. The courts, moreover, maintain jurisdiction to increase or decrease child support after an initial decree based upon any significant changes in circumstances that may occcur after the initial decree. If you would like answers to questions you may have regarding child support determinations, please contact us for a free initial consultation.
Post Decree (Contempt) Motions. If your former spouse or the father/mother of your child has violated the terms of a divorce or custody decree, you may want to file a "motion to show cause" (i.e., contempt motion) seeking redress from the court for such violaiton. If you have been accused of violating a divorce or custody decree, you should seek the advice of an experience domestic relations lawyer. Violations of a divorce or custody decree can subject the violating party to potential jail time if the violation concerns child support or visitation. If you would like answers to questions you may have regarding post-decree contempt motions, please contact us for a free initial consultation.
Mark S. O'Brien is a Cleveland, Ohio lawyer who practices primarily in the area of domestic relations. He represents clients in divorce, dissolution, child custody and child support cases in counties throughout northeastern Ohio, including Cuyahoga County, Geauga County, Lake County, Lorain County, Summit County and Medina County.
Mark earned his JD from the Cleveland Marshall College of Law in 2000 and his LLM from New York University in 2003. Mark also holds degrees from Bowling Green State University (BSBA, 1987, Marketing) and the Ohio State University (BA, 1994; MA, 1996, Greek and Latin). Prior to opening his own office in 2008, Mark practiced corporate law and tax law at large law firms, focusing primarily on mergers and acquisitions and private equity fund formation and portfolio investments. After several years of large firm practice, and becoming dissatisfied with the large firm environment and lifestyle, Mark altered his focus to helping individual clients with their personal legal issues.John Wayne Gacy Letter of Direction dated April 25, 1980.
Gacy directs that after the people of Cook County in the State of Illinois has been paid that his mother, sister and Chaplain Ray receive the remaining funds and signed twice.
At the beginning inside the letter, "I John Wayne Gacy" and at the close, "John Wayne Gacy April 25, 1980".
The interval from 10,800 to 10,000 rcbp is a time of tremendous cultural
and climatic change in the Southeast, roughly corresponding to the Younger
Dryas climate interval, the completion of the late Pleistocene faunal
extinctions, and the abandonment of Clovis fluting technology, in all
probability closely related phenomena (Anderson
2001; Fiedel 1999; Taylor
et al. 1996). A wide range of projectile point forms appeared and
disappeared in various parts of the region, something that was quite
puzzling prior to the recognition of the vast amount of time represented
by this interval. Projectile point forms exhibit appreciable stylistic
variability and in some cases fairly restricted spatial distributions,
something interpreted as evidence for increasing regionalization or
isolation of groups as population levels rose and group mobility decreased.
Regional and subregional cultural traditions became widely established,
population levels grew dramatically, and technological organization
changed to accommodate Holocene climate and biota (Anderson
1990a, 1995a, 1996, 2001; Ellis
et al. 1998; Morse et al. 1996).
Well made stone tools characterized by a variety of specialized tool
forms continued to occur, although these were increasingly made on locally
available and often lower quality raw materials than before. The decline
in the use of high quality raw materials is thought due, in part, to
a decrease in group mobility, specifically the areas over which these
groups moved. A decrease in mobility would have meant these groups had
less opportunity to visit stone sources at great distances, and would
have also had less need for high quality materials, since they would
rarely be ranging far from sources, assuming stone was available locally.
Other factors prompting a switch to lower quality raw materials could
have included the exhaustion of readily available high quality chert
at source areas, the alluvial/colluvial covering of outcrops due to
erosion, possibly resulting from changes in climate and biota, and the
inundation of source areas due to rising sea levels, both on the now-submerged
continental shelf and in the interior due to changes in stream gradients
(Tesar 1994:88, 1996:38; see
also Goodyear 1999a).
