Degradable Polymers -

Frequently, however, plastics are simply thrown away rather than recycled, and much work has therefore been carried out on developing biodegradable polymers, which can be broken down by soil microorganisms. Among the most common biodegradable polymers are polyglycolic acid (PGA), polylactic acid (PLA), and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB). All are polyesters and are therefore susceptible to hydrolysis of their ester links. Copolymers of PGA with PLA have found a particularly wide range of uses. A 90/10 copolymer of polyglycolic acid with polylactic acid is used to make absorbable sutures that are degraded and absorbed by the body within 90 days after surgery.
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Glycolic acid
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Poly(glycolic acid)
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Lactic acid
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Poly(lactic acid)
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3-Hydroxybutyric acid
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Degradable Polymers -

Poly(hydroxybutyrate)


Degradable Polymers -

Biodegradation is important, but even better than the breakdown of a small group of specialized polymers would be the development of a generalized method of breakdown that could be used on any polymer, including even hydrocarbon polymers such as polyethylene and polypropylene. Such a method has recently been reported by chemists at the University of Delaware, using hydrogen at $200{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and 2 atm pressure in the presence of an organozirconium catalyst to turn polyethylene into simple hydrocarbons. The method uses a large amount of hydrogen at present, but it is an impressive start.


Key Terms -

- atactic polymer
- block copolymer
- chain-growth polymer
- copolymer
- crystallite
- elastomer
- fiber
- glass transition temperature ( $T_{\mathrm{g}}$ )
- graft copolymer
- homopolymer
- isotactic polymer
- melt transition temperature ( $T_{\mathrm{m}}$ )
- monomer
- olefin metathesis polymerization
- plasticizer
- polycarbonate
- polymer
- polyurethane
- syndiotactic polymer
- thermoplastic
- thermosetting resin
- urethane
- Ziegler-Natta catalyst


Key Terms -


Summary -

Synthetic polymers can be classified as either chain-growth or step-growth. Chain-growth polymers are prepared by chain-reaction polymerization of vinyl monomers in the presence of a radical, an anion, or a cation initiator. Radical polymerization is sometimes used, but alkenes such as 2 -methylpropene that have electron-donating substituents on the double bond polymerize easily by a cationic route through carbocation intermediates. Similarly, monomers such as methyl $\alpha$-cyanoacrylate that have electron-withdrawing substituents on the double bond polymerize by an anionic, conjugate addition pathway.


Summary -

Copolymerization of two monomers gives a product with properties different from those of either homopolymer. Graft copolymers and block copolymers are two examples.


Summary -

Alkene polymerization can be carried out in a controlled manner using a Ziegler-Natta catalyst. Ziegler-Natta polymerization minimizes the amount of chain branching in the polymer and leads to stereoregular chains-either isotactic (substituents on the same side of the chain) or syndiotactic (substituents on alternate sides of the chain), rather than atactic (substituents randomly disposed).


Summary -

Step-growth polymers, the second major class of polymers, are prepared by reactions between difunctional molecules, with individual bonds in the polymer formed independently of one another. Polycarbonates are formed from a diester and a diol, and polyurethanes are formed from a diisocyanate and a diol.


Summary -

The chemistry of synthetic polymers is similar to the chemistry of small molecules with the same functional groups, but the physical properties of polymers are greatly affected by size. Polymers can be classified by physical property into four groups: thermoplastics, fibers, elastomers, and thermosetting resins. The properties of each group can be accounted for by the structure, the degree of crystallinity, and the amount of cross-linking they contain.


Additional Problems -


Visualizing Chemistry -

PROBLEM Identify the structural class to which the following polymer belongs, and show the structure of the 31-13 monomer units used to make it:
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-1129.jpg?height=321&width=622&top_left_y=672&top_left_x=426)


Visualizing Chemistry -

PROBLEM Show the structures of the polymers that could be made from the following monomers (green $=\mathrm{Cl}$ ):


Visualizing Chemistry -


Visualizing Chemistry -

Mechanism Problems
PROBLEM Poly(ethylene glycol), or Carbowax, is made by anionic polymerization of ethylene oxide using
31-15 NaOH as catalyst. Propose a mechanism.
$\left.+\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{n} \quad$ Poly(ethylene glycol)
PROBLEM The polyurethane foam used for home insulation uses methanediphenyldiisocyanate (MDI) as
31-16 monomer. The MDI is prepared by acid-catalyzed reaction of aniline with formaldehyde, followed by treatment with phosgene, $\mathrm{COCl}_{2}$. Propose mechanisms for both steps.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-1129.jpg?height=403&width=1156&top_left_y=1807&top_left_x=406)


Visualizing Chemistry -

MDI
PROBLEM Write the structure of a representative segment of polyurethane prepared by reaction of ethylene
31-17 glycol with MDI (Problem 31-16).
PROBLEM The polymeric resin used for Merrifield solid-phase peptide synthesis (Section 26.8) is prepared
31-18 by treating polystyrene with $N$-(hydroxymethyl)phthalimide and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, followed by reaction with hydrazine. Propose a mechanism for both steps.
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Polystyrene
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$\xrightarrow{\mathrm{CF}_{3} \mathrm{SO}_{3} \mathrm{H}}$
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-1130.jpg?height=495&width=689&top_left_y=189&top_left_x=1016)