zenless-lab/wikicorpus · Datasets at Hugging Face

english large_stringlengths 0 467	japanese large_stringlengths 0 212
Descriptions in mythology Descriptions in the Kojiki are as follows: Please refer to the mythology of Okuninushi for details.	神話での記述『古事記』では以下のように描かれている。詳細は大国主の神話を参照。
Although Okuninushi had married Yakami-hime earlier and had a child, Yakami-hime returned to her parents' home leaving Kinomata no kami behind in awe of the legal wife, Suseribime no mikoto.	大国主は先に八上比売と結婚し子を得ていたが、八上比売は本妻の須勢理毘売命を畏れて木俣神を置いて実家に帰ってしまった。
"Izumo no kuni fudoki" only describes the scene of Onamuji no mikoto's tsumadoi visit to Wakasuserihime no mikoto, who was in Namesano-sato, Kando-gun.	『出雲国風土記』では神門郡滑狭郷条で大穴持命が和加須世理比売命に妻問いをする様子のみが描かれている。
Norinaga MOTOORI asserts that 'Hayasasura-hime residing in Nenokuni Sokonokuni,' who appears in Oharae no Kotoba, is the same deity as Suseri-bime.	本居宣長は、大祓詞に登場する「根国底国に坐す祓戸大神（はやさすらひめ）」はスセリビメと同神であるとしている。
In January 16, 1582, he died in Kumano City, Kii Province. He died at 55. His homyo (posthumous Buddhist name) was Doumukeigen or Souyu. Right after his death, Nobuhide was forgiven and allowed to return to service as a vassal of Nobutada.	天正10年（1582年）1月16日紀伊国熊野市にて死去した。享年55。法名は洞無桂巌または宗佑。直後に信栄は信忠付の家臣として帰参を許された。
However, the religious service of Matarashin was started by Eshin school and Danna school of the Tendai Sect from the end of the Heian period to the Kamakura period, and it is thought to have begun around the same period of the establishment of the Genshi Kimyo-dan (one of the kanjo (a ceremony to be the successor) of the Tendai Sect) of the Danna school.	しかし摩多羅神の祭祀は、平安時代末から鎌倉時代における天台の恵檀二流によるもので、特に檀那流の玄旨帰命壇の成立時と同時期と考えられる。
This deity consisted of the two Doji ogres of Teireita and Nishita and the three deities which are regarded to symbolize the three kleshas that poison the heart of man and Bonno (earthly desires) of avarice, anger and stupidity and show that the living things' bodies of Bonno are the Myotai (妙体) of hongaku (original enlightenment) and Buddhism's highest form of existence.	この神は、丁礼多・膩子多（ていれいた・にした）の2童子と共に三尊からなり、これは貪・瞋・癡の三毒煩悩の象徴とされ、衆生の煩悩身がそのまま本覚・法身の妙体であることを示しているという。
In addition, it is sometimes syncretized with Daikokuten, which is enshrined as honzon.	なお、大黒天と習合し大黒天を本尊とすることもある。
The Rites and Festivals The Ushi-matsuri of the Osake-jinja Shrine of the Koryu-ji Temple, Kyoto, is known as a festival for this deity.	祭礼この神の祭礼としては、京都広隆寺大辟神社の牛祭が知られる。
The Naniwa-zu no uta (waka of Naniwa-zu Port) appears in the Kanajo (Japanese preface) of Kokin Wakashu (Collection of Ancient and Modern Poems) as 'the poem written on the emperor of Osazaki' composed by Wani (Wang In).	難波津の歌（なにわづのうた）は、古今和歌集の仮名序で「おほささきのみかどをそへたてまつれるうた」として紹介されている王仁の和歌。
After the death of Emperor Ojin, Prince Uji no Waki-iratsuko and Osazaki no Mikoto (Prince Osazaki) tried to convince each other to ascend to the throne, but it lay vacant for three years.	応神天皇の死後、菟道稚郎子（うじのわきいらつこ）皇子と大雀命（おおさざきのみこと）が互いに譲り合ったため3年間空位となっていた。
In the end, Osazaki no Mikoto acceded to the throne and became Emperor Nintoku, and this poem is said to have been composed at that time to pray for prosperity in his reign.	皇位に大雀命が就き、仁徳天皇となった際にその治世の繁栄を願った歌と言われる。
In the Heian period, the 'Naniwa-zu no poem' was considered as the epitome of 'a poem which everyone knows.' In karuta (Japanese playing cards) tournaments, people have a custom of intoning the Naniwa-zu no uta before starting the competition.	平安時代には「難波津の歌」と言えば「誰でも知っている歌」の代名詞とされる。競技かるたにおいては競技の開始時に難波津の歌を詠むことが通例となっている。
The flower here is regarded as ume (plum) blossoms, not as cherry blossoms.	ここでの花は桜ではなくウメだとされる。
Naniwa-zu ni/Sakuya Kono Hana Fuyu-gomori/Ima wa haru-be to/Sakuya kono hana (After lying dormant all winter, the blooming plum blossoms are blazoning now that the spring has come.)	難波津に咲くやこの花冬ごもり今は春べと咲くやこの花
Misawa clan (which is read Misawa-shi or Misawa-uji) was a clan acting as estate steward in Iijima District, Shinano Province, which were the descendants of Shinano-Genji (Minamoto clan). Izumo Misawa clan was the head family, while other clans were all branch families.	三沢氏（みさわし、みさわうじ）は、信濃源氏の後裔で、信濃国飯島郷地頭の一族である。出雲三沢氏が宗家であり、その他の流れは傍流にあたる。
Muraji refers to one of kabane (hereditary title to denote rank and political standing) used in the Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) and also denoted one of the highest ranked titles among retainers.	連（むらじ）は、ヤマト王権で使われていたカバネ（かばね）の一つで、家臣の中では最高位に位置していた姓の一つである。
Muraji is said to be the kabane granted to some of the influential clans who were under the direct control of the Yamato sovereignty from early times, and they held special official posts or were in charge of managing the occupations. The influential clans who called themselves Muraji included the Otomo clan and the Mononobe clan.	早くからヤマト王権に直属していた有力氏族の中に与えられた姓と言われ、特殊な官職や職業を束ねる立場に有った。連の姓を名乗っていた有力な氏族には大伴氏や物部氏が居る。
According to the "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan), many clans who called themselves Muraji could be descendants of the gods other than those of the Imperial Family's.	『日本書紀』などにおいては、連姓の多くは天皇家以外の神の子孫としている。
Unlike the kabane of Omi that were mostly the influential ruling clans in the capital, the clans with the kabane of Muraji were directly connected to the posts of the Imperial Court and it is said that the Otomo and the Mononobe clans were those who were in charge of the military affairs for the Yamato sovereignty from ancient times.	中央の有力豪族が中心である臣に対して連の姓を名乗る氏族は、朝廷の役職と直結しており、大伴氏も物部氏も古来からヤマト王権の軍事を束ねる役割をしていた氏族だと言われている。
The most influential people among the clans with the kabane of Muraji were called Omuraji (ancient Japan), who were put in charge of the affairs of state along with people called Oomi (ancient Japan), who were the influential people among the clans with the kabane of Omi.	この連の姓を名乗る氏族の中で最も有力な者を大連 (古代日本)（おおむらじ）と呼び、臣の姓の氏族の中の有力者である大臣 (古代日本)（おおおみ）と共に国政を預けられた。
By the Yakusa no Kabane (the eight honorary titles) reform by the Emperor Tenmu, the kabane of Muraji was demoted to the seventh highest, and afterwards Ason (or Asomi) became the kabane title for influential clans.	天武天皇の八色の姓の改革により、連の姓の地位は上から7番目に格下げとなり、その後は朝臣が、有力氏族の姓と成っていく。
Kameoka Sports Park is a park in Kameoka City, Kyoto Prefecture that has a sports complex.	亀岡運動公園（かめおかうんどうこうえん）とは、京都府亀岡市にある複合スポーツ施設を併設した公園。
Probably because Kameoka-City is located near the center of Kyoto Prefecture, many city as well as prefecture-hosted athletic competitions are held here.	亀岡市は京都府のちょうど中央辺りに位置するためか、市だけでなく府の体育大会などが数多く催される。
Kameoka Sports Park is a sports complex that was built for the Kyoto National Sports Festival held in 1988, consisting of gymnasiums, an athletics stadium, a baseball field, swimming pools, tennis courts, and various types of play equipment, and is used by a large number of visitors not only from Kameoka-City but also from outside Kyoto Prefecture.	亀岡運動公園は、1988年（昭和63年）の京都国民体育大会に合わせて建設された体育館、競技場、野球場、プール、テニスコート、遊具などを兼ね備えた複合的なスポーツ施設であり、市や府の内外を問わず盛んに利用されている。
