to water supply, increased incidence of large wildfires, serious public health threats, and water shortages.
- **Vulnerable Populations**: The elderly, children, people with pre-existing health conditions, and those living in areas prone to flooding or wildfires.
   - The plan underscores that, "Children, the elderly, and people who are already ill are especially at risk" (Chapter 6 – City of Berkeley Climate Action Plan).

### **3. Community Outreach & Empowerment**
- **Climate Threat**: General climate change impacts.
- **Vulnerable Populations**: Members of the community who are less informed or have been historically excluded from environmental decision-making processes.
   - An implementing action includes launching "a coordinated outreach and education campaign to mobilize residents, businesses, and industry" (Chapter 7 – City of Berkeley Climate Action Plan).

While the document recognizes the need to consider "social justice, local economic vitality, [and] public health" in solutions, it doesn't explicitly list distinct climate policies specifically targeting climate justice. The focus on creating equitable solutions and community empowerment indirectly addresses climate justice by aiming to involve and protect vulnerable populations.

Based strictly on the content provided in the plan, here are potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies:

1. **Policy: In preparation for rising sea-levels and more severe storms, partner with local, regional, and state agencies to reduce the property damage associated with flooding and coastal erosion**  
   - **The climate threat it is addressing:**  
     - This policy addresses the threat of *rising sea levels* and *increasingly severe winter storms*, which can lead to more frequent flooding and coastal erosion, causing damage to infrastructure.  

   - **The resilience, mitigation, or adaptation option that the climate policy proposes:**  
     - The policy includes *enhancing local capacity to manage stormwater and coastal floods*.  

   - **Why it may cause inadvertent maladaption:**  
     - If not carefully implemented, *development that does not consider the long-term impacts of sea-level rise* or *flood potential* might increase vulnerabilities instead of reducing them. For example, development reviews that do not adequately assess flood risks might inadvertently permit constructions that are not sufficiently adaptive to future conditions (Chapter 6 – City of Berkeley Climate Action Plan).

2. **Policy: Encourage the development of green roofs by providing local outreach and guidelines consistent with the Building Code**  
     - This policy addresses the threats related to *urban heat islands* and *stormwater runoff*.  

     - The option is to *implement green roofs* to help retain stormwater and reduce runoff and temperatures.  

     - Green roofs, if not designed to handle *local climatic and weather-specific conditions*, might exacerbate issues such as structural weight that buildings cannot bear or might require more maintenance or water resources than anticipated, reducing their efficacy or increasing energy use (Chapter 6 – City of Berkeley Climate Action Plan).

- **Why it may cause inadvertent maladaption:**  

3. **Policy: Expand local tree planting efforts and continue to maintain the health of existing trees**  
     - This policy addresses *extreme heat events* by aiming to reduce local air temperatures and *air pollution* through increased tree cover.  

     - The option proposed is *urban forestry and the expansion of tree planting initiatives*.  

     - Planting trees without considering water availability might increase local water demand, especially during drought periods. Additionally, selecting inappropriate tree species can result in higher water consumption or possibly damage local biodiversity (Chapter 6 – City of Berkeley Climate Action Plan).

**Metrics and Tracking for Success or Failure**

The plan measures success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options through several metrics, including reductions in CO2 emissions and other quantifiable impacts. Here are the specifics mentioned in the plan:

- **Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions:**
  - The **2020 target** is to achieve a **33% absolute reduction** below 2000 community-wide emissions levels, equating to an **annual GHG emissions reduction of over 188,000 metric tons CO2e by the year 2020** (Chapter 2).
  - The long-term target set is an **80% reduction** below 2000 levels by 2050 (Executive Summary).

- **Implementation Costs and Savings:**
  - Estimated savings and cost benefits are outlined, such as achieving a **35% reduction in building energy use** through energy efficiency and renewable energy resulting in **cumulative savings exceeding costs by an estimated $28 million** for the residential sector by 2020 (Chapter 8).
  
- **Regular Emissions Inventory:**
  - Conducting greenhouse gas emissions inventories at least every other year to track aggregate emissions (Chapter 8).

**Goals and Targets**

- **Short-term, Medium-term, and Long-term Implementation:**
  - Each action in the plan is designated with an implementation timeframe (short, medium, or long-term) referring specifically to different core objectives like sustainable transportation, building energy use, and waste reduction (Chapter 8).

- **Sustainable Transportation:**
  - Efforts to **reduce vehicle miles traveled** and to **accelerate implementation** of Bicycle and Pedestrian Plans (Executive Summary).

- **Building Energy Use:**
  - Strive for **zero net energy performance in new construction** by 2020 (Executive Summary).

- **Long-term Climate Goals:**
  - Maintaining a **focus on achieving the ultimate 2050 target**, with a sustained reduction trajectory towards **80% below 2000 levels** (Chapter 2).

The plan has clear objectives for emissions reduction through specific yearly targets and relies on consistent reporting and community engagement to evaluate the progress towards achieving set goals.

| **Feature**          | **Details**                                                                                                                  |
|----------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name**  | City of Berkeley                                                                                                            |
| **Population**          | Not explicitly stated in the document                                                                                       |
| **Threats Identified**  | - Threats to coastal infrastructure due to a rising San Francisco Bay ("the Bay could rise up to a meter by 2100") <br> - Increased incidence of large wildfires ("The risk of large wildfires in California could increase by as much as 55% by century’s end") <br> - Serious public health threats ("Increasing temperatures exacerbate local air pollution") <br> - Water shortages ("Sierra Nevada mountain snowpack...could decrease by 80% by century’s end") |
| **Measures Identified** | - Emphasize energy efficiency and renewable energy in buildings ("Strive to achieve zero net energy performance in new construction by 2020") <br> - Waste reduction & recycling ("Enhance recycling, composting, and source reduction services") <br> - Community outreach & empowerment ("Launch a coordinated outreach and education campaign") <br> - Preparing for climate change impacts ("Partner with local, regional, and state agencies to develop a plan of action for climate adaptation") |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction:** City of Charlotte, North Carolina.

- Charlotte is located in the state of North Carolina in the United States.
- The document does not provide specific information on major geographic features such as mountains, rivers, deserts, or coastlines specific to Charlotte.
- The city's infrastructure includes being a vibrant and growing city, with no mention of specific infrastructure like airports or seaports.

- The plan states that Charlotte is a vibrant and growing city with over 40 people moving to the city each day, although it does not specify the total current population or detailed demographic information.

- The document does not specify the average income.

- The document does not provide specific information about the local climate, aridity, or water challenges.

- Nearly all the energy in Charlotte is supplied by Duke Energy Carolinas (DEC), with a small remainder supplied by Energy United. This indicates a reliance on regulated utilities for electricity and natural gas.
- The SEAP aims to increase the use of renewable energy and decentralized energy supplies to reduce reliance on fossil fuels.
- The presence of initiatives like the Renewable Energy Transition Initiative (RETI) and projects like a possible solar panel array at the Statesville Avenue Landfill property suggests movement towards renewable energy.

- The document mentions the focus on sustainable growth and resilience, aligning with the Global Covenant of Mayors (GCoM).
- Economic opportunities include retrofitting for energy efficiency, solar PV installation, and transitioning to electric motors in vehicles.
- North Carolina is noted for its leadership in clean energy, specifically ranking third in the US for solar power production.
- There is a focus on equitable economic development and job creation in cleaner energy sectors.
  
The document highlights significant engagement with a variety of stakeholders, including local governments, private sectors, utilities, NGOs, and universities, to implement the SEAP and create a low-carbon and resilient future.

The plan places a significant emphasis on building resilience. It outlines the development and implementation of Resilient Innovation Districts (RIDs) aimed at delivering low carbon, resilient approaches. This includes addressing both "shocks and stresses" that weaken the city, such as climatic events and socio-economic issues like income inequality or high unemployment. The plan acknowledges the necessity of engaging with stakeholders to understand vulnerabilities across various community and institutional levels. The concept of resilience is underscored as an ability to deal with acute shocks and chronic stresses, aligning with the strategy to establish structures to transition to a low carbon future. The resilience aspect is addressed through initiatives like *“RETI: Renewable Energy Transition Initiative,”* which focuses on decreasing energy costs for families with high energy burdens (page 45, page 26, page 3).

Mitigation efforts in the plan are strongly highlighted through its goal of transitioning to a low carbon future by focusing on reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The SEAP is described as a strategic framework aimed at achieving a "low carbon, resilient Charlotte," with a focus on reducing GHG emissions by transitioning to a low carbon energy future. The plan details “11 Action Areas” which provide targeted guidance for energy consumption reduction and renewable energy generation. One such action explicitly includes striving toward 100% zero carbon municipal buildings and city fleet by 2030, as well as broader city-wide initiatives aligning with international commitments like the Paris Climate Accord (page 6, page 17, page 47).

Adaptation is addressed as part of the SEAP's broader efforts to build a sustainable and resilient future. The plan proposes developing smart data approaches and resilient innovation districts that accommodate future urban growth in a sustainable manner, adjusting to climate impacts over time. By supporting community empowerment and informed decision-making, the plan encourages adaptive behaviors to climate impacts. The plan also incorporates recommendations involving physical projects aimed at achieving a low-carbon future, which inherently implies adapting infrastructure to be more resilient to climate impacts (page 26, page 45, page 47).

Given the plan's substantial emphasis on both reducing emissions (mitigation) and building the city's capacity to withstand and adapt to climate impacts (resilience and adaptation), the plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. The SEAP integrates both efforts into its framework, aiming to transition Charlotte to a low carbon, resilient future.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change that Charlotte, the planning jurisdiction, will face and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. The scenario involves Charlotte's commitment to a low carbon and resilient future by 2050, aligning with the Paris Climate Agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The plan highlights several key components:

- **Population Growth and Economic Scenarios:** Projections indicate a population growth of 1.1 million by 2030 and 1.4 million by 2050, with economic growth scenarios varying between 1.5% and 2.5% annually (Page 34).

- **Emissions Reduction Targets:** The plan sets ambitious targets for GHG emissions reduction, aiming to achieve emissions reductions by 2050, with targeted reductions by 2030 (Page 34).

- **Sources of Emissions Reduction:** The largest emissions reductions are expected to come from residential and commercial buildings, followed by transportation, largely driven by a low carbon electricity supply. Efforts in energy efficiency in building stock and appliances, along with transportation electrification, are emphasized (Page 34).

- **Renewable and Low Carbon Energy Supply:** A significant factor in the scenarios is a focus on low carbon energy supply, specifically nuclear power, to extend plant lifespans. This aligns with Duke Energy’s Integrated Resource Plan (Page 34).

This action plan forms part of Charlotte's broader resiliency strategy to ensure that the city grows sustainably and remains resilient to climate impacts. The plan emphasizes the engagement of multiple stakeholders, including corporations, utilities, and communities, to achieve these goals (Page 3, Page 6).

Based strictly on the content provided, the SEAP does not explicitly mention or describe specific climate hazards or provide details about the climate risks they pose to the planning jurisdiction. Additionally, there is no information about areas or populations with climate vulnerability to identified hazards within the text. Therefore, it is not possible to generate a numbered list of climate hazards from the plan without further content or context from the document.

#### 1. Resilient Innovation Districts (RIDs)

- **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:** 
  - RIDs are designed to deal with shocks and stresses, including climatic events like floods and other forms of environmental and economic disruptions. The goal is to establish “low carbon, resilient approaches” for addressing vulnerabilities that span communities, government agencies, city departments, businesses, and utilities. (ACTION AREA 4)

  - While the document doesn’t provide specific costs, it does suggest that these are “low carbon approaches” which may imply cost savings over time. The timeframe involves a formalization of the concept through dialogue with all relevant stakeholders and in line with The Comprehensive Plan Process in FY21. There is mention of RIDs being deployed in different areas of Charlotte to maximize impact.

  - RIDs will result in “maximizing job opportunities” and serve as a platform for economic mobility. They also aim to deliver resilient and sustainable business models that can be scaled and adapted to other regions. These districts will pilot projects to "overcome barriers due to policies and regulations," reduce emissions, create jobs, and bring finance opportunities to Charlotte. (ACTION AREA 4, Internal Action Areas)

#### 2. Energy Decentralization

  - The threat of dependency on finite resources like oil, gas, and coal. A stable grid with reliable, locally generated energy is essential for resilience against climatic disruptions that affect energy supply. 

  - No specific cost details are provided. Decentralization efforts are part of the SEAP, which is continuously updated every two years, ensuring a consistent approach towards a low carbon future for Charlotte.

  - This approach will drive an increase in renewable energy usage, localized energy generation, and zero carbon energy procurement. It aims to minimize environmental impacts while maximizing energy reliability. The SEAP emphasizes the importance of these initiatives for ensuring Charlotte’s resilience and economic stability. (Resiliency)

#### 3. Internal Training and Data Utilization

  - Inefficient data use could lead to missed opportunities for developing resilience against climate threats through informed decision-making.

  - The plan proposes annual training on data opportunities and integration, emphasizing employing data visualization techniques such as dashboards. There is also a strong focus on the internalization of the long-term energy vision during FY20 and practice standardization in 2021.

  - Improved data use is expected to facilitate the transition to a low carbon future by promoting informed decision-making across departments, leading to greater resilience and economic efficiency. The SEAP highlights a need for clarity in communication to engage the community and reduce vulnerabilities. (Task 2, Task 3, Step 1-3)

#### 4. Retrofitting Vehicles to Electric Drivetrains

  - The transition to sustainable energy sources to counteract the reliance on fossil fuels, reducing emissions which contribute to climate change.

  - There is an intention to pilot retrofitting at the City maintenance facility, which suggests a localized initiative within Charlotte, particularly through the Fleet Maintenance Advisory Team. No specific cost data is available for the pilot.

  - This initiative provides job opportunities and aligns with the City’s circular economy strategy. It's part of Charlotte's approach to creating a sustainable energy future by using technology to retrofit existing resources, thus extending their life and reducing waste. (Task 4, Step 1-4)

The plan identifies several mitigation options as part of its strategy to achieve a low carbon, resilient Charlotte. Below are summaries of the mitigation options mentioned, including any available information on cost, timing, location, and other important attributes:

1. **Energy Service Company (ESCO) Model**:
   - **Cost, Timing, and Location**: The plan does not specify exact costs or timing but suggests that the ESCO model could be applied to help achieve 2030 municipal goals by taking on energy efficiency projects. The City would explore this option as it acts as a project developer and assumes technical and performance risks. The compensation is tied to energy cost savings. This approach is intended to streamline efforts citywide and would likely be deployed across municipal facilities.
   - **Other Attributes**: This model is performance-based and links a company's compensation directly to actual energy cost savings, enabling reinvestment into energy efficiency projects (Chapter: Innovative Funding).

2. **Shift Energy Demand**:
   - **Cost, Timing, and Location**: Specific costs are not mentioned, but the plan outlines short-term (1–3 years) and mid-term (4–7 years) goals. The plan includes implementing renewable technologies like photovoltaic (PV) battery storage on electric vehicles (EVs) and in parking facilities (Chapter: Short Term Goals and Objectives, Mid-Term Goals and Objectives).
   - **Other Attributes**: This also involves piloting internal transportation systems such as light-duty driver pools and expanding teleconferencing to reduce travel needs.

3. **Reduce Energy Consumed**:
   - **Cost, Timing, and Location**: Specific cost details are not provided, but timing is segmented into short-term and mid-term objectives like conducting energy audits and implementing training programs for energy efficiency improvements.
   - **Other Attributes**: The plan mentions centralizing fleet operations to improve fuel usage efficiency and exploring ice storage opportunities at city facilities (Chapter: Short Term Goals and Objectives, Mid-Term Goals and Objectives).

4. **Change Energy Consumed**:
   - **Cost, Timing, and Location**: The plan indicates short-term goals for expanding EV charging stations and replacing gas heating systems, though exact costs are not detailed.
   - **Other Attributes**: This is coupled with the shift towards alternative fuels for city vehicles and installing solar arrays on municipal properties (Chapter: Short Term Goals and Objectives, Mid-Term Goals and Objectives).

5. **Generate Energy On-Site**:
   - **Cost, Timing, and Location**: No concrete cost details; efforts such as evaluating biogas production at wastewater treatment plants are included. The mid-term objectives also involve integrating solar energy solutions.
   - **Other Attributes**: Emphasis on implementing net-zero ready construction standards for new city buildings is highlighted (Chapter: Short Term Goals and Objectives, Mid-Term Goals and Objectives).

Overall, the plan emphasizes a comprehensive approach to mitigation, integrating technology upgrades, infrastructure improvements, and creating partnerships to drive efficiencies and emission reductions across municipal operations.

### **1. Shift Energy Demand**
  - Implementing PV Battery Storage on EVs and parking decks at CMGC.
- **Timeframe:** Short-term (2019-2022).
- **Cost and Location:** Specific cost details are not provided. Implementation is at city-owned facilities.

### **2. Reduce Energy Consumed**
  - Conducting staff training and behavior change to increase efficiency, reduce fossil fuel usage, reduce mileage, and increase confidence in alternative fuels (e.g., EV Rodeo).
  - Conducting energy audits and deep energy retrofits.
- **Timeframe:** Short-term (2019-2022) for audits and retrofits.
- **Cost and Location:** Cost details are not specified. Location includes various city-owned facilities.

### **3. Change Energy Consumed**
  - Expanding EV charging stations to 10 city facilities, using solar where practical.
  - Increasing the number of alternative fuel vehicles.
- **Timeframe:** Not explicitly mentioned.
- **Cost and Location:** Implementation at city facilities.

### **4. Generate Energy On Site**
  - Evaluating WWTP Biogas.
  - Installing Solar Array at the Statesville Landfill property and other large city-owned properties.
- **Timeframe:** Mid-term (2023-2026).
- **Cost and Location:** Specific costs not detailed. Location includes the Statesville Landfill and potentially other large city properties.

### **5. Purchase the Remainder**
- **Details:** Assessing power purchase agreements (PPAs) with Duke to purchase solar or wind.
- **Timeframe:** Not explicitly mentioned for short-term goals.
- **Cost and Location:** Details not specified.

### **6. ESCO Model**
  - Exploring the Energy Service Company (ESCO) model for implementing energy efficiency projects.
- **Cost and Location:** Financing method not specified, applicable city-wide.

Overall, the plan emphasizes the **SEAP** as "an ambitious, aggressive action plan for delivering a low carbon, resilient Charlotte" involving multiple stakeholders and various implementation phases (Action Plan, chapters). Specific cost details are not consistently provided for each option, emphasizing the need to explore additional funding opportunities (Innovative Funding).

1. **Develop and Implement Resilient Innovation Districts (RIDs)**

     - The RIDs address climatic shocks such as floods and other stresses like income inequality, unemployment, lack of affordable housing, poor education, and high crime rates. (*ACTION AREA 4*)

     - **Location:** These districts combine elements of Energy Innovation Zones (EIZs), Resilient Innovation Neighborhoods, and Smart Cities concepts. 
     - **Cost and Timeframe:** No specific cost or timeframe is provided in the plan for RIDs beyond their integration into the overarching long-term goals set by the SEAP, which spans until 2050.
     - **Important Attributes:** They aim to deliver low carbon, resilient approaches and establish business models for broader deployment. Effective stakeholder engagement is emphasized to understand vulnerabilities.

2. **Resilience/Adaptation Assessment**

     - This assessment is part of the resilience/adaptation planning to address climate-related risks and vulnerabilities across city systems. (*Step 5: Appoint a member of CREDIT to compile the resilience assessment*)

     - **Cost:** No cost is specified for conducting these assessments.
     - **Timeframe:** The resilience assessment needs to be performed annually.
     - **Location:** Applies across city departments involved in resilience planning.
     - **Important Attributes:** Conducted through workshops involving relevant department members and is part of an annual reporting mechanism.

3. **Biennial Review of SEAP**

     - Addresses various climate threats by ensuring that the SEAP remains relevant amidst technological advances, new research findings, and changes in government policies. (*The SEAP has been designated a living document*)

     - **Cost:** The plan does not specify the cost of conducting reviews.
     - **Timeframe:** Reviews are set biennially, supporting the overarching long-term targets by 2050.
     - **Location:** City-wide application ensuring all components of SEAP are aligned with current conditions.
     - **Important Attributes:** The review will help realign the SEAP and identify any known risks affecting implementation.

These adaptation options illustrate the plan’s consideration of building resilience through structural and strategic measures, with an emphasis on annual review and periodic reassessment to mitigate climate impacts effectively.

Based on the document, the Charlotte Strategic Energy Action Plan (SEAP) does not explicitly mention specific policies solely dedicated to advancing climate justice. However, the plan does include goals and initiatives that touch upon equitable considerations within its broader strategy. Below is a summary of relevant information:

### Vision Statement
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** The SEAP overarching vision is to ensure "equity and resilience - for today’s and future generations" while addressing climate change.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** This general vision implies a focus on equitable outcomes for all communities within Charlotte, without specifying particular vulnerable groups or neighborhoods.

### Energy Poverty Initiatives
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Energy poverty, which can exacerbate the effects of climate change by making it difficult for low-income families to afford necessary cooling or heating.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** "Many low-income families in Charlotte" who spend a significant portion of their income on energy costs are most affected. The plan notes the challenge of energy poverty despite slightly lower energy costs compared to the national average. 

### Community Engagement and Education
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Lack of information and understanding about energy consumption and climate impacts.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** All Charlotteans, particularly those in underrepresented or under-resourced communities, are provided with educational tools to make informed decisions regarding energy generation and consumption.

### General Remarks on Equity and Community Action
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Various climate impacts resulting from insufficient engagement and inclusion in climate action planning.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** The plan aims to leverage broad community engagement, implicitly focusing on integrating diverse stakeholders, including marginalized and vulnerable community members, although it does not specify particular groups.

While the SEAP includes elements that support climate justice principles, the details regarding specific policies targeting vulnerable populations directly are not explicitly outlined in the provided excerpts.

Based on the given plan, the following are the potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies:

1. **Policy: Modifying Procurement Practices**

   - **Addressed Climate Threat:** The goal is to "stimulate a local green economy," addressing general sustainability and economic resilience.
   
   - **Option Proposed:** *"There is opportunity within the City to develop and improve current procurement practices to give a greater sustainability focus."* ("General Procurement Practices")
   
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** While the intent is to boost the local economy and sustainability through green procurement, stringent procurement requirements could inadvertently raise costs for the city, limiting the ability to invest in other critical resilience or adaptation projects. Additionally, if not managed carefully, it might inadvertently exclude small or local businesses that cannot meet these new procurement standards, which could hurt local economic resilience rather than help it.

2. **Policy: Reducing Tree Canopy Removal**

   - **Addressed Climate Threat:** Loss of tree canopy is linked to increased GHG emissions and can exacerbate the Urban Heat Island Effect.
   
   - **Option Proposed:** "Charlotte’s trees provide a cooling effect to the City, helping to drop temperatures caused by the Urban Heat Island Effect" and act as a "carbon sink." ("Charlotte’s Urban Forest")
   
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** Strict policies against tree removal could hinder urban development and expansion, potentially causing conflicts with other city planning needs. There's a need to balance tree preservation with city growth and development, and without that balance, it might slow down necessary development projects or lead to increased costs if alternate planning approaches must be adopted.

3. **Policy: Energy Efficiency via Resilient Innovation Districts (RIDs)**

   - **Addressed Climate Threat:** High GHG emissions from buildings and transportation.
   
   - **Option Proposed:** Establishment of RIDs as integrated energy-efficient zones using *“energy efficient projects and renovations for neighborhoods”*. ("ACTION AREA 4: DEVELOP AND IMPLEMENT RESILIENT INNOVATION DISTRICTS (RIDS)")
   
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** While RIDs aim to reduce emissions and advance innovation, there's a risk that focusing heavily on certain districts could lead to uneven development and neglect of areas that are not designated as RIDs. If resource allocation is disproportionately focused on RIDs, other areas might become more vulnerable, inadvertently increasing overall city vulnerability to climate impacts.

To mitigate these potential maladaptations, it's vital to ensure inclusive and flexible planning that anticipates potential drawbacks in implementation.

The plan outlines several metrics to measure the success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options. While specific units and quantifiable impacts are not abundantly detailed, the following aspects are highlighted:

**1. Emissions Inventory:**

- The plan uses a "Global Protocol for Cities (GPC) methodology" for assessing energy and emissions, which involves the annual submission to CDP (formerly the Carbon Disclosure Project). **[Task 4: Annually Monitor and Submit Emissions Inventory and Questionnaire to CDP]**
  
**2. Training and Data Utilization:**

- Staff training focuses on data opportunities and integration with an emphasis on "data visualization techniques employed - potentially using dashboards." **[Task 3: Standardize Data-based Decision Making into Practice in 2021]**

**3. Climate Justice and Equity:**

- The plan outlines an emphasis on "creating a strong culture of data-driven decision making, and begin to create a narrative that drives collaboration among residents, businesses, and the City." **[Monitoring and Reporting Structure]**

**1. 2030 Goals:**

- Achieve the "City target for sourcing 100% zero carbon energy for municipal buildings and transportation by 2030." **[Delivering the Plan]**

**2. Zero Carbon Building and Vehicles:**

- Campaigns aimed at promoting zero carbon buildings and vehicles were to be deployed by 2020 to maximize visibility and impact. **[Task 2: Create a Striking Visual for Zero Carbon Buildings and Vehicles in FY20]**

**3. Resilient Innovation Districts (RIDs):**

- These districts are designed to ensure resilience and maximize economic advantage while working towards the goal of reducing CO2e emissions. **[Action Area 4: Develop and Implement Resilient Innovation Districts (RIDS)]**

**4. Per Capita Target:**

- A science-based target aiming for "peak global GHG emissions by 2030 and reduce them by at least half by 2050." **[A Science-Based Target]**

### General Framework

- The plan is set for a long-term action timeline of 32 years, concluding in 2050, with biennial reviews to realign and address any known risks or issues affecting plan implementation. **[Delivering the Plan]**

- A major emphasis is on building comprehensive "Resilient Innovation Districts" as part of the commitment to transition to a low carbon future. **[Action Area 4]**

### Conclusion

The plan outlines a structured approach to measure success, with several long-term targets aiming for zero carbon energy by 2030 and broader emission reductions by 2050. Metrics involve qualitative assessments, annual submissions of emissions inventories, and innovation-focused district developments to achieve these adaptation, resilience, and mitigation goals.

