; water; adding b. fast; water; removing c. slow; oxygen; adding d. fast; oxygen; removing e. fast; carbon dioxide; removing ABCDE 48. In a mixture, which one would be present in the least amount? a. solvent b. solute c. water d. Both A and B. e. Both A and C. ABCDE 49. This characteristic of a molecule determines the ability of hydrogen bonds to form between it and hydrogen: a. A non polar atom b. An atom with a partial positive charge c. An atom with a partial negative charge d. None of the above. e. All of the above. ABCDE 50. A pH of 4 is ____________ times more ____________ than a pH of 7. a. 3; basic b. 3; acidic c. 1000; neutral d. 1000; basic e. 1000; acidic ABCDE 51. What is the OH- concentration of a solution having a pH of 2? a. 1 ´ 10-12 b. 1 ´ 10-10 c. 1 ´ 10-7 d. 1 ´ 10-2 e. 1 ´ 10-1 ABCDE 52. When a small amount of hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added to a solution of Na2HPO4, the pH of the solution does not change markedly. The pH also does not change drastically when a small amount of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is added to this same solution. Based on these observations, the compound Na2HPO4 is: a. able to donate hydrogen atoms to HCl. b. able to remove hydrogen ions from the OH- of NaOH. c. acting as a buffer. d. an enzyme facilitating the reaction between HCl and NaOH. e. All of the above. ABCDE 53. A salt is a compound in which the hydrogen ion of _________________ is replaced by some other cation. a. a base b. an acid c. an anion d. a hydroxide ion e. water ABCDE 54. Which concentration(s) results in a pH of 7? a. higher concentrations of hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions b. higher concentrations of hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions c. equal concentrations of hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions d. Both A and B. e. None of the above. ABCDE 55. Identify the chemical(s) that act(s) as a buffer in human blood: a. bicarbonate b. hydrogen ions c. carbon dioxide d. water e. None of the above. ABCDE 56. Identify the hydrogen ion concentration that represents the lowest pH from the following list: a. 1 ´ 10-3 b. 1 ´ 10-4 c. 1 ´ 10-7 d. 1 ´ 10-11 e. 1 ´ 10-14 ABCDE 57. Which of the following has a pH closest to that of human blood? a. beer b. coffee c. rain water d. sea water e. oven cleaner ABCDE 58. Which of the following would most likely form electrolytes in water? a. glucose b. ethanol c. An organic compound d. An inorganic compound e. None of the above. ABCDE 59. Which of the following is not a property of carbon? a. Carbon-to-carbon bonds are limited to single bonds. b. Carbon has four valence electrons. c. Carbon can form bonds to various other atoms. d. Two carbon atoms can share three electron pairs with each other. e. Carbon-to-carbon bonds are strong. ABCDE 60. What aspect of long carbon chains makes them ideal for forming the backbones of long biomolecules? a. The carbon atom itself is strong and hard to split. b. Carbon can form a maximum of five covalent bonds with other atoms. c. Carbons can form a maximum of three covalent bonds with other atoms. d. Carbon-to-carbon covalent bonds are strong. e. Carbon-to-carbon hydrogen bonds are weak and transitory. ABCDE 61. The highly polarized nature of compounds containing carboxyl groups can be attributed to: a. the presence of two highly electronegative carbon atoms. b. the presence of two highly electropositive carbon atoms. c. the presence of two highly electronegative oxygen atoms. d. the presence of two highly electropositive oxygen atoms. e. None of the above. ABCDE 62. The number of electron pairs shared between carbon 2 and 3 in the accompanying figure is: a. one. b. one and a half. c. two. d. three. e. None of the above. ABCDE 63. The two molecules in the following figure represent: a. ionized structures. b. enantiomers. c. secondary structures. d. geometric isomers. e. polymers. ABCDE 64. This functional group is weakly basic because it can accept an H+ ion: a. hydroxyl b. carbonyl c. amino d. phosphate e. sulfhydryl ABCDE 65. This functional group forms cross bridges that help stabilize protein tertiary