<p><b>1857年經濟危機</b>是由於經濟過度擴張而引起的金融恐慌，最初發源地是美國。由於19世紀50年代，世界經濟的聯繫也更加緊密，這也使得1857年的經濟危機第一次成為世界性的經濟危機。
</p><p>1857年10月13日，<span data-orig-title="俄亥俄人壽公司" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英語" data-foreign-title="Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company"><span>俄亥俄人壽公司</span></span>宣佈破產。僅當年美國就有近5000家企業破產。        
</p>


<h2><span id=".E5.82.99.E8.A8.BB"></span><span id="備註">備註</span></h2>

<h2><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E4.B9.A6.E7.9B.AE"></span><span id="参考书目">參考書目</span></h2>
<ul><li><cite class="citation journal">Calomiris, Charles W.; Schweikart, Larry. The Panic of 1857: Origins, Transmission, and Containment. Journal of Economic History. 1991, <b>51</b> (4): 807–834 <span> [<span>2020-08-29</span>]</span>. <span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/S0022050700040122</span>. （原始內容存檔於2015-09-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1857%E5%B9%B4%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F&amp;rft.atitle=The+Panic+of+1857%3A+Origins%2C+Transmission%2C+and+Containment&amp;rft.au=Schweikart%2C+Larry&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles+W.&amp;rft.aulast=Calomiris&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+History&amp;rft.pages=807-834&amp;rft.volume=51&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademiccommons.columbia.edu%2Fcatalog%2Fac%253A136822&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050700040122&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span> </span></span></li>
<li>Glasner, David, ed. <i>Business Cycles and Depressions: An Encyclopedia</i> 1997.</li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Huston, James L. The Panic of 1857 and The Coming of the Civil War. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 1987. <span title="國際標準書號">ISBN</span> 978-0807113684.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1857%E5%B9%B4%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F&amp;rft.aufirst=James+L.&amp;rft.aulast=Huston&amp;rft.btitle=The+Panic+of+1857+and+The+Coming+of+the+Civil+War&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0807113684&amp;rft.place=Baton+Rouge&amp;rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpanicof1857comin0000hust&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span> </span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation journal">Huston, James L. Western Grains and the Panic of 1857. Agricultural History. 1983, <b>57</b> (1): 14–32. <span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 3742656</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1857%E5%B9%B4%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F&amp;rft.atitle=Western+Grains+and+the+Panic+of+1857&amp;rft.aufirst=James+L&amp;rft.aulast=Huston&amp;rft.date=1983&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Agricultural+History&amp;rft.pages=14-32&amp;rft.volume=57&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3742656&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_agricultural-history_1983-01_57_1%2Fpage%2F14&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span> </span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation journal">Kelly, Morgan; Gráda, Cormac Ó. Market Contagion: Evidence from the Panics of 1854 and 1857 <span>(PDF)</span>. American Economic Review. 2000, <b>90</b> (5): 1110–1124 <span> [<span>2020-08-29</span>]</span>. <span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 2677843</span>. <span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1257/aer.90.5.1110</span>. （原始內容存檔 <span>(PDF)</span>於2019-12-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1857%E5%B9%B4%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F&amp;rft.atitle=Market+Contagion%3A+Evidence+from+the+Panics+of+1854+and+1857&amp;rft.au=Gr%C3%A1da%2C+Cormac+%C3%93&amp;rft.aufirst=Morgan&amp;rft.aulast=Kelly&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Economic+Review&amp;rft.pages=1110-1124&amp;rft.volume=90&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2677843&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchrepository.ucd.ie%2Fbitstream%2F10197%2F459%2F3%2Fkellym_article_pub_007.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Faer.90.5.1110&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span> </span></span></li>
<li>Klein, Philip Shriver. <i>President James Buchanan</i> (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1962).</li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Kynaston, David. Till Time's Last Sand: A History of the Bank of England, 1694–2013. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. 2017: 161–164. <span title="國際標準書號">ISBN</span> 978-1408868560.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1857%E5%B9%B4%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Kynaston&amp;rft.btitle=Till+Time%27s+Last+Sand%3A+A+History+of+the+Bank+of+England%2C+1694%E2%80%932013&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1408868560&amp;rft.pages=161-164&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span> </span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. New York: Oxford University Press. 2003. <span title="國際標準書號">ISBN</span> 978-0195038637.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1857%E5%B9%B4%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F&amp;rft.aufirst=James+M.&amp;rft.aulast=McPherson&amp;rft.btitle=Battle+Cry+of+Freedom%3A+The+Civil+War+Era&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0195038637&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedbattl0000mcph&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span> </span></span></li>