| **Feature**         | **Details**                                                                                                                                                                                                                             |
|---------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Charlotte, North Carolina                                                                                                                                                                                                               |
| **Population**        | - As of the document, Charlotte's population sits at around 860,00040.  <br>- Projected to hit 1.1 million by 2030 and 1.4 million by 2050.                                                                                              |
| **Threats Identified**| - Loss of tree canopy due to mature trees reaching the end of their lifespan and development: "Loss of tree canopy results in serious public health issues, including poor air and water quality, and declining communities and wildlife habitats." <br>- Increase in GHG emissions due to rapid population growth: "While this increase in population can increase GHG emissions..." <br>- Challenges in transitioning to a low carbon energy future. |
| **Measures Identified** | - Establishment of a Strategic Energy Action Plan (SEAP) guiding a low carbon and resilient future by 2050.<br>- Strive toward 100% zero carbon municipal buildings and city fleet by 2030. <br>- Develop and implement Resilient Innovation Districts (RIDS).<br>- Encouraging innovative administration, organization, and mechanisms that ensure strategic alignment.<br>- Establishment of a sustainability team.<br>- Compliance with the Global Covenant of Mayors (GCoM) and Paris Climate Accord. <br>- Annual monitoring and emission inventory submission to the CDP.<br>- Focus on green procurement to stimulate the local green economy.|
```

**Planning Jurisdiction: Charleston, South Carolina**

- **Coastline Features:** The plan emphasizes the potential for harnessing "South Carolina’s strong offshore winds" for energy generation, which indicates a significant coastline along the Atlantic Ocean (Chapter 46).
- **Natural Environment:** It mentions the need for "preservation of rural areas" and "productive farmland" suggesting a blend of urban, rural, and agricultural landscapes (Chapter 63).

- **Renewable Energy Potential:** The document highlights the development of renewable energy resources like solar, tidal, and wind energy, particularly focusing on offshore wind potential (Chapter 46).
- **Infrastructure:** The mention of developing "a regional public transit plan" and creating "sustainable communities" points towards the presence of interconnected transportation networks (Chapter 63).
- **Economic Opportunities:** The plan mentions "production, deployment, and maintenance of offshore turbines would bring well-paid jobs to the Charleston area" indicating an economic opportunity in renewable energy development (Chapter 46).
- **Urbanization Issues:** The plan details challenges like "sprawl development," which indicates significant urban expansion leading to increased "vehicle emissions" and the need for planning to address urban growth effectively (Chapter 69).

### **Local Climate:**
- **Climate Challenges:** References are made to mitigating issues such as the "urban heat island effect," and reducing vehicle emissions underscores concerns related to urban climate challenges (Chapter 78).

### **Key Industries and Resources:**
- **Economic Drivers:** The push towards "retrofit of suburban areas, connecting networks of smaller streets," and creating "transit-oriented communities" highlights urban planning and development as key economic activities (Chapter 63).
- **Energy Goals:** The plan outlines a goal to have at least 15% of the city's energy needs met by renewable sources by 2020, emphasizing a transition towards sustainable energy (Chapter 53).

The document does not provide specific details about population, demographics, or average income within the scope of the content reviewed.

  - The plan emphasizes building resilience particularly through **sea level rise adaptation**. It explicitly recommends creating a "Sea Level Rise Adaptation Plan" ([C4. CREATE A SEA LEVEL RISE ADAPTATION PLAN.](C4)). This involves establishing a commission to identify "short-term, mid-term, and long-term impacts of climate change scenarios likely to affect the City," and prioritizing policy options ([Specific Recommendations, C-4A](C-4A)). The plan also suggests improving resilience through incentivizing sustainable practices in urban planning ([C-1A: Encourage compact, complete and mixed use communities.](C-1A)) and engineering standards ([C-3: Encourage sustainable engineering standards.](C-3)).

  - The plan outlines several mitigation strategies aimed at reducing GHG emissions. These include initiatives for improved transportation and fuel efficiency ([TRANSPORTATION CHOICES, FUEL EFFICIENCY](Transportation_Choices)), adhering to building guidelines ([ARCHITECTURE 2030, Better Buildings](Architecture_2030)), and waste reduction ([WASTE REDUCTION, Zero Waste](Waste_Reduction)). The plan also sets specific emissions reductions targets, such as achieving an emissions reduction of 1,104,316 tons of CO₂e ([Measuring Success](Measuring_Success)).

  - Adaptation is addressed significantly by recommending policy options to handle various impacts from climate change, especially considering the rising sea levels and potential threats like increased flooding and storms ([C-4: CREATE A SEA LEVEL RISE ADAPTATION PLAN.](C-4)). Additionally, the involvement of federal, state, and local agencies to comprehensively identify impacts and solutions indicates a robust adaptation approach ([C-4B: Involve all affected agencies and sectors.](C-4B)).

The plan can be classified as a **sustainable/green plan**. It comprehensively addresses both mitigation and adaptation while also emphasizing broader sustainability and community well-being goals, such as "prosperity and sustainability, simultaneously" ([PLAN BENEFITS](PLAN_Benefits)), and creating a "more sustainable and profitable future" ([What is a Sustainability Plan?](What_is_a_Sustainability_Plan?)).

Yes, the plan describes various scenarios of climate change that the planning jurisdiction, Charleston, will face and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation.

- **Sea Level Rise:** "Sea level is conservatively projected to rise at least one foot over the next century," which will result in increased flooding, saltwater intrusion into coastal rivers and aquifers, and loss of homes and communities. (C4)

- **Accelerated Natural Hazards:** There will be an "intensification of tropical storms," including more intense hurricanes, which are becoming more severe. This includes the expectation of stronger storm surges and erosion. (C4, 21st CENTURY TRENDS & PHENOMENA)

- **Weather and Temperature Changes:** There will be "more warm spells, heat waves, and heavier and more frequent precipitation events" as well as increased ground-level ozone, heat-related illness, and pollen and mold spores. (21st CENTURY TRENDS & PHENOMENA, C4)

- **Water Resources and Quality:** There will be a "degradation of water resources and decline in water quality" and increased droughts, making potable water increasingly scarce. (21st CENTURY TRENDS & PHENOMENA, C4)

- **Ecosystem and Economic Impacts:** The plan foresees impacts on insurance and tourism industries, wildlife, fishing impacts, decline in forest and agricultural productivity, and increased costs in raising livestock. (C4, 21st CENTURY TRENDS & PHENOMENA)

- **Synergistic Interactions:** The plan suggests that climate change impacts will interact with existing environmental stresses, population growth, and urbanization to create larger combined impacts. (21st CENTURY TRENDS & PHENOMENA)

These scenarios underscore the need for Charleston to implement comprehensive resilience, mitigation, and adaptation strategies to address these projected impacts of climate change.

   - *Climate Hazard:* "Sea level is conservatively projected to rise at least one foot over the next century."  
   - *Climate Risks:* The plan describes risks such as "accelerated sea level rise; increased flooding; intensification of tropical storms; drought; saltwater intrusion into coastal rivers and aquifers."  
   - *Vulnerability:* Areas and populations at risk include those facing "coastal flooding and shoreline retreat," loss of homes and communities, and displacement of residents.

**2. Increased Flooding**  
   - *Climate Hazard:* Associated with sea level rise and storm events.  
   - *Climate Risks:* Potential impacts include "loss of homes and communities; displacement of residents; impacts on vital infrastructure and public facilities."  
   - *Vulnerability:* Flood-prone communities and those in low-lying areas are the most susceptible to increased flooding.

**3. Intensified Tropical Storms**  
   - *Climate Hazard:* "Intensification of tropical storms" is expected.  
   - *Climate Risks:* Can result in infrastructure damage, loss of homes, and displacement of populations.  
   - *Vulnerability:* Coastal areas and communities close to shore are most vulnerable.

**4. Drought**  
   - *Climate Hazard:* Expected alongside increased temperatures and altered precipitation patterns.  
   - *Climate Risks:* Risks include water scarcity, affecting both urban areas and agricultural sectors.  
   - *Vulnerability:* Areas dependent on water supply from local river systems.

**5. Heat-related Illness**  
   - *Climate Hazard:* Associated with rising temperatures and heat waves.  
   - *Climate Risks:* Increased incidence of "heat-related illness."  
   - *Vulnerability:* "Temperature-sensitive populations," including the elderly and those with pre-existing health conditions.

**6. Poor Air Quality**  
   - *Climate Hazard:* "Increase in ground-level ozone."  
   - *Climate Risks:* Decline in urban air quality can exacerbate respiratory issues and other health conditions.  
   - *Vulnerability:* Urban populations and those with respiratory conditions like asthma.

**7. Saltwater Intrusion**  
   - *Climate Hazard:* "Saltwater intrusion into coastal rivers and aquifers" due to sea level rise.  
   - *Climate Risks:* Salinization of water supplies affecting both drinking and agricultural water sources.  
   - *Vulnerability:* Communities reliant on coastal water supplies.

**8. Wildlife and Fishing Impacts**  
   - *Climate Hazard:* Changes in ecosystems due to rising temperatures and sea level.  
   - *Climate Risks:* Loss of species and impacts on biodiversity, especially those reliant on coastal and marine environments.  
   - *Vulnerability:* Fishing communities and those dependent on local biodiversity for livelihoods.

**9. Insect Vectors**  
   - *Climate Hazard:* "Increases in insect vectors" due to rising temperatures.  
   - *Climate Risks:* Potential spread of vector-borne diseases.  
   - *Vulnerability:* Populations in areas with existing mosquito and pest issues.

**10. Storm Events**  
   - *Climate Hazard:* "Storm events, including hurricanes, are becoming more severe."  
   - *Climate Risks:* Infrastructure and housing damage, increased healthcare demands.  
   - *Vulnerability:* Coastal and low-lying communities, as well as those without resilient infrastructure.

**11. Water Quality Degradation**  
   - *Climate Hazard:* Decline in water resources and quality related to urbanization and climate impacts.  
   - *Climate Risks:* Affects drinking water availability and ecosystem health.  
   - *Vulnerability:* Residents in urban areas and areas dependent on local water bodies.

The plan identifies several resilience options to address different climate threats:

1. **Creation of a Sea Level Rise Adaptation Plan**

   - **Climate Threat:** This option addresses "accelerated sea level rise" and associated impacts such as increased flooding, tropical storms, saltwater intrusion, and more (*C4. CREATE A SEA LEVEL RISE ADAPTATION PLAN*).
   - **Cost, Timeframe, Location:** The plan should be developed within one year by a “Blue Ribbon” commission with periodic updates at least every five to ten years (*C-4A: Establish a commission to create the plan*). No specific costs are mentioned.
   - **Other Attributes:** This plan involves identifying impacts on residents, infrastructure, economic, and natural systems. It also includes exploring policy options for temperature-sensitive populations and different systems within the city (*Impacts* and *Options*).

2. **Training and Liaison for Sustainable Design and Construction**

   - **Climate Threat:** Indirectly addresses climate risks through promoting sustainable construction practices (*Specific Recommendations*).
   - **Cost, Timeframe, Location:** It suggests investing in training for city staff and establishing a liaison to expedite and assist sustainable projects through review processes. No specific costs or timeframes are detailed (*Training/Liaison*).
   - **Other Attributes:** This option promotes the use of third-party standards like LEED-ND to encourage sustainable development, potentially reducing GHG emissions and building resilience (*Process Improvement* and *Incentives*).

3. **Wetlands and Water Quality Management**

   - **Climate Threat:** Addresses the loss of wetlands and the degradation of water quality which buffer against storm surges and erosion (*Wetlands Loss* and *Clean Water*).
   - **Cost, Timeframe, Location:** The city should hire an ecologist for natural resource protection. No specific costs or timeframes are provided (*Wetlands/Water Quality Expertise*).
   - **Other Attributes:** Environmental benefits include better stormwater management and habitat protection. The plan emphasizes collaboration with local and state agencies for effective implementation (*Collaboration*).

4. **Living Shorelines Enhancement Program**

   - **Climate Threat:** Mitigates shoreline erosion and damage, which can be exacerbated by sea level rise and storms (*Shoreline Enhancement*).
   - **Cost, Timeframe, Location:** The initiative is to be undertaken in collaboration with state agencies such as OCRM. No specific cost or timeframe information is given.
   - **Other Attributes:** Encourages environmental restoration using natural structures, such as planting oyster beds and vegetative buffers, offering ecological benefits beyond traditional engineering solutions (*Shoreline Enhancement*).

These resilience options are aimed at enhancing the city's capacity to cope with climate threats while considering environmental protection and sustainable development.

The plan identifies several mitigation options aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Below are the options along with the relevant details regarding cost, timing, location, and other important attributes:

### **1. Improved Transportation**

- **Mitigation Option:** Increase public transportation usage and non-motorized travel such as walking and biking.
  
- **CO2e Reduction:** Reduction of 152,940 tons by 2030 from projected "business as usual" levels.
  
- **Cost:** Not explicitly mentioned.
  
- **Timing:** Implementation involves increasing public transportation use and substituting walking or biking for driving by 2030.
  
- **Important Attributes:** Encouraging public transit and non-motorized travel to maintain 2010 vehicle miles traveled (VMT) levels.

### **2. Fuel Efficiency**

- **Mitigation Option:** Increase the fuel efficiency of all vehicles by 30% by 2030.
  
- **CO2e Reduction:** Reduction of 202,577 tons by 2030 from projected "business as usual" levels.
  
- **Timing:** The target year is 2030, with incentives for purchasing more efficient vehicles and encouraging efficient driving techniques.
  
- **Important Attributes:** Focus on improving vehicle fuel efficiency through incentives and education.

### **3. Architecture 2030**

- **Mitigation Option:** Adhere to the Architecture 2030 Challenge guidelines for new construction and historic renovations.
  
- **CO2e Reduction:** Reduction of 10,770 tons from projected levels; additional 127,448 tons if 25% of new construction adheres to the guidelines annually.
  
- **Timing:** Implied ongoing implementation.
  
- **Location:** New City construction and renovations in Charleston.
  
- **Important Attributes:** The plan encourages adherence to specific design guidelines to reduce emissions.

### **4. Home Weatherization**

- **Mitigation Option:** Develop a home weatherization program targeting a 50% energy usage reduction for homeowners.
  
- **CO2e Reduction:** Reduction of 160,546 tons by 2030 from projected "business as usual" levels.
  
- **Timing:** Implementation to be developed further.
  
- **Important Attributes:** Focus on energy efficiency improvements in homes.

### **5. Waste Reduction**

- **Mitigation Option:** Reduce the waste stream by 50% from projected 2030 amounts.
  
- **CO2e Reduction:** Reduction of 22,860 tons by 2030.
  
- **Timing:** Ongoing implementation with a 2030 target.
  
- **Important Attributes:** Emphasis on waste reduction as part of a zero-waste goal.

### **6. Renewable Energy**

- **Mitigation Option:** Develop local, large-scale renewable energy facilities.
  
- **Cost:** Not specified, but involvement primarily adds the Sustainability Director's time.
  
- **Timing:** Initial studies can begin immediately, followed by planning and implementation.
  
- **Location:** Potential for offshore wind and other renewable energy sources in the Charleston area.
  
- **Important Attributes:** Focus on wind, solar, tidal, and wave energy potential; support for feasibility studies and strategy development.

### **7. Vehicle Flow Improvement**

- **Mitigation Option:** Improve vehicle flow using transportation system management (e.g., traffic signal sequencing, high occupancy vehicle lanes).
  
- **CO2e Reduction:** Prevent consumption of more than 240,000 gallons of gasoline annually.
  
- **Cost:** Costs related to infrastructure changes such as HOV lanes and intersection redesigns.
  
- **Timing:** Retiming to be reevaluated every 5-10 years.
  
- **Location:** Major routes in Charleston.
  
- **Important Attributes:** Efficient traffic flow to reduce idling and emissions, leveraging existing and future transportation plans.

These mitigation options represent a multifaceted approach to reducing emissions and improving Charleston’s sustainability while enhancing the quality of life. Each option is tied to various stakeholders and requires coordinated efforts across different levels of government and private sector partners.

#### 1. **Improved Transportation Options**
   - **Strategy**: "Increase use of public transportation (CARTA) and/or substitutes walking or biking for driving."
   - **Emission Reduction**: Could result in a reduction of 152,940 tons of CO₂e in 2030.
   - **Cost**: Not specified, but savings anticipated much later from reduced congestion and road wear.
   - **Timeframe**: Can begin immediately; annual basis following the plan’s adoption.
   - **Location**: City-wide.
   - **Benefits**: Increased air quality, better public health, reduced traffic congestion, enhanced recreational opportunities.

#### 2. **Improved Fuel Efficiency**
   - **Strategy**: "Increase the fuel efficiency of all vehicles by 30% by 2030."
   - **Emission Reduction**: Could result in a reduction of 202,577 tons of CO₂e in 2030.
   - **Cost**: Implementation responsibilities involve City Fleet Management and partners.
   - **Timeframe**: Can begin immediately in 2009; measured annually.
   - **Additional Benefits**: Improved air quality, economic impacts.

#### 3. **Better Buildings (Architecture 2030)**
   - **Strategy**: "Adhere to the guidelines of Architecture 2030 Challenge for new construction."
   - **Emission Reduction**: 10,770 tons for city construction; 127,448 tons for 25% of new construction by 2030.
   - **Timeframe**: Commencing immediately.
   - **Location**: City-wide and specific to new constructions.
   - **Additional Information**: Requires adherence to specific construction guidelines.

#### 4. **Home Weatherization**
   - **Strategy**: "Develop a home weatherization program for homeowners."
   - **Emission Reduction**: 160,546 tons of CO₂e in 2030.
   - **Timeframe**: Immediate implementation suggested.
   - **Location**: Residential areas across the city.
   - **Additional Benefits**: Energy efficiency improvements, economic benefits for homeowners.

#### 5. **Waste Reduction**
   - **Strategy**: "Reduce the waste stream by 50% from the projected 2030 amount."
   - **Emission Reduction**: 22,860 tons of CO₂e in 2030.
   - **Cost**: Cost-effective since many recommendations like zoning changes are inexpensive.
   - **Timeframe**: Commences immediately upon plan adoption.
   - **Additional Information**: Involves changes to waste management practices.

#### 6. **Bicycle and Pedestrian Plan**
   - **Strategy**: "Adopt and implement a City bicycle and pedestrian plan."
   - **Cost**: Modest, incorporated with road improvements.
   - **Timeframe**: Fiscal year following plan approval; ongoing implementation.
   - **Location**: City-wide, including suburban areas requiring improvements.
   - **Additional Benefits**: Increased air quality, public health, reduced traffic congestion.

#### 7. **Renewable Energy Development**
   - **Strategy**: "Develop large-scale renewable energy sources, including wind, solar, tidal, and wave energy."
   - **Cost**: Sustainability Director’s time primarily.
   - **Timeframe**: Long-term, commencing immediately.
   - **Location**: Potential sources include offshore wind energy.
   - **Additional Benefits**: Economic development around sustainability, utility collaborations.

Each option outlines various attributes that include cost implications, timeframe for implementation, location applicability, and additional benefits aside from greenhouse gas reductions. These diverse strategies are integral to reaching the jurisdiction's climate protection goals and improving the overall quality of life.

Based on the information provided in the document, the adaptation options identified include the following:

### **Adaptation Option: Creation of a Sea Level Rise Adaptation Plan**

**1. Climate Threat:**
   - **Sea Level Rise**
     - The plan recognizes the threat of "accelerated sea level rise" and associated impacts on the city.

**2. Information Provided:**
   - **Cost:** The plan discusses analyzing the cost-effectiveness of adaptation policy options against the potential risks and costs associated with inaction.
   - **Timeframe:** Establish a commission to create the plan within one year, addressing proactive adaptation initiatives to begin within the next two to three years.
   - **Location:** Focused on the City of Charleston.
     - The plan involves forming a “Blue Ribbon” commission and identifying potential climate change impacts and policy options. It includes steps to inventory adaptation policy options, research examples from other flood-prone communities, and prioritize policy options based on the severity of impacts.
     - The commission is tasked with various activities, including public education and outreach, developing accurate assessments of sea level rise, and setting specific goals and timelines.

### **Adaptation Option: Involvement of Affected Agencies and Sectors**

   - **General Climate Impacts**
     - This option addresses a range of climate impacts such as storms, coastal erosion, and sea level rise, which have implications for the planning jurisdiction.

   - **Cost:** Not specifically detailed but implies coordination costs are internal and primarily involve agency resources.
   - **Timeframe:** Immediate involvement and ongoing coordination recommended.
   - **Location:** Encompasses areas throughout the city that might be affected by climate impacts.
     - The commission should involve coordination with federal, state, and local agencies and organizations to identify all potential impacts and solutions.
     - It is aligned with efforts like emergency response plans and committees focusing on shoreline changes.

### **Adaptation Option: Public Education Programs**

   - **Public Awareness Gap**
     - Addressing the threat of insufficient community understanding and preparation for climate risks.

   - **Cost:** Efforts rely on city and community resources; specific costs are not detailed.
   - **Timeframe:** Begin immediately as public education is a continuous necessity.
   - **Location:** City-wide initiatives for Charleston residents.
     - Utilizes resources within its departments and collaborates with public agencies and non-profit groups for educating residents about climate change and sustainability.
     - The program emphasizes collaboration and resource-sharing for public education efforts.

These adaptation options collectively address various climate threats, including sea level rise, general climate impacts, and the need to enhance public awareness in Charleston. They involve establishment timelines, emphasize collaboration, and propose a comprehensive approach to building resilience against climate change impacts.

Based on the plan, the following climate policies are identified to advance climate justice:

### **Policy C4: Create a Sea Level Rise Adaptation Plan**

   - The threat being addressed is sea level rise, which is conservatively projected to rise at least one foot over the next century. Alongside this, the plan addresses associated impacts like increased flooding, intensification of tropical storms, and saltwater intrusion into coastal rivers and aquifers.

2. **Vulnerable Areas or Populations:**
   - The plan notes that areas or populations with the most climate vulnerability include:
     - **Temperature-sensitive populations**: Residents who are more susceptible to increases in heat-related illnesses due to climate change.
     - **Vital infrastructure and public facilities**: Key infrastructure that serves the community.
     - **Economic systems**: Sectors such as insurance and tourism industries that are impacted by climate changes.
     - **Transportation and communication systems**: Infrastructure critical for daily operations and emergency responses.
     - **Natural systems**: This includes farmland, forests, and wetlands which are vital for ecosystem services.
     - **Residential areas**: Particular focus is on the potential displacement due to the loss of homes and communities and impacts on populations dependent on local wildlife and fishing. 

By focusing on these policies, the plan aims to mitigate the threats associated with sea level rise and other climate impacts, concentrating efforts on the most vulnerable populations and areas to ensure equitable resilience and adaptation strategies.

### Identified Potential Unforeseen Maladaptive Climate Policies

#### Policy 1: Incentives for Cool Roofs & Pavements

   - The policy is addressing the threat of the urban heat island effect, which occurs when metropolitan areas are warmer than the surrounding countryside (C-3B).

2. **Proposed Option:**
   - The mitigation option proposed includes setting a high standard for new construction on City property by using green roofs, rooftop gardens, and light-colored, reflective roofing and pavements. Incentives will be used to promote these heat-reduction strategies on privately-owned property (C-3B).

   - Reflective pavements may inadvertently lead to increased glare, potentially endangering drivers and pedestrians. Additionally, without proper planning, these reflective surfaces could increase the cooling costs of nearby buildings by reflecting sunlight into windows, which could paradoxically increase overall energy consumption rather than decrease it.

#### Policy 2: Sustainable Parking Strategies

   - The policy addresses the threat of increased emissions and heat from large parking lots, as well as their contribution to exclusive single-occupancy automobile use (C-3C).

   - The resilience option is to implement a variety of parking strategies, such as shared parking, park-once districts, and discouraging single-level parking lots in favor of multi-level structures with green roofs and sustainable stormwater systems (C-3C).

   - Sustainable parking strategies might inadvertently lead to transportation inefficiencies if not carefully integrated with public transit options. If public transportation is not adequately improved, these strategies could make transportation less accessible, hindering economic activities and mobility for some residents who rely on automobiles.

#### Policy 3: Eliminating Roadblocks to Sustainable Development

   - The policy aims to address barriers to applying sustainable development principles that necessitate variances or rezoning under current city codes (C-3D).

   - The adaptation option involves amending city codes to permit and promote sustainable development, eliminating barriers and delays in the development review process (C-3D).

   - While this policy could streamline sustainable development, it might inadvertently lower oversight, leading to developments that do not adequately consider other environmental or social factors, such as habitat preservation or affordability, increasing vulnerability elsewhere.

The plan outlines several metrics to measure the success or failure of different adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options. Here are the specific metrics, units, and targets identified within the plan:

**Quantifiable Metrics for Measuring Success:**

- **CO2 Emissions Reduction:**
  - Aimed reduction of "1,104,316 tons of CO2e" by 2030, which would achieve "99% of our benchmark goal for 2030" (_Measuring Success_).
  - Specific reduction goals for each strategy include:
    - **Transportation Choices:** Reduction of "152,940 tons of CO2e" in 2030 (_Improved Transportation_).
    - **Fuel Efficiency:** Reduction of "202,577 tons of CO2e" in 2030 through increased vehicle efficiency (_Fuel Efficiency_).
    - **Architecture 2030:** Reduction of "10,770 tons of CO2e" from new City construction and historic renovations and "127,448 tons of CO2e" from 25% of new residential and commercial construction by 2030 (_Architecture 2030_).
    - **Home Weatherization:** Reduction of "160,546 tons of CO2e" by 2030 from a home weatherization program achieving a 50% reduction in energy usage (_Home Weatherization_).
    - **Waste Reduction:** Reduction of "22,860 tons of CO2e" by reducing the waste stream by 50% from the projected 2030 amount (_Waste Reduction_).

**Concrete Goals and Targets Set:**

- **Overall Emission Reduction Goals:**
  - Target to reduce Charleston’s "overall emissions by 83% from its 2002 levels by 2050" (_Reaching the Goal_).
  - Intermediate target of a "30% reduction below 2002 levels by 2030" (_Reaching the Goal_).

- **Renewable Energy:**
  - Replacement of "30% of the total community energy usage with renewable energy" could result in a reduction of "427,175 tons of CO2e in 2030" (_Renewable Energy_).

- **Vehicle and Transportation Goals:**
  - Maintain "vehicle miles traveled" at the 2010 level; achieve "a reduction of 152,940 tons of CO2e in 2030" through transportation choices (_Improved Transportation_).

  - Increase the "fuel efficiency of all vehicles by 30% by 2030," leading to a reduction in emissions (_Fuel Efficiency_).

**Emissions Goal Line:**

- **2030 Goal:** Achieve emissions reduction to "1.52 MMTCO2e" (_Reaching the Goal_).
- **2050 Goal:** Further reduce emissions to "0.38 MMTCO2e" (_Reaching the Goal_). 

The plan emphasizes that achieving these goals not only depends on implementation but also requires education and understanding to ensure successful execution of these strategies (_Measuring Success_).

| **Feature**          | **Details**                                                                                                 |
|----------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Charleston                                                                                                  |
| **Population**       | Not specified in the document                                                                                 |
| **Threats Identified**| - Accelerated sea level rise<br>- Increased flooding<br>- Intensification of tropical storms<br>- Drought<br>- Saltwater intrusion into coastal rivers and aquifers<br>- Increases in pollen and mold spores<br>- Increases in heat-related illness<br>- Increases in ground-level ozone<br>- Impacts on insurance and tourism industries<br>- Loss of homes and communities<br>- Displacement of residents<br>- Wildlife and fishing impacts<br>- Insect vectors (C4. CREATE A SEA LEVEL RISE ADAPTATION PLAN.) |
| **Measures Identified** | - Establish a "Blue Ribbon" commission to create a sea level rise adaptation plan (C-4A: Establish a commission to create the plan.)<br>- Identify policy options to address impacts of climate change on residents, infrastructure, economic systems, energy systems, transportation systems, communications systems, natural systems, and areas of concern (C-4A: Establish a commission to create the plan.)<br>- Involve and coordinate with federal, state, and local agencies, organizations, and institutions (C-4B: Involve all affected agencies and sectors.)<br>- Public education and outreach efforts on the need for adaptation (C-4C: The plan should be implemented with reasonable speed.)<br>- Tiered stormwater fees based on actual impact (buffers and stormwater fees)<br>- Use exemplary sustainable design for new city properties (City Properties)<br>- Create a "Living Shorelines" enhancement program (Shoreline Enhancement)<br>- Involve an ecologist on staff for expertise in natural resource protection (Wetlands/Water Quality Expertise)<br>- Collaborate with other local governments on watershed management and public education (Collaboration)                                                                   |
```

**Physical and Economic Landscape of Shreveport-Caddo**

- The **planning jurisdiction** is Shreveport-Caddo, located in northwest Louisiana.
- Shreveport's downtown sits on a **bluff on the Red River**, surrounded by **rolling hills**. Streams drain away from downtown toward Wallace Lake to the south or Cross Lake to the north.
- The region is marked by **pine forests, cotton fields, cattle ranches, wetlands, and waterways**.
- The distinct ecological traits are shaped by a **wet climate** and abundant rainfall, averaging nearly 47 inches annually.

**Climate and Hydrology:**
- A wet climate and frequent rainfall, except in summer, characterize the region. 
- **Surface water and wetland areas** are common, though many bayous are no longer natural and have been channelized. 

- The text does not provide specific details about infrastructure such as airports or seaports.

- Traditional industries are not specified, though the text mentions **horticulture and agriculture**; despite good conditions, very little food is actually grown in the area.
- **Major threats to water quality** include forestry and agriculture, unsewered areas, land development, and road construction.

- The plan mentions a **methane-recapture project at a landfill**, with methane used at a local assembly plant.
- The city has been implementing initiatives like **LED-certified building projects**, **bio-diesel fuel usage**, hybrid electric vehicles, and **compressed natural gas** for transportation.
- The plan notes the city's efforts in **recycling sewage sludge** and proposing pipelines for effluent recycling.

**Additional Economic and Environmental Goals:**
- Strategies include the preparation of a **greenway plan** and achieving a tree canopy coverage of 30% by 2030.
- The text underscores concerns about **habitat loss** due to urban and suburban development and emphasizes the need for increasing local food production and access to fresh produce, highlighting the existence of "food deserts" in the area.

The document does not explicitly mention the population, demographics, or average income for the region.

- The plan emphasizes developing networks of partnerships for "implementation of this 'Green Agenda'" to make the Shreveport-Caddo area more sustainable and healthier (Chapter 4.2).
- Resilience is supported through actions such as the expansion of tree canopy coverage and promoting tree preservation, aiming for "more than 30% tree canopy coverage by 2030" (Chapter 4.3).

- Mitigation strategies include reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 20% by 2030 with efforts like energy audits, greenhouse gas audits, and joining sustainability organizations such as ICLEI (Chapter 4.39).
- Other mitigation actions involve converting government vehicles to compressed natural gas, promoting municipal leadership in renewable energy use, and implementing energy-efficiency upgrades to city buildings (Chapter 4.21).

- Adaptation options highlighted in the plan include promoting adaptive reuse of existing buildings, expanding home-weatherization programs, and enhancing urban agriculture and fresh food accessibility (Chapter 4.39).
- The plan discusses strategies like incorporating sustainability best practices, supporting community gardens, and protecting environmentally sensitive habitat areas as ways to adapt to and manage climate change impacts (Chapter 4.3).

The plan is best classified as a **sustainable/green plan**. It includes elements of resilience, mitigation, and adaptation intertwined with broader sustainability and green development goals, such as enhancing natural heritage, promoting urban forests, and implementing sustainable maintenance practices.

The plan does not explicitly describe a scenario of climate change the planning jurisdiction will face. However, it highlights existing environmental conditions and challenges that could be impacted by climate change, such as:

- A "wet climate" with "frequent rainfall for most of the year" and potential threats to water quality from "forestry and agriculture, unsewered areas, land development, and road construction" (Chapter 4.2).
- Habitat loss due to "urban and suburban development, conversion to pine plantations, and logging," and the threat to the tree canopy due to developments (Chapter 4.2).
- Challenges include "protecting native species and eliminating invasive plants," "reducing nonpoint source pollution," and "providing public access to natural resources" (Chapter 4.2).

While specific future scenarios of climate change impacts are not detailed, the plan outlines general environmental conditions and challenges that climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation aim to address.

**1. Habitat Loss**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** Habitat loss is attributed to urban and suburban development, conversion to pine plantations, logging, and fire suppression in wooded areas.  
   - **Climate Risks:** This leads to habitat degradation, especially for fire-dependent species.  
   - **Most Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas undergoing significant development and those maintaining fire-dependent species habitats.

**2. Declining Water Quality**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** Major threats to water quality within the Red River Basin include forestry, agriculture, unsewered areas, land development, and road construction.  
   - **Climate Risks:** These activities degrade water quality, potentially impacting residential water usage and ecosystem health.  
   - **Most Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Populations relying directly on local waterways and habitats within the Red River Basin.

**3. Food Deserts**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** Food deserts, characterized by limited access to healthy food and nutritional knowledge, exist in the master plan area.  
   - **Climate Risks:** These areas pose risks of poor nutrition and related health issues.  
   - **Most Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Residents living in neighborhoods identified as food deserts within the plan area.

**4. Tree Canopy Loss**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** The tree canopy is at risk, especially in urban and developed areas, due to lack of maintenance, insufficient information about care, and development practices.  
   - **Climate Risks:** Loss of tree canopy can lead to increased urban heat islands, reduced air quality, and loss of habitat.  
   - **Most Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Urban and developed areas lacking sufficient tree maintenance and protection initiatives.

**5. Nonpoint Source Pollution**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** This involves pollution not from a single source but from many diffuse sources.  
   - **Climate Risks:** Results in degraded water quality and ecosystem health, potentially affecting drinking water and habitats.  
   - **Most Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas near agricultural activities and urban developments without adequate stormwater management systems.

**6. Air Quality Deterioration**  
   - **Climate Hazard:** Changes in air quality standards are making the area a "nonattainment area" for ozone levels.  
   - **Climate Risks:** This contributes to health issues like asthma and affects outdoor recreational activities.  
   - **Most Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Individuals with respiratory conditions, children, and older adults, especially during high ozone days.

The plan identifies several resilience options focused on addressing various climate threats and improving resilience in the Shreveport-Caddo area. Below are the summaries of each identified resilience option:

### Resilience Options Identified in the Plan:

---

1. **Natural Stormwater Management**

---

   - **Specific Climate Threat Addressed:**
     - The plan addresses the threat of nonpoint-source pollution and high-velocity water events through the integration of natural stormwater-management features in roadways and streetscapes, which help mitigate pollution and reduce erosion. 
     - *Reference: 4.2.7 Great Expectations: Shreveport-Caddo 2030 Master Plan.*

     - There are no specific details on the cost and timeframe provided. 
     - The plan mentions that natural drainage could be integrated in both new and existing streets, referencing examples such as Portland, OR's Green Street project. *Reference: Chapter 9.*

     - The use of natural stormwater-management practices serves as a pollution mitigator and reduces the need for large engineered systems, providing environmental benefits and serving as a landscape amenity.

---

2. **Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Initiatives**

     - This initiative addresses climate change by aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20% by 2030, through actions like greenhouse gas audits and climate action plans.
     - *Reference: 4.39 Great Expectations: Shreveport-Caddo 2030 Master Plan, Goal 11.*

     - No specific cost details are provided. The goal year is 2030, impacting citywide areas. 
     - Tools and resources like ICLEI membership provide inexpensive technical support for policy development.
   
     - Economic considerations include leveraging memberships and tools to perform citywide greenhouse gas audits and implementing climate plans economically.
     - Environmental considerations involve adopting sustainable energy policies and improving municipal energy efficiency.

---

3. **Urban Forestry Initiative**

     - Addresses urban heat island effects and promotes environmental health by aiming for a tree canopy coverage of more than 30% by 2030.
     - *Reference: Urban Forest section.*

     - There are no specific cost details; the goal is set for 2030.
     - Implementation would involve public spaces and private properties across the city, focusing on major corridors.

     - Environmental benefits include reduction of heat island effects and improvement of air quality.
     - Economic considerations involve minimal maintenance costs as state programs lead natural landscaping of corridors.

---

4. **Education and Public Awareness Programs**

---

     - Education initiatives aim to bolster community resilience against climate impacts like pollution and food deserts by raising awareness about energy efficiency, alternative energy adoption, and sustainable practices.
     - *Reference: Public Education section, Educational Programs.*

     - Specific cost details are not provided. 
     - Partnerships with organizations for public education would be citywide.

     - Important for community engagement and economic benefits through reduced energy consumption and increased access to programs like Louisiana’s solar tax credit program.

---

These resilience options focus on a broad range of climate threats, offering environmental sustainability and economic development opportunities. The strategies adopt both infrastructural improvements and community-based educational interventions to enhance resilience comprehensively.

The plan identifies several mitigation options aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainability. Here are the summarized options along with available information:

- **Preparation of a citywide energy and climate action plan:**
  - *Cost:* Potential membership fees for joining ICLEI-Local Governments for Sustainability, typically a few thousand dollars.
  - *Timing and Location:* Not explicitly mentioned, but emphasizes citywide engagement.
  - *Attributes:* Involves signing the US Conference of Mayors Climate Protection Agreement and leveraging ICLEI for tools and resources. High-priority aspects include a greenhouse gas audit and actions such as waste reduction and municipal energy efficiency (Section 4.39).

- **Energy Efficiency and Conservation Strategy:**
  - *Cost:* Use of technical consultants and audits can have associated costs.
  - *Timing and Location:* Activities are ongoing with a foundation built in 2009.
  - *Attributes:* Activities include lighting and HVAC upgrades to City buildings and exploring adaptive reuse of existing buildings using LEED-style best practices (Section 4.21).

- **Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Conversion:**
  - *Cost:* Not specified.
  - *Timing and Location:* Continual as vehicles are renewed.
  - *Attributes:* The City and Parish are converting their vehicle fleets to CNG as a center of the natural gas industry (Section 4.40).

- **Tree-Planting Program:**
  - *Cost:* Not specified, but indicates a commitment to plant 500 trees annually.
  - *Timing and Location:* Ongoing, with coordination by Shreveport Green.
  - *Attributes:* Aimed at increasing energy savings and mitigating greenhouse gases (Section 4.21).

- **Promotion of Low-Maintenance Landscaping:**
  - *Cost:* Offers potential savings through sustainable practices.
  - *Timing and Location:* Long-term approach across parks and recreational facilities.
  - *Attributes:* Includes integrated pest management, use of recycled materials, and exploration of alternative energy sources (Section 4.34).

- **Methane Recapture and Other Waste Management Initiatives:**
  - *Cost:* Not specified but implies use of existing infrastructure.
  - *Timing and Location:* Existing initiatives such as landfill methane recapture and sewage sludge recycling.
  - *Attributes:* These initiatives help in utilizing waste for energy and reducing landfill use (Section 4.21).

The plan often emphasizes the use of public education and partnerships to support these mitigation initiatives.

The plan identifies several mitigation options with various attributes. Here are the summarized details:

1. **City and Parish Greenhouse Gas Audit**
   - **Summary:** The plan supports the development of a greenhouse gas audit as part of the local climate action plan. This is aimed at identifying hazard mitigation and setting measurable targets for citywide solid-waste reduction, municipal energy efficiency, and weatherization of homes and buildings (*4.39*).

2. **Energy Audit Program**
   - **Summary:** There is support for an energy-audit program targeted towards commercial and residential properties to improve energy efficiency (*4.39*).

3. **City Energy Efficiency and Conservation Strategy**
   - **Summary:** Implementation of this strategy includes conducting a greenhouse gas audit of the city government, followed by a local climate action plan. High-priority areas include municipal energy efficiency and weatherization of homes and buildings (*4.39*).

4. **Increased Energy Efficiency in Zoning and Building Codes**
   - **Summary:** The plan suggests exploring methods to enhance energy efficiency requirements in zoning and building codes by rewriting the zoning ordinance to create a Unified Development Code. This aims to promote energy efficiency in development standards (*4.39*).

5. **Home Weatherization Programs**
   - **Summary:** Expansion of home weatherization programs is supported with funding from federal, private, and philanthropic sources (*4.39*).

6. **Methane Recapture at Landfill**
   - **Summary:** The plan mentions the installation of a methane-recapture project at the landfill, with the methane being utilized at a local General Motors assembly plant. This aligns with clean and renewable energy source initiatives (*4.21*).

7. **Bio-diesel Fuel Blend for Fleet**
   - **Summary:** The use of 10% or 20% bio-diesel fuel blends by City, Caddo Parish, and School District fleets to reduce fossil fuel use is endorsed as a part of transportation and land-use initiatives (*4.21*).

8. **Hybrid Electric Vehicles**
   - **Summary:** SporTran uses hybrid electric buses, and the City is adding hybrid electric cars to their fleet. This is part of the broader effort to incorporate cleaner transportation methods (*4.21*).

9. **Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Vehicles**
   - **Summary:** The City/SporTran is phasing in CNG for the bus transit fleet, representing an effort to shift to cleaner fuel options for municipal transportation (*4.21*).

10. **Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)**
    - **Summary:** The installation of an intelligent traffic signalization system to manage traffic flow and reduce vehicle emissions is being implemented (*4.21*).

11. **Vehicle Pollution Control**
    - **Summary:** Grant funding has been received to install pollution-control equipment on diesel fleets of Caddo Parish and Caddo Parish School Board (*4.21*).

12. **Tree-planting Program**
    - **Summary:** The Shreveport Green organization runs a tree-planting program to expand the tree canopy, thereby increasing energy savings and contributing to greenhouse gas mitigation (*4.21*).

### **Attributes:**

- **Cost:** Details concerning specific costs are not directly mentioned for each mitigation option. Some initiatives speak of general memberships or grants, like the ICLEI membership or grant funding for pollution-control equipment.
- **Timeframe:** The target for overall GHG reduction is set for the year 2030 with interim activities currently ongoing, such as building retrofits and fleet conversions.
- **Location:** Mitigation activities are geographically located within Shreveport and Caddo Parish, targeting municipal operations, transportation fleets, and community programs.
- **Other important attributes:** Most activities emphasize collaborative and educational efforts, suggesting working with organizations like ICLEI, leveraging community partnerships, and using federal and private sources for funding.

The plan identifies several adaptation options to address various climate threats. These include:

### **1. Energy and Climate Action Plan**

The plan aims to mitigate climate risks associated with greenhouse gas emissions and improve energy efficiency.

- **Cost:** Membership fees for tools and resources are typically no more than a few thousand dollars. Free or inexpensive technical support is provided for sustainable development (Ch. 4.39).
- **Timeframe:** No specific timeframe mentioned, but part of long-term goals.
- **Other Attributes:** Strategies include preparing a greenhouse gas audit, local climate action plan, and implementing energy efficiency measures (Ch. 4.39, Actions 2, 3).

### **2. Stormwater Management Practices**

These practices address the threat of water pollution and infrastructure strain from high-velocity water events and nonpoint source pollution.

- **Cost:** Implementation of natural drainage has shown to reduce maintenance costs over time (Ch. 4.26).
- **Timeframe:** Discussion around establishing a stormwater utility district (Ch. 4).
- **Location:** Cross Lake, the Red River, and other local water bodies (Ch. 4).
- **Other Attributes:** On-site stormwater management and natural drainage techniques are emphasized (Ch. 4, Actions 1, 2).

### **3. Urban Forestry and Tree Canopy Expansion**

Intended to combat urban heat effects and improve air quality.

- **Cost:** Commitment to resources for planting at least 500 trees a year (Ch. 4.40).
- **Timeframe:** Aim to achieve 30% tree canopy coverage by 2030 (Ch. 4.27).
- **Location:** Citywide, with a priority on major corridors and public spaces.
- **Other Attributes:** Involves partnerships with organizations like Shreveport Green (Ch. 4.40).

### **4. Urban Agriculture and Food Systems**

Targets food deserts and access to healthy food, assisting in community resilience to food supply disruptions.

- **Cost:** No specific costs mentioned.
- **Timeframe:** Part of ongoing community initiatives.
- **Location:** Focused on areas underserved by fresh food outlets (Ch. 4.27).
- **Other Attributes:** Involves expansion of fresh food outlets and partnerships with educational programs (Ch. 4.27).

### **5. Improved Land Use Regulation and Development Codes**

Addresses environmental degradation due to unregulated urban development.

- **Timeframe:** Requires zoning ordinance rewrite and amendments to regulations (Ch. 4.39, Actions 3).
- **Location:** Citywide, particularly in new developments.
- **Other Attributes:** Focus on promoting energy efficiency and sustainable urban development practices (Ch. 4.39).

Each adaptation option is designed to enhance the resilience and adaptive capacity of the Shreveport-Caddo area's natural and built environments, contributing to broader sustainability goals outlined in the plan.

The provided document does not explicitly mention policies specifically addressing climate justice. However, several policies indirectly aim to contribute to equitable climate impacts, which could relate to the concept of climate justice. Here are some relevant points:

1. **Preparation and Implementation of a Citywide Energy and Climate Action Plan:**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy addresses greenhouse gas emissions and aims for a reduction by 20% in 2030. It includes sustainable energy policies and actions like energy audits, promoting renewable energy, and solid-waste reduction.
   
   - **Areas or Populations Most Vulnerable:** While the plan does not specify particular populations, it emphasizes the importance of engaging with various communities. The policy aims to set an example for the private and public sectors to catalyze energy efficiency initiatives, which could benefit lower-income neighborhoods prone to energy and resource inefficiency.

2. **Urban Agriculture and Food Systems:**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** It addresses issues related to food deserts and lack of access to fresh, healthy food, which could become exacerbated by climate impacts on agriculture.
   
   - **Areas or Populations Most Vulnerable:** The plan identifies "food deserts" in the master plan area as neighborhoods with limited access to healthy food. These areas are likely inhabited by populations with heightened climate vulnerability as they may lack resilience options for dealing with rising food costs or shortages.

3. **Tree Canopy and Maintenance:**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This policy is directed toward reducing local heat islands and improving air quality by increasing urban tree coverage.
   
   - **Areas or Populations Most Vulnerable:** The document highlights the importance of tree planting and preservation in urban and developed areas at risk due to poor maintenance and development practices. Vulnerable communities in densely populated urban settings, which typically see fewer green spaces, may benefit from this initiative.

The document provides several strategies aimed at environmental sustainability and efficiency, which could indirectly support climate justice by improving conditions for vulnerable areas or populations, but it does not identify these populations explicitly in relation to each policy.

Based on the document provided, potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies are not explicitly indicated. However, based on the analysis of the proposed strategies and actions, areas of concern where maladaptation could potentially occur include:

1. **Expansion of Home-Weatherization Programs**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The policy aims to tackle energy inefficiency and high greenhouse gas emissions.

   - **Proposed Mitigation Option:** **Expand home-weatherization programs offered by Community Development.** *(Strategies, Actions - Energy Efficiency)*

   - **Inadvertent Maladaptation:** If these weatherization efforts are not implemented with considerations for potential side effects such as air quality issues or inappropriate ventilation, they could lead to health problems for residents or increased energy use if retrofits are not suitable for local climate conditions.

2. **Tree Planting and Urban Canopy Expansion**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This addresses urban heat and air quality issues, and supports ecosystem services.

   - **Proposed Resilience Option:** **Promote tree preservation and tree planting on public and private property.** *(Urban Forest Policy)*

   - **Inadvertent Maladaptation:** Without strategic planning, tree planting initiatives might lead to issues such as invasive species spreading or increased water usage in areas with limited water resources. Additionally, improper placement of trees could interrupt infrastructure or exacerbate stormwater issues.

3. **Transition to Compressed Natural Gas for Fleets**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The aim is to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and decrease emissions from transport.

   - **Proposed Mitigation Option:** **Continue to convert all City and Parish vehicles to compressed natural gas vehicles.** *(Transport/Land Use Policy)*

   - **Inadvertent Maladaptation:** While CNG has lower emissions than traditional fossil fuels, it remains a non-renewable resource. The transition may divert investments from truly renewable energy options, thereby locking in fossil fuel dependency longer term.

These potential maladaptive outcomes emphasize the necessity for careful planning, monitoring, and an adaptive management approach in implementing climate policies to prevent unintended negative consequences.

**Metrics Used to Measure Success:**

  - The plan aims for a *"20% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030."* This is a quantified target with a specific deadline (4.39).
  
- **Tree Canopy Coverage:**
  - A goal is set for *"more than 30% tree canopy coverage by 2030"* (4.35).

- **Greenhouse Gas Audit and Climate Action Plan:**
  - Preparation of a greenhouse gas audit for city government, which will expand to include a local climate action plan. This plan should include *"identification of hazard mitigation and measurable targets for citywide solid-waste reduction, municipal energy efficiency, weatherization of homes and commercial buildings, and similar issues"* (4.39).

- **Energy Efficiency in Municipal Operations:**
  - A goal is to *"improve energy efficiency of all municipal buildings and facilities"* through actions like adaptive reuse and retrofitting buildings using LEED-style best practices (4.40).

  - The plan includes a commitment to *"plant a minimum of 500 trees a year"* (4.40).

