 true character of them..
but for liberty, justice, God, and the future of mankind.
which has come to be shared by so many others.
what type of society will emerge from it.
of the belief in our social isolation.
flicting theories of history, of which the definitions are a part.
gous functions in the new society.?
of man which took place during the Renaissance.
monetary wealth, their factories and wage-workers.
exact temporal line dividing one type of society from another.
identical with such a period of maximum rate of change.
between medieval and modern society.
a new one takes its place.
this theory is the problem, and the only problem, of this book.
for and against it may demand.
its significance ; and the manner of presentation.
standing of this theory.
that may have existed in centra! India or China or Africa.
nations, not of Afghanistan or Nicaragtia or Mongolia.
I. Production in capitalist economy is commodity production.
else satisfying some other need.
Ages never saw any money at all during their entire lives.
he thinks of it in terms of personal life or government debts.
tion as a whole, to the amount of metallic money present.
intermediary of money.
the decisive practical distinction re-emerges.
capitalist economy, not typical feudal economic institutions.
to be less sinful or even virtuous.
4. Under capitalism, production is carried on for profit.
observation is not, however, psychological, but «:oiioniic.
raw materials supplied by the customer.
very rarely and on limited scales in other types of society.
consumption in other types of society.
motivation, and the rights of individual ownership.
they are defined partly in terms of each other.
is usually called the bourgeoisie or the capitalists.
labouren. They are the ones who work for the owners.
in short, wage-earners.
or existed only to a trivial extent, in other types of society.
is wholly subordinate to our central problem.
doing anything more than recording unchangeable fact.
years, of the lengthy history of mankind.
each individual person is that of being the citizen of a nation.
to say, has been limited.
never went beyond what was after all a fairly narrow limit.
“ business,” not as their master.
of capitalist economic relationships.
general change in the character of society.
the general development of capitalist society.
feudal ideologies by capitalist ideologies in the cultural field.
necessary connection between democracy and capitalism.
than any democracy known in human history before capitalism.
tively rather than scientifically confuse these facts of history.
not to be taken for granted by using language loosely.
our purpose, however, it is not necessary to be at all complete.
present period of social transition.
meaning of world history, are ideologies.
holding the fabric of any given type of society together.
speaks only for the group whose interests it in fact expresses.
group tries to win universal acceptance for its ideologies.
connection with the managerial revolution.
marUng a private ballot....
the idea of the individual found in other types of society.
economics was thought of as the single human individual.
motivation and moral activity.
instead of a heavenly paradise.
prominently to be found those that I have listed.
them in greater detail in Chapter V.
of the theory of the managerial revolution.
hundreds, of “ theories of history ” have been elaborated.
boil down to two and only two.
them, will not be radically changed.
by socialist society.
are at present no other serious theoretical contenders.
shaken in recent years.
evidence in its favour, but primarily on two assumptions.
Both of these assumptions are flatly and entirely false.
chosen as the beginning of capitalism would be arbitrary.
have lasted far longer than capitalism.
in fact has hardly even been stated coherently by anyone.
is as exact as one should pretend to be in these matters).
just entering working age.
make way for capitalist use of the land.
capitalism, as well as many spokesmen of the New Deal.
outside the framework of capitalism.
capitalist social organization to handle its own resources.
all capitalist institutions.
at least comparatively free monetary exchange transactions.
Russia, Germany, and Italy.
huge state subsidies.
has come almost entirely from state, not from private, funds.
are compelled to leave the basis of capitalism.
made use of its available technology.
won’t, someone else will.
capitalism, the bourgeois ideologies, have become impotent.
impotence of the bourgeois ideologies.
must not delude us into misreading this brute fact.
but they must at least believe in those ideals.
fitting symbol of the capitalists’ loss of faith in themselves.
attitudes are confined to Britain.
privilege in society, is boundless self-confidence.
society has entered its final years.
taste, believe likewise.
socialists, communists, and their subvarieties are the same.
not on the prediction that it will come.
indeed could it come from?
will disappear altogether.
concern is with the second.
important positive belief that socialism will replace capitalism.
need concern us no further.
way : that socialism is the “ only alternative ” to capitalism.
premise is true : and that is just the problem in dispute.
where property rights are vested in jjrivatc individuals as such.
like so many hopes, one scheduled for disappointment.
the case for the belief that socialism is coming is very slight.
The Marxist movement is subdivided into many groups.
of the Church is, of course, perfect.
have seemed to move away from instead of toward socialism.
will make sure that they arc not stacked.
abolished, and property rights were vested in the state.
ever since and is now in its twenty-fourth year.
in a backward instead of an advanced country).
national, then internationalist.
admitting if they saw, what was actually going on in Russia.
found in all countries.
the chief instruments of production.
35% of the national income.
of the degree of class stratification as shown by income figures.
marks of social class distinctions.
existed in human history, not excepting the regime of Hitler.
if need be to the higher interests of the world revolution.
demonstration — no experiments are ever conclusive and final.
perhaps, different facts arc placed at our disposal.
down miserably (no capitalist lidLS any illusions on that score).
capitalist society on a world scale.
proved unable to take power, much less to inaugurate socialism.
hands, and the example of Russia was before them.
facts, will have to adjust itself accordingly.
than those which were felt in the past to be sufficient.
handful of finance-capitalists to oppose their course.
capitalist ” or ‘‘ worker ” category.
has changed to a degree.
machine of contemporary society.
rulers, were to turn their guns in the other direction.
altered. Mass infantry is not eliminated, yet at any rate.
potential position of the workers in a revolutionary crisis.
enough against tanks and bombers.
decades Marxist parties have collapsed on a world scale.
simply disappeared from existence in nation after nation.
that of Germany, bowed to Hitler without raising a hand.
since only organized groups are of importance politically.
and ended with a whimper at Munich.
bitterest foe nor the most ardent friend of socialism can erase.
is not going to come.
the collapse of the Marxist ideology.
contemporary understanding of the nature of scientific method.
and ways, is to-day just ludicrous.
doubtedly been a powerful emotional stimulant to its adherents.
ideology has kept power only by ceasing to be socialist.
outcome of the present period of social transition.
struggle for social power among organized groups of men.
defence ” ; and similarly of a ‘‘ struggle ” among groups.
more complicated matters.
themselves, hardly anything. The production is a social process.
and wealth in the society, as against the remainder of society.
evidence we have for discovering the relations of control.
lords therefore constituted the ruling class in feudal society.
state as a' feudal state.
bourgeoisie or capitalists are the ruling class in modem society.
bourgeois or capitalist state.
the distribution of the products of these instruments.
without violating economic classlessness.
distribution of the products of those instruments.
past, but with the struggle to-day and to-morrow.
has been possessed by no class in history.
ently, in a way that made the bourgeoisie the ruling class.
attitudes favourable to the bourgeois structure of society.
and by lawyers.
as well as fighting against the feudal lords.
the bourgeoisie ever more securely the ruling class in society.
benefit resulting to the capitalists.
to the bourgeoisie but spread to all sections of the population.
degree as compared with the capitalists.
suited than the feudad.
geoisie already controlled effectively the key bastions of society.
and in fact, these rights were, sufficiently, recognized.
appearing as the ruling class of the succeeding type of society.
have to be the social