Within the facilities, based on the features of Kameoka City's overseas sister cities, the park has a cute small building modeled after a Western castle, a pond with waterfowl, a large and heavy bell donated by Suzhou City in China, a Japanese dry landscape garden and so on, all of which are popular with the city's residents.	施設内には亀岡市と提携を結んでいる海外の各都市にちなみ、西洋の城をモチーフにした小さくかわいらしい建物、水鳥が憩う池、中国・蘇州市から寄贈された重厚な鐘と枯山水風の庭園などがあり、多くの市民に親しまれている。
Also, the Cosmos Garden opens every fall near the park, and countless beautiful Mexican asters in a wide variety of colors entertain the garden visitors.	また、毎年秋には周辺でコスモス園が開かれ、無数のコスモスが色とりどりの美しさを見せる。
Terauke seido was a system introduced in 1664, during the early modern age, by the Edo shogunate in order to ban Christianity and the belief of Fujufuse Group (Not Receive and Not Give Group), and to force the believers to convert. Terauke seido was also called danka seido or jidan seido.	寺請制度（てらうけせいど）とは、近世初期の1664年（寛文4年）に江戸幕府がキリスト教や不受不施派を禁制として、信徒に対し改宗を強制することを目的として制定された制度。檀家制度（だんかせいど、だんけせいど）、寺檀制度（じだんせいど）とも言う。
The Mibu family Court nobility of Nakamikado-ryu (the Nakamikado line) of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan.	壬生家（みぶけ）藤原北家中御門流の公家。
The Jige family of the Ozuki (the family name is also read Otsuki) clan. The family identified itself as the Kanmu family.	小槻氏姓の地下家。官務家と称す。
FUNYA no Kiyomi (693 - October 31, 770) was a member of the Imperial Family in the Nara period (Later demoted from nobility to subject.) His father was Naga no miko who was the prince of the Emperor Tenmu. His original name was Chinuo. He has brothers including FUNYA no Ochi.	文室浄三（ふんやのきよみ、持統天皇7年（693年）- 宝亀元年10月9日 (旧暦)（770年10月31日））は、奈良時代の皇親（後に臣籍降下）。父は天武天皇の皇子長皇子。初名は智努王（ちぬおう）。兄弟に文室大市等がいる。
Ukon (year of birth and death unknown) was a poetess of the mid-Heian period. Her father was FUJIWARA no Suetada, Ukone no shosho (Minor Captain of the Right Division of the Inner Palace Guards).	右近（うこん、生没年不詳）は、平安時代中期の女流歌人。父は右近衛少将藤原季縄。
Some of her poems were selected for "Gosen Wakashu" (Later selected collection of Japanese poetry), "Shui Wakashu" (Collection of Gleanings of Japanese Poems), and "Shin chokusen wakashu" (New Imperial Anthology of Japanese Poetry).	『後撰和歌集』『拾遺和歌集』『新勅撰和歌集』に入集している。
Ogura Hyakunin Isshu (the Ogura Anthology of One Hundred Tanka-poems by One Hundred Poets) No. 38: I no longer care about my sorrow because I'm sunk into oblivion, but I hold only your life dear because of being afraid that you, who forgot me after such a solemn vow, might get your just deserts. ('Shui Wakashu' Love-4, 870)	小倉百人一首 38番　忘らるる　身をば思はず　誓ひてし　人の命の　惜しくもあるかな（「拾遺和歌集」恋四870）
"Kocho-Junisen" is a collective term for twelve kinds of copper coins cast in Japan during the period from 708 AD to 963 AD. They are also called "Honcho-Junisen" and "Kocho-Junimonsen."	皇朝十二銭（こうちょうじゅうにせん）とは、708年（和銅元年）から963年（応和3年）にかけて、日本で鋳造された12種類の銅貨の総称である。本朝十二銭（ほんちょうじゅうにせん）、皇朝十二文銭（こうちょうじゅうにもんせん）とも呼ばれる。
Its Issue and History Kocho-Junisen includes the following twelve kinds of coins.	発行と経緯皇朝十二銭は、以下の12種類である。
Wado-kaichin, in 708. Mannen-tsuho, in 760. Jingu-kaiho, in 765. Ryuhei-eiho, in 796. Fuju-shinpo, in 818. Jowa-shoho, in 835. Chonen-taiho, in 848. Nyoeki-shinpo, in 859. Jogan-eiho, in 870. Kanpyo-taiho, in 890. Engi-tsuho, in 907. Kengen-taiho, in 958.	和同開珎　708年（和銅元年）万年通宝　760年（天平宝字4年）神功開宝　765年（天平神護元年）隆平永宝　796年（延暦15年）富寿神宝　818年（弘仁9年）承和昌宝　835年（承和 (日本)2年）長年大宝　848年（嘉祥元年）饒益神宝　859年（貞観 (日本)元年）貞観永宝　870年（貞観12年）寛平大宝　890年（寛平2年）延喜通宝　907年（延喜7年）乾元大宝　958年（天徳 (日本)2年）
Kocho-Junisen are considered to have been issued for the purpose of setting Japan's currency system in order by modeling the example of the Kaigen-tsuho of the Tang dynasty of China and also for the purpose of raising funds to cover huge costs required for transferring the national capital to Heijo with margins of profit from the value of currency and the original value of copper material.	律令期に皇朝十二銭が発行された目的としては、唐の開元通宝を手本とし、貨幣制度を整えるため、また、平城京遷都に必要となる莫大な経費を、銅地金本来の価値と貨幣価値との差額で賄うためということが挙げられる。
In Japan for a long time since abolishment of Kocho-Junisen (twelve coins cast in Japan,) no official currency was cast by the government. Resumption to use official copper currencies cast by the government happened more than 600 years after the period of Kocho-Junisen, when Keicho-tsuho and Kanei-tsuho appeared in the market in 1608 and in 1627, respectively.	皇朝十二銭が発行されなくなってから、長い間日本では公鋳貨幣は作られなかった。銅銭の公鋳の再開は、皇朝十二銭の600年以上後の1608年（慶長13年）に鋳造された慶長通宝あるいは1627年（寛永4年）の寛永通宝鋳造まで待つこととなる。
Additional Remarks Before Wado-kaichin coins, other currencies might have possibly been cast for use. One possibility is Mumon-ginsen coin (Japan's oldest private silver coinage) and another one is the Fuhon-sen coin.	付言和同開珎以前に別の銭貨が造られた可能性がある。一つは無文銀銭であり、他にもう一つは富本銭である。
Hazakura is a term that refers to cherry trees during the period after the cherry blossom falls and the trees start to sprout new leaves until the cherry trees are totally covered with new leaves of tender green, or to such scenes.	葉桜（はざくら）とは、サクラの花が散り若葉が出始めた頃から新緑で覆われた時期までの桜の木、またはその様を言う。
The term "Hazakura" is used as a summer season word in many Haiku poems such as, "I spent two days in Nara to enjoy beautiful Hazakura" (by Buson YOSANO) and "I enjoy Hazakura although other people do not notice its beauty" (by Kafu NAGAI).	『葉ざくらや奈良に二日の泊り客（与謝蕪村）』、『葉ざくらや人に知られぬ昼あそび（永井荷風）』のように夏の季語として用いられる。
There are different theories about his identity, but it is generally believed that he was the senior retainer for a Hara clan branch family member that served the Chiba clan as their chief retainer. Supposedly, he built Nekiuchi-jo Castle in the Kogane region when he was 25 years old.	出自については諸説あるが一般的には千葉氏の家老・原氏の分家で同氏の重臣とされる。 25歳の時、小金に根木内城を築いたという。
His children were Tanetoki TAKAGI who took over the Takagi clan and Ryogaku SHOYO who became the seventeenth head of Zojo-ji Temple.	子供には高城氏を継いだ高城胤辰や増上寺17世である照誉了学らがいる。
Amaterasu omikami (Tensho daijin) is a humanized Shinto god in Japanese. In "Engishiki (List of Official Shrines)," "Amaterasu" of Amaterasu Omikami is cited as "Amateru" when worshipped as the god of nature.	天照大神（あまてらすおおみかみ・てんしょうだいじん）は、日本神話に登場する神 (神道)（人格神）である。『延喜式』では自然神として神社などに祀られた場合の「天照」は「あまてる」と称されている。
Mt. Tenno is a mountain in Oyamazaki-cho, Otokuni-gun, Kyoto Prefecture.	天王山（てんのうざん）は、京都府乙訓郡大山崎町の山。
On the west side of the mountain, there is a border between Settsu Province (now Osaka Prefecture) and Yamashiro Province (now Kyoto Prefecture).	西側の山腹を、摂津国（現在の大阪府）と山城国（現在の京都府）の国境がよぎる。
The name of the mountain comes from Yamazaki Tennosha Shrine (now Tamadeyori Matsurikitaru Sakatoke-jinja Shrine) enshrining Gozu Tenno (deity said to be the Indian god Gavagriva) on the mountainside.	山名は、中腹に牛頭天王を祀る山崎天王社（現自玉手祭来酒解神社）があることに由来する。