structure: a. hydroxyl b. carbonyl c. amino d. phosphate e. sulfhydryl ABCDE 66. The chemical interactions of large hydrocarbons are largely determined by: a. their solubility in water. b. their functional groups. c. their polar nature. d. isomerization of these hydrocarbons into other forms. e. the hydrogens bonded to the carbon atoms. ABCDE 67. Hydrocarbons are hydrophobic because: a. the covalent bonds between hydrogen and carbon are nonpolar. b. they contain functional groups. c. they exist as isomers. d. Both A and B. e. Both A and C. ABCDE 68. Which pair is mismatched? a. monsaccharide:maltose b. disaccharide:sucrose c. polysaccharide:cellulose d. None of these pairs are correctly matched. e. All of these pairs are correctly matched. ABCDE 69. Which of these terms is most inclusive? a. monosaccharide b. starch c. polysaccharide d. disaccharide e. carbohydrate ABCDE 70. Glucose dissolves in water because: a. it ionizes. b. it is a polysaccharide. c. it has polar hydroxyl groups that interact with polar water molecules. d. it has a very reactive primary structure. e. it is hydrophobic. ABCDE 71. Carbohydrate molecules: a. serve as structural components of human cell walls. b. form the regulatory compounds known as enzymes. c. are a source of energy. d. help protect vital organs from damage. e. contain the genetic information of a cell. ABCDE 72. A chemical reaction in which organic compounds are synthesized from their building blocks is called: a. hydrolysis. b. condensation. c. oxidation. d. reduction. e. dissociation. Figure 03-01Use the figure below to answer the corresponding questions. ABCDE 73. The process illustrated in Figure 03-01 is called: a. condensation. b. protein synthesis. c. hydrolysis. d. dehydration synthesis. e. denaturation. ABCDE 74. The products of the process in Figure 03-01 are: a. amino acids. b. molecules of glycerol. c. representative of a glycoside linkage. d. enzymes. e. monosaccharides. ABCDE 75. Which one of the following carbohydrates is the most structurally complex? a. sucrose b. fructose c. cellulose d. glucose e. a disaccharide ABCDE 76. In which of the following reactions must the equivalent of a water molecule be added in order to break a bond? a. fatty acids + glycerol ® fat b. glucose + fructose ® sucrose c. glycogen ® glucose d. alanine + glycine ® dipeptide e. glucose ® cellulose ABCDE 77. Which of the following illustrates hydrolysis? a. the reaction of two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide b. the reaction of two amino acids to form a dipeptide c. the reaction of a hydrogen atom and a hydroxide ion to form water d. the reaction of a fat to form glycerol and fatty acids e. the formation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate ABCDE 78. The difference between a hexose and a pentose is that: a. a hexose is saturated, and a pentose is undersaturated. b. a hexose is hydrophilic, and a pentose is hydrophobic. c. a hexose always has six hydroxyl groups, and a pentose always has five. d. a hexose always has six carbons, but a pentose always has five carbons. e. a hexose can be polymerized, but a pentose cannot. ABCDE 79. Monosaccharides are water soluble because: a. they contain a large number of methyl groups. b. they have a large number of polar hydroxyl groups. c. they have at least one double bond between adjacent carbons. d. they have large numbers of nonpolar carbons in their backbones. e. they can form ring structures. ABCDE 80. A carbohydrate energy storage molecule found in animal liver and muscle cells is: a. starch. b. glycogen. c. cellulose. d. fatty acids. e. cholesterol. ABCDE 81. Amyloplasts are organelles that store: a. fat. b. starch. c. protein. d. lipids. e. DNA. ABCDE 82. The major function(s) of lipids includes: a. storing energy. b. serving as structural components of cellular membranes. c. serving as hormones. d. Both A and B. e. A, B, and C are correct. ABCDE 83. The hydrolysis of triacylglycerol will yield: a. three fatty acids and one glycerol. b. three glycerols and one fatty acid. c. two fatty acids and three glycerols. d. one fatty acid, one amino acid, and one glucose. e. one fatty acid, one phosphate