<li>Long, Kathryn Teresa. <i>The Revival of 1857–58: Interpreting an American Religious Awakening</i> Oxford University Press, 1998 online edition（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）</li>
<li>Rezneck, Samuel. <i>Business Depressions and Financial Panics</i> (Greenwood 1968).</li>
<li>Ross, Michael A. <i>Justice of Shattered Dreams: Samuel Freeman Miller and the Supreme Court During the Civil War Era</i> . Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003.</li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Sobel, Robert. The Panic of 57. New York: Crowell. 1973. <span title="國際標準書號">ISBN</span> 978-0690002669.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1857%E5%B9%B4%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft.aulast=Sobel&amp;rft.btitle=The+Panic+of+57&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0690002669&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Crowell&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span> </span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation journal">Spiegelman, Mortimer. [=0057&amp;display[]=247&amp;display[]=265 The Failure of Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company, 1857]. Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly. 1948, <b>57</b>: 247–65 <span> [<span>2020-08-29</span>]</span>. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1857%E5%B9%B4%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F&amp;rft.atitle=The+Failure+of+Ohio+Life+Insurance+and+Trust+Company%2C+1857&amp;rft.aufirst=Mortimer&amp;rft.aulast=Spiegelman&amp;rft.date=1948&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Ohio+State+Archaeological+and+Historical+Quarterly&amp;rft.pages=247-65&amp;rft.volume=57&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresources.ohiohistory.org%2Fohj%2Fbrowse%2Fdisplaypages.php%3Fdisplay%5B%5D%3D0057%26display%5B%5D%3D247%26display%5B%5D%3D265&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span> </span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Stampp, Kenneth. America in 1857: A Nation on the Brink. New York: Oxford University Press. 1990. <span title="國際標準書號">ISBN</span> 978-0195039023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1857%E5%B9%B4%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F&amp;rft.aufirst=Kenneth&amp;rft.aulast=Stampp&amp;rft.btitle=America+in+1857%3A+A+Nation+on+the+Brink&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0195039023&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericain185700kenn&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span> </span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation journal">Twichell, G. Labor Relations in 1857. Bulletin of the Business Historical Society. 1937, <b>11</b> (2): 28–29. <span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 3110999</span>. <span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/3110999</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1857%E5%B9%B4%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F&amp;rft.atitle=Labor+Relations+in+1857&amp;rft.aufirst=G&amp;rft.aulast=Twichell&amp;rft.date=1937&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Business+Historical+Society&amp;rft.pages=28-29&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3110999&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3110999&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span> </span></span></li>
<li>Van Vleck, George W. <i>The Panic of 1857, an Analytical Study</i> (New York: Columbia University Press, 1943)</li></ul><h3><span id=".E6.8A.A5.E7.BA.B8"></span><span id="报纸">報紙</span></h3>
<ul><li>"Commercial Affairs" <i>New York Daily Times,</i> August 28, 1857</li>
<li>"A New Tariff" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） <i>New York Daily Times,</i> February 4, 1857</li></ul><h2><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span><span id="外部链接">外部連結</span></h2>
<ul><li><cite class="citation journal">Riddiough, Timothy J.; Thompson, Howard E. Déjà Vu All Over Again: Agency, Uncertainty, Leverage and the Panic of 1857. 2012. <span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2139/ssrn.2042316</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1857%E5%B9%B4%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F&amp;rft.atitle=D%C3%A9j%C3%A0+Vu+All+Over+Again%3A+Agency%2C+Uncertainty%2C+Leverage+and+the+Panic+of+1857&amp;rft.au=Thompson%2C+Howard+E.&amp;rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Riddiough&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.2042316&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span> </span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation journal">Mraz, Mark. Buchananomics: The Economic Policies of James Buchanan. 2011. <span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2139/ssrn.1880967</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1857%E5%B9%B4%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F&amp;rft.atitle=Buchananomics%3A+The+Economic+Policies+of+James+Buchanan&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark&amp;rft.aulast=Mraz&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.1880967&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span> </span></span></li>
<li>Dickinson College. "House Divided."（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Accessed October 30, 2010</li>
<li>Visit to Dred Scott（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, 1857, Library of Congress</li></ul><!-- 
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**1857 年經濟危機**是由於經濟過度擴張而引起的金融恐慌，最初發源地是美國。由於 19 世紀 50 年代，世界經濟的聯繫也更加緊密，這也使得 1857 年的經濟危機第一次成為世界性的經濟危機。

