 of these two avenues of trade.
All in all, it is far from clear that China is to be blamed for ‘dividing Europe’ with its 16+1 platform. China lacks the economic leverage in the region to do so, and there is little persuasive evidence that China is ‘scoring any points’ with the 16+1 platform in swaying EU votes in its favour. Internal European dynamics can far more easily explain Greek and Hungarian behaviour towards China.
The 16+1 platform constitutes neither an economic revitalisation of China–CEE relations nor an attempt to ‘divide and rule’ the European Union. Instead, the 16+1 platform is simply supposed to ‘raise the Chinese flag’ in the region, possibly contribute to Chinese soft power and perhaps establish more hospitable soil for future needs. In other words, China wants to be recognised in Central and Eastern Europe, even though its actual role when measured by economic, military or political impact might be more limited than many realise.
Richard Q Turcsanyi is a Program Director at the Institute of Asian Studies, Bratislava. He is also an Assistant Professor at Mendel University, Brno and a Senior Researcher at Palacky University, Olomouc. This text was developed as part of the ChinfluenCE project.
The text was originally published on East Asia Forum.
Tarot games originated in Italy in the early 15th century. They are still played in a number of European countries, namely: Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland. Each of these countries has its own rather different version(s) of the game.
another special card (looking a bit like a joker, though there is no historical connection) called the fool or excuse.
Tarot was the one of earliest games to introduce the concept of trumps. It is possible that Karnöffel had trumps a few years earlier, but it is probable that Karnöffel trumps were invented independently of Tarot trumps, since they work in a rather different way. In any case, it is clear that virtually all modern trick-taking card games that have trumps inherited the idea ultimately from Tarot games.
Tarot games are point-trick games in which you must trump if you have no card of the suit led. The values of the cards are common to most games of the group: 5, 4, 3, 2 for the court cards in the suits; 5 for the 1 and 21 of trumps and the fool; and 1 for each other card. However, the method of adding up these values in most games is quite unusual and characteristic of Tarot games - see the page on counting points in Tarot games for a discussion.
Sicilian Tarocchi, played with a special pack of 63 or 64 cards.
In Central Europe, the standard card values are still used, but the role of the fool has been changed. It is simply the highest trump (effectively the 22), ranking above the 21. These games in which the fool has its modern role began to appear in the eighteenth century. Michael Dummett classifies them as type III Tarot games.
There is one Swiss Tarot game which seems to be intermediate between types II and III. The card values are standard but the fool can be used in either the classic or the modern way.
There are a few examples where a tarot pack is used to play a game which is not really of the tarot family. An example is Vier-anderle.
For the history and rules of games played with Tarot cards, the standard reference is now A History of Games Played with the Tarot Pack (Edwin Mellen Press, 2004), by Michael Dummett and John McLeod. Volume 1 deals with type I and type II games; Volume 2 covers type III and miscellaneous games. Associated with the book is a web site www.tarotgame.org from which a supplement, published in April 2009, is available. These books provide a much expanded and updated version of parts of The Game of Tarot by Michael Dummett (Duckworth 1980), which has long been out of print.
Nosferatu has written a Tarot / Tarock module for the free format Vassal Game Engine. This enables any card game using a 78-card French suited Tarot or Tarock deck to be played over the Internet.
Hans-Joachim Alscher has published many useful source documents including rules of Tarot games from the 17th to 19th century at www.tarock.info and on his Tarock und Spielkarten page, which also includes a summary (in German) of the various types of Tarot game.
The Italian site tretre.it included a library - Biblioteca del tre - with reproductions of several early Italian descriptions of Tarot games and articles on the early history of tarot cards within its History of Playing-Cards section.
At the site trionfi.com a group of researchers is collecting and publishing information and theories about the origin and early uses of Tarot cards, up to 1465.
Hans-Joacim Alscher's Tarock Gallerie provides illustrations of various standard designs of Tarot, Tarock and Tarocchi cards.
Players in North America can obtain various types of Tarot, Tarock and Tarocchi playing-cards from TaroBear's Lair.
Michael Hurst's Pre-Gébelin Tarot History Blog explores the possible allegorical significance of the card designs; here is an archive copy of his earlier Tarot Notebook.
Since the late eighteenth century, Tarot cards have also been used for occult purposes. In the twentieth century the occult interpretation of the cards has become more popular and widespread than the games for which the cards were originally intended. If you are interested in this aspect of Tarot, you could visit this archive copy of the Tarot FAQ by Glenn Wright, who previously used the pseudonym Jess Karlin.
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$:.unshift File.expand_path("../lib", __FILE__)
require'showoff/version'
require 'date'

Gem::Specification.new do |s|
  s.name              = "showoff"
  s.version           = SHOWOFF_VERSION
  s.date              = Date.today.to_s
  s.summary           = "The best damn presentation software a developer could ever love."
  s.homepage          = "http://github.com/schacon/showoff"
  s.email             = "<EMAIL>"
  s.authors           = ["<NAME>"]
  s.has_rdoc          = false
  s.require_path      = "lib"
  s.executables       = %w( showoff )
  s.files             = %w( README.rdoc Rakefile LICENSE )
  s.files            += Dir.glob("lib/**/*")
  s.files            += Dir.glob("bin/**/*")
  s.files            += Dir.glob("views/**/*")
  s.files            += Dir.glob("public/**/*")
  s.add_dependency      "sinatra", "~> 1.3"
  s.add_dependency      "json"
  s.add_dependency      "gli",">= 1.3.2"
  s.add_dependency      "parslet"
  s.add_dependency      "htmlentities"
  s.add_dependency      "redcarpet"
  s.add_