These metrics, goals, and targets provide tangible means of assessing the plan's effectiveness in achieving its adaptation, resilience, and mitigation objectives.

| **Feature**          | **Description**                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |
|----------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Shreveport-Caddo                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |
| **Population**       | *Population data not provided in the document.*                                                                                                                                                                                |
| **Threats Identified** | - Habitat loss due to urban and suburban development, conversion to pine plantations, and logging. <br> - Risk to water quality from forestry, agriculture, unsewered areas, and road construction. <br> - Urban tree canopy at risk due to lack of maintenance and development practices. <br> - Existence of "food deserts" with limited access to healthy food. <br> - Below national standard for trails and recreational fishing areas. <br> - Lack of public access to natural resources, including waterways. <br> - Nonpoint source pollution. <br> - Compliance with EPA standards for clean air.  |
| **Measures Identified** | - Preparation of an area-wide greenway plan integrated with bicycle and pedestrian routes. <br> - Amendment of land use regulations for park and greenway linkages. <br> - Funding for park and recreation maintenance and operations. <br> - Support urban agriculture and food systems through incentives and regulatory frameworks. <br> - Promote tree preservation and planting with a goal of 30% tree canopy coverage by 2030. <br> - City and parish greenhouse gas audit and energy efficiency plans. <br> - Increase public access to greenways and waterfront areas. <br> - Use of alternative and renewable energy in government operations. <br> - Establish community gardens and support urban agriculture. <br> - Nutritional education programs and partnerships with schools.   |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction:** Jacksonville, Florida

**Location & Population:**
- Jacksonville is located in the state of Florida. It is noted as the largest city by land area in the continental United States, highlighting its expansive nature.
- The city's population has grown significantly and is projected to reach approximately 1.6 million by 2070 if current growth trends persist.

**Demographics & Income:**
- Specific details on demographics and average income are not explicitly provided in the selected content of the plan.

- Key geographic features include the St. Johns River and proximity to the Atlantic Ocean.
- Jacksonville has a diverse natural landscape that includes both rural and urban areas, contributing to its unique urban tapestry.

- Jacksonville hosts deep-water ports, notably the Jacksonville Port Authority (JAXPORT), a major economic powerhouse.
- JAXPORT is known as Florida’s largest container port and one of the country’s largest vehicle-handling ports, supporting significant commerce with shipping routes to 70 countries.

- There are mentions of climate threats including flooding, sea level rise, and chronic flooding, pointing to potential water-related challenges that the city may face.

**Energy Production & Natural Resources:**
- The plan mentions the presence of industrial activities along the riverfront including oil and gas, power generation, and cruise terminals. However, details on specific energy production metrics or renewable energy initiatives are not provided in the selected text.

**Industries & Economic Drivers:**
- Jacksonville has a robust transportation and warehousing sector, facilitated by its substantial logistics infrastructure.
- The industrial riverfront is a key area for economic activity, with investments in upgraded terminals and other infrastructure to support its growing port operations.
- Overall, Jacksonville’s economy is bolstered by its geographical advantages, particularly its proximity to significant waterways which facilitate trade and industrial activities.

The plan outlines Jacksonville as a vast and growing city with a large land area and significant riverfront activities which play a crucial role in its economy. While detailed demographic and income statistics are not included, the focus on geographic and industrial features highlights how these elements define Jacksonville's physical and economic landscape.

The plan places significant emphasis on resilience, detailing various approaches aimed at enhancing Jacksonville's ability to withstand climate shocks and stressors. It emphasizes coordinated efforts in developing a Climate Action Plan guided by resilience goals, stating: 

- **"Addressing large-scale contributors to climate change, such as greenhouse gas emissions, is critical to reducing climate risks and strengthening the resilience of Jacksonville and the Northeast Florida region."** *(Adaptation Actions | People Resilient Jacksonville)*

- The approaches include: 
  - **"Guide safe and connected development to areas of low flood risk and high resilience potential."**
  - **"Fortify critical city systems against future threats."**
  - **"Invest in the health and quality of life of Jacksonville residents."**
  - **"Strengthen partnerships and coordination among city departments, between government agencies, with civic organizations, and in support of regional coalitions."** *(Adaptation Actions Resilient Jacksonville)*

Mitigation options in the plan are intertwined with resilience efforts, focusing primarily on reducing greenhouse gas emissions:

- The plan proposes **"retrofitting buildings for energy efficiency"**, which **"would also reduce greenhouse gas emissions."** *(Adaptation Actions | People Resilient Jacksonville)*

- The development of a **"Priority Climate Action Plan (PCAP) and Comprehensive Climate Action Plan (CCAP)"** includes actions **"to address emissions from transportation, buildings, electric power generation, and landfill waste."** *(Adaptation Actions | People Resilient Jacksonville)*

Adaptation is another key focus of the plan, with a comprehensive strategy that includes:

- A variety of **"Adaptation Approaches"** such as modifying infrastructure to cope with heat and water management, and implementing **"resilient standards and codes for existing and new construction."** *(Adaptation Actions Resilient Jacksonville)*

- Specific adaptation actions include **"altering or retrofitting vulnerable buildings"** and **"investing strategically in existing parks to increase stormwater management capacity and reduce urban heat."** *(Adaptation Actions | Systems Resilient Jacksonville)*

Based on the comprehensive integration of resilience, mitigation, and adaptation strategies outlined, the plan can be classified as an **"equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan."** This classification reflects the balanced attention to mitigation efforts through emissions reductions and adaptation measures that aim to build resilience against climate change impacts.

Yes, the plan describes scenarios of climate change that Jacksonville is planning for in terms of resilience, mitigation, and adaptation.

- **Climate Change and Population Growth:** The plan highlights the potential impacts of continuing recent development patterns. If the development continues as it has over the past 20 years, the remaining rural areas would transition to suburbs to accommodate over 685,000 new residents by 2070. This expansion would increase the vulnerability of new residents to climate threats like flooding unless deliberate actions are taken to focus growth in lower-risk areas. It notes this situation as a “Future Without Action” scenario acknowledging the projected consequences of such unchecked expansion, including the need for significant investment in new infrastructure ("What if… recent development patterns continue?").

- **Future Climate Projections:** The document details projections of significant temperature increases due to climate change, stating that without significant greenhouse gas mitigation, average temperature increases could reach up to 9°F (5°C) by the end of the century. This increase in temperature is expected to result in rising sea levels and more frequent extreme weather events ("Evolving Challenges Require New Approaches").

- **Population Growth in the Urban Core:** Another scenario considers focusing future growth within Jacksonville's urban core. By directing half of all new residents to the core, the city could preserve undeveloped land at the periphery and potentially decrease suburban sprawl while increasing the urban core's population density ("Scenarios for Citywide Adaptation: What if… growth is focused in the urban core?").

- **Place-Based Strategies:** The plan includes scenarios for different parts of Jacksonville, identifying eight types of development conditions and exploring tailored resilience actions for each area ("Place-Based Strategies").

Overall, these scenarios underscore the importance of integrating climate resilience and adaptation into Jacksonville's future planning efforts to accommodate growth while mitigating risks associated with climate change.

- **The Climate Hazard:** The plan indicates that sea level rise is a significant concern due to the "rising sea levels" that are anticipated as a result of climate change.
- **The Climate Risks:** The risks associated with sea level rise include increased "coastal flooding" and potential "saltwater intrusion."
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Coastal communities and infrastructure are particularly vulnerable to the risks posed by rising sea levels.

- **The Climate Hazard:** Flooding is identified as both an acute shock ("hurricane, flooding") and a chronic stressor ("chronic flooding, groundwater threats").
- **The Climate Risks:** Risks include potential inundation of areas during major flood events, impacting homes, infrastructure, and services.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas with high-frequency flooding intersections and those identified in the "1% AEP" flood zones are most vulnerable. Residential properties and critical facilities are also highlighted.

- **The Climate Hazard:** Extreme heat is recognized as an acute shock.
- **The Climate Risks:** Risks include impacts on public health and increased demand for cooling, potentially overwhelming the city’s infrastructure and services.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** High-density residential areas and those without adequate access to cooling are particularly vulnerable.

- **The Climate Hazard:** High winds are identified as an acute shock.
- **The Climate Risks:** High winds pose risks of damage to buildings and infrastructure.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Buildings that do not comply with resilience standards for high winds are more vulnerable, particularly those in the "Post-War Suburbs."

**5. Wildfire**

- **The Climate Hazard:** Wildfire is considered an acute shock.
- **The Climate Risks:** Risks include loss of property, natural resources, and potential evacuation requirements.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas prone to drought conditions and with significant vegetation are most vulnerable.

**6. Urban Heat Island Effect**

- **The Climate Hazard:** The urban heat island effect is noted as a chronic stressor.
- **The Climate Risks:** This effect exacerbates heat conditions leading to increased energy consumption and health risks.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Urban areas with extensive impermeable surfaces are particularly susceptible.

**7. Drought**

- **The Climate Hazard:** Drought is recognized as a potential hazard.
- **The Climate Risks:** Risks include water shortages and impacts on agriculture.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Communities reliant on local water sources for drinking and irrigation are most vulnerable.

**8. Tornado**

- **The Climate Hazard:** Tornados are identified as an acute shock.
- **The Climate Risks:** Risks include structural damage and threats to life and safety.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Structures not adequately fortified against tornadoes are most vulnerable.

**9. Infrastructure Failure**

- **The Climate Hazard:** Infrastructure failure is seen both as an acute shock and a chronic stressor due to aging infrastructure.
- **The Climate Risks:** Risks include disruptions to transportation, water, and energy services, impacting daily life and economic activity.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Older urban areas with dated infrastructure systems are particularly at risk.

**10. Power Outage**

- **The Climate Hazard:** Power outages are considered an acute shock.
- **The Climate Risks:** Risks include disruptions to critical services and vulnerability during extreme weather events.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas with unreliable power systems and inadequate backup solutions are most vulnerable.

**11. Social Inequality and Poverty**

- **The Climate Hazard:** Social inequality and poverty are noted as chronic stressors.
- **The Climate Risks:** These factors heighten vulnerability to climate impacts due to limited adaptive capacity and resources.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Economically disadvantaged communities are most vulnerable to multiple climate hazards due to limited resilience resources. 

**12. Lack of Reliable Transportation**

- **The Climate Hazard:** A lack of reliable transportation is seen as a chronic stressor that exacerbates climate vulnerabilities.
- **The Climate Risks:** Limits access to evacuation routes and essential services during emergencies.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Populations in transit-dependent areas with poor transportation networks are especially vulnerable.

**13. Housing Instability**

- **The Climate Hazard:** Housing instability is identified as a chronic stressor.
- **The Climate Risks:** Increases the difficulty of relocating families during climate events, exacerbating social stress.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Renters and low-income populations are especially at risk due to limited housing options.

**14. Food Insecurity**

- **The Climate Hazard:** Food insecurity is acknowledged as a chronic stressor.
- **The Climate Risks:** Aggravates vulnerability by limiting access to nutritious food during climate disruptions.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Low-income neighborhoods and food deserts are most susceptible to food insecurity exacerbated by climate events.

**15. Cyber Threat**

- **The Climate Hazard:** Cyber threats are recognized as an acute shock.
- **The Climate Risks:** Risks include potential downfalls of technological systems and critical service disruptions.
- **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Critical infrastructure systems reliant on digital technologies are at risk.

1. **Incorporate Resilience into Land Use Planning**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flooding, Sea Level Rise, Chronic Flooding, Housing Instability.
     - **Cost:** Various costs with immediate ($10,000s) to long-term ($10,000,000s) investments suggested.
     - **Timeframe:** Immediate (2025), Short-Term (2030), Medium-Term (2035), Long-Term (2050).
     - The plan involves guiding growth to areas at lower risk of flooding and better connectivity to infrastructure, such as transportation and utilities. Infill development is encouraged to prevent urban sprawl, increase density, and reduce travel distances. This includes utilizing underused properties and enhancing return on existing infrastructure investments. (_Section: Grow Resiliently_)

2. **Retrofitting Programs for Residential and Commercial Buildings**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Stormwater Flooding, Extreme Heat.
     - **Cost:** Medium-Term ($$$ - hundreds of thousands to millions).
     - **Timeframe:** Medium-Term (2035).
     - Expanding existing energy performance and storm fortification programs, improving community awareness about floodproofing, and partnering with building owners for large-scale retrofits like green roofs. This enhances stormwater detention, cooling capabilities, and infrastructure resilience. (_Section: Accommodate_)

3. **Implementation of Resilient Standards and Codes**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** High Winds, Flooding Accommodation.
     - **Cost:** Medium-Term ($$ - hundreds of thousands).
     - Identifying standards that enhance building resilience against high winds, increasing Florida Building Code compliance, and developing guidelines for riverfront properties. These standards focus on improving the resilience of both existing and new constructions. (_Section: Accommodate_)

4. **Natural and Nature-Based Solutions for Shoreline Protection**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Erosion, Flood Risk Management.
     - **Cost:** Long-Term ($$$$ - millions).
     - **Timeframe:** Long-Term.
     - Projects such as oyster reef installation, salt marsh restoration, and hybrid gray-green infrastructures reduce coastal hazard impacts, enhance ecosystems, and minimize shoreline maintenance costs. The City prioritizes sites for stabilization solutions like living breakwaters and marsh restoration. (_Section: Protect_)

5. **Strengthen Emergency Response and Evacuation Plans**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Hurricanes, Flooding, Extreme Heat, Freeze Events.
     - **Cost:** Immediate ($).
     - **Timeframe:** Immediate.
     - Involves refining hurricane evacuation zones, identifying frequent flooding intersections for flood alert signage, and creating plans for extreme weather events. Emphasizes preparedness and effective emergency service coordination. (_Section: Prepare_)

6. **Digital Security Enhancements for Critical Assets**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Cyber Threats.
     - **Cost:** Short-Term ($$ - tens of thousands).
     - **Timeframe:** Short-Term.
     - Focus on improving the digital security of critical infrastructure from potential cyberattacks. (_Section: Protect_)

These resilience options illustrate a comprehensive effort to enhance Jacksonville's ability to withstand various climate threats through infrastructural adaptations, regulations, and strategic planning.

The plan identifies several mitigation options, including building energy performance improvements, green infrastructure development, and expanding Jacksonville’s tree canopy. Here is a summary of the information provided:

### **1. Expand Retrofit Programs for Building Energy Performance (Accommodate 21)**
- **Cost:** Medium-term costs are estimated at $$$ (in the millions).
- **Timing:** Planned for medium-term implementation by 2035.
- **Location/Attributes:** Includes both residential and commercial buildings. It involves leveraging federal funding to enhance community awareness and partnering with downtown building owners for larger-scale retrofits like green roofs and shading.

### **2. Develop a Green Infrastructure Program (Transform 9)**
- **Cost:** Anticipated medium-term costs are $$ (hundreds of thousands).
- **Timing:** Targeted for medium-term implementation by 2035.
- **Location/Attributes:** The program is based on the best available stormwater science and data, with involvement from Resilience, Public Works, and Parks departments.

### **3. Expand Jacksonville’s Tree Canopy (Transform 10)**
- **Cost:** Medium-term costs projected at $$ (hundreds of thousands).
- **Timing:** Set for medium-term implementation by 2035.
- **Location/Attributes:** Includes planting climate-adaptive trees and developing an Urban Forest Management Plan. The effort is part of broader engagement with neighborhoods focusing on tree management and expansion.

These mitigation options aim at enhancing structural resilience, promoting sustainable urban development, and contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.

The plan outlines several mitigation options as part of its strategies to address climate change. Here's a summary of the identified mitigation options with relevant details including cost, timeframe, location, and other attributes:

1. **Expand Retrofit Programs for Buildings**:
   - **Description**: This action involves expanding retrofit programs for residential and commercial buildings, aiming to improve energy performance, storm fortification, cooling, and stormwater detention.
   - **Cost**: Medium-term costs are indicated as $$ (100,000s) to $$$ (1,000,000s).
   - **Timeframe**: Medium-Term (2035).
   - **Implementation Partners**: JEA, CDCs, LISC, SJRWM, Parks, DIA, HOAs, Academia.
   - **Other Attributes**: This initiative is part of "Accommodate" actions focusing on improving building resilience and performance.

2. **Implement Resilient Standards and Codes for Construction**:
   - **Description**: This involves identifying and promoting standards that improve building and roof resilience against high winds, increased compliance with existing codes, and developing guidelines for riverfront properties.
   - **Cost**: Medium-term costs are indicated as $$ (100,000s).
   - **Implementation Partners**: Parks, Public Works, Tree Commission, Greenscape.
   - **Other Attributes**: These standards aim to strengthen infrastructure resilience and are part of the broader goal to adapt to climate impacts effectively.

3. **Develop a Green Infrastructure Program**:
   - **Description**: The program is developed based on stormwater science and data, aiming to implement green solutions across Jacksonville.
   - **Implementation Partners**: Resilience, Public Works, Parks.
   - **Location**: Across Jacksonville.
   - **Other Attributes**: Focuses on enhancing resilience through integrating green infrastructure in the urban planning framework.

4. **Expand Jacksonville’s Tree Canopy**:
   - **Description**: Planting more climate-adaptive trees to increase shade and ecosystem value, developing an Urban Forest Management Plan, and enhancing community engagement.
   - **Other Attributes**: This initiative is crucial for improving climate resilience and combating the urban heat island effect.

5. **Increase and Safeguard Affordable Housing Supply**:
   - **Description**: Focuses on property acquisitions and affordable housing development in low-risk areas, securing heirs’ property rights.
   - **Cost**: Short-term costs are indicated as $$$ (1,000,000s).
   - **Timeframe**: Short-Term (2030).
   - **Implementation Partners**: JCLT, LISC, CDCs.
   - **Location**: Low-risk and well-connected neighborhoods.
   - **Other Attributes**: Part of the "Grow Resiliently" approach, emphasizing on mitigating housing's vulnerability to climate risks.

These mitigation options are designed to integrate resilience and adaptation strategies into city planning, leveraging a mix of public and private partnerships and aiming for long-term sustainability and climate readiness.

The plan identifies several adaptation options, summarised as follows:

### 1. **Expand retrofit programs for residential and commercial buildings**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** *Heat and water management.*
   - **Additional Information:**
     - **Timeframe:** Not explicitly mentioned for this sub-action.
     - **Cost:** Not explicitly detailed for this sub-action.
     - **Location and Other Attributes:** This action is part of a broader goal to adapt vulnerable buildings at the parcel level.

### 2. **Implement resilient standards and codes for existing and new construction**
     - **Location and Other Attributes:** This is intended to enhance resilience at the parcel-level built environment.

### 3. **Maximize the resilience of City-owned buildings and assets**
     - **Location and Other Attributes:** Focuses on city-owned buildings to enhance resilience.

### 4. **Invest strategically in existing parks**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** *Heat management and stormwater management.*
     - **Location and Other Attributes:** Aims to increase stormwater management capacity and reduce urban heat.

### 5. **Repurpose vacant land**
     - **Location and Other Attributes:** Focuses on using vacant land to best support resilience goals.

### 6. **Retrofit parking lots and impervious surfaces**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** *Heat reduction and stormwater infiltration.*
     - **Timeframe:** Mentioned as immediate for 2025, short-term for 2030, medium-term for 2035, and long-term for 2050.
     - **Cost:** Ranges from tens of thousands ($) to tens of millions ($$$$) depending on the specific sub-action and time frame.
     - **Location and Other Attributes:** Aims to increase stormwater storage and reduce urban heat through retrofitting.

### 7. **Harden vulnerable critical assets**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** *Mitigation of hazard damage and ensure continuity of operations.*
     - **Location and Other Attributes:** Focuses on ensuring the continuity of operations through hardening critical assets.

These actions collectively aim to address various shocks and stressors like stormwater flooding, extreme heat, flooding, air quality, and more, all with varying timeframes and costs associated primarily with infrastructure investments and renovations.

The plan identifies several climate policies aiming to advance climate justice. Here are some highlighted policies along with their corresponding climate threat and vulnerable populations:

1. **Urban Heat Islands & Equity**

   - **Climate Threat:** The policy addresses the threat of *extreme heat* in urban heat islands, which are areas with high concentrations of heat-absorbing infrastructure and limited greenery, leading to higher temperatures.
   
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Low-income communities and communities of color are disproportionately impacted by urban heat islands. These neighborhoods historically have fewer trees and more pavement, correlating with past discriminatory housing practices such as redlining. The plan mentions that historically redlined communities in Jacksonville are, on average, nearly 10°F hotter than more desirable neighborhoods of the past (_Resilient Jacksonville_, Extreme Heat section).

2. **Tree Planting and Management**

   - **Climate Threat:** This policy addresses *urban heat* and the need for increased shade and improvement in air quality through strategic tree planting (_Resilient Jacksonville_, Adaptation Actions | Systems section).
   
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Communities with fewer tree canopies and less access to green spaces would benefit from tree planting, which can help mitigate urban heat effects and improve overall ecosystem and human health (_Resilient Jacksonville_, Adaptation Actions | Systems section).

3. **Expand JaxReady Alert System**

   - **Climate Threat:** This policy focuses on mitigating the risks associated with *extreme heat* by providing timely and informative alerts to residents during high heat days (_Resilient Jacksonville_, Adaptation Actions | People section).
   
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** The policy particularly targets vulnerable populations such as older adults, young children, outdoor workers, and lower-income households who are more susceptible to the dangers of extreme heat events (_Resilient Jacksonville_, Adaptation Actions | People section).

These policies are part of a broader effort to ensure that historically marginalized communities receive prioritized investments, thus aiming to address the disparities in vulnerability and exposure to climate hazards.

**Climate Policy: Expand Retrofit Programs for Residential and Commercial Buildings**

   - Extreme heat and stormwater management issues.

   - The policy proposes retrofitting residential and commercial buildings to improve energy performance, storm fortification, and cooling, as well as enhancing stormwater detention. (*"Expand retrofit programs for residential and commercial buildings to improve building energy performance, storm fortification, cooling, and stormwater detention."* - Adaptation Actions).

3. **Inadvertent Maladaptation:**
   - While improving building energy performance and storm fortification are essential, there can be a focus on technological solutions that may not be suitable for all socio-economic groups. For instance, low-income communities might be unable to afford these retrofits, potentially increasing their vulnerability to heat and storm impacts. Additionally, incorrect implementation could lead to dependence on electric cooling systems, which might be unsustainable or lead to increased energy consumption if not sourced from renewable energy.

**Climate Policy: Harden Vulnerable Critical Assets**

   - This policy addresses infrastructure vulnerability to various hazards like high winds, storm surges, and extreme heat events.

   - Proposes the fortification of city-owned assets, such as evacuation roads and bridges, to mitigate damage from hazards and ensure continuity of operations. (*"Fortify City-owned assets, such as evacuation roads and bridges... For example, as a city with bridges providing the critical and sometimes only route between communities, Jacksonville must be prepared for all acute shocks..."* - Adaptation Actions, Sites).

   - Focusing heavily on fortification could divert resources away from more flexible or integrated solutions, such as ecosystem-based approaches that offer multiple benefits. It could also lead to over-reliance on hard infrastructure, which might fail under unforeseen conditions, increasing long-term vulnerability. If fortification increases barriers for communities, it could isolate them during acute shocks or impede mobility.

**Climate Policy: Guide Future Growth in Areas that are at Low Risk and Well-Connected to Infrastructure**

   - Flood risk and exposure to climate impacts such as storms and sea-level rise.

   - Encourages strategic infill development, reducing utility connection fees, and aligning land development regulations with future climate risk projections. (*"The City will combine tools for infill development with approaches... to ensure that making room for new neighbors improves conditions for existing residents and minimizes displacement."* - Adaptation Actions, Systems).

   - This policy could unintentionally lead to gentrification in the low-risk, attractive urban areas, potentially displacing existing residents and exacerbating social inequality. Furthermore, concentrating development in specific areas could increase localized environmental pressures, such as stormwater runoff and increased heat, thus inadvertently increasing vulnerability over time if not managed carefully.

The plan outlines several strategies and goals for measuring the success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options. Here's how the plan measures these outcomes with specific metrics and targets:

1. **Climate Action Plan Development:**
   - The plan emphasizes the importance of reducing greenhouse gas emissions: "Addressing large-scale contributors to climate change, such as greenhouse gas emissions, is critical to reducing climate risks and strengthening the resilience of Jacksonville and the Northeast Florida region." (Resilience Actions)
   - A specific goal is the development of a Priority Climate Action Plan (PCAP) and a Comprehensive Climate Action Plan (CCAP) which will "inventory the Jacksonville region’s greenhouse gas emissions, develop priority actions to reduce them, and engage with community stakeholders on continued implementation of climate mitigation actions." (Resilience Actions)

2. **Vision Zero Action Plan:**
   - The Vision Zero Action Plan aims for the "elimination of bicycle and pedestrian fatalities by 2030" with a specific target: "Complete a Vision Zero Action Plan with a goal of zero traffic fatalities and serious injuries among all roadway users by 2035." (People Resilient Jacksonville)

3. **Urban Forest Management:**
   - The plan includes actions for increasing urban greenery, such as: "Investing in the planting and maintenance of native, climate-adaptive trees in parks, on public lands, and on rights of way can increase tree canopy coverage to mitigate the impacts of urban heat." (Systems Resilient Jacksonville)
   - Success will be gauged by the number of climate-adaptive trees planted and maintained to "reduce the amount of energy needed to cool buildings, provide shade, absorb stormwater, increase property values, and enhance an area’s beauty." (Systems Resilient Jacksonville)

4. **Watershed Health and Water Quality:**
   - The plan measures success through "monitoring the nutrient levels at 130 tributary sites, with results and trends published annually," and conducting "nearly 45,000 water quality tests per year for more than 100 bacteriological and chemical components." (Systems Resilient Jacksonville)
   - The City aims to "improve water quality, watershed health, and applicable emerging regulations" focusing on key indicators like "fertilizer reduction, septic and sewer overflows, saltwater intrusion, and other issues." (Systems Resilient Jacksonville)

5. **Resilience and Land Use Planning:**
   - Success in resilience through land use planning will be measured by "guiding growth in locations well-suited for low-risk development," to avoid "increasing the number of homes, critical facilities, and people located in flood-prone areas." (Systems Resilient Jacksonville)

While the plan describes various actions with goals and broad objectives, specific quantifiable metrics, such as the exact amount of CO2 reductions, improvements in air quality, or explicit numerical targets (such as specific percentages or index values), are not detailed for each adaptation, resilience, and mitigation option.

| **Feature**         | **Details**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |
|---------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Jacksonville, FL                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             |
| **Population**     | The city’s population has grown to nearly one million today, and if trends continue, it will grow to 1.6 million residents by 2070. *("EXECUTIVE SUMMARY")*                                                                                                                                     |
| **Threats Identified** | The identified climate threats include: *Flooding, Heat, High Winds, Wildfires, Sea Level Rise, Chronic Flooding, Coastal Erosion, Saltwater Intrusion, Groundwater Threats, Urban Heat Island Effect, Drought.* Additionally, *economic and social challenges like Poverty, Lack of Healthcare*. *("EVOLVING CHALLENGES")* |
| **Measures Identified** | Resilience measures include actions across Systems, Sites, and People. For Systems, actions include *guiding new development to low-risk areas, redesigning infrastructure, fortifying city systems, and preparing for threats*. For Sites, actions include *retrofitting buildings and relocating assets in flood-prone areas.* For People, measures focus on *supporting community well-being, enhancing emergency responses, and fostering economic opportunities*. *("EXECUTIVE SUMMARY")* |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction:** Washington, DC

- The population of Washington, DC is approximately 700,000 people, reflecting an 11 percent increase since 2013. (_"SETTING THE SCENE"_)

- Known as "Chocolate City," the demographics have evolved to 47 percent black, 37 percent white, 11 percent Latinx, and 4.3 percent Asian. (_"SETTING THE SCENE"_)

- The median household income in Washington, DC is almost $73,000, with disparities such as $32,000 in Ward 8 and $110,000 in Ward 3. (_"SETTING THE SCENE"_)

- The plan does not specifically mention geographic features such as rivers, mountains, deserts, or coastline.

- There is no specific mention of airports, seaports, or other such key infrastructure in the provided document excerpts.

- Climate change poses a significant threat with 75 percent of emissions resulting from buildings indicating the pressing issue of managing energy use and emissions. The city focuses on becoming more energy efficient and increasing renewable energy generation. (_"BUILT ENVIRONMENT"_)

- A significant proportion of emissions (96 percent) come from energy use, with 75 percent stemming from buildings. Transitioning to renewable energy sources like solar and wind and enhancing energy efficiency are critical as detailed in the Clean Energy DC plan. (_"ENERGY"_)

- The document does not specifically mention natural resources available in or around Washington, DC.

- The economic plan, DC Economic Development Strategy, focuses on private sector expansion and economic prosperity for all residents by increasing job opportunities and decreasing employment disparities. The growth of green jobs, particularly in the solar and wind energy sectors, is highlighted as a critical component of the city’s economic strategy. Solar Works DC and the DC Infrastructure Academy are examples of existing green job training programs. (_"ECONOMY"_)

The "Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan" addresses resilience, mitigation, and adaptation with a comprehensive approach incorporating specific goals, targets, and actions:

- The plan emphasizes improving the "adaptive capacity of neighborhood building blocks—transit, energy, water, and telecommunications—so communities can bounce back quickly after extreme weather events" (Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan, Neighborhood). 
- It includes actions such as evaluating and reducing the vulnerability of the District's infrastructure to climate impacts and improving emergency and community preparedness, especially focusing on the most at-risk populations (Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan, CL2.1, CL2.2).

- The plan has a significant focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions from all local sources as a core goal, with a specific target of reducing emissions by 50% by 2032 (Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan, Goal 1 and Target 1).
- It includes actions such as building awareness to reduce emissions, tracking emissions annually, and setting a roadmap to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 (Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan, CL1.1, CL1.2, CL1.3).

- Adaptation is addressed through the implementation and regular updating of the “Climate Ready DC plan,” which outlines how the city will adjust to changing climate conditions (Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan, CL2.4).
- The plan also outlines that new development projects are required to assess climate risks and incorporate climate adaptation solutions, such as green and cool roofs to mitigate the urban heat island effect (Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan, CL2.3).

The plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. It presents a balanced approach with strong commitments both in reducing emissions (mitigation) and addressing the consequences of climate change through resilience and adaptation strategies.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change impacts that the District is expected to face. The planning jurisdiction, Washington, DC, is already experiencing the effects of human-made climate change as described in the document:

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change impacts that the District is expected to face. The planning jurisdiction, Washington, DC, is already experiencing the effects of human-made climate change as described in the document: 

- Record-breaking extreme weather events, including heat waves and snowstorms.
- Higher tides due to rising sea levels.
- Record precipitation, including heavy rains and flooding.
- Warmer average temperatures and a significant increase in dangerously hot days ("Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan").

These impacts pose risks to property and critical infrastructure such as telecommunications, energy, transportation, water, and wastewater systems, all of which are essential for daily life and safety ("Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan").

In response to these scenarios, the District Government is taking a dual approach of mitigation and adaptation:
- **Mitigation:** Involves reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) with a goal set in the Clean Energy DC plan to reduce GHG emissions by 50% by 2032 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. The city tracks progress with an annual GHG inventory ("Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan").
- **Adaptation:** As outlined in the Climate Ready DC plan, this involves adjusting to climate impacts. Measures include ensuring infrastructure resilience, improving emergency preparedness focusing on at-risk populations, and mandating new developments to incorporate climate adaptation solutions ("Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan").

The plan lays out specific goals and targets for reducing emissions and enhancing resilience by ensuring all new developments and infrastructure projects consider climate risks and adaptation solutions by 2032 ("Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan").

1. **Heatwaves**
   - **Climate Hazard:** The plan indicates that the District has experienced "record-breaking extreme weather" including "dangerously hot days" as a result of "warmer average temperatures" (Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan, Climate).
   - **Climate Risks:** Heatwaves can potentially harm critical infrastructure and threaten the safety and quality of life of residents (Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan, Climate).
   - **Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:** Neighborhoods without green vegetation are more likely to suffer from heatwaves. The Vulnerable Populations Map used in Climate Ready DC highlights areas with heightened vulnerability, focusing on populations who may be more sensitive to climate impacts due to factors like health issues, job or housing insecurity (Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan, Neighborhood, CL2.2).

   - **Climate Hazard:** The document describes the District's experience with "record precipitation, including heavy rains and flooding" (Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan, Climate).
   - **Climate Risks:** Severe storms have the potential to cause power outages affecting entire neighborhoods and threaten critical infrastructure. Flooding specifically could lead to significant damage to property and infrastructure (Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan, CL2.1, CL2.2).
   - **Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:** Low-lying neighborhoods near the Potomac and Anacostia Rivers are particularly at risk. Areas most likely to flood coincide with communities that might have fewer resources to cope with these risks (Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan, Neighborhood, CL2.2).

The document outlines several resilience options to increase the District's ability to cope with climate change. Below are the identified options and their summary details:

#### 1. **Assessing Climate Risks in New Development Projects**

  - This option addresses the risks of climate impacts such as flooding and the urban heat island effect due to climate change.
  
  - **Timeframe:** Medium term
  - **Lead Agency:** District Government, specifically the Department of Energy and Environment (DOEE)
  - No specific cost details are provided in the plan.
  - The location spans across the District for new development projects.

  - The adaptation solutions include the incorporation of trees, vegetation, green roofs, and cool roofs, which would lower surrounding temperatures and reduce flooding risk. 

#### 2. **Implementation of the Climate Ready DC Plan**

  - Broadly addresses the changing climate and its impacts on the District.

  - **Timeframe:** Ongoing
  - **Lead Agency:** DOEE
  - No specific cost details or a particular location is mentioned.

  - The Climate Ready DC Plan aims to prepare for climate impacts and ensure adaptive actions are taken to maintain resilience. 

#### 3. **Evaluate and Protect Critical Infrastructure**

  - Focus on extreme weather, heat, and flooding impacting infrastructure like energy, water, transportation, and telecommunications.

  - **Lead Agency:** DOEE with partners like DC Water, DDOT, etc.
  - No detailed cost information provided.
  - Emphasis is on ensuring critical infrastructure remains functional or is quickly restored during extreme conditions.

  - Includes measures like installing district energy systems and microgrids for resilience during outages.

#### 4. **Community Preparedness for Extreme Weather Events**

  - Extreme heat, storms, and flooding, especially affecting the most at-risk populations.

  - **Lead Agency:** Homeland Security and Emergency Management Agency (HSEMA)
  - No specific cost or location details are mentioned.

  - Focuses on improving preparedness and response strategies, considering vulnerability factors like health and housing insecurity.

The plan emphasizes the importance of ongoing evaluation, policy implementation, and infrastructure investment to enhance resilience across various sectors impacted by climate threats.

The plan identifies several mitigation options focused on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainable practices. Below are the summarized mitigation options along with the details provided regarding cost, timing, location, and other attributes:

### **Mitigation Option 1: Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions**
- **Target:** By 2032, reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 50%.
- **Action (CL1.1):** Build awareness and provide resources to empower people and organizations to take actions to reduce their share of greenhouse gas emissions.
  - **Timing:** Short term
  - **Partner Agency:** OCTO
- **Action (CL1.3):** By 2020, develop a plan to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050.
  - **Description:** The plan involves eliminating GHG emissions or offsetting remaining emissions through initiatives like tree planting, renewable energy, and land conservation.
  - **Partner Agencies:** DDOT, DGS, DPW

### **Mitigation Option 2: Methane Gas Management**
- **Action (CL1.4):** Measure and eliminate methane gas leaks into the atmosphere throughout the District.
  - **Description:** Methane leaks from natural gas pipelines are potent contributors to global warming, and their identification and elimination are critical.
  - **Timing:** Long term
  - **Partner Agency:** OPC

### **Mitigation Option 3: Renewable Energy and Infrastructure**
- **Action (WT2.5):** Streamline and coordinate incentive programs for combined green roofs and solar projects.
  - **Description:** Guidance and clarity will be provided, and the process for permitting both green roofs and solar panels will be streamlined.
  - **Partner Agency:** DCRA

### **Mitigation Option 4: Transportation Emissions**
- **Goal 4:** Reduce greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution from the transportation sector.
- **Target 4:** Reduce GHG emissions from transportation by 60%.
  - **Action (TR4.1):** Strictly limit idling engines.
    - **Timing:** Short term
    - **Lead Agency:** DOEE
    - **Partner Agency:** DDOT
  - **Action (TR4.2):** Require the District Government to purchase green fleet and passenger vehicles.
    - **Timing:** Medium term
    - **Lead Agencies:** DPW, MPD, OSSE
    - **Partner Agencies:** DDOT, DOEE
  - **Action (TR4.3):** Encourage the network of electric vehicle charging stations throughout the city.
    - **Lead Agencies:** DDOT, DOEE
    - **Partner Agencies:** DFHV, DPW, OP, PSC, WMATA

**Note:** The plan mainly outlines the actions and strategies without directly specifying the associated costs.

The plan identifies several mitigation options aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving resilience to climate change. Below is a summary of each identified mitigation option based on the content provided in the document:

### Option 1: Achieve Carbon Neutrality by 2050
- **Summary:** The plan involves eliminating greenhouse gas emissions or offsetting any remaining emissions by supporting initiatives like tree planting, renewable energy, and land conservation.
- **Cost:** Not specified in the document.
- **Timeframe:** Short term for developing the implementation plan.
- **Location:** District-wide.
- **Other Attributes:** A detailed implementation plan with clear milestones will be developed. The lead agency is the Department of Energy & Environment (DOEE), with partners including DDOT, DGS, and DPW. (Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan, CL1.3)

### Option 2: Measure and Eliminate Methane Gas Leaks
- **Summary:** Identify and eliminate methane leaks from natural gas pipelines to reduce methane emissions.
- **Timeframe:** Long term.
- **Location:** Throughout the District.
- **Other Attributes:** Methane is a potent greenhouse gas, making this initiative important. The lead agency is DOEE, partnering with OPC. (Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan, CL1.4)

### Option 3: Encourage Car-Pooling and Car-Sharing
- **Summary:** Promote the use of car-pooling and car-sharing to reduce the number of trips made by single-occupant vehicles.
- **Timeframe:** Short term.
- **Other Attributes:** This supports the goal of reducing commuter trips made by car to 25% by 2032. The lead agencies are DDOT and DOEE. (Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan, TR3.1)

### Option 4: Develop a Network of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations
- **Summary:** Encourage the establishment of electric vehicle charging stations throughout the city to support the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from transportation.
- **Timeframe:** Medium term.
- **Location:** Throughout the city.
- **Other Attributes:** Lead agencies are DDOT and DOEE, with support from DFHV, DPW, OP, PSC, and WMATA. (Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan, TR4.3)

### Option 5: Fully Electrify District-Controlled Buses
- **Summary:** Electrify buses controlled by the District and work with regional systems to reduce emissions from buses regionally.
- **Location:** District and regional systems.
- **Other Attributes:** Lead agencies include DDOT, OSSE, and WMATA, partnering with DOEE and DPW. (Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan, TR4.4)

**Adaptation Options Identified in the Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan:**

1. **Assessing Climate Risks in New Development Projects**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This adaptation option targets climate risks such as flooding and the urban heat island effect, which are by-products of climate change impacts.
     - The plan mandates that all new development projects must assess climate risks and incorporate climate adaptation solutions to reduce eventual damage from climate change impacts. 
     - Examples include using green infrastructure, trees, vegetation, green roofs, and cool roofs to mitigate high temperatures and runoff. 
     - **Timeframe:** Medium-term.
     - **Partners/Lead:** The Office of Planning (OP) with the Department of Energy and Environment (DOEE) as a partner. (Source: Section CL2.3)

2. **Updating and Implementing the "Climate Ready DC" Plan**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** A broader array of climate changes and impacts, including factors that affect the resilience of the city as a whole.
     - The "Climate Ready DC" Plan is aimed at adapting to the changing climate. 
     - **Timeframe:** Ongoing updates are planned to ensure goals remain relevant as climate conditions change.
     - **Partners/Lead:** DOEE leads this initiative. (Source: Section CL2.4)

3. **Evaluating and Reducing Vulnerability of Infrastructure**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Impacts such as extreme weather, heat, and flooding, which can affect critical infrastructure.
     - The plan emphasizes the importance of keeping critical infrastructure like transportation, energy, water, and telecommunications in service during extreme weather events.
     - Includes suggestions such as using microgrids for backup power at critical facilities like hospitals.
     - **Partners/Lead:** DOEE lead with multiple partner agencies including DC Water, DDOT, DGS, among others. (Source: Section CL2.1)

4. **Improving Emergency and Community Preparedness**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Extreme heat, storms, flooding, and other climate change events.
     - Focuses on at-risk populations who may face more significant impacts due to fewer resources and increased sensitivity.
     - Develops emergency and community preparedness plans, with attention to vulnerable populations.
     - **Partners/Lead:** HSEMA leads, with partners like DCHA, DC Water, DOEE, and others. (Source: Section CL2.2)

These adaptation options offer a multifaceted approach to addressing the climate threats facing Washington, DC, aiming to reduce vulnerability and enhance resilience across the city.

