Naming Ethers -

PROBLEM Treatment of trans-2-chlorocyclohexanol with NaOH yields 1,2-epoxycyclohexane, but reaction of
18-43 the cis isomer under the same conditions yields cyclohexanone. Propose mechanisms for both reactions, and explain why the different results are obtained.
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$\xrightarrow[\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}]{\mathrm{NaOH}}$
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Naming Ethers -

Reactions of Ethers and Epoxides
PROBLEM Predict the products of the following ether cleavage reactions:


Naming Ethers -


Naming Ethers -

PROBLEM How would you carry out the following transformations? More than one step may be required.
18-45 (a)
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0631.jpg?height=157&width=536&top_left_y=1347&top_left_x=477)
(b)
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0631.jpg?height=207&width=430&top_left_y=1355&top_left_x=1078)
(c)
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0631.jpg?height=234&width=714&top_left_y=1580&top_left_x=483)
(d)
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0631.jpg?height=88&width=847&top_left_y=1821&top_left_x=479)
(e)
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0631.jpg?height=107&width=751&top_left_y=1925&top_left_x=481)


Naming Ethers -

PROBLEM What product would you expect from cleavage of tetrahydrofuran with HI ? 18-46


Naming Ethers -

PROBLEM Write the mechanism of the hydrolysis of cis-5,6-epoxydecane by reaction with aqueous acid. What 18-47 is the stereochemistry of the product, assuming normal backside $\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{N}} 2$ attack?

PROBLEM What is the stereochemistry of the product from acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of 18-48 trans-5,6-epoxydecane? How does the product differ from that formed in Problem 18-47?


Naming Ethers -

PROBLEM Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of a 1,2-epoxycyclohexane produces a trans-diaxial 1,2-diol. What 18-49 product would you expect to obtain from acidic hydrolysis of cis-3-tert-butyl-1,2-epoxycyclohexane? (Recall that the bulky tert-butyl group locks the
cyclohexane ring into a specific conformation.)
PROBLEM Imagine that you have treated ( $2 R, 3 R$ )-2,3-epoxy-3-methylpentane with aqueous acid to carry out a 18-50 ring-opening reaction.
<img class="imgSvg" id = "m6sn3oki6emg4f23rwq" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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"/>


2,3-Epoxy-3-methylpentane (no stereochemistry implied) -

(a) Draw the epoxide, showing stereochemistry.
(b) Draw and name the product, showing stereochemistry. (c) Is the product chiral? Explain.
(d) Is the product optically active? Explain.


PROBLEM Epoxides are reduced by treatment with lithium aluminum hydride to yield alcohols. Propose a
18-51 mechanism for this reaction.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0632.jpg?height=202&width=644&top_left_y=780&top_left_x=410)


PROBLEM Show the structure and stereochemistry of the alcohol that would result if 1,2-epoxycyclohexane
18-52 were reduced with lithium aluminum deuteride, $\mathrm{LiAlD}_{4}$ (Problem 18-51).


Spectroscopy -

PROBLEM The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) uses a chemical communication system based on scent marks in urine.
18-53 One component of fox urine is a sulfide whose mass spectrum has $\mathrm{M}^{+}=116$. IR spectroscopy shows an intense band at $890 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$, and ${ }^{1} \mathrm{H}$ NMR spectroscopy reveals the following peaks:
$1.74 \delta(3 \mathrm{H}$, singlet $) ; 2.11 \delta(3 \mathrm{H}$, singlet $) ; 2.27 \delta(2 \mathrm{H}$, triplet, $J=4.2 \mathrm{~Hz}) ; 2.57 \delta(2 \mathrm{H}$, triplet, $J=$ $4.2 \mathrm{~Hz}) ; 4.73 \delta(2 \mathrm{H}$, broad)


Spectroscopy -

Propose a structure consistent with these data. [Note: $\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{2} \mathrm{~S}$ absorbs at $2.1 \mathrm{\delta}$ ].
PROBLEM Anethole, $\mathrm{C}_{10} \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}$, a major constituent of the oil of anise, has the ${ }^{1} \mathrm{H}$ NMR spectrum shown. On
18-54 careful oxidation with $\mathrm{Na}_{2} \mathrm{Cr}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{7}$, anethole yields $p$-methoxybenzoic acid. What is the structure of anethole? Assign all peaks in the NMR spectrum, and account for the observed splitting patterns.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0632.jpg?height=505&width=1397&top_left_y=1672&top_left_x=418)


