Chapter 6 -

Chapter 7
PROBLEM (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 2
7-1
PROBLEM (a) 5 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) 1 (e) 6 (f) 5
7-2
PROBLEM $\mathrm{C}_{16} \mathrm{H}_{13} \mathrm{ClN}_{2} \mathrm{O}$
7-3
PROBLEM (a) 3,4,4-Trimethyl-1-pentene (b) 3-Methyl-3-hexene (c) 4,7-Dimethyl-2,5-octadiene
$7-4$ (d) 6-Ethyl-7-methyl-4-nonene
7-4 (d) 6-Ethyl-7-methyl-4-nonene
PROBLEM (a)
7-5
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(b)
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PROBLEM (a) 1,2-Dimethylcyclohexene
(b) 4,4-Dimethylcycloheptene (c) 3-Isopropylcyclopentene 7-6
PROBLEM (a) 2,5,5-Trimethylhex-2-ene (b) 2,3-Dimethylcyclohexa-1,3-diene
7-7
PROBLEM
7-8
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Chapter 6 -

PROBLEM Compounds (c), (e), and (f) have cis-trans isomers.
7-9
PROBLEM (a) cis-4,5-Dimethyl-2-hexene (b) trans-6-Methyl-3-heptene 7-10
PROBLEM
(a) $-\mathrm{CH}_{3}$
(b) -Cl
(c) $-\mathrm{CH}=\mathrm{CH}_{2}$
(d) $-\mathrm{OCH}_{3}$
(e) $-\mathrm{CH}=\mathrm{O}$ (f) $-\mathrm{CH}=\mathrm{O}$


Chapter 6 -

7-11
PROBLEM (a) $-\mathrm{Cl},-\mathrm{OH},-\mathrm{CH}_{3},-\mathrm{H}$ (b) $-\mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{OH},-\mathrm{CH}=\mathrm{CH}_{2},-\mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{3},-\mathrm{CH}_{3}$
7-12 (c) $-\mathrm{CO}_{2} \mathrm{H},-\mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{OH},-\mathrm{C} \equiv \mathrm{N},-\mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{NH}_{2}$ (d) $-\mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{OCH}_{3},-\mathrm{C} \equiv \mathrm{N},-\mathrm{C} \equiv \mathrm{CH},-\mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{3}$
PROBLEM (a) $Z$ (b) $E$ (c) $Z$ (d) $E$
7-13
PROBLEM
7-14
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z


Chapter 6 -

PROBLEM (a) 2-Methylpropene is more stable than 1-butene.
7-15 (b) trans-2-Hexene is more stable than cis-2-hexene.
(c) 1-Methylcyclohexene is more stable than 3-methylcyclohexene.


Chapter 6 -


Chapter 6 -

PROBLEM In the conformation shown, only the methyl- group $\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{H}$ that is parallel to the carbocation $p$ orbital
7-19 can show hyperconjugation.
PROBLEM The second step is exergonic; the transition state resembles the carbocation.
7-20
PROBLEM
7-21
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-1176.jpg?height=223&width=1359&top_left_y=2062&top_left_x=410)


Chapter 8 -

PROBLEM 2-Methyl-2-butene and 2-methyl-1-butene
8-1
PROBLEM Five


Chapter 8 -


Chapter 8 -

PROBLEM (a) 3-Methyl-1-butene (b) 2-Methyl-2-butene (c) Methylenecyclohexane
$\mathbf{8 - 1 0}$
PROBLEM


Chapter 8 -

PROBLEM (a) 1-Methylcyclohexene (b) 2-Methyl-2-pentene (c) 1,3-Butadiene 8-14


Chapter 8 -

PROBLEM 8-15


Chapter 8 -

PROBLEM (a) 2-Methylpropen
(b) 3-Hexene


Chapter 8 -

PROBLEM (a) $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{C}=\mathrm{CHOCH}_{3}$
(b) $\mathrm{ClCH}=\mathrm{CHCl}$


Chapter 8 -

8-18
PROBLEM
8-19
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-1177.jpg?height=101&width=982&top_left_y=2237&top_left_x=417)


Chapter 8 -

PROBLEM An optically inactive, non-50:50 mixture of two racemic pairs: $(2 R, 4 R)+(2 S, 4 S)$ and $(2 R, 4 S)+$
8-20 $(2 S, 4 R)$
PROBLEM Non-50:50 mixture of two racemic pairs: $(1 S, 3 R)+(1 R, 3 S)$ and $(1 S, 3 S)+(1 R, 3 R)$


