throughout both rings. -

Azulene


throughout both rings. -


throughout both rings. -

Purine


throughout both rings. - 15.7 Spectroscopy of Aromatic Compounds


Infrared Spectroscopy -

As we saw in the brief introduction to infrared spectroscopy (Section 12.8), aromatic rings show a characteristic $\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{H}$ stretching absorption at $3030 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$ and a series of peaks in the 1450 to $1600 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$ range of the infrared spectrum. The aromatic $\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{H}$ band at $3030 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$ generally has low intensity and occurs just to the left of a typical saturated $\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{H}$ band.

As many as four absorptions are sometimes observed in the 1450 to $1600 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$ region because of the complex molecular motions of the ring itself. Two bands, one at $1500 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$ and one at $1600 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$, are usually the most intense. In addition, aromatic compounds show weak absorptions in the 1660 to $2000 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$ region and strong absorptions in the 690 to $900 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$ range due to $\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{H}$ out-of-plane bending. The exact position of both sets of absorptions is diagnostic of the substitution pattern of the aromatic ring (FIGURE 12.24 in Section 12.8).


Infrared Spectroscopy -

| Monosubstituted: | $690-710 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$ | $\mathbf{1 , 2 , 4 - T r i s u b s t i t u t e d :}$ | $780-830 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$ |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
|  | $730-770 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$ |  | $870-900 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$ |
| o-Disubstituted: | $735-770 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$ | $\mathbf{1 , 2 , 3 - T r i s u b s t i t u t e d :}$ | $670-720 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$ |
| m-Disubstituted: | $690-710 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$ |  | $750-790 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$ |
|  | $810-850 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$ | $\mathbf{1 , 3 , 5 - T r i s u b s t i t u t e d :}$ | $660-700 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$ |
| p-Disubstituted: | $810-840 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$ |  | $830-900 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$ |


Infrared Spectroscopy -

The IR spectrum of toluene in FIGURE 15.12 shows these characteristic absorptions.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0494.jpg?height=494&width=1389&top_left_y=821&top_left_x=368)


Ultraviolet Spectroscopy -

Aromatic rings are detectable by ultraviolet spectroscopy because they contain a conjugated $\pi$ electron system. In general, aromatic compounds show a series of bands, with a fairly intense absorption near 205 nm and a less intense absorption in the 255 to 275 nm range. The presence of these bands in the ultraviolet spectrum of a molecule is a sure indication of an aromatic ring. FIGURE 15.13 shows the ultraviolet spectrum of benzene.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0495.jpg?height=980&width=684&top_left_y=193&top_left_x=718)


Ultraviolet Spectroscopy -

FIGURE 15.13 Ultraviolet spectrum of benzene. There are primary bands at 184 and 202 nm and secondary (fine-structure) bands at 255 nm .


Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -

Aromatic hydrogens are strongly deshielded by the ring and absorb between 6.5 and $8.0 \delta$. The spins of nonequivalent aromatic protons on substituted rings often couple with each other, giving rise to spin-spin splitting patterns that can identify the substitution of the ring.


Much of the difference in chemical shift between aromatic protons (6.5-8.0 $\delta$ ) and vinylic protons (4.5-6.5 $\delta$ ) is due to a property of aromatic rings called ring-current. When an aromatic ring is oriented perpendicular to a strong magnetic field, the electrons circulate around the ring, producing a small local magnetic field. This induced field opposes the applied field in the middle of the ring but reinforces the applied field outside the ring (FIGURE 15.14). Aromatic protons therefore experience an effective magnetic field greater than the applied field and come into resonance at a lower applied field.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0495.jpg?height=570&width=1216&top_left_y=1775&top_left_x=460)


FIGURE 15.14 The origin of aromatic ring-current. Aromatic protons are deshielded by the induced magnetic field caused by delocalized $\pi$ electrons circulating around the aromatic ring.
Note that the aromatic ring-current produces different effects inside and outside the ring. If a ring were large enough to have both "inside" and "outside" protons, the protons on the outside would be deshielded and absorb
at a field lower than normal but those on the inside would be shielded and absorb at a field higher than normal. This prediction has been strikingly confirmed by studies on [18]annulene, an $18-\pi$-electron cyclic conjugated polyene that contains a Hückel number of electrons $(4 n+2=18$ when $n=4)$. The six inside protons of [18]annulene are strongly shielded by the aromatic ring-current and absorb at $-3.0 \delta$ (that is, 3.0 ppm upfield from TMS, off the normal chart), while the 12 outside protons are strongly deshielded and absorb in the typical aromatic region at 9.3 ppm downfield from TMS.
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[18]Annulene


$$
\text { Inside } \mathrm{H}:-3.0 \delta
$$


Outside H: $9.3 \delta$
The presence of a ring-current is characteristic of all Hückel aromatic molecules and is a good test of aromaticity. For example, benzene, a six- $\pi$-electron aromatic molecule, absorbs at $7.37 \delta$ because of its ringcurrent, but cyclooctatetraene, an eight- $\pi$-electron nonaromatic molecule, absorbs at $5.78 \delta$.


