 well-being,” he said.
The new plan also consolidates four existing benefits into a taxable “Income Replacement Benefit,” designed for veterans who “have barriers to re-establishment due to physical or mental health problem(s) resulting primarily from service” and are participating in Veterans Affairs’ Rehabilitation Program.
The government said that benefit will amount to 90 per cent of a veteran’s salary at the time they were released from the military. A veteran in receipt of income replacement can earn up to $20,000 from employment before any deductions are made.
The government says the initiatives announced under the “Pension for Life” plan represent an additional investment of $3.6 billion.
The government said veterans already receiving disability benefits under the New Veterans Charter will have their awards automatically adjusted – they will not need to reapply under the new system – and that the “Pension for Life” plan will also apply retroactively.
O’Regan also confirmed no injured veteran currently receiving benefits under the New Veterans Charter will see a decrease in their net compensation as a result of the updated plan.Kinetics of lithium electrodeposition and stripping

Electrodeposition and stripping are fundamental electrochemical processes for metals and have gained importance in rechargeable Li-ion batteries due to lithium metal electrodes. The electrode kinetics associated with lithium metal electrodeposition and stripping is crucial in determining performance at fast discharge and charge which is important for electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft and electric vehicles (EV). In this work, we show the use of Marcus-Hush-Chidsey (MHC) kinetics to accurately predict the Tafel curve data from the work of Boyle et al. We discuss the differences in predictions of reorganization energies from the Marcus-Hush and the MHC models for lithium metal electrodes in four solvents. The MHC kinetic model is implemented and open-sourced within Cantera. Using the reaction kinetic model in a pseudo-2D battery model with a lithium anode paired with a LiFePO$_4$ cathode, we show the importance of accounting for the MHC kinetics and compare it to the use of Butler-Volmer (BV) and Marcus-Hush kinetic models. We find that significant deviation in the overpotentials associated with reaction kinetics for the two different rate laws for conditions of fast discharge and charge relevant for eVTOL and EV respectively.


I. INTRODUCTION
There is a need for improved energy density and specific energy for electrifying transportation and aviation. 1,2 Lithium metal electrodes are a promising avenue to improve the energy density to meet these requirements. 3 Reactions and kinetics at electrodeelectrolyte interfaces limit performance of lithium metal electrodes. For a lithium metal electrode, during charge, lithium ions from the electrolyte (solid or liquid) deposit at the metal electrode, popularly known as electrodeposition, while during discharge, lithium metal is oxidized into lithium ions, through a process known as stripping. 4 Fast charging is an important requirement for electric vehicles, 3 while fast discharge is an important requirement for the take-off and landing segment of electric vertical take-off and landing aircraft. 5 The morphological instabilities related to both fast discharge and charge have been well-documented leading to pitting and dendrite formation, 6,7 thereby leading to poor cycle life.
Despite the enormous attention paid to understanding morphology, the kinetic rate behavior at the lithium metal electrode-electrolyte interface has received much less attention. Typical lithium metal models usually invoke Butler-Volmer kinetics, 8 despite wide-recognition from the electrodeposition community that kinetic laws beyond Butler-Volmer are needed to describe fast discharge and charge conditions. Recently, Boyle et al., 9 measured lithium electrodeposition and stripping kinetics using transient voltammetry. Based on the measured data, they observed significant deviations from Butler-Volmer kinetics and argued for the use of Marcus-Hush kinetics implemented as a low overpotential approximation of the Marcus-Hush-Chidsey formalism. However, the low overpotential approximation breaks down for fast charge and discharge regimes.
In this work, building on the work of Boyle et al, 9 we show that the Marcus-Hush-Chidsey (MHC) model implemented as a uniformly valid closed form approximation developed by Zeng and coworkers 10 agrees with the lithium electrodeposition and stripping data. 9 We incorporate the MHC kinetic model it into a pseudo-2D model and demonstrate for constant current fast charge and discharge applications up to current rates of 12C, and fast discharge eVTOL missions with discharge rates of up to 10C. We find that the MHC kinetic law is important to track performance under these high rate operating conditions. In order to enable wide-spread use, we open-source the kinetic model for lithium metal into Cantera 11. We believe that future studies with lithium metal electrodes should utilize this formalism.

