S and 23S rRNA gene databases (SILVA_119.1_SSURef_Nr99_tax_silva and SILVA_119_LSURef_tax_silva [76]) and to remove contaminant adapters using trim_galore (http://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/ projects/trim_galore/) with the following parameters: -q 0, -nextera, and -stringency 5. The milk sample of mother-infant pair 4 at time point 1 was discarded from further analyses because of the low number of microbial reads (less than 400,000 bp) obtained after the quality control steps (see Table S1). All metagenomes and metatranscriptomes have been deposited in and are available at the NCBI Sequence Read Archive.
Taxonomic and strain-level analysis. Taxonomic profiling was performed with MetaPhlAn2 (77) (with default parameters) on the 23 metagenomic samples that passed the quality control. MetaPhlAn2 uses clade-specific markers for taxonomically profiling shotgun metagenomic data and to quantify the clades present in the microbiome with species-level resolution.
Strain-level profiling was performed with PanPhlAn (31) and a novel strain-level profiling method called StrainPhlAn (Truong et al., submitted). PanPhlAn is a pangenome-based approach that profiles the presence/absence pattern of species-specific genes in the metagenomes. The presence/absence profiles of the genes are then used to characterize the strain-specific gene repertoire of the members of the microbiome. PanPhlAn has been executed using the following parameters: -min_coverage 1, -left_max 1.70, and -right_min 0.30. PanPhlAn is available with supporting documentation at http://segatalab.cibio.unitn.it/tools/panphlan. StrainPhlAn is a complementary method based on analysis of SNVs that reconstructs the genomic sequence of species-specific markers. StrainPhlAn builds the strain-level phylogeny of microbial species by reconstructing the consensus marker sequences of the dominant strain for each detected species. The extracted consensus sequences are multiply aligned using MUSCLE version v3.8.1551 (78) (default parameters), and the phylogeny is reconstructed using RAxML version 8.1.15 (79) (parameters: -m GTRCAT and -p 1234). StrainPhlAn is available with supporting documentation at http://segatalab.cibio.unitn.it/tools/strainphlan. Functional profiling from metagenomes and metatranscriptomes. The functional potential and transcriptomic analyses were performed with both HUMAnN2 (80) and PanPhlAn (31). HUMAnN2 selects the most representative species from a metagenome and then builds a custom database of pathways and genes that is used as a mapping reference for the coupled metatranscriptomic sample to quantify transcript abundances. We computed the normalized transcript abundance (NTA), which we define as the average coverage of a genomic region in the metatranscriptomic versus that in the corresponding metagenomic sample normalized by the total number of reads in each sample. PanPhlAn infers the expression of the strain-specific gene families by extracting them from the metagenome and matching them in the metatranscriptome. PanPhlAn has been executed using the following parameters: -rna_ norm_percentile 90 and -rna_max_zeros 90.
Profiling of DNA and RNA viruses. We investigated the presence of viral and phage genomes by mapping the reads present in the metagenomes and metatranscriptomes against 7,194 viral genomes available in RefSeq (release 77). The average coverage and average sequencing depth were computed with SAMtools (81) and BEDTools (82).
The presence of the pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) was confirmed by mapping the reference genome (NC_003630) against the metatranscriptomic samples from the mother and infant of pair 4 and pair 5. In the mother and infant of pair 4, 424,510 and 119 reads were mapped, respectively, while in the mother and infant of pair 5, 1,444 and 61 of the reads were mapped, respectively. In the two mothers (pair 4 and pair 5), the values for breadth of coverage were 0.99 and 0.98 and for average coverage were 6,562 and 22, respectively. In the two infants (pair 4 and pair 5), the values for breadth of coverage were 0.6 and 0.5 and for average coverage were 1.81 and 0.95, respectively. Additionally, we extracted the shared fractions of the PMMoV genome present in both the mother and the infant of pair 4, together with the same regions of all the available reference genomes (n ϭ 13 [specifically, accession no. Statistical analyses and data visualization. The taxonomic and functional heat maps were generated using hclust2 (parameters: -f_dist_f Euclidean, -s_dist_f braycurtis, and -l) available at https:// bitbucket.org/nsegata/hclust2. The multidimensional scaling plots were computed with the sklearn Python package (83).
