 onto the banks to warm in the sun. At night, just shine a flashlight across the surface of any body of water and be astounded by the number of reflections.
In Florida, if there is a mud puddle, one must assume that there’s a gator in it. There are wild coyotes that roam the streets in Southern California, harvesting cats. Cougars take mountain bikers and remove babies from their carriers in public parks in broad daylight. You have to appreciate your position in the food chain.
Where I live now, city people bring their yappy little dogs into the forest and let them off the leash to run around. (I saw a wolf for the first time in a long time, down the street near where the foxes live).
The campers post fliers offering rewards for their beloved pets. The closest that they could come to recovering them is scraping up the scat left behind.
A few years ago I moved test cars around for Roush who has/had an operation in Naples. In the West we call truck delaminated tire treads scattered on the highway “alligators”. The folks in Naples took me on a test drive and pointed out real alligators, a common hazard they explained.
I don’t how much damage the little guys would do if you hit them, but those big gators that could eat a big feral hawg whole could take out your rig.
In 1973 buddy who had a POV was driving us around Lawton, OK looking for off-base housing after we had been posted to Fort Sill.
Lunch time neared and he suggested we go to McDonalds.
He said, “I thought you were from California”?
Never heard of McDonalds in Northern Calfornia.
I has never heard that there was a Mississippi Territory until last year.
I discovered that my gggg-grandmother on my mother’s side was indigenous to Tibet and had settled in the Mississippi Territory in the late 1600s.
I would really like to know more about how that came about.
I recall when McDonald’s and Taco Bell were new. Being from SoCal, born in Redondo Beach, I was of an age to experience those wonders. To be fair about it, the concept of fast food was somehow miraculous and cheap. There’s nothing cheap about McDonald’s today.


Or, being Europe, a Gypsy-suppression measure?
It might be an anti-Gypsy thing.
Texas is quite German, oddly.
The Grand Canyon FFA held their annual awards banquet on April 13. Each year the chapter has a banquet to honor the member for all they have done though the year and community members who have helped the chapter. After the member, families, and guests have ate, they go to the auditorium to receive awards. Some of these awards are honorary member, academic awards, chapter level awards, and the upcoming officer team.
Isaac Leach and Natalie Mee were awarded a scholarship of $400 each. Kelly Pierce got a $250 SAE grant. Taylor Hemanway received the Dekalb Agricultural Achievement award. Four member were awarded with star greenhand degrees, Alyssa Bieber, Greenhand Farmer, Maddy Sweet, Greenhand Placement, Noah Mattison, Greenhand Agribusiness, and Isaac Leach, Greenhand Agriscience. There were two member awarded with star chapter degrees, Lydia Mattison, Chapter Farmer, and Bridget Kennedy, Chapter Placement.
The offecier team for next year will consist of nine members from grades 10-12. Hunter Huck will be the Student Advisor. Kelly Pierce will be the Historian. Chenoa Holsomback will be the Sentinel. Bridget Kennedy will be the Reporter. Harlee Brooks will be the Treasurer. Jessica Bolt will be the Secretary. Kaycee Kaltenbach and Jake VanDergrift will be the Vice Presidents. Brody Coolidge will be the President.There’s a reason it’s so hard to benchmark penetration testing costs: Every test with every firm is unique.
Which is insane, because they’re all doing the same thing. They’re all finding holes in your infrastructure, exploiting them, and writing about it in a report. But just like so many things in cybersecurity, the devil is in the detail.
As an independent advisor, we’ve compared penetration testing costs from a range of vendors, to give you the best possible chances of benchmarking costs before you look for quotes. This page is a summary of all the cost data we’ve found, for every penetration test type.
Our best contribution to your due diligence will be this free penetration test pricing guide. We found data from 10 firms, that used 10 different vendors, on how much they paid for recent penetration tests, and what they got for the money.
The pricing guide has case studies on each test, tips for how to reduce pen test costs, and more. Start there, and if you need more detailed pricing guidance for a specific type of test, come back to this article and keep scrolling.
While a combination internal and external network penetration test is the gold standard, an organization may not need to expose the whole environment to testing. This is a test type with a wide scope for cost variation because there is a broad range of resources that may be inside the test scope. Fortunately, this is open to adjustment with your test vendor, so the potential for cost savings are high too.
Benchmark Cost: $15,000 – $50,000 for a test of low to moderate level of complexity.
This is our complete overview of network penetration testing costs. It describes the main cost factors for this test type, like white box vs black box, project scope, reporting provided & more.
Mobile app pen testing requires a high level of skill and expertise because it often combines testing across disciplines. Mobile apps are often connected to a company’s web apps, which have APIs and so on. A good mobile app pen test team may need to be proficient at all these test types to carry out a valuable test.
This is our full article on mobile app penetration testing costs. It breaks down the major cost factors like the ancillary connections of the app, the app platform, and more.
Since API pen tests are more commonly performed as white-box tests, their average cost is typically lower than other pen test types. Costs here are for APIs tested in isolation, and will increase if the test is more comprehensive, including a surrounding web app or cloud environment, as you will see below.
This is our in-depth article on API penetration testing costs. It describes the main cost factors of an API pen test, like API size, retesting included & more.
Like APIs, web apps are more commonly tested with a white-box approach. Web app penetration testing costs are affected most by the number of user roles and permissions possible, the number of dynamic pages (accepting input) in the app, the number of API endpoints in the app, and whether or not the app has a mobile variation.
This is our detailed article on web app penetration testing costs. It includes an explanation of the primary cost factors like user roles/permissions, dynamic pages, and more.
As more resources and assets move to the cloud, the risk of security breaches increases. Fewer vendors offer cloud service penetration testing. It is a more specialized skill set than say, standard network penetration testing, and this usually means it comes at a higher price.
This is our detailed article on the cost of AWS penetration testing. It includes breakdowns of the main cost factors like the number of accounts, services in scope and how each one moves the price of a test.
A penetration test to satisfy PCI-DSS requirements is unique again. A PCI pen test is often box-checking, for compliance only, and doesn’t require the depth of testing or reporting that is common in other test types. That said, there are still plenty of ways to get it wrong. There are horror stories from firms who have contracted for a PCI pen test only to be told at audit time that the test didn’t actually satisfy PCI requirements.
This is our comprehensive article on the cost of PCI penetration testing, including the main cost factors and how to reduce costs where possible.
Penetration testing has become a commodity service, and some vendors have raced to the bottom to provide the lowest priced viable penetration test they can. As long as you know what you’re getting, and it meets the organization’s goals (usually to satisfy a client request, or tick a compliance box) cheap penetration testing can be worth considering.
We broke down cheap penetration testing and the associated costs in this article, discussing who this kind of pentest service is for, and what to look out for when contracting.
More involved red team penetration tests have a different cost structure again. These complex engagements utilize multiple resources and, depending on the organization’s goals, can run for months, including multiple intrusion attempts. This premium pen testing service is only carried out by specialist firms, and – scope depending – comes at a higher cost than most other types of penetration test.
We broke down the 3 main cost factors for red team penetration testing in this detailed overview. It includes an overview of the red teaming process and tips for cost management.
For any of the test types above, the factor affecting price the most is whether you choose an internal or external penetration test.
Internal attack surfaces are nearly always larger, and contracting for an internal penetration test as well as an external will significantly increase the organization’s cost.
For some firms, there is business value in being able to show a penetration test from a large, reputable vendor. Whether for increased trust or prestige, it is possible for