
    Xerr: np.ndarray,
    nsamples: int,
) -> np.ndarray:
    
    # calculate fluxes
    F = 10 ** (X / -2.5)
    # calculate flux errors
    dF = np.log(10) / 2.5 * F * Xerr
    
    # add Gaussian errors
    eps = random.normal(key, shape=(F.shape[0], nsamples, F.shape[1]))
    F = F[:, None, :] + eps * dF[:, None, :]
    
    # add a flux floor to avoid infinite magnitudes
    # this flux corresponds to a max magnitude of 30
    F = np.clip(F, 1e-12, None)
    
    # calculate magnitudes
    M = -2.5 * np.log10(F)
    
    return M


# Now we can construct the Flow, this time passing the error model

flow = Flow(
    columns, 
    bijector,
    data_error_model=photometric_error_model,
)

# Now that we have set up the Flow with the new error model, we can train the flow, calculate posteriors, etc. just like we did in the [Gaussian error example](https://github.com/jfcrenshaw/pzflow/blob/main/examples/nongaussian_errors.ipynb).
#
# For example, to train with error convolution:

# %%time
losses = flow.train(data, epochs=200, convolve_errs=True, verbose=True)

# And to calculate posteriors with error convolution:

grid = np.linspace(0, 3, 100)
pdfs = flow.posterior(data[:10], column="redshift", grid=grid, err_samples=int(1e3))

# +
fig, axes = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(4, 4), dpi=120, constrained_layout=True)

for i, ax in enumerate(axes.flatten()):
    
    ax.plot(grid, pdfs[i], label="Posterior")
    ax.axvline(data["redshift"][i], c="C3", label="True redshift")
    ax.set(xlabel="redshift", yticks=[])

axes[0,0].legend()
plt.show()
# -


Using digital (i.e. computer systems) and printed media enable the scholar to pursue their schooling with out attending lessons on a university or university campus. We use expertise to accomplish numerous tasks, so expertise comes in differing kinds, under I have listed a number of the several types of know-how we use on a daily basis and on each kind of technology I have included an example of that exact know-how.
Concepts on what design science is and can and must be are evidently related to the broad downside space of sensible rationality—see this encyclopedia’s entries on sensible reason and instrumental rationality —and also to means-ends reasoning, discussed within the subsequent section.
Digital aids corresponding to animations and simulations provide opportunities to view phenomena and test predictions that cannot be investigated by way of practical experiments in the classroom and will enhance college students’ understanding and engagement with science.
This implies a radical investigation of the varied forms of data occurring in either observe, specifically, since scientific knowledge has already been so extensively studied, of the types of knowledge that are attribute of know-how and are lacking, or of much much less prominence, in science.
Of particular significance has been …Talking Hearts | Michael J. Lincoln Ph.D. | Blog Entry "Incidental Conditioning"
All of us have little personal idiosyncrasies that mark us as unique individuals. These can arise from a number of sources, such as culture, genetics and living environments over an extended period of time.
In other words, we have a few residual “instincts.” They are genetically and intra-uterine environment-acquired mechanisms that, in effect, build into our functioning “hard-wired” patterns. The vast majority of our “automatic pilot” functioning is learned.
A good example of this is our food preferences. Some of these are built-in by our hard wiring, some come from culture, some from long term living environments.
Most of them are the resultant of the family meal table, accidents of life, and other embeddednesses that result in our incidentally picking up on a pattern. Because they are so directly and frequently associated with the massively inherently rewarding (or occasionally repulsive) biological experiences, they become “artificially hard-wired.” The same can be said of our little habits of eating.
Food-related incidental conditioning isn’t the only way it happens, but it is the most common one. A couple of examples here: My ex-wife had a little ritual she did with soup spoons involving shaking it around and rubbing it on the edge of the bowl before taking it to her mouth.
It was the resultant of being born in the early thirties, when clothes washers and dryers didn’t exist. Therefore, keeping clothes clean was a HUGE issue for people of that time, and she was trained with intense consequences never to soil her clothes - Hence the little ritual. We had to dig deep to find the origin of that one, and that is typical of these idiosyncrasies.
Another is one we discovered recently that results in a consistent pattern of food-staining myself with tomato sauce or anything with red in it. It turned out that my mother had a lot of hostility towards males, and she went into rage and shame-induction whenever I spilled or splattered - particularly red stains, which activated her massive hatred of males.
The result was that I acquired a lot of self-hatred, with a resulting need for self-punishment, and I ended up learning to splatter myself and to get the “atoning” punishment for “what I was” and any red food will almost unstoppably result in spillage, even now.
Other examples of how these incidental conditionings can happen are: traveling in the family car, visiting particular relatives, schoolroom-related patterns, traumatic incidents, lessons learned in the armed forces, roommate influences, work environment acquired habits, etc.
They are usually very difficult to find the source of, and they are even more difficult to “unlearn” because of the years and years and years of multi-setting and multi-circumstance reinforcements of the patterns.
To make matters even more obscure, once they get started, incidental conditionings build up a baroque set of subsequent additional conditionings onto the original one. Just try and trace it down!
The value of this little “factoid” is two-fold. One is that things do make sense if you can trace them down. The other is a kind of “compassionate comprehension” that results when you understand the “quasi-hard-wired” nature of the phenomenon and the fact that life is extremely complex, and “automatic pilot” functioning, even of this kind, is in effect essential to our viability.ragesh damodaran
ragesh damodaran Poems
- Ideal Life In times of joy, I laugh aloud, and play the...
- Homecoming Shadows cast on paths all worn, these paths that...
- A Poetry Of Love I wish I could …. Just sit, With you by...
- Far From The Madding Crowd The taxi screams at the bus, As...
- It Had My Name I trudge home slowly from work, Wearing a...
- Lonely Existence The recluse ----- My days are spent in...
- A Man Fell On The Track I am waiting at the station,...
Living in the current age I have seen this world change around me from the slow and sultry to the fast and obscene, my poems reflect this change.If you find my poems interesting please comment on them. more »
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Ideal Life
In times of joy, I laugh aloud,
and play the merry fool,
for life is a jolly journey,
which I enjoy with glee.
The tiny joys in life,
are ignored, but not by me,
I enjoy the little flowers bloom,
as well as the rattle of the broom.
My days under the sun, I know,
are few as such but still,
till my days are done, I will,
enjoy my life with thrill.
In this way I realise solace,
A self within a self,
In this way I live my life,
Which is the ideal way.
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Dorothy ParkerA majority of Republicans support ukraine. 

Republicans are typically either foreign policy hawks, or isolationist. That's how it's been since berry goldwater and probably before. 

I have a suspecting youre a staunch Democrat. 

Isolationism, budget concerns, concerns about escalation and our expanded military options in Ukraine or even a potential boots on the ground situation. Potentially a world War 3. Concerns about Ukrainian corruption, whether it's a wasteful investment (in