Accession number(s). All metagenomes and metatranscriptomes have been deposited and are available at the NCBI Sequence Read Archive under BioProject accession number PRJNA339914.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank Marco Ventura and his group for performing the DNA extraction from the milk samples."CEOs need to be aware of how they’re expressing themselves. It’s going to affect the value that outsiders, like shareholders, see in their firms,” a researcher says.
CEOs who are perceived as conscientious are considered less risky and more able to translate risk into returns for shareholders, according to an Academy of Management Journal article—while CEOs seen as neurotic or extraverted are considered more risky and less able to translate risk into returns.
The authors of “Perception Is Reality: How CEOs’ Observed Personality Influences Market Perceptions of Firm Risk and Shareholder Returns” based their findings on more than 100,000 transcripts of quarterly earnings calls with equity analysts. The transcripts included 2,880 CEOs of 2,008 S&P 1500 firms from 1993 to 2015. With Alexander Gedranovich, cofounder of the IT firm RocketScience.ai, the authors created a linguistic tool to analyze the transcripts and CEOs’ personalities.Article content
With a bag full of seedlings on each hip and a small shovel in her hand, Leslie Wynne makes her way through the logged forest, planting a pine or a spruce every couple of metres.
She moves quickly, finding shelter for each tiny tree behind a log or other woody debris before planting it in the muddy soil. “We want to plant our trees toward the northeast so that they are protected from weather changes,” explained Wynne, following her instructions that Alberta’s warm, but often harsh chinook winds can be tough on the saplings.
Wynne, a 25-year-old from Victoria, plants 270 of the tiny trees every hour or so – approximately 2,000 in an eight-to 10-hour day.
The tree planting crew, made up of 55 men and women, has sowed 1.8 million seedlings in three and a half weeks. They’re in their final days of replanting one of the cutblocks within a 20-hectare area harvested by Spray Lakes Sawmills in the fall of 2013.
It’s an area that’s classified as deforested in a recent analysis by Global Forest Watch Canada.
The data, based on satellite imagery, showed forests on the eastern slopes of the Rockies are disappearing more rapidly than anywhere else in the province – including the area around the oilsands.
“These are two hot spots in Alberta,” Peter Lee, executive director of Global Forest Watch Canada, said during a presentation of his findings to the Alberta Wilderness Association.
From 2000-12, the oilsands region lost 5.5 per cent of its forests, while the rate of deforestation along the eastern slopes – including the protected areas – was 6.8 per cent.
“The eastern slopes is an area that stands out as an area of great forest change,” he said. “When you take out the fires from that data set, it’s all industrial disturbances.”
Lee said industrial development is cutting through forests at twice the Canadian or United States average and faster than countries such as Brazil, home to the Amazon rainforest, where the average loss was about 4.3 per cent.
Although Lee noted there has been some regrowth after logging, he said the loss is still significant.
Along the eastern slopes, which stretches from Grand Prairie to the southern Alberta border, the data shows the net loss was 2,675 square kilometres of forest during the 12-year period.
It comes as the province finalizes the South Saskatchewan Regional Plan, which will guide development, recreation and conservation throughout southern Alberta.
Officials with the province have said they’ll examine the Forest Watch data, while conservationists noted the bird’s eye view provided by the analysis is disturbing.
“It’s setting off all sorts of red flags about what we should and need to be doing differently in these vital headwaters regions that are our buffers against floods and droughts and are the source of all of our clean drinking water,” said Karsten Heuer, president of the Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative, an organization working to maintain wildlife and wilderness in mountainous areas.
Heuer said it