Chapter 9 -

PROBLEM (a) 2,5-Dimethyl-3-hexyne (b) 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butyne (c) 3,3-Dimethyl-4-octyne
9-1 (d) 2,5,5-Trimethyl-3-heptyne (e) 2,4-Octadiene-6-yne
PROBLEM 1-Hexyne, 2-hexyne, 3-hexyne, 3-methyl-1-pentyne, 4-methyl-1-pentyne, 4-methyl-2-pentyne, 9-2 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyne
PROBLEM (a) 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloropentane (b) 1-Bromo-1-cyclopentylethylene
9-3 (c) 2-Bromo-2-heptene and 3-bromo-2-heptene
PROBLEM (a) 4-Octanone (b) 2-Methyl-4-octanone and 7-methyl-4-octanone 9-4
PROBLEM (a) 1-Pentyne (b) 2-Pentyne 9-5
PROBLEM (a) $\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{C} \equiv \mathrm{CH}$ (b) 2,5-Dimethyl-3-hexyne 9-6
PROBLEM (a) Mercuric sulfate-catalyzed hydration of phenylacetylene
9-7 (b) Hydroboration/oxidation of cyclopentylacetylene
PROBLEM (a) Reduce 2-octyne with Li/ $\mathrm{NH}_{3}$. (b) Reduce 3-heptyne with $\mathrm{H}_{2}$ /Lindlar catalyst.
9-8 (c) Reduce 3-methyl-1-pentyne.
PROBLEM No: (a), (c), (d); yes: (b)
9-9
PROBLEM (a) 1-Pentyne $+\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{I}$, or propyne $+\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{I}$ (b) 3-Methyl-1-butyne $+\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{I}$ 9-10 (c) Cyclohexylacetylene $+\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{I}$
PROBLEM
9-11
$\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{C} \equiv \mathrm{CH} \xrightarrow[\text { 2. } \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{I}]{\text { 1. } \mathrm{NaNH}_{2}} \quad \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{C} \equiv \mathrm{CCH}_{3} \xrightarrow[\begin{array}{c}\text { Lindlar } \\ \text { cat. }\end{array}]{\mathrm{H}_{2}}$ cis $-\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}=\mathrm{CHCH}_{3}$
PROBLEM (a) $\mathrm{KMnO}_{4}, \mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{O}^{+}$(b) $\mathrm{H}_{2} /$ Lindlar (c) 1. $\mathrm{H}_{2} /$ Lindlar; 2. HBr
9-12 (d) 1. $\mathrm{H}_{2} /$ Lindlar; 2. $\mathrm{BH}_{3} ; 3 . \mathrm{NaOH}, \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{2}$ (e) 1. $\mathrm{H}_{2} /$ Lindlar; $2 . \mathrm{Cl}_{2}$ (f) $\mathrm{O}_{3}$
PROBLEM (a) 1. $\mathrm{HC} \equiv \mathrm{CH}+\mathrm{NaNH}_{2} ; 2 . \mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{6} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{Br} ; 3.2 \mathrm{H}_{2} / \mathrm{Pd}$
9-13 (b) $\mathrm{HC} \equiv \mathrm{CH}+\mathrm{NaNH}_{2} ; 2 .\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{3} \mathrm{CCH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{I} ; 3.2 \mathrm{H}_{2} / \mathrm{Pd}$
(c) 1. $\mathrm{HC} \equiv \mathrm{CH}+\mathrm{NaNH}_{2} ; 2 . \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{I} ; 3 . \mathrm{BH}_{3} ; 4 . \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{2}$
(d) 1. $\mathrm{HC} \equiv \mathrm{CH}+\mathrm{NaNH}_{2} ; 2 . \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{I} ; 3 . \mathrm{HgSO}_{4}, \mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{O}^{+}$


Chapter 9 -

Chapter 10
PROBLEM (a) 1-Iodobutane (b) 1-Chloro-3-methylbutane (c) 1,5-Dibromo-2,2-dimethylpentane
10-1 (d) 1,3-Dichloro-3-methylbutane (e) 1-Chloro-3-ethyl-4-iodopentane
(f) 2-Bromo-5-chlorohexane


