Ethyl acrylate -

PROBLEM The following compounds all show a single line in their ${ }^{1} \mathrm{H}$ NMR spectra. List them in order of 13-35 expected increasing chemical shift:
$\mathrm{CH}_{4}, \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{Cl}_{2}$, cyclohexane, $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COCH}_{3}, \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{C}=\mathrm{CH}_{2}$, benzene
PROBLEM How many signals would you expect each of the following molecules to have in its ${ }^{1} \mathrm{H}$ and ${ }^{13} \mathrm{C}$ 13-36 spectra?
(a)
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(b)
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(c)
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(d)
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(e)
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(f)
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Ethyl acrylate -

PROBLEM Propose structures for compounds with the following formulas that show only one peak in their ${ }^{1} \mathrm{H}$
13-37 NMR spectra:
(a) $\mathrm{C}_{5} \mathrm{H}_{12}$
(b) $\mathrm{C}_{5} \mathrm{H}_{10}$
(c) $\mathrm{C}_{4} \mathrm{H}_{8} \mathrm{O}_{2}$


Ethyl acrylate -

PROBLEM Predict the splitting pattern for each kind of hydrogen in the following molecules:
13-38
(a) $\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{3} \mathrm{CH}$ (b) $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{3}$
(c) trans-2-Butene


Ethyl acrylate -

PROBLEM Predict the splitting pattern for each kind of hydrogen in isopropyl propanoate,
13-39 $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{2} \mathrm{CH}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{2}$.
PROBLEM Identify the indicated sets of protons as unrelated, homotopic, enantiotopic, or diastereotopic:


Ethyl acrylate -


Ethyl acrylate -

PROBLEM Identify the indicated sets of protons as unrelated, homotopic, enantiotopic, or diastereotopic:


13-41 (a) -


13-41 (a) -

PROBLEM The acid-catalyzed dehydration of 1-methylcyclohexanol yields a mixture of two alkenes. How
13-42 could you use ${ }^{1}$ H NMR to help you decide which was which?
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0437.jpg?height=155&width=842&top_left_y=1294&top_left_x=411)


13-41 (a) -

PROBLEM Propose structures for compounds that fit the following ${ }^{1} \mathrm{H}$ NMR data:
13-44
(a) $\mathrm{C}_{5} \mathrm{H}_{10} \mathrm{O}$
(b) $\mathrm{C}_{3} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{Br}$
$0.95 \delta(6 \mathrm{H}$, doublet, $J=7 \mathrm{~Hz})$
2.32 ठ (3 H, singlet)
$2.10 \delta(3 \mathrm{H}$, singlet)
2.32 ( 3 H , singlet)
$2.43 \delta(1 \mathrm{H}$, multiplet)
2.32 (3 H, singlet)

PROBLEM Propose structures for the two compounds whose ${ }^{1} \mathrm{H}$ NMR spectra are shown.
13-45
(a) $\mathrm{C}_{4} \mathrm{H}_{9} \mathrm{Br}$
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0438.jpg?height=500&width=1405&top_left_y=257&top_left_x=477)
(b) $\mathrm{C}_{4} \mathrm{H}_{8} \mathrm{Cl}_{2}$
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0438.jpg?height=502&width=1405&top_left_y=817&top_left_x=477)


${ }^{13}$ C NMR Spectroscopy -

PROBLEM How many ${ }^{13} \mathrm{C}$ NMR absorptions would you expect for cis-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane? For 13-46 trans-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane? Explain.

PROBLEM How many absorptions would you expect to observe in the ${ }^{13} \mathrm{C}$ NMR spectra of the following 13-47 compounds?
(a) 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane
(b) $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{OCH}_{3}$
(c) tert-Butylcyclohexane
(d) 3-Methyl-1-pentyne
(e) cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane
(f) Cyclohexanone


${ }^{13}$ C NMR Spectroscopy -

PROBLEM Suppose you ran a DEPT-135 spectrum for each substance in Problem 13.47. Which carbon atoms 13-48 in each molecule would show positive peaks, and which would show negative peaks?