1857 年 10 月 13 日，俄亥俄人壽公司宣佈破產。僅當年美國就有近 5000 家企業破產。

## 備註

## 參考書目

* Calomiris, Charles W.; Schweikart, Larry. The Panic of 1857: Origins, Transmission, and Containment. Journal of Economic History. 1991, **51** (4): 807–834 [2020-08-29]. doi:10.1017/S0022050700040122. （原始內容存檔於 2015-09-23）.
* Glasner, David, ed. _Business Cycles and Depressions: An Encyclopedia_ 1997.
* Huston, James L. The Panic of 1857 and The Coming of the Civil War. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 1987. ISBN 978-0807113684.
* Huston, James L. Western Grains and the Panic of 1857. Agricultural History. 1983, **57** (1): 14–32. JSTOR 3742656.
* Kelly, Morgan; Gráda, Cormac Ó. Market Contagion: Evidence from the Panics of 1854 and 1857 (PDF). American Economic Review. 2000, **90** (5): 1110–1124 [2020-08-29]. JSTOR 2677843. doi:10.1257/aer.90.5.1110. （原始內容存檔 (PDF) 於 2019-12-30）.
* Klein, Philip Shriver. _President James Buchanan_ (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1962).
* Kynaston, David. Till Time's Last Sand: A History of the Bank of England, 1694–2013. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. 2017: 161–164. ISBN 978-1408868560.
* McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. New York: Oxford University Press. 2003. ISBN 978-0195038637.
* Long, Kathryn Teresa. _The Revival of 1857–58: Interpreting an American Religious Awakening_ Oxford University Press, 1998 online edition（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Rezneck, Samuel. _Business Depressions and Financial Panics_ (Greenwood 1968).
* Ross, Michael A. _Justice of Shattered Dreams: Samuel Freeman Miller and the Supreme Court During the Civil War Era_ . Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003.
* Sobel, Robert. The Panic of 57. New York: Crowell. 1973. ISBN 978-0690002669.
* Spiegelman, Mortimer. [=0057&display[]=247&display[]=265 The Failure of Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company, 1857]. Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly. 1948, **57**: 247–65 [2020-08-29]. （原始內容存檔於 2020-02-14）.
* Stampp, Kenneth. America in 1857: A Nation on the Brink. New York: Oxford University Press. 1990. ISBN 978-0195039023.
* Twichell, G. Labor Relations in 1857. Bulletin of the Business Historical Society. 1937, **11** (2): 28–29. JSTOR 3110999. doi:10.2307/3110999.
* Van Vleck, George W. _The Panic of 1857, an Analytical Study_ (New York: Columbia University Press, 1943)

### 報紙

* "Commercial Affairs" _New York Daily Times,_ August 28, 1857
* "A New Tariff" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） _New York Daily Times,_ February 4, 1857

## 外部連結

* Riddiough, Timothy J.; Thompson, Howard E. Déjà Vu All Over Again: Agency, Uncertainty, Leverage and the Panic of 1857. 2012. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2042316.
* Mraz, Mark. Buchananomics: The Economic Policies of James Buchanan. 2011. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1880967.
* Dickinson College. "House Divided."（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Accessed October 30, 2010
* Visit to Dred Scott（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, 1857, Library of Congress
1857年經濟危機