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<TITLE>WNGLOSS(7WN) manual page</TITLE> |
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<A HREF="#toc">Table of Contents</A><P> |
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<H2><A NAME="sect0" HREF="#toc0">NAME </A></H2> |
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wngloss - glossary of terms used in WordNet system |
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<H2><A NAME="sect1" HREF="#toc1">DESCRIPTION |
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</A></H2> |
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The <I>WordNet Reference Manual </I> consists of Unix-style manual pages divided |
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into sections as follows: <P> |
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<TABLE BORDER=0> |
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<TR> <TD ALIGN=CENTER><B>Section </B> </TD> <TD ALIGN=CENTER><B>Description </B> </TD> </TR> |
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<TR> <TR> <TD ALIGN=CENTER>1 </TD> <TD ALIGN=LEFT>WordNet User |
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Commands </TD> </TR> |
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<TR> <TD ALIGN=CENTER>3 </TD> <TD ALIGN=LEFT>WordNet Library Functions </TD> </TR> |
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<TR> <TD ALIGN=CENTER>5 </TD> <TD ALIGN=LEFT>WordNet File Formats </TD> </TR> |
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<TR> <TD ALIGN=CENTER>7 </TD> <TD ALIGN=LEFT>Miscellaneous Information about WordNet </TD> </TR> |
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</TABLE> |
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<P> |
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<H3><A NAME="sect2" HREF="#toc2">System Description </A></H3> |
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The |
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WordNet system consists of lexicographer files, code to convert these |
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files into a database, and search routines and interfaces that display |
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information from the database. The lexicographer files organize nouns, |
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verbs, adjectives and adverbs into groups of synonyms, and describe relations |
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between synonym groups. <B><A HREF="grind.1WN.html">grind</B>(1WN)</A> |
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converts the lexicographer files into |
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a database that encodes the relations between the synonym groups. The |
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different interfaces to the WordNet database utilize a common library |
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of search routines to display these relations. Note that the lexicographer |
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files and <B><A HREF="grind.1WN.html">grind</B>(1WN)</A> |
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program are not generally distributed. <P> |
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<H3><A NAME="sect3" HREF="#toc3">Database |
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Organization </A></H3> |
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Information in WordNet is organized around logical groupings |
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called synsets. Each synset consists of a list of synonymous words or |
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collocations (eg. <B>"fountain pen" </B>, <B>"take in" </B>), and pointers that describe |
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the relations between this synset and other synsets. A word or collocation |
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may appear in more than one synset, and in more than one part of speech. |
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The words in a synset are grouped such that they are interchangeable |
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in some context. <P> |
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Two kinds of relations are represented by pointers: lexical |
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and semantic. Lexical relations hold between semantically related word |
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forms; semantic relations hold between word meanings. These relations |
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include (but are not limited to) hypernymy/hyponymy (superordinate/subordinate), |
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antonymy, entailment, and meronymy/holonymy. <P> |
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Nouns and verbs are organized |
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into hierarchies based on the hypernymy/hyponymy relation between synsets. |
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Additional pointers are be used to indicate other relations. <P> |
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Adjectives |
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are arranged in clusters containing head synsets and satellite synsets. |
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Each cluster is organized around antonymous pairs (and occasionally antonymous |
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triplets). The antonymous pairs (or triplets) are indicated in the head |
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synsets of a cluster. Most head synsets have one or more satellite synsets, |
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each of which represents a concept that is similar in meaning to the concept |
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represented by the head synset. One way to think of the adjective cluster |
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organization is to visualize a wheel, with a head synset as the hub and |
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satellite synsets as the spokes. Two or more wheels are logically connected |
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via antonymy, which can be thought of as an axle between the wheels. <P> |
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Pertainyms |
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are relational adjectives and do not follow the structure just described. |
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Pertainyms do not have antonyms; the synset for a pertainym most often |
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contains only one word or collocation and a lexical pointer to the noun |
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that the adjective is "pertaining to". Participial adjectives have lexical |
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pointers to the verbs that they are derived from. <P> |
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Adverbs are often derived |
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from adjectives, and sometimes have antonyms; therefore the synset for |
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an adverb usually contains a lexical pointer to the adjective from which |
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it is derived. <P> |
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See <B><A HREF="wndb.5WN.html">wndb</B>(5WN)</A> |
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for a detailed description of the database |
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files and how the data are represented. |
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<H2><A NAME="sect4" HREF="#toc4">GLOSSARY OF TERMS </A></H2> |
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Many terms |
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used in the <I>WordNet Reference Manual </I> are unique to the WordNet system. |
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Other general terms have specific meanings when used in the WordNet documentation. |
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Definitions for many of these terms are given to help with the interpretation |
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and understanding of the reference manual, and in the use of the WordNet |
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system. <P> |
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In following definitions <B>word </B> is used in place of <B>word or collocation |
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</B>. |
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<DL> |
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<DT><B>adjective cluster</B> </DT> |
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<DD>A group of adjective synsets that are organized around |
