Title: Consciousness-Aware Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning. Abstract: In cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning, centralized training with decentralized execution (CTDE) shows great promise for a trade-off between independent Q-learning and joint action learning. However, vanilla CTDE methods assumed a fixed number of agents could hardly adapt to real-world scenarios where dynamic team compositions typically suffer from the dilemma of dramatic partial observability variance. Specifically, agents with extensive sight ranges are prone to be affected by trivial environmental substrates, dubbed the “attention distraction” issue; ones with limited observability can hardly sense their teammates, hindering the quality of cooperation. In this paper, we propose a Consciousness-Aware Multi-Agent reinforcement learning (CAMA) approach, which roots in a divide-and-conquer strategy to facilitate stable and sustainable teamwork. Concretely, CAMA targets dividing the input entities with controlled observability masks by an Entity Dividing Module (EDM) according to their execution relevance for consciousness learning. To tackle the attention distraction issue, the highly related entities are fed to a Consciousness Enhancement Module (CEM) for consciousness-aware representation extraction via action prediction with an inverse model. For better out-of-sight-range cooperation, the lowly related ones are compressed to brief messages by a Consciousness Replenishment Module (CRM) with a conditional mutual information estimator. Our CAMA outperforms the SOTA methods significantly on the challenging StarCraftII, MPE, and Traffic Junction benchmarks.