"Bansei-Ikkei" literally means one family line through all ages. In many cases, this expression represents the Imperial family or the Imperial system.	万世一系（ばんせいいっけい）は、永久に一つの系統が続くこと。多くは皇室・皇統についていう。
Yoshioki OUCHI was the daimyo (feudal lord) of Suo Province who lived from the end of the Muromachi period to the Sengoku period. He was the thirtieth family head of the Ouchi clan.	大内義興（おおうちよしおき）は室町時代後期から戦国時代 (日本)にかけての周防国の戦国大名。大内氏の第30代当主。
Tally (saifu or wappu) was a certificate stamp used to settle money transactions between distant lands in medieval Japan, and it became the origin of currency exchange.	割符（さいふ/わっぷ）とは、中世日本において遠隔地間の金銭取引などの決済のために用いられた証紙で、日本における為替の元となった。
Similar to the currency exchange of later days, tally worked as follows: one party bought a tally issued by a merchant near the other end to buy merchandise and sent the tally to the other party in advance; the other party requested the issuer to cash the tally he had received, and settled the transaction with money.	後世の為替と同じ様に先に相手先近くの商人が商品購入のために発行した割符を購入して相手先に送り、相手が受け取った割符を発行者に換金を要求してその代金をもって決済する仕組であった。
FUJIWARA no Tadanushi (760 - November 2, 817) was a government official who lived during the early Heian period. His father was FUJIWARA no Kurajimaro. His mother was a daughter of AWATA no Umagai. His wife was FUJIWARA no Kusuko.	藤原縄主（ふじわらのただぬし、天平宝字4年（760年） - 弘仁8年9月16日 (旧暦)（817年10月29日））は、平安時代前期の官僚。父は藤原蔵下麻呂。母は粟田馬養の娘。妻は藤原薬子。
Aihime (her name also can be pronounced Yoshihime or Megohime) (1568 - February 21, 1653) was the only daughter of Kiyoaki TAMURA and a lawful wife of Masamune DATE. Her mother was Okita, a daughter of Akitane SOMA. His ingo (a title given to a Buddhist) is Yotokuin.	愛姫（よしひめ、めごひめ、永禄11年（1568年） - 承応2年1月24日 (旧暦)（1653年2月21日））は、田村清顕の一人娘で、伊達政宗の正室。母は相馬顕胤の娘・於北。院号は陽徳院。
When Masamune died on May 24, 1636, she entered the Buddhist priesthood under the Ungo Zenji and called herself Yotokuin. Before the 7th anniversary of Masamune's death, a wooden statue of him was created by the order of Aihime and it is a valuable historical material to tell his looks.	寛永13年（1636年）5月24日に政宗が死去した後、瑞巌寺の雲居禅師の元で仏門に入り、陽徳院と称した。政宗の17回忌前には彼女の命により、木造の政宗像が制作されたが、これは彼の面影を伝える史料として貴重なものである。
She died at the age of 86 on January 24, 1653. It was the same day as the monthly anniversary of Masamune's death.	承応2年（1653年）1月24日に86歳で死去する。 24日は政宗の月命日と同じであった。
The excavation research on the Zuihoden in 1974 showed that her husband, Masamune had B-type blood and her son, Tadamune, A-type blood, and therefore it is assumed that Aihime had A- or AB-type blood.	1974年（昭和49年）の瑞鳳殿発掘調査により、夫・政宗の血液型はB型、息子・忠宗はA型であることが判明しているため、愛姫の血液型はA型かAB型であろうと思われる。
FUJIWARA no Otsu (792-November 6, 854) was a government official in the early Heian period. He was a member of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan. He was the ninth child of FUJIWARA no Uchimaro. He was the paternal half-brother of FUJIWARA no Manatsu and FUJIWARA no Fuyutsugu. He was the father of FUJIWARA no Yoshitada.	藤原大津（ふじわらのおおつ、延暦11年（792年） - 仁寿4年10月9日 (旧暦)（854年11月2日））は、平安時代前期の官人。藤原北家。藤原内麻呂の第9子。藤原真夏・藤原冬嗣らの異母弟。藤原良縄の父。
Although he was a short person, he was out-going and enjoyed archery. He served with distinction as a local government official behind and is said to have been respected by local people during his time as the Governor of Bingo and Iyo Provinces.	身長が低かったが、意気が高く、歩射をよくした。また地方官としての優れた業績を残し、備後守・伊予守時代では民に慕われたという。
Tanenaga KOKUBUN (c. 1178 to June 3, 1200) is a samurai, who is said to have been in Miyagi County, Mutsu Province during the Kamakura period. He is said to have been a son of Tanemichi KOKUBUN, but there is a possibility that he may not have existed.	国分胤長（こくぶんたねなが、治承2年（1178年）? - 正治2年4月13日 (旧暦)（1200年5月27日）?）は、日本の鎌倉時代に陸奥国宮城郡にいたとされる武士である。国分胤通の子とされるが、実在しない可能性がある。
According to the family tree edited by Sakuma, Tanenaga died at the age of 23 on June 3, 1200, which means he was born in 1178. Although his younger brother Tanekiyo (胤清) died at the age of 16, his youngest brother Michiuji lived long, and was allowed to possess an estate in Yamaoka-no-sho, Inba County, Shimousa Province.	佐久間編の系図では胤長は正治2年（1200年）4月13日に年23歳で没したというので、生まれた年は治承2年（1178年）となる。弟の胤清も年16で死に、末弟の道氏は長命で下総印旛郡山岡荘に領土を与えられた。
TAIRA no Koremori was a samurai who lived towards the end of the Heian period. He was a legitimate son of TAIRA no Shigemori and therefore, a legitimate grandchild of TAIRA no Kiyomori.	平維盛（たいらのこれもり）は、平安時代末期の武将。平清盛の嫡孫で、平重盛の嫡男。
Taiwan Sotoku-fu (old form of a character: 臺灣總督府) is the name of the Japanese authorities then, which was established for ruling Taiwan, ceded from Qing to Empire of Japan and became Japanese territory.	台湾総督府（たいわんそうとくふ、旧字体：臺灣總督府）は、清から大日本帝国へ割譲され、日本領となった台湾を統治するために設置された当時の日本の官庁名である。
The headquarters of Taiwan Sotoku-fu founded in Taipei City is still used as the supreme ruler office of Republic of China. By the influence of international situation of these days, a lot of missiles are arrayed around there and the military policemen equipped with a rifle acts as a bodyguard.	台北市に設置された台湾総督府本庁舎は、現在も中華民国の中華民国総統府として使用されている。また昨今の国際情勢の影響により、近隣にはミサイルを多数配備し、憲兵が小銃を装備し護衛にあたっている。
The term 'Kusarigama jutsu' refers to a martial art in which a fighter, holding a sickle on a chain in one hand and the chain with a iron weight in the other, and swinging the weight in a circular motion, could throw the iron weight to the opponent's body or use the chain to entangle the weapon to retrieve and then kill him with the sickle.	鎖鎌術（くさりがまじゅつ）は鎖鎌を片手に鎌の柄を握って構え、片手に分銅のついた鎖を振り回し、分銅の鉄丸を相手に打ち付けたり、鎖を相手の武器に巻きつけて奪ったりして鎌でとどめをさす術。
Incidentally, different schools use different type of kusarigama (a chain and sickle) in shape, length and the position of the chain attached to the neck of the handle, therefore, it is rare to find exactly the same type at an antique shop.	なお、この鎖鎌の形状、長さ、鎖の位置等は流派により異なり、古道具などでまったく同じ形のものがでることはまれである。
It is believed that kusarigama was mainly used as a weapon by farmers who were forced to fight in a battlefield, and eventually developed into a martial art form, but the details remain unknown.	鎖鎌は主に農民の武器で、戦場に駆り出された農民が武器として鎌を使ったことから発展したとされるが詳細は不明。
Meanwhile, jingama which ashigaru (a common foot soldier) used in a battlefield was quite different from kusarigama.	なお、足軽などが戦場で使用したのは陣鎌であり別のものである。
Kusarigama jutsu is often transmitted with an art of naginata jutsu (art of Japanese halberd).	薙刀術に併伝していることが多い。
Schools	流派
Schools which mainly transmit kusarigama jutsu	専門流派
Shinkyo-ryu school of kusagama Ichishin-ryu school of kusarigama jutsu (affiliated with the Shinto Muso-ryu jojutsu [art of staff]) Yamada-ryu school (affiliated with Fusen-ryu school of jujutsu [present-day Judo]) Nitoshinkage-ryu school of kusarigama jutsu (founded during the Taisho period)	心鏡流草鎌一心流鎖鎌術（神道夢想流杖術に付属）山田流（不遷流柔術に付属）二刀神影流鎖鎌術（大正時代に創始）
