The researchers reviewed 105 U.S.-based randomized controlled trials, from the past 50 years, that were relevant to pain patients in the United States and met inclusion criteria. Although the reporting of safety information was low overall, none of the clinical trials reported significant side effects due to the interventions. The review focused on U.S.-based trial results on seven approaches used for one or more of five painful conditions--back pain, osteoarthritis, neck pain, fibromyalgia, and severe headaches and migraine--and found promise in the following for safety and effectiveness in treating pain: