Pyrimidine and imidazole rings are particularly important in biological chemistry. Pyrimidine, for instance, is the parent ring system in cytosine, thymine, and uracil, three of the five heterocyclic amine bases found in nucleic acids. An aromatic imidazole ring is present in histidine, one of the 20 amino acids found in proteins.
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Cytosine (in DNA and RNA)
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Thymine (in DNA)
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Uracil (in RNA)
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Benzene - 15.5 Aromatic Heterocycles: Pyridine and Pyrrole

Histidine (an amino acid)


WORKED EXAMPLE 15.1 -


Accounting for the Aromaticity of a Heterocycle -


Thiophene


Strategy -

Recall the requirements for aromaticity-a planar, cyclic, conjugated molecule with $4 n+2 \pi$ electrons-and see how these requirements apply to thiophene.


Solution -

Thiophene is the sulfur analog of pyrrole. The sulfur atom is $s p^{2}$-hybridized and has a lone pair of electrons in a $p$ orbital perpendicular to the plane of the ring. Sulfur also has a second lone pair of electrons in the ring plane.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0491.jpg?height=258&width=530&top_left_y=1736&top_left_x=738)


Solution -

Thiophene


Solution -


Solution -

Furan


Solution -

Thiamin


Solution -

Thiazolium ring