${ }^{13}$ C NMR Spectroscopy -

PROBLEM How could you use ${ }^{1} \mathrm{H}$ and ${ }^{13} \mathrm{C}$ NMR to help distinguish the following isomeric compounds of the 13-49 formula $\mathrm{C}_{4} \mathrm{H}_{8}$ ?
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0438.jpg?height=109&width=996&top_left_y=1927&top_left_x=413)


${ }^{13}$ C NMR Spectroscopy -


3-Cyclopentenyl methyl ketone -

PROBLEM Assign as many resonances as you can to specific carbon atoms in the ${ }^{13}$ C NMR spectrum of ethyl 13-51
benzoate.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0439.jpg?height=505&width=1391&top_left_y=254&top_left_x=416)


General Problems -

PROBLEM Assume that you have a compound with the formula $\mathrm{C}_{3} \mathrm{H}_{6} \mathrm{O}$.
13-52 (a) How many double bonds and/or rings does your compound contain?
(b) Propose as many structures as you can that fit the molecular formula.
(c) If your compound shows an infrared absorption peak at $1715 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$, what functional group does it have?
(d) If your compound shows a single ${ }^{1} \mathrm{H}$ NMR absorption peak at $2.1 \delta$, what is its structure?


General Problems -

PROBLEM The compound whose ${ }^{1} \mathrm{H}$ NMR spectrum is shown has the molecular formula $\mathrm{C}_{3} \mathrm{H}_{6} \mathrm{Br}_{2}$. Propose a
13-53 structure.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0439.jpg?height=500&width=1394&top_left_y=1241&top_left_x=420)

PROBLEM The compound whose ${ }^{1} \mathrm{H}$ NMR spectrum is shown has the molecular formula $\mathrm{C}_{4} \mathrm{H}_{7} \mathrm{O}_{2} \mathrm{Cl}$ and has an
13-54 infrared absorption peak at $1740 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$. Propose a structure.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0439.jpg?height=497&width=1394&top_left_y=1866&top_left_x=420)


General Problems -

PROBLEM Propose structures for compounds that fit the following ${ }^{1} \mathrm{H}$ NMR data:
13-55
(a) $\mathrm{C}_{4} \mathrm{H}_{6} \mathrm{Cl}_{2}$
$2.18 \delta(3 \mathrm{H}$, singlet)
$4.16 \delta(2 \mathrm{H}$, doublet, $J=7 \mathrm{~Hz}$ )
$5.71 \delta(1 \mathrm{H}$, triplet, $J=7 \mathrm{~Hz}$ )
(d) $\mathrm{C}_{9} \mathrm{H}_{11} \mathrm{Br}$
$2.15 \delta(2 \mathrm{H}$, quintet, $J=7 \mathrm{~Hz})$
$2.75 \delta(2 \mathrm{H}$, triplet, $J=7 \mathrm{~Hz})$
$3.38 \delta(2 \mathrm{H}$, triplet, $J=7 \mathrm{~Hz})$
7.22 ( 5 H , singlet)
(b) $\mathrm{C}_{10} \mathrm{H}_{14}$
$1.30 \delta(9 \mathrm{H}$, singlet)
$7.30 \delta(5 \mathrm{H}$, singlet)
(c) $\mathrm{C}_{4} \mathrm{H}_{7} \mathrm{BrO}$
$2.11 \delta(3 \mathrm{H}$, singlet)
$3.52 \delta(2 \mathrm{H}$, triplet, $J=6 \mathrm{~Hz}$ )
$4.40 \delta(2 \mathrm{H}$, triplet, $J=6 \mathrm{~Hz})$


General Problems -

PROBLEM Long-range coupling between protons more than two carbon atoms apart is sometimes observed 13-56 when $\pi$ bonds intervene. An example is found in 1-methoxy-1-buten-3-yne. Not only does the acetylenic proton, $\mathrm{H}_{a}$, couple with the vinylic proton $\mathrm{H}_{b}$, it also couples with the vinylic proton $\mathrm{H}_{\mathcal{C}}$, four carbon atoms away. The data are:
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General Problems -

$$
\begin{array}{lll}
\mathrm{H}_{a}(3.08 \delta) & \mathrm{H}_{b}(4.52 \delta) & \mathrm{H}_{c}(6.35 \delta) \\
J_{a-b}=3 \mathrm{~Hz} & J_{a-c}=1 \mathrm{~Hz} & J_{b-c}=7 \mathrm{~Hz}
\end{array}
$$