A. Electron transfer kinetics
There are several approaches to modeling electron transfer kinetics, 12 beginning in the 1930s with Butler-Volmer model, 13,14 microscopic electron transfer kinetics proposed by Marcus 15 in the 1950s, kinetics of electrode processes examined by Hush, 16,17 and more recently, heterogeneous electron transfer explained using the Marcus-Hush-Chidsey 18 kinetic model. Each of these kinetic models are presented with required modifications for their suitable interpretation in the context of electrochemical performance models of Li-ion batteries. Each kinetic model is presented for the following reaction, The charge transfer kinetics at the interface of an electrode in electrochemical energy devices is often modeled using Butler-Volmer kinetics. 12,19 Over the last several decades, the Butler-Volmer (BV) formalism has been used to model the kinetics at lithium metal anodes of Li-ion batteries. 8,[19][20][21][22][23] BV formalism can be written as, where k red and k ox are the reaction rates for reduction and oxidation respectively, k BV 0 is the rate constant, η is the applied overpotential, and α is transfer coefficient which represents the position of the transition state of the reaction. 24 The transfer coefficient, α, is a constant value which is generally 0.5 for single electron processes like the one shown in Eq. (1). The BV model posits a linear relationship between ln(k BV red /k BV 0 ) and the overpotential η with a slope of −αF/RT which is independent of the potential. However, experiments by Savéant and Tessier 25 and many other studies show considerable deviations from linearity. 12 The constant transfer coefficient independent of potential is hence considered only a qualitative metric from BV theory and not universally applicable. 12,24 Around 65 years ago, Marcus developed a kinetic model for microscopic outer-sphere homogeneous electron transfer. 15 The theory has been used to model kinetics in several chemical and biological systems. 26 The rate expressions for the Marcus model can be written as, where ∆G is the free energy change on reduction and λ is the reorganization energy, that required to reorganize the nuclear configuration of the reactants and solvent to the product state. 12 One of the important predictions from Marcus theory is dependence of the transfer coefficient on the overpotential. The relevant derivations can be found elsewhere. 12,15,25,27 The potential dependence of α is expressed as, which can be accommodated into Eq. (2) and Eq. (3), however, classical BV theory treats α as a constant. 12 The use of a potential dependent α was shown by Savéant and Tessier 25 and has also been used to explain recent data on lithium electrodeposition and stripping by Boyle et al. 9 The Marcus kinetic model is developed for homogeneous electron transfer reactions where the two species involved in the reaction are dissolved in a solution. However, for applications like metal electrodes, the electrode charge transfer reaction is heterogeneous, 24,28 i.e. between a metal electrode and a species dissolved in a solution. For heterogeneous electron transfer with metal electrodes, the kinetics of the reaction will depend on electrons from different energy levels in the conduction band of the metal electrode. 27 The dependence of reaction rates on the "electronic energy levels in metal" was noted by Marcus in 1965, 27 and the incorporation of Fermi-Dirac statistics and its validation was shown by Chidsey in 1991, 18 with a gold electrode and an electroactive ferrocene group. 10,24,28 The rate equation used by Chidsey is generally referred to as the Marcus-Hush-Chidsey model, where A is a pre-exponential factor which accounts for the density of metallic states and the electronic coupling strength. 10,24 Compton and coworkers explain that the assumption of A being independent of potential has generally proven to be reasonable with experiments. 18,24,29 Further, for the case of lithium, the density of states is relatively flat based on density functional theory calculations and the validity of this assumption is tackled in an accompanying paper for this Special Issue. 30 The activation energy in Eq. (4) is recast using the energy of the electron described as x, defined relative to the Fermi level. 10,24,28 The net current density from the reaction, j, can be written as, j = j 0.(k red − k ox ), where j 0 is the exchange current density. The net current for the BV model can be obtained using Eq. (2) and Eq. (3), For applying Marcus theory, as noted previously, Boyle et al., 9  A closed form expression for the net current using the MHC model is required to avoid the evaluation of the MHC integral in Eq. (6) which is cumbersome to implement in a battery model. Bazant and coworkers have developed a uniformly valid closed form approximation of the integral, 10 where they obtain a net current density expression using dimensionless reorganization energy, λ * = λ/RT, and dimensionless overpotential η * = F.η/RT, where S is used as a scaling factor for calculating the current density and erfc is the complementary error