Schools which transmit kusarigama jutsu and other martial arts (use of tanto [short sward], the naginata [halberd], the bojutsu [the staff], and retaining techniques with jitte [truncheon], and torite [rope], and so on)	流派内の武器術にあるもの
Masaki-ryu school Araki-ryu school Takeuchi-ryu school Shibukawa-ryu school Shibukawaichi-ryu school Yoshin-ryu school of naginata jutsu (art of halberd) Tendo-ryu school Komagawakaishin-ryu school of ken jutsu (art of fencing) Jikiyushin-ryu school (Jikishinkage-ryu school of naginata jutsu also transmits the style of Jikiyushin-ryu school of kusarigama jutsu) Kiraku-ryu school	正木流荒木流竹内流渋川流渋川一流楊心流薙刀術天道流駒川改心流剣術直猶心流（直心影流薙刀術に併伝）気楽流
Ryojun MATSUMOTO (July 13, 1832 – March 12, 1907) was a Shogun's retainer during the late Edo period, and a government official during the Meiji period. He was a baron.	松本良順（まつもとりょうじゅん、1832年7月13日（天保3年6月16日 (旧暦)） - 1907年（明治40年）3月12日）は、江戸時代後期の幕臣、明治期の官僚。男爵。
Kosho School Jodo Shinshu Sect (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) is one of the religious schools of Jodo Shinshu. The main temple is Kosho-ji Temple of Shimogyo-ku Ward, Kyoto City. It has 486 branch temples.	真宗興正派（しんしゅうこうしょうは）とは、浄土真宗の一派。本山は京都市下京区の興正寺。末寺数486。
Juko-in Temple is a sub-temple located within the precinct of Rinzai sect Daihonzan (Head Temple) Daitoku-ji Temple in Murasakino, Kita Ward, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture. The name 'Juko-in Temple' is derived from 'Jukoinden zenshosaminshitsu shinkindaizenjomon,' the posthumous Buddhist name of Nagayoshi MIYOSHI. It is not ordinarily open to the public.	聚光院（じゅこういん）は京都府京都市北区 (京都市)紫野にある臨済宗大本山大徳寺の塔頭のひとつである。聚光院という名は三好長慶の法名「聚光院殿前匠作眠室進近大禅定門」から採られたものである。通常は公開されていない。
Sojifujitsu is to make a false statement to the Emperor or to make a false charge.	奏事不実（そうじふじつ）とは、天皇に事実と違うことを奏上すること、または他者を讒言すること。
The term 'Kenmu' derives from the era name established the following year, in 1334 (referring to the Kenmu era of unified Japan, not the later Kenmu era of the Northern Court). The days before the Second World War were referred to by some in Japan as a revival of the Kenmu era. In history courses of recent years, the term' direct Imperial rule of the Kenmu era' comes up often.	名は、翌1334年に定められた「建武 (日本)」の元号に由来する。第二次世界大戦前は建武の中興と表現されていた。近年の歴史学では「建武政権」という表現も多い。
Emperor Godaigo attempted to rehabilitate the political power and influence of the Court through the return to direct Imperial rule, but his attempts left many in the samurai class in particular disgruntled, until in 1336 the most powerful member of the Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan), Takauji ASHIKAGA, became estranged from Emperor Godaigo, leading to the collapse of the Imperial government.	後醍醐天皇は天皇親政によって朝廷の政治を復権しようとしたが、武士層を中心とする不満を招き、1336年（建武3年）に河内源氏の有力者であった足利尊氏が離反したことにより、政権は崩壊した。
Stages of the Restoration	経過
Hozan Kenchin (1394 - February 14, 1442) was a priest during the Muromachi Period. He was a youngest son of Tadafuyu ASHIKAGA, whose sons were reportedly all priests except the oldest one, Fuyuuji ASHIKAGA.	宝山乾珍（ほうざんけんちん、応永元年（1394年） - 嘉吉元年12月25日 (旧暦)（グレゴリオ暦1442年2月5日））は室町時代の僧。足利直冬の末子といわれ、長兄足利冬氏を除き兄弟は皆僧籍にあったと伝わる。
Nobuchika ODA (January 26, 1851 - October 30, 1927) was the 10th lord of Tanba Kaibara Domain, Tanba Province, and Governor of Kaibara Domain. He was the 13th head of ODA family of TAKANAGA group.	織田信親（おだのぶちか、嘉永3年12月25日 (旧暦)（1851年1月26日） - 昭和2年（1927年）10月30日）は丹波国丹波柏原藩第10代藩主、柏原藩知事。高長系織田家13代。
Jugo is an aristocratic title equal to the following three titles: taikotaigo (Emperor's grandmother), kotaigo (Empress Dowager) and kogo (Empress Consort). Upon the emperor's order, those with the title of Jugo received equal treatment to the Imperial Family although they were vassals. Jugo is also called Jusango or Jusangu.	准后（じゅごう）とは、太皇太后、皇太后、皇后の三后に准じた貴族の称号。宣下されると臣下でありながら皇族あつかいとなる。准三后（じゅさんごう）、准三宮（じゅさんぐう）ともいう。
What is Jugo?	准后とは
Prince Kazuraki (also pronounced Kazuraki oji, Kazuraki no miko, Katsuragi oji, or Katsuragi no miko [date of birth and death unknown]) Prince Kazuraki was a member of the Imperial family in the Asuka period.	葛城皇子（かずらきおうじ・かずらきのみこ・かつらぎおうじ・かつらぎのみこ。生没年不詳) 葛城皇子は飛鳥時代の皇族。
The Uji Tunnel is a tunnel used exclusively by motor vehicles. This is located on the Keiji Bypass which runs through Uji City, Kyoto Prefecture.	宇治トンネル（うじトンネル）は、自動車専用道路トンネルである。これは、京都府宇治市を通る、京滋バイパス上にある。
It is situated between the Kasatori Interchange and the Ujihigashi Interchange.	笠取インターチェンジと宇治東インターチェンジの間にある。
Since the Uji Tunnel extends so long that lane changes are prohibited except for the 500-meter distance ahead of the Kasatori Interchange and the Ujihigashi Interchange.	総延長が長いため、笠取IC並びに宇治東IC手前500mを除き車線変更禁止となっている。
Joshi was an upper-class feudal retainer in the Edo period. When samurai were classified from the upper to lower classes as Joshi, Heishi, and Goshi, Joshi was the highest social standing among them.	上士（じょうし）は、江戸時代の上級藩士である。上士や平士、郷士等と分けたときの最上位の家格のことである。
Daigoro MIMASU was one of the professional names of Kabuki actors.	三枡大五郎（みますだいごろう）は歌舞伎の名跡の一つ。
Daigoro MIMASU the First His stage family name was Masuya. His haimyo (a Kabuki actor's offstage name which can be used officially and privately) was Ikko.	三枡大五郎 (初代) - 屋号は升屋。俳名は一光。
Daigoro MIMASU the Second He was an adopted child of Daigoro MIMASU the First. His stage family name was Osakaya. His haimyo were Ikko and 黒稲. He was a former Tabito MIMASU the Second.	三枡大五郎 (2代目) - 初代の養子。屋号は大坂屋。俳名は一光、黒稲。元2代目三枡他人。
Daigoro MIMASU the Third His stage family names were Iseya, Osakaya, and Kyomasuya. His haimyo were 巴暁, 由香, 其鶴.	三枡大五郎 (3代目) - 屋号は伊勢屋、大坂屋、京枡屋。俳名は巴暁、由香、其鶴。
Daigoro MIMASU the Fourth He was the first son of Daigoro MASUYA the Third.	三枡大五郎 (4代目) - 3代目の長男。
Daigoro MIMASU the Fifth He was a son of Mitsuzo NAKAMURA. His stage family names were Yodoya and Kyomasuya. His haimyo were Bairi and Baisho. He was a former Tabito MIMASU the Fourth.	三枡大五郎 (5代目) - 中村三津蔵の子。屋号は淀屋、京枡屋。俳名は梅里、梅升。元4代目三枡他人。
Sadamasa YABE (date of birth and death unknown), a busho (Japanese military commander) in Azuchi-Momoyama period, served Nobunaga ODA, and then served Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI as a vassal. He was an adopted child of Iesada YABE. His father was Yasushige HONGO. His official position was Bungo no kami (governor of Bungo Province.)	矢部定政（やべさだまさ、生没年不詳）は、安土桃山時代の武将で織田信長、後に豊臣秀吉家臣。矢部家定の養子。父は本郷泰茂。官途は豊後守。
Brief Personal History	略歴
Personal Profile	人物
Emperor Kazan (November 29, 968 - March 17, 1008) reigned from November 5, 984 - July 31, 986, as the sixty-fifth Emperor. It was in the middle Heian period when Emperor Kazan was in power. His posthumous name was Morosada. His name used to be written '華山天皇' in different Kanji characters.	花山天皇（かざんてんのう、安和元年10月26日（968年11月29日） - 寛弘5年2月8日（1008年3月17日）、在位：永観2年10月10日（984年11月5日） - 寛和2年6月23日（986年7月31日））は、第65代の天皇。平安時代中期にあたる。諱は師貞（もろさだ）。かつては「華山天皇」とも表記されていた。

