General Problems -

PROBLEM Phenol, $\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{OH}$, is a stronger acid than methanol, $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{OH}$, even though both contain an $\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{H}$ bond.
2-61 Draw the structures of the anions resulting from loss of $\mathrm{H}^{+}$from phenol and methanol, and use resonance structures to explain the difference in acidity.
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General Problems -

Phenol $\left(\mathrm{p} K_{\mathrm{a}}=9.89\right) \quad$ Methanol $\left(\mathrm{p} K_{\mathrm{a}}=15.54\right)$
PROBLEM Thiamin diphosphate (TPP), a derivative of vitamin $B_{1}$ required for glucose metabolism, is a weak
2-62 acid that can be deprotonated by a base. Assign formal charges to the appropriate atoms in both TPP and its deprotonation product.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0063.jpg?height=391&width=1495&top_left_y=577&top_left_x=407)


General Problems -


General Problems -

PROBLEM Use the $\mathrm{p} K_{\mathrm{a}}$ table in Appendix B to determine in which direction the equilibrium is favored.
2-64 (a)
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(b)
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0063.jpg?height=61&width=858&top_left_y=1433&top_left_x=479)
(c)


General Problems -

$$
\overline{\mathrm{C}} \mathrm{H}_{3}+\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{NO}_{2} \rightleftarrows \mathrm{CH}_{4}+\overline{\mathrm{C}} \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{NO}_{2}
$$


General Problems -

PROBLEM Which intermolecular force is predominantly responsible for each observation below?
$\mathbf{2 - 6 5}$ (a) $\mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{29} \mathrm{CH}_{3}$, a component found in paraffin wax, is a solid at room temperature while $\mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{6} \mathrm{CH}_{3}$ is a liquid.
(b) $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{OH}$ has a higher boiling point than $\mathrm{CH}_{4}$.
(c) $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CO}_{2} \mathrm{H}$, which is found in vinegar, will dissolve in water but not in oil. Assume that oil is $\mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{4} \mathrm{CH}_{3}$.
$702 \cdot$ Additional Problems


CHAPTER 3 -

Organic Compounds: Alkanes and Their Stereochemistry
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0065.jpg?height=1037&width=1888&top_left_y=449&top_left_x=235)


CHAPTER 3 -

FIGURE 3.1 The bristlecone pine is the oldest living organism on Earth. The waxy coating on its needles contains a mixture of organic compounds called alkanes, the subject of this chapter. (credit: modification of work "Gnarly Bristlecone Pine" by Rick Goldwaser/Flickr, CC BY 2.0)


CHAPTER CONTENTS -


CHAPTER CONTENTS - 3.1 Functional Groups

3.2 Alkanes and Alkane Isomers
3.3 Alkyl Groups
3.4 Naming Alkanes
3.5 Properties of Alkanes
3.6 Conformations of Ethane
3.7 Conformations of Other Alkanes


WHY THIS CHAPTER? The group of organic compounds called alkanes are simple and relatively unreactive, but they nevertheless provide a useful vehicle for introducing some important general ideas. In this chapter, we'll use alkanes to introduce the basic approach to naming organic compounds and to take an initial look at some of the three-dimensional aspects of molecules, a topic of particular importance in understanding biological organic chemistry.


According to Chemical Abstracts, the publication that abstracts and indexes the chemical literature, there are more than 195 million known organic compounds. Each of these compounds has its own physical properties, such as melting point and boiling point, and each has its own chemical reactivity.


Chemists have learned through years of experience that organic compounds can be classified into families according to their structural features and that the members of a given family have similar chemical behavior. Instead of 195 million compounds with random reactivity, there are a few dozen families of organic compounds whose chemistry is reasonably predictable. We'll study the chemistry of specific families throughout much of this book, beginning in this chapter with a look at the simplest family, the alkanes.