Chapter 9 -


Chapter 9 -

PROBLEM The intermediate allylic radical reacts at the more accessible site and gives the more highly 10-6 substituted double bond.
PROBLEM (a) 3-Bromo-5-methylcycloheptene and 3-bromo-6-methylcycloheptene (b) Four products 10-7
PROBLEM (a) 2-Methyl-2-propanol +HCl (b) 4-Methyl-2-pentanol + $\mathrm{PBr}_{3}$
10-8 (c) 5-Methyl-1-pentanol $+\mathrm{PBr}_{3}$ (d) 3,3-Dimethyl-cyclopentanol + HF, pyridine
PROBLEM Both reactions occur
10-9
PROBLEM React Grignard reagent with $\mathrm{D}_{2} \mathrm{O}$.
10-10
PROBLEM (a) 1. NBS; 2. $\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{2} \mathrm{CuLi}$ (b) 1. Li; 2. $\mathrm{CuI} ; 3 . \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{Br}$
10-11 (c) 1. $\mathrm{BH}_{3} ; 2 . \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{2}, \mathrm{NaOH} ; 3 . \mathrm{PBr}_{3} ; 4$. Li, then $\mathrm{CuI} ; 5 . \mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{4} \mathrm{Br}$
PROBLEM (a)
10-12
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-1179.jpg?height=145&width=755&top_left_y=1342&top_left_x=479)
(b)
$\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{NH}_{2}<\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{NCH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{NH}_{2}<\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{C} \equiv \mathrm{N}$
PROBLEM (a) Reduction (b) Neither
10-13
Chapter 11
PROBLEM ( $R$ )-1-Methylpentyl acetate, $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CO}_{2} \mathrm{CH}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right) \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{3}$
11-1
PROBLEM (S)-2-Butanol
11-2
PROBLEM
(S)-2-Bromo-4-methylpentane $\longrightarrow$


Chapter 9 -

PROBLEM (a) 1-Iodobutane (b) 1-Butanol (c) 1-Hexyne (d) Butylammonium bromide
11-4
PROBLEM
(a) $\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{2} \mathrm{~N}^{-}$
(b) $\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{3} \mathrm{~N}$
(c) $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{~S}$


Chapter 9 -

11-5
PROBLEM $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{OTos}>\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{Br}>\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{2} \mathrm{CHCl}>\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{3} \mathrm{CCl}$
11-6
PROBLEM Similar to protic solvents
11-7
PROBLEM Racemic 1-ethyl-1-methylhexyl acetate


Chapter 9 -

11-8
PROBLEM 90.1\% racemization, 9.9\% inversion
11-9
PROBLEM
11-10
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-1180.jpg?height=207&width=926&top_left_y=330&top_left_x=399)


Chapter 9 -

PROBLEM $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{C}=\mathrm{CHCH}(\mathrm{Br}) \mathrm{CH}_{3}>\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}(\mathrm{Br}) \mathrm{CH}_{3}>\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{Br}>\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{C}=\mathrm{CHBr}$
11-11
PROBLEM The same allylic carbocation intermediate is formed.
11-12
PROBLEM (a) $\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{N}} 1$ (b) $\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{N}} 2$
11-13
PROBLEM
11-14
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-1180.jpg?height=226&width=795&top_left_y=798&top_left_x=405)


Chapter 9 -

Linalyl diphosphate
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-1180.jpg?height=280&width=708&top_left_y=1145&top_left_x=497)


Chapter 9 -

PROBLEM (a) Major: 2-methyl-2-pentene; minor: 4-methyl-2-pentene
11-15 (b) Major: 2,3,5-trimethyl-2-hexene; minor: 2,3,5-trimethyl-3-hexene and 2-isopropyl-4-methyl-1-pentene
(c) Major: ethylidenecyclohexane; minor: cyclohexylethylene