Descriptions in mythology Descriptions in the Kojiki are as follows: Please refer to the mythology of Okuninushi for details.

神話での記述『古事記』では以下のように描かれている。詳細は大国主の神話を参照。

Although Okuninushi had married Yakami-hime earlier and had a child, Yakami-hime returned to her parents' home leaving Kinomata no kami behind in awe of the legal wife, Suseribime no mikoto.

大国主は先に八上比売と結婚し子を得ていたが、八上比売は本妻の須勢理毘売命を畏れて木俣神を置いて実家に帰ってしまった。

"Izumo no kuni fudoki" only describes the scene of Onamuji no mikoto's tsumadoi visit to Wakasuserihime no mikoto, who was in Namesano-sato, Kando-gun.

『出雲国風土記』では神門郡滑狭郷条で大穴持命が和加須世理比売命に妻問いをする様子のみが描かれている。

Norinaga MOTOORI asserts that 'Hayasasura-hime residing in Nenokuni Sokonokuni,' who appears in Oharae no Kotoba, is the same deity as Suseri-bime.

本居宣長は、大祓詞に登場する「根国底国に坐す祓戸大神（はやさすらひめ）」はスセリビメと同神であるとしている。

In January 16, 1582, he died in Kumano City, Kii Province. He died at 55. His homyo (posthumous Buddhist name) was Doumukeigen or Souyu. Right after his death, Nobuhide was forgiven and allowed to return to service as a vassal of Nobutada.

天正10年（1582年）1月16日紀伊国熊野市にて死去した。享年55。法名は洞無桂巌または宗佑。直後に信栄は信忠付の家臣として帰参を許された。

However, the religious service of Matarashin was started by Eshin school and Danna school of the Tendai Sect from the end of the Heian period to the Kamakura period, and it is thought to have begun around the same period of the establishment of the Genshi Kimyo-dan (one of the kanjo (a ceremony to be the successor) of the Tendai Sect) of the Danna school.

しかし摩多羅神の祭祀は、平安時代末から鎌倉時代における天台の恵檀二流によるもので、特に檀那流の玄旨帰命壇の成立時と同時期と考えられる。

This deity consisted of the two Doji ogres of Teireita and Nishita and the three deities which are regarded to symbolize the three kleshas that poison the heart of man and Bonno (earthly desires) of avarice, anger and stupidity and show that the living things' bodies of Bonno are the Myotai (妙体) of hongaku (original enlightenment) and Buddhism's highest form of existence.

この神は、丁礼多・膩子多（ていれいた・にした）の2童子と共に三尊からなり、これは貪・瞋・癡の三毒煩悩の象徴とされ、衆生の煩悩身がそのまま本覚・法身の妙体であることを示しているという。

In addition, it is sometimes syncretized with Daikokuten, which is enshrined as honzon.

なお、大黒天と習合し大黒天を本尊とすることもある。

The Rites and Festivals The Ushi-matsuri of the Osake-jinja Shrine of the Koryu-ji Temple, Kyoto, is known as a festival for this deity.

祭礼この神の祭礼としては、京都広隆寺大辟神社の牛祭が知られる。

The Naniwa-zu no uta (waka of Naniwa-zu Port) appears in the Kanajo (Japanese preface) of Kokin Wakashu (Collection of Ancient and Modern Poems) as 'the poem written on the emperor of Osazaki' composed by Wani (Wang In).

難波津の歌（なにわづのうた）は、古今和歌集の仮名序で「おほささきのみかどをそへたてまつれるうた」として紹介されている王仁の和歌。

After the death of Emperor Ojin, Prince Uji no Waki-iratsuko and Osazaki no Mikoto (Prince Osazaki) tried to convince each other to ascend to the throne, but it lay vacant for three years.

応神天皇の死後、菟道稚郎子（うじのわきいらつこ）皇子と大雀命（おおさざきのみこと）が互いに譲り合ったため3年間空位となっていた。

In the end, Osazaki no Mikoto acceded to the throne and became Emperor Nintoku, and this poem is said to have been composed at that time to pray for prosperity in his reign.

皇位に大雀命が就き、仁徳天皇となった際にその治世の繁栄を願った歌と言われる。

In the Heian period, the 'Naniwa-zu no poem' was considered as the epitome of 'a poem which everyone knows.' In karuta (Japanese playing cards) tournaments, people have a custom of intoning the Naniwa-zu no uta before starting the competition.

平安時代には「難波津の歌」と言えば「誰でも知っている歌」の代名詞とされる。競技かるたにおいては競技の開始時に難波津の歌を詠むことが通例となっている。

The flower here is regarded as ume (plum) blossoms, not as cherry blossoms.

ここでの花は桜ではなくウメだとされる。

Naniwa-zu ni/Sakuya Kono Hana Fuyu-gomori/Ima wa haru-be to/Sakuya kono hana (After lying dormant all winter, the blooming plum blossoms are blazoning now that the spring has come.)

難波津に咲くやこの花冬ごもり今は春べと咲くやこの花

Misawa clan (which is read Misawa-shi or Misawa-uji) was a clan acting as estate steward in Iijima District, Shinano Province, which were the descendants of Shinano-Genji (Minamoto clan). Izumo Misawa clan was the head family, while other clans were all branch families.

三沢氏（みさわし、みさわうじ）は、信濃源氏の後裔で、信濃国飯島郷地頭の一族である。出雲三沢氏が宗家であり、その他の流れは傍流にあたる。

Muraji refers to one of kabane (hereditary title to denote rank and political standing) used in the Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) and also denoted one of the highest ranked titles among retainers.

連（むらじ）は、ヤマト王権で使われていたカバネ（かばね）の一つで、家臣の中では最高位に位置していた姓の一つである。

Muraji is said to be the kabane granted to some of the influential clans who were under the direct control of the Yamato sovereignty from early times, and they held special official posts or were in charge of managing the occupations. The influential clans who called themselves Muraji included the Otomo clan and the Mononobe clan.

早くからヤマト王権に直属していた有力氏族の中に与えられた姓と言われ、特殊な官職や職業を束ねる立場に有った。連の姓を名乗っていた有力な氏族には大伴氏や物部氏が居る。

According to the "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan), many clans who called themselves Muraji could be descendants of the gods other than those of the Imperial Family's.

『日本書紀』などにおいては、連姓の多くは天皇家以外の神の子孫としている。

Unlike the kabane of Omi that were mostly the influential ruling clans in the capital, the clans with the kabane of Muraji were directly connected to the posts of the Imperial Court and it is said that the Otomo and the Mononobe clans were those who were in charge of the military affairs for the Yamato sovereignty from ancient times.

中央の有力豪族が中心である臣に対して連の姓を名乗る氏族は、朝廷の役職と直結しており、大伴氏も物部氏も古来からヤマト王権の軍事を束ねる役割をしていた氏族だと言われている。

The most influential people among the clans with the kabane of Muraji were called Omuraji (ancient Japan), who were put in charge of the affairs of state along with people called Oomi (ancient Japan), who were the influential people among the clans with the kabane of Omi.

この連の姓を名乗る氏族の中で最も有力な者を大連 (古代日本)（おおむらじ）と呼び、臣の姓の氏族の中の有力者である大臣 (古代日本)（おおおみ）と共に国政を預けられた。

By the Yakusa no Kabane (the eight honorary titles) reform by the Emperor Tenmu, the kabane of Muraji was demoted to the seventh highest, and afterwards Ason (or Asomi) became the kabane title for influential clans.

天武天皇の八色の姓の改革により、連の姓の地位は上から7番目に格下げとなり、その後は朝臣が、有力氏族の姓と成っていく。

Kameoka Sports Park is a park in Kameoka City, Kyoto Prefecture that has a sports complex.

亀岡運動公園（かめおかうんどうこうえん）とは、京都府亀岡市にある複合スポーツ施設を併設した公園。

Probably because Kameoka-City is located near the center of Kyoto Prefecture, many city as well as prefecture-hosted athletic competitions are held here.

亀岡市は京都府のちょうど中央辺りに位置するためか、市だけでなく府の体育大会などが数多く催される。

Kameoka Sports Park is a sports complex that was built for the Kyoto National Sports Festival held in 1988, consisting of gymnasiums, an athletics stadium, a baseball field, swimming pools, tennis courts, and various types of play equipment, and is used by a large number of visitors not only from Kameoka-City but also from outside Kyoto Prefecture.

亀岡運動公園は、1988年（昭和63年）の京都国民体育大会に合わせて建設された体育館、競技場、野球場、プール、テニスコート、遊具などを兼ね備えた複合的なスポーツ施設であり、市や府の内外を問わず盛んに利用されている。

Within the facilities, based on the features of Kameoka City's overseas sister cities, the park has a cute small building modeled after a Western castle, a pond with waterfowl, a large and heavy bell donated by Suzhou City in China, a Japanese dry landscape garden and so on, all of which are popular with the city's residents.