The structural features that make it possible to classify compounds into families are called functional groups. A functional group is a group of atoms within a molecule that has a characteristic chemical behavior. Chemically, a given functional group behaves in nearly the same way in every molecule it's a part of. For example, compare ethylene, a plant hormone that causes fruit to ripen, with menthene, a much more complicated molecule found in peppermint oil. Both substances contain a carbon-carbon double-bond functional group, and both therefore react with $\mathrm{Br}_{2}$ in the same way to give a product in which a Br atom has added to each of the double-bond carbons (FIGURE 3.2). This example is typical: the chemistry of every organic molecule, regardless of size and complexity, is determined by the functional groups it contains.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0066.jpg?height=254&width=286&top_left_y=968&top_left_x=285)
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FIGURE 3.2 The reactions of ethylene and menthene with bromine. In both molecules, the carbon-carbon double-bond functional group has a similar polarity pattern, so both molecules react with $\mathrm{Br}_{2}$ in the same way. The size and complexity of the molecules are not important.


Look at TABLE 3.1, which lists many of the common functional groups and gives simple examples of their occurrence. Some functional groups have only carbon-carbon double or triple bonds; others have halogen atoms; and still others contain oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur. Much of the chemistry you'll be studying is the chemistry of these functional groups.


Functional Groups with Carbon-Carbon Multiple Bonds -

Alkenes, alkynes, and arenes (aromatic compounds) all contain carbon-carbon multiple bonds. Alkenes have a double bond, alkynes have a triple bond, and arenes have alternating double and single bonds in a sixmembered ring of carbon atoms. They look different, but because of their structural similarities, they also have chemical similarities.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0067.jpg?height=2237&width=1373&top_left_y=188&top_left_x=365)


TABLE 3.1 Structures of Some Common Functional Groups


| Name | Structure* | Name ending | Example |
| :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: |
| Amine | <smiles>CN(C)C(C)(C)C</smiles> | -amine | $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{NH}_{2}$
 Methylamine |
| Imine (Schiff base) | <smiles>CCC(=NC)C(C)(C)C</smiles> | None | <smiles>C=NC</smiles>
 Acetone imine |
| Nitrile | -C $\equiv \mathrm{N}$ | -nitrile | $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{C} \equiv \mathrm{~N}$
 Ethanenitrile |
| Thiol | <smiles>CC(C)(C)S</smiles> | -thiol | $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{SH}$
 Methanethiol |
| Sulfide | <smiles></smiles> | sulfide | $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{SCH}_{3}$
 Dimethyl sulfide |
| Disulfide | <smiles>CSC(C)(C)C</smiles> | disulfide | $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{SSCH}_{3}$
 Dimethyl disulfide |
| Sulfoxide | <smiles>CCS+C(C)(C)C</smiles> | sulfoxide | <smiles>C[SeH]=[OH+]</smiles>
 Dimethyl sulfoxide |
| Aldehyde | <smiles>CC=O</smiles> | -al | Ethanal |
| Ketone | <smiles>CCC(=O)C(C)(C)C</smiles> | -one | <smiles>C=C=O</smiles>
 Propanone |
| Carboxylic acid | <smiles>CC(C)(C)C(=O)O</smiles> | -oic acid | <smiles>C[14CH2]O</smiles>
 Ethanoic acid |
| Ester | <smiles>CC(C)(C)C(=O)O</smiles> | -oate | <smiles>CC(C)=O</smiles>
 Methyl ethanoate |
| Thioester | <smiles>CC(C)(C)C(=O)S</smiles> | -thioate | <smiles>C[AsH]=O</smiles>
 Methyl ethanethioate |


| Name | Structure* | Name ending | Example |
| :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: |
| Amide | <smiles>CN(C)C(=O)C(C)(C)C</smiles> | -amide | <smiles>CC(N)=O</smiles>
 Ethanamide |
| Acid chloride | <smiles>CC(C)(C)C(=O)Cl</smiles> | -oyl chloride | <smiles>CC(=O)Cl</smiles>
 Ethanoyl chloride |
| Carboxylic acid anhydride | <smiles>CC(C)(C)C(=O)OC(=O)C(C)(C)C</smiles> | -oic anhydride | <smiles>COC(C)=O</smiles>
 Ethanoic anhydride |


*The bonds whose connections aren't specified are assumed to be attached to carbon or hydrogen atoms in the rest of the molecule.


