 take place until residents had been properly consulted. Jockin insisted on having the decision in writing. But the letter was a ruse, and officials tipped him off that he’d be arrested when his train arrived in Mumbai. On the city outskirts he pulled the communication cord, escaped and spent nights sleeping in a drainage pipe. By day he was accompanied everywhere by crowds of women from the community. But he was eventually arrested and jailed more than sixty times for organising protests, before being forced into exile.
He returned to India when Gandhi lost power in 1977. He toured the country to set up the National Slum Dwellers Federation (NSDF). With the Mumbai NGO SPARC they carried out pioneering censuses of slum settlements. With a women’s organisation, Mahila Milan, they set up communal savings schemes through which thousands of slum dwellers are able to accumulate enough money to improve their homes or invest in small businesses.
I met Jockin in 1991 on behalf of Homeless International. He wanted me to meet the state housing minister to hear about his attitudes towards slum dwellers. We went for dinner. Jockin hardly spoke as the minister explained how the slum problems were being solved. The next day, Jockin took me on a whirlwind tour by train and auto rickshaw. In Goregaon I met Sita Shivaji, who’d been forced out of a slum settlement by the authorities and dumped 15 miles outside the city. She was working with 51 other families in a self-build project financed through a savings scheme. Ten miles away in Jankalyan, I met Yasoda Vilas, who’d also been in a displaced community, this one living in shacks alongside a railway line. Community pressure secured them a building plot where 115 families were just about to start work. Fifty other railway dwellers’ groups were working with NSDF and SPARC on similar self-build projects.
In the centre of Mumbai, Dharavi is thought to be Asia’s biggest slum, housing perhaps a million people within one square mile. There I met a Muslim woman, Farida, whose family with 325 others had also faced eviction, this time by the army. She was one of ten activists arrested for refusing to move. They were eventually allocated land in Dharavi only to find their ‘plot’ was a stinking pond. They spent months filling it and then building very basic new houses.
In 1996, Jockin started Shack/Slum Dwellers International, which has grown to cover 33 countries across three continents. It’s probably the world’s biggest and most effective network for south-south exchange among poor people, inspired by the co-operative models and peaceful forms of protest that Jockin pioneered in Mumbai.
In Brazil its affiliate Interação is also promoting savings schemes. Dilma Rousseff's government, determined to tidy up the favelas before the World Cup, has resorted to force. But, as Jockin's work has shown, repression and forced removals don't work. Eventually, slum dwellers have to be engaged in finding ways to meet their needs in the places where they already live.

It’s that time of year again. A time of sacrificing the needless indulgences of 21st Century life. A time of reflecting on how you can improve as a person to benefit those around you. A time of focusing on what really matters in the world.
Oh no, wait. What it really means, is the time of year thousands of people subject themselves to an unnecessary torture, just so they can brag about it.
Giving something up for Lent? You’re fooling no one.
First things first – what’s the deal with the concept of giving something up? Sure, we get the whole religious justification, but when was the last time you skipped out meat on a Friday or even went to church? What is it you’re really trying to do?
Don’t pretend you’re giving up chocolate for Jesus when everybody knows Lent is really just a glorified 40 day diet. 
Lent is just another chance for you to have a go at your failed New Year’s Resolutions. And another chance to tell everybody within a five mile radius all about it.
Besides, Lent gets the better of everyone in the end, anyway. No matter how drunk you were, your 4am Rooster’s still counts. All those cigarettes you had at Fab? Try talking your way out of that one. And everybody knows you haven’t been to the gym in two weeks, so stop pretending you have.
You’re going to cave in at some point, and by then you’ll either be a liar, or feeling disproportionately guilty for something you really should just enjoy.
By all means, celebrate Lent if that’s your thing. But can’t you think of something better than giving up everything you enjoy, just so you can brag to everyone you know? Self-righteousness just isn’t that pretty.
Nobody’s saying you have to dedicate 40 days to volunteering at shelters and going to church every day. Why not try going to the library more often? Or vow to cook your housemates dinner once a week? Or drop your spare change to someone selling the Big Issue?
Because really, all you’re doing is making yourself and everyone around you feel bad. And if you think you aren’t, you’re fooling yourself.75,5 x 281 x 105 cm ; 29 3/4 x 110 5/8 x 41 3/8 in.
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