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antonymous pairs or triplets. An adjective cluster contains two or more |
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<B>head synsets </B> which represent antonymous concepts. Each head synset has |
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one or more <B>satellite synsets </B>. </DD> |
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<DT><B>attribute</B> </DT> |
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<DD>A noun for which adjectives |
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express values. The noun <B>weight </B> is an attribute, for which the adjectives |
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<B>light </B> and <B>heavy </B> express values. </DD> |
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<DT><B>base form</B> </DT> |
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<DD>The base form of a word |
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or collocation is the form to which inflections are added. </DD> |
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<DT><B>basic synset</B> |
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</DT> |
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<DD>Syntactically, same as <B>synset </B>. Term is used in <B><A HREF="wninput.5WN.html">wninput</B>(5WN)<B></B></A> |
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to help |
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explain differences in entering synsets in lexicographer files. </DD> |
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<DT><B>collocation</B> |
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</DT> |
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<DD>A collocation in WordNet is a string of two or more words, connected |
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by spaces or hyphens. Examples are: <B>man-eating shark </B>, <B>blue-collar </B>, <B>depend on |
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</B>, <B>line of products </B>. In the database files spaces are represented as underscore |
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(<B>_ </B>) characters. </DD> |
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<DT><B>coordinate</B> </DT> |
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<DD>Coordinate terms are nouns or verbs that have |
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the same <B>hypernym </B>. </DD> |
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<DT><B>cross-cluster pointer</B> </DT> |
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<DD>A <B>semantic pointer </B> from one |
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adjective cluster to another. </DD> |
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<DT><B>derivationally related forms</B> </DT> |
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<DD>Terms in different |
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syntactic categories that have the same root form and are semantically |
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related. </DD> |
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<DT><B>direct antonyms</B> </DT> |
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<DD>A pair of words between which there is an associative |
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bond resulting from their frequent co-occurrence. In <B>adjective clusters |
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</B>, direct antonyms appears only in <B>head synsets </B>. </DD> |
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<DT><B>domain</B> </DT> |
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<DD>A topical classification |
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to which a synset has been linked with a CATEGORY, REGION or USAGE pointer. |
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</DD> |
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<DT><B>domain term</B> </DT> |
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<DD>A synset belonging to a topical class. A domain term is further |
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identified as being a CATEGORY_TERM, REGION_TERM or USAGE_TERM. </DD> |
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<DT><B>entailment</B> |
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</DT> |
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<DD>A verb <B>X </B> entails <B>Y </B> if <B>X </B> cannot be done unless <B>Y </B> is, or has been, |
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done. </DD> |
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<DT><B>exception list</B> </DT> |
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<DD>Morphological transformations for words that are |
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not regular and therefore cannot be processed in an algorithmic manner. |
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</DD> |
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<DT><B>group</B> </DT> |
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<DD>Verb senses that similar in meaning and have been manually grouped |
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together. </DD> |
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<DT><B>gloss</B> </DT> |
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<DD>Each synset contains <B>gloss </B> consisting of a definition |
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and optionally example sentences. </DD> |
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<DT><B>head synset</B> </DT> |
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<DD>Synset in an adjective <B>cluster |
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</B> containing at least one word that has a <B>direct antonym </B>. </DD> |
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<DT><B>holonym</B> </DT> |
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<DD>The |
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name of the whole of which the meronym names a part. <B>Y </B> is a holonym |
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of <B>X </B> if <B>X </B> is a part of <B>Y </B>. </DD> |
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<DT><B>hypernym</B> </DT> |
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<DD>The generic term used to designate |
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a whole class of specific instances. <B>Y </B> is a hypernym of <B>X </B> if <B>X </B> is a |
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(kind of) <B>Y </B>. </DD> |
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<DT><B>hyponym</B> </DT> |
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<DD>The specific term used to designate a member of |
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a class. <B>X </B> is a hyponym of <B>Y </B> if <B>X </B> is a (kind of) <B>Y </B>. </DD> |
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<DT><B>indirect antonym</B> |
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</DT> |
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<DD>An adjective in a <B>satellite synset </B> that does not have a <B>direct antonym |
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</B> has an indirect antonyms via the direct antonym of the <B>head synset </B>. </DD> |
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<DT><B>instance</B> |
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</DT> |
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<DD>A proper noun that refers to a particular, unique referent (as distinguished |
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from nouns that refer to classes). This is a specific form of hyponym. |
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</DD> |
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<DT><B>lemma</B> </DT> |
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<DD>Lower case ASCII text of word as found in the WordNet database |
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index files. Usually the <B>base form </B> for a word or collocation. </DD> |
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<DT><B>lexical |
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pointer</B> </DT> |
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<DD>A lexical pointer indicates a relation between words in synsets |
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(word forms). </DD> |
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<DT><B>lexicographer file</B> </DT> |
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<DD>Files containing the raw data for WordNet |
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synsets, edited by lexicographers, that are input to the <B>grind </B> program |
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to generate a WordNet database. </DD> |
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<DT><B>lexicographer id (lex id)</B> </DT> |
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<DD>A decimal integer |
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that, when appended onto <B>lemma </B>, uniquely identifies a sense within a |
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lexicographer file. </DD> |
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<DT><B>monosemous</B> </DT> |
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<DD>Having only one sense in a syntactic category. |
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</DD> |
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<DT><B>meronym</B> </DT> |
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<DD>The name of a constituent part of, the substance of, or a member |
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of something. <B>X </B> is a meronym of <B>Y </B> if <B>X </B> is a part of <B>Y </B>. </DD> |
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<DT><B>part of speech</B> |
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</DT> |
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<DD>WordNet defines "part of speech" as either noun, verb, adjective, or |
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adverb. Same as <B>syntactic category </B>. </DD> |
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<DT><B>participial adjective</B> </DT> |
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<DD>An adjective |
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that is derived from a verb. </DD> |
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<DT><B>pertainym</B> </DT> |
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<DD>A relational adjective. Adjectives |
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that are pertainyms are usually defined by such phrases as "of or pertaining |
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to" and do not have antonyms. A pertainym can point to a noun or another |
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pertainym. </DD> |
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<DT><B>polysemous</B> </DT> |
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<DD>Having more than one sense in a syntactic category. |
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</DD> |
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<DT><B>polysemy count</B> </DT> |
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<DD>Number of senses of a word in a syntactic category, in |
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WordNet. </DD> |
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<DT><B>postnominal</B> </DT> |
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<DD>A postnominal adjective occurs only immediately following |
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the noun that it modifies. </DD> |
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<DT><B>predicative</B> </DT> |
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<DD>An adjective that can be used |
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only in predicate positions. If <B>X </B> is a predicate adjective, it can only |
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be used in such phrases as "it is <B>X </B>" and never prenominally. </DD> |
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<DT><B>prenominal</B> |
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</DT> |
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<DD>An adjective that can occur only before the noun that it modifies: it |
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cannot be used predicatively. </DD> |
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<DT><B>satellite synset</B> </DT> |
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<DD>Synset in an adjective |
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<B>cluster </B> representing a concept that is similar in meaning to the concept |
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represented by its <B>head synset </B>. </DD> |
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<DT><B>semantic concordance</B> </DT> |
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<DD>A textual corpus |
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(e.g. the Brown Corpus) and a lexicon (e.g. WordNet) so combined that every |
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substantive word in the text is linked to its appropriate sense in the |
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lexicon via a <B>semantic tag </B>. </DD> |
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<DT><B>semantic tag</B> </DT> |
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<DD>A pointer from a word in a text |
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file to a specific sense of that word in the WordNet database. A semantic |
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tag in a semantic concordance is represented by a <B>sense key </B>. </DD> |
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<DT><B>semantic |
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pointer</B> </DT> |
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<DD>A semantic pointer indicates a relation between synsets (concepts). |
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</DD> |
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<DT><B>sense</B> </DT> |
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<DD>A meaning of a word in WordNet. Each sense of a word is in a different |
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<B>synset </B>. </DD> |
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<DT><B>sense key</B> </DT> |
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<DD>Information necessary to find a sense in the WordNet |
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database. A sense key combines a <B>lemma </B> field and codes for the synset |
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type, lexicographer id, lexicographer file number, and information about |
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a satellite's <B>head synset </B>, if required. See <B><A HREF="senseidx.5WN.html">senseidx</B>(5WN)</A> |
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for a description |
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of the format of a sense key. </DD> |
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<DT><B>subordinate</B> </DT> |
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<DD>Same as <B>hyponym </B>. </DD> |
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<DT><B>superordinate</B> |
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</DT> |
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<DD>Same as <B>hypernym </B>. </DD> |
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<DT><B>synset</B> </DT> |
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<DD>A synonym set; a set of words that are interchangeable |
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in some context without changing the truth value of the preposition in |
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which they are embedded. </DD> |
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<DT><B>troponym</B> </DT> |
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<DD>A verb expressing a specific manner |
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elaboration of another verb. <B>X </B> is a troponym of <B>Y </B> if <B>to X </B> is <B>to Y </B> in |
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some manner. </DD> |
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<DT><B>unique beginner</B> </DT> |
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<DD>A noun synset with no <B>superordinate </B>. </DD> |
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</DL> |
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<P> |
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<HR><P> |
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<A NAME="toc"><B>Table of Contents</B></A><P> |
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<UL> |
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<LI><A NAME="toc0" HREF="#sect0">NAME</A></LI> |
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<LI><A NAME="toc1" HREF="#sect1">DESCRIPTION</A></LI> |
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<UL> |
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<LI><A NAME="toc2" HREF="#sect2">System Description</A></LI> |
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<LI><A NAME="toc3" HREF="#sect3">Database Organization</A></LI> |
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</UL> |
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<LI><A NAME="toc4" HREF="#sect4">GLOSSARY OF TERMS</A></LI> |
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</UL> |
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</BODY></HTML> |
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