, in the Athens Agora (Pausanias, Book 1, Chapter 3, Section 3). The statue was known as "the Averter of Evil": "They say this name was given to the god because by an oracle from Delphi he stayed the plague which afflicted Athens at the time of the Peloponnesian War." It stood next to another Apollo by
Leochares
; the statue of the god inside the temple was by
Euphranor
. Although the temple itself was built in the late 4th century, the reference to Apollo ending the plague in Athens drung the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) suggests an earlier date for the statue, and thus to this Kalamis rather to his later namesake.
Part of an inscribed marble statue base, found south of the Athens Agora in 1937, and dated to after the mid 5th century BC, is inscribed with a signature of Kalamis, with a dedication by "Kallias, son of Hipponikos, of Alopeke". It has been suggested that this may be the base of Kalamis' statue of Aphrodite, which may have originally stood at the sanctuary of Aphrodite, west of the Proplylaia of the Acropolis.
Inscription: IG I(3) 876
A 2nd century AD marble statue known as the "Omphalos Apollo", found at
the Theatre of Dionysos
, Athens, is thought to be a copy of a bronze statue possibly made by Kalamis around 460-450 BC.
Around 465 BC Kalamis made a statue of Aphrodite, known as "Sosandra Aphrodite", which stood in front of the
Propylaia
of the Athenian Acropolis (Lucian,
Imagines
, 4.6). There are more than twenty extant copies, including one found at Baia, Bay of Naples, and now in the National Archaeological Museum, Naples..
Kalamis
(4th century BC)
Κάλαμις (Latin, Calamis)
One of his pupils was
Praxias
.
Kallimachos
Καλλίμαχος (Latin, Callimachus)
Architect and sculptor
2nd half of the 5th century BC.
His place of birth are unknown, although Athens and Corinth have been suggested.
He was a contemporary of
Agorakritos
and
Alkamenes
.
He was nicknamed Katatexitechnos (Κατατηξιτεχνος, literally, finding fault with one's own craftsmanship; over-meticulous, perfectionist):
"Of all sculptors, though, Callimachus is the most remarkable for his surname: he always deprecated his own work, and made no end of attention to detail, so that he was called the Niggler (katatexitechnos), a memorable example of the need to limit meticulousness. He made the Laconian Women Dancing, a flawless work, but one in which meticulousness has taken away all charm. He is said also to have been a painter."
Pliny the Elder,
Natural History
, Book 34, chapter 92.
Kallimachos made a "Bridal" Hera statue for the Temple of Hera at Plataia. He also made a golden lamp with a bronze chimney in the shape of a palm tree for the Erechtheion on the Athens Arcopolis, mentioned by
Pausanias
, who also wrote that Kallimachos was the first to use the drill in stone sculpture:
"Kallimachos made the golden lamp for the goddess [Athena in the Erechtheion]... and though he was inferior to the foremost practitioners of the art, he was nevertheless cleverer than all, so that he became the first to drill stone and so named himself katatexitechnos, unless others did so and he adopted it for his own."
Pausanias,
Description of Greece
, Book 1, chapter 26, sections 6-7.
Vitruvius (Book 4, chapter 1) claimed he was the inventor of the Corinthian capital.
He may have made some of the
reliefs on the balustrade around the Temple of Athena Nike
on the Athens Acropolis, circa 427-421 BC (see also
Paionios of Mende
).
Neo-Attic relief with dancing maenads
(Barracco Museum, Rome. Inv. No. MB 124), and other similar reliefs are thought to have been based on the bronze "Laconian Dancers" by Kallimachos.
Kallikrates
Καλλικράτης (Callicrates)
Architect and sculptor
5th century BC
Athens
According to Plutarch (
Parallel lives
,
Pericles
, 13.4), the only ancient author to mention him, Kallikrates designed
the Parthenon
with
Iktinos
, and constructed the middle long wall between Athens and Piraeus during the period of Pericles' political power.
He was the architect of the Ionic
Temple of Athena Nike
(427-421 BC) on the Athens Acropolis, and perhaps
the Ilissos Temple
, Athens (thought to be the Temple of Artemis Agrotera, circa 435-430 BC).
Athenian decrees on a marble stele, circa 427-424 BC, concerning the Athena Nike Temple: the selection and payment of the priestess, and the construction of a door for the sanctuary as well as a temple and stone altar to be built according to the specifications of Kallikrates.
Inscription IG I3 35. Athens Epigraphical Museum (EM 8116). Now in the Acropolis Museum, Athens.
Pausanias
on the temple of Artemis Agrotera, on the Ilissos, Athens: Pausanias,
Description of Greece
, Book I, Chapter 19, section 6.
Spon and Wheler;
Stuart and Revett,
The Antiquities of Athens
Volume I. London, 1762;
Ione Mylonas Shear,
Kallikrates
.
Hesperia
, pages 375-424, plates 86-91. American School of Classical Studies at Athens.
Kanachos of Sikyon
(The Elder)
Κάναχος (Latin, Canachus)
Late 6th - early 5th century BC.
From Sikyon, northwestern Peloponnese.
There were apparently two sculptors named Kanachos, referred to by modern scholars as the Elder and the Younger (
see below
). They may have been grandfather and grandson. Pausanias does not distinguish between them, but writes that a Kanachos made two statues of Apollo (now dated to around 500 BC), and elsewhere of a Kanachos who was a pupil of Polykleitos of Argos who is thought to have been working around 460-420 BC.
Pliny the Elder's several mentions of the name are equally vague. It is uncertain which Kanachos he is referring to when he writes; "I find it stated that Canachus, an artist highly praised among the statuaries in bronze, executed some works also in marble." (Pliny,
Natural history
, Book 36, chapter 4
)
He was the brother of sculptor Aristokles of Sikyon (
Pausanias, Book 6, Chapter 9, section 1
), referred to as Aristokles the Younger, thought to have been working around 540-508 BC.
Kanachos the Elder is said to have made two well-known statues of Apollo, one in cedar wood for the temple of Ismenian Apollo in Thebes, and a bronze for the Temple of Apollo in Didyma (
Pausanias, 9, 10, 2
). The Didyma statue of Apollo Philesios (Pliny,
Book 34, chapter 19
), cast in Aegina around 500 BC, is thought to be the figure shown on coins of Miletus, the so-called "Kanachos Relief" found in the Roman theatre of Miletus (Pergamon Museum, Berlin. Inv. No. Sk 1592) and a bronze statuette in the British Museum (Inv. No. 1824,0405.1. Bronze 209).
He also made a chryselephantine cult statue of seated Aphrodite for her sanctuary in Sikyon (
Pausanias, 2, 10, 3-4
), and he (or Kanachos the Younger) made a statue of Bycelus, the first Sikyonian to win the boys' boxing match at Olympia (
Pausanias, 6, 13, 7
).
Cicero, discussing the "systematic development" of sculpture by comparing the works of Kanachos, Kalamis, Myron and Polykleitos, commented that "the figures of Canachus are too stiff and formal to resemble life" (Cicero,
Brutus
, section 70
).
Kanachos of Sikyon
(the Younger)
Κάναχος (Latin, Canachus)
Flourished around 400 BC (95th Olympiad, Pliny,
Natural history
, Book 34, chapter 19
).
From