Educational Technology in
Context: The Big Picture
What History of Educational
Technology Has Taught Us
1. Technology is not a panacea.
2. Literacy offers limited rationale.
3. Teachers are not developers.
4. Possible doesn't equal desirable,
feasible, or inevitable.
5. Change is too fast to keep up with.
6. Older technologies can be useful.
7. Teachers always will be important.
Motivates
Provides Unique Instructional
Supports New Instructional
Increases Teacher Productivity
Required Skills for an Information
 Influence student academic performance
 Develop higher order thinking and
 Improve student motivation, attitude, and
 Help to prepare students for the workforce
 Address the needs of low performing, atrisk, and learning disabled students
Center for Applied Research in Educational Technology (CARET) http://caret.iste.edu
When Does Technology Work?
 Directly supports the curriculum objectives
 Provides opportunities for student
 Adjusts for student ability and prior
experiences, and provides feedback
 Is integrated into the instructional day
 Provides opportunities for students to
design and implement projects
 Is used in environments where teachers,
the school community, and the district
• Anti-technology
• Impact of No Child
• Standards movement
• Reliance on Internet and
• Debate over directed vs.
inquiry based/constructivist
Cultural &amp; Ethnic
• Racial and gender
• Viruses/Hacking
• Privacy/Safety
• Merging of technologies
• Visual immersion systems
• Intelligent applications
Implications of New
• Flexible learning
• Adaptable assessment
• Reliance on distance
• Support for people
Foundations of Effective Technology
Integration Models: Theory and
Learning Theories as Bases for
Directed Technology Integration
Strategies Theoretical Base
• Behaviorist theory
• Learning as a stimulus-response
• Reinforcement/rewards
• Information-processing theory
• The mind as a computer
• Atkinson and Shiffrin
• Sensory registers; short term &amp; long term
• Cognitive-behaviorist theory
• Providing optimal conditions for learning
• Robert Gagn&eacute;
• Events of instruction
• Systems theory and systematic
• Managing the complexity of teaching
• State goals &amp; objectives; sequencing
• Gagn&eacute;, Briggs, Mager
Robert Gagn&eacute;
Gagn&eacute; Instructional
2. State objectives
3. Stimulate recall of former
9. Enhance retention/transfer
Inquiry-based Technology Integration
Strategies: Theoretical Base
• Social activism theory
•Learning as a social experience
•Growth through hands on activities
•Curriculum from students’ interests
• Scaffolding theory
•Learning as a cognitive building process
•Build upon previous knowledge
•Zone of proximal development
•Adults &amp; children perceive the world differently
Theoretical Base (continued)
• Child development theory
• Sensorimotor; preoperational; concrete &amp;
• Instructional support for child
• Cognitive growth via interaction
w/environment
• Multiple Intelligences theories
• Role of intelligence in learning
• Howard Gardner
Existential* (meaning of life)
Strategies Based on Each Model
remedy identified weakness
or skill deficits
foster creative problem
solving and metacognition
promote fluency or
automaticity of prerequisite
generate motivation to learn
allow for multiple
provide efficient, self-paced
optimize scare personnel
build mental models and
remove logistical hurdles to
support self-paced review of
foster group cooperation
and visual literacy skills
Essential Conditions for
– Growth over time
– Competence in specific content areas
– Avoid showing “growth over time”
• Everything we teach must be based
upon standards
• ISTE: NETS*T &amp; NETS*S
• ODE: Academic Content Standards
• ALA: Info Lit Stds
• ODE: Professional Teaching Stds.
• Direct or Directed
Knowledge is objective (already exists)
– Students learn via interaction with their
– Students develop their own meaning via their
– Cognitive learning theory
• Discrepancy in access to technology
resources among various socioeconomic groups
• Other reasons account for the divide
– Gender, cultural, geographic location,
Gagné Instructional Events