 goes, it could be performed with consent. The author thus cites Kohlrausch, who believed compulsory sterilization was logical: ‘The will of an individual unconditionally must serve the good of the community.'”
“GIVE MILK TO CHILDREN, NOT ALCOHOL!”
The Anti-alcohol Movement and Youth in Slovenia until the Second World War
The guidelines of the movement against alcoholism – “the human plague” –, with a special emphasis on youth, were laid both theoretically and practically only at the beginning of the 20th century. Educators of youth believed that the new age in the sense of a productive life could only be built by healthy people and by no means by addicts to the world of deviations and immorality – drinkers of alcoholic drinks and drunkards – which is why they declared war on alcohol. After the end of the First World War, the authorities helped the educators with a set of ordinances and circulars. The authorities wanted teachers and catechists to actively engage in the fight against alcoholism among the young. They wanted to influence children and youth both in school (with classes on alcoholism and its disastrous consequences) and outside it (by organizing societies of schoolchildren and high school students – abstainers). Research in the decade before the Second World War showed that, in order to be successful in this temperance work, it was necessary not only to trace and explore the influence of alcohol on the mental and bodily health, but also in order to reduce or eradicate the problem, to change the economic and social system completely. Research also showed that it was schools, organizations for the protection of the young, various societies, as well as the state, the provinces and municipalities that had to be active in organizing protection for the young against alcoholism. Researchers thus put forward the example of parents, which, however, was too often a negative one.
ALCOHOL AND SPORT IN SLOVENE SOCIETY OF THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY
In Slovene society, where alcohol historically was a tolerated drug, sport and alcohol have lived in close cohabitation. In his article, the author points out the paradoxical position of alcohol in sport, since theoretical views on physical exercise saw alcohol as a human enemy, even though in real life it nevertheless remained its constant close companion. The modern sports life-style brought much hope into Slovenian society, since many saw sport as the only thing that could heal the nation of the social disease of alcoholism after the less successful anti-alcohol movements. At the same time, however, sport was notorious for regular instances of alcohol abuse. Alcohol, which traditionally was seen as a stimulant and later became a hindrance for sports achievements, could not be rooted out of sport. Its abuse was always condemned on the declarative level in sports circles; however, alcohol nevertheless remained an important element of a sporting social life.
COUNTERFEIT WINE BEFORE THE FIRST WORLD WAR
Wine forgery, like the forgery of many other kinds of drinks and foodstuffs (in particular flour, meat and milk) has a history centuries old. For this reason it is not surprising that there have been attempts at legal regulation of this area ever since the Middle Ages. But ever new regulations regarding the prohibition of the production and sale of counterfeit wine indicate that forged wine had always represented a pressing problem for the health and the wallet of worthy drinkers. Under the influence of the Industrial Revolution, the last centuries of the 19th century saw a growth in the importance of natural and chemical additives not only in the production and processing of all kinds of foodstuffs but also in wine. At the same time the borderline disappeared between artificial wines and wine-like drinks that were not a risk for the health, and actual counterfeited wines that sometimes could pose a serious risk for the health. Production of fake wines spread across Europe with increasing rapidity in particular after the 1870s, when wine production levels decreased dramatically with the spread of the wine louse.
The Austrian half of the Hapsburg Monarchy finally adopted a law in 1880, according to which only registered tradesmen were allowed to sell wine-like drinks, but at the same time they were not allowed to sell these drinks as wine. However, in real life these regulations were often poorly implemented. On top of it all, counterfeit wine was not even included in this law. After intense reaction from the public and a long procedure in the National Assembly, the Law on Trade in Foodstuffs from the 16th of January 1896 finally and explicitly prohibited the forging of foodstuffs. But acute problems with forged wine remained because the law did not specify which natural or chemical additives were allowed and which were prohibited. The legislator started resolving this question unequivocally only with the adoption of the Wine Law on the 12th of April 1907.
