---
language:
- en
tags:
- sentence-transformers
- sentence-similarity
- feature-extraction
- generated_from_trainer
- dataset_size:942069
- loss:MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
base_model: FacebookAI/roberta-base
widget:
- source_sentence: Two women having drinks and smoking cigarettes at the bar.
  sentences:
  - Women are celebrating at a bar.
  - Two kids are outdoors.
  - The four girls are attending the street festival.
- source_sentence: Two male police officers on patrol, wearing the normal gear and
    bright green reflective shirts.
  sentences:
  - The officers have shot an unarmed black man and will not go to prison for it.
  - The four girls are playing card games at the table.
  - A woman is playing with a toddler.
- source_sentence: 5 women sitting around a table doing some crafts.
  sentences:
  - The girl wearing a dress skips down the sidewalk.
  - The kids are together.
  - Five men stand on chairs.
- source_sentence: Three men look on as two other men carve up a freshly barbecued
    hog in the backyard.
  sentences:
  - A group of people prepare cars for racing.
  - There are men watching others prepare food
  - They are both waiting for a bus.
- source_sentence: The little boy is jumping into a puddle on the street.
  sentences:
  - A man is wearing a black shirt
  - The dog is playing with a ball.
  - The boy is outside.
datasets:
- sentence-transformers/all-nli
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
library_name: sentence-transformers
---

# SentenceTransformer based on FacebookAI/roberta-base

This is a [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model finetuned from [FacebookAI/roberta-base](https://huggingface.co/FacebookAI/roberta-base) on the [all-nli](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/all-nli) dataset. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 768-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

## Model Details

### Model Description
- **Model Type:** Sentence Transformer
- **Base model:** [FacebookAI/roberta-base](https://huggingface.co/FacebookAI/roberta-base) <!-- at revision e2da8e2f811d1448a5b465c236feacd80ffbac7b -->
- **Maximum Sequence Length:** 256 tokens
- **Output Dimensionality:** 768 dimensions
- **Similarity Function:** Cosine Similarity
- **Training Dataset:**
    - [all-nli](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/all-nli)
- **Language:** en
<!-- - **License:** Unknown -->

### Model Sources

- **Documentation:** [Sentence Transformers Documentation](https://sbert.net)
- **Repository:** [Sentence Transformers on GitHub](https://github.com/UKPLab/sentence-transformers)
- **Hugging Face:** [Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/models?library=sentence-transformers)

### Full Model Architecture

```
SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 256, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: RobertaModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Normalize()
)
```

## Usage

### Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

```bash
pip install -U sentence-transformers
```

Then you can load this model and run inference.
```python
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("sentence_transformers_model_id")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'The little boy is jumping into a puddle on the street.',
    'The boy is outside.',
    'The dog is playing with a ball.',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 768]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]
```

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## Training Details

### Training Dataset

#### all-nli

* Dataset: [all-nli](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/all-nli) at [d482672](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/all-nli/tree/d482672c8e74ce18da116f430137434ba2e52fab)
* Size: 942,069 training samples
* Columns: <code>premise</code>, <code>hypothesis</code>, and <code>label</code>
* Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
  |         | premise                                                                          | hypothesis                                                                        | label                                                              |
  |:--------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-------------------------------------------------------------------|
  | type    | string                                                                           | string                                                                            | int                                                                |
  | details | <ul><li>min: 6 tokens</li><li>mean: 17.4 tokens</li><li>max: 50 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 5 tokens</li><li>mean: 10.69 tokens</li><li>max: 31 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>0: ~33.40%</li><li>1: ~33.30%</li><li>2: ~33.30%</li></ul> |
* Samples:
  | premise                                                             | hypothesis                                                     | label          |
  |:--------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------|
  | <code>A person on a horse jumps over a broken down airplane.</code> | <code>A person is training his horse for a competition.</code> | <code>1</code> |
  | <code>A person on a horse jumps over a broken down airplane.</code> | <code>A person is at a diner, ordering an omelette.</code>     | <code>2</code> |
  | <code>A person on a horse jumps over a broken down airplane.</code> | <code>A person is outdoors, on a horse.</code>                 | <code>0</code> |
* Loss: [<code>MultipleNegativesRankingLoss</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#multiplenegativesrankingloss) with these parameters:
  ```json
  {
      "scale": 20.0,
      "similarity_fct": "cos_sim"
  }
  ```