Chapter 9 -

PROBLEM
(a) 1-Bromo-3,6-dimethylheptane (b) 4-Bromo-1,2-dimethylcyclopentane


Chapter 9 -

11-16
PROBLEM (Z)-1-Bromo-1,2-diphenylethylene
11-17
PROBLEM (Z)-3-Methyl-2-pentene
11-18
PROBLEM Cis isomer reacts faster because the bromine is axial.
11-19
PROBLEM (a) $\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{N}} 2$ (b) E2 (c) $\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{N}} 1$ (d) E1cB
11-20
Chapter 12
PROBLEM $\mathrm{C}_{19} \mathrm{H}_{28} \mathrm{O}_{2}$
12-1
PROBLEM (a) 2-Methyl-2-pentene (b) 2-Hexene
12-2
PROBLEM (a) 43,71 (b) 82 (c) 58 (d) 86
12-3
PROBLEM $102\left(\mathrm{M}^{+}\right)$, 84 (dehydration), 87 (alpha cleavage), 59 (alpha cleavage)
12-4
PROBLEM X-ray energy is higher; $\lambda=9.0 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{~m}$ is higher in energy.


12-5 -

PROBLEM (a) $\left.2.4 \times 10^{6} \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{mol}\right]$ (b) $4.0 \times 10^{4} \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{mol}$ (c) $2.4 \times 10^{3} \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{mol}$ (d) $2.8 \times 10^{2} \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{mol}$
$12-6$ (e) $6.0 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{mol}$ (f) $4.0 \times 10^{-2} \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{mol}$
PROBLEM (a) Ketone or aldehyde (b) Nitro compound (c) Carboxylic acid
12-7
PROBLEM (a) $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{OH}$ has an -OH absorption. (b) 1-Hexene has a double-bond absorption.
12-8 (c) $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{2} \mathrm{H}$ has a very broad -OH absorption.
PROBLEM $1450-1600 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$ : aromatic ring; $2100 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}: \mathrm{C} \equiv \mathrm{C} ; 3300 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}: \mathrm{C} \equiv \mathrm{C}-\mathrm{H}$
12-9
PROBLEM (a) $1715,1640,1250 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$ (b) $1730,2100,3300 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$
12-10 (c) $1720,2500-3100,3400-3650 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$
PROBLEM 1690, 1650, $2230 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$
12-11


Chapter 13 -

PROBLEM $7.5 \times 10^{-5} \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{mol}$ for ${ }^{19} \mathrm{~F} ; 8.0 \times 10^{-5} \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{mol}$ for ${ }^{1} \mathrm{H}$
13-1
PROBLEM $1.2 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{mol}$
13-2
PROBLEM The vinylic $\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{H}$ protons are nonequivalent.
$13-3$ b
<img class="imgSvg" id = "m6sn3qq7r336d9n899m" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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"/>


Chapter 13 -

PROBLEM (a) $7.27 \delta$ (b) $3.05 \delta$ (c) $3.46 \delta$ (d) $5.30 \delta$
13-4
PROBLEM (a) 420 Hz (b) $2.1 \delta$ (c) 1050 Hz
13-5
PROBLEM
(a) $1.43 \delta$ (b) $2.17 \delta$ (c) $7.37 \delta$ (d) $5.30 \delta$ (e) $9.70 \delta$ (f) $2.12 \delta$


Chapter 13 -

13-6
PROBLEM There are seven kinds of protons labeled. The types and expected range of absorption of each
13-7 follow. a: ether, 3.5-4.5 $\delta$; b: aryl, 6.5-8.0 $\delta$; $\boldsymbol{c}$ : aryl, 6.5-8.0; $\boldsymbol{d}$ : vinylic, 4.5-6.5 $\delta$; e: vinylic, 4.5-6.5 $\delta$; $\boldsymbol{f}$ : alkyl (secondary), 1.2-1.6 $\delta$; $\boldsymbol{g}$ : alkyl (primary), 0.7-1.3 $\delta$.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-1181.jpg?height=259&width=449&top_left_y=1643&top_left_x=426)


Chapter 13 -

PROBLEM Two peaks; 3:2 ratio
13-8
PROBLEM (a) $-\mathrm{CHBr}_{2}$, quartet; $-\mathrm{CH}_{3}$, doublet (b) $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{O}-$, singlet; $-\mathrm{OCH}_{2}-$, triplet; $-\mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{Br}$, triplet
13-9 (c) $\mathrm{ClCH}_{2}-$, triplet; $-\mathrm{CH}_{2}{ }^{-}$, quintet
(d) $\mathrm{CH}_{3}{ }^{-}$, triplet; $-\mathrm{CH}_{2}{ }^{-}$, quartet; $-\mathrm{CH}-$, septet; $\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{2}$, doublet
(e) $\mathrm{CH}_{3}-$, triplet; $-\mathrm{CH}_{2}-$, quartet; - $\mathrm{CH}-$, septet; $\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{2}$, doublet
(f) $=\mathrm{CH}$, triplet, $-\mathrm{CH}_{2}-$, doublet, aromatic $\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{H}$, two multiplets


