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README.md
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---
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license: cc-by-nc-4.0
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---
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# NPM-single
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NPM-single is a nonparametric masked language model, pretrained on English text data.
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It was introduced by ["Nonparametric Masked Language Modeling"][paper]
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and first released in [facebookresearch/NPM][repo].
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### Model description
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NPM consists of an encoder and a reference corpus, and models a nonparametric distribution over a reference corpus.
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The key idea is to map all the phrases in the corpus into a dense vector space using the
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encoder and, when given a query with a MASK at inference, use the encoder to locate the nearest
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phrase from the corpus and fill in the MASK.
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NPM-single is a variant of NPM that retrieves a token from the corpus, instead of a phrase.
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### Intended uses & limitations
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While this repo includes the encoder weights, NPM-single has to be used together with a datstore.
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For more details on how to use NPM-single, please refer to the [original repo][repo].
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Note that this model is primarily for filling in a MASK token. Future work can investigate how to use NPM-single for text generation.
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### Training procedure
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NPM-single was trained on English Wikipedia (August 2019) and an English portion of CC-News (Mackenzie et al. (2020), February 2019), which contains 13B tokens in total.
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NPM-single used the model architecture and initial weights of RoBERTa large (Liu et al., 2019), consisting of 354M parameters.
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Training is done for 100,000 steps, using thirty-two 32GB GPUs.
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More details about training can be found in the [paper][paper].
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Code for training NPM-single can be found in the [original repo][repo].
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### Evaluation results
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NPM-single is evaluated on nine closed-set tasks (tasks with a small set of options given).
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NPM-single consistently outperforms significantly larger models such as GPT-3 and T5.
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Detailed results can be found from the [paper][paper].
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### BibTeX entry and citation info
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```
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@article{ min2022nonparametric,
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title={ Nonparametric Masked Language Modeling },
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author={ Min, Sewon and Shi, Weijia and Lewis, Mike and Chen, Xilun and Yih, Wen-tau and Hajishirzi, Hannaneh and Zettlemoyer, Luke },
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year={ 2022 }
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}
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```
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[paper]: https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.01349
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[repo]: https://github.com/facebookresearch/NPM
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