slice value of e.g. 30 should be used. When entering the dialog, all currently defined ROIs (associated with respective ROI time course plots) will be listed in the ROI-based feature selection box. If you have defined more than one ROI, select the one that should be used to specify the features (voxels) used for training the classifier.
Before the SVM training data can be determined, one needs to specify the classes that should be used for training in the Selection of classification task field. For a two-class task, you may select one class in the First class and one class in the Second class selection box. If the FMP trial response files contain only estimates for two conditions, the class boxes are already filled with the two class names, respectively. In case that more than two classes are available, select the relevant classes using the two selection boxes. In the example shown above, three conditions are used and one of the three possible pairs, "motor_imagery" vs "mental_calculation" has been selected. For a multi-class task, turn on the Multi-class option; this will prepare creation of a learning task with all conditions available in the FMP trial estimation files. Note that it is not possible (in the present version) to select a subset of three or more classes from four or more available classes: if you want to use more than two classes but not all available classes, you need to specify the classes in the earlier stage of trial estimation. Note also that the Multi-class option will only be enabled if at least three conditions are available. If the option is turned on, the two class selection boxes will be disabled.
When 1) an ROI has been selected for 2) available trial estimation FMP maps and if 3) the classes for training have been specified, the actual training data for the SVM classifier can be generated by clicking the Create button in the Create ROI-MVPA data field. This results in a training data MVP file; the name of the generated file will appear in the Training/test data text box in the ROI-MVPA data field. The For training and For testing options in this field are only available to help the user to distinguish the purpose of a specific training data file. If the For training option is selected (default), the name of the resulting.MVP training data file will begin with the "Train_" substring whereas it will begin with "Test_" in case that the For testing option is selected.
The snapshot above shows the ROI-MVPA data field of the ROI-SVM tab after clicking the Create button using the Multi-class option in the Selection of classification task field. The name of the resulting training data file reflects which ROI has been used (ROI 1). It also indicates which conditions are used and how many trials (exemplars) are available for each class. In the displayed example, the names of the three conditions are shown followed by three values (6) indicating that each of the three classes contains 6 trials. Click the Plot button to create a visualization of the training data.
With the created.MVP training data file (MVP = multi-voxel pattern), a support vector machine can now be trained. When the Train button is clicked in the Support Vector Machine (SVM) field, SVM training is performed for the data in the file listed in the Training/test data text field; the SVM will use default settings including a linear kernel and a value of "1" for the penalty (regularization) parameter "C". You may also let the program find an optimal C value by running a cross-validation procedure (turn Cross-validation option on and set an appropriate Folds value) that uses only the training data (not yet supported, will be available in later release). While it is possible to select a non-linear kernel using the Kernel combo box in the Support Vector Machine (SVM) field, it is recommended to stick to the default linear kernel since this allows to interpret the weight vector of the trained SVM. The training process results in a.SVM file that is stored to disk and also shown in the Classifier text box (see snapshot above). Note that if one wants to run another classifier on the same data with different settings, one needs not to re-create the training data but can directly select the desired MVP file (if already existing) using the "..." selection button next to the Training/test data text box.
Note that the Log pane in the Test Classifier tab shows additional information about the trial estimation and SVM learning process. The last information printed in the log will show the result of applying the trained SVM on the training data itself. This should lead to a accuracy value of 100%. To test the classifier on new data, use the Test Classifier tab for completed run data or, for real-time applications, the Real-Time SVM Classification dialog that produces incremental (online) predictions.
To test completed run data using the Test Classifier tab of the Multi-Voxel Pattern Classification dialog, one needs to create the.MVP file for the testing data in the same way as described for the training data. This includes using the same ROI but selection of different.FMP files. Before clicking the Create button in the Create ROI-MVPA data field, it is advised to select the For testing option in order to name the resulting.MVP file as "Test_..." data. For testing, you do not run the classifier training step but use the previously trained classifier. The previously trained classifier can be loaded using the "..." browse button on the right side of the Trained classifier text box. To test the classifier on the data of the loaded run, click the Test on Run Data button. The prediction results will be printed in the Log pane. In the example above, a 3-class problem was trained and each line shows two values, the first is the predicted class value (1, 2, or 3 in this case) and the second value shows the correct label (if available). Since in the snapshot above the test was performed on the same data used during training, all patterns are (as expected) classified correctly. Of course, testing should be performed on new data sets, i.e. subsequent runs in the same scanning session. In the context of BCI applications, testing needs to be performed incrementally on a trial-by-trial basis during scanning. For this purpose, the Real-Time SVM Classification dialog can be used.
Note that the data from the test run(s) should match to the previous training run(s), i.e. the data should be collected during the same scanning session with runs using the same slice position parameters; furthermore, the same ROI as used during training must be used to create the.MVP file.We’re asking people to make a submission to NSW Planning. The Central West’s scarce water resources are under threat from the proposed mine.
See the instructions below and feel free to use the dot points for your own submission.
make a submission!
Your submission can be personal or on behalf of an organisation. It doesn’t have to be complex.
The vast majority of Australia is in the grip of drought, claimed by some to be the most severe and widespread in recorded history. Most expert opinion is that, due to the now unavoidable climate change caused by global warming, such droughts are going to become the new normal. This will result in reduced rainfall, increased evaporation, and consequent scarcity of water for all purposes, including farming, on which we all depend for food production. Yet this project is seriously proposing to construct a tailings dam, full of potentially toxic sludge, on top of the headwaters of one of the few rivers in the country still in reasonable condition.
Tailings dams have been known to fail, with catastrophic consequences. Destroying this agricultural area for a 15 year project to extract gold at a concentration of perhaps 1.05gm/tonne, producing 60m+ tonnes of waste, and leaving a destroyed landscape and toxic legacy that will last forever just cannot be justified to produce a metal that will likely end up as jewellery, or be locked away as bullion. No doubt the financiers and engineers who are promoting and designing this project are highly skilled, but the risks posed by this project are way out of proportion with the benefit to be gained for the country as a whole.
Some towns in NSW are about to run out of water. It is morally problematic to say the least that water has been turned into a commodity in this country rather than an essential resource to which everybody has a right and human and animal interests are considered higher than the profits of organisations.
The use of cyanide to process the gold from ore and then pumped into the tailings dam. Cyanide has been banned in nine countries, Korea, Ecuador, Argentina, Costa Rica, the Czech Republic, Greece, Turkey, Germany and Hungary and some US states and poses a dangerous and toxic threat to the water and land in the region.
The whole project proposes less than 1000 short terms jobs. Other industries in this area, with support a more diversified and resilient economy including tourism, renewables and sustainable agriculture offer far more employment.
Why is it still important to have a brochure available?
Parents sending their kids on a summer camp inform themselves carefully before choosing the right camp. A brochure is a great way for parents to get a first impression of the summer school they are interested in sending their kids to. In a concise way the brochure informs about the company’s offer. A further advantage is that it is not as time consuming as surfing on the company’s website. As a first step to getting basic information a brochure is certainly helpful.
Being annoyed about having printed a pile of brochures which nobody was asking for. Struggling with the idea of throwing them away as the time came to update dates. This was the moment when we took a clear decision a