1-Methoxy-1-buten-3-yne -

Construct tree diagrams that account for the observed splitting patterns of $H_{a}, H_{b}$, and $H_{c}$.
PROBLEM The ${ }^{1} \mathrm{H}$ and ${ }^{13} \mathrm{C}$ NMR spectra of compound $\mathbf{A}, \mathrm{C}_{8} \mathrm{H}_{9} \mathrm{Br}$, are shown. Propose a structure for $\mathbf{A}$, and 13-57 assign peaks in the spectra to your structure.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0440.jpg?height=1020&width=1410&top_left_y=1287&top_left_x=409)

PROBLEM Propose structures for the three compounds whose ${ }^{1} \mathrm{H}$ NMR spectra are shown.
13-58
(a) $\mathrm{C}_{5} \mathrm{H}_{10} \mathrm{O}$
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0441.jpg?height=502&width=1405&top_left_y=256&top_left_x=477)
(b) $\mathrm{C}_{7} \mathrm{H}_{7} \mathrm{Br}$
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0441.jpg?height=505&width=1413&top_left_y=815&top_left_x=470)
(c) $\mathrm{C}_{8} \mathrm{H}_{9} \mathrm{Br}$
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0441.jpg?height=516&width=1413&top_left_y=1368&top_left_x=467)


1-Methoxy-1-buten-3-yne -

PROBLEM The mass spectrum and ${ }^{13} \mathrm{C}$ NMR spectrum of a hydrocarbon are shown. Propose a structure for 13-59 this hydrocarbon, and explain the spectral data.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0442.jpg?height=1042&width=1397&top_left_y=189&top_left_x=413)


1-Methoxy-1-buten-3-yne -

PROBLEM Compound A, a hydrocarbon with $\mathrm{M}^{+}=96$ in its mass spectrum, has the following ${ }^{13} \mathrm{C}$ spectral
13-60 data. On reaction with $\mathrm{BH}_{3}$, followed by treatment with basic $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{2}$, $\mathbf{A}$ is converted into $\mathbf{B}$, whose ${ }^{13} \mathbf{C}$ spectral data are also given. Propose structures for A and B.


Compound A -

Broadband-decoupled ${ }^{13}$ C NMR: 26.8, 28.7, 35.7, 106.9, $149.7 \delta$
DEPT-90: no peaks
DEPT-135: no positive peaks; negative peaks at 26.8, $28.7,35.7,106.9 \delta$


Compound B -

Broadband-decoupled ${ }^{13}$ C NMR: 26.1, 26.9, 29.9, 40.5, $68.2 \delta$
DEPT-90: 40.5 ס
DEPT-135: positive peak at $40.5 \delta$; negative peaks at $26.1,26.9,29.9,68.2 \delta$


Compound B -

PROBLEM Propose a structure for compound $\mathbf{C}$, which has $\mathrm{M}^{+}=86$ in its mass spectrum, an IR absorption at
13-61 $3400 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$, and the following ${ }^{13} \mathrm{C}$ NMR spectral data:


Compound C -

Broadband-decoupled ${ }^{13}$ C NMR: 30.2, 31.9, 61.8, 114.7, $138.4 \delta$
DEPT-90: $138.4 \delta$
DEPT-135: positive peak at $138.4 \delta$; negative peaks at $30.2,31.9,61.8,114.7 \delta$
PROBLEM Compound $\mathbf{D}$ is isomeric with compound $\mathbf{C}$ (Problem 13.61) and has the following ${ }^{13}$ C NMR spectral 13-62 data. Propose a structure.


Compound D -

Broadband-decoupled ${ }^{13}$ C NMR: 9.7, 29.9, 74.4, 114.4, $141.4 \delta$
DEPT-90: 74.4, $141.4 \delta$
DEPT-135: positive peaks at $9.7,74.4,141.4 \delta$; negative peaks at $29.9,114.4 \delta$


Compound D -

PROBLEM Propose a structure for compound $\mathbf{E}, \mathrm{C}_{7} \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}_{2}$, which has the following ${ }^{13} \mathrm{C}$ NMR spectral data:
13-63


Compound E -

Broadband-decoupled ${ }^{13}$ C NMR: 19.1, 28.0, 70.5, 129.0, 129.8, $165.8 \delta$
DEPT-90: 28.0, $129.8 \delta$
DEPT-135: positive peaks at 19.1, 28.0, $129.8 \delta$; negative peaks at $70.5,129.0 \delta$


Compound E -

PROBLEM Compound $\mathbf{F}$, a hydrocarbon with $\mathrm{M}^{+}=96$ in its mass spectrum, undergoes reaction with HBr to 13-64 yield compound $\mathbf{G}$. Propose structures for $\mathbf{F}$ and $\mathbf{G}$, whose ${ }^{13} \mathrm{C}$ NMR spectral data are given below.


