• There is evidence of bias towards publishing negative results. 76% of prospective studies report positive effects, compared to 71% of retrospective studies. Studies from North America are 2.7 times more likely to report negative results than studies from the rest of the world combined, p = 0.0000000365. The probability that an ineffective treatment generated results as positive as the 300 studies is estimated to be 1 in 944 trillion.
Sarhan et al., 11/2/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Egypt, Africa, peer-reviewed, 8 authors, 1 October, 2020 - 10 March, 2021, this trial compares with another treatment - results may be better when compared to placebo.
Guglielmetti et al., 10/25/2021, retrospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 19 authors, 21 February, 2020 - 15 May, 2020.
risk of death/intubation, 125.0% higher, RR 2.25, p = 0.23, treatment 9 of 52 (17.3%), control 4 of 52 (7.7%), PSM.
risk of death/intubation, 16.7% lower, RR 0.83, p = 0.21, treatment 51 of 121 (42.1%), control 63 of 124 (50.8%), OR converted to RR, univariate.
risk of progression, 84.9% lower, RR 0.15, p = 0.006, treatment 261, control 355, adjusted, binary logistic regression.
risk of progression, 251.0% higher, RR 3.51, p = 0.11, treatment 5 of 8 (62.5%), control 873 of 2,797 (31.2%), adjusted, multivariate.
risk of progression, 68.4% lower, RR 0.32, p = 0.21, treatment 2 of 87 (2.3%), control 4 of 55 (7.3%), pneumonia.
risk of progression, 10.8% lower, RR 0.89, p = 0.63, treatment 29 of 453 (6.4%), control 256 of 3,567 (7.2%), CQ/HCQ risk of AKI.
risk of death/intubation, 75.0% higher, RR 1.75, p = 0.24, treatment 12 of 223 (5.4%), control 7 of 223 (3.1%), adjusted, PSM.
risk of progression, 64.3% lower, RR 0.36, p = 0.02, treatment 5 of 36 (13.9%), control 14 of 36 (38.9%).
risk of ICU admission, 21.0% lower, RR 