Title: Beyond the injective assumption in causal representation learning. Abstract: Causal representation learning aims to take some entangled observation, $x$, and recover the latent causal variables $z$ from which the observation was generated using via generative function $g(\cdot): \mathcal{Z}\rightarrow \mathcal{X}$. While this problem is impossible in its full generality, there has been considerable recent progress in showing a variety of conditions in which the latents are identifiable. All of these approaches share the assumption that $g(\cdot)$ is injective: i.e. for any two observations $x_1$ and $x_2$, if $x_1 = x_2$ then the corresponding latent variables, $z_1$ and $z_2$ are equal. This assumption is restrictive but dropping it entirely would allow pathological examples that we could never hope to identify, so in order to make progress beyond injectivity, we need to make explicit the important classes of non-injective functions. In this paper we present formal hierarchy over generative functions that includes injective functions and two non-trivial classes of non-injective functions---occlusion and observable effects---that we argue are important for causal representation learning to consider. We demonstrate that the injective assumption is not necessary, by proving the first identifiability results in settings with occluded variables. 