Compound $\mathbf{F}$ -

Broadband-decoupled ${ }^{13}$ C NMR: 27.6, 29.3, 32.2, $132.4 \delta$
DEPT-90: 132.4 ס
DEPT-135: positive peak at $132.4 \delta$; negative peaks at $27.6,29.3,32.2 \delta$


Compound G -

Broadband-decoupled ${ }^{13}$ C NMR: 25.1, 27.7, 39.9, $56.0 \delta$
DEPT-90: 56.0 ס
DEPT-135: positive peak at $56.0 \delta$; negative peaks at $25.1,27.7,39.9 \delta$
PROBLEM 3-Methyl-2-butanol has five signals in its ${ }^{13}$ C NMR spectrum at 17.90, 18.15, 20.00, 35.05, and
13-65 72.75 $\delta$. Why are the two methyl groups attached to C3 nonequivalent? Making a molecular model should be helpful.
<img class="imgSvg" id = "m6sn3nrcn356vpvfmsm" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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3-Methyl-2-butanol -


2,4-Pentanediol -

PROBLEM Carboxylic acids $\left(\mathrm{RCO}_{2} \mathrm{H}\right)$ react with alcohols $\left(\mathrm{R}^{\prime} \mathrm{OH}\right)$ in the presence of an acid catalyst. The reaction
13-67 product of propanoic acid with methanol has the following spectroscopic properties. Propose a structure.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0443.jpg?height=109&width=429&top_left_y=1756&top_left_x=433)


2,4-Pentanediol -

Propanoic acid
MS: $\mathrm{M}^{+}=88$
IR: $1735 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$
${ }^{1} \mathrm{H}$ NMR: $1.11 \delta(3 \mathrm{H}$, triplet, $J=7 \mathrm{~Hz}) ; 2.32 \delta(2 \mathrm{H}$, quartet, $J=7 \mathrm{~Hz})$;
$3.65 \delta$ (3 H, singlet)
${ }^{13}$ C NMR: 9.3, 27.6, 51.4, $174.6 \delta$
PROBLEM Nitriles $(R C \equiv N)$ react with Grignard reagents ( $\mathrm{R}^{\prime} \mathrm{MgBr}$ ). The reaction product from
13-68 2-methylpropanenitrile with methylmagnesium bromide has the following spectroscopic properties. Propose a structure. MS: M ${ }^{+}=86$ IR: $1715 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}{ }^{1} \mathrm{H}$ NMR: $1.05 \delta(6 \mathrm{H}$, doublet, J = 7 Hz ); 2.12 ( 3 H , singlet); $2.67 \delta\left(1 \mathrm{H}\right.$, septet, $\mathrm{J}=7 \mathrm{~Hz}$ ) ${ }^{13} \mathrm{C}$ NMR: 18.2, 27.2, 41.6, $211.2 \delta$


2,4-Pentanediol -

PROBLEM The proton NMR spectrum is shown for a compound with the formula $\mathrm{C}_{5} \mathrm{H}_{9} \mathrm{NO}_{4}$. The infrared 13-69 spectrum displays strong bands at 1750 and $1562 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$ and a medium-intensity band at $1320 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$. The normal carbon-13 and the DEPT experimental results are tabulated. Draw the structure of this compound.


2,4-Pentanediol -

| Normal Carbon | DEPT-135 | DEPT-90 |
| :---: | :---: | :---: |
| 14 ppm | Positive | No peak |
| 16 | Positive | No peak |
| 63 | Negative | No peak |
| 83 | Positive | Positive |
| 165 | No peak | No peak |


2,4-Pentanediol -


2,4-Pentanediol -

PROBLEM The proton NMR spectrum of a compound with the formula $\mathrm{C}_{5} \mathrm{H}_{10} \mathrm{O}$ is shown. The normal carbon-13
13-70 and the DEPT experimental results are tabulated. The infrared spectrum shows a broad peak at about $3340 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$ and a medium-sized peak at about $1651 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$. Draw the structure of this compound.