### Evaluation Dataset

#### all-nli

* Dataset: [all-nli](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/all-nli) at [d482672](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/all-nli/tree/d482672c8e74ce18da116f430137434ba2e52fab)
* Size: 19,657 evaluation samples
* Columns: <code>premise</code>, <code>hypothesis</code>, and <code>label</code>
* Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
  |         | premise                                                                           | hypothesis                                                                        | label                                                              |
  |:--------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-------------------------------------------------------------------|
  | type    | string                                                                            | string                                                                            | int                                                                |
  | details | <ul><li>min: 6 tokens</li><li>mean: 18.46 tokens</li><li>max: 60 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 5 tokens</li><li>mean: 10.57 tokens</li><li>max: 24 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>0: ~33.10%</li><li>1: ~33.30%</li><li>2: ~33.60%</li></ul> |
* Samples:
  | premise                                                            | hypothesis                                                                                         | label          |
  |:-------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------|
  | <code>Two women are embracing while holding to go packages.</code> | <code>The sisters are hugging goodbye while holding to go packages after just eating lunch.</code> | <code>1</code> |
  | <code>Two women are embracing while holding to go packages.</code> | <code>Two woman are holding packages.</code>                                                       | <code>0</code> |
  | <code>Two women are embracing while holding to go packages.</code> | <code>The men are fighting outside a deli.</code>                                                  | <code>2</code> |
* Loss: [<code>MultipleNegativesRankingLoss</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#multiplenegativesrankingloss) with these parameters:
  ```json
  {
      "scale": 20.0,
      "similarity_fct": "cos_sim"
  }
  ```

### Training Hyperparameters
#### Non-Default Hyperparameters

- `eval_strategy`: steps
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 128
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 128
- `learning_rate`: 1e-05
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.1
- `batch_sampler`: no_duplicates

