By Choi, Giehae ; Stingone, Jeanette A. ; Desrosiers, Tania A. ; ...
Source: Environ Res. 179(Pt A):108716	
Title : Maternal exposure to outdoor air pollution and congenital limb deficiencies in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study Personal Author(s) : Choi, Giehae;Stingone, Jeanette A.;Desrosiers, Tania A.;Olshan, Andrew F.;Nembhard, Wendy N.;Shaw, Gary M.;Pruitt, Shannon;Romitti, Paul A.;Yazdy, Mahsa M.;Browne, Marilyn L.;Langlois, Peter H.;Botto, Lorenzo;Luben, Thomas J.; Corporate Authors(s) : National Birth Defects Prevention Study Published Date : September 10 2019;12-2019; Source : Environ Res. 179(Pt A):108716 URL : https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/83089
Choi, Giehae ; Stingone, Jeanette A. ; Desrosiers, Tania A. ; Olshan, Andrew F. ; Nembhard, Wendy N. ; ... More +
Choi, Giehae ; Stingone, Jeanette A. ; Desrosiers, Tania A. ; Olshan, Andrew F. ; Nembhard, Wendy N. ; Shaw, Gary M. ; Pruitt, Shannon ; Romitti, Paul A. ; Yazdy, Mahsa M. ; Browne, Marilyn L. ; Langlois, Peter H. ; Botto, Lorenzo ; Luben, Thomas J. ; Less -
Background:	Congenital limb deficiencies (CLDs) are a relatively common group of birth defects whose etiology is mostly unknown. Recent studies suggest maternal air pollution exposure as a potential risk factor.	Aim:	To investigate the relationship between ambient air pollution exposure during early pregnancy and offspring CLDs.	Methods:	The study population was identified from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a population-based multi-center case-control study, and consisted of 615 CLD cases and 5,701 controls with due dates during 1997 through 2006. Daily averages and/or maxima of six criteria air pollutants (particulate matter < 2.5 μm [PM2.5], particulate matter < 10 μm [PM10], nitrogen dioxide [NO2], sulfur dioxide [SO2], carbon monoxide [CO], and ozone [O3]) were averaged over gestational weeks 2–8, as well as for individual weeks during this period, using data from EPA air monitors nearest to the maternal address. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) adjusted for maternal age, race/ethnicity, education, and study center. We estimated aORs for any CLD and CLD subtypes (i.e., transverse, longitudinal, and preaxial). Potential confounding by co-pollutant was assessed by adjusting for one additional air pollutant. Using the single pollutant model, we further investigated effect measure modification by body mass index, cigarette smoking, and folic acid use. Sensitivity analyses were conducted restricting to those with a residence closer to an air monitor.	Results:	We observed near-null aORs for CLDs per interquartile range (IQR) increase in PM10, PM2.5, and O3. However, weekly averages of the daily average NO2 and SO2, and daily max NO2, SO2, and CO concentrations were associated with increased odds of CLDs. The crude ORs ranged from 1.03 to 1.12 per IQR increase in these air pollution concentrations, and consistently elevated aORs were observed for CO. Stronger associations were observed for SO2 and O3 in subtype analysis (preaxial). In co-pollutant adjusted models, associations with CO remained elevated (aORs: 1.02–1.30); but aORs for SO2 and NO2 became near-null. The aORs for CO remained elevated among mothers who lived within 20 km of an air monitor. The aORs varied by maternal BMI, smoking status, and folic acid use.	Conclusion:	We observed modest associations between CLDs and air pollution exposures during pregnancy, including CO, SO2, and NO2, though replication through further epidemiologic research is warranted.	
T32 ES007018/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States ; U01 DD001035/DD/NCBDD CDC HHS/United States ; U01 DD001231/DD/NCBDD CDC HHS/United States ; U01DD001231/ACL/ACL HHS/United States ;
T32 ES007018/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States ; U01 DD001035/DD/NCBDD CDC HHS/United States ; U01 DD001231/DD/NCBDD CDC HHS/United States ; U01DD001231/ACL/ACL HHS/United States ; Less -
urn:sha256:aeb35d96b1f487094f7d84d03b1b60b458f6d0c223a9be863ac29d2f02e167b1	
Hoerner Waldorf Corporation of Montana, Missoula, Montana
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Hazard Evaluation Servoces Branch.	
NIOSH health hazard evaluation report ; HETA-73-65-54	
"A health hazard survey was conducted to determine if any employee hazard existed in a test station by a boiler exit at Hoerner Waldorf Corporation (S...	