The plan identifies several climate policies aimed at advancing climate justice, focusing on helping vulnerable populations adapt to climate change and ensuring that mitigation efforts do not unfairly burden people with low incomes.

1. **Policy:** *Focusing Adaptation Efforts on At-Risk Populations*
   - **Climate Threat:** The plan addresses climate threats such as extreme weather events, floods, and heatwaves.
   - **Climate Vulnerability:** The policy is directed towards populations that are economically and physically at risk, such as low-income residents and those in vulnerable geographic locations. The plan states, "*the impacts for some may be more serious, based on a number of factors: age, income level, geographic location, and other characteristics*" and emphasizes that actions "*focus on helping all residents adapt to climate change, especially those most at-risk economically and physically*." (INDIVIDUAL, Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan)

2. **Policy:** *Improving Emergency and Community Preparedness with Focus on At-Risk Populations*
   - **Climate Threat:** This policy addresses threats from climate events, including extreme heat, storms, and flooding.
   - **Climate Vulnerability:** Populations most likely to flood or experience power outages, often those with fewer resources and increased sensitivity to climate impacts, are the focus. The plan highlights, "*Some of the areas of the District that are most likely to flood or experience power outages during extreme weather are also home to people who have fewer resources to respond to risks and may be more sensitive to climate impacts.*" (CL2.2, Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan)

3. **Policy:** *Ensuring Adaptation Solutions in New Developments Near Vulnerable Areas*
   - **Climate Threat:** The policy focuses on reducing damage from climate hazards such as urban heat islands and flooding.
   - **Climate Vulnerability:** Low-lying areas near water bodies are more prone to flooding, and urban areas with little vegetation are vulnerable to heatwaves. The plan states that "*neighborhoods without green vegetation are more likely to suffer from heatwaves,*" and adaptation solutions include installing green roofs or cool roofs to counteract heat islands, which can particularly affect vulnerable urban neighborhoods. (NEIGHBORHOOD, Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan)

These policies are part of a broader initiative to "**advance physical adaptation and human preparedness to increase the District’s resilience to climate change**" by focusing on "*the most at-risk populations.*" (GOAL 2, TARGET 2, Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan)

Based on the provided document content, potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies are not explicitly stated. However, by analyzing the policies, one can infer possible maladaptive outcomes by considering the context and proposed actions.

1. **Policy: Installation of Cool Roofs or Green Roofs**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The policy addresses the "urban heat island effect," which is characterized by high temperatures in areas with extensive paved surfaces and buildings.

   - **Proposed Option:** The installation of "a green roof (a roof with vegetation that helps insulate the building against heat gain) or a cool roof (a roof which reflects sunlight and absorbs less heat)" to "lower the temperature of the building and the surrounding area" (Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan, CL2.3).

   - **Potential Maladaptation:** While green roofs reduce heat absorption, they might inadvertently lead to maladaptation if the selection of plant species is not climate-resilient, potentially requiring high water and maintenance inputs that are unsustainable under future water scarcity.

2. **Policy: Development Projects Incorporating Trees and Vegetation**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** The policy aims to address risks of flooding associated with heavy rains by reducing runoff through "trees, vegetation, and green infrastructure" (Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan, CL2.3).

   - **Proposed Option:** Incorporate climate adaptation solutions like planting more trees and vegetation.

   - **Potential Maladaptation:** This policy could cause maladaptation if the tree species or vegetation chosen are not suitable for evolving climate conditions, leading to increased resource use or failure to withstand future climate conditions.

No other explicit maladaptive climate policies are revealed in the provided sections of the document. It is important to note that effective climate policy implementation necessitates careful consideration of potential indirect consequences to avoid maladaptation.

### Metrics for Assessing Adaptation, Resilience, and Mitigation Options:

#### **Mitigation:**

  - The plan has set a **target** to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by **50% by 2032** *(TARGET 1)* from a **baseline of 10.64 metric tons (2006)**.
  - **Carbon Neutrality:** The District aims to achieve carbon neutrality by **2050**, which includes eliminating GHG emissions or offsetting any remaining emissions *(CL1.3)*.
  - The District reports an approximately **29% reduction in GHG emissions from the 2006 baseline** as part of ongoing tracking *(Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan)*.

- **Specific Sources of Emissions:**
  - As noted, **75%** of the District's GHG emissions come from buildings *(Sustainable DC 2.0 Plan)*.

- **Reporting Timeline:**
  - The District reports GHG emissions through an **annual Greenhouse Gas Inventory**, which tracks emissions by sector and follows international protocols for data quality *(CL1.2)*.

#### **Adaptation and Resilience:**

- **Target for New Developments:**
  - By **2032**, 100% of new buildings, major infrastructure, and neighborhood plans are required to consider climate risks and identify adaptation solutions *(TARGET 2)* with a **baseline of 0%**.

- **Infrastructure Vulnerability and Preparedness:**
  - The plan includes the evaluation and reduction of vulnerabilities in critical infrastructure such as transportation, energy, water, and telecommunications to anticipate climate change impacts *(CL2.1)*.
  - The District is improving emergency and community preparedness for climate change events focusing on the most at-risk populations *(CL2.2)*.

- **Climate Ready DC Plan:**
  - This plan, published in **2016**, includes actions and strategies aligned with adaptation goals and is regularly updated to remain relevant for the District's resilience to climate change *(CL2.4)*.

### Goals and Deadlines:

  - Reduce emissions by **50% by 2032** and achieve carbon neutrality by **2050** *(CL1.3)*.

- **Climate Risk Assessment in Development:**
  - Require all new development projects to assess climate risks and incorporate adaptation solutions with a **medium-term timeframe** *(CL2.3)*.

These metrics and goals are integral to measuring the success of each option and ensuring accountability in implementing the Sustainable DC 2.0 plan.

| Feature            | Description                                                                                                  |
|--------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Washington, DC                                                                                             |
| **Population**         | "The population of the District is projected to reach almost 900,000 by 2032" *(Setting the Scene)*         |
| **Threats Identified** | - Sea level rise and coastal flooding affecting low-lying neighborhoods *(Climate)*                        |
|                        | - Heatwaves affecting neighborhoods without green vegetation *(Climate)*                                   |
|                        | - Economic and physical risks to low-income and vulnerable residents *(Climate)*                           |
| **Measures Identified**| - Improving adaptive capacity of neighborhood building blocks: transit, energy, water, and telecommunications *(Climate)* |
|                        | - Policies for climate adaptation and mitigation set for the entire city *(Climate)*                        |
|                        | - Focus on helping all residents adapt to climate change, especially those most at-risk economically and physically *(Climate)* |
```

**Physical and Economic Landscape of the City of Gary**

**Planning Jurisdiction:** City of Gary, Indiana

**Location:** The plan encompasses the municipal boundaries of the City of Gary.

- The population declined from 75,486 in 2020 to 69,739 in 2021, a decrease of 7.61%.
- 78% of residents identify as Black or African American (Non-Hispanic), and 10% identify as white (non-Hispanic).
- 32.2% of residents live in poverty.

**Average Income:** Not explicitly mentioned in the plan.

- Gary has 13 miles of coastline on Lake Michigan, with 3.5 miles being publicly accessible beachfront.
- Part of the Indiana Dunes ecosystem, including Miller Woods/Green Heron Pond/Bayless Dune, the Clark & Pine Nature Preserve, and the Ivanhoe Nature Preserve.

- The largest employer is U.S. Steel/Gary Works.
- Important anchor institutions include Indiana University Northwest and the Gary/Chicago International Airport.
- The city hosts six truck terminals serving more than 100 trucking firms.
- Gary Regional Airport is a major Midwest cargo hub.

- Air quality is generally considered poor, with the area being in the top 25 most polluted according to the 2018 State of the Air report by the American Lung Association.
- Gary experiences transportation disruptions due to extreme weather events and damaged/aging infrastructure.

- Efforts to generate 50 MW of renewable energy are underway as part of the city's 2021 Climate Action Plan.
- Renewable energy and energy efficiency are prioritized, with initiatives like Solarize Gary to promote solar power.

- The largest employment sector is manufacturing, followed by trade, transportation, and utilities.
- A strong steel industry history with U.S. Steel/Gary Works still the city's largest single employer.
- Light manufacturing sectors include plastics, paper products, rubber, and chemicals.
- Recent growth in tourism, with attractions like the Michael Jackson Family Home, casino boats, and entertainment venues at Buffington Harbor.
- The economy also benefits from trade, transportation, utilities, government, educational, health services, and other manufacturing sectors.

**Economic Challenges related to Climate:**
- Rising energy costs due to increased temperatures and demand for electricity are anticipated. 
- Heavy reliance on coal and natural gas poses vulnerability to volatile energy prices. 

The City of Gary's economy is supported by diversified industries including manufacturing, trade, and tourism, with significant transportation infrastructure in place. However, environmental challenges such as air pollution and reliance on traditional energy sources present economic risks, prompting initiatives towards renewable energy and efficiency to enhance climate resilience and economic stability.

The plan extensively focuses on resilience, aiming to build a robust community that can withstand adverse climate events. Strategies laid out in the plan emphasize community readiness, infrastructure improvements, and the incorporation of green infrastructure to enhance resilience to climate threats. For instance, "Climate action in the City of Gary advances: →Green jobs and living wages →Neighborhood networks and support →Cross-cultural and interracial understanding" as part of building resilience (Introduction). Additionally, various strategies such as "Improve community emergency preparedness (emphasis on at-risk neighborhoods)" and "Update the 2021 Gary Urban Forest Management Plan to expand the local tree canopy" are indicative of a strong commitment towards resilience (Appendix 5; Executive Summary).

The plan includes significant mitigation efforts aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It sets ambitious targets, such as "Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is critical to avoid locking-in more extreme climate impacts" and aims to "reduce local government operations emissions by 50%" (Introduction). Strategies towards mitigation include "connect with local leaders to raise awareness of community solar" and "increase solar adoption" (Appendix 5). These actions demonstrate the plan's commitment to reduce the city's carbon footprint.

The plan also focuses on adaptation strategies to adjust to the current and anticipated impacts of climate change. The plan outlines the necessity for adaptation by stating, "Efforts to cut greenhouse gas emissions must go hand-in-hand with action to prepare for the changes that are already taking place" (Introduction). This is further complemented by strategies such as "Increase resiliency in residential & commercial sectors" and "Retrofit older buildings & require higher standards for new construction projects" (Appendix 5). These measures indicate the plan's intention to adjust and prepare for sustained changes in climate patterns.

Based on the analysis of the plan, it is best classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. It places significant emphasis on both reducing greenhouse gas emissions and building resilience, alongside adaptation strategies to cope with the adverse effects of climate change.

Yes, the plan describes scenarios of climate change that the City of Gary is likely to face, and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. 

**Scenario Descriptions:**

- **Extreme Weather Events:** The plan mentions that the City of Gary is already experiencing impacts from climate change, such as more extreme heat, storms, and flooding. Climate change is linked to more frequent and severe natural disasters, including floods, tornadoes, and hurricanes, due to changes in weather patterns and warmer temperatures leading to increased evaporation rates, which fuel intense rainfall events and increase flooding risks. Warmer oceans can also increase the energy of tropical storms and hurricanes, resulting in stronger and more destructive storms. Additionally, rising temperatures increase the frequency of wildfires by leading to drier conditions and increased vegetation dryness. (_Executive Summary & Community Readiness_)

- **Rising Temperatures and Changing Rainfall Patterns:** The region is expected to endure warmer average temperatures and changed weather patterns, leading to increased frequency and severity of natural disasters such as heatwaves, hurricanes, wildfires, and extreme storms. (_Community Readiness & Connecting Past and Present_)

- **Vulnerable Populations:** The impacts of climate change affect all community sectors, including human health, natural resources, infrastructure, emergency response, and the economy, with vulnerable populations being the most affected. (_Executive Summary & Community Trends Summary_)

The plan aims to tackle these scenarios by prioritizing resilient infrastructure, clean air and water, healthy parks and waterways, and social equity and justice. It underscores the necessity for comprehensive planning and coordination in emergency preparedness to reflect the increased frequency and severity of these events, emphasizing the importance of collaboration among government agencies, emergency responders, community organizations, and residents to enhance resilience. (_Executive Summary & Community Readiness_)

1. **Severe Heat**
   - **Climate Hazard:** "Severe Heat – There could be 32-57 more days/year above 90°F."
   - **Climate Risks:** Increased frequency of extreme temperatures can risk to human health, especially for first responders, outdoor workers, and service industries. It can also lead to electrical outages and exacerbate urban heat island effects.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Risk to outdoor workers, service industries (Appendix 3), and the unhoused population due to increased frequency of extreme temperatures (Appendix 5).

2. **Larger Storms**
   - **Climate Hazard:** "The amount of precipitation in the largest storms could increase 5-30%."
   - **Climate Risks:** Greater risk of property damage, flooding, transportation disruption, and stress on stormwater infrastructure.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas with aging infrastructure are particularly vulnerable, impacting both built and human environments.

3. **Extreme Cold**
   - **Climate Hazard:** "Even as average temperatures rise, Gary still experiences days below 32°F."
   - **Climate Risks:** Extreme cold poses risks like potential electrical outages and danger to human life and infrastructure.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Populations relying on vulnerable infrastructure, such as the unhoused population (Appendix 3).

   - **Climate Hazard:** "More homes and businesses at risk of flooding."
   - **Climate Risks:** The risk of the degradation of aquatic systems, property damage, and infrastructure challenges.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Urban areas with a high percentage of impervious surfaces, such as streets and parking lots, are particularly vulnerable. Also, populations living near rivers prone to flooding like the Little Calumet River (Appendix 3).

5. **Air Pollution from Heavily Polluting Industries**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Increased risk of adverse health conditions from air pollution.
   - **Climate Risks:** Impacts include higher healthcare burdens and potential health deterioration among affected populations.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Communities near polluting industries (Appendix 5).

6. **Water Pollution**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Degradation of aquatic systems due to increased water pollution.
   - **Climate Risks:** Leads to the loss of wildlife habitat and ecological function.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas dependent on affected water bodies for ecological and human benefit (Appendix 5).

   - **Climate Hazard:** Caused by heat-absorbing buildings, impervious surfaces, and the removal of canopy cover.
   - **Climate Risks:** Increases ambient temperatures and affects human comfort and safety.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Densely developed urban areas (Appendix 5).

Each of these hazards threatens different aspects of the planning jurisdiction’s environment, infrastructure, and population, necessitating comprehensive adaptive and resilience strategies.

Based on the provided document, here are the identified resilience options along with their attributes:

### 1. **Retrofit Older Buildings and Require Higher Standards for New Construction Projects**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addresses risks related to higher cost of doing business, urban heat island effect, greater risk of property damage, and increased cost of residential energy.
  - **Cost:** High ($$$)
  - **Timeframe and Location:** Not specified in detail.
  - **Other Attributes:** Considered a high priority action with direct governmental involvement, supports equity for marginalized groups, and enhances environmental health and biological diversity.

### 2. **Pass Ordinance Allowing Resilient Landscaping Practices**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addresses risks related to the urban heat island effect.
  - **Cost:** Low ($)
  - **Other Attributes:** Supports efforts to reduce GHG emissions and enhances environmental health.

### 3. **Improve Community Emergency Preparedness**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addresses risks to the overburdened healthcare system and risks to first responders, outdoor workers, and service industries.
  - **Cost:** Medium ($)
  - **Other Attributes:** Involves updating emergency preparedness plans and public education.

### 4. **Assess & Upgrade Existing Stormwater Management System**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addresses risks related to decline in water quality, degradation of aquatic systems, and damaged stormwater infrastructure.
  - **Other Attributes:** Part of a larger effort to implement Gary’s Long Term Control Plan for infrastructure improvement.

### 5. **Green Infrastructure Plan Implementation**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addresses risks related to decline in water quality, degradation of aquatic systems, greater risk of property damage, and threats to native biodiversity.
  - **Other Attributes:** Enhances environmental health, builds community resilience, and involves property owners and community partners.

### 6. **Increase Solar Adoption**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Indirectly addresses energy-related vulnerabilities and high cost of residential energy.
  - **Cost and Timeframe:** Not explicitly specified.
  - **Location:** Vulnerable communities.
  - **Other Attributes:** Promotes renewable energy, involves local leaders, and provides funding and assistance to vulnerable communities.

### 7. **Improve Energy Efficiency of Existing Buildings**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addresses higher costs due to energy inefficiency.
  - **Other Attributes:** Includes support for existing programs, involves public and private partnerships.

### 8. **Expand Tree Canopy & Diversify Species**
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Addresses urban heat island effect and threats to tree canopy from severe conditions.
  - **Location:** Focused on areas with severe heat absorption.
  - **Other Attributes:** Improves urban landscaping, enhances ecological health, and potentially reduces heat absorption.

These resilience options collectively aim to mitigate various climate-related threats and build a more robust infrastructure and community system that can better withstand future climate impacts.

The plan identifies several mitigation options aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing sustainability. Here's a summary of the identified mitigation options along with the information on cost, timing, location, and other attributes as provided in the plan:

1. **Increase Solar Adoption**
   - **Actions**: 
     - Connect with local leaders to raise awareness of community solar.
     - Set aside solar funding & implementation assistance for vulnerable communities.
   - **Cost and Timing**: Specific costs and timing aren't detailed, but the emphasis is on community engagement and support in vulnerable communities. 
   - **Location**: Local communities, focusing on areas with vulnerable populations.

2. **Improve Energy Efficiency of Existing Buildings**
     - Create & publish an inventory of existing programs that support energy efficiency efforts.
     - Offer support for program implementation.
   - **Cost and Timing**: 
     - Cost: Low for inventory publication, Medium for support offering. 
     - Timing is not specified.
   - **Location**: Implemented city-wide, targeting businesses and residences to advance energy efficiency.

3. **Increase Use of Green Infrastructure**
   - **Actions**: Implement the existing green infrastructure plan.
   - **Cost and Timing**: High cost associated with implementation, specific timing not detailed.
   - **Location**: City-wide with emphasis on areas requiring green infrastructure upgrades.

4. **Improve Stormwater Infrastructure**
     - Assess & upgrade existing stormwater management system.
     - Incentivize the creation of green infrastructure in low-income areas.
   - **Cost and Timing**: Low to Medium costs assigned with incentives; timing is project-specific.
   - **Location**: Focus on low-income areas for green infrastructure.

5. **Replace and Upgrade Roads**
     - Create an inventory of vulnerable roads.
     - Establish & launch a program to complete targeted road upgrades.
     - Medium to High cost.
     - Timing is associated with the order of upgrades.
   - **Location**: Begins with vulnerable roads as outlined in the inventory.

6. **Increase Resilience in Local Power Distribution**
     - Install underground electrical wiring.
     - Improve vegetation management near power lines.
   - **Cost and Timing**: High cost for underground wiring; timing dependent on project phases.
   - **Location**: High-risk areas identified for power line management.

These mitigation strategies are framed to enhance the city’s resilience to climate change while focusing on sustainability and greenhouse gas reduction. The plan prioritizes community engagement, supports vulnerable communities, and involves multi-sectoral collaboration for comprehensive impact.

Based on the provided plan excerpts, the following mitigation options are identified:

1. **Increase solar adoption**
   - **Location:** Community-wide, with emphasis on vulnerable communities.
   - **Attributes:** Focus on increasing awareness and providing financial support for solar initiatives.

2. **Improve energy efficiency of existing buildings**
     - Create and publish an inventory of existing programs that support energy efficiency efforts.
   - **Cost:** 
     - Publishing an inventory is low cost.
     - Supporting program implementation is medium cost.
   - **Attributes:** Emphasizes documenting existing resources and actively supporting implementation of energy-efficient practices.

3. **Implement City's Green Infrastructure Plan**
   - **Cost:** High.
   - **Attributes:** A comprehensive approach that involves collaboration with property owners and residents to expand green infrastructure efforts.

4. **Incentivize the creation of green infrastructure in low-income areas**
   - **Cost:** Medium.
   - **Location:** Low-income areas.
   - **Attributes:** Focus on improving environmental conditions in economically disadvantaged areas by promoting green infrastructure solutions.

5. **Increase use of green infrastructure**
   - **Action:** Implement existing green infrastructure plan.
   - **Important Attributes:** Aims to enhance environmental resilience through comprehensive green infrastructure development.

6. **Replace and upgrade roads**
   - **Actions:**
     - Establish and launch a program to complete targeted road upgrades.
     - Inventory creation is low cost.
     - Road and alley upgrades are high cost.
   - **Location:** Vulnerable roads and alleys throughout the city.
   - **Attributes:** Enhances transportation and infrastructure resilience, meeting high standards for safety and efficiency.

These options focus largely on promoting renewable energy, enhancing energy efficiency, developing green infrastructure, and upgrading vulnerable infrastructure in the planning jurisdiction.

The plan identifies several adaptation options, each addressing specific climate threats. Below are the summarized adaptation options along with the relevant climate threats and available information regarding cost, timeframe, location, and other important attributes:

1. **Urban Spaces Restoration**
   - *Threat Addressed:* Urban degradation and loss of native vegetation.
   - *Attributes:* "Continue to acquire urban spaces to restore native vegetation" (Appendix 5: Climate Resilience Strategies).

2. **Pollution Reduction from Wastewater & Stormwater**
   - *Threat Addressed:* Water pollution and damage to aquatic systems.
   - *Attributes:* Includes actions to "improve wastewater & stormwater treatment" and "separate storm and wastewater infrastructure" (Appendix 5: Climate Resilience Strategies).

3. **Land Use Plan Updates**
   - *Threat Addressed:* Risk to aquatic systems due to improper land use.
   - *Attributes:* Actions include developing policies to protect aquatic systems and engaging community groups for planning and implementation (Appendix 5: Climate Resilience Strategies).

4. **Solar Adoption Increase**
   - *Threat Addressed:* High energy costs and GHG emissions.
   - *Attributes:* Focuses on raising awareness and funding solar projects in vulnerable communities (Appendix 5: Climate Resilience Strategies).

5. **Energy Efficiency of Existing Buildings**
   - *Threat Addressed:* Higher energy costs and inefficient energy use.
   - *Attributes:* Includes creating inventories of programs to support energy efficiency and offering implementation support (Appendix 5: Climate Resilience Strategies).

6. **Stormwater Infrastructure Improvement**
   - *Threat Addressed:* Damaged stormwater infrastructure due to increased precipitation.
   - *Attributes:* Actions include assessing and upgrading current systems and promoting green infrastructure in low-income areas (Appendix 5: Climate Resilience Strategies).

7. **Green Infrastructure Usage Increase**
   - *Threat Addressed:* Urban heat and stormwater management issues.
   - *Attributes:* Involves implementing an existing green infrastructure plan (Appendix 5: Climate Resilience Strategies).

8. **Roads Replacement and Upgrade**
   - *Threat Addressed:* Damaged roads from extreme weather events.
   - *Attributes:* Includes creating an inventory of vulnerable roads and launching a program for targeted upgrades (Appendix 5: Climate Resilience Strategies).

9. **Resilience in Residential & Commercial Sectors**
   - *Threat Addressed:* Vulnerability of buildings to climate impacts.
   - *Attributes:* Retrofit older buildings and require higher standards for new constructions (Appendix 5: Climate Resilience Strategies).

10. **Heat Absorption Reduction**
    - *Threat Addressed:* Urban heat island effect.
    - *Attributes:* Plans to expand tree canopies and diversify species (Appendix 5: Climate Resilience Strategies).

11. **Emergency Preparedness Improvement**
    - *Threat Addressed:* Increased risk to at-risk communities during disasters.
    - *Attributes:* Includes maintenance improvements, underground wiring, providing solar technology, and aiding in disaster planning (Appendix 5: Climate Resilience Strategies).

12. **Alternative Plans for Outdoor Events**
    - *Threat Addressed:* Risks to outdoor culture due to extreme weather.
    - *Attributes:* Preparation of parks for hot weather with cooling centers and water stations (Appendix 5: Climate Resilience Strategies).

**Cost and Timeframe:**
- **Cost:** The relative cost for many actions is indicated as Low, Medium, or High in the context of relative strategies (Appendix 4: Developing Climate Resilience Strategies).
- **Timeframe:** Specific timeframes for implementation are not detailed.
- **Location:** Specific locations often involve vulnerable or low-income areas, but many strategies are city-wide actions.

These adaptation options are designed to increase the resilience and adaptive capacity of the community, addressing both immediate climate vulnerabilities and supporting long-term sustainability and resilience building.

**1. Climate Equity Framework**
   - **Threat Addressed:** The overarching threat addressed is climate inequities that arise from the unequal distribution of social, political, and economic power, which affect how different community members experience climate impacts.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** The plan identifies populations in Gary who are disadvantaged due to factors like lower income, race, language, gender, LGBTQ+ status, mobility, disability, housing status, health condition, and age. These populations often have limited ability to protect themselves from climate impacts. (*Advancing Climate Equity - Page 16*)

**2. Prioritizing Investments in At-Risk Communities**
   - **Threat Addressed:** This policy primarily addresses the climate-induced exacerbation of existing stressors related to health and housing quality and availability.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** The focus is on those "on the frontlines" of climate change, including historically marginalized groups and those who have contributed the least to climate change. (*Climate Equity and Our Community - Executive Summary Page 6*)

**3. Engagement and Empowerment of Disadvantaged Residents**
   - **Threat Addressed:** The inability of marginalized communities to influence climate planning processes, leading to solutions that do not address their needs or may even worsen inequities.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Disadvantaged residents in Gary, particularly those who have been historically marginalized or excluded from decision-making processes. (*Advancing Climate Equity - Page 16*)

**4. Climate Action Investments Focused on Social and Environmental Justice**
   - **Threat Addressed:** The compounded impacts of climate change that disproportionately affect marginalized communities.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Those living in underserved areas who face greater exposure to the impacts of climate change, such as extreme weather events and poor air quality. (*Strategies to Prepare for Change - Page 26*)

**5. Implementation of Equitable Climate Actions**
   - **Threat Addressed:** The threats of climate-induced events such as extreme temperatures, storms, and flooding that can disproportionately impact under-resourced communities.
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** Populations that are identified as having the least adaptive capacity, such as low-income, minority communities, or areas with aging infrastructure susceptible to climate impacts. (*Executive Summary - Page 5; Appendix 3: Climate Vulnerability Assessment - Page 88*)

Each of these policies incorporates elements of climate equity and justice by aiming to support and empower communities that are most at risk of facing severe climate impacts due to their vulnerability and limited capacity to adapt.

Based strictly on the document provided, there are no specific mentions of potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies. All the mentioned strategies and actions aim to enhance resilience, mitigation, and adaptation efforts. However, as a general practice when reviewing climate policies, the following considerations might help identify potential maladaptive aspects:

1. **Urban Heat Island Effect and Heat Absorption Reduction**
   - **Climate Threat:** Urban heat island effect from heat-absorbing buildings and impervious surfaces.
   - **Policy Option:** Expanding the tree canopy and diversifying species.
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** If non-native or drought-sensitive species are selected, this could lead to increased water demand or loss of tree canopy during drought conditions, exacerbating heat issues.

2. **Traffic and Transportation Disruption**
   - **Climate Threat:** Continued transportation disruption due to extreme weather events and damaged/aging infrastructure.
   - **Policy Option:** Creating and implementing a targeted road upgrade program.
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** Increased paving or road expansions could lead to more heat-absorbing surfaces, contributing to the urban heat island effect if green infrastructure is not integrated.

These examples illustrate how policies might unintentionally increase vulnerability or impact other systems negatively, emphasizing the need for holistic and integrated planning in climate strategies.

The "Climate Ready Gary" plan outlines the following ways to measure the success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options, along with specific metrics and goals:

### **Evaluation and Metrics:**

  - **Evaluation Metrics:** The success is measured by the percentage of completed proposals related to the implementation of the city's Green Infrastructure Plan. No specific units are provided in the excerpt for tracking these outcomes. 
  - *Source: Appendix 6: Community and Stakeholder Outreach*

- **Combined Sewer Overflows (CSO):**
  - **Evaluation Metrics:** Includes the number of CSO occurrences and the number of completed Supplemental Environmental Projects (SEPs).
  - *Source: Strategies to Prepare for Change*

- **Implementation and Evaluation Process:**
  - The Implementation Task Force is responsible for developing indicators and metrics to evaluate success. Specific metrics for each action will be identified based upon what is to be measured for each action and what defines success. Existing data collection efforts and opportunities for community data gathering will be utilized.
  - *Source: Implementation and Evaluation*

  - There is a goal to implement the City’s Green Infrastructure Plan (2019). However, no specific deadlines or numerical objectives for completion are mentioned in the text provided.

Overall, the plan emphasizes the need for continuous monitoring and revision of strategies, although it does not specify precise units or deadlines beyond what is described in the excerpts. More specific targets or figures might be included in sections not provided in the excerpts.

| Feature          | Description                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          |
|------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | City of Gary                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              |
| **Population**   | - 2021: 69,739  <br> - 2020: 75,486 <br> - Decrease: 7.61%                                                                                                                                                             |
| **Threats Identified** | - Higher cost of doing business due to rising energy and insurance costs as well as disaster losses <br> - Overburdened healthcare system due to increasing mental and physical health challenges from worsening climate impacts <br> - Worsening food insecurity due to disturbances in food production and supply chains <br> - Decline in water quality due to increased flooding events <br> - Air pollution from heavily polluting industries <br> - Urban heat island effect <br> - Continued transportation disruption due to extreme weather events  |
| **Measures Identified** | - **Healthy Residents:** Addressing illegal dumping, conducting air quality health impact study, increasing farmers markets <br> - **Natural Systems:** Updating urban forest management plan, updating the Gary Green Links Master Plan, educating on wildfire safety <br> - **Sustainable Energy:** Campaign for solar energy benefits, inventory for solar adoption programs <br> - **Resilient Infrastructure:** Assessing stormwater and wastewater management, implementing Gary's Long Term Control Plan|
```

The plan references "Chicago" as the planning jurisdiction. Chicago is located in the state of Illinois, United States. Specific details about the population, demographics, and average income are not directly provided in the document.

### **Geographic Features and Infrastructure:**

  - The plan highlights the significance of "Chicago River" and positions it as "Chicago's second waterfront," alongside Lake Michigan.
  
  - Chicago is noted as an "unparalleled access to transportation" city.
  - The document mentions "O’Hare Airport" and "Midway International Airports," essential parts of the city's infrastructure that support its status as a "global airport hub for the 21st century."

### **Local Climate and Water:**

- The plan indicates a focus on stormwater management, underlining the importance of addressing issues like "sewer overflows and basement flooding."
  
  - Emphasis on energy efficiency, with a focus on utilizing "solar power," including "nation's largest urban solar field" and expansion plans for the coverage of solar panels in the city.
  - Renewable energy initiatives are further supported by clean energy efforts such as the closure of coal-based power plants like Fisk and Crawford to improve local air quality and embrace cleaner energy sources.

- **Key Industries and Economic Drivers:**
  - Chicago is described as having a "major hub for advanced business and professional services" and an economy robust in sectors like "manufacturing, research, and technology."
  - Significant public and private investments (over $8 billion) are projected to support sustainability projects, thereby creating "nearly 40,000 jobs."
  - Specific projects include investments to rebuild public transport such as the "CTA Red and Purple Lines" and the upgrading of water, sewer, and electrical infrastructure.
  - The city is described as having the third-largest concentration of "sustainable jobs" in the country, highlighting the demand for clean technology and a sustainable economy.
  - Key projects such as the "Retrofit Chicago Commercial Buildings Initiative" are expected to enhance energy efficiency and create further employment opportunities.

The plan underscores Chicago's commitment to sustainability and innovation through aggressive energy efficiency goals and major infrastructure investments, positioning it as a leading city in both environmental sustainability and economic innovation.

The plan addresses resilience, mitigation, and adaptation through a variety of goals and key actions. Here is a brief summary of how it addresses each component:

- The plan focuses on building resilience through infrastructure improvements and community support. Key actions include preparing the infrastructure for climate change by reducing the urban heat island effect, managing flooding from high-intensity storm events, and strengthening resiliency to extreme weather. Additionally, it emphasizes preparing for human impacts of climate change, such as providing information and services like cooling centers to support the community. (*"Protect the city and its residents by preparing for changes in the climate" - GOAL 24*)

- Mitigation is a core component, with goals to reduce carbon emissions from all sectors and improve local air quality by decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. The plan outlines key actions such as increasing energy efficiency, closing coal-fired power plants, and reducing emissions from transit. Goal 22 specifically aims at reducing carbon emissions across all sectors, indicating a strong focus on mitigation efforts. (*"Reduce carbon emissions from all sectors" - GOAL 22 and "Improve local air quality by accelerating performance towards federal standards and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions" - GOAL 23*)

- Adaptation strategies are embedded in goals focused on preparing for climate impacts. The plan emphasizes biodiversity maintenance, managing environmental changes, and protecting natural resources. It acknowledges the need to proactively respond to a changing climate with policies and solutions to protect the city's natural and built environments. (*"Prepare for the natural environment for climate impacts and maintain biodiversity" - GOAL 24*)

The plan is best classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan** because it addresses both mitigation and adaptation strategies with equal emphasis through comprehensive goals that prioritize reducing emissions while also preparing for and responding to climate impacts.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change that Chicago will face and for which it is planning climate policies. The plan states:

- "Research suggests that Chicago could experience a significant shift in climate and increasing frequency of severe storms." (_Climate Change_)
- "High emissions projections show that by the end of the century, Chicago summers will be similar to those in Baton Rouge today." (_Climate Change_)

The plan indicates that Chicago's climate will change with hotter summers and more intense storms. This scenario prompts the city to work proactively to respond to climate change by advancing policies and solutions to prepare for these changes and protect its people, infrastructure, and natural resources.

1. **Severe Storms**
   - **Climate Hazard:** The plan anticipates an "increasing frequency of severe storms" as a significant climate hazard for Chicago.
   - **Climate Risks:** These severe storms pose risks such as flooding from high-intensity storm events, which can affect infrastructure, natural resources, and increase the likelihood of natural disasters impacting the city.
   - **Climate Vulnerability:** The document does not explicitly identify specific areas or populations with the most climate vulnerability to severe storms. However, it suggests an overarching vulnerability in infrastructure and natural resources, which could affect various communities across the city.

   - **Climate Hazard:** The plan mentions the "urban heat island effect" as a challenge that needs to be addressed due to its impact on increasing temperatures.
   - **Climate Risks:** The urban heat island effect exacerbates temperature rises, posing risks to public health, increasing energy demand for cooling, and impacting those without adequate resources to cope with higher temperatures.
   - **Climate Vulnerability:** Vulnerable populations are not specifically mentioned, but generally, urban areas with dense infrastructure and limited green spaces would be more susceptible to the urban heat island effect.

