# DPR-Models In [Dense Passage Retrieval for Open-Domain Question Answering](https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.04906) Karpukhin et al. trained models based on [Google's Natural Questions dataset](https://ai.google.com/research/NaturalQuestions): - **facebook-dpr-ctx_encoder-single-nq-base** - **facebook-dpr-question_encoder-single-nq-base** They also trained models on the combination of Natural Questions, TriviaQA, WebQuestions, and CuratedTREC. - **facebook-dpr-ctx_encoder-multiset-base** - **facebook-dpr-question_encoder-multiset-base** There is one model to encode passages and one model to encode question / queries. ## Usage To encode paragraphs, you need to provide a title (e.g. the Wikipedia article title) and the text passage. These must be seperated with a `[SEP]` token. For encoding paragraphs, we use the **ctx_encoder**. Queries are encoded with **question_encoder**: ```python from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer, util passage_encoder = SentenceTransformer('facebook-dpr-ctx_encoder-single-nq-base') passages = [ "London [SEP] London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom.", "Paris [SEP] Paris is the capital and most populous city of France.", "Berlin [SEP] Berlin is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population." ] passage_embeddings = passage_encoder.encode(passages) query_encoder = SentenceTransformer('facebook-dpr-question_encoder-single-nq-base') query = "What is the capital of England?" query_embedding = query_encoder.encode(query) #Important: You must use dot-product, not cosine_similarity scores = util.dot_score(query_embedding, passage_embeddings) print("Scores:", scores) ``` **Important note:** When you use these models, you have to use them with dot-product (e.g. as implemented in `util.dot_score`) and not with cosine similarity.