Functional Groups with Carbon Singly Bonded to an Electronegative Atom -

Alkyl halides (haloalkanes), alcohols, ethers, alkyl phosphates, amines, thiols, sulfides, and disulfides all have a carbon atom singly bonded to an electronegative atom-halogen, oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur. Alkyl halides have a carbon atom bonded to halogen ( -X ), alcohols have a carbon atom bonded to the oxygen of a hydroxyl group ( -OH ), ethers have two carbon atoms bonded to the same oxygen, organophosphates have a carbon atom bonded to the oxygen of a phosphate group $\left(-\mathrm{OPO}_{3}{ }^{2-}\right)$, amines have a carbon atom bonded to a nitrogen, thiols have a carbon atom bonded to the sulfur of an -SH group, sulfides have two carbon atoms bonded to the same sulfur, and disulfides have carbon atoms bonded to two sulfurs that are joined together. In all cases, the bonds are polar, with the carbon atom bearing a partial positive charge ( $\delta+$ ) and the electronegative atom bearing a partial negative charge ( $\delta-$ ).
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0070.jpg?height=251&width=288&top_left_y=205&top_left_x=287)
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src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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"/>

Alkyl halide (haloalkane)
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0070.jpg?height=253&width=305&top_left_y=771&top_left_x=281)
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Amine
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0070.jpg?height=239&width=300&top_left_y=214&top_left_x=636)
<img class="imgSvg" id = "m6sn3m7qld5e4cyhvzf" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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"/>

Alcohol
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0070.jpg?height=261&width=300&top_left_y=761&top_left_x=636)
<img class="imgSvg" id = "m6sn3m7rqd4uw3tzuq8" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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"/>

Thiol
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0070.jpg?height=237&width=354&top_left_y=218&top_left_x=994)
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Ether
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0070.jpg?height=285&width=388&top_left_y=752&top_left_x=977)
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Sulfide
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0070.jpg?height=237&width=353&top_left_y=212&top_left_x=1428)
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Phosphate
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Disulfide


Functional Groups with a Carbon-Oxygen Double Bond (Carbonyl Groups) -

The carbonyl group, $\mathrm{C}=\mathrm{O}$ (pronounced car-bo-neel) is common to many of the families listed in TABLE 3.1. Carbonyl groups are present in a majority of organic compounds and in practically all biological molecules. These compounds therefore behave similarly in many respects but differ depending on the identity of the other atoms bonded to the carbonyl-group carbon. Aldehydes have at least one hydrogen bonded to the $\mathrm{C}=\mathrm{O}$, ketones have two carbons bonded to the $\mathrm{C}=\mathrm{O}$, carboxylic acids have an -OH group bonded to the $\mathrm{C}=\mathrm{O}$, esters have an ether-like oxygen bonded to the $\mathrm{C}=\mathrm{O}$, thioesters have a sulfide-like sulfur bonded to the $\mathrm{C}=\mathrm{O}$, amides have an amine-like nitrogen bonded to the $\mathrm{C}=\mathrm{O}$, acid chlorides have a chlorine bonded to the $\mathrm{C}=\mathrm{O}$, and so on. In all these functional groups, the carbonyl carbon atom bears a partial positive charge ( $\delta+$ ), and the oxygen bears a partial negative charge ( $\delta$-).
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Acetone-a typical carbonyl compound
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Acid chloride


PROBLEM Propose structures for simple molecules that contain the following functional groups:
3-2 (a) Alcohol (b) Aromatic ring
(c) Carboxylic acid (d) Amine
(e) Both ketone and amine (f) Two double bonds


PROBLEM Identify the functional groups in the following model of arecoline, a veterinary drug used to control 3-3 worms in animals. Convert the drawing into a line-bond structure and a molecular formula (red = O , blue $=\mathrm{N}$, black $=\mathrm{C}$, gray $=\mathrm{H}$ ) .
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0071.jpg?height=457&width=518&top_left_y=2051&top_left_x=435)