The plan identifies several resilience options to address climate change impacts. Below are the resilience options along with their specific climate threats, and important attributes:

### **1. Prepare for Human Impacts of Climate Change**
**Specific Climate Threat:** This option addresses the threat of extreme heat events which are expected to become more frequent due to climate change.  
**Cost, Timeframe, Location:** While the plan outlines the need to prepare, specific costs or timelines are not provided for this option.  
**Other Important Attributes:** The plan emphasizes supporting people with information and access to services, such as cooling centers, to protect the most vulnerable populations. This action combines both social and health dimensions to increase community resilience.  
*Citations:* "Prepare for the human impacts of climate change by supporting people with information and services, such as cooling centers." (Climate Change » Goals)

### **2. Prepare the Natural Environment**
**Specific Climate Threat:** This addresses the threat to biodiversity and ecosystem services driven by changes in climate patterns and frequency of severe weather events.  
**Cost, Timeframe, Location:** Specific costs or locations for implementation are not documented.  
**Other Important Attributes:** The focus is on maintaining biodiversity, which includes preserving habitats and natural resources, protecting the tree canopy, and managing invasive species. The Plan also mentions restoration initiatives like those in the Calumet region and Northerly Island.  
*Citations:* "Maintain biodiversity... Increase and protect habitat that is friendly to bird and other species. Restore at least 40 acres of land on Northerly Island in support of this effort." (Parks, Open Space, and Healthy Food)

### **3. Prepare Infrastructure for Climate Change**
**Specific Climate Threat:** The infrastructure-focused measures are aimed at threats such as urban heat island effect, increased flooding from high-intensity storms, and general vulnerability to extreme weather events.  
**Cost, Timeframe, Location:** No specific cost, timeframe, or location data are provided in this plan.  
**Other Important Attributes:** Key infrastructural actions include reducing the urban heat island effect and managing stormwater to prevent flooding, particularly in areas prone to sewer overflows and basement flooding. This not only supports environmental resilience but also helps in maintaining the livability of the city.  
*Citations:* "Prepare the infrastructure for climate change by reducing the urban heat island effect, managing flooding from high-intensity storm events, and strengthening resiliency to extreme weather." (Climate Change » Goals)

All of these options are integral to advancing Chicago's resilience under changing climatic conditions. However, the plan lacks detailed financial or temporal specifics, emphasizing instead the broad scope and necessity of each action.

1. **Energy Efficiency and Clean Energy Improvements**
   - **Summary:** The plan focuses on energy efficiency and clean energy improvements, such as the Retrofit Chicago Commercial Buildings Initiative. "Retrofit Chicago’s Commercial Buildings Initiative launched Chicago’s participation in the Better Buildings Challenge, a national program that encourages public and private organizations to commit to energy savings" (Energy Efficiency and Clean Energy).
   - **Timing:** Increase energy efficiency by 20% within the next five years.
   - **Location:** Various commercial buildings in Chicago.
   - **Attributes:** Improves citywide energy efficiency, aims to save money and reduce carbon emissions.

2. **Installation of Renewable Energy**
   - **Summary:** The city plans to install renewable energy on public properties and cut solar permit approval time to speed up the process. "Install 10 MW of renewable energy on City properties" and "explore locally-produced, renewable energy opportunities" (Energy Efficiency and Clean Energy).
   - **Timing:** Goals include reaching 9% of electricity from renewable sources by 2015 and 25% by 2026.
   - **Location:** Publicly owned properties throughout Chicago.
   - **Attributes:** Supports the Illinois Renewable Portfolio Standard goals and promotes local renewable energy development.

3. **Fleet Efficiency and Emission Reductions**
   - **Summary:** Chicago targets improvements in vehicle efficiency and aims to reduce emissions from transportation. "Improve traffic signal timing for cars and buses to reduce idling time and achieve a taxi fleet comprised of 75% - 80% hybrid or compressed natural gas vehicles" (Transportation Options).
   - **Timing:** Ongoing efforts with specific upgrades rolling out through incremental milestones such as annual replacements.
   - **Location:** Across the city.
   - **Attributes:** Reduces municipal fossil fuel consumption and implements clean vehicle technologies.

4. **Green Roof and Cool Roof Initiatives**
   - **Summary:** The city has implemented zoning and financial incentives to support green and cool roofs. "Chicago has almost 360 green roofs covering more than 5 million square feet" (Sustainable Chicago).
   - **Timing:** Initiatives began in the past decade and are ongoing.
   - **Location:** Various locations in Chicago including City Hall and O'Hare Airport.
   - **Attributes:** Increases energy efficiency and the use of sustainable materials.

5. **Closing of Coal-Fired Power Plants**
   - **Summary:** The closure of the Fisk and Crawford coal-fired power plants. "Closing these plants by the end of 2012 will be a significant milestone toward improving air quality in Chicago" (Goals).
   - **Timing:** Completed by the end of 2012.
   - **Location:** Fisk and Crawford communities in Chicago.
   - **Attributes:** Significantly reduced air pollution from major industrial sources.

The plan identifies several mitigation options aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Here are the summarized options along with their details:

1. **Retrofit Chicago’s Commercial Buildings Initiative:**
   - **Cost:** There is no specific cost detail provided for this initiative in the plan.
   - **Timeframe:** Over the next five years as mentioned in relation to energy efficiency improvements.
   - **Location:** Various commercial buildings across Chicago, including notable addresses such as the Santa Fe Building and NBC Tower.
   - **Attributes:** Part of the national Better Buildings Challenge, partners include ComEd, Natural Resources Defense Council, and Chicago Building Owners and Managers Association. The goal is to increase energy efficiency by 20%.

2. **Renewable Energy Installations:**
   - **Cost:** Specific cost details are not provided.
   - **Timeframe:** The goal includes achieving certain milestones by 2015 and further details into 2026.
   - **Location:** Publicly owned properties within Chicago.
   - **Attributes:** The aim is to install 10 MW of renewable energy on City properties, collaborate with ComEd and the State of Illinois to meet renewable portfolio standards.

3. **Chicago Clean Diesel Contracting Ordinance:**
   - **Cost:** Financial implications are not detailed in the plan.
   - **Timeframe:** Effective starting in 2014.
   - **Location:** Relevant city projects across Chicago.
   - **Attributes:** Implements the Clean Fleet Score to ban high-polluting equipment and vehicles on City projects.

4. **Transition to Clean Vehicle Technologies:**
   - **Cost:** Specific cost details not mentioned.
   - **Timeframe:** Ongoing with some goals scheduled over the next several years.
   - **Location:** Throughout Chicago's transportation system.
   - **Attributes:** Chicago plans to use cleaner fuels, increase vehicle efficiency, and install electric vehicle charging stations.

5. **Closure of Fisk and Crawford Power Plants:**
   - **Cost:** Not specified, but the closure indicates significant past operational costs.
   - **Timeframe:** Closed by the end of 2012.
   - **Location:** Chicago, specifically targeting urban areas with dense populations.
   - **Attributes:** Eliminated major sources of carbon emissions, which accounted for 90% of industrial emissions in the city.

Other mentions of mitigation included general overarching goals like reducing municipal fossil fuel consumption, and promoting renewable energy usage, but specific attributes for these are less detailed.

Based on the document provided, the adaptation options identified in the plan focus on preparing the city and its residents for changes in the climate. Below are the summarized adaptation options, including the climate threat each addresses and relevant information on cost, timeframe, location, or other important attributes:

#### 1. Prepare for the Human Impacts of Climate Change
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** The plan mentions "a significant shift in climate and increasing frequency of severe storms" (Chapter: CLIMATE CHANGE GOALS, Goal 24).
- **Attributes:** The plan suggests supporting people with information and services, such as cooling centers. However, no specific information is provided about the cost, timeframe, or specific locations for these centers or services.

#### 2. Prepare the Natural Environment for Climate Impacts
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option addresses climate impacts that could disrupt natural biodiversity, as part of the anticipated significant climate shifts.
- **Attributes:** Efforts will focus on maintaining biodiversity. Details regarding the cost, exact timeframe, or specific locations for implementing these efforts are not provided in the document.

#### 3. Prepare Infrastructure for Climate Change
- **Climate Threat Addressed:** The strategy addresses threats like "reducing the urban heat island effect," managing flooding from high-intensity storms, and strengthening resilience to extreme weather (Chapter: CLIMATE CHANGE GOALS, Goal 24).
- **Attributes:** The plan aims to modify infrastructure to handle urban heat and flooding effectively. Specific cost, timeframe, and location details are not given in the document.

### General Note

The document emphasizes the importance of addressing future climate change challenges proactively but lacks specific information on the cost, detailed timeframes, or precise location details associated with the adaptation options mentioned above.

The plan does not provide specific details on climate policies explicitly aimed at advancing climate justice or identify specific areas or populations with heightened climate vulnerability concerning each threat. However, some of the policies implied could indirectly contribute to climate justice by addressing broad climate threats through various initiatives. Here are examples extracted from the plan:

### **Climate Policy: Improve Local Air Quality**

   - The goal of improving local air quality by reducing emissions from coal-fired power plants and vehicles addresses the threat of air pollution, which can lead to respiratory illnesses and other health problems.
   - **Quote:** "Cleaner air means fewer respiratory illnesses, fewer days of work missed, more time outdoors, and fewer trips to the hospital." (GOAL 23)

   - The closing of major coal-fired power plants, which were located in dense urban areas, suggests an effort to alleviate pollution burdens on those living in proximity who are likely more vulnerable.
   - **Quote:** "As of September 2012, the Fisk and Crawford power plants have ceased operations. Fisk and Crawford were two coal-based power plants that were located in a dense urban area, where 300,000 people live within a 3-mile radius." (FISK & CRAWFORD)

### **Climate Policy: Protect the City and Its Residents by Preparing for Changes in the Climate**

   - This policy aims to manage and mitigate the impacts of severe storms, urban heat, and flooding, addressing the threat of extreme weather events associated with climate change.
   - **Quote:** "Research suggests Chicago could experience a significant shift in climate and increasing frequency of severe storms." (GOAL 24)

   - This policy implies a focus on supporting populations that might be greatly affected by extreme weather, such as those requiring cooling centers during heatwaves or those living in flood-prone areas.
   - **Quote:** "Prepare the infrastructure for climate change by reducing the urban heat island effect, managing flooding from high-intensity storm events, and strengthening resiliency to extreme weather." (GOAL 24)

### **General Initiatives**

- **Community Engagement:** The plan mentions increasing community engagement for sustainability, which could address broader issues of climate justice by encouraging those disproportionately affected to participate in resilience planning actions.
  - **Quote:** "Increase community engagement to make Chicago more sustainable." (GOAL 22) 

These examples illustrate a multi-faceted approach to addressing climate threats that inherently touches upon themes of climate justice by potentially targeting the needs of vulnerable areas and populations without explicitly categorizing them as such.

Based on the document provided, here are the potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies:

1. **Increasing Average Daily Transit Ridership**
   - **Climate Threat:** This policy addresses the threat of increasing greenhouse gas emissions and local air pollution from transportation sources.
   - **Option:** The document mentions increasing citywide transit ridership as a resilience option to reduce emissions from vehicles ("Increase average daily transit ridership" under Transportation Options).
   - **Inadvertent Maladaptation:** Increasing transit ridership without adequate investment in sustainable transit infrastructure could lead to overcrowding and congestion. This might discourage public transit use, pushing people back towards individual car usage, which could inadvertently increase emissions rather than reducing them.

2. **Retrofit Chicago Commercial Buildings Initiative**
   - **Climate Threat:** It targets the reduction of energy consumption and carbon emissions from large commercial buildings.
   - **Option:** This is a mitigation option focused on improving energy efficiency in commercial buildings ("Retrofit Chicago Commercial Buildings Initiative" under Energy Efficiency and Clean Energy).
   - **Inadvertent Maladaptation:** If the retrofit process does not account for future climate conditions, such as increased temperatures leading to higher cooling demands, it may result in systems that are not resilient to future climate conditions, potentially increasing long-term energy consumption and emissions.

3. **Enhanced Stormwater Management**
   - **Climate Threat:** Addresses threats of urban flooding and water management issues arising from increased storm events.
   - **Option:** Adaptation option involving stormwater infrastructure improvements ("Enhance stormwater management to reduce sewer overflows and basement flooding" under Water and Wastewater).
   - **Inadvertent Maladaptation:** If stormwater infrastructure is developed based on historical weather patterns without considering projected changes in storm intensities and frequencies, it may not be sufficient to handle future flood events, leading to increased vulnerability.

4. **Development of Green Roofs**
   - **Climate Threat:** The urban heat island effect and increased energy consumption due to high temperatures.
   - **Option:** This is a resilience option involving the increase of green and cool roofs to combat urban heat ("GREEN ROOFS AND COOL ROOF ORDINANCE").
   - **Inadvertent Maladaptation:** Without proper planning, green roofs could face issues such as structural overload, or inappropriate plant selection could lead to biodiversity loss or maintenance challenges, which could reduce their effectiveness in cooling and increase costs over time.

**Adaptation, Resilience, and Mitigation Metrics in the Plan:**

1. **Reduction in CO2 Emissions:**
   - The plan highlights a goal to *"reduce carbon emissions from all sectors"*, targeting a *25% reduction from 1990 levels by 2020* and an *80% reduction by 2050* (Chicago Climate Action Plan and Climate Change section).

2. **Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Inventory:**
   - Chicago reduced its emissions by *8% from 2005 to 2010* as per the Chicago 2010 Regional Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Inventory. The goal is to achieve the 2020 target level and decrease the overall emissions from a "business-as-usual" scenario (Chicago Climate Action Progress section).

   - Key actions to improve air quality include closing the Fisk and Crawford generating stations, which will result in significant reductions in air pollution. It also involves reducing the *Chicago Transit Authority bus particulate matter emissions by 50 percent and nitrous oxide emissions by 30 percent* while maintaining service levels (Climate Change Goals section).

4. **Urban Forest Carbon Sequestration:**
   - Chicago’s urban forest is noted to sequester *700,000 tons of carbon annually*, providing a metric for the impact of tree canopy efforts (Chicago Climate Action Progress section).

5. **Local Adaptation and Infrastructure Improvements:**
   - Goals include preparing infrastructure for climate change by *reducing the urban heat island effect, managing flooding from high-intensity storm events, and strengthening resiliency to extreme weather*. The specifics of measurement are not detailed in terms of exact indices or numerical objectives (Climate Change Goals section).

6. **Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy:**
   - The plan emphasizes improving citywide energy efficiency by *5%* and improving energy efficiency in municipal buildings by *10%* (Energy Efficiency and Clean Energy Goals section). 
   - Another target is the creation of an *additional 20 MW of renewable energy* consistent with the Illinois Renewable Portfolio Standard (Energy Efficiency and Clean Energy Goals section).

7. **Transportation and Public Transit:**
   - Increase average daily transit ridership through enhancements to transit infrastructure, such as the *reconstruction of the Red Line* for faster commutes and the addition of bus rapid transit corridors (Transportation Options Goals section).
   - Aim to cut emissions by replacing or rehabilitating more than *1,500 CTA buses with low-emission buses* (Transportation Options Goals section).

8. **Water and Wastewater Management:**
   - Goals within this area include reducing *municipal fossil fuel consumption by 10%* and decreasing water use by *2% annually* (Water and Wastewater and Energy Efficiency and Clean Energy sections).

9. **Waste and Recycling Enhancements:**
   - The plan seeks to *increase access to recycling* and improve policies to promote waste reduction and reuse (Waste and Recycling section).

The plan consistently addresses these metrics with the underlying goal of fostering a sustainable Chicago, set against deadlines like 2020 and 2050 to evaluate successes in climate adaptation, resilience, and mitigation.

