. Nymphs were regarded as young, beautiful, musical, and amorous.
Olympian, in Greek myth, one of the 12 gods who ruled the universe from their home on Mt. Olympus. Led by Zeus, they were: Hera, his sister and wife; Poseidon and Pluto (Hades), his brothers; Hestia, his sister; and his children, Ares, Hermes, Apollo, Hephaestus, Athena, Aphrodite, and Artemis. Similar to humans in appearance and character, the Olympians are known to us mainly from the works of Homer and Hesiod.
oracle, in Greek religion, priest or priestess who imparted a god’s response to a human questioner; also the response itself and the shrine. Methods of divination included interpretation of dreams, observation of signs, and interpretation of the actions of entranced persons. Among the famous oracles were those of Zeus at Dodona and of Apollo at Delphi.
Orphic Mysteries or Orphism, religious cult of ancient Greece, ascribed to Orpheus. The Orphics affirmed the divine origin of the soul, but also the dual aspect of human nature as good and evil. They believed that through initiation into the Orphic Mysteries and through the process of transmigration, the soul could be liberated from its inheritance of evil and achieve eternal blessedness. Orphism followed a strict ethical and moral code and adopted practices such as Vegetarianism for purification.
Osiris, in Egyptian Religion, legendary ruler of predynastic Egypt and god of the underworld. Osiris symbolized the creative forces of nature and the imperishability of life. Called the great benefactor of humanity, he brought to the people knowledge of agriculture and civilization. In a famous myth he was slain by his evil brother Set, but his death was avenged by his son Horus. The worship of Osiris, one of the great cults of ancient Egypt, gradually spread throughout the Mediterranean world and, with that of Isis and Horus, was especially vital during the Roman Empire.
Pan, in Greek mythology, pastoral god of fertility (god of woods, fields and flocks); worshiped principally in Arcadia. He was depicted as a merry, ugly man with a goat’s horns, ears, and legs. All his myths deal with his amorous affairs. He came to be associated with the Greek Dionysus and the Roman Faunus, both fertility gods.
Pandora, in Greek mythology, first woman on earth. Zeus ordered her creation as vengeance on man and his benefactor, Prometheus, to whose brother Epimetheus he sent her. Zeus gave her a box that he forbade her to open. She disobeyed and let out all the world’s evils. Only hope remained in the box.
Persephone or Proserpine, in Greek and Roman mythology, goddess of fertility, queen of the underworld; daughter of Zeus and Demeter. She was abducted by Pluto, who held her captive in Hades. Demeter persuaded the gods to let her return to earth for eight months a year. Her story, celebrated in the Eleusinian Mysteries, symbolized the vegetative cycle. When she left the earth, life withered; when she returned, it blossomed anew.
Poseidon, in Greek religion, god of the sea, protector of all waters. Powerful, violent, and vengeful, he carried the trident, with which he caused earthquakes. He was the husband of Amphitrite and the father of many sons, most either brutal men (e.g., Orion) or monsters (e.g., Polyphemus). He was also important as Hippios, god of horses, and was the father of Pegasus. The Romans identified him with Neptune.
Prometheus, in Greek mythology, Titan benefactor of man, whom, in one legend, he created. He stole fire from the gods, gave it to man, and taught him many arts and sciences. In retaliation, Zeus plagued man with Pandora and her box of evils, and chained Prometheus to a mountain, where an eagle preyed on his liver. In some myths Hercules released him. Prometheus is the subject of many literary works, including Aeschylus’ Prometheus Bound and Shelley’s Prometheus Unbound.
Rhea, in Greek mythology, a Titan; wife and sister of Cronus; mother of Zeus, Poseidon, Pluto, Hestia, Hera, and Demeter. She aided Zeus in the overthrow of Cronus. Associated with fertility, her worship was prominent in Crete. In Rome Rhea was worshiped as Magna Mater and identified with Ops.
Saturn, in Roman religion, god of harvests; husband of Ops; father of Jupiter, Juno, Ceres, Pluto, and Neptune; identified with Cronus. After the Titans’ fall, he was said to have fled to Italy, settled on the Capitoline Hill, civilized the people, and taught them agriculture. On his festival, the Saturnalia, work ceased, gifts were exchanged, and war was outlawed.
satyr, in Greek myth, forest and mountain creature. Part human, with horses’ tails and ears, and goats’ horns and legs, they were merry, drunken, lustful devotees of Dionysus.
Tartarus, in Greek mythology, lowest region of Hades, where the wicked, e.g., Sisyphus, Tantalus, were punished.
thyrsus, a staff tipped with a pine cone and twined with ivy, carried by Dionysus, Dionysian revelers, and satyrs.
Titan, in Greek mythology, one of 12 primeval deities; children of Uranus and Gaea. They were Cronus, Iapetus, Hyperion, Oceanus, Coeus, Creus, Theia, Rhea, Mnemosyne, Phoebe, Tethys, and Themis. Their descendants, e.g., Prometheus, Atlas, Hecate, Helios, were also called Titans. Led by Cronus, they deposed Uranus and ruled the universe. They were in turn overthrown by the Olympians, led by Zeus, in a battle called the Titanomachy. Afterward Cronus ruled the Isle of the Blessed and Atlas held up the sky. The others, except Prometheus, who had helped Zeus, were condemned to Tartarus.
Uranus, in Greek mythology, the heavens, first ruler of the universe; son and husband of Gaea; father of Titans, Cyclops, and Hundred-handed Ones. Uranus was castrated and dethroned by Cronus. His blood, falling onto Earth, produced the vengeful Furies; from his discarded flesh and the sea Aphrodite arose.
Venus, in Roman religion, goddess of vegetation; identified from the 3d cent. B.C. with the Greek Aphrodite. In imperial times she was worshiped as Venus Genetrix, mother of Aeneas; Venus Felix, bringer of good fortune; Venus Victrix, bringer of victory; and Venus Verticordia, protector of feminine chastity. Among the famous sculptures of the goddess are the Venus of Milo (Louvre) and the Venus of Medici (Uffizi, Florence).
Zeus, in Greek religion, supreme god; son of Cronus, whom he succeeded, and Rhea; brother and husband of Hera. After the overthrow of the Titans, when lots were cast to divide the universe, the underworld went to Hades, the sea to Poseidon, and the heavens and earth to Zeus. An amorous god, he loved goddesses, nymphs, and mortals, and fathered many children. Ruling from his court on Mt. Olympus, Zeus was the symbol of power, rule, and law; the rewarder of good; and the punisher of evil. Also the god of weather (his most famous weapon was the thunderbolt) and fertility, he was worshiped in connection with almost every aspect of life. The Romans equated Zeus with their own supreme god, Jupiter.

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