Name Part 1. The Suffix: Functional-Group Precedence -

Although a polyfunctional organic molecule might contain several different functional groups, we must choose just one suffix for nomenclature purposes. It's not correct to use two suffixes. Thus, keto ester $\mathbf{1}$ must be named either as a ketone with an -one suffix or as an ester with an -oate suffix, but it can't be named as an -onoate. Similarly, amino alcohol 2 must be named either as an alcohol (-ol) or as an amine (-amine), but it can't be named as an-olamine or -aminol.
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2.
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The only exception to the rule requiring a single suffix is when naming compounds that have double or triple bonds. Thus, the unsaturated acid $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{C}=\mathrm{CHCH}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{2} \mathrm{H}$ is 3-butenoic acid, and the acetylenic alcohol $\mathrm{HC} \equiv \mathrm{CCH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{OH}$ is 5-pentyn-1-ol.


How do we choose which suffix to use? Functional groups are divided into two classes, principal groups and subordinate groups, as shown in TABLE A2. Principal groups can be cited either as prefixes or as suffixes, while subordinate groups are cited only as prefixes. Within the principal groups, an order of priority has been
established: the proper suffix for a given compound is determined by choosing the principal group of highest priority. For example, TABLE A2 indicates that keto ester $\mathbf{1}$ should be named as an ester rather than as a ketone because an ester functional group is higher in priority than a ketone. Similarly, amino alcohol 2 should be named as an alcohol rather than as an amine. Thus, the name for $\mathbf{1}$ is methyl 4-oxopentanoate and the name for $\mathbf{2}$ is 5-amino-2-pentanol. Further examples are shown:


TABLE A2 Classification of Functional Groups ${ }^{\text {a }}$


| Functional group | Name as suffix | Name as prefix |
| :---: | :---: | :---: |
| Principal groups |  |  |
| Carboxylic acids | -oic acid | carboxy |
|  | -carboxylic acid |  |
| Acid anhydrides | -oic anhydride | - |
|  | -carboxylic anhydride |  |
| Esters | -oate | alkoxycarbonyl |
|  | -carboxylate |  |
| Thioesters | -thioate | alkylthiocarbonyl |
|  | -carbothioate |  |
| Acid halides | -oyl halide | halocarbonyl |
|  | -carbonyl halide |  |
| Amides | -amide | carbamoyl |
|  | -carboxamide |  |
| Nitriles | -nitrile | cyano |
|  | -carbonitrile |  |
| Aldehydes | -al | oxo |
|  | -carbaldehyde |  |
| Ketones | -one | oxo |
| Alcohols | -ol | hydroxy |
| Phenols | -ol | hydroxy |
| Thiols | -thiol | mercapto |


$\overline{{ }^{2} \text { Principal groups are listed in order of decreasing priority; subordinate groups have no priority order. }}$


| Functional group | Name as suffix | Name as prefix |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Amines | -amine | amino |
| Imines | -imine | alkoxy |
| Ethers | ether | alkylthio |
| Sulfides | sulfide | - |
| Disulfides | disulfide | - |
| Alkenes | -ene | - |
| Alkynes | -yne | - |
| Alkanes | -ane |  |


Subordinate groups


| Azides | - | azido |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Halides | - | halo |
| Nitro compounds | - | nitro |


Name Part 2. The Parent: Selecting the Main Chain or Ring -

The parent, or base, name of a polyfunctional organic compound is usually easy to identify. If the principal group of highest priority is part of an open chain, the parent name is that of the longest chain containing the largest number of principal groups. For example, compounds $\mathbf{6}$ and $\mathbf{7}$ are isomeric aldehydo amides, which must be named as amides rather than as aldehydes according to TABLE A2. The longest chain in compound