| Feature           | Details                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
|-------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Chicago                                                                                                                                                                                                                              |
| **Population**    | Not specified in the document                                                                                                                                                                                                           |
| **Threats Identified** | - **Climate Change:** Significant shift in climate and increased frequency of severe storms. <br> - **Urban Development:** Threat to local natural habitat from invasive species, pollution, and urban development (Parks, Open Space, and Healthy Food section).  |
| **Measures Identified** | - **Carbon Emissions Reduction:** "Reduce carbon emissions from all sectors" and improve energy efficiency. <br> - **Air Quality Improvement:** "Improve local air quality by accelerating performance towards federal standards." <br> - **Climate Adaptation:** "Protect the city and its residents by preparing for changes in the climate." <br> - **Natural Environment Protection:** "Drive habitat restoration and public engagement in the Calumet region" and "Increase and protect habitat that is friendly to bird and other species." <br> - **Water Management:** "Enhance stormwater management to reduce sewer overflows and basement flooding" and protect water quality (Water and Wastewater section). |
```

The document provided does not contain the specific details regarding the physical and economic landscape of the planning jurisdiction, including the name, location, population, demographics, and average income. Additionally, specific information about major geographic features, local climate conditions, key infrastructure, energy production, natural resources, or industries and economic drivers crucial to the region is not explicitly stated in the excerpts given.

However, some relevant information from the document regarding environmental conditions and challenges in Birmingham includes:

- **Air Quality**: The plan mentions challenges in improving and maintaining air quality as a significant issue for Birmingham and the surrounding region, highlighting health risks and regulatory challenges due to Clean Air Act violations (Part II | Chapter 6).

- **Soil Contamination**: The city has areas with high soil contamination, particularly linked to arsenic and BaP associated with coal processing, reflecting its historical steel-producing industry (Part II | Chapter 6).

- **Water Quality and Efficiency**: Industrial and urban development has diminished water quality over time, and the region has experienced significant droughts, pointing to water challenges (Part II | Chapter 6).

- **Energy and Resource Efficiency**: Concerns are raised about energy consumption, particularly in buildings, and the impacts of urban sprawl on energy use and emissions. There is mention of efforts to promote energy efficiency in the building sector (Part II | Chapter 6).

- **Sprawl and Land Use**: The document highlights the issue of urban sprawl and its impact on resource consumption, transportation, and land use efficiency (Part II | Chapter 6).

The plan identifies sustainability challenges involving air quality, soil and water contamination, energy and resource use, and community health. No specific industries, economic drivers, or energy production details are provided within the excerpts reviewed.

The plan emphasizes resilience through developing a citywide sustainability program, aiming to make city operations a "model of energy and resource efficiency" and supporting urban farming and community gardens to counter food deserts and food imbalance areas. It advocates for green infrastructure, low-impact development techniques, and the improvement of air and water quality, indicating a strong focus on resilient city operations and environmental conservation.

- *"Continue organizational and operational improvements to maximize energy and resource efficiency and reduce waste."* (Chapter 6 Sustainability and Green Practices)
- *"Encourage urban farming and community gardens to reduce food deserts and food imbalance areas."* (Chapter 6 Sustainability and Green Practices)

Mitigation is addressed through the encouragement of energy-efficient design and the use of renewable energy sources. The plan aims to reduce emissions from city buildings and transportation and supports the recruitment of clean industry and various programs for vehicle emissions testing.

- *"Expand the use of renewable energy sources for city operations."* (Chapter 6 Sustainability and Green Practices)
- *"Encourage energy-efficient design, materials and equipment in existing and new private developments."* (Chapter 6 Sustainability and Green Practices)

Adaptation options include the incorporation of green design methods into new city facilities, drought-tolerant landscaping, rainwater harvesting, and policies to protect biodiversity and wildlife habitats. These actions show an approach to developing practices that help both in current conditions and future climate scenarios.

- *"Use of native, drought-tolerant landscaping and rain harvesting for irrigation in public open spaces."* (Chapter 6 Sustainability and Green Practices)
- *"Protect biodiversity and wildlife habitat."* (Chapter 6 Sustainability and Green Practices)

Considering the holistic approach of the document, which covers a wide range of sustainability topics, the plan can be classified as a **sustainable/green plan**. This is due to its balanced emphasis on resilience, mitigation, and adaptation through various sustainable development practices, rather than focusing predominantly on one aspect.

The plan does not provide a specific scenario of climate change that the planning jurisdiction is expected to face. Instead, it outlines various sustainability challenges related to air quality, soil contamination, water quality, and energy and resource efficiency. These challenges suggest potential impacts that may be linked to broader environmental and resilience issues, but a detailed scenario of climate change is not explicitly described. The plan focuses more on strategies and goals for improving sustainability practices across the city in response to these challenges.

**Sustainability Challenges Mentioned:**

- **Air Quality:** "Improving and maintaining air quality has been a struggle for the city and the region." The plan acknowledges the need to balance air quality improvements with health care expenditures (Chapter 6).

- **Soil Contamination:** Due to industrial activities, there is arsenic and lead contamination, which poses health risks (Chapter 6).

- **Water Quality and Efficiency:** Industrial activities have diminished water quality, and projects to improve these conditions continue. The plan mentions past droughts but focuses on water conservation and capacity (Chapter 6).

- **Energy and Resource Efficiency:** The plan notes the opportunity to establish energy efficiency in the building sector over the coming years (Chapter 6).

Overall, while specific climate change scenarios are not detailed, the identified sustainability challenges imply certain climate-related risks that the city might need to address through climate resilience and adaptation strategies.

**1. Air Quality**

- **Climate Hazard:** The plan describes air quality issues as a significant challenge, particularly due to Clean Air Act violations in the region.
  
- **Climate Risks:** Poor air quality poses health risks to children, seniors, and asthma sufferers. Additionally, it subjects the metro area to restrictions associated with these violations.

- **Areas or Populations with the Most Climate Vulnerability:** The risks are particularly pronounced for vulnerable populations sensitive to air quality such as children, seniors, and individuals with respiratory issues.

**2. Soil Contamination**

- **Climate Hazard:** The plan highlights soil contamination in several areas with a history of industrial activities, particularly those involving coal processing.

- **Climate Risks:** Contaminated soils with arsenic and other toxic substances lead to skin and respiratory problems, cancer, and additional health issues for the local population.

- **Areas or Populations with the Most Climate Vulnerability:** Areas like the Collegeville, North Birmingham, Fairmont, and Harriman Park neighborhoods are specifically mentioned as being affected due to their industrial history.

**3. Water Quality**

- **Climate Hazard:** The deterioration of water quality in streams and waterways is linked to industrial and urban development activities.

- **Climate Risks:** Impacts revolve around compromised water quality standards and the need for conservation efforts amidst growing demand for water.

- **Areas or Populations with the Most Climate Vulnerability:** As water demand rises, new residential areas are affected, particularly those dependent on the Birmingham Water Works Board service area.

- **Climate Hazard:** The region has historically experienced significant droughts, such as in 2000 and 2007.

- **Climate Risks:** Drought conditions necessitate water use restrictions and highlight the importance of water conservation in the face of resource strain.

- **Areas or Populations with the Most Climate Vulnerability:** The entire region is subject to increased vulnerability due to anticipated residential growth and service area limitations.

**5. Energy Use**

- **Climate Hazard:** Buildings account for a near-majority of energy consumption, with ongoing growth posing a challenge.

- **Climate Risks:** Elevated energy use affects resource efficiency and contributes to costs associated with utilities across various sectors.

- **Areas or Populations with the Most Climate Vulnerability:** The plan suggests that government bodies, businesses, institutions, and residents are all potential stakeholders impacted by energy consumption trends.

**6. Food Imbalance**

- **Climate Hazard:** The presence of food deserts and disparity in access to fresh, healthy foods mark a significant challenge.

- **Climate Risks:** Poor access to nutritious food correlates with increased rates of obesity, diabetes, and reduced life expectancy.

- **Areas or Populations with the Most Climate Vulnerability:** More than 88,000 residents live in areas identified as "food deserts" that face greater risks related to health and access to fresh foods.

The plan identifies several resilience options addressing different climate threats. Below are the detailed summaries for each option:

### **1. Incorporating Green Design in City Facilities**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option focuses on reducing emissions and enhancing energy and water efficiency in response to increasing temperatures and unsustainable energy consumption. *"By incorporating green design methods in the construction of new city facilities, such as those promoted by the US Green Building Council’s LEED rating system, the city can reduce emissions from city buildings and reap the benefits of energy and water efficiency."* (Part II, Chapter 6)

- **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The plan suggests making these standards mandatory for municipal projects as a testing period to develop best practices. There is mention of a "green building incentive program" as part of this effort. *"This can serve as a testing period, allowing local designers, builders and inspectors to become familiar with the new standards."* (Part II, Chapter 6)

- **Other Important Attributes:** The implementation of green design not only contributes to environmental benefits such as energy efficiency but also sets a precedent for private sectors to follow, potentially increasing local economic activity. *"The City can offer a combination of financial and regulatory incentives."* (Part II, Chapter 6)

### **2. Launching a White Roofs Program**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** This program is designed to address the urban heat island effect and rising temperatures during hot summers. *"Birmingham’s summers are very hot, and a simple program based on New York City’s to paint roofs white can help property owners cut the cost of air conditioning."* (Part II, Chapter 6)

- **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Details on cost, timeframe, and specific locations are not provided. However, it mentions drawing inspiration from New York City's program, which indicates potential cost savings and a phased implementation approach. *"A ‘Birmingham Cool Roofs’ project could be created as a partnership of the city, the business community and nonprofit organizations."* (Part II, Chapter 6)

- **Other Important Attributes:** This initiative has the potential for social benefits as it could be incorporated into a youth jobs program. *“The program could also be part of a youth jobs program to begin training teenagers and young adults for green jobs.”* (Part II, Chapter 6)

### **3. Improved Stormwater Management**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** The strategy is aimed at mitigating flooding and improving water management, likely in response to more frequent and intense precipitation events. *"Potential improvements to departmental practices include integrated pest management; use of native, drought-tolerant landscaping and rain harvesting for irrigation in public open spaces; and integration of money-saving low-impact development/green infrastructure design techniques for stormwater management."* (Part II, Chapter 6)

- **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The document doesn't provide explicit financial details, timelines, or specific locations but infers general improvements across public spaces within the city.

- **Other Important Attributes:** This option emphasizes economic savings through reduced maintenance costs and improved ecosystem services. There is also an educational component implied through continuous training and engagement of city staff. *"Involvement of staff in updating departmental policies and procedures will help employees understand the value of improved practices while also soliciting the input of those who will ultimately be responsible for carrying out normal tasks under new policies."* (Part II, Chapter 6)

The plan identifies several **mitigation options** aimed at reducing emissions and increasing energy efficiency:

1. **Green Building and Design**:
   - **Attributes**: The plan encourages the use of energy-efficient, "green" building practices. It mentions the potential for more compact, mixed-use development, which is essential for sustainability and supports a walkable, bike- and transit-friendly environment.
   - **Cost**: The plan discusses providing incentives for green building, which could include financial incentives such as sales tax rebates, loan guarantees, or regulatory incentives.
   - **Timing**: No specific timing is outlined, but the plan cites ongoing and future potential programs.
   - **Location**: Citywide, with a focus on transit corridors and business districts.

2. **Conversion of Vehicle Fleet to Alternative Fuels**:
   - **Attributes**: The plan discusses converting city vehicle fleets to alternative fuels, including the use of compressed natural gas for school buses.
   - **Cost**: The conversion process is seen as a cost-saving opportunity, alongside reducing emissions.
   - **Timing**: This initiative began in 2007 and continues as more alternative fuel technologies become available.
   - **Location**: City operations fleet.

3. **White Roofs Program**:
   - **Attributes**: Introduces the "Birmingham Cool Roofs" initiative, painting roofs white to reduce air conditioning costs.
   - **Cost**: Cost considerations are not detailed, but it's likened to a youth jobs program to train for green jobs.
   - **Timing**: The program concept is modeled after New York City's successful implementation.
   - **Location**: Specific locations are not detailed, implying readiness for citywide adoption.

4. **Development of Bicycle and Pedestrian Facilities**:
   - **Attributes**: Investing in bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure to reduce transportation emissions.
   - **Cost**: Cost is implicit in infrastructure investment but not specifically broken down.
   - **Timing**: Regular investment is emphasized.
   - **Location**: Throughout the city, supporting transit use.

5. **Reduction of Emissions from Buildings**:
   - **Attributes**: Encourages the use of green building design and renewable energies to lessen dependence on fossil fuels.
   - **Cost**: The financial discussion revolves around renewable energy investments and potential cost-saving from energy efficiency.
   - **Timing**: No exact timeline is provided, but the plan anticipates technological advancements making this more economically viable.
   - **Location**: The focus is generally on all city-related buildings and infrastructure.

These mitigation options reflect a holistic approach to reducing anthropogenic emissions and enhancing energy efficiency across multiple sectors, featuring incentives and long-term strategies.

1. **Incorporate Green Design in City Facilities**  
   - **Summary**: Incorporating green design, as promoted by the US Green Building Council's LEED rating system, helps in reducing emissions from city buildings and enhances energy and water efficiency.
   - **Cost Attributes**: No specific costs are provided.
   - **Timeframe**: No specific timeframe is mentioned.
   - **Location**: Applies to new city facilities construction.
   - **Important Attributes**: Focuses on energy and water efficiency.

2. **Incentivize Green Building and Neighborhood Design**  
   - **Summary**: Developing a program to honor and provide incentives for green building efforts, which can include financial and regulatory incentives.
   - **Cost Attributes**: Specific costs are not mentioned, but the plan highlights the potential for financial incentives like tax rebates and loan guarantees.
   - **Timeframe**: No specific timeframe provided.
   - **Location**: Applies citywide to private sector investments.
   - **Important Attributes**: Financial and regulatory incentives, promoting green building and neighborhood design, supporting transit use.

3. **Expand Use of Renewable Energy Sources for City Operations**  
   - **Summary**: Encourages renewable energies to reduce dependence on fossil fuel-based energy production, aiding in reducing air pollution.
   - **Timeframe**: No specific timeframe mentioned.
   - **Location**: City operations.
   - **Important Attributes**: Includes various renewable energy technologies.

4. **Reduce Transportation-Related Emissions**  
   - **Summary**: Invests in bicycle and pedestrian facilities, supports transit, uses cleaner-burning fuels, and implements metro-wide vehicle emissions testing.
   - **Cost Attributes**: Specific costs are not mentioned.
   - **Location**: Applies citywide for transportation infrastructure.
   - **Important Attributes**: Investments in alternative transportation and emission inspections.

5. **Adopt a Cost-Effective Green-Compatible Building Code**  
   - **Summary**: Review and modify the building code to not deter green design and construction practices.
   - **Cost Attributes**: No specific costs are provided, but stresses cost-effectiveness.
   - **Location**: Citywide building practices.
   - **Important Attributes**: Evaluation of existing building codes with green design encouragement.

6. **Install White Roofs**  
   - **Summary**: A program to paint roofs white to cut air conditioning costs.
   - **Location**: Citywide, with potential initiation in partnership with local organizations.
   - **Important Attributes**: Could be part of a youth jobs program.

7. **Convert the Vehicle Fleet to Reduce Costs and Emissions**  
   - **Summary**: Continue the conversion of the city's vehicle fleet to alternative fuels, initiated in 2007, to curb vehicle emissions.
   - **Cost Attributes**: Emphasizes cost savings opportunities.
   - **Timeframe**: Ongoing since 2007.
   - **Location**: City vehicle fleet.
   - **Important Attributes**: Use of alternative fuels like biodiesel and compressed natural gas.

For each mitigation option, the plan emphasizes broader sustainability goals while detailing incentives or strategic shifts rather than precise costs or timeframes.

1. **Integrated Pest Management and Native Landscaping**
   - **Climate Threat:** Adapting to shifts in local ecosystems due to climate change, such as increased drought conditions.
   - **Information:** The plan suggests using "native, drought-tolerant landscaping and rain harvesting for irrigation in public open spaces" as part of potential improvements to departmental practices. This adaptation strategy aims to conserve water and maintain public green spaces amidst changing climate conditions. (PART II | CHAPTER 6 SUSTAINABILITY AND GREEN PRACTICES)

2. **Green Infrastructure Design Techniques for Stormwater Management**
   - **Climate Threat:** Addressing the increased risk of flooding and stormwater runoff due to more intense precipitation events.
   - **Information:** The plan advocates for the "integration of money-saving low-impact development/green infrastructure design techniques for stormwater management." This strategy aims at reducing flood risk and managing increased stormwater volumes while being cost-effective. (PART II | CHAPTER 6 SUSTAINABILITY AND GREEN PRACTICES)

3. **Green and Cool Roofs**
   - **Climate Threat:** Mitigating urban heat and managing stormwater.
   - **Information:** The plan discusses launching a "white roofs program" as well as the benefits of "cool roofs" and "green roofs." Cool roofs reflect more sunlight and emit more heat compared to standard roofs, reducing the heat island effect and energy use. Green roofs also contribute to stormwater management by capturing rainwater. The initiative can also be part of a youth jobs program. (PART II | CHAPTER 6 SUSTAINABILITY AND GREEN PRACTICES)

4. **Encouragement of Green Building Practices**
   - **Climate Threat:** Preparing for increased energy demand due to rising temperatures and improving resource efficiency.
   - **Information:** The plan considers incentives for "energy-efficient, 'green' building," including financial and regulatory incentives. It notes that "green design may reduce building-based air pollutants, increasing energy efficiency" and discusses potential incentives such as sales tax rebates, density or height incentives, and streamlined permitting processes. (PART II | CHAPTER 6 SUSTAINABILITY AND GREEN PRACTICES)

5. **Water Conservation and Efficiency**
   - **Climate Threat:** Addressing potential water shortages due to increased drought conditions.
   - **Information:** The plan emphasizes balancing efforts to increase water capacity with "greater conservation and water efficiency efforts," suggesting the adoption of practices that promote water sustainability as the population increases. (PART II | CHAPTER 6 SUSTAINABILITY AND GREEN PRACTICES)

These adaptation options focus on improving resilience to climate threats such as increased temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and urban heat while considering cost-effectiveness, resource conservation, and community involvement.

The document does not explicitly discuss specific climate policies aimed at advancing climate justice. However, it does touch on broader sustainability and environmental improvement goals which can indirectly support climate justice by improving conditions in vulnerable areas. Below are some inferred connections based on the document's content:

1. **Air Quality Improvement Policies:**
   - **Climate Threat:** The plan addresses poor air quality as a climate threat, which is linked to health risks such as respiratory problems and restrictions due to Clean Air Act violations. 
   - **Vulnerable Populations:** The populations most affected by this threat include children, seniors, and asthma sufferers. The plan aims to reduce health risks and improve community health through various air quality initiatives.
   - *Relevant Quote:* "By fully and permanently addressing air quality conditions, Birmingham and the surrounding region can reduce health risks to children, seniors and asthma sufferers..." (PART II | CHAPTER 6 SUSTAINABILITY AND GREEN PRACTICES)

2. **Soil Contamination Cleanup:**
   - **Climate Threat:** Soil contamination from historic industrial activities presents health threats, including skin and respiratory problems and cancer.
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** Residents of Collegeville, North Birmingham, Fairmont, and Harriman Park neighborhoods, which are identified as areas in need of testing and cleanup under the EPA's Superfund law.
   - *Relevant Quote:* "Acting under the Superfund law...to further test and clean up sites in the Collegeville, North Birmingham, Fairmont and Harriman Park neighborhoods." (PART II | CHAPTER 6 SUSTAINABILITY AND GREEN PRACTICES)

While these policies primarily address environmental issues, they indirectly contribute to climate justice by potentially benefiting communities that historically may have faced environmental inequities, thus improving their resilience to climate impacts.

**1. White Roofs Program**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** The white roofs program is aimed at mitigating the urban heat island effect during hot summers in Birmingham. *"Birmingham’s summers are very hot, and a simple program based on New York City’s to paint roofs white can help property owners cut the cost of air conditioning."* (CHAPTER 6 SUSTAINABILITY AND GREEN PRACTICESgoal 3)

- **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:** The option proposed is the adaptation strategy of using reflective roof coatings to reduce indoor temperatures and air conditioning costs. *"A “Birmingham Cool Roofs” project could be created as a partnership of the city, the business community and nonprofit organizations."* (CHAPTER 6 SUSTAINABILITY AND GREEN PRACTICESgoal 3)

- **Potential Maladaptation:** There may be unforeseen effects if the use of white roofs leads to increased energy use in the winter, due to decreased solar heat gain, which could result in higher heating demands. Additionally, if not paired with insulation improvements, the benefits might be offset by increased energy use in colder months. 

**2. Industrial Relocation**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Soil contamination and air quality degradation due to historic industrial activities in Birmingham. *"Improving and maintaining air quality has been a struggle for the city... However, Birmingham must balance the costs of improving air quality with potential reductions in health care expenditures."* (CHAPTER 6 SUSTAINABILITY AND GREEN PRACTICES)

- **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:** The policy may involve relocating or reconfiguring industrial activities as a mitigation measure to improve air quality. *"The city makes every effort to help meet air pollution standards."* (CHAPTER 6 SUSTAINABILITY AND GREEN PRACTICESgoal 4)

- **Potential Maladaptation:** Inadvertent maladaptation might arise if such relocation leads to industrial operations setting up in areas more vulnerable to climate impacts, or if it imposes economic hardships or reduced employment opportunities in the affected communities without providing alternative economic opportunities. 

**3. Increase in Water Supply**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Increased demand for water resources and the risk of droughts. *"The utility does not have the capacity today to meet that demand but has taken steps to increase water supply by tapping additional sources."* (CHAPTER 6 SUSTAINABILITY AND GREEN PRACTICES)

- **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:** The action involves expanding water supply infrastructure to meet future demands. 

- **Potential Maladaptation:** This approach may cause maladaptation if reliance on increased water supply infrastructure diverts attention from essential conservation and efficiency measures. It could lead to over-extraction of water resources or increased financial burdens on consumers due to the high costs associated with infrastructure development without sufficient focus on reducing demand. 

**4. Investment in Renewable Energies without Adequate Incentives**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:** Dependence on non-renewable energy sources contributing to air pollution and GHG emissions. *"Use of renewable energies to reduce statewide dependence on fossil fuel-based energy production also helps to reduce air pollution."* (CHAPTER 6 SUSTAINABILITY AND GREEN PRACTICES)

- **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:** Promotion and investment in renewable energy sources as a mitigation strategy. *"Geothermal energy is a promising renewable source...Hydroelectric, solar and wind power are also renewable sources."* (CHAPTER 6 SUSTAINABILITY AND GREEN PRACTICES)

- **Potential Maladaptation:** The strategy might cause maladaptation if investments are made without creating adequate market incentives, which could lead to underutilization or financial strain on renewable projects, diminishing the potential positive outcomes on emission reductions.

The plan does not mention specific units or numerical metrics for measuring the success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options. However, it outlines a general approach to setting goals and measuring progress:

1. **Sustainability Plan:**
   - The city should prepare and implement a Sustainability Plan "framed by overall policies for more sustainable city operations and implemented through specific goals, actions, and benchmarks" (Chapter 6). 
   - The plan involves collaboration among city departments to improve operations, save money and energy, and reduce waste. It emphasizes the importance of "benchmarks" to provide accountability and clear targets for measuring progress (Chapter 6).

2. **Measurable Goals:**
   - "Establish measurable goals to decrease emissions from City operations" (Chapter 6.22).
   - Include "an estimate of air-polluting emissions from city operation, the cost to reduce those emissions, and the potential cost-saving" from the Sustainability Plan Implementation to set a "reasonable cost-effective reduction target" (Chapter 6.22).

3. **Targets:**
   - The plan should "begin with an inventory of emissions from city operations and the community, set reduction targets and identify internal and external policies and actions to achieve targets" (Chapter 6.11).

4. **Lifecycle Costs:**
   - Evaluate "lifecycle costs in development of new city facilities and for purchase of equipment" to quantify initial and long-term expenses (Chapter 6.13).

5. **Vehicle Fleet Conversion:**
   - Continue "cost-effective conversion of the vehicle fleet to reduce costs and emissions," with new alternative fuel technologies to further "save taxpayer dollars in fueling its fleet" (Chapter 6.13).

Specific numerical objectives, deadlines, or precise units of measurement are not provided in the text for these options. The plan emphasizes setting benchmarks and targets through the Sustainability Plan to track progress.

| **Feature**          | **Details**                                                                                                                                                                                                                     |
| **Location/City Name** | Birmingham                                                                                                                                                                                                                     |
| **Population**       | Not explicitly mentioned in the document.                                                                                                                                                                                     |
| **Threats Identified** | *Air Quality*: "Improving and maintaining air quality has been a struggle" (Chapter 6). <br> *Soil Contamination*: "Arsenic and BaP contamination" and "lead contamination" (Chapter 6). <br> *Water Quality and Efficiency*: "Diminished water quality" (Chapter 6). <br> *Energy and Resource Use*: "Efficiency" challenges (Chapter 6). <br> *Community Health*: "According to a 2007 report from Forbes magazine, Birmingham was ranked as the second-most obese metropolitan area" (Chapter 6). |
| **Measures Identified** | *Preparing a Sustainability Plan*: "To maximize energy efficiency, waste reduction and resource conservation" (Chapter 6). <br> *Recycling Programs*: "The city maintains an active recycling program but recycling is not mandatory" (Chapter 6). <br> *Complete Streets Policies*: "To assure bicycle and pedestrian facilities are considered" (Chapter 6). <br> *Green Design in City Facilities*: "Incorporating green design methods in the construction of new city facilities" (Chapter 6).         |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction**: Nashville

**Location**: Nashville is located in the state of Tennessee.

**Population and Demographics**: The document does not provide specific details on the population size, demographics, or average income for Nashville.

**Geographic Features and Key Infrastructure**:
- **Major Geographic Features**: Nashville is mentioned in the context of flood mitigation strategies on the east bank of the Cumberland River.
- **Infrastructure**: The plan does not provide specific details on key infrastructure such as airports or seaports.

**Climate Details**:
- The document does not provide detailed information regarding the local climate, aridity, or specific water challenges Nashville may face.

**Energy Production and Natural Resources**:
- The plan does not specify the types of energy production sources found in Nashville, such as oil, gas, or renewables.
- **Natural Resources**: The Natural Resources Subcommittee aims to restore natural functions of the landscape to improve water quality, resilience, and provide open space for physical, spiritual, and mental health. Specific recommendations include the retrofitting of impervious surfaces, converting turf to historic grasslands, and reimagining flood mitigation strategies.

**Industries and Economic Drivers**:
- The document emphasizes the importance of tourism and hospitality, mentioning efforts to promote energy-efficient methods for meetings and events within this industry.
- The economic landscape includes a focus on creating a green jobs initiative, which involves job training in sectors such as energy conservation, solar power project development, and landscape maintenance.
- A green waste management initiative is also implied through the advocacy of the Zero Waste Master Plan.

Overall, while Nashville’s general commitment to climate policy and sustainable city planning is discussed, specific details about demographics, key geographical features, and the full scope of its economic drivers are not encompassed within the provided document sections.

The plan addresses resilience through several strategies and recommendations. There is an emphasis on increasing Nashville's resilience to a changing climate by mitigating heat and flood risks, particularly focusing on vulnerable populations. The Natural Resources Subcommittee highlights the importance of restoring the natural functions of the landscape to improve water quality, and protect the city's tree canopy, floodplains, stream channels, and open spaces. This involves retrofitting Metro's impervious surfaces and envisioning a city in harmony with the environment to eliminate costs associated with flooding and pollution ("Natural Resources Subcommittee's recommendations" section).

The plan places a strong emphasis on climate change mitigation actions aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It includes setting ambitious targets such as an 80% reduction in annual greenhouse gas emissions from 2014 levels by 2050, aligning with international targets. The plan focuses on decarbonizing the electrical grid, electrifying vehicles and buildings, and accelerating the adoption of renewable energy. The main strategies also involve community-wide goals for 100% carbon-free electricity and increasing the adoption of solar energy ("Recommended Targets" and "Key Mitigation Strategies" sections).

Adaptation is addressed in the plan, particularly through the intention to mitigate climate impacts like extreme heat and flooding. The Natural Resources Subcommittee recommends actions to restore natural landscape functions to enhance resilience to climate change. This includes creating spaces free of obstruction to manage heavy rains and flooding risks, thus reducing potential damage ("Natural Resources Subcommittee's recommendations" section).

Based on the components outlined, the plan is primarily focused on **mitigation** given its detailed strategies and targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and emphasis on renewable energy development. The resilience and adaptation components, while present, are less pronounced in comparison to the mitigation efforts. Thus, the plan can be classified as a **mitigation primary climate action plan**.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change that the Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County will face. The scenario includes:

- "Between 2025 and 2035, Nashville will face myriad climate risks, including an increased number of intense storms and tornadoes and more frequent flooding and extreme heat days per year." *(INTRODUCTION)*

- Nashville will also be adversely affected by "economic and social disruptions arising from climate change elsewhere in the United States and around the globe." *(INTRODUCTION)* 

These scenarios highlight the challenges that Nashville anticipates due to climate change, and for which it is planning climate policies related to resilience, mitigation, and adaptation.

**Climate Hazards Identified in the Plan for Nashville and Davidson County:**

1. **Increased Storms and Tornadoes**
   - **Climate Hazard:** "An increased number of intense storms and tornadoes."
   - **Climate Risks:** Potential damage to infrastructure, housing, and displacement of residents.
   - **Climate Vulnerability:** The plan does not specify particular areas or populations, but increased storms and tornadoes generally pose higher risks to vulnerable populations living in substandard housing or flood-prone areas.

2. **More Frequent Flooding**
   - **Climate Hazard:** "More frequent flooding."
   - **Climate Risks:** Damage to property, infrastructure, disruption of services, and potential displacement.
   - **Climate Vulnerability:** While the plan does not specify, areas along floodplains or drainage basins are typically more vulnerable.

   - **Climate Hazard:** "More frequent extreme heat days."
   - **Climate Risks:** Health risks, particularly heat stress, and increased energy demand for cooling.
   - **Climate Vulnerability:** Vulnerable populations include the elderly, children, and those without access to air conditioning or cooling centers.

4. **Economic and Social Disruptions**
   - **Climate Hazard:** "Economic and social disruptions arising from climate change elsewhere in the United States and around the globe."
   - **Climate Risks:** Indirect impacts from migratory pressures, increased commodity prices, and supply chain disruptions.
   - **Climate Vulnerability:** The plan does not state specific areas, but urban centers with high dependence on global supply chains may be disproportionately affected.

Based strictly on the document provided, the following are the resilience options identified in the plan, along with specific climate threats they address, details on cost, timeframe, location, and other attributes:

### Resilience Options:

1. **Restoration of Natural Functions of Landscape**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flooding and poor water quality due to increased impervious surfaces and urbanization.
   - **Details:** The recommendation includes retrofitting 10% of Metro’s impervious surfaces that existed before storm water regulations. There's no specific reference to cost, timeframe, or location found in charts or tables.
     - Enhances water quality.
     - Provides economic savings by reducing the costs associated with flooding and maintaining infrastructure.
     - Supports the creation of a resilient and spongy landscape that absorbs and cleans rainwater.

2. **Protection and Expansion of Tree Canopy and Green Infrastructure**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Extreme weather events and urban heat.
   - **Details:** It involves protecting and expanding the city’s green infrastructure including its tree canopy. No specific information on cost, timeframe, or exact location is provided.
     - Provides substantial environmental value through ecosystem services.
     - Aids in the mental and physical well-being of residents.
     - Contributes to flood risk reduction and air quality improvement. 

3. **Climate Equity and Community Planning Actions**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Disproportionate impacts of climate change on vulnerable communities.
   - **Details:** Includes developing a plan to rebuild communities like North Nashville with an emphasis on housing affordability and energy efficiency. Identified as having a substantial cost over $1 million with an unspecified timeframe.
     - Promotes equity by focusing on low-income and communities of color.
     - Enhances economic opportunities through green jobs training.
     - Incorporates resilience into rebuilding efforts post-tornado.

4. **Green Jobs and Workforce Development**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Economic inequity and lack of access to employment opportunities in sustainability sectors.
   - **Details:** Utilizes elements of the Green New Deal to connect communities of color and low-income residents with renewable energy and efficiency opportunities. Cost is categorized as moderate ($100k - $1M) with no specified timeframe.
     - Focuses on workforce development and education.
     - Promotes economic inclusion and empowerment of frontline communities.
     - Encourages participation in renewable energy sectors.

5. **Reduce Water Use and Increase Gray Water Systems**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Water scarcity and its energy use implications.
   - **Details:** Involves creating incentives for water conservation. Cost is considered moderate ($100k - $1M) with no specified timeframe or location details.
     - Reduces energy consumption through the energy-water nexus.
     - Encourages sustainable water management practices.

### Additional Considerations:
- The **Role of Leadership Initiatives** is mentioned as important for reducing the city's carbon footprint, with a focus on partnerships with business and other sectors to support the implementation of the climate action plan. This includes engaging businesses in making specific mitigation or project pledges. However, this option does not mention specific threats or costs.
  
These resilience options collectively address multiple aspects of climate threats through restoration, protection of natural resources, community planning, water management, and creating economic opportunities aligned with equity and sustainability.

The plan outlines several mitigation options, each with specific details regarding cost, timing, location, and other attributes as follows:

### **1. Decarbonization of the Electrical Grid**
- **Actions:**
  - Install on-site, behind-the-meter solar for cost savings.
  - Set a community-wide goal of 100% carbon-free electricity by a certain date (e.g., 2041).
  - Encourage programs for retail net-metering and negotiate to increase the renewables cap.
  - Fund large-scale solar arrays and streamline processes for solar installation.
- **Attributes:** Coordination among initiatives to amplify impact.

### **2. Electrification of Vehicles and Buildings**
  - Electrification of government and community motor vehicle fleets.
  - Electrification of buildings.
- **Attributes:** Important for amplifying the impact of decarbonization initiatives.

### **3. Improved Energy Efficiency**
  - Promote energy efficiency in all building types through codes and incentives.  
- **Timing:** Linked to ongoing updates (e.g., building code updates every three years).

### **4. Reduced Disposal of Food Waste**
  - Implement measures to reduce food waste going to landfills and increase recycling.
- **Cost:** Not specified; the emphasis on economic and environmental benefits.

### **5. Increase Renewables**
  - Ordinance for solar installations on new buildings.
  - Revamp terms of projects like Music City Solar.
  - Streamline processes and engage in solar research and innovation.
  - Engage community and universities to optimize clean energy types.
  
- **Cost:** Ranges from minimal (less than $100k) to substantial (more than $1M) depending on the project.
- **Attributes:** Emphasizes community engagement and education.

### **6. Green Bonds for Financing**
  - Leveraging green municipal bonds for environmental impact projects.
- **Attributes:** Green bonds are a viable financing option with pros like investor interest but cons, including administrative overhead.

### **7. Transportation and Mobility Improvements**
  - Encourage increased bicycling.
- **Attributes:** Health benefits linked to transportation initiatives.

### **8. Natural Resources Management**
  - Increase green infrastructure to manage water quality and enhance resiliency.
- **Cost:** Ranges from minimal (less than $100k) to substantial (more than $1M).
  
### **9. Funding and Financing Options**
  - Establish a task force to identify green finance and funding mechanisms.
- **Attributes:** Explore mechanisms and grants used by other cities.

### **10. Leadership Initiatives**
  - Engage local businesses to support the climate action plan through pledges and projects.
- **Attributes:** Partnership focus across public and private sectors.

### **11. Prioritize Climate Equity**
  - Collaborate with communities for rebuilding efforts post-disaster in an energy-efficient manner.
  
- **Cost:** Substantial (more than $1M).
- **Attributes:** Emphasis on housing affordability and energy efficiency.

These mitigation strategies are integrated across various sectors, with a strong emphasis on renewable energy, infrastructure improvements, and community involvement to address Nashville’s climate goals effectively.

The plan identifies several mitigation options related to decarbonization, electrification, energy efficiency, waste reduction, and natural resources. Below is a summary of each option with details about cost, timeframe, location, and other attributes:

### **Decarbonization of the Electrical Grid:**
- **Strategies:**
  - Install on-site solar energy.
  - Set a goal of 100% carbon-free electricity by a date certain.
  - Encourage NES to offer retail net-metering and negotiate with TVA to increase renewables cap.

### **Electrification:**
- **Motor Vehicles:**
  - Electrification of government and community vehicle fleets.
- **Buildings:**
  - Electrification of new and renovated buildings.
  - Install fast-charge stations at gas stations by 2025.
  - Require parking for new buildings to have a proportion of EV charging stations by 2025.

### **Improved Energy Efficiency:**
  - Net-zero new buildings by 2030.
  - Green permitting programs and performance-based energy codes.
  - Benchmarking programs for efficiency in commercial buildings.

### **Waste Reduction:**
  - Reduced disposal of food waste in landfills.
  - Increased diversion of recyclables like paper and cardboard.

  - Create park lands to reconnect city areas severed by interstate construction.
  - Treat impervious surfaces with green infrastructure to reduce runoff.
  - Develop strategy for green infrastructure to address climate impacts like heat and flooding.

### **Cost and Financial Considerations:**
- Many of the options have minimal to moderate costs, ranging between "Minimal (less than $100k)" to "Substantial (> $1M)".
- Examples of specific costs provided were for projects such as the "Reconnect the city" initiative, which is deemed to be a substantial investment.
- Green bonds and other innovative financing mechanisms are considered to support implementation with potential pros and cons outlined.

### **Timeframe and Implementation:**
- Targets and goals are set with specific years, such as 2041 for carbon-free electricity and 2025 for the installation of EV charging infrastructure.
- Incremental progress plans including interim goals, like 20% solar deployment by 2035, are established to ensure consistent progress.

### **Location and Community Involvement:**
- The plan details collaboration with NES and the involvement of the Metropolitan Nashville Public Schools, Airport Authority, and other community sectors.
- Community-wide goals are emphasized, indicating a citywide focus on these mitigation actions.

### **Additional Attributes:**
- A focus on renewable energy research and making Nashville a hub for energy technology.
- Emphasizes the importance of leadership initiatives and partnerships across public and private sectors.

This information serves as a foundation for Nashville to reduce its contributions to climate change and increase resilience through strategic and economic measures.

Based strictly on the content provided:

### **Adaptation Options Identified in the Plan**

#### 1. **Restoration of Natural Functions of the Landscape**
  - This adaptation option targets increased flooding risks due to extreme weather events exacerbated by climate change: "Restoring the landscape’s natural functions will compensate for all of the impervious cover by building a spongy landscape that absorbs and cleans rain before it hits the streams" (Natural Resources Subcommittee’s recommendations).
  
  - The plan suggests retrofitting 10% of Metro’s impervious surfaces, specifically mentioning "aisles of the parking lots surrounding Nissan Stadium should be 'depaved'," suggesting a potential location within Nashville.
  - There is an emphasis on cost savings through improved natural water management: "Restore natural functions of the landscape to improve water quality, save money and improve resiliency" (Natural Resources Subcommittee’s recommendations).

#### 2. **Preservation and Expansion of Open Spaces**
  - This option addresses increased climate vulnerability of urban ecosystems due to urbanization and associated environmental stressors: "Nashville’s ecosystems are fragile and stressed by urbanization" (Natural Resources Subcommittee’s recommendations).
  
  - The plan emphasizes acquiring and preserving open space to act as carbon sinks and mitigate urban heat: "Now is the time to acquire land and preserve open space" (Natural Resources Subcommittee’s recommendations).
  - Although specific costs are not detailed, the importance of proactive measures to conserve natural resources is highlighted to maintain the ecosystem and public well-being.

#### 3. **Increase Resilience to Heat and Flood Risks**
  - The increasing threat of extreme weather conditions, such as heatwaves and flooding: "Increase Nashville’s resilience to a changing climate and mitigate heat and flood risks, especially in vulnerable populations" (Targets).
  
  - Specific financial or time commitments are not detailed, but the focus is on areas with vulnerable populations.
  - This option emphasizes equity, suggesting a location focus on communities more likely to be affected by climate threats.

The plan highlights these adaptation strategies within the context of living in harmony with the environment to reduce associated costs of resilience: "By envisioning a city that lives in harmony with the environment, Nashville will eliminate the costs associated with flooding, piping, and cleaning polluted air and water" (Natural Resources Subcommittee’s recommendations).

### Climate Policies Advancing Climate Justice

The plan identifies several climate policies aimed at advancing climate justice. Each policy addresses specific climate threats and considers areas or populations with the most climate vulnerability. Here are the summarized details:

#### 1. Environmental Equity Task Force

  - The policy addresses environmental and climate inequities exacerbated by climate change, such as increased pollution and its associated health impacts.
  
  - Communities of color experience disproportionate impacts due to higher rates of asthma, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. The policy aims to improve procedural equity (engagement in decision-making), distributional equity (fair distribution of resources), and structural equity (reforming governance structures that perpetuate inequities).

  - *"To this day, communities of color are disproportionately impacted by a wide variety of social inequities that exacerbate environmental and climate inequities."* (Environmental Equity)

#### 2. Energy Efficiency Improvements for Low-Income Households

  - This policy addresses the energy burden and its connection to poor health outcomes, making it an opportunity to address greenhouse gas emissions and social justice simultaneously.
  
  - Low-income and minority households who face significant hardships in energy costs, contributing to poor health outcomes. Improving energy efficiency serves both climate and equity goals.

  - *"The cost of heating and cooling, or energy burden, is a significant hardship for low-income households and contributes to poor health outcomes."* (Environmental Equity)

#### 3. Green Jobs Initiative

  - The policy aims to address the economic dimension of climate vulnerability by offering job training and employment in green industries, thereby reducing reliance on fossil fuel industries.
  
  - Disadvantaged communities that may lack access to employment opportunities in emerging clean energy sectors. This initiative focuses on solar installation and energy efficiency measures targeting these communities.

  - *"Explore and develop a green jobs initiative that includes job training to work in a diverse sector that includes energy conservation technicians, solar power project developers and landscape technicians."* (Environmental Equity)

By implementing these climate policies, the plan intends to address climate injustice by providing support to vulnerable populations most affected by climate threats while making strides towards enhancing social equity in Nashville.

Based on the content of the document, here are potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies:

1. **Policy: Development in Urban Core**
   - **Climate Threat:** This policy is addressing the threat of GHG emissions due to sprawling development patterns and high reliance on single-occupancy vehicles.
   - **Option Proposed:** The resilience and mitigation option proposed is to "encourage development in the urban core by increasing allowable density and streamlining permitting processes" while also promoting "transit-oriented, pedestrian-friendly development." (*Land Use*)
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** While this policy aims to reduce GHG emissions by concentrating development and reducing vehicle dependence, it may inadvertently lead to maladaptation if it results in the displacement of low-income populations who cannot afford higher living costs in the urban core. This could increase social vulnerability and reduce overall community resilience, particularly for those who are forced into less accessible and more climate-vulnerable areas.

2. **Policy: Codify Green and Complete Streets Executive Order**
   - **Climate Threat:** The threat being addressed is poor transportation-related emissions and safety concerns for non-motorized road users.
   - **Option Proposed:** The adaptation and resilience option is to "codify the Green and Complete Streets executive order that provides for streets that are designed and operated to be used safely by all, including drivers, pedestrians, bikers, and transit riders." (*Land Use*)
   - **Potential Maladaptation:** Introducing complete streets without addressing the broader transportation network integration could lead to maladaptation. For instance, if these streets are implemented without ensuring connectivity to the wider transit network or considering maintenance costs, it could lead to isolated infrastructure that does not significantly reduce overall emissions or provide effective transportation options, thus failing to build meaningful resilience.

Each policy mentioned carries potential risks of maladaptation due to socioeconomic factors or infrastructure network integration challenges that need to be carefully assessed to avoid increasing vulnerabilities inadvertently.

Based on the provided excerpts from the plan, the ways in which success or failure of each adaptation, resilience, and mitigation option is measured include the following:

### Measurement of Success

- **Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Target:**
  - The plan recommends a target of an **80% reduction in annual greenhouse gas emissions from 2014 levels by 2050**. This target is consistent with international targets and peer cities like Indianapolis and Seattle. (_7 RECOMMENDED TARGETS_)

- **Health Benefits from Renewable Energy:**
  - The plan mentions potential air quality and health benefits connected to increasing renewable energy. For example, a study is cited estimating these benefits as valued at **$77–$298 billion** from increasing solar energy in the U.S. by 27% by 2050. Another study estimated average health co-benefits of **$148 per ton of CO2** reduced due to cleaner energy standards in the Northeast U.S. (_CO-BENEFITS_, _Health Benefits_)

- **Reduction in Vehicle Use:**
  - The plan aims to reduce conventional vehicle trips and encourages multimodal transportation. Related health benefits have been valued at **$4.94 billion per year** from reduced car travel in the upper Midwest. (_CO-BENEFITS_, _Health Benefits_)

- **Building Efficiency and Electrification:**
  - Specific goals include requiring **net zero new buildings by 2030** and setting up a fast-charge network for electric vehicles, with all gas stations required to have fast-charge (400V) stations by 2025. Additionally, performance targets and mandatory benchmarking will be enforced once voluntary benchmarks show success. Targets will be set in terms of improved efficiency and electrification. 

### Specific Metrics

- **Carbon Reduction Impact:**
  - The plan mentions **reductions in CO2 emissions**, reflecting targets such as the 80% reduction by 2050. 

- **Economic Impact:**
  - The potential impacts on economic inclusion and job creation connected to renewable energy adoption and improved building efficiency are documented, but specific financial metrics are not specified beyond co-benefits valuation.
  
- **Public Health and Environmental Equity:**
  - The plan includes specific evaluations such as reduced particulate matter and improved health metrics linked to reduced vehicle miles traveled.

### Concrete Goals and Deadlines

- **2025 Deadline for EV Charging Infrastructure:**
  - By 2025, the requirement for all gas stations to have fast-charge electric vehicle stations.
 
- **2030 Deadline for Zero Carbon Buildings:**
  - Net-zero standards for new buildings starting in 2030.

These measures reflect the plan's comprehensive approach to tracking and achieving outcomes related to climate resilience, adaptation, and mitigation. Each area leverages specific, measurable metrics with clear deadlines and goals to understand the effectiveness and progress of their climate initiatives.

| **Feature**          | **Details**                                                                                                                                      |
|----------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County                                                                                      |
| **Population**         | Not explicitly mentioned in the excerpts provided.                                                                                             |
| **Threats Identified** | - Increased number of intense storms and tornadoes                                                                                           |
|                        | - More frequent flooding and extreme heat days                                                                                                |
|                        | - Economic and social disruptions from climate change                                                                                          |
| **Measures Identified**| - Codifying Green and Complete Streets Policy                                                                                                 |
|                        | - Updating Landscape Ordinance for tree canopy preservation                                                                                   |
|                        | - Increasing green infrastructure on Metro projects to reduce runoff                                                                          |
|                        | - Demonstrating commitment to preserving and growing the tree canopy                                                                          |
|                        | - Encouraging native species and local food production                                                                                         |
|                        | - Converting land to historic southeastern grasslands and nativized riparian corridors                                                        |
|                        | - Creating dedicated funding streams for conservation                                                                                          |
|                        | - Establishing a target of 80% reduction in annual greenhouse gas emissions by 2050                                                            |
|                        | - Promoting renewable energy and multimodal transportation                                                                                    |

|                        | - Retroffiting 10% of Metro’s impervious surfaces                                                                                              |

Based on the provided plan content, here is the description of the jurisdiction's physical and economic landscape:

- **Name:** Alexandria
- **Location:** Commonwealth of Virginia, United States

- The document does not specify demographics, average income, or detailed population statistics, but mentions Alexandria as "a highly mobile, culturally diverse community of approximately 150,000 residents."

  - Alexandria is characterized by its "historic charm and roots as a river town," indicating the presence of a waterfront which is likely the Potomac River. 
  - The city is noted for its "unique neighborhoods and urban villages."
- There are no specific mentions of mountains, deserts, or coastlines within the content provided.

- **Transportation Infrastructure:**
  - Abundant transit options are highlighted, including "bikeshare stations" and "amenities within walking distances."
  - Mention of "metro subway, rail, and air travel" suggests robust public and regional transportation systems.
- **Seaports:** The document notes improvements to the waterfront in Alexandria, but does not specify the presence of a seaport.

- The document recognizes the urgency of addressing climate impacts due to "extreme weather events, rising coastal waters, and record-breaking rainfall and high temperatures," indicating challenges related to local climate conditions.
- No specific mention of aridity, but the challenges of reducing stormwater runoff and improving water quality are highlighted.

### **Energy and Natural Resources**
- **Energy Production and Transition:**
  - The electric grid provider's energy is currently about 3 percent renewable generation. 
  - There is a call for increasing the renewable energy share significantly as part of emission reduction targets.
- **Natural Resources:** While specific resources like forests or mineral deposits are not detailed, the emphasis on increasing renewable resources and improving energy infrastructure suggests a focus on sustainable development.

- Emphasis is placed on improving "energy efficiency," "stormwater management," and supporting "sustainable economic development."
- The plan includes actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to promote more sustainable and energy-efficient building practices, suggesting a focus on green technology and sustainable development as economic drivers.
- No specific industries or economic sectors are outlined, but the focus on resilience and sustainability points to long-term strategic economic planning.

This summary encapsulates the physical and economic landscape as described in the plan, highlighting Alexandria's commitment to sustainability and resilience in its development and infrastructure.

The plan includes steps to enhance community resilience by establishing a multidisciplinary task force to guide energy and climate change action plans and updating the Emergency Operations Plan (EOP) and Continuity of Operations Plan (COOP) to include infrastructure resiliency. The plan recognizes the need to be prepared for environmental emergencies, shelter, potable water, and local emergency power planning. It states, "By FY2028, update the City’s Emergency Operations Plan (EOP) and Continuity of Operations Plan (COOP) to include infrastructure resiliency." (*Environmental Action Plan 2040, Climate Change, Mid-Term Actions*)

The plan places a strong emphasis on reducing GHG emissions, with targets to reduce emissions by 50% by 2030 and 80-100% by 2050, with the aim of carbon neutrality. Key strategies include transitioning to renewable energy, reducing fossil fuel consumption, and improving energy efficiency across city operations and private sectors. The plan outlines, "The City target is to reduce emissions by 50 percent by 2030 (base year 2005) and to approach net zero or carbon neutral, an 80–100 percent reduction by 2050." (*Environmental Action Plan 2040, Climate Change*)

The plan addresses adaptation by planning to complete a climate vulnerability assessment by FY2024. This assessment will evaluate the vulnerabilities and risks to city infrastructure and community systems due to changing climate conditions. The actions include, "Evaluate the vulnerabilities and risks to the City and community’s financial and social-welfare resulting from changing climate conditions." (*Environmental Action Plan 2040, Climate Change, Mid-Term Actions*)

Based on the information provided, the plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan.** It addresses both mitigation and adaptation equally by including comprehensive strategies to reduce GHG emissions and prepare the community and infrastructure for climate impacts.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change that the planning jurisdiction, the City of Alexandria, will face and is planning for. The plan mentions the following climate change impacts and scenarios:

- **Increased Greenhouse Gas Concentrations**: "The carbon dioxide (CO2) measurement reached 415 parts per million (ppm) in the atmosphere in May 2019 (Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii)." This indicates how humans are changing the climate.

- **Rising Sea Levels and Increased Storms**: "Rising sea levels and the increased frequency and intensity of storms will make localized flooding a more significant issue, impacting public safety, private property, and businesses."

- **Localized Flooding**: "Old Town is already regularly subject to tidal and weather-related localized flooding that affects the wellbeing of the City."

- **Urgency of Mitigation Strategies**: The plan emphasizes the urgency to "reduce carbon emissions in all sectors" as a key mitigation strategy due to the vulnerability of Alexandria as a tidal riverfront city.

- **Economic and social vulnerabilities due to climate change**: The plan identifies significant challenges and vulnerabilities posed by "extreme weather events, rising coastal waters, and record-breaking rainfall and high temperatures."

These scenarios necessitate resilience, mitigation, and adaptation policies to address the real and urgent climate change threats facing Alexandria.

1. **Rising Sea Levels**
   1. *Description of the Climate Hazard:* The plan identifies "rising sea levels" as a hazard due to climate change, impacting the planning jurisdiction as it is a tidal riverfront city ("Climate Change" section).
   2. *Climate Risks Posed:* The rising sea levels increase the risk of "localized flooding," which poses a threat to public safety, private property, and businesses.
   3. *Areas or Populations with the Most Vulnerability:* Old Town is particularly vulnerable due to being a tidal and weather-related localized flooding area.

2. **Extreme Weather Events**
   1. *Description of the Climate Hazard:* The plan acknowledges the impact of "extreme weather events" as a result of changing climate conditions.
   2. *Climate Risks Posed:* Such events can lead to environmental emergencies, affecting infrastructure and community systems' ability to respond during emergencies.
   3. *Areas or Populations with the Most Vulnerability:* Critical infrastructure and community systems are evaluated for their vulnerabilities to respond during such emergencies.

3. **Increased Frequency and Severity of Storms**
   1. *Description of the Climate Hazard:* The plan describes an increase in the frequency and intensity of storms as a climate hazard.
   2. *Climate Risks Posed:* This leads to more significant issues of flooding, impacting public safety, property, and businesses.
   3. *Areas or Populations with the Most Vulnerability:* Coastal and waterfront areas are particularly vulnerable.

4. **High Temperatures**
   1. *Description of the Climate Hazard:* The plan notes "record-breaking high temperatures" as part of the changing climate.
   2. *Climate Risks Posed:* These high temperatures can exacerbate health problems, particularly in vulnerable population groups.
   3. *Areas or Populations with the Most Vulnerability:* The document does not specify particular areas or populations vulnerable to high temperatures but implies that the general public health is a concern.

   3. *Areas or Populations with the Most Vulnerability:* The document does not specify particular areas or populations vulnerable to high temperatures but implies that the general public health is a concern. 

5. **Carbon Dioxide Levels**
   1. *Description of the Climate Hazard:* Increasing "carbon dioxide in the atmosphere" is highlighted as a major concern.
   2. *Climate Risks Posed:* CO₂ levels correlate with global temperature increases and ocean acidification, impacting the climate.
   3. *Areas or Populations with the Most Vulnerability:* The plan suggests that this is a broad hazard affecting various sectors, as indicated in "carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) graphic" though specific populations are not detailed.

1. **Climate Vulnerability Assessment of Community and Infrastructure Systems**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Evaluates vulnerabilities and risks to the City's financial and social-welfare resulting from changing climate conditions, including critical infrastructure response during environmental emergencies.
     - Cost Estimate: $100,000
     - Timeframe: By FY2024
     - Location: City-wide
     - Reference: *MID-TERM ACTIONS* section
   - **Other Attributes:** This assessment will help identify areas in need of resilience improvements and prioritize infrastructural and community systems to reinforce against climate impacts.

2. **Update of the Energy and Climate Action Plan**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Works to support energy efficiency, electrification transition, and potential renewable energy supply to offset community electricity use.
     - Timeframe: By FY2026
     - Location: City-wide, with local and regional coordination
   - **Other Attributes:** This update aims at reducing reliance on fossil fuels, increasing renewable energy use, and potentially mitigating economic impacts of energy transition.

3. **Update of the City’s Emergency Operations and Continuity of Operations Plan**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Ensures infrastructure resiliency to respond to environmental emergencies such as providing shelter, potable water, and local emergency power.
     - Timeframe: By FY2028
   - **Other Attributes:** Enhancements focus on ensuring public safety, improving local response capabilities and protecting infrastructure during emergencies.

4. **Legislative and Regulatory Engagement Strategy**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Aims to reduce GHG emissions associated with community energy use and improve climate adaptation and resiliency.
     - Cost Estimate: $100,000 strategy development + $25,000/year for implementation support
     - Location: State-level policy engagement
   - **Other Attributes:** This strategy seeks to facilitate policy opportunities, implicate economic incentives, and align with broader legislative frameworks to ensure long-term climate resiliency across different sectors.
   
These resilience options collectively address various climate threats by preparing cities for changing conditions, improving infrastructural defenses, and aligning policies with climate goals.

The plan identifies several mitigation options aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing energy efficiency within the community. Below is a summary of each mitigation option, including information on cost, timing, location, and other important attributes:

### **1. Community Energy Model Development**
- **Timing:** By FY2024
- **Location:** Community-wide
- **Cost Estimate:** $100,000 initial + $10,000–$20,000/year for updates
- **Cost Breakdown:** Consultant engagement and community energy model development are estimated to be about $100,000. Annual updates are estimated to be $10,000–$20,000 per year.
- **Attributes:** This model is intended to track energy use and greenhouse gas reductions by various energy efficiency and renewable energy programs. It should reflect electrification transitions, mobility alternatives, and provide forecasts until at least 2040, catering to various scenarios (2.3.4 Mid-Term Actions).

### **2. Energy Efficiency Strategies in City Facilities**
- **Timing:** By FY2035
- **Location:** City facilities and operations
- **Cost Estimate:** $2,000,000–$4,000,000/year
- **Cost Breakdown:** Assumes investing in energy efficiency actions covering non-lighting systems, including HVAC and hot water, with whole-system redesign and replacement. Costs account for actions with a simple payback ranging from 14 – 21 years.
- **Attributes:** The goal is to reduce energy use by a minimum of 50 percent over FY2018 usage (2.2.7 Long-Term Actions).

### **3. Electrification of City Vehicle Fleets**
- **Timing:** By FY2040
- **Location:** City fleets including ACPS, DASH, rapid transit routes, heavy-duty equipment, and vehicles
- **Cost Estimate:** Not available at this time
- **Attributes:** The option involves implementing electrification of all non-electric City vehicle fleets and includes providing necessary EV charging infrastructure. Hybrids may be used as an interim solution (2.2.8 Long-Term Actions).

### **4. Community Energy Efficiency Programs**
- **Cost Estimate:** $100,000–$10 million+/year
- **Cost Breakdown:** Depends on the scope of the programs. On the low end, $100,000 for program administration costs up to $10 million+ if financial incentives or related investments are offered.
- **Attributes:** Policies and programs are to support a "full suite" of community energy efficiency initiatives, the transition from fossil fuels, and community renewable energy supply (2.3.5 Long-Term Actions).

### **5. Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure**
- **Timing:** By FY2029
- **Cost Estimate:** Costs will be developed upon the completion of the electric vehicle charging infrastructure strategy.
- **Attributes:** This involves implementing and supporting publicly-accessible electric vehicle charging infrastructure backed by renewable energy sources (2.3.6 Long-Term Actions).

### **6. Legislative and Regulatory Engagement Strategy**
- **Location:** State-level
- **Cost Estimate:** $100,000 strategy development + $25,000/year
- **Cost Breakdown:** $75,000–$100,000 estimated for consultant engagement and strategy development, plus $25,000 yearly for staffing or technical support.
- **Attributes:** Develop and implement a strategy to influence state legislation and regulations to support GHG emissions reduction and climate adaptation (1.1.7 Mid-Term Actions).

These mitigation options collectively address energy efficiency, infrastructure electrification, regulatory engagement, and community-wide energy management, showcasing a comprehensive approach to reducing emissions and enhancing sustainability within the planning jurisdiction.

### Identified Mitigation Options

The plan outlines several mitigation options aimed at reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and enhancing energy efficiency. Here are the identified options along with the associated details concerning cost, timeframe, location, and other attributes:

#### 1. **Participation in State-level Policy and Regulatory Activities**
- **Description**: Expand participation in activities to identify and create opportunities for reducing GHG emissions related to community energy use.
- **Cost**: One full-time equivalent (FTE) at $200,000 per year, with additional costs ranging from $50,000 to $500,000 per year for specialized legal or technical support.
- **Timeframe**: By FY2019.
- **Location**: State-level engagement.

#### 2. **Implementation of Commercial Property Assessed Clean Energy (C-PACE) Program**
- **Description**: Adopt an ordinance to support sustainable economic development through a C-PACE program.
- **Cost**: $75,000, with 75% for program implementation and 25% for ongoing operation.
- **Timeframe**: By FY2020.
- **Location**: Citywide.

#### 3. **Community Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Strategy**
- **Description**: Develop a strategy for electric vehicle charging infrastructure.
- **Cost**: $100,000 for consultant engagement and strategy development.

#### 4. **Energy Efficiency Programs and Building Electrification**
- **Description**: Implement a full suite of community energy efficiency programs, building electrification, transition from fossil fuels, and renewable energy supply.
- **Cost**: $100,000 to over $10 million per year, depending on program scope.
- **Timeframe**: By FY2040.
- **Location**: Community-wide.

#### 5. **Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Supported by Renewable Energy**
- **Description**: Support the implementation of publicly accessible electric vehicle charging infrastructure.
- **Cost**: TBD; detailed costs to be developed.
- **Timeframe**: By FY2029.
- **Location**: Citywide, with a focus on public access.

#### 6. **Community Energy Model Development**
- **Description**: Develop a model to track energy use and GHG reductions and to optimize community energy use.
- **Cost**: $100,000 initially plus $10,000 to $20,000 per year for updates.
- **Timeframe**: By FY2024.

#### 7. **Energy Efficiency Strategies in City Facilities**
- **Description**: Implement strategies to reduce energy use by at least 50% over FY2018 usage in City facilities and operations.
- **Cost**: $2 million to $4 million per year.
- **Timeframe**: By FY2035.
- **Location**: City facilities.

#### 8. **Electrification of Non-electric City Vehicle Fleets**
- **Description**: Transition City vehicle fleets, including public transit, to electric with required charging infrastructure.
- **Cost**: Not available; $50,000 for a consultant study on solid waste vehicles.

### Additional Attributes

- **Synergies**: These mitigation actions are interconnected, with potential additive benefits across various sectors, such as transportation, energy efficiency, and environmental health.
- **Targets**: Contribute toward the City's GHG emission reduction targets to reduce emissions by 50% by FY2030 and 80–100% by FY2050 from a FY2005 base year.

The plan identifies several adaptation options to address climate threats. Each option is detailed with its corresponding attributes:

1. **Climate Vulnerability Assessment (Mid-Term Action 1.1.4)**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Evaluates vulnerabilities and risks to the City's financial and social welfare, particularly focusing on critical infrastructure and community systems during environmental emergencies.
   - **Cost:** Estimated at $100,000.
   - **Timeframe:** To be completed by FY2024.
   - **Important Attributes:** Includes evaluating the city's ability to respond during environmental emergencies, involving consultant engagement and strategy development estimated between $75,000 and $100,000.
   - **Citation:** *"By FY2024, complete a climate vulnerability assessment of community and infrastructure systems."*

2. **Update Emergency Operations Plan (EOP) and Continuity of Operations Plan (COOP) (Mid-Term Action 1.1.6)**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Increases infrastructure resiliency in response to environmental emergencies.
   - **Timeframe:** To be updated by FY2028.
   - **Important Attributes:** Focus on providing infrastructure such as shelter, potable water, and local emergency power planning, involving consultant engagement and strategy development estimated between $75,000 and $100,000.
   - **Citation:** *"By FY2028, update the City’s Emergency Operations Plan (EOP) and Continuity of Operations Plan (COOP) to include infrastructure resiliency."*

3. **Legislative and Regulatory Strategy (Mid-Term Action 1.1.7)**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Aims to reduce GHG emissions and enhance climate adaptation and resilience through state-level legislative and regulatory engagements.
   - **Cost:** $100,000 for strategy development plus $25,000 annually.
   - **Timeframe:** To be developed and implemented by FY2024.
   - **Important Attributes:** External staffing or technical support estimated cost $25,000 per year, consultant engagement between $75,000 and $100,000.
   - **Citation:** *"By FY2024, develop and implement a state-level legislative and regulatory engagement strategy."* 

4. **Community Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure (Short-Term Action 2.3.3)**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Supports transition to low-carbon transportation.
   - **Timeframe:** Strategy to be developed by FY2020.
   - **Important Attributes:** Involves consultant engagement and strategy development estimated between $75,000 and $100,000.
   - **Citation:** *"By FY2020, develop a strategy for community electric vehicle charging infrastructure."*

Each of these adaptation options is designed to enhance the city’s resilience to the impacts of climate change by addressing specific vulnerabilities and operational challenges.

The plan identifies several climate policies, but specific initiatives targeting climate justice by addressing the disproportionate effects on vulnerable populations are not explicitly delineated in the sections provided. However, general themes and approaches can be extracted from the content. Here's a synthesis based on the plan:

### 1. Establishment of Multidisciplinary Task Force
**Climate Threat:**
- The task force aims to guide improvements in energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

**Areas/Populations with Vulnerability:**
- Vulnerable populations potentially include those in economically disadvantaged areas or communities heavily reliant on fossil fuels for energy, who may be impacted first by economic shifts toward renewable energy.

**Citation:** 
"The Energy and Climate Change Task Force will base its recommendations for improvements in energy efficiency for both new and existing private and public buildings on the Green Building Policy." (Environmental Action Plan 2040)

### 2. Climate Vulnerability Assessment
- Evaluating vulnerabilities to climate impacts, including extreme weather events and environmental emergencies.

- Communities living in low-lying areas like Old Town, which are susceptible to "tidal and weather-related localized flooding" that affects the wellbeing of the City.

"By FY2024, complete a climate vulnerability assessment of community and infrastructure systems. Evaluate the vulnerabilities and risks to the City and community’s financial and social-welfare resulting from changing climate conditions." (Environmental Action Plan 2040)

### 3. Resiliency and Adaptation Strategies
- Addressing threats such as rising sea levels, increased storm frequency and intensity, and their impacts on public safety and property.

- Populations residing in areas prone to flooding and those whose properties and businesses are affected by such climate impacts.

"Reducing carbon emissions in all sectors is a key mitigation strategy. Rising sea levels and the increased frequency and intensity of storms will make localized flooding a more significant issue, impacting public safety, private property, and businesses." (Environmental Action Plan 2040)

Overall, while climate justice isn't directly detailed in specific policies within the provided sections, the overarching strategies emphasize reducing emissions, enhancing infrastructure resiliency, and engaging the community to adapt to climate changes, which indirectly support equitable climate resilience efforts.

Based strictly on the provided document, there is no explicit mention of potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies. However, analysis can be derived based on the document's content. Here's one inferred possibility:

### Potential Maladaptive Climate Policy: Transition to Electrification

### Potential Maladaptive Climate Policy: Transition to Electrification 

   - The transition to electrification is aimed at addressing the general climate threat of greenhouse gas emissions resulting from fossil fuel-powered vehicles and buildings, which contribute to climate change.

2. **Proposed Option:**  
   - The policy emphasizes electrification transition from fossil fuels for existing private buildings and the promotion of infrastructure for electric vehicles, as part of mid-term actions to "support community deep-energy efficiency retrofit programs" and "reduce transportation-based carbon emissions by providing infrastructure for electric vehicles" ("MID-TERM ACTIONS", "This is especially important in cities...").

3. **Potential Inadvertent Maladaptation:**  
   - Such a transition can lead to maladaptation if the infrastructure for electrification, such as electric vehicle charging stations and retrofitting for energy efficiency, is not equitably distributed or accessible to all community members. This could increase vulnerability among low-income or marginalized communities who may not have access to new technology or whose housing may not easily accommodate retrofitting, thereby potentially increasing inequality and community vulnerability to climate threats. Additionally, without ensuring that the electrification grid is renewable, the policy might inadvertently shift emissions from one source (vehicles/buildings) to another (non-renewable energy grid), thus undermining the overall mitigation goals.

### **Adaptation and Resilience Metrics**

- **Tree Canopy Percentage:**
  - **Target:** 40% by FY2035
  - **Unit:** Percentage

### **Mitigation Metrics**

- **Total GHG Emission Reduction:**
  - **Target:** 50% reduction by FY2030 and 80-100% reduction by FY2050 from the 2005 base year.

- **Renewable Energy Offset for City-Owned Facilities:**
  - **Target:** 100% by 2020

- **Energy Efficiency for City-Owned Facilities and Transportation:**
  - **Target:** Reduce by 25% by FY2027 over FY2018

- **Reduce GHG Emissions from Solid Waste:**
  - **Target:** 12% reduction by FY2023 from a 2019 base year

### **GHG Emissions Metrics**

- **GHG Emissions per Capita:**
  - **Targets:**
    - 10 metric tons per capita by FY2022
    - 6 metric tons per capita by FY2030
    - 4 metric tons by FY2040
    - 1-3 metric tons by FY2050
  - **Unit:** Metric tons per capita (mtCO2e)

### **Air Quality Metrics**

- **Reduce Ozone Levels:**
  - **Target:** Reduce to 70 ppb or lower by FY2023
  - **Unit:** Parts per billion (ppb)

### **Transportation Metrics**

- **Reduce Vehicle Miles Traveled:**
  - **Target:** 1% reduction per year by FY2023

- **Increase Transit, Walking, and Biking:**
  - **Target:** Increase by 15% over 2018 by FY2023

- **Increase Dedicated Bus Lanes:**
  - **Target:** Double to 1.5 miles by FY2030
  - **Unit:** Miles

### **Water Resources Metrics**

- **Stormwater Phosphorus Pollution Reduction:**
    - 70% reduction by FY2023
    - 100% reduction by FY2025

These metrics are designed to track progress and ensure the city meets its environmental goals, indicating success through reduced emissions, improved efficiency, and enhanced resilience. Each metric is associated with a specific target and timeline to hold stakeholders accountable and guide citywide efforts in sustainability and climate action.

| Feature             | Description                                                                                                                                               |
| **Location/City Name** | City of Alexandria, Virginia                                                                                                                              |
| **Population**      | Population growth was 12% from 2005 to 2015  [(Appendices - Community-Wide Greenhouse Gas Inventory Summary Factsheet)]                                       |
| **Threats Identified** | - **Climate Change**: Increased carbon dioxide, extreme weather events, rising coastal waters, and record-breaking rainfall [(Introduction)]                |
|                     | - **Flooding**: Localized flooding in Old Town, rising sea levels, increased frequency and intensity of storms [(Climate Change)]                                                                 |
| **Measures Identified** | - **Climate Vulnerability Assessment**: To be completed by FY2024 [(Mid-term Actions 1.1.4, Climate Change)]                                              |
|                     | - **Update Emergency Plans**: To improve infrastructure resiliency by FY2028 [(Mid-term Actions 1.1.6, Climate Change)]                                      |
|                     | - **GHG Emissions Reduction**: Achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, 50% reduction by 2030 [(Metrics - Climate Change)]                                          |
|                     | - **Renewable Energy**: 100% renewable offset for city-owned facilities' electrical use by 2020 [(Metrics - Energy)]                                         |
|                     | - **Energy Efficiency Improvements**: by FY2027, reduce energy usage in city-owned facilities by 25% [(Metrics - Energy)]                                     |
|                     | - **Transportation Initiatives**: Reduce vehicle miles by 1% per year and increase transit, walking, and biking by 15% over 2018 levels by FY2023 [(Metrics - Transportation)] |
```