From ca. 10,800 to 10,500 rcbp/12,900-12,500 B.P., identifiable southeastern
projectile point forms include fluted, basally thinned, and unfluted
forms, including some or all of the following types: Beaver Lake, Clovis
Variant, Cumberland, Dalton, Quad, Suwannee, and Simpson, as well as
a number of Plains Paleoindian forms in the western part of the region
such as Folsom, Plainview, Midland, and Angostura (Figure
2). Sometime around or after ca. 10,500 rcbp/12,500 B.P., however,
Dalton points become common over much of the Southeast, with a number
of distinct named subtypes or variants occurring in specific areas,
such as Colbert, Greenbrier, Hardaway, and Nucholls, as well as related
forms such as San Patrice vars. Hope and St. Johns. Only in Florida
are Dalton points rare, although some researchers believe that the Suwannee
point is a local equivalent. Dalton points may also be rare in parts
of the Middle Atlantic region (Fiedel, personal communication); plotting
the regional distribution of the form would appear to be potentially
quite rewarding. By ca. 10,200 rcbp/11,850 B.P., side notched point
forms appear, as documented by dates at both the Dust Cave and Page-Ladson
sites, and by 10,000 rcbp/11,450 B.P. or soon thereafter this point
form is found in large numbers in many parts of the region.
With the passing of megafauna, human populations would have had no
choice but to target smaller game animals, a practice that might have
led to a more diversified subsistence economy (if one or a few big game
species were the prey of choice previously), although there can be little
doubt that human populations have always made opportunistic use of a
wide range of species when favored resources were not available. A fundamental
reorganization in culture and technological organization, in fact, characterizes
the Clovis to post-Clovis transition, something reflected in the appearance
of notched and resharpened points, greater use of local lithic raw materials,
and a marked increase in the number of sites scattered widely over the
landscape, including in rockshelters (Anderson
1990a, 1996; Dunbar and Webb; Walthall 1998).
These changes are thought to reflect increasing population levels and
decreasing group ranges, and a change in subsistence from the exploitation
of Late Pleistocene to essentially modern floral and faunal communities.
In particular, the change in point forms from lanceolate to serrated
and notched types is thought to reflect a change from the occasional
procurement of very large animals, such as mastodon, to a need to kill
and process large numbers of much smaller and more dispersed game animals,
such as deer.
Few absolute dates exist for Paleoindian point forms in the Southeast,
particularly for the interval prior to ca. 10,500 rcbp/12,500 B.P. (Table
2). Our ideas on the dating of many point forms, accordingly, are
tentative, and rely on stratigraphic evidence and on comparisons with
morphologically similar forms securely dated in other regions. Thus,
the Cumberland type, which is characterized by fine marginal pressure
flaking and flutes running the length of the blade in many cases, is
thought to be an Eastern Woodlands equivalent of Folsom technology,
and hence occur about the same general time as that form occurs in the
west, where it has been well dated to between ca. 11,000 to 10,300 rcbp/13,000
to 12,200 B.P. (Fiedel 1999;
Tankersley 1990a:78). Some
eastern Folsom points (Munson 1990)
also resemble Barnes points, and all three types may be related. Daltons,
in contrast, appear to span a much longer range, with some points exhibiting
true fluting and hence perhaps occurring fairly early, while other Dalton
points have pronounced shoulders, beveling, and notches, attributes
ubiquitous on succeeding Early Archaic forms, and are hence thought
to be fairly late (Ellis et al.
1998:159). Likewise, fluted points with deeply indented bases have
been dated to ca. 10,600 rcbp/12,725 B.P. at Debert and other sites
in the Northeast (Levine 1990;
see also Bonnichsen and Will 1999),
and a comparable age for similar fluted point forms may be indicated
in the Southeast. Given the great variety of point forms observed during
this interval, and the restricted geographic distribution many of them
have, there can be little doubt that many distinctive forms were contemporaneous
during the last part of the Paleoindian era.
Return to the Top