施設内には亀岡市と提携を結んでいる海外の各都市にちなみ、西洋の城をモチーフにした小さくかわいらしい建物、水鳥が憩う池、中国・蘇州市から寄贈された重厚な鐘と枯山水風の庭園などがあり、多くの市民に親しまれている。

Also, the Cosmos Garden opens every fall near the park, and countless beautiful Mexican asters in a wide variety of colors entertain the garden visitors.

また、毎年秋には周辺でコスモス園が開かれ、無数のコスモスが色とりどりの美しさを見せる。

Terauke seido was a system introduced in 1664, during the early modern age, by the Edo shogunate in order to ban Christianity and the belief of Fujufuse Group (Not Receive and Not Give Group), and to force the believers to convert. Terauke seido was also called danka seido or jidan seido.

寺請制度（てらうけせいど）とは、近世初期の1664年（寛文4年）に江戸幕府がキリスト教や不受不施派を禁制として、信徒に対し改宗を強制することを目的として制定された制度。檀家制度（だんかせいど、だんけせいど）、寺檀制度（じだんせいど）とも言う。

The Mibu family Court nobility of Nakamikado-ryu (the Nakamikado line) of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan.

壬生家（みぶけ）藤原北家中御門流の公家。

The Jige family of the Ozuki (the family name is also read Otsuki) clan. The family identified itself as the Kanmu family.

小槻氏姓の地下家。官務家と称す。

FUNYA no Kiyomi (693 - October 31, 770) was a member of the Imperial Family in the Nara period (Later demoted from nobility to subject.) His father was Naga no miko who was the prince of the Emperor Tenmu. His original name was Chinuo. He has brothers including FUNYA no Ochi.

文室浄三（ふんやのきよみ、持統天皇7年（693年）- 宝亀元年10月9日 (旧暦)（770年10月31日））は、奈良時代の皇親（後に臣籍降下）。父は天武天皇の皇子長皇子。初名は智努王（ちぬおう）。兄弟に文室大市等がいる。

Ukon (year of birth and death unknown) was a poetess of the mid-Heian period. Her father was FUJIWARA no Suetada, Ukone no shosho (Minor Captain of the Right Division of the Inner Palace Guards).

右近（うこん、生没年不詳）は、平安時代中期の女流歌人。父は右近衛少将藤原季縄。

Some of her poems were selected for "Gosen Wakashu" (Later selected collection of Japanese poetry), "Shui Wakashu" (Collection of Gleanings of Japanese Poems), and "Shin chokusen wakashu" (New Imperial Anthology of Japanese Poetry).

『後撰和歌集』『拾遺和歌集』『新勅撰和歌集』に入集している。

Ogura Hyakunin Isshu (the Ogura Anthology of One Hundred Tanka-poems by One Hundred Poets) No. 38: I no longer care about my sorrow because I'm sunk into oblivion, but I hold only your life dear because of being afraid that you, who forgot me after such a solemn vow, might get your just deserts. ('Shui Wakashu' Love-4, 870)

小倉百人一首 38番　忘らるる　身をば思はず　誓ひてし　人の命の　惜しくもあるかな（「拾遺和歌集」恋四870）

"Kocho-Junisen" is a collective term for twelve kinds of copper coins cast in Japan during the period from 708 AD to 963 AD. They are also called "Honcho-Junisen" and "Kocho-Junimonsen."

皇朝十二銭（こうちょうじゅうにせん）とは、708年（和銅元年）から963年（応和3年）にかけて、日本で鋳造された12種類の銅貨の総称である。本朝十二銭（ほんちょうじゅうにせん）、皇朝十二文銭（こうちょうじゅうにもんせん）とも呼ばれる。

Its Issue and History Kocho-Junisen includes the following twelve kinds of coins.

発行と経緯皇朝十二銭は、以下の12種類である。

Wado-kaichin, in 708. Mannen-tsuho, in 760. Jingu-kaiho, in 765. Ryuhei-eiho, in 796. Fuju-shinpo, in 818. Jowa-shoho, in 835. Chonen-taiho, in 848. Nyoeki-shinpo, in 859. Jogan-eiho, in 870. Kanpyo-taiho, in 890. Engi-tsuho, in 907. Kengen-taiho, in 958.

和同開珎　708年（和銅元年）万年通宝　760年（天平宝字4年）神功開宝　765年（天平神護元年）隆平永宝　796年（延暦15年）富寿神宝　818年（弘仁9年）承和昌宝　835年（承和 (日本)2年）長年大宝　848年（嘉祥元年）饒益神宝　859年（貞観 (日本)元年）貞観永宝　870年（貞観12年）寛平大宝　890年（寛平2年）延喜通宝　907年（延喜7年）乾元大宝　958年（天徳 (日本)2年）

Kocho-Junisen are considered to have been issued for the purpose of setting Japan's currency system in order by modeling the example of the Kaigen-tsuho of the Tang dynasty of China and also for the purpose of raising funds to cover huge costs required for transferring the national capital to Heijo with margins of profit from the value of currency and the original value of copper material.

律令期に皇朝十二銭が発行された目的としては、唐の開元通宝を手本とし、貨幣制度を整えるため、また、平城京遷都に必要となる莫大な経費を、銅地金本来の価値と貨幣価値との差額で賄うためということが挙げられる。

In Japan for a long time since abolishment of Kocho-Junisen (twelve coins cast in Japan,) no official currency was cast by the government. Resumption to use official copper currencies cast by the government happened more than 600 years after the period of Kocho-Junisen, when Keicho-tsuho and Kanei-tsuho appeared in the market in 1608 and in 1627, respectively.

皇朝十二銭が発行されなくなってから、長い間日本では公鋳貨幣は作られなかった。銅銭の公鋳の再開は、皇朝十二銭の600年以上後の1608年（慶長13年）に鋳造された慶長通宝あるいは1627年（寛永4年）の寛永通宝鋳造まで待つこととなる。

Additional Remarks Before Wado-kaichin coins, other currencies might have possibly been cast for use. One possibility is Mumon-ginsen coin (Japan's oldest private silver coinage) and another one is the Fuhon-sen coin.

付言和同開珎以前に別の銭貨が造られた可能性がある。一つは無文銀銭であり、他にもう一つは富本銭である。

Hazakura is a term that refers to cherry trees during the period after the cherry blossom falls and the trees start to sprout new leaves until the cherry trees are totally covered with new leaves of tender green, or to such scenes.

葉桜（はざくら）とは、サクラの花が散り若葉が出始めた頃から新緑で覆われた時期までの桜の木、またはその様を言う。

The term "Hazakura" is used as a summer season word in many Haiku poems such as, "I spent two days in Nara to enjoy beautiful Hazakura" (by Buson YOSANO) and "I enjoy Hazakura although other people do not notice its beauty" (by Kafu NAGAI).

『葉ざくらや奈良に二日の泊り客（与謝蕪村）』、『葉ざくらや人に知られぬ昼あそび（永井荷風）』のように夏の季語として用いられる。

There are different theories about his identity, but it is generally believed that he was the senior retainer for a Hara clan branch family member that served the Chiba clan as their chief retainer. Supposedly, he built Nekiuchi-jo Castle in the Kogane region when he was 25 years old.

出自については諸説あるが一般的には千葉氏の家老・原氏の分家で同氏の重臣とされる。 25歳の時、小金に根木内城を築いたという。

His children were Tanetoki TAKAGI who took over the Takagi clan and Ryogaku SHOYO who became the seventeenth head of Zojo-ji Temple.

子供には高城氏を継いだ高城胤辰や増上寺17世である照誉了学らがいる。

Amaterasu omikami (Tensho daijin) is a humanized Shinto god in Japanese. In "Engishiki (List of Official Shrines)," "Amaterasu" of Amaterasu Omikami is cited as "Amateru" when worshipped as the god of nature.

天照大神（あまてらすおおみかみ・てんしょうだいじん）は、日本神話に登場する神 (神道)（人格神）である。『延喜式』では自然神として神社などに祀られた場合の「天照」は「あまてる」と称されている。

Mt. Tenno is a mountain in Oyamazaki-cho, Otokuni-gun, Kyoto Prefecture.

天王山（てんのうざん）は、京都府乙訓郡大山崎町の山。

On the west side of the mountain, there is a border between Settsu Province (now Osaka Prefecture) and Yamashiro Province (now Kyoto Prefecture).

西側の山腹を、摂津国（現在の大阪府）と山城国（現在の京都府）の国境がよぎる。

The name of the mountain comes from Yamazaki Tennosha Shrine (now Tamadeyori Matsurikitaru Sakatoke-jinja Shrine) enshrining Gozu Tenno (deity said to be the Indian god Gavagriva) on the mountainside.

山名は、中腹に牛頭天王を祀る山崎天王社（現自玉手祭来酒解神社）があることに由来する。

"Bansei-Ikkei" literally means one family line through all ages. In many cases, this expression represents the Imperial family or the Imperial system.