Spectroscopy -

PROBLEM Propose structures for compounds that have the following ${ }^{1} \mathrm{H}$ NMR spectra:
18-55
(a) $\mathrm{C}_{5} \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{~S}(\mathrm{An}-\mathrm{SH}$ proton absorbs near 1.6 ס.)
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0633.jpg?height=505&width=1397&top_left_y=254&top_left_x=478)
(b) $\mathrm{C}_{9} \mathrm{H}_{11} \mathrm{BrO}$
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0633.jpg?height=516&width=1394&top_left_y=821&top_left_x=479)
(c) $\mathrm{C}_{5} \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}_{2}$
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0633.jpg?height=730&width=1473&top_left_y=1391&top_left_x=472)


General Problems -

PROBLEM Predict the products of the following reactions:


18-56 (a) -


18-56 (a) -

PROBLEM How would you synthesize anethole (Problem 18-54) from phenol?
18-57
PROBLEM How could you prepare benzyl phenyl ether from benzene and phenol? More than one step is
18-58 required.
PROBLEM Meerwein's reagent, triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate, is a powerful ethylating agent that converts
18-59 alcohols into ethyl ethers at neutral pH . Show the reaction of Meerwein's reagent with cyclohexanol, and account for the fact that trialkyloxonium salts are much more reactive alkylating agents than alkyl iodides.


$\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{3} \mathrm{O}^{+} \mathrm{BF}_{4}^{-} \quad$ Meerwein's reagent -


Safrole -

PROBLEM Grignard reagents react with oxetane, a four-membered cyclic ether, to yield primary alcohols, but
18-61 the reaction is much slower than the corresponding reaction with ethylene oxide. Suggest a reason for the difference in reactivity between oxetane and ethylene oxide.


Safrole -

$$
\square \mathrm{O} \xrightarrow[\text { 2. } \mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{O}^{+}]{\text {1. } \mathrm{RMgX}} \mathrm{RCH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{OH}
$$


Safrole -

Oxetane
PROBLEM The Zeisel method is an old analytical procedure for determining the number of methoxyl groups
18-62 in a compound. A weighed amount of the compound is heated with concentrated HI, ether cleavage occurs, and the iodomethane product is distilled off and passed into an alcohol solution of $\mathrm{AgNO}_{3}$, where it reacts to form a precipitate of silver iodide. The AgI is then collected and weighed, and the percentage of methoxyl groups in the sample is thereby determined. For example, 1.06 g of vanillin, the material responsible for the characteristic odor of vanilla, yields 1.60 g of AgI. If vanillin has a molecular weight of 152, how many methoxyl groups does it contain?


Safrole -

PROBLEM Disparlure, $\mathrm{C}_{19} \mathrm{H}_{38} \mathrm{O}$, is a sex attractant released by the female spongy moth, Lymantria dispar.
18-63 The ${ }^{1} \mathrm{H}$ NMR spectrum of disparlure shows a large absorption in the alkane region, 1 to $2 \delta$, and a triplet at $2.8 \delta$. Treatment of disparlure, first with aqueous acid and then with $\mathrm{KMnO}_{4}$, yields two carboxylic acids identified as undecanoic acid and 6-methylheptanoic acid. ( $\mathrm{KMnO}_{4}$ cleaves 1,2-diols to yield carboxylic acids.) Neglecting stereochemistry, propose a structure for disparlure. The actual compound is a chiral molecule with $7 R, 8 S$ stereochemistry. Draw disparlure, showing the correct stereochemistry.


Safrole -

PROBLEM How would you synthesize racemic disparlure (Problem 18-63) from compounds having ten or
18-64 fewer carbons?
PROBLEM How would you prepare o-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde from phenol? More than one step is
18-65 required.
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o-Hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde


Safrole -

PROBLEM Identify the reagents a-e in the following scheme:


18-66 -


18-66 -

PROBLEM Propose structures for compounds that have the following ${ }^{1} \mathrm{H}$ NMR spectra:
18-67 (a) $\mathrm{C}_{4} \mathrm{H}_{10} \mathrm{O}_{2}$
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0635.jpg?height=508&width=1400&top_left_y=882&top_left_x=471)
(b) $\mathrm{C}_{9} \mathrm{H}_{10} \mathrm{O}$
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0635.jpg?height=510&width=1402&top_left_y=1450&top_left_x=470)


18-66 -

PROBLEM We saw in Section 17.4 that ketones react with $\mathrm{NaBH}_{4}$ to yield alcohols. We'll also see in Section
18-68 22.3 that ketones react with $\mathrm{Br}_{2}$ to yield $\alpha$-bromo ketones. Perhaps surprisingly, treatment with $\mathrm{NaBH}_{4}$ of the $\alpha$-bromo ketone from acetophenone yields an epoxide rather than a bromo alcohol. Show the structure of the epoxide, and explain its formation.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0635.jpg?height=274&width=960&top_left_y=2167&top_left_x=409)