2,4-Pentanediol -

| Normal Carbon | DEPT-135 | DEPT-90 |
| :---: | :---: | :---: |
| 22.2 ppm | Positive | No peak |
| 40.9 | Negative | No peak |
| 60.2 | Negative | No peak |
| 112.5 | Negative | No peak |
| 142.3 | No peak | No peak |


2,4-Pentanediol -

PROBLEM The proton NMR spectrum of a compound with the formula $\mathrm{C}_{7} \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}_{2}$ is shown. The infrared
13-71 spectrum displays a strong band at $1738 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$ and a weak band at $1689 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$. The normal carbon-13 and the DEPT experimental results are tabulated. Draw the structure of this compound.


2,4-Pentanediol -

| Normal Carbon | DEPT-135 | DEPT-90 |
| :---: | :---: | :---: |
| 18 ppm | Positive | No peak |
| 21 | Positive | No peak |
| 26 | Positive | No peak |
| 61 | Negative | No peak |
| 119 | Positive | Positive |
| 139 | No peak | No peak |
| 171 | No peak | No peak |


CHAPTER 14 -

Conjugated Compounds and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0446.jpg?height=1031&width=1893&top_left_y=449&top_left_x=230)


CHAPTER 14 -

FIGURE 14.1 Saffron, derived from stigmas of the saffron crocus, is the world's most expensive spice. Its color is caused by the presence of alternating single and double bonds. (credit: modification of work "Welcome to My World! ~ Huron River Watershed" by j van cise photos/ Flickr, CC BY 2.0)


CHAPTER CONTENTS -

14.1 Stability of Conjugated Dienes: Molecular Orbital Theory
14.2 Electrophilic Additions to Conjugated Dienes: Allylic Carbocations
14.3 Kinetic versus Thermodynamic Control of Reactions
14.4 The Diels-Alder Cycloaddition Reaction
14.5 Characteristics of the Diels-Alder Reaction
14.6 Diene Polymers: Natural and Synthetic Rubbers
14.7 Ultraviolet Spectroscopy
14.8 Interpreting Ultraviolet Spectra: The Effect of Conjugation
14.9 Conjugation, Color, and the Chemistry of Vision


CHAPTER CONTENTS -

WHY THIS CHAPTER? Conjugated compounds of many different sorts are common in nature. Many of the pigments responsible for the brilliant colors of fruits, flowers, and even animals have numerous alternating single and double bonds. $\beta$-Carotene, for instance, the orange pigment responsible for the color of carrots and an important source of vitamin A , is a conjugated polyene with 11 double bonds. Conjugated enones (alkene + ketone) are common structural features of many biologically important molecules such as progesterone, the hormone that prepares the uterus for implantation of a fertilized ovum. Cyclic conjugated molecules such as benzene are a major field of study in themselves. In this chapter, we'll look at some of the distinctive properties
of conjugated molecules and at the reasons for those properties.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0447.jpg?height=784&width=1159&top_left_y=242&top_left_x=483)


CHAPTER CONTENTS -

Most of the unsaturated compounds we looked at in the chapters on Alkenes: Structure and Reactivity and Alkenes: Reactions and Synthesis had only one double bond, but many compounds have numerous sites of unsaturation. If the different unsaturations are well separated in a molecule, they react independently, but if they're close together, they may interact. In particular, compounds that have alternating single and double bonds-so-called conjugated compounds-have some distinctive characteristics. The conjugated diene 1,3-butadiene, for instance, has some properties quite different from those of the nonconjugated 1,4-pentadiene.
<img class="imgSvg" id = "m6sn3nre6nghdkywqlw" 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1,3-Butadiene (conjugated; alternating double and single bonds)
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CHAPTER CONTENTS -

1,4-Pentadiene (nonconjugated; nonalternating double and single bonds)


CHAPTER CONTENTS - 14.1 Stability of Conjugated Dienes: Molecular Orbital Theory

Conjugated dienes can be prepared by some of the methods previously discussed for preparing alkenes (Section 11.7-Section 11.11). The base-induced elimination of HX from an allylic halide is one such reaction.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0447.jpg?height=193&width=798&top_left_y=1844&top_left_x=617)