万世一系（ばんせいいっけい）は、永久に一つの系統が続くこと。多くは皇室・皇統についていう。

Yoshioki OUCHI was the daimyo (feudal lord) of Suo Province who lived from the end of the Muromachi period to the Sengoku period. He was the thirtieth family head of the Ouchi clan.

大内義興（おおうちよしおき）は室町時代後期から戦国時代 (日本)にかけての周防国の戦国大名。大内氏の第30代当主。

Tally (saifu or wappu) was a certificate stamp used to settle money transactions between distant lands in medieval Japan, and it became the origin of currency exchange.

割符（さいふ/わっぷ）とは、中世日本において遠隔地間の金銭取引などの決済のために用いられた証紙で、日本における為替の元となった。

Similar to the currency exchange of later days, tally worked as follows: one party bought a tally issued by a merchant near the other end to buy merchandise and sent the tally to the other party in advance; the other party requested the issuer to cash the tally he had received, and settled the transaction with money.

後世の為替と同じ様に先に相手先近くの商人が商品購入のために発行した割符を購入して相手先に送り、相手が受け取った割符を発行者に換金を要求してその代金をもって決済する仕組であった。

FUJIWARA no Tadanushi (760 - November 2, 817) was a government official who lived during the early Heian period. His father was FUJIWARA no Kurajimaro. His mother was a daughter of AWATA no Umagai. His wife was FUJIWARA no Kusuko.

藤原縄主（ふじわらのただぬし、天平宝字4年（760年） - 弘仁8年9月16日 (旧暦)（817年10月29日））は、平安時代前期の官僚。父は藤原蔵下麻呂。母は粟田馬養の娘。妻は藤原薬子。

Aihime (her name also can be pronounced Yoshihime or Megohime) (1568 - February 21, 1653) was the only daughter of Kiyoaki TAMURA and a lawful wife of Masamune DATE. Her mother was Okita, a daughter of Akitane SOMA. His ingo (a title given to a Buddhist) is Yotokuin.

愛姫（よしひめ、めごひめ、永禄11年（1568年） - 承応2年1月24日 (旧暦)（1653年2月21日））は、田村清顕の一人娘で、伊達政宗の正室。母は相馬顕胤の娘・於北。院号は陽徳院。

When Masamune died on May 24, 1636, she entered the Buddhist priesthood under the Ungo Zenji and called herself Yotokuin. Before the 7th anniversary of Masamune's death, a wooden statue of him was created by the order of Aihime and it is a valuable historical material to tell his looks.

寛永13年（1636年）5月24日に政宗が死去した後、瑞巌寺の雲居禅師の元で仏門に入り、陽徳院と称した。政宗の17回忌前には彼女の命により、木造の政宗像が制作されたが、これは彼の面影を伝える史料として貴重なものである。

She died at the age of 86 on January 24, 1653. It was the same day as the monthly anniversary of Masamune's death.

承応2年（1653年）1月24日に86歳で死去する。 24日は政宗の月命日と同じであった。

The excavation research on the Zuihoden in 1974 showed that her husband, Masamune had B-type blood and her son, Tadamune, A-type blood, and therefore it is assumed that Aihime had A- or AB-type blood.

1974年（昭和49年）の瑞鳳殿発掘調査により、夫・政宗の血液型はB型、息子・忠宗はA型であることが判明しているため、愛姫の血液型はA型かAB型であろうと思われる。

FUJIWARA no Otsu (792-November 6, 854) was a government official in the early Heian period. He was a member of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan. He was the ninth child of FUJIWARA no Uchimaro. He was the paternal half-brother of FUJIWARA no Manatsu and FUJIWARA no Fuyutsugu. He was the father of FUJIWARA no Yoshitada.

藤原大津（ふじわらのおおつ、延暦11年（792年） - 仁寿4年10月9日 (旧暦)（854年11月2日））は、平安時代前期の官人。藤原北家。藤原内麻呂の第9子。藤原真夏・藤原冬嗣らの異母弟。藤原良縄の父。

Although he was a short person, he was out-going and enjoyed archery. He served with distinction as a local government official behind and is said to have been respected by local people during his time as the Governor of Bingo and Iyo Provinces.

身長が低かったが、意気が高く、歩射をよくした。また地方官としての優れた業績を残し、備後守・伊予守時代では民に慕われたという。

Tanenaga KOKUBUN (c. 1178 to June 3, 1200) is a samurai, who is said to have been in Miyagi County, Mutsu Province during the Kamakura period. He is said to have been a son of Tanemichi KOKUBUN, but there is a possibility that he may not have existed.

国分胤長（こくぶんたねなが、治承2年（1178年）? - 正治2年4月13日 (旧暦)（1200年5月27日）?）は、日本の鎌倉時代に陸奥国宮城郡にいたとされる武士である。国分胤通の子とされるが、実在しない可能性がある。

According to the family tree edited by Sakuma, Tanenaga died at the age of 23 on June 3, 1200, which means he was born in 1178. Although his younger brother Tanekiyo (胤清) died at the age of 16, his youngest brother Michiuji lived long, and was allowed to possess an estate in Yamaoka-no-sho, Inba County, Shimousa Province.

佐久間編の系図では胤長は正治2年（1200年）4月13日に年23歳で没したというので、生まれた年は治承2年（1178年）となる。弟の胤清も年16で死に、末弟の道氏は長命で下総印旛郡山岡荘に領土を与えられた。

TAIRA no Koremori was a samurai who lived towards the end of the Heian period. He was a legitimate son of TAIRA no Shigemori and therefore, a legitimate grandchild of TAIRA no Kiyomori.

平維盛（たいらのこれもり）は、平安時代末期の武将。平清盛の嫡孫で、平重盛の嫡男。

Taiwan Sotoku-fu (old form of a character: 臺灣總督府) is the name of the Japanese authorities then, which was established for ruling Taiwan, ceded from Qing to Empire of Japan and became Japanese territory.

台湾総督府（たいわんそうとくふ、旧字体：臺灣總督府）は、清から大日本帝国へ割譲され、日本領となった台湾を統治するために設置された当時の日本の官庁名である。

The headquarters of Taiwan Sotoku-fu founded in Taipei City is still used as the supreme ruler office of Republic of China. By the influence of international situation of these days, a lot of missiles are arrayed around there and the military policemen equipped with a rifle acts as a bodyguard.

台北市に設置された台湾総督府本庁舎は、現在も中華民国の中華民国総統府として使用されている。また昨今の国際情勢の影響により、近隣にはミサイルを多数配備し、憲兵が小銃を装備し護衛にあたっている。

The term 'Kusarigama jutsu' refers to a martial art in which a fighter, holding a sickle on a chain in one hand and the chain with a iron weight in the other, and swinging the weight in a circular motion, could throw the iron weight to the opponent's body or use the chain to entangle the weapon to retrieve and then kill him with the sickle.

鎖鎌術（くさりがまじゅつ）は鎖鎌を片手に鎌の柄を握って構え、片手に分銅のついた鎖を振り回し、分銅の鉄丸を相手に打ち付けたり、鎖を相手の武器に巻きつけて奪ったりして鎌でとどめをさす術。

Incidentally, different schools use different type of kusarigama (a chain and sickle) in shape, length and the position of the chain attached to the neck of the handle, therefore, it is rare to find exactly the same type at an antique shop.

なお、この鎖鎌の形状、長さ、鎖の位置等は流派により異なり、古道具などでまったく同じ形のものがでることはまれである。

It is believed that kusarigama was mainly used as a weapon by farmers who were forced to fight in a battlefield, and eventually developed into a martial art form, but the details remain unknown.

鎖鎌は主に農民の武器で、戦場に駆り出された農民が武器として鎌を使ったことから発展したとされるが詳細は不明。

Meanwhile, jingama which ashigaru (a common foot soldier) used in a battlefield was quite different from kusarigama.

なお、足軽などが戦場で使用したのは陣鎌であり別のものである。

Kusarigama jutsu is often transmitted with an art of naginata jutsu (art of Japanese halberd).

薙刀術に併伝していることが多い。

Schools

流派

Schools which mainly transmit kusarigama jutsu

専門流派

Shinkyo-ryu school of kusagama Ichishin-ryu school of kusarigama jutsu (affiliated with the Shinto Muso-ryu jojutsu [art of staff]) Yamada-ryu school (affiliated with Fusen-ryu school of jujutsu [present-day Judo]) Nitoshinkage-ryu school of kusarigama jutsu (founded during the Taisho period)

心鏡流草鎌一心流鎖鎌術（神道夢想流杖術に付属）山田流（不遷流柔術に付属）二刀神影流鎖鎌術（大正時代に創始）

Schools which transmit kusarigama jutsu and other martial arts (use of tanto [short sward], the naginata [halberd], the bojutsu [the staff], and retaining techniques with jitte [truncheon], and torite [rope], and so on)

流派内の武器術にあるもの

Masaki-ryu school Araki-ryu school Takeuchi-ryu school Shibukawa-ryu school Shibukawaichi-ryu school Yoshin-ryu school of naginata jutsu (art of halberd) Tendo-ryu school Komagawakaishin-ryu school of ken jutsu (art of fencing) Jikiyushin-ryu school (Jikishinkage-ryu school of naginata jutsu also transmits the style of Jikiyushin-ryu school of kusarigama jutsu) Kiraku-ryu school

正木流荒木流竹内流渋川流渋川一流楊心流薙刀術天道流駒川改心流剣術直猶心流（直心影流薙刀術に併伝）気楽流

Ryojun MATSUMOTO (July 13, 1832 – March 12, 1907) was a Shogun's retainer during the late Edo period, and a government official during the Meiji period. He was a baron.