GROCERIES, LIQUEURS, RASPBERRY SYRUP, SPIRITS: EN GROS & EN DETAIL
Alcohol and Tobacco Trade before the Second World War
Handicraft regulations from as early as 1859 included trade and trade in alcohol among the tax-exempt crafts, while selling spirits was a licensed craft. With the amended handicraft regulations of 1883, trade in alcohol likewise became a licensed craft. The handicraft law of 1931 also required a mandatory training certificate for trade crafts. Regulations regarding requirements for the alcohol trade were often modified in that period – be it with regard to closed or open bottles, wholesale or retail trade.
The most common type of trade between the world wars was trade in mixed goods, both in the countryside and in town. Among other articles, such stores also sold the kind of alcoholic beverages that would also please today’s customers: wine, liqueur, brandy, cognac, rum, plum brandy, gin, grape skin brandy, wine lees spirit, maraschino, bilberry brandy, spirits and beer. Retail in alcoholic drinks also took place in kiosks, with costermongers and in commission sale shops. The extent of trade in wine, most of which was a combination of wholesale and retail or wholesale alone, amounted to about 6%. On top of the taxes, traders in alcoholic drinks had to pay an excise duty in the newly-founded Yugoslavia; the alcoholic drinks taxed under this state and provincial levy included spirits, wine, liqueur, rum and beer.
The Austro-Hungarian state had a monopoly on the sale of tobacco and tobacco products; consequently, the lease of kiosks and tobacco quotas was carefully regulated. The state retained a monopoly over production and sale of tobacco in Yugoslavia; tobacco at this time represented an important export product. Interestingly, the economic crisis was also reflected in the consumption of tobacco products: the crisis led to a drastic fall in the consumption of luxurious and medium quality cigarettes, while the consumption of lower quality cigarettes increased considerably; the total consumption of cigarettes increased considerably with the economic crisis.
“THOUGH LONG FOR ITS BEAUTIES LJUBLJANA WAS KNOWN”
Filter 57s in Our History and Heritage
The cigarette brand called Filter 57 is both an important and a trivial part of our past. It is cigarette that, after its introduction in 1957, became part of history and part of the “everyday life” of many smokers and non-smokers in Slovenia and Yugoslavia. It is connected with Ljubljana and the Tobacco Company Ljubljana. The latter was among those industrial enterprises that considerably influenced the development of the city and the course of its industrialization. The text that was printed on the edge of each box of these “cult” cigarettes – Prešeren’s verses about how Ljubljana has always been known for its beautiful girls – probably hinted at the tradition and quality of cigarettes made by the Ljubljana tobacco company. Filter 57 was a symbol of the Tobacco Company Ljubljana after the Second World War; it was its only brand that was preserved after the liquidation of the company and its production in the 1990s. Filter 57 became a “phenomenon” for various reasons. It was the first filter cigarette produced in Yugoslavia. Its name breached the Yugoslav tradition that cigarettes (i.e. types of cigarettes with regard to their quality and price) be given geographical names, names of rivers in particular. Filter 57 was the cigarette with which Yugoslavia joined the new trend of making smoking less harmful for the health. Filter 57 thus not only was a product of tobacco history, but also earned itself a place in our history.In addition to the history campaign, Cold War Black Ops will bring an arsenal of Cold War weapons and gear to the next generation of Black Ops multiplayer combat, and a whole new co-op experience with zombies.
In pure Covert operations style, Call Of Duty: Cold War Black Ops merges elements of 1980s pop culture through a mind-blowing conspiracy story, where deception and subterfuge are the norm in the gripping single-player campaign. In this sequel to the original call of Duty Black Ops, players meet historical figures and learn difficult truths as they battle across the globe through iconic locations like East Berlin, Turkey, Vietnam, Soviet-era Moscow, and more. As elite agents, players attempt to stop a decades-long plot unfolding as they follow the trail of a dark character named Perseus, who is on a mission to destabilize the global balance of power. powers and change the course of history. Beyond the campaign, players will bring a wide selection of Cold War weapons and gear to the next generation of multiplayer combat and a whole new Zombies experience.
The title offers cross-play support on current and next-gen systems with cross-progression in all modes. Call Of Duty: Cold War Black Ops will also feature a Battle