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---
task_categories:
- question-answering
license: mit
language:
- en
tags:
- physics
---
# PhysReason: A Comprehensive Benchmark towards Physics-Based Reasoning
[\[Project Page]](https://dxzxy12138.github.io/PhysReason)
[\[📝Paper\]](https://huggingface.co/papers/2502.12054)
## Currently we only open PhysReason-mini Benchmark
## Overview
PhysReason is a comprehensive physics-based reasoning benchmark consisting of 1,200 physics problems spanning multiple domains, with a focus on both knowledge-based (25%) and reasoning-based (75%) questions.
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## Key Features
- **Dataset Size**: 1,200 problems
- **Problem Types**: Mix of knowledge (25%) and reasoning (75%) questions
- **Theorem Coverage**: 147 physics theorems
- **Visual Content**: 81% problems include diagrams
- **Difficulty Levels**: Knowledge, Easy, Medium, Hard
## Data Collection
- Sources: Global college entrance exams and competitions
- Process: Standardized using MinerU framework
- Quality Control: Two-phase translation with expert verification
- Filtering: Excluded easily searchable problems
- Classification: Based on solving time and theorem complexity
- ## Benchmark Comparison
| Benchmark | Multi-modal | Size | Knowledge | Question Type | Avg. T | Step-by-step | Avg. T | Avg. S |
| -------------- | ----------- | ---- | --------- | ------------- | ------ | ------------ | ------ | ------ |
| JEEBench | ❌ | 123 | CEE | OE,MC | 169.7 | - | - | - |
| MMLU-Pro | ❌ | 1299 | COL | MC | 52.1 | - | - | - |
| GPQA | ❌ | 227 | PH.D. | OE | 111.4 | ❌ | 197.2 | 3.6 |
| SciEval | ❌ | 1657 | - | OE,MC | 154.5 | - | - | - |
| SciBench | ✅ | 295 | COL | OE | 80.5 | ❌ | 315.9 | 2.8 |
| MMMU | ✅ | 443 | COL | OE,MC | 53.8 | - | - | - |
| ScienceQA | ✅ | 617 | K1-K12 | MC | 13.3 | ❌ | 63.0 | 2.4 |
| OlympiadBench | ✅ | 2334 | COMP | OE | 222.0 | ❌ | 199.8 | 3.7 |
| EMMA | ✅ | 156 | - | MC | 109.5 | - | - | - |
| Ours-Knowledge | ✅ | 300 | CEE+COMP | OE | 163.7 | ✅ | 196.5 | 3.3 |
| Ours-Easy | ✅ | 300 | CEE+COMP | OE | 171.2 | ✅ | 241.5 | 5.0 |
| Ours-Medium | ✅ | 300 | CEE+COMP | OE | 229.2 | ✅ | 391.3 | 8.4 |
| Ours-Hard | ✅ | 300 | CEE+COMP | OE | 340.9 | ✅ | 936.1 | 15.6 |
| Ours-Full | ✅ | 1200 | CEE+COMP | OE | 226.3 | ✅ | 441.3 | 8.1 |
## Evaluation Framework
### PSAS-A (Answer Level)
- Evaluates sub-question answers
- Uses LLM for answer extraction
- Verifies semantic consistency
- Weighted scoring based on solution steps
### PSAS-S (Step Level)
- Four-phase assessment:
1. Data extraction
2. Scoring
3. First error step detection
4. Error analysis
## Experimental Results
### Non-O-like Models Performance
| Model | Input | Knowledge | Easy | Medium | Hard | Avg. |
| ----------------- | ----- | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- |
| Qwen2VL-72B | Q, I | 41.92/62.47 | 24.04/45.26 | 15.97/36.13 | 4.83/24.23 | 16.96/42.88 |
| InternVL2.5-78B | Q, I | 28.34/64.71 | 24.16/50.69 | 17.72/38.56 | 9.71/25.95 | 19.98/45.89 |
| GPT-4o | Q, I | 50.71/65.82 | 33.87/51.98 | 22.73/42.36 | 11.03/24.71 | 29.58/47.23 |
| Deepseek-V3-671B | Q, IC | 55.86/66.14 | 40.06/52.77 | 26.63/44.02 | 13.73/26.87 | 34.07/48.42 |
| Claude-3.5-Sonnet | Q, I | 54.14/66.45 | 41.35/55.85 | 28.14/44.86 | 15.11/28.51 | 34.69/49.88 |
| Gemini-2.0-Flash | Q, I | 65.08/75.04 | 54.84/68.60 | 39.79/55.67 | 21.99/38.39 | 45.20/60.40 |
| Gemini-2.0-Pro | Q, I | 67.99/79.01 | 55.43/71.47 | 44.29/57.74 | 23.81/42.66 | 47.88/62.74 |
### O-like Models Performance
| Model | Input | Knowledge | Easy | Medium | Hard | Avg. |
| ------------- | ----- | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- |
| o1-mini | Q, IC | 53.90/65.74 | 35.21/52.26 | 22.24/40.19 | 10.61/26.80 | 30.49/47.18 |
| QvQ-72B | Q, I | 62.44/70.92 | 53.74/64.65 | 28.18/54.88 | 14.30/36.47 | 32.67/57.66 |
|Gemini-2.0-Flash-Thinking-1206 | Q, I | 65.35/77.20 | 51.89/67.49 | 44.43/58.95 | 27.14/45.48 | 47.20/63.07 |
| QwQ-32B | Q, IC | 62.03/76.28 | 54.92/71.08 | 43.64/62.14 | 22.99/42.19 | 45.89/63.87 |
| GLM-Zero | Q, IC | 64.95/80.36 | 54.11/71.54 | 41.32/63.67 | 23.04/47.46 | 46.52/65.76 |
| o3-mini-high | Q, IC | 70.67/83.61 | 67.20/81.95 | 45.31/64.57 | 30.12/47.23 | 53.32/69.34 |
| Gemini-2.0-Flash-Thinking-0121 | Q, I | 73.44/84.15 | 63.17/75.94 | 50.41/66.60 | 31.90/48.47 | 54.73/69.73 |
| Deepseek-R1 | Q, IC | 75.11/85.91 | 65.08/79.81 | 54.84/72.02 | 31.95/51.50 | 56.75/73.26 |
### PhysReason-mini Results
| Model | K. | E. | M. | H. | Avg. |
| ------------- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- |
| o1-mini | 54.80 | 30.33 | 15.41 | 7.92 | 27.11 |
| QvQ-72B | 51.17 | 37.10 | 29.83 | 22.13 | 35.06 |
| QwQ-32B | 64.40 | 50.07 | 38.88 | 27.45 | 45.20 |
| Gemini-2.0-Flash-Thinking-1206 | 71.47 | 49.97 | 36.83 | 22.97 | 45.42 |
| GLM-Zero | 72.70 | 50.17 | 43.42 | 24.70 | 47.75 |
| o1 | 72.47 | 53.37 | 49.31 | 25.32 | 50.12 |
| o3-mini-high | 71.10 | 63.20 | 47.02 | 31.93 | 53.31 |
| Gemini-2.0-Flash-Thinking-0121 | 76.33 | 56.87 | 51.85 | 32.61 | 54.42 |
| Deepseek-R1 | 85.17 | 60.77 | 47.24 | 33.23 | 56.60 |
## Key Findings
- Strong performance from O-like models
- Gemini and Deepseek models show competitive results
- Detailed error analysis through PSAS-S framework
- Multi-modal capabilities enhance performance
- Step-by-step evaluation provides deeper insights |