The provided document does not contain specific details about the physical and economic landscape of the planning jurisdiction, such as population, demographics, average income, major geographic features, key infrastructure, local climate, energy production, natural resources, industries, or economic drivers. The jurisdiction mentioned is Greensboro, North Carolina, but further specific information related to these elements is not included in the text of the document. The document primarily focuses on the city's sustainability efforts and climate-related policies rather than detailed geographic or economic descriptions.

The plan touches on resilience indirectly through its focus on sustainability and preparing Greensboro for the challenges of climate change, with an emphasis on strengthening community engagement and fostering partnerships. According to the plan, collaboration with various community stakeholders is crucial in implementing sustainability strategies: "Implementing the Action Plan will benefit from collaboration among City staff, the CSC and the community" (Chapter 6). The plan discusses establishing partnerships and engaging in community outreach to ensure broad participation, which contributes to building community resilience.

The plan places a strong emphasis on mitigation through policies and strategies aimed at reducing GHG emissions, improving energy efficiency, and promoting green technologies. The plan sets a primary goal of stabilizing community GHG emissions at 2010 levels by 2020: "The recommended policies and strategies in this Action Plan intersect with many other City planning efforts...to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, improve energy efficiency, provide for economic development opportunities, promote an improved quality of life and save taxpayer money" (Chapter 1). The plan includes various policies under different topic areas such as transportation and land use, green jobs and buildings, recycling, and waste reduction, each contributing to the mitigation goal.

Adaptation is addressed as an emerging and complementary aspect of the plan, though it acknowledges that it was not originally a core focus: "While the original process of developing policies and strategies for this Action Plan did not include adaptation as a topic area, it is becoming increasingly recognized as an important best practice" (Chapter 5). Adaptation is included in the plan through Policy 12, which suggests developing a framework for adapting to a changing climate: "Policy 12 – Adaptation: The City should develop a framework for adapting to a changing climate and integrating adaptation into its plans, ordinances, and programs" (Chapter 5). The plan also outlines beneficial adaptation strategies and encourages partnerships for adaptation initiatives.

Based on the plan's emphasis and the outlined components, the plan can be classified as an **"equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan."** While mitigation is the primary focus, there is a clear intent to integrate adaptation measures as an essential aspect of the city's climate strategy moving forward.

Yes, the plan describes potential scenarios of climate change that Greensboro may face. It acknowledges that "outcomes resulting from changes in Greensboro’s climate are difficult to predict," but provides examples of possible impacts:

- Changes to infrastructure
- Alterations in native vegetation and species composition, such as the introduction of invasive species
- Impacts on air quality due to hotter summers
- Stress on the regional and state water supply

These examples highlight potential vulnerabilities and risks that need to be tracked and addressed to benefit the community as a whole. The plan emphasizes the importance of adaptation as a framework to prepare for these scenarios, noting that it includes "adjustments in natural or human systems to actual or expected climate changes to minimize harm or take advantage of beneficial opportunities" (Chapter 5, Section 5.8).

1. **Changes to Native Vegetation and Species Composition**
   - **Climate Hazard:** The plan mentions potential changes to native vegetation and species composition.
   - **Climate Risks:** Such changes may include the introduction of invasive species.
   - **Climate Vulnerability:** The specific areas or populations with the most vulnerability to this hazard are not explicitly detailed in the provided text.

2. **Air Quality Degredation**
   - **Climate Hazard:** The plan notes that climatic changes may impact air quality.
   - **Climate Risks:** Poor air quality could result from hotter summers.
   - **Climate Vulnerability:** The specific areas or populations most vulnerable are not mentioned.

3. **Regional and State Water Supply Stress**
   - **Climate Hazard:** The plan suggests future stress on regional and state water supplies.
   - **Climate Risks:** Water supply stress is highlighted as a potential issue for the region and state.
   - **Climate Vulnerability:** The specific areas or populations with heightened vulnerability are not detailed. 

4. **Infrastructure Impacts**
   - **Climate Hazard:** Impacts to infrastructure are mentioned as potential outcomes of climate changes in Greensboro.
   - **Climate Risks:** It is implied that such impacts could affect public safety and operations within the city.
   - **Climate Vulnerability:** No specific mention of areas or populations with particular vulnerability is given. 

The plan provides a general overview but does not specify particular areas or populations vulnerable to the identified climate hazards.

The plan outlines several resilience options, primarily under the chapter on adaptation. Here is a summary of the key resilience options identified:

### **1. Adaptation Framework (Policy 12)**
  - This policy addresses the broad scope of climate change, recognizing that "communities will likely begin to experience the effects of climate change" before mitigation strategies take full effect (Chapter 5, Section 5.8).

  - The plan does not provide specific cost, timeframe, or location details for developing the adaptation framework. However, it emphasizes the integration of adaptation into the city’s existing plans, ordinances, and programs (Chapter 5).

  - The policy highlights benefits such as "protecting public health" and preparing for demographic shifts and energy volatility. It stresses the importance of coordinating with state-wide efforts and forming partnerships to enhance economic and social well-being (Chapter 5, Strategy 12A).

### **2. Strategy 12A: Develop Beneficial Adaptation Strategies and Partnerships**
  - This strategy addresses economic, social well-being, public safety, security, and public health threats posed by climate change (Chapter 5, Section 5.8).

  - The strategy does not detail costs or a specific timeframe. It suggests ongoing efforts to establish partnerships with various stakeholders, including governments, private businesses, and NGOs, to develop and implement adaptation strategies (Chapter 5, Strategy 12A).

  - Partnerships are prioritized to foster existing efforts that support the community's economic and social well-being. This collaborative approach is seen as a key factor in enhancing Greensboro’s resilience to climate impacts and promoting public health and safety (Chapter 5, Strategy 12A).

### **Additional Considerations:**
- In general, the plan mentions that adaptation strategies can “benefit both Greensboro’s citizens and its economy in many ways” and specifically notes outcomes like training the workforce for the clean energy economy and adapting to infrastructural changes (Chapter 5, Section 5.8).
- The plan implies that some resilience options could indirectly lead to cost savings and other community benefits, although specific monetary values are not attributed to these options within this document (Appendix C). 

Overall, while the plan introduces the concept of adaptation and resilience, it primarily sets the stage for future developments, rather than providing exhaustive details on each initiative's cost, timeframe, or implementation specifics.

The plan identifies several mitigation options outlined within various policy areas. Details for each of these options are summarized below:

### **Transportation and Land Use**
- **Mitigation Option:** VMT Reduction Strategies
  - **Cost:** Assumed negligible implementation costs relative to baseline planning costs.
  - **Savings:** Cost savings from reduced Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) estimated at $0.03/mile for avoided single occupancy vehicle trips.
  - **Timing:** By 2020.
  - **GHG Reduction:** "As Proposed" scenario estimates a reduction of 2.6% to 5.9% of business-as-usual GHG emissions.
  - **Location:** Community-wide adoption in Greensboro.
  - **Other Attributes:** Includes strategies 1A, 1B, and 1C; focused on VMT reductions of 10 percent or more (Chapter 5).

### **Green Jobs and Buildings**
  - **Green Building Standards for City Facilities:**
    - **Cost:** Not estimated due to variability and difficulty in estimating incremental cost.
    - **Savings:** N/A
    - **Timing:** "As Proposed" assumes implementation between 2010 and 2020.
    - **GHG Reduction:** "As Proposed" scenario estimates a reduction of 1.0% to 3.0% of business-as-usual GHG emissions.
    - **Other Attributes:** Moderate energy reductions under LEED for Existing Buildings (EB) and new construction (LEED-NC) (Chapter 5).

  - **Energy Management Program:**
    - **Cost:** Included in City’s EECS projects.
    - **Other Attributes:** Benefits are captured under different strategies (Chapter 5).

- **Energy Management Program:**

### **Waste Reduction and Recycling**
- **Mitigation Option:** Recycling and Waste Diversion
  - **Cost:** Estimated at $2,300,000.
  - **Savings:** Estimated cost savings of $2,300,000 from diverting materials from landfills.
  - **Timing:** "As Proposed" scenarios by 2020.
  - **GHG Reduction:** 0.1% to 0.2% reduction in business-as-usual GHG emissions.
  - **Location:** Community-level efforts in Greensboro.
  - **Other Attributes:** Strategies include expanded recycling infrastructure and incentives (Appendices, Chapter 5).

### **City Operations**
- **Mitigation Option:** Re-commissioning of City Buildings
  - **Cost:** Estimated at $500,000 ($0.25/square foot for approximately 2 million square feet of City buildings).
  - **Savings:** Estimated cumulative savings of $600,000 over 10 years.
  - **Timing:** Applicable to ongoing efforts up to 2020.
  - **GHG Reduction:** 0.2% to 0.3% reduction in business-as-usual GHG emissions.
  - **Location:** City buildings in Greensboro.
  - **Other Attributes:** Energy savings of 7% for heating and cooling through recommissioning (Appendices, Chapter 5).

### **Overall Mitigation Summary**
- **Total Estimated Costs for Mitigation Options:** $9.3 million.
- **Total Estimated Cost Savings:** $24.5 million.
- **Total GHG Reduction Potential:** 4.0% to 9.4% below business-as-usual scenarios by 2020.
- **Funded EECS Strategies:** Additional strategies with costs estimated at $3.1 million, savings of $4.57 million, contributing to a reduction of 9,000 MTCO2e in 2020 (Chapter 5, Appendix C).

These mitigation options focus on reducing GHG emissions, cost savings, and implementing programs that align with sustainability goals aimed for realization by 2020.

The plan identifies several mitigation options. Below are summaries of each option, including the information provided about their cost, timeframe, location, and other important attributes:

- **Mitigation Option**: Reduction in Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT)
  - **Cost**: The cumulative minimum cost to implement by 2020 is $3,600,000.
  - **Timeframe**: Implement by 2020.
  - **Information**: Strategies associated with this policy can reduce VMT by 10% or more. The "As Proposed" case applies these reductions only to projected growth, while the "Fully Implemented" case considers community-wide adoption. The efforts would entail direct marketing to households over five years at a cost of $30 per household, achieving a 6.75% to 11% reduction in VMT.
  - **GHG Reductions**: 181,000 - 403,000 MTCO₂e reduction in 2020.
  
- **Mitigation Option**: Green building standards and energy renovation
  - **Cost**: The cumulative minimum cost to implement by 2020 is $2,900,000.
  - **Timeframe**: Assume renovations and new construction occur between 2010 and 2020.
  - **Location**: City facilities and new constructions.
  - **Information**: Major renovations are assumed to account for 25% of existing energy consumption, achieving a 26% to 48% energy reduction through LEED standards. However, costs are challenging to estimate due to variable incremental costs of green buildings.
  - **GHG Reductions**: 67,000 - 204,000 MTCO₂e reduction in 2020.

- **Mitigation Option**: Increase recycling and waste diversion
  - **Cost**: The cumulative minimum cost to implement by 2020 is $2,300,000.
  - **Timeframe**: Continue efforts each year through 2020.
  - **Information**: Achieve emissions reduction from waste generation by at least 5%, with cost implications varying by community. Specific strategies include expanded recycling infrastructure, mandatory recycling, and incentives.
  - **Savings**: Annual savings derive from a cost difference between recycling ($21/ton) and landfill disposal ($41/ton).

- **Mitigation Option**: Implement energy management and building recommissioning
  - **Cost**: The cumulative minimum cost to implement by 2020 is $500,000.
  - **Timeframe**: Implement and benefit from energy reductions between 2010 and 2020.
  - **Information**: Includes energy management programs, with estimated energy savings from re-commissioning between 5% to 30%. Energy savings are projected from 7% reductions in heating and cooling energy consumption.
  - **GHG Reductions**: 13,000 - 22,000 MTCO₂e reduction in 2020.
  - **Savings**: Expected utility cost savings of approximately $60,000 annually, with cumulative savings of $600,000 over ten years.

Each of these mitigation options is part of a broader effort described in the plan to stabilize GHG emissions at 2010 levels by 2020, involving significant collaboration between public and private entities.

### **Adaptation Option: Developing Beneficial Adaptation Strategies and Partnerships**

1. **Climate Threats Addressed:**
   - This adaptation option is addressing the future scenarios under a changing climate, including potential vulnerabilities and risks such as impacts on infrastructure, changes in native vegetation and species composition, air quality degradation due to hotter summers, and stresses on regional and state water supply. (*Chapter 5, Section 5.8*).

2. **Information on Cost, Timeframe, Location, and Attributes:**
   - **Cost:** The plan does not provide specific cost information for developing adaptation strategies. However, it states the cumulative minimum cost to implement all proposed strategies by 2020 is $12,400,000, including adaptation and other sustainability initiatives. (*Appendix C*).
   - **Timeframe:** The plan generally aims for its strategies to contribute to stabilizing GHG emissions at 2010 levels by 2020, but does not specify a distinct timeframe solely for adaptation strategies. (*Chapter 5, Section 5.0*).
   - **Location:** Implementation is intended for the City of Greensboro. The strategies should be integrated into city plans, ordinances, and programs, suggesting city-wide application. (*Chapter 5, Strategy 12A*).
     - Priority is given to adaptation strategies that enhance economic and social well-being, public safety and security, and public health for Greensboro’s citizens. 
     - Establishment and retention of strong partnerships with federal, state, and local governments, private businesses and landowners, and non-governmental organizations to collaboratively develop and implement adaptation strategies. (*Chapter 5, Strategy 12A*).
     - The plan includes a recommendation to monitor progress on a comprehensive state Climate Change Adaptation Plan, ensuring Greensboro's participation in state-wide efforts. (*Chapter 5, Section 5.8*).

The document does not specifically identify climate policies aimed at advancing climate justice. Instead, the focus is on broader policies and strategies for sustainability, GHG reduction, and adaptation, which could indirectly support vulnerable communities, but it does not explicitly address climate justice in these terms.

**Policy Overview:**

- **Adaptation (Policy 12):**
  - *Climate Threat Addressed:* The policy addresses the threat of climate change and its impacts on infrastructure, vegetation and species composition, air quality due to hotter summers, and regional and state water supply (Chapter 5, Section 5.8).
  - *Vulnerable Areas/Populations:* Although specific vulnerable populations are not mentioned, adaptation efforts would likely prioritize areas most impacted by infrastructure changes, air quality issues, and water supply stresses.

Due to the lack of explicit references to climate justice within the plan, it is unclear which specific populations or areas are most vulnerable by the plan's definitions. The plan primarily focuses on broad-based policy actions for community-wide benefits.

Based on the "Sustainability Action Plan" for Greensboro, North Carolina, the document does not explicitly outline any maladaptive climate policies. However, potential unforeseen maladaptive implications could be considered based on the document's proposals. 

### Policy: Green Jobs and Buildings
1. **Climate Threat:** This policy is targeting climate threats related to energy consumption, reliance on fossil fuels, and GHG emissions from buildings.
   
2. **Option Proposed:** **Mitigation and Adaptation** - "Use a combination of code changes, incentives, partnerships and education to promote green building in Greensboro" (Chapter 5). This strategy supports enhancing energy efficiency in buildings, promoting green jobs, and training the workforce for the emerging clean energy economy.

   - **Inadvertent Increased Costs:** If the push for green building inadvertently leads to increased construction or housing costs without adequate subsidies or assistance for low-income communities, it may exacerbate economic vulnerabilities without effectively reducing emissions, especially if retrofitting older buildings remains prohibitively expensive.
   - **Limited Scope Benefits:** The plan mentions that the benefits are presumed negligible, and costs, along with cost savings, are not included since they are not the direct result of promoting partnerships (Chapter 5). This could lead to an underestimation of financial impacts and benefits not being fully realized by the most vulnerable populations.

### Note:
As the document does not explicitly mention maladaptive climate policies, these potential concerns are inferred. It is important for Greensboro to monitor the implementation closely to ensure that these policies do not inadvertently disadvantage certain populations or fail to address the full spectrum of climate threats effectively.

### Note:

### **Metrics for Measuring Success and Failure**

**Quantifiable Metrics:**

- **Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG):**
  - Reduction is measured as a percentage reduction in eCO2 tons per capita. This is an essential metric for evaluating GHG emission reduction initiatives. (_Sustainability Action Plan, Chapter 6_)

- **Electricity Use:**
  - Percentage reduction in electricity use per household. (_Sustainability Action Plan, Chapter 6, Sample Community Sustainability Dashboard_)

- **Water Usage:**
  - Percentage reduction in kilogallons (kgals) used per capita. (_Sustainability Action Plan, Chapter 6, Sample Community Sustainability Dashboard_)

  - Percentage increase in the diversion rate and percentage decrease in solid waste to the landfill. (_Sustainability Action Plan, Chapter 6, Sample Community Sustainability Dashboard_)

  - Percentage decrease in per capita vehicle miles traveled (VMT). (_Sustainability Action Plan, Chapter 6, Sample Community Sustainability Dashboard_)

- **Employment:**
  - Percentage increase in green jobs created. (_Sustainability Action Plan, Chapter 6, Sample Community Sustainability Dashboard_)

**Financial Metrics:**

- **Cost and Savings:**
  - Cumulative minimum cost to implement proposed strategies by 2020: $12,400,000.
  - Cumulative minimum cost savings from proposed strategies by 2020: $29,070,000.
  - Costs and savings are estimated for both public and private entities in the community, such as individual citizens, businesses, and the City of Greensboro. (_Sustainability Action Plan, Chapter 5_)

- **GHG Reduction Goals:**
  - The plan states that there is a goal for GHG reduction, but acknowledges additional measures are needed to meet an ambitious target of stabilization at 2010 levels by 2020. This target is based on scenarios such as "Business-As-Usual," "Sustainability Action Plan Reduction," "Fully Implemented Reduction," and "Goal Scenario: Stabilization at 2010 levels by 2020." (_Sustainability Action Plan, Chapter 4_)

- **Specific Implementation Targets:**
  - Strategies such as Policy 1 and Policy 2 involve VMT reduction with targets of 10% reduction for future growth in VMT by 2020 in the "As Proposed" case, and up to 11% community-wide adoption in the "Fully Implemented" case. (_Sustainability Action Plan, Chapter 5_)

- **Energy Consumption Reduction:**
  - Green building strategies for city facilities aim for energy consumption reductions of 44% and 48% in major renovations and new construction, respectively, under the "Fully Implemented" scenario. (_Sustainability Action Plan, Chapter 5_)

These metrics and goals provide a framework for tracking the effectiveness of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation strategies undertaken in the plan.

| **Feature**          | **Details**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |
|----------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Greensboro, North Carolina                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |
| **Population**       | Not explicitly stated in the document.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              |
| **Threats Identified** | - **Rising energy prices** indicated in Chapter 1.0: "Recent economic challenges have pushed the City and the community to seek ways to be more resourceful, while rising energy prices and a changing climate paint an uncertain future." <br> - **Climate change**: Stated in Chapter 1.0: "The City can...make community buildings and transportation systems more efficient." |
| **Measures Identified** | - **Green Jobs and Buildings**: "Develop a coordinated City program to provide technical support, energy audits and education and outreach to increase energy efficiency" (Chapter 5.0). <br> - **Transportation and Land Use**: "Reduce vehicle miles traveled, including the use of single-occupant vehicles, by promoting alternative forms of transportation" (Executive Summary). |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction:** City and County of Honolulu

**Location:** Comprising the island of O‘ahu, Hawaii.

**Population and Demographics:** The document does not provide specific details on population figures or demographics. 

**Average Income:** The document does not specify the average income of residents.

- **Natural Beauty and Contrasts:** The jurisdiction is described as "an island of natural beauty and contrasts." It includes both lush valleys, nourished by moisture-rich trade winds, and dryer regions with limited rainfall.
- **Coastline and Sea Level Considerations:** The area has experienced various climate-related challenges including sea level rise and erosion impacts to coastal roads and lifeguard towers.

**Key Infrastructure:** While the document does not specify particular infrastructure like airports or seaports, it mentions the importance of improving transit systems including public vehicles such as TheBus.

**Local Climate Challenges:**
- **Climate Change Impacts:** The jurisdiction is deeply affected by climate change, including issues like coral bleaching, increasing storm severity, and extreme heat (as per the foreword). 
- **Water Challenges:** While specific challenges like aridity are not mentioned, the island faces a period of drought and heavy rainfall and flooding simultaneously.

- **Renewable Energy Commitment:** The plan outlines a commitment to 100% clean energy by 2045, emphasizing renewable energy deployment, such as rooftop solar and distributed battery storage.
- **Rooftop Solar Penetration:** Honolulu has one of the nation’s highest per capita rooftop solar penetrations.
- **Electric Vehicles (EVs):** The area has a high rate of electric vehicle ownership, which aligns with the broader commitment to clean energy.

- **Decarbonization Efforts:** A significant focus is on "collective action with practical, common-sense measures" in building operations, transportation networks, and waste systems for decarbonization.
- **Renewable Energy Projects:** Economic activities include renewable energy projects as a way to reduce GHG emissions and lead by example for the utility’s Power Supply Improvement Plan (PSIP).

The plan further emphasizes equity and economic justice in the implementation of climate actions, aiming to focus on affordable housing, rental units, clean transportation options, and waste reduction opportunities.

The Climate Action Plan for the City and County of Honolulu provides a structured strategy for addressing climate change through a comprehensive approach focusing on mitigation, resilience, and adaptation. Here is a summary and classification of the plan:

- The plan emphasizes building long-lasting resilience and greater self-sufficiency for O‘ahu. It addresses not only climate change but concurrent challenges such as COVID-19 recovery and affordability, highlighting the impact on infrastructure and the community's ability to withstand and recover from climate hazards. The **Ola: O‘ahu Resilience Strategy** is mentioned as having proposed actions to bolster resilience. _"This plan outlines 9 distinct strategies and 47 actions that are measurable and meaningful, with guideposts we can follow to show progress in eliminating greenhouse gas emissions."_

- A primary focus of the plan is the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. It presents nine strategies and 47 actions for reducing GHG emissions by 45% by 2025 relative to 2015 levels, focusing on three major sectors: ground transportation, electricity, and waste. The ultimate goal is achieving carbon neutrality by 2045. _"This CAP focuses on reducing GHG emissions that occur within O‘ahu... from large-emitting sectors that the City can most effectively influence."_

- While the plan primarily focuses on mitigation, it does mention adaptation indirectly through its emphasis on ensuring an equitable transition and protecting frontline communities vulnerable to climate impacts. _"This CAP complements the City’s Climate Adaptation Strategy, which is being drafted to outline how we will adapt and defend against the climate impacts we already face."_

### **Plan Classification:**
Based on its content, the plan can be classified as a **mitigation primary climate action plan**. It focuses primarily on achieving a significant reduction of GHG emissions and sets ambitious targets in line with state and global climate goals. While it does touch on resilience and mentions the development of an adaptation strategy, the primary aim is mitigation.

Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change that the planning jurisdiction, the City and County of Honolulu, will face. Climate change impacts described in the plan include: 

- **Sea Level Rise:** "Global sea levels will likely rise by three feet or more by late century" if no GHG abatement is undertaken. On O‘ahu, this would impact over 9,400 acres of land, over 3,800 structures, and 17.7 miles of major roads, risking nearly $13B worth of land and structures. High-tide flooding and coastal erosion are already observable ("Introduction").

- **Rainfall Patterns:** Changes in rainfall patterns are expected, leading to wetter conditions in some areas and drier in others. This will influence freshwater availability and impact land uses like agriculture, potentially leading to adverse conditions like landslides ("Introduction").

- **Temperature Increase:** The average annual temperature for Hawai‘i from 1986-2016 was 0.7°C higher relative to 1925-1960, and the trend of increasing temperatures is expected to continue. Consequences include shifts in geographical ranges of infectious diseases, thermal stress on native flora and fauna, increased electricity demand, and increased evaporation of water supply ("Introduction").

- **Climate Events and Natural Disasters:** An increase in the strength and frequency of El Niño and La Niña events is observed, along with shifts in tropical cyclone tracks, making Hawai‘i more vulnerable to direct hits ("Introduction").

- **Ocean Warming and Acidification:** These environmental stressors are expected to devastate coral reefs and their fish communities, threatening a decline of 70-90% with global warming increases of 1.5°C, and more than 99% at a 2°C increase ("Introduction").

The plan emphasizes that the "reach and devastation of sea level rise by the end of the century will depend heavily on actions taken today to reduce GHGs" ("Introduction").

   - **The Climate Hazard:** The plan describes the potential for global sea levels to rise by three feet or more by the late century. It is causing more high tide flooding, which is becoming a "state of new normal" (Introduction).
   - **Climate Risks:** Sea level rise on O‘ahu is projected to impact over 9,400 acres of land, over 3,800 structures, 17.7 miles of major roads, and puts nearly $13 billion worth of land and structures at risk (Introduction). It's also threatening existing infrastructure and community access to beaches (Introduction).
   - **Areas or Populations with the Most Climate Vulnerability:** Low-lying areas, particularly those developed with fill (e.g., Māpunapuna), and along chronically eroding shorelines like the North Shore, are vulnerable. Specific infrastructure mentioned includes the coastal highway along Ko‘olau Loa, narrow coastal access in Kāhala, and impassable roads through Hau‘ula (Introduction).

2. **Changing Rainfall Patterns**
   - **The Climate Hazard:** Expected changes in rainfall patterns may result in wetter conditions in some areas and drier conditions in others, altering freshwater availability (Introduction).
   - **Climate Risks:** This change impacts agricultural land uses and causes adverse conditions like frequent landslides, exemplified by landslides on the Pali Highway in 2019 (Introduction).
   - **Areas or Populations with the Most Climate Vulnerability:** Areas dependent on current rainfall patterns for agriculture and water supply are especially vulnerable.

3. **Increasing Temperatures**
   - **The Climate Hazard:** The average annual temperature in Hawai‘i has risen by 0.7°C relative to 1925–1960, with an expected continuation of this trend (Introduction).
   - **Climate Risks:** It could change the geographical range of climate-sensitive infectious diseases, cause thermal stress to native flora and fauna, increase electricity demand, and cause water supply evaporation (Introduction).
   - **Areas or Populations with the Most Climate Vulnerability:** Populations sensitive to electricity costs and dependent on current water supply systems are vulnerable, as well as native ecosystems.

4. **Increased Frequency and Strength of El Niño and La Niña Events**
   - **The Climate Hazard:** Increases in the strength and frequency of these events have been observed, with trends suggesting their continuation (Introduction).
   - **Climate Risks:** Shifting of tropical cyclone tracks northward makes Hawai‘i more vulnerable to direct hits by cyclones (Introduction).
   - **Areas or Populations with the Most Climate Vulnerability:** Coastal regions and infrastructure are particularly vulnerable.

5. **Ocean Warming and Acidification**
   - **The Climate Hazard:** These changes combined with existing stressors threaten coral reefs (Introduction).
   - **Climate Risks:** Coral reefs and their fish communities could decline by 70-90% with a 1.5°C increase in global warming, and over 99% at 2°C, impacting marine biodiversity and the economy dependent on marine resources (Introduction).
   - **Areas or Populations with the Most Climate Vulnerability:** Marine ecosystems and communities dependent on fisheries are most vulnerable.

6. **Invasive Species**
   - **The Climate Hazard:** Increasing temperatures expose high-elevation ecosystems to new invasive species (Introduction).
   - **Climate Risks:** This exacerbates the risk of extinction for native plants and animals (Introduction).
   - **Areas or Populations with the Most Climate Vulnerability:** High-elevation ecosystems and native species are particularly vulnerable to invasive species.

Based on the provided document, the following resilience options are identified in the plan:

### Resilience Option 1: Encourage Density and Mixed Land Use in Strategic Areas

1. **Climate Threat Addressed**: 
   - This option primarily addresses **sea level rise** and its associated impacts on infrastructure and community access, as emphasized in the plan's introduction section.
   
