CHAPTER CONTENTS -

Although we've only discussed open-chain compounds up to now, most organic compounds contain rings of carbon atoms. Chrysanthemic acid, for instance, whose esters occur naturally as the active insecticidal constituents of chrysanthemum flowers, contains a three-membered (cyclopropane) ring.
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Chrysanthemic acid -


Chrysanthemic acid -

Prostaglandin $\mathrm{E}_{1}$


Cortisone -


Cortisone - 4.1 Naming Cycloalkanes

Saturated cyclic hydrocarbons are called cycloalkanes, or alicyclic compounds (aliphatic cyclic). Because cycloalkanes consist of rings of $-\mathrm{CH}_{2}$-units, they have the general formula $\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{n}$, or $\mathrm{C}_{n} \mathrm{H}_{2 n}$, and can be represented by polygons in skeletal drawings.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0100.jpg?height=454&width=1199&top_left_y=1410&top_left_x=455)


Cortisone - 4.1 Naming Cycloalkanes

Substituted cycloalkanes are named by rules similar to those we saw in (Section 3.4) for open-chain alkanes. For most compounds, there are only two steps.


STEP 1 -


Find the parent. -

Count the number of carbon atoms in the ring and the number in the largest substituent. If the number of carbon atoms in the ring is equal to or greater than the number in the substituent, the compound is named as an alkyl-substituted cycloalkane. If the number of carbon atoms in the largest substituent is greater than the number in the ring, the compound is named as a cycloalkyl-substituted alkane. For example:
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src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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"/>


Find the parent. -

Methylcyclopentane
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0100.jpg?height=104&width=321&top_left_y=2257&top_left_x=1089)


Find the parent. -

3 carbons 4 carbons


STEP 2 -


Number the substituents, and write the name. -

For an alkyl- or halo-substituted cycloalkane, choose a point of attachment as carbon 1 and number the substituents on the ring so that the second substituent has as low a number as possible. If ambiguity still exists, number so that the third or fourth substituent has as low a number as possible, until a point of difference is found.
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PROBLEM Draw structures corresponding to the following IUPAC names:
4-2 (a) 1,1-Dimethylcyclooctane
(b) 3-Cyclobutylhexane
(c) 1,2-Dichlorocyclopentane
(d) 1,3-Dibromo-5-methylcyclohexane


PROBLEM Name the following cycloalkane:


4-3 -


4-3 - 4.2 Cis-Trans Isomerism in Cycloalkanes

In many respects, the chemistry of cycloalkanes is like that of open-chain alkanes: both are nonpolar and fairly inert. There are, however, some important differences. One difference is that cycloalkanes are less flexible than open-chain alkanes. In contrast with the relatively free rotation around single bonds in open-chain alkanes (Section 3.6 and Section 3.7 ), there is much less freedom in cycloalkanes. Cyclopropane, for example, must be a rigid, planar molecule because three points (the carbon atoms) define a plane. No bond rotation can take place around a cyclopropane carbon-carbon bond without breaking open the ring (FIGURE 4.2).
(a)
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FIGURE 4.2 Bond rotation in ethane and cyclopropane. (a) Rotation occurs around the carbon-carbon bond in ethane, but (b) no rotation is possible around the carbon-carbon bonds in cyclopropane without breaking open the ring.


Larger cycloalkanes have increasing rotational freedom, and very large rings ( $\mathrm{C}_{25}$ and up) are so floppy that they are nearly indistinguishable from open-chain alkanes. The common ring sizes ( $\mathrm{C}_{3}-\mathrm{C}_{7}$ ), however, are severely restricted in their molecular motions.


Because of their cyclic structures, cycloalkanes have two faces when viewed edge-on, a "top" face and a "bottom" face. As a result, isomerism is possible in substituted cycloalkanes. For example, there are two different 1,2-dimethylcyclopropane isomers, one with the two methyl groups on the same face of the ring and one with the methyl groups on opposite faces (FIGURE 4.3). Both isomers are stable compounds, and neither can be converted into the other without breaking and reforming chemical bonds.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0103.jpg?height=267&width=754&top_left_y=471&top_left_x=241)
cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopropane
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0103.jpg?height=283&width=348&top_left_y=452&top_left_x=1512)
trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclopropane

FIGURE 4.3 There are two different 1,2-dimethylcyclopropane isomers, one with the methyl groups on the same face of the ring (cis) and the other with the methyl groups on opposite faces of the ring (trans). The two isomers do not interconvert.
Unlike the constitutional isomers butane and isobutane, which have their atoms connected in a different order (Section 3.2), the two 1,2-dimethylcyclopropanes have the same order of connections but differ in the spatial orientation of the atoms. Such compounds, with atoms connected in the same order but differing in threedimensional orientation, are called stereochemical isomers, or stereoisomers. As we saw in Section 3.6, the term stereochemistry is used generally to refer to the three-dimensional aspects of structure and reactivity.


Constitutional isomers (different connections between atoms) -


*) WORKED EXAMPLE 4.1 -


Naming Cycloalkanes -


Strategy -

In these views, the ring is roughly in the plane of the page, a wedged bond protrudes out of the page, and a dashed bond recedes into the page. Two substituents are cis if they are both out of or both into the page, and they are trans if one is out of and one is into the page.


Solution -

(a) trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane
(b) cis-1,2-Dichlorocyclohexane


Solution -


Solution -

PROBLEM Draw the structures of the following molecules:
4-5 (a) trans-1-Bromo-3-methylcyclohexane (b) cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclobutane
(c) trans-1-tert-Butyl-2-ethylcyclohexane