#### All Hyperparameters
<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>

- `overwrite_output_dir`: False
- `do_predict`: False
- `eval_strategy`: steps
- `prediction_loss_only`: True
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 128
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 128
- `per_gpu_train_batch_size`: None
- `per_gpu_eval_batch_size`: None
- `gradient_accumulation_steps`: 1
- `eval_accumulation_steps`: None
- `torch_empty_cache_steps`: None
- `learning_rate`: 1e-05
- `weight_decay`: 0.0
- `adam_beta1`: 0.9
- `adam_beta2`: 0.999
- `adam_epsilon`: 1e-08
- `max_grad_norm`: 1.0
- `num_train_epochs`: 3
- `max_steps`: -1
- `lr_scheduler_type`: linear
- `lr_scheduler_kwargs`: {}
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.1
- `warmup_steps`: 0
- `log_level`: passive
- `log_level_replica`: warning
- `log_on_each_node`: True
- `logging_nan_inf_filter`: True
- `save_safetensors`: True
- `save_on_each_node`: False
- `save_only_model`: False
- `restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint`: False
- `no_cuda`: False
- `use_cpu`: False
- `use_mps_device`: False
- `seed`: 42
- `data_seed`: None
- `jit_mode_eval`: False
- `use_ipex`: False
- `bf16`: False
- `fp16`: False
- `fp16_opt_level`: O1
- `half_precision_backend`: auto
- `bf16_full_eval`: False
- `fp16_full_eval`: False
- `tf32`: None
- `local_rank`: 0
- `ddp_backend`: None
- `tpu_num_cores`: None
- `tpu_metrics_debug`: False
- `debug`: []
- `dataloader_drop_last`: False
- `dataloader_num_workers`: 0
- `dataloader_prefetch_factor`: None
- `past_index`: -1
- `disable_tqdm`: False
- `remove_unused_columns`: True
- `label_names`: None
- `load_best_model_at_end`: False
- `ignore_data_skip`: False
- `fsdp`: []
- `fsdp_min_num_params`: 0
- `fsdp_config`: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
- `fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap`: None
- `accelerator_config`: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
- `deepspeed`: None
- `label_smoothing_factor`: 0.0
- `optim`: adamw_torch
- `optim_args`: None
- `adafactor`: False
- `group_by_length`: False
- `length_column_name`: length
- `ddp_find_unused_parameters`: None
- `ddp_bucket_cap_mb`: None
- `ddp_broadcast_buffers`: False
- `dataloader_pin_memory`: True
- `dataloader_persistent_workers`: False
- `skip_memory_metrics`: True
- `use_legacy_prediction_loop`: False
- `push_to_hub`: False
- `resume_from_checkpoint`: None
- `hub_model_id`: None
- `hub_strategy`: every_save
- `hub_private_repo`: None
- `hub_always_push`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing_kwargs`: None
- `include_inputs_for_metrics`: False
- `include_for_metrics`: []
- `eval_do_concat_batches`: True
- `fp16_backend`: auto
- `push_to_hub_model_id`: None
- `push_to_hub_organization`: None
- `mp_parameters`: 
- `auto_find_batch_size`: False
- `full_determinism`: False
- `torchdynamo`: None
- `ray_scope`: last
- `ddp_timeout`: 1800
- `torch_compile`: False
- `torch_compile_backend`: None
- `torch_compile_mode`: None
- `dispatch_batches`: None
- `split_batches`: None
- `include_tokens_per_second`: False
- `include_num_input_tokens_seen`: False
- `neftune_noise_alpha`: None
- `optim_target_modules`: None
- `batch_eval_metrics`: False
- `eval_on_start`: False
- `use_liger_kernel`: False
- `eval_use_gather_object`: False
- `average_tokens_across_devices`: False
- `prompts`: None
- `batch_sampler`: no_duplicates
- `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: proportional

</details>

### Training Logs
| Epoch  | Step | Training Loss | Validation Loss |
|:------:|:----:|:-------------:|:---------------:|
| 0.0007 | 5    | -             | 4.4994          |
| 0.0014 | 10   | -             | 4.4981          |
| 0.0020 | 15   | -             | 4.4960          |
| 0.0027 | 20   | -             | 4.4930          |
| 0.0034 | 25   | -             | 4.4890          |
| 0.0041 | 30   | -             | 4.4842          |
| 0.0048 | 35   | -             | 4.4784          |
| 0.0054 | 40   | -             | 4.4716          |
| 0.0061 | 45   | -             | 4.4636          |
| 0.0068 | 50   | -             | 4.4543          |
| 0.0075 | 55   | -             | 4.4438          |
| 0.0082 | 60   | -             | 4.4321          |
| 0.0088 | 65   | -             | 4.4191          |
| 0.0095 | 70   | -             | 4.4042          |
| 0.0102 | 75   | -             | 4.3875          |
| 0.0109 | 80   | -             | 4.3686          |
| 0.0115 | 85   | -             | 4.3474          |
| 0.0122 | 90   | -             | 4.3236          |
| 0.0129 | 95   | -             | 4.2968          |
| 0.0136 | 100  | 4.4995        | 4.2666          |


### Framework Versions
- Python: 3.12.8
- Sentence Transformers: 3.4.1
- Transformers: 4.48.3
- PyTorch: 2.2.0+cu121
- Accelerate: 1.3.0
- Datasets: 3.2.0
- Tokenizers: 0.21.0

## Citation

### BibTeX

#### Sentence Transformers
```bibtex
@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}
```

#### MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
```bibtex
@misc{henderson2017efficient,
    title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply},
    author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
    year={2017},
    eprint={1705.00652},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
```

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