2. **Cost, Timeframe, and Location**: 
   - The cost and location details are not explicitly mentioned in the excerpts provided. The timeframe is within the five-year plan (2020-2025) as it's included in the plan's outlined actions and strategies ("CAP Strategies & Actions 2020-2025").
   
3. **Other Attributes**:
   - **Economic Considerations**: Aligns with affordable housing initiatives, which can lead to economic benefits by reducing living costs and improving accessibility to resources and services.
   - **Environmental Considerations**: Promotes reduced emissions by minimizing urban sprawl and facilitating the use of public transport.
   - **Infrastructural Considerations**: Enhances resilience by concentrating infrastructure development in less vulnerable areas.

### Resilience Option 2: Electrify the City Fleet and Support High Efficiency Vehicles

   - Targets reducing **GHG emissions** from ground transportation, indirectly addressing threats from increasing temperatures and climate variability.
   
   - Again, specific costs are not detailed in the excerpts, and the timeframe is outlined within the five-year scope (2020-2025).
   - The focus is on city-wide implementation across O‘ahu.
   
   - **Economic Considerations**: Likely involves upfront costs with potential long-term savings through reduced fuel consumption.
   - **Environmental Considerations**: Significant potential for emissions reductions and improved air quality.
   - **Infrastructural Considerations**: Requires development of charging infrastructure and support systems for electric vehicles.

### Resilience Option 3: Maximize Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy throughout City Operations and Assets

   - Addresses energy-related GHG emissions, contributing to the mitigation of climate change and its impacts.
   
   - No specific cost information is provided, and it is part of the 2020-2025 strategy.
   - Applies to City operations across O‘ahu.
   
   - **Economic Considerations**: Offers potential for cost savings through reduced energy consumption.
   - **Environmental Considerations**: Promotes sustainable energy use, contributing to the reduction of the City's carbon footprint.
   - **Infrastructural Considerations**: Needs enhanced infrastructure for energy management and application of renewable technologies.

The document prioritizes an equitable approach in applying these options, particularly emphasizing protecting frontline communities from bearing disproportionate climate burdens ("For a more complete description...," "Make Equity a Priority").

1. **Encourage Density and Mixed Land Use in Strategic Areas:**
   - **Cost:** Highly cost-effective through zoning; cost-effective to the public if it allows for greater flexibility and market response.
   - **Timing:** 2020-2025.
   - **Location:** Strategic areas for density.
   - **Attributes:** Must be paired with mixed-income housing. Increases viability of bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure. Potentially reduces transportation costs for households. Possible increase in urban heat and reduced access to natural light.

2. **Enable and Provide Multiple Modes of Green Transportation:**
   - **Cost:** Depends. Repurposing existing infrastructure likely more cost-effective than new construction.
   - **Timing:** Ongoing 2020-2025.
   - **Location:** Through multimodal transportation infrastructure across the city.
   - **Attributes:** High quality multimodal transport options required. Partnerships with providers important. Should be coupled with other supportive approaches, like carbon pricing and road diets.

3. **Electrify the City Fleet and Support High Efficiency Vehicles:**
   - **Cost:** Not detailed in the provided excerpts.
   - **Timing:** Pursue within 2020-2025.
   - **Location:** City and island-wide.
   - **Attributes:** Part of the broader strategy to reduce vehicle miles traveled and related emissions.

4. **Reduce Energy Demand by Increasing Energy Efficiency:**
   - **Cost:** Highly cost-effective in the long term.
   - **Timing:** Focused on the period 2020-2025.
   - **Location:** Mainly through building codes and within City operations.
   - **Attributes:** Addresses high energy burdens and is coupled with building codes. Rebound effect possible if not paired with supportive measures.

5. **Maximize Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy throughout City Operations and Assets:**
   - **Cost:** Cost-effectiveness dependent on benchmarking and response measures.
   - **Location:** Across City operations.
   - **Attributes:** Efficiency reduces high global warming potential GHGs and local air pollutants.

6. **Promote Waste Prevention and Maximize Waste Resource Efficiency:**
   - **Location:** Throughout the waste management systems.
   - **Attributes:** Reducing product and material generation through repurposing waste. Influenced by the existing integrated solid waste management plan.

These mitigation options focus on enhancing the City's infrastructure and urban planning, leveraging renewable energy, and improving transportation and waste management systems to achieve substantial reductions in GHG emissions.

The plan identifies several mitigation options within its Climate Action Plan (CAP). Below is a summary of these options, including relevant details on cost, timeframe, location, and other attributes:

1. **Encourage Density and Mixed Land Use in Strategic Areas**
   - **Cost:** Generally cost-effective to the City through zoning. Cost-effectiveness to the public depends on flexibility and market response, supporting GHG reduction.
   - **Timeframe:** 2020-2025
   - **Location:** Strategic areas across O‘ahu.
     - Promotes mixed-income housing.
     - Contributes to greater flexibility in the market response.
     - Supports increased walking and biking, resulting in health benefits.

2. **Enable and Provide Multiple Modes of Green Transportation**
   - **Cost:** Varies widely; repurposing existing infrastructure is more cost-effective than new projects.
   - **Timeframe:** Details not explicitly specified.
   - **Location:** City’s jurisdiction, partnerships with multimodal transportation providers.
     - Promotes high-quality multimodal transport options.
     - Supports equitable transportation systems.
     - Potential rebound effect if not coupled with supportive approaches, such as carbon pricing.

3. **Electrify the City Fleet and Support High-Efficiency Vehicles**
   - **Cost:** High initial costs are implied but can be mitigated through long-term savings.
   - **Location:** City’s fleet and operations.
     - Supports renewable energy and reduces reliance on fossil fuels.
     - Aligns with emissions reduction goals.
   
4. **Reduce Energy Demand by Increasing Energy Efficiency**
   - **Cost:** Highly cost-effective in the long term. Cost-effectiveness of benchmarking depends on transparency measures and commercial sector response.
   - **Location:** Through building codes across O‘ahu.
     - Reduces energy burden and capacity requirements for renewable electricity.
     - Investments in energy efficiency can have rebound effects if not paired with other measures.

5. **Promote Waste Prevention**
   - **Location:** Across O‘ahu.
     - Encourages reducing waste at the source.
     - Supports overall waste reduction goals.

Each of these mitigation options contributes to a reduction of GHG emissions and aligns with the plan's overarching goal of reducing emissions by 45% by 2025 relative to 2015 levels and achieving carbon neutrality by 2045.

The plan does not provide specific, detailed adaptation options in the same way it does with emission reduction strategies and actions. However, it mentions the need to address certain climate threats and overall strategies without listing adaptations as discrete options. Below are the elements related to adaptation found within the plan:

1. **Sea Level Rise and Coastal Erosion:**
   - **Climate Threat:** Sea level rise is anticipated to significantly impact over 9,400 acres of land, over 3,800 structures, and 17.7 miles of major roads in O‘ahu, with a substantial financial risk worth nearly $13 billion. High-tide flooding and coastal erosion threaten infrastructure and beach preservation.
   - **Attributes:** The plan underscores the need for GHG abatement to mitigate these risks. Specific adaptation measures to counter these threats are not delineated in terms of cost, timeframe, or specific location in the document provided.

2. **Changing Rainfall Patterns:** 
   - **Climate Threat:** Expected changes in rainfall patterns will alter freshwater availability, impacting agricultural land uses and escalating landslide frequency.
   - **Attributes:** The document refers to changing rainfall patterns, but detailed adaptation measures, including their cost or timeframe, were not explicitly provided.

3. **Increasing Temperatures:** 
   - **Climate Threat:** Rising average temperatures impact health by changing the geography of vector-borne diseases and increasing electricity demand.
   - **Attributes:** While the document acknowledges the threat, detailed adaptation strategies related to temperature increases, their cost, or timeframe are not specified.

4. **Ocean Warming and Acidification:**
   - **Climate Threat:** These conditions pose severe threats to coral reefs and associated fish communities.
   - **Attributes:** General threats are acknowledged, but explicit adaptation measures, costs, or specific timelines are omitted from the given text. 

5. **Frequent and Stronger Storms:**
   - **Climate Threat:** Enhanced El Niño and La Niña events and shifts in tropical cyclone patterns make direct hits more likely for Hawaii.
   - **Attributes:** The document outlines vulnerability to storms but lacks detailed adaptation options or strategic plans addressing these events.

Though specific adaptation options aren't laid out systemically in the form provided, the plan emphasizes GHG reductions as critical to mitigating these climate impacts. The primary focus within the plan is directed towards emissions reduction within the City to reach carbon neutrality by 2045 through identified strategic actions over the next five years.

The plan identifies several climate policies that advance climate justice by addressing specific climate threats. Here are the summarized policies:

1. **Equity as a Priority in Climate Actions:**
   - **Climate Threat:** The policy broadly addresses the impacts of various climate threats, including sea-level rise, extreme weather events, and economic burdens from climate policies like gas taxes.
   - **Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:** The plan targets "frontline communities" which include Native Hawaiians, Pacific Islanders, refugees, low-income residents, people experiencing housing insecurity, people with disabilities, the LGBTQ community, and communities of color, as well as women, keiki, and kupuna or anyone at the intersection of these identities. These communities are more exposed to climate-related health and economic risks and possess fewer resources, safety nets, or political agency to respond effectively (Table 6).

2. **Support for Renewable Energy:**
   - **Climate Threat:** The threat of increased GHG emissions contributes to climate change.
   - **Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:** The policy addresses concerns about the impacts of renewable energy projects on land use and surrounding communities, emphasizing the need for proper implementation to avoid rate increases and community disruption (Major Themes from Public Input).

3. **Community Engagement in Climate Decisions:**
   - **Climate Threat:** General climate change impacts that disproportionately affect marginalized communities.
   - **Areas or Populations with Vulnerability:** The policy seeks to ensure that all communities have a voice in discussions about climate action, highlighting the disproportionate impacts on low-income and marginalized communities (Community Voices, CAP Implementation & Next Steps).

These policies reflect a determination to protect vulnerable populations by embedding equity considerations into each climate strategy and aligning with broader goals of social and economic justice (State of the Climate, CAP Strategies & Actions 2020-2025).

Based on the content of the Climate Action Plan 2020-2025, one potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policy could be related to waste management, specifically the strategies regarding composting and anaerobic digestion.

### 1. Climate Threat Addressed:
- **Waste Management and Methane Emissions:** The policy seeks to address issues related to waste as a resource and the associated greenhouse gas emissions, specifically targeting the reduction of methane emissions from waste ("This CAP includes a strategy dedicated to exploring waste resource efficiency. Related actions include methane capture and planning for the expansion of anaerobic digesters and composting facilities.") [CAP Strategies & Actions 2020-2025, Waste as a Resource].

### 2. Proposed Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:
- **Mitigation Option:** The policy proposes expanding municipal and small-scale composting operations and methane capture from anaerobic digesters as ways to mitigate the emissions arising from waste [Waste as a Resource].

### 3. Potential for Inadvertent Maladaptation:
- **Reason for Maladaptation:** While expanding composting and anaerobic digestion facilities is intended as a mitigation strategy for GHG emissions, the policy may lead to maladaptation if not carefully managed. The content suggests a need for more research on how to best sort through waste items for anaerobic digesters ("though they also signaled a need for more research on how to best sort through waste items for anaerobic digesters"). This lack of research could lead to the wrongful diversion of waste streams or inefficient processes, potentially increasing emissions or causing other environmental or health issues if composting and digestion processes are improperly implemented or insufficiently managed [CAP Strategies & Actions 2020-2025, Waste as a Resource].

  - The plan sets a specific target of a "**45% reduction in targeted GHG emissions by 2025 relative to 2015**," an increase of **16% beyond the baseline** (Chapter: Climate Action Plan At-A-Glance).
  - A pathway to reduce target sector emissions by **60% by 2035, and 80% from 2015 by 2045** is also outlined (Chapter: Introduction).

- **Benchmarking and Energy Efficiency:**
  - The amount of GHG emissions reduced by various energy efficiency measures is projected to be **1.7 MMTCO2 Eq. cumulatively from 2020 to 2045** (Chapter: CAP Strategies & Actions 2020-2025).
  - A target is set for electricity consumption reduction for City facilities by **50% by 2025** (Chapter: Implementation & Next Steps).

  - An objective of increasing City-owned renewable energy generation by **200%** is set (Chapter: Implementation & Next Steps).

- **Fleet Electrification and Transportation:**
  - Vehicle sales are targeted to comprise **95% EVs by 2025 and 100% EVs by 2030** in the most ambitious scenario (Chapter: Ground Transportation).
  - Projected GHG emissions reductions for various scenarios involving electric vehicle adoption and VMT (Vehicle Miles Traveled) reduction pathways include percentages such as **-44% to -95%** in GHG emission changes from 2015 by 2045 (Chapter: Table 1: Passenger Cars and Trucks Pathway Descriptions).

  - Strategies aimed at reducing waste emissions include actions such as promoting waste prevention and maximizing waste resource efficiency (Chapter: Waste & Wastewater).

- The plan emphasizes reaching an **overall carbon neutrality by 2045** (Chapter: Climate Action Plan At-A-Glance).
- It proposes **three guiding principles** for implementation: taking an **equitable and inclusive approach**, devoting **adequate funding and capacity**, and adopting an **ongoing adaptive and transparent process** (Chapter: Implementation & Next Steps).

The aforementioned metrics and goals help the City work effectively towards an equitable transition away from GHG-intensive systems, maximizing co-benefits while keeping track of emissions reduction and system efficiency improvements.

| **Feature**             | **Details**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     |
|-------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name**  | O‘ahu, Honolulu                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                |
| **Population**          | Not explicitly stated in the document.                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |
| **Threats Identified**  | - Sea level rise threatening infrastructure and land. <br>- High tide flooding. <br>- Changes in rainfall patterns impacting freshwater availability and land uses. <br>- Increase in average annual temperature. <br>- Warming and acidification of the ocean. |
| **Measures Identified** | - Reduce GHG emissions by 45% by 2025 relative to 2015. <br>- Encourage density and mixed land use. <br>- Electrify the City Fleet. <br>- Maximize energy efficiency and renewable energy. <br>- Promote waste prevention.                                   |
```

**Planning Jurisdiction:** City of Alameda

**Location:** The City of Alameda is located in the San Francisco Bay Area.

**Population and Demographics:** The document does not provide specific population numbers or demographic details.

**Average Income:** The document does not provide details about the average income of the residents.

- **Coastline:** Alameda is described as a low-lying island city, which indicates it is surrounded by water, specifically in the San Francisco Bay.
- **Infrastructure:** Significant infrastructure includes the Port of Oakland and the Oakland Airport, which are mentioned as neighboring areas impacting the City of Alameda, especially with regards to flood risks (Chapter 4, Adapting to Climate Change | 96).

**Local Climate:**  
- **Water challenges:** The plan addresses issues such as sea level rise and storm flooding, indicating a focus on managing excess water (Chapter 4, Adapting to Climate Change | 69).
- **Aridity is not specifically mentioned**, but there are references to potential drought conditions affecting sewer system vulnerabilities due to low flow (Chapter 4, Adapting to Climate Change | 69).

- **Energy System Vulnerabilities:** The energy system assessment reviewed electric facilities and found none at high risk of exposure to sea level rise or flooding. However, utility poles might be vulnerable to flooding, and there are risks to buried infrastructure such as pipelines due to liquefaction and corrosion (Chapter 4, Adapting to Climate Change | 69).
- **Renewable Energy and Sustainability:** There are improvements aimed at making the city’s buildings, transportation, and parks more sustainable, though specific types of renewable energy are not detailed in the document snippet provided (Chapter 1, Background | 3).

- **Targeted Sectors for Growth:** The document mentions Clean Tech, Green Tech, and Blue Tech as sectors targeted for economic growth (Chapter 6, From Plan to Action | 141).
- **Economic Development Strategy:** The focus is on aligning economic development with climate action, social equity, and fiscal health. Emphasis is placed on sustainable and resilient transportation and housing as part of the economic strategy (Chapter 6, From Plan to Action | 141).

**Summary:** Alameda is a coastal city with infrastructure influenced by its proximity to significant economic hubs like the Port of Oakland. The city is focusing on climate adaptation concerning sea level rise and storms while fostering economic growth in sustainable technology sectors.

The plan places a strong emphasis on building resilience against climate impacts that Alameda is already experiencing and those expected to worsen. It lays out strategies for increasing the city's capacity to cope with specific climate hazards, such as sea level rise, storm surge, and extreme heat. As stated, "Building resilience to climate change in Alameda is crucial for ensuring the long-term viability of our city and the health of our residents" (Chapter 4). It also considers social and economic aspects of vulnerability, engaging the community to enhance social resilience (Chapter 4, "Methods").

The plan dedicates efforts to reducing GHG emissions with targets such as cutting emissions to 50% below 2005 levels by 2030 and achieving net zero emissions as soon as possible (Chapter 6, "GOAL 1: GHG Reduction"). These reductions are to be achieved through actions focusing on transportation, building management, waste management, and carbon sequestration. Co-benefits like improved air quality and public health are also noted (Chapter 1, "Background").

Adaptation is a significant component of the plan, addressing strategies to adapt Alameda's infrastructure and community to expected climate impacts. Goals detailed in the plan include protecting assets from sea level rise and storm surge, increasing stormwater system resiliency, reducing water consumption, and more (Chapter 4, Table 4-1). The plan aims to assist Alameda in preparing for an "uncertain, longer-term future" while utilizing current resources wisely (Chapter 4).

Based on the provided information, the plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. This is evident from the emphasis and balanced approach on reducing GHG emissions while simultaneously enhancing the city's resilience and adaptive capacity to cope with climate impacts. The commitment to both mitigation and adaptation through specified goals, strategies, and community involvement supports this classification.

Yes, the plan describes several scenarios of climate change that the City of Alameda will face and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. These scenarios include projections for sea level rise, the impact of storm surges, extreme precipitation events, drought, extreme heat, wildfires, and earthquakes/liquefaction.

**Sea Level Rise and Storm Surges:**
- "Permanent sea level rise, helping us to simultaneously plan to address temporary and long-term flooding impacts." The plan considers different scenarios for sea level rise projections, aligning with California’s OPC guidance, to address potential impacts by 2050 and 2100 (Chapter 4).

**Flooding:**
- The plan emphasizes increasing the resiliency and capacity of the stormwater system to prevent flooding of assets during extreme precipitation events (Chapter 4, Table 4-1).

**Drought:**
- There are strategies to "reduce water consumption and increase drought-resistant landscaping" in response to potential drought scenarios (Chapter 4, Table 4-1).

**Extreme Heat:**
- Strategies focus on reducing the heat island effect and protecting vulnerable populations from heat impacts during heat waves (Chapter 4, Table 4-1).

**Wildfires:**
- Protecting public health from smoke impacts during wildfire events, particularly for vulnerable populations, is a key focus (Chapter 4, Table 4-1).

**Earthquakes/Liquefaction:**
- Ensuring building and infrastructure retrofit and new design standards consider both seismic risk and sea level rise impacts is identified as crucial (Chapter 4, Table 4-1).

**General Climate Change Preparedness:**
- The CARP focuses on addressing short- and medium-term risks while preparing for more dramatic shifts, acknowledging that Alameda must "pursue climate adaptation strategies to prepare for increased flooding, drought, heat waves, and unhealthy air quality" (Chapter 1).

The City of Alameda is committed to addressing these scenarios as part of its "Climate Safe Path" which integrates both adaptation strategies and measures to reduce GHG emissions as described throughout the plan (Chapter 1).

1. **Sea Level Rise and Storm Surge**
   - **Description:** Sea level rise and storm surge threatening assets and requiring planning to avoid impacts and enhance shoreline habitat. 
     - **Risks:** These hazards are primary concerns for Alameda due to its "low-lying island city" setting, posing risks to protect assets and the environment and increase flood frequency over the decades.
     - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Infrastructure like sewer and stormwater systems, utilities, buildings in high-risk areas, and vulnerable populations living in low-lying neighborhoods.

2. **Inland Flooding**
   - **Description:** Increased stormwater causing flooding during extreme precipitation events.
     - **Risks:** Could mobilize contaminants, affect access to health care, and damage infrastructure.
     - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Priority flooding areas with high exposure to projected sea level rise, areas with concentrated low-income residents, and specific sectors like transportation.

   - **Description:** Water scarcity impacting landscaping and consumption.
     - **Risks:** Challenges in water supply management and increased necessity for drought-resistant landscaping.
     - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas relying on existing water resources and landscaping that is not drought-resistant.

   - **Description:** Rising temperatures and more frequent heat waves.
     - **Risks:** Public health risk due to heat exhaustion, stroke, worsened air quality, and higher energy costs.
     - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Elderly, infants, those with existing health conditions, people without air conditioning, and those in areas without adequate shade.

   - **Description:** Risk of public health impacts from smoke during wildfire events.
     - **Risks:** Exacerbation of respiratory illnesses, especially amongst vulnerable populations.
     - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Vulnerable populations including the elderly, children, and those with respiratory conditions.

6. **Liquefaction/Earthquakes**
   - **Description:** Risk of liquefaction in earthquakes affecting building and infrastructure.
     - **Risks:** Potential infrastructure damage, particularly related to seismic risk areas.
     - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Buildings and infrastructure in high-risk seismic zones that also consider sea level rise impacts.

7. **Air Pollution and Disease Vectors**
   - **Description:** Indirect impacts like air pollution, harmful algal blooms, allergens, and disease vectors.
     - **Risks:** Public health impacts, including exacerbated impact by combining different stressors.
     - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Socially vulnerable populations with limited financial capacity to respond.

8. **Energy System Vulnerabilities**
   - **Description:** Risks to the energy system due to climate change, such as liquefaction and corrosion of buried infrastructure.
     - **Risks:** Potential damage to energy systems critical for daily operations.
     - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas affected by seismic hazards and affected by sea level rise affecting buried infrastructure.

### 1. Increasing Resiliency by Sector

  - Sea level rise, heat, drought, wildfire smoke, flooding, and contaminated lands.
  - *Cited in: Chapter 4 "Adapting to Climate Change" | 86*

  - **Cost:** Strategies categorized as low ($), medium ($$), or high ($$$) relative cost.
  - **Timeframe:**
    - Short-term: < Five years
    - Medium-term: Five to 10 years
    - Long-term: > 10 years
  - *Cited in: Table 4-17 - Key Categories of Information Contained Within Citywide Strategy Tables*

  - Includes actions for buildings, services, land use, recreation areas, transportation, utilities, and health.
  - Social vulnerability integrated into siting, design, and implementation.

### 2. Flooding and Sea Level Rise Adaptation

  - Flooding due to storm surge and sea level rise.
  - *Cited in: Chapter 4 "Adapting to Climate Change" | 101*

  - **Cost & Responsible Entity:** Generally, medium to high cost ($$-$$$); City of Alameda as the implementing entity.
  - **Timeframe:** Short-term initiation with long-term implementation.
  - *Cited in: Table 4-21 - Increasing Resiliency for Shoreline, Natural, and Recreation Areas*

  - Strategies to maintain, repair, and raise shoreline structures.
  - Collaborative shoreline decision-making with stakeholders.
  - Focus on sustainability through society, equity, economy, environment, and governance frameworks.

### 3. Land Use Resiliency

  - Sea level rise.
  - *Cited in: Chapter 4 "Adapting to Climate Change" | 97*

  - **Cost:** Medium to low ($$, $)
  - **Responsible Entity:** City of Alameda and East Bay Regional Park District (EBRPD).
  - **Timeframe:** Short to medium term.
  - *Cited in: Table 4-20 - Increasing Land Use Resiliency*

  - Adaptive strategies in master plans and ordinances, prioritize open space, incentivize low-risk area development.
  - Emphasizes strategic open-space planning for inundation containment.

### 4. Stormwater and Sewer System Improvements

  - Flooding, rising groundwater levels, and low flow conditions during drought.
  - *Cited in: Chapter 4 "Adapting to Climate Change" | 69*

  - Comprehensive evaluations being conducted; further details would need referencing the City's ongoing system plans.
  - Timeframe aligns with short- to long-term planning.

  - Focuses on mitigative strategies to protect subsurface infrastructure.
  - Emphasizes the need to address vulnerabilities through planned upgrades and replacements.

These resilience options collectively address critical infrastructures across various sectors, integrating socioeconomic considerations to reduce Alameda's climate vulnerability efficiently.

The plan identifies several mitigation options with details regarding their cost, timing, location, and other attributes:

---

### **1. Installation of Solar Panels and Storage**

- **Action(s):** Incentivize the installation of solar panels on existing rooftops and solar canopies over parking lots.
- **Cost:** $$ (medium cost)
- **Responsible Entity:** City of Alameda
- **Timeline:** Medium
- **Attributes:** This initiative involves changing parking surfaces to water-permeable materials to lessen stormwater runoff.

---

### **2. Modification of Building Codes for Heat Reduction Techniques**

- **Action(s):** Review building codes to encourage or require the installation of cool roofs, green roofs, and other energy-efficient cool building methods.
- **Timeline:** Short
- **Attributes:** These methods aim to mitigate heat impacts and reduce runoff (with green roofs) for new development and substantial redevelopment involving roof repair or replacement. It considers prioritizing and incentivizing these efforts in heat island areas.

---

The plan also highlights the importance of considering co-benefits between climate mitigation and adaptation strategies. It takes into account factors such as social equity, economic benefits, environmental impacts, and feasibility when evaluating the effectiveness of the strategies. Further, the plan emphasizes ongoing monitoring and evaluation to ensure that priorities remain aligned with the city's evolving climate goals (Chapter 4, "Adapting to Climate Change").

1. **Installation of Solar Panels and Storage**
   - **Cost:** Medium cost ($$)
   - **Timeframe:** Medium term
   - **Location:** Existing rooftops and parking lots
   - **Attributes:** Incentivize the installation of solar panels on existing rooftops and solar canopies over parking lots. This should be conducted in conjunction with changing parking surfaces to water-permeable materials to reduce stormwater runoff. *(Chapter 4, Adapting to Climate Change | 90)*

2. **Modification of Building Codes for Heat Reduction**
   - **Location:** Citywide, with a focus on heat island areas
   - **Attributes:** Review building codes to encourage or require the installation of cool roofs, green roofs, and other energy-efficient, cool building methods to mitigate heat impacts and reduce runoff for new developments and substantial redevelopments. Prioritizing and incentivizing cool/green roofs in heat island areas is recommended. *(Chapter 4, Adapting to Climate Change | 90)*

3. **Disclose Shoreline Risks**
   - **Cost:** Low cost ($)
   - **Location:** Residential and commercial properties at risk
   - **Attributes:** Facilitate disclosure requirements for real estate agents and lessors regarding future flood and groundwater exposure due to sea level rise, especially for residential and commercial properties with high vulnerability. *(Chapter 4, Adapting to Climate Change | 97)*

4. **Limit Building and Encourage Open Space in Risk Zones**
   - **Location:** High-risk areas, near-shore green spaces
   - **Attributes:** Develop and implement policies to prioritize open-space protection and restoration to account for sea level rise. Evaluate strategic open-space planning for inundation and containment areas. *(Chapter 4, Adapting to Climate Change | 97)*

5. **Engage the Community in Climate Adaptation Efforts**
   - **Location:** Citywide, prioritizing vulnerable neighborhoods
   - **Attributes:** Encourage urban farming and Climate Victory Gardens to foster sequestration and resiliency. Launch neighborhood-based pilot projects for flood resilience and community involvement, prioritizing underserved populations. *(Chapter 4, Adapting to Climate Change | 98)*

1. **Use open space for flood control**
   - **Information:**
     - **Cost:** Medium ($$)
     - **Timeframe:** Long term
     - **Location:** Collaborate with the golf course
     - **Other Attributes:** Explore opportunities to use open space for flood control measures. *(Chapter 4 | 98)*

2. **Develop a nature reserve at Alameda Point**
     - **Timeframe:** Short to long term
     - **Location:** Alameda Point
     - **Entities Involved:** U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and City of Alameda
     - **Other Attributes:** Support development focused on utilizing open spaces for flood control. *(Chapter 4 | 98)*

3. **Mandate flood-resilient development for high-risk areas**
     - **Cost:** High ($$$)
     - **Timeframe:** Medium term
     - **Location:** High-risk areas with potential flood impacts
     - **Other Attributes:** Condition new multi-unit, commercial, and single-family developments to provide flood protection to accommodate projected sea-level rise plus 100-year storm levels. *(Chapter 4 | 98)*

4. **Encourage urban farming and Climate Victory Gardens**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Climate sequestration and resiliency
     - **Cost:** Low ($)
     - **Timeframe:** Short term
     - **Entities Involved:** City of Alameda, partnerships with Alameda Backyard Growers and community-based organizations
     - **Other Attributes:** Focus on building grassroots support and engaging the community in hands-on climate adaptation efforts through urban farming initiatives like rooftop and vertical gardens. *(Chapter 4 | 98)*

5. **Launch neighborhood-based pilot projects**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Combines multiple threats such as heat, drought, and flooding
     - **Entities Involved:** City of Alameda
     - **Other Attributes:** Focus on testing new ideas via hands-on and visible improvements. It emphasizes engaging citizens, hosting workshops, and evaluating successes and failures. Prioritizes vulnerable neighborhoods and underserved populations. *(Chapter 4 | 98)*

The plan identifies several climate policies aimed at advancing climate justice by ensuring equitable sharing of the burdens and benefits of climate change impacts. Here are the summarizations of these policies:

1. **Equitable Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies**
   - **Climate Threat:** The plan addresses the general impacts of climate change, including rising sea levels, hotter temperatures, and increased frequency of extreme weather events.
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** The plan acknowledges the disproportionate impacts of climate change on Alameda’s vulnerable and socioeconomically disadvantaged populations. It highlights that equitable mitigation and adaptation strategies are essential to ensure those who are less privileged are not unduly burdened by climate change (*Chapter 2*).

2. **Social Vulnerability Assessment (SVA)**
   - **Climate Threat:** This policy does not target a specific threat but is intended to assess and understand broad climate vulnerabilities across various sectors and communities.
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** The SVA focuses on vulnerabilities that are disproportionately distributed across the Alameda community, considering factors such as income, language barriers, and access to resources. For instance, households without access to cars or savings can be more severely affected during extreme weather events (*Chapter 2*).

3. **Programs and Services for Climate Resilience**
   - **Climate Threat:** Primarily addresses wildfire smoke and extreme weather events.
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** The plan underscores the importance of creating programs and services that are accessible and understandable to all residents, including those with English proficiency challenges or who are transit-dependent (*Chapter 4*).

4. **Vulnerability Assessment and Resilience Planning Across Sectors**
   - **Climate Threat:** Includes impacts from sea level rise, storm surge, extreme heat, and other climate events.
   - **Vulnerable Populations/Areas:** Evaluates various sectors such as buildings, critical services, transportation, and land use, noting that disadvantaged communities may be disproportionately affected due to socioeconomic factors and location (*Chapter 4*).

These policies collectively focus on understanding the differentiated impacts experienced by various community segments and emphasize the necessity of involving community voices, particularly from vulnerable populations, in the planning process to foster effective and equitable climate resilience and adaptation measures.

Based on the content of the provided document, the plan does not explicitly identify any potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies. The focus is on addressing various climate threats through resilience, mitigation, and adaptation options. Here are areas where maladaptation could potentially be a risk, though the document does not specify these as such:

1. **Increased Energy Use for Air Conditioning**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Extreme heat events and heat-related health impacts, particularly affecting vulnerable populations.
   - **Option Proposed:** The plan suggests increasing access to air conditioning as a way to protect individuals from extreme heat impacts.
   - **Potential Cause of Maladaptation:** More energy use results in increased costs for those with limited resources and increases GHG emissions, thereby further contributing to climate change and its associated impacts (Chapter 4).

2. **Increased Air Conditioning and Energy Use**
   - **Option Proposed:** Addressing the lack of resources to purchase air conditioning among the vulnerable populations.
   - **Potential Cause of Maladaptation:** While this addresses immediate heat-related health risks, it could lead to increased GHG emissions due to higher energy consumption, exacerbating climate change impacts over the longer term (Chapter 4).

3. **Shoreline Protection**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Sea level rise and storm surge.
   - **Option Proposed:** Developing adaptive management and adaptation pathways that specify how existing adaptation strategies can be supplemented, adjusted, or replaced under changing future conditions.
   - **Potential Cause of Maladaptation:** Strategies that focus on protecting assets likely to be compromised soonest may not account for long-term evolution of climate threats, potentially leading to maladaptation if not updated appropriately with advancements in technology and science (Chapter 4, Chapter 6).

It is important to note that these potential maladaptations are inferred from the text's focus on energy use and immediate protective actions. The document emphasizes a commitment to adaptive management and revisiting strategies over time, which is crucial for minimizing the risks of maladaptation.

Based strictly on the content provided in the document, the plan measures the success or failure of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation options through a variety of specific metrics and targets. Here’s a list of the methods used to track success:

### **Goals and Metrics for Mitigation Options:**

**GHG Reduction:**
- **Goal:** Reduce GHG emissions to 50 percent below 2005 levels by 2030 and achieve net zero emissions as soon as possible.
  - **T1:** Number of employee workdays spent telecommuting (631,800 employee workdays).
  - **T2:** Miles of new bike lanes (10.44 miles).
  - **T3:** Number of traffic signals synchronized (25 signals).
  - **T4:** Number of EasyPasses distributed to Alameda residents (5,000 passes).
  - **T5:** Number of electric leaf blowers purchased to replace gas-powered equipment (2,327 leaf blowers).
  - **T6:** Number of new permitted EV chargers/charging points (2,061 chargers).
  - **T7:** Number of new LEVs and ZEVs registered (1,950 vehicles).
  - **T8:** Number of EVs registered (821) based on AMP's program, and number of rebates issued by fleet dealers (1,047 rebates).
  - **T9:** Number of workplace/retail chargers installed per year (260 chargers).
  - **T10:** Number of light-duty EVs purchased for the City fleet (208 EVs).
  - **E1:** Percent reduction in natural gas consumption (12%).
  - **E2:** Number of residences built as all-electric (2,727 residences).
  - **E3:** Number of rebates issued for natural gas-to-electric clothes dryers and heat pump water heaters (3,819 clothes dryers and 382 heat pump water heaters).
  - **E4:** Number of residences and commercial properties installing green roofs (1,909 residences and 25 commercial buildings).
  - **S1:** Tons of diverted organic waste converted to compost and applied to parks/open areas (66,190 tons).
  - **S2:** Number of new trees planted each year (1,500 trees).

### **Goals and Metrics for Adaptation and Resilience Options:**

**Sea Level Rise and Storm Surge Flooding:**
- **Goal:** Protect assets from sea level rise and storm surge, plan future land use to avoid impacts, and enhance natural shoreline habitat to mitigate impacts.
  - Percentage of residential parcels in existing, unprotected, coastal flood-prone areas and within 66” total water level.
  - Number of times the emergency operations center is triggered for weather-related events and percentage of community reached during each event.
  - Total losses incurred by the City due to coastal flooding.
  - Percentage of residences or businesses in the FEMA flood zone with flood insurance.
  - Number of shoreline homeowners and businesses who submit flood insurance claims.
  - Percent of sand loss (annually) at Crown Beach.

**Inland Flooding:**
- **Goal:** Increase the resiliency and capacity of the stormwater system to prevent flooding of assets during extreme precipitation events.
  - Number of times the emergency operations center is triggered for flood events.

- **Goal:** Reduce water consumption and increase drought-resistant landscaping.
  - Gallons per capita per day of water use.
  - Percentage of population or businesses participating in water conservation programs offered by the City or EBMUD.
  - Percentage of city land incorporating drought-resistant landscaping practices.

- **Goal:** Reduce heat island effect and protect vulnerable populations from heat impacts during heat waves.
  - Number of times the emergency operations center is triggered for extreme heat events and percentage of community reached.
  - Number of people using cooling centers.
  - Acres of roof, parking lot, and roads where heat island adaptation measures are implemented.
  - Total number of street trees and new trees planted.
  - Number of heat-related hospitalizations and mortalities.

- **Goal:** Protect public health from smoke impacts during wildfire events.
  - Number of times the emergency operations center is triggered for wildfire smoke-related events.
  - Number of days air quality index reaches hazardous levels.
  - Number of masks distributed during wildfire smoke events.
  - Number of smoke-related hospitalizations and mortalities.

- **Goal:** Ensure building and infrastructure retrofit and new design standards in areas at high risk of liquefaction consider both seismic risk and sea level rise impacts.
  - Percentage of buildings and utility infrastructure designed to address liquefaction risk.

By implementing these metrics and goals, the plan aims to track the progress and efficacy of its strategies in mitigating climate change effects while enhancing the community’s resilience and adaptability.

| **Feature**                 | **Details**                                                                                                                                                                                |
|-----------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name**      | Alameda                                                                                                                                                                                    |
| **Population**              | Not specified in the provided content.                                                                                                                                                     |
| **Threats Identified**      | - Flooding: Focus on a scenario of a total water level of 36 inches above today’s high tide due to overtopping, rising sea, and groundwater levels.                                       |
|                             | - Extreme Heat: Increasing frequency and severity affecting public health.                                                                                                                |
|                             | - Wildfire Smoke: Present significant risks to public health and air quality.                                                                                                             |
|                             | - Drought: Impacting water supply and quality.                                                                                                                                            |
| **Measures Identified**     | - **Flooding**: Prioritizing adaptation strategies to protect bus lines serving transit-dependent neighborhoods from overland flood risk (Executive Summary).                            |
|                             | - **Resilience by Sector**: Strategies and actions for buildings, critical services, land use, shoreline and recreation areas, transportation, waste, contaminated lands, and utilities.  |
|                             | - **GHG Reduction**: Actions in transportation and building sectors, emphasis on mode shift and vehicle electrification (Tables 3-4, 3-5, 3-6).                                           |
```