Chapter 13 -

PROBLEM (a) $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{OCH}_{3}$ (b) $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}(\mathrm{Cl}) \mathrm{CH}_{3}$ (c) $\mathrm{ClCH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{OCH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{Cl}$
13-10 (d) $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{3}$ or $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CO}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{3}$
PROBLEM $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{OCH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{3}$
13-11
PROBLEM (a) Enantiotopic (b) Diastereotopic (c) Diastereotopic (d) Diastereotopic
13-12 (e) Diastereotopic (f) Homotopic
PROBLEM (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 4 (e) 5 (f) 3


Chapter 13 -


Chapter 13 -

PROBLEM
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-1182.jpg?height=245&width=789&top_left_y=1319&top_left_x=416)


Chapter 13 -

PROBLEM A DEPT-90 spectrum would show two absorptions for the non-Markovnikov product ( $\mathrm{RCH}=\mathrm{CHBr}$ )
13-23 but no absorptions for the Markovnikov product $\left(\mathrm{RBrC}=\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)$.
Chapter 14
PROBLEM Expected $\Delta H^{\circ}{ }_{\text {hydrog }}$ for allen is $-252 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{mol}$. Allen is less stable than a nonconjugated dene,
14-1 which is less stable than a conjugated dene.
PROBLEM 1-Chloro-2-pentene, 3-chloro-1-pentene, 4-chloro-2-pentene
14-2
PROBLEM 4-Chloro-2-pentene predominates in both.
14-3
PROBLEM 1,2 Addition: 6-bromo-1,6-dimethylcyclohexene 1,4 Addition: 3-bromo-1,2-dimethylcyclohexene 14-4
PROBLEM Interconversion occurs by $\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{N}} 1$ dissociation to a common intermediate cation.
14-5
PROBLEM The double bond is more highly substituted.
14-6


Chapter 13 -

PROBLEM
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-1183.jpg?height=101&width=1269&top_left_y=1131&top_left_x=317)


Chapter 13 -

PROBLEM $300-600 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{mol}$; UV energy is greater than IR or NMR energy.
14-13
PROBLEM $1.46 \times 10^{-5} \mathrm{M}$
14-14
PROBLEM All except (a) have UV absorptions.
14-15


Chapter 15 -


Chapter 15 -

PROBLEM Pyridine has an aromatic sextet of electrons.
15-4
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-1183.jpg?height=231&width=407&top_left_y=2064&top_left_x=417)


Chapter 15 -

Pyridine


Chapter 15 -

PROBLEM Cyclodecapentaene is not flat because of steric interactions.
15-5
PROBLEM All $\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{C}$ bonds are equivalent; one resonance line in both ${ }^{1} \mathrm{H}$ and ${ }^{13} \mathrm{C}$ NMR spectra.
15-6
PROBLEM The cyclooctatetraenyl dianion is aromatic (ten $\pi$ electrons) and flat.


Chapter 15 -

| 15-7
 PROBLEM
 15-8
 15 | - |  |  |  |  |
| ---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: |
|  |  | - | - | - | - |
|  | $\uparrow \downarrow$ |  | $\uparrow$ | $\uparrow$ | $\uparrow \downarrow$ |


PROBLEM -

15-9
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-1184.jpg?height=240&width=418&top_left_y=536&top_left_x=409)


PROBLEM -

Furan


PROBLEM -

PROBLEM The thiazolium ring has six $\pi$ electrons.
15-10
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-1184.jpg?height=237&width=405&top_left_y=819&top_left_x=410)


PROBLEM -

PROBLEM Yes, it's aromatic.
15-11
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-1184.jpg?height=153&width=592&top_left_y=1081&top_left_x=411)


PROBLEM -

PROBLEM The three nitrogens in double bonds each contribute one; the remaining nitrogen contributes two. 15-12


Chapter 16 -

PROBLEM $o-$, $m$-, and $p$-Bromotoluene
16-1
PROBLEM
16-2
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-1184.jpg?height=256&width=958&top_left_y=1544&top_left_x=410)