format("kafka").option("subscribe", "topic") to spark.readStream.format("kafka").option("subscribe", "topic").option("maxOffsetsPerTrigger",...)
      *
      * Changes to subscribed topics/files is generally not allowed as the results are unpredictable: spark.readStream.format("kafka").option("subscribe", "topic") to spark.readStream.format("kafka").option("subscribe", "newTopic")
      *
      * Changes in the type of output sink: Changes between a few specific combinations of sinks are allowed. This needs to be verified on a case-by-case basis. Here are a few examples.
      *
      * File sink to Kafka sink is allowed. Kafka will see only the new data.
      *
      * Kafka sink to file sink is not allowed.
      *
      * Kafka sink changed to foreach, or vice versa is allowed.
      *
      * Changes in the parameters of output sink: Whether this is allowed and whether the semantics of the change are well-defined depends on the sink and the query. Here are a few examples.
      *
      * Changes to output directory of a file sink is not allowed: sdf.writeStream.format("parquet").option("path", "/somePath") to sdf.writeStream.format("parquet").option("path", "/anotherPath")
      *
      * Changes to output topic is allowed: sdf.writeStream.format("kafka").option("topic", "someTopic") to sdf.writeStream.format("kafka").option("topic", "anotherTopic")
      *
      * Changes to the user-defined foreach sink (that is, the ForeachWriter code) is allowed, but the semantics of the change depends on the code.
      *
      * *Changes in projection / filter / map-like operations**: Some cases are allowed. For example:
      *
      * Addition / deletion of filters is allowed: sdf.selectExpr("a") to sdf.where(...).selectExpr("a").filter(...).
      *
      * Changes in projections with same output schema is allowed: sdf.selectExpr("stringColumn AS json").writeStream to sdf.selectExpr("anotherStringColumn AS json").writeStream
      *
      * Changes in projections with different output schema are conditionally allowed: sdf.selectExpr("a").writeStream to sdf.selectExpr("b").writeStream is allowed only if the output sink allows the schema change from "a" to "b".
      *
      * Changes in stateful operations: Some operations in streaming queries need to maintain state data in order to continuously update the result. Structured Streaming automatically checkpoints the state data to fault-tolerant storage (for example, HDFS, AWS S3, Azure Blob storage) and restores it after restart. However, this assumes that the schema of the state data remains same across restarts. This means that any changes (that is, additions, deletions, or schema modifications) to the stateful operations of a streaming query are not allowed between restarts. Here is the list of stateful operations whose schema should not be changed between restarts in order to ensure state recovery:
      *
      * Streaming aggregation: For example, sdf.groupBy("a").agg(...). Any change in number or type of grouping keys or aggregates is not allowed.
      *
      * Streaming deduplication: For example, sdf.dropDuplicates("a"). Any change in number or type of grouping keys or aggregates is not allowed.
      *
      * Stream-stream join: For example, sdf1.join(sdf2,...) (i.e. both inputs are generated with sparkSession.readStream). Changes in the schema or equi-joining columns are not allowed. Changes in join type (outer or inner) not allowed. Other changes in the join condition are ill-defined.
      *
      * Arbitrary stateful operation: For example, sdf.groupByKey(...).mapGroupsWithState(...) or sdf.groupByKey(...).flatMapGroupsWithState(...). Any change to the schema of the user-defined state and the type of timeout is not allowed. Any change within the user-defined state-mapping function are allowed, but the semantic effect of the change depends on the user-defined logic. If you really want to support state schema changes, then you can explicitly encode/decode your complex state data structures into bytes using an encoding/decoding scheme that supports schema migration. For example, if you save your state as Avro-encoded bytes, then you are free to change the Avro-state-schema between query restarts as the binary state will always be restored successfully.
      */

  }

}
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Snap a photo to sell, buy what you want by chatting with sellers right from the app. Get the Free AppAn Oxford professor who was found dead at a fellow academic's home had suffered a mental breakdown in the last year, it was revealed.
Colleagues of eminent astrophysicist Steven Rawlings said he had been struggling with mental health problems since summer last year.
They have become so bad that Professor Rawlings, 50, had stepped down from his role in overseeing the team building the world's largest radio telescope.
Professor Rawlings had played a huge part in developing the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) - which will be able to look 13 billion years back in time to the beginnings of the universe.
But he was unable to complete his project and also dropped out of his academic work at Oxford University's St Peter's College.
Best friend Dr Devinder Sivia was yesterday released on bail as police downgraded the investigation into the academic's death.
Mathematician Dr Sivia, 49, had shared dinner at a local pub with Professor Rawlings on Wednesday night and became increasingly concerned about his friend's behaviour.
Staff at the Bear hotel in Wantage, Oxfordshire, said frequent visitor Professor Rawlings was unusually subdued.
'Our hearts have been broken forever': Son and daughter of... Pictured: Teenager, 18, held for starting fire in wardrobe...
Former Nasa worker Dr Sivia invited him to stay at his bungalow in Southmoor, near Abingdon, Oxfordshire, but when they got to his home his friend apparently became increasingly agitated and apparently attacked Dr Sivia.
In the altercation that followed, the professor collapsed on the floor from a suspected heart attack.
Dr Sivia dialed 999 and alerted neighbours, but despite their efforts to resuscitate him he died at the scene.
Professor Phil Diamond, who had worked closely with Professor Rawlings on the SKA scheme, told the newspaper: 'He became very withdrawn and dropped out of both his academic work and the SKA.
'I was told he suffered some mental problems but I don't know what caused them.
Professor Rawlings distraught widow said last night her husband's death was not murder.
Linda Rawlings said: 'Steve and Devinder were best friends since college and I believe this is a tragic accident.
Dr Sivia's brother Gurdip insisted the death could only have been an unfortunate tragedy. He said of Dr Sivia: 'There is just no anger in him, ever.
The maths lecturer was arrested on suspicion of murder but police now believe there may have been no criminal offence committed.
Dr Sivia, who teaches'maths with natural sciences' to chemistry and physics students at St John's College in Oxford, is apparently 'absolutely beside himself' at the death of his best friend.
The mathematician's family said the two men had been close since meeting as young undergraduates at St John's College in Cambridge more than 30 years ago.
Professor Rawlings and Dr Sivia co-wrote a book titled Foundations Of Science Mathematics, which was printed in paperback in 1999.
Part of the Oxford Chemistry Primers series, it provides explanations of mathematical principles for undergraduates studying for a wide range of science degrees.
The book, available for £13.99, covers topics ‘from basic arithmetic and algebra to calculus’ and was praised by reviewers on the internet, one of whom described it as ‘brilliant’.
The reviewer added: ‘I have found it so useful, as I am a physics undergraduate, for my course.
‘It covers everything I need and will be useful to look back at maths