Dimitris Skokos, Michel C. Nussenzweig
Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligation is believed to skew T cell responses toward T helper (Th)1 differentiation by inducing interleukin (IL)-12 secretion by CD8+ dendritic cells (DCs). However, TLR-dependent Th1 responses occur in the absence of IL-12. To determine how DCs induce Th1 differentiation in the absence of IL-12, we examined the response of IL-12–deficient DCs to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We find that LPS activates MyD88-dependent Delta 4 Notch-like ligand expression by CD8− DCs, and that these cells direct Th1 differentiation by an IL-12–independent and Notch-dependent mechanism in vitro and in vivo. Thus, activation of the two DC subsets by TLR4 leads to Th1 responses by two distinct MyD88-dependent pathways.