松本良順（まつもとりょうじゅん、1832年7月13日（天保3年6月16日 (旧暦)） - 1907年（明治40年）3月12日）は、江戸時代後期の幕臣、明治期の官僚。男爵。

Kosho School Jodo Shinshu Sect (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) is one of the religious schools of Jodo Shinshu. The main temple is Kosho-ji Temple of Shimogyo-ku Ward, Kyoto City. It has 486 branch temples.

真宗興正派（しんしゅうこうしょうは）とは、浄土真宗の一派。本山は京都市下京区の興正寺。末寺数486。

Juko-in Temple is a sub-temple located within the precinct of Rinzai sect Daihonzan (Head Temple) Daitoku-ji Temple in Murasakino, Kita Ward, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture. The name 'Juko-in Temple' is derived from 'Jukoinden zenshosaminshitsu shinkindaizenjomon,' the posthumous Buddhist name of Nagayoshi MIYOSHI. It is not ordinarily open to the public.

聚光院（じゅこういん）は京都府京都市北区 (京都市)紫野にある臨済宗大本山大徳寺の塔頭のひとつである。聚光院という名は三好長慶の法名「聚光院殿前匠作眠室進近大禅定門」から採られたものである。通常は公開されていない。

Sojifujitsu is to make a false statement to the Emperor or to make a false charge.

奏事不実（そうじふじつ）とは、天皇に事実と違うことを奏上すること、または他者を讒言すること。

The term 'Kenmu' derives from the era name established the following year, in 1334 (referring to the Kenmu era of unified Japan, not the later Kenmu era of the Northern Court). The days before the Second World War were referred to by some in Japan as a revival of the Kenmu era. In history courses of recent years, the term' direct Imperial rule of the Kenmu era' comes up often.

名は、翌1334年に定められた「建武 (日本)」の元号に由来する。第二次世界大戦前は建武の中興と表現されていた。近年の歴史学では「建武政権」という表現も多い。

Emperor Godaigo attempted to rehabilitate the political power and influence of the Court through the return to direct Imperial rule, but his attempts left many in the samurai class in particular disgruntled, until in 1336 the most powerful member of the Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan), Takauji ASHIKAGA, became estranged from Emperor Godaigo, leading to the collapse of the Imperial government.

後醍醐天皇は天皇親政によって朝廷の政治を復権しようとしたが、武士層を中心とする不満を招き、1336年（建武3年）に河内源氏の有力者であった足利尊氏が離反したことにより、政権は崩壊した。

Stages of the Restoration

経過

Hozan Kenchin (1394 - February 14, 1442) was a priest during the Muromachi Period. He was a youngest son of Tadafuyu ASHIKAGA, whose sons were reportedly all priests except the oldest one, Fuyuuji ASHIKAGA.

宝山乾珍（ほうざんけんちん、応永元年（1394年） - 嘉吉元年12月25日 (旧暦)（グレゴリオ暦1442年2月5日））は室町時代の僧。足利直冬の末子といわれ、長兄足利冬氏を除き兄弟は皆僧籍にあったと伝わる。

Nobuchika ODA (January 26, 1851 - October 30, 1927) was the 10th lord of Tanba Kaibara Domain, Tanba Province, and Governor of Kaibara Domain. He was the 13th head of ODA family of TAKANAGA group.

織田信親（おだのぶちか、嘉永3年12月25日 (旧暦)（1851年1月26日） - 昭和2年（1927年）10月30日）は丹波国丹波柏原藩第10代藩主、柏原藩知事。高長系織田家13代。

Jugo is an aristocratic title equal to the following three titles: taikotaigo (Emperor's grandmother), kotaigo (Empress Dowager) and kogo (Empress Consort). Upon the emperor's order, those with the title of Jugo received equal treatment to the Imperial Family although they were vassals. Jugo is also called Jusango or Jusangu.

准后（じゅごう）とは、太皇太后、皇太后、皇后の三后に准じた貴族の称号。宣下されると臣下でありながら皇族あつかいとなる。准三后（じゅさんごう）、准三宮（じゅさんぐう）ともいう。

What is Jugo?

准后とは

Prince Kazuraki (also pronounced Kazuraki oji, Kazuraki no miko, Katsuragi oji, or Katsuragi no miko [date of birth and death unknown]) Prince Kazuraki was a member of the Imperial family in the Asuka period.

葛城皇子（かずらきおうじ・かずらきのみこ・かつらぎおうじ・かつらぎのみこ。生没年不詳) 葛城皇子は飛鳥時代の皇族。

The Uji Tunnel is a tunnel used exclusively by motor vehicles. This is located on the Keiji Bypass which runs through Uji City, Kyoto Prefecture.

宇治トンネル（うじトンネル）は、自動車専用道路トンネルである。これは、京都府宇治市を通る、京滋バイパス上にある。

It is situated between the Kasatori Interchange and the Ujihigashi Interchange.

笠取インターチェンジと宇治東インターチェンジの間にある。

Since the Uji Tunnel extends so long that lane changes are prohibited except for the 500-meter distance ahead of the Kasatori Interchange and the Ujihigashi Interchange.

総延長が長いため、笠取IC並びに宇治東IC手前500mを除き車線変更禁止となっている。

Joshi was an upper-class feudal retainer in the Edo period. When samurai were classified from the upper to lower classes as Joshi, Heishi, and Goshi, Joshi was the highest social standing among them.

上士（じょうし）は、江戸時代の上級藩士である。上士や平士、郷士等と分けたときの最上位の家格のことである。

Daigoro MIMASU was one of the professional names of Kabuki actors.

三枡大五郎（みますだいごろう）は歌舞伎の名跡の一つ。

Daigoro MIMASU the First His stage family name was Masuya. His haimyo (a Kabuki actor's offstage name which can be used officially and privately) was Ikko.

三枡大五郎 (初代) - 屋号は升屋。俳名は一光。

Daigoro MIMASU the Second He was an adopted child of Daigoro MIMASU the First. His stage family name was Osakaya. His haimyo were Ikko and 黒稲. He was a former Tabito MIMASU the Second.

三枡大五郎 (2代目) - 初代の養子。屋号は大坂屋。俳名は一光、黒稲。元2代目三枡他人。

Daigoro MIMASU the Third His stage family names were Iseya, Osakaya, and Kyomasuya. His haimyo were 巴暁, 由香, 其鶴.

三枡大五郎 (3代目) - 屋号は伊勢屋、大坂屋、京枡屋。俳名は巴暁、由香、其鶴。

Daigoro MIMASU the Fourth He was the first son of Daigoro MASUYA the Third.

三枡大五郎 (4代目) - 3代目の長男。

Daigoro MIMASU the Fifth He was a son of Mitsuzo NAKAMURA. His stage family names were Yodoya and Kyomasuya. His haimyo were Bairi and Baisho. He was a former Tabito MIMASU the Fourth.

三枡大五郎 (5代目) - 中村三津蔵の子。屋号は淀屋、京枡屋。俳名は梅里、梅升。元4代目三枡他人。

Sadamasa YABE (date of birth and death unknown), a busho (Japanese military commander) in Azuchi-Momoyama period, served Nobunaga ODA, and then served Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI as a vassal. He was an adopted child of Iesada YABE. His father was Yasushige HONGO. His official position was Bungo no kami (governor of Bungo Province.)

矢部定政（やべさだまさ、生没年不詳）は、安土桃山時代の武将で織田信長、後に豊臣秀吉家臣。矢部家定の養子。父は本郷泰茂。官途は豊後守。

Brief Personal History

略歴

Personal Profile

人物

Emperor Kazan (November 29, 968 - March 17, 1008) reigned from November 5, 984 - July 31, 986, as the sixty-fifth Emperor. It was in the middle Heian period when Emperor Kazan was in power. His posthumous name was Morosada. His name used to be written '華山天皇' in different Kanji characters.

花山天皇（かざんてんのう、安和元年10月26日（968年11月29日） - 寛弘5年2月8日（1008年3月17日）、在位：永観2年10月10日（984年11月5日） - 寛和2年6月23日（986年7月31日））は、第65代の天皇。平安時代中期にあたる。諱は師貞（もろさだ）。かつては「華山天皇」とも表記されていた。