Hydrogens on carbon next to aromatic rings-benzylic hydrogens-also show distinctive absorptions in the NMR spectrum. Benzylic protons normally absorb downfield from other alkane protons in the region from 2.3 to 3.0 $\delta$.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0496.jpg?height=334&width=823&top_left_y=1427&top_left_x=651)


The ${ }^{1} \mathrm{H}$ NMR spectrum of $p$-bromotoluene, shown in FIGURE 15.15, displays many of the features just discussed. The aromatic protons appear as two doublets at 7.04 and $7.37 \mathrm{\delta}$, and the benzylic methyl protons absorb as a sharp singlet at $2.26 \delta$. Integration of the spectrum shows the expected $2: 2: 3$ ratio of peak areas.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0496.jpg?height=517&width=1396&top_left_y=1907&top_left_x=362)

FIGURE 15.15 The ${ }^{\mathbf{1}} \mathrm{H}$ NMR spectrum of $\boldsymbol{p}$-bromotoluene.
The carbon atoms in an aromatic ring typically absorb in the range 110 to $140 \delta$ in the ${ }^{13} \mathrm{C}$ NMR spectrum, as
indicated by the examples in FIGURE 15.16. These resonances are easily distinguished from those of alkane carbons but occur in the same range as alkene carbons. Thus, the presence of ${ }^{13} \mathrm{C}$ absorptions at 110 to $140 \delta$ does not by itself establish the presence of an aromatic ring. Supporting evidence from infrared, ultraviolet, or ${ }^{1}$ H NMR spectra is needed.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0497.jpg?height=307&width=1261&top_left_y=375&top_left_x=432)


Benzene
Toluene
Chlorobenzene
Naphthalene
FIGURE 15.16 Some ${ }^{13}$ C NMR absorptions of aromatic compounds ( $\delta$ units).


(8) CHEMISTRY MATTERS -


Aspirin, NSAIDs, and COX-2 Inhibitors -

Whatever the cause-whether tennis elbow, a sprained ankle, or a wrenched knee-pain and inflammation seem to go together. They are, however, different in their origin, and powerful drugs are available for treating each separately. Codeine, for example, is a powerful analgesic, or pain reliever, used in the management of debilitating pain, while cortisone and related steroids are potent anti-inflammatory agents, used for treating arthritis and other crippling inflammations. For minor pains and inflammation, both problems are often treated together by using a common over-the-counter medication called an NSAID, or nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug.


Aspirin, NSAIDs, and COX-2 Inhibitors -

One of the most common NSAIDs is aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid, whose use goes back to the late 1800s. It had been known from before the time of Hippocrates in 400 BC that fevers could be lowered by chewing the bark of willow trees. The active agent in willow bark was found in 1827 to be an aromatic compound called salicin, which could be converted by reaction with water into salicyl alcohol and then oxidized to give salicylic acid. Salicylic acid turned out to be even more effective than salicin for reducing fevers and to have analgesic and anti-inflammatory action as well. Unfortunately, it also turned out to be too corrosive to the walls of the stomach for everyday use. Conversion of the phenol-OH group into an acetate ester, however, yielded acetylsalicylic acid, which proved just as potent as salicylic acid but less corrosive to the stomach.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0498.jpg?height=665&width=893&top_left_y=1137&top_left_x=616)


Aspirin, NSAIDs, and COX-2 Inhibitors -

FIGURE 15.17 Many athletes rely on NSAIDs to help with pain and soreness. (credit: "Dillon Gee delivers a pitch" by Arturo Pardavila III/ Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0)
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0498.jpg?height=218&width=979&top_left_y=1883&top_left_x=562)


Aspirin, NSAIDs, and COX-2 Inhibitors -

Acetylsalicylic acid
(aspirin)
Although extraordinary in its effect, aspirin is also more dangerous than commonly believed. 15 g of aspirin would be fatal to a child of 9-10 years, and 10 g would be lethal for a 6-year-old, and aspirin can cause stomach bleeding and allergic reactions in long-term users. Even more serious is a condition called Reye's syndrome, a potentially fatal reaction to aspirin sometimes seen in children recovering from the flu. As a result of these problems, numerous other NSAIDs have been developed in the last several decades, most notably ibuprofen and naproxen.


Aspirin, NSAIDs, and COX-2 Inhibitors -

Like aspirin, both ibuprofen and naproxen are relatively simple aromatic compounds containing a side-chain carboxylic acid group. Ibuprofen, sold under the brand names Advil, Nuprin, Motrin, and others, has roughly the same potency as aspirin but is less prone to causing an upset stomach. Naproxen, sold under the names Aleve and Naprosyn, also has about the same potency as aspirin but remains active in the body six times longer.
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Ibuprofen
(Advil, Nuprin, Motrin)
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Aspirin, NSAIDs, and COX-2 Inhibitors -

Naproxen
(Aleve, Naprosyn)


Aspirin, NSAIDs, and COX-2 Inhibitors -

Aspirin and other NSAIDs function by blocking the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes that carry out the body's synthesis of prostaglandins (Section 8.11 and Section 27.4). There are two forms of the enzyme: COX-1, which carries out the normal physiological production of prostaglandins, and COX-2, which mediates the body's response to arthritis and other inflammatory conditions. Unfortunately, both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes are blocked by aspirin, ibuprofen, and other NSAIDs, thereby shutting down not only the response to inflammation but also various protective functions, including the control mechanism for production of acid in the stomach.