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American Sociological Asociation, Secretary/Treasurer of Crime, Law, and Deviance Section (2017-2019).
Criminology Editorial Board.
American Society of Criminology, Program Committee Co-Chair for 2018 Annual Meetings in Atlanta, GA.
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Shikigami
Shikigami (式神) is the term used for the summoned spirits of an "onmyouji", a Japanese sorcerer. Shikigami are used to protect and serve their master, much like the Western concept of the witch's familiar. There are many types of shikigami described in legend, the most common type being enchanted paper cutouts that can produce the illusion of another real-life object..
Shikigami in Touhou
In the Touhou Project, shikigami are distinct entities that have been converted into a shikigami through a certain technique. For example, Ran Yakumo was originally a fox that transformed into a youkai, but now serves as Yukari Yakumo's shikigami. In this role, she is bound to do what Yukari tells her to.
Though it can be assumed that possessing a shikigami requires a large amount of energy in the Touhou universe, Ran has been around long enough and is powerful enough to have a shikigami of her own, Chen, who was "converted" from a youkai being the same way she was.
Hieda no Akyu describes this process of converting a being into a shikigami with the word "installing", as if one was installing software onto a computer. (On this point, there have been many sayings in Touhou that likened Shikigami to computers.[1][2][3][4][5]) Even Yukari compares a shikigami to a computer. By putting on such a formula, getting angry would be understandable if program does odd jobs or does not work, though Ran in her case doesn't seem to complain when getting punished by her master and is rather satisfied.Consult the medical resource doctors trust
UpToDate is one of the most respected medical information resources in the world, used by more than 600,000 doctors and thousands of patients to find answers to medical questions.
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CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA OVERVIEW
Chronic myeloid leukemia (also called CML or chronic myelogenous leukemia) is a chronic (long-term) disorder of the bone marrow. Bone marrow is the spongy, red tissue that fills the large bones. All of the blood cells are produced in the bone marrow.
People with CML have acquired an abnormality that causes a section of one chromosome (a strand of genes) to break off and attach to another chromosome; this results in an abnormally short chromosome, known as the Philadelphia chromosome. This exchange of genetic information causes two genes, BCR and ABL, to fuse into one gene, called BCR-ABL.
The BCR-ABL gene causes bone marrow cells to produce an abnormal enzyme (the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase); this enzyme stimulates white blood cells to grow out of control, resulting in elevations of the white blood cell count and an increase in the size of the spleen. Eventually, the disease can transform into a more aggressive disease, called acute leukemia.
People with acute leukemia have an increased number of immature white blood cells (called blast cells). The overgrowth of blast cells leads to an inadequate number of mature white blood cells, which limits production of other vital blood cells, including red blood cells and platelets. Having a decreased number of blood cells and platelets can increase the risk of developing infections or bleeding excessively.
PHASES OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA
There are three phases of CML:
Chronic phase — In the chronic phase, there are less than 5 percent immature blast cells in the bone marrow. Approximately 85 percent of people are in the chronic phase when they are initially diagnosed. This phase generally lasts several years and is readily controlled with oral medications.
Accelerated phase — During the accelerated phase, maturation of white blood cells becomes progressively impaired, and there are between 10 and 19 percent blast cells in the blood or bone marrow. The number of abnormal cells in the body is more difficult to control with medications, likely because of new mutations that develop in the blast cells.
Blast phase — In blast crisis (blast phase), there are more than 20 to 30 percent blast cells in the blood or bone marrow. Before recent advances in treatment, blast crisis typically occurred within four to five years after diagnosis and was often unresponsive to treatment.
CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA TREATMENT OPTIONS
Treatment decisions for people with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) are complex due to the variety of available options. Currently, the most frequently used treatment options include:
●Disease control with oral tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as imatinib (brand name: Gleevec), dasatinib (brand name: Sprycel), or nilotinib (brand name: Tasigna)
●Potential cure with hematopoietic cell transplantation (also called bone marrow transplantation), usually after the disease stops responding or relapses during treatment with a TKI
●Treatment to reduce symptoms with chemotherapy (hydroxyurea, busulfan, or interferon alpha with or without cytarabine)
The choice of therapy depends upon the phase of CML, the availability of a stem cell donor, the patient's candidacy for stem cell transplantation, and the patient's preference.
Response to treatment — The primary goal of treatment is to reduce or eliminate the cells with the abnormal Philadelphia chromosome. This is measured as the cytogenetic response. Such treatment, if effective, will also return the blood counts to normal. This is measured as the hematologic response.
While achieving a hematologic response will reduce the severity of symptoms associated with CML, progression to the accelerated or blast phase will continue unless a cytogenetic response is achieved. Achieving a hematologic response is important, but does not ensure that the disease is adequately controlled.
Another way to determine how well the disease is controlled is to perform sensitive molecular testing. A person is said to have a complete molecular response when there is no evidence of the BCR-ABL gene. The goal of hematopoietic cell transplantation is to achieve this level of response. A molecular response is sometimes seen during longer term follow up of people treated with TKIs. Chemotherapy rarely, if ever, produces such a response.
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