Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions -

The hydroxyl group is a strongly activating, ortho- and para-directing substituent in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions (Section 16.4). As a result, phenols are highly reactive substrates for electrophilic halogenation, nitration, sulfonation, and Friedel-Crafts reactions.
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Oxidation of Phenols: Quinones -

Phenols don't undergo oxidation in the same way as alcohols because they don't have a hydrogen atom on the hydroxyl-bearing carbon. Instead, oxidation of a phenol yields a 2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, or quinone. Many different oxidizing agents will accomplish the transformation, but potassium nitrosodisulfonate [ $\left(\mathrm{KSO}_{3}\right)_{2} \mathrm{NO}$ ], called Fremy's salt, is often used.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0586.jpg?height=432&width=940&top_left_y=1874&top_left_x=549)


Oxidation of Phenols: Quinones -

Quinones are a valuable class of compounds because of their oxidation-reduction, or redox, properties. They can be easily reduced to hydroquinones (p-dihydroxybenzenes) by reagents such as $\mathrm{NaBH}_{4}$ and $\mathrm{SnCl}_{2}$, and hydroquinones can be easily reoxidized back to quinones.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0587.jpg?height=264&width=494&top_left_y=193&top_left_x=813)


Oxidation of Phenols: Quinones -

Benzoquinone
Hydroquinone
The redox properties of quinones are crucial to the functioning of living cells, where compounds called ubiquinones act as biochemical oxidizing agents to mediate the electron-transfer processes involved in energy production. Ubiquinones, also called coenzymes $Q$, are components of the cells in all aerobic organisms, from the simplest bacterium to humans. They are so named because of their ubiquitous occurrence throughout nature.
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Oxidation of Phenols: Quinones -

Ubiquinones ( $\boldsymbol{n}=\mathbf{1 - 1 0}$ )
Ubiquinones function within the mitochondria of cells to mediate the respiration process in which electrons are transported from the biological reducing agent NADH to molecular oxygen. Through a complex series of steps, the ultimate result is a cycle whereby NADH is oxidized to $\mathrm{NAD}^{+}, \mathrm{O}_{2}$ is reduced to water, and energy is produced. Ubiquinone acts only as an intermediary and is itself unchanged.


Step 1 -


Step 2 -


Step 2 -

Net change: NADH $+\frac{1}{2} \mathrm{O}_{2}+\mathrm{H}^{+} \longrightarrow \mathrm{NAD}^{+}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$


Step 2 - 17.11 Spectroscopy of Alcohols and Phenols


Infrared Spectroscopy -

Alcohols have a strong C-O stretching absorption near $1050 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$ and a characteristic $\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{H}$ stretching absorption at 3300 to $3600 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$. The exact position of the $\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{H}$ stretch depends on the extent of hydrogenbonding in the molecule. Unassociated alcohols show a fairly sharp absorption near $3600 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$, whereas hydrogen-bonded alcohols show a broader absorption in the 3300 to $3400 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$ range. The hydrogen-bonded hydroxyl absorption appears at $3350 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$ in the IR spectrum of cyclohexanol (FIGURE 17.12).
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0588.jpg?height=456&width=1381&top_left_y=192&top_left_x=372)

FIGURE 17.12 IR spectrum of cyclohexanol. Characteristic $\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{H}$ and $\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{O}$ stretching absorptions are indicated.
Phenols also show a characteristic broad IR absorption at $3500 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$ due to the -OH group, as well as the usual 1500 and $1600 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$ aromatic bands (FIGURE 17.13). In phenol itself, monosubstituted aromatic-ring peaks are visible at 690 and $760 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}$.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0588.jpg?height=506&width=1387&top_left_y=861&top_left_x=369)