Visualizing Chemistry -

PROBLEM Polydicyclopentadiene (PDCPD), marketed as Telene or Metton, is a highly cross-linked
31-19 thermosetting resin used for molding such impact-resistant parts as cabs for large trucks and earth-moving equipment. PDCPD is prepared by ring-opening metathesis polymerization of dicyclopentadiene, which is itself prepared from 1,3-cyclopentadiene. The polymerization occurs by initial metathesis of the more highly strained double bond in the bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane part of the molecule (Section 4.9) to give a linear polymer, followed by cross-linking of different chains in a second metathesis of the remaining cyclopentene double bond.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-1130.jpg?height=381&width=969&top_left_y=1032&top_left_x=410)
(a) Show the mechanism of the formation of dicyclopentadiene from cyclopentadiene.
(b) Draw the structure of a representative sample of the initially formed linear polymer containing three monomer units.
(c) Draw the structure of a representative sample of PDCPD that shows how cross-linking of the linear chains takes place.


General Problems -

PROBLEM Identify the monomer units from which each of the following polymers is made, and tell whether 31-20 each is a chain-growth or a step-growth polymer:
(a)
$\left.+\mathrm{CH}_{2}-\mathrm{O}\right)_{n}$
(b) $\left.+\mathrm{CF}_{2}-\mathrm{CFCl}\right)_{n}$
(c)
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-1130.jpg?height=133&width=321&top_left_y=1820&top_left_x=1081)
(d)
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General Problems -

PROBLEM Draw a three-dimensional representation of segments of the following polymers:
31-21
(a) Syndiotactic polyacrylonitrile
(b) Atactic poly(methyl methacrylate)
(c) Isotactic poly(vinyl chloride)


General Problems -


General Problems -

PROBLEM Show the structure of the polymer that results from heating the following diepoxide and diamine:
31-23
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-1131.jpg?height=150&width=1107&top_left_y=380&top_left_x=428)


General Problems -

PROBLEM Nomex, a polyamide used in such applications as fire-retardant clothing, is prepared by reaction of
31-24 1,3-benzenediamine with 1,3-benzenedicarbonyl chloride. Show the structure of Nomex.
PROBLEM Nylon 10,10 is an extremely tough, strong polymer used to make reinforcing rods for concrete.
31-25 Draw a segment of nylon 10,10 , and show its monomer units.
PROBLEM 1,3-Cyclopentadiene undergoes thermal polymerization to yield a polymer that has no double
31-26 bonds in the chain. Upon strong heating, the polymer breaks down to regenerate cyclopentadiene. Propose a structure for the polymer.


General Problems -

PROBLEM When styrene, $\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{CH}=\mathrm{CH}_{2}$, is copolymerized in the presence of a few percent $p$-divinylbenzene,
31-27 a hard, insoluble, cross-linked polymer is obtained. Show how this cross-linking of polystyrene chains occurs.


General Problems -

PROBLEM Nitroethylene, $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{C}=\mathrm{CHNO}_{2}$, is a sensitive compound that must be prepared with great care.
31-28 Attempted purification of nitroethylene by distillation often results in low recovery of product and a white coating on the inner walls of the distillation apparatus. Explain.


Poly(vinyl butyral) -


$\beta$-Propiolactone -

PROBLEM Glyptal is a highly cross-linked thermosetting resin produced by heating glycerol and phthalic
31-31 anhydride (1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid anhydride). Show the structure of a representative segment of glyptal.


$\beta$-Propiolactone -

PROBLEM Melmac, a thermosetting resin often used to make plastic dishes, is prepared by heating melamine
31-32 with formaldehyde. Look at the structure of Bakelite shown in Section 31.7, and then propose a structure for Melmac.
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$\beta$-Propiolactone -

Melamine


$\beta$-Propiolactone -

PROBLEM Epoxy adhesives are cross-linked resins prepared in two steps. The first step involves $\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{N}} 2$ reaction 31-33
of the disodium salt of bisphenol A with epichlorohydrin to form a low-molecular-weight prepolymer. This prepolymer is then "cured" into a cross-linked resin by treatment with a triamine such as $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{NCH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{NHCH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{NH}_{2}$.
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Bisphenol A
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$\beta$-Propiolactone -

Epichlorohydrin
(a) What is the structure of the prepolymer?
(b) How does addition of the triamine to the prepolymer result in cross-linking?


$\beta$-Propiolactone -

PROBLEM The smoking salons of the Hindenburg and other hydrogen-filled dirigibles of the 1930s were
31-34 insulated with urea-formaldehyde polymer foams. The structure of this polymer is highly crosslinked, like that of Bakelite (Section 31.7). Propose a structure.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-1132.jpg?height=126&width=551&top_left_y=826&top_left_x=418)


$\beta$-Propiolactone -

PROBLEM 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol, used in the synthesis of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate plasticizer, is made 31-35 commercially from butanal. Show the likely synthesis route.


APPENDIX A -


Nomenclature of Polyfunctional Organic Compounds -

With more than 40 million organic compounds now known and thousands more being created daily, naming them all is a real problem. Part of the problem is due to the sheer complexity of organic structures, but part is also due to the fact that chemical names have more than one purpose. For the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), which catalogs and indexes the worldwide chemical literature, each compound must have only one correct name. It would be chaos if half the entries for $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{Br}$ were indexed under " M " for methyl bromide and half under "B" for bromomethane. Furthermore, a CAS name must be strictly systematic so that it can be assigned and interpreted by computers; common names are not allowed.


People, however, have different requirements than computers. For people-which is to say students and professional chemists in their spoken and written communications-it's best that a chemical name be pronounceable and as easy as possible to assign and interpret. Furthermore, it's convenient if names follow historical precedents, even if that means a particularly well-known compound might have more than one name. People can readily understand that bromomethane and methyl bromide both refer to $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{Br}$.


As noted in the text, chemists overwhelmingly use the nomenclature system devised and maintained by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, or IUPAC. Rules for naming monofunctional compounds were given throughout the text as each new functional group was introduced, and a list of where these rules can be found is given in TABLE A1.


| TABLE A1 Nomenclature Rules for Functional <br> Groups |  |
| :--- