| {"id":"england.c-17","content":"Subsequently, the House of Plantagenet from Anjou inherited the English throne under Henry II, adding England to the budding Angevin Empire of fiefs the family had inherited in France including Aquitaine.[46] They reigned for three centuries, some noted monarchs being Richard I, Edward I, Edward III and Henry V.[46] The period saw changes in trade and legislation, including the signing of Magna Carta, an English legal charter used to limit the sovereign's powers by law and protect the privileges of freemen. Catholic monasticism flourished, providing philosophers, and the universities of Oxford and Cambridge were founded with royal patronage. The Principality of Wales became a Plantagenet fief during the 13th century[47] and the Lordship of Ireland was given to the English monarchy by the Pope. During the 14th century, the Plantagenets and the House of Valois claimed to be legitimate claimants to the House of Capet and of France; the two powers clashed in the Hundred Years' War.[48] The Black Death epidemic hit England; starting in 1348, it eventually killed up to half of England's inhabitants.[49]","order_int":17,"metadata":{"splitter_name":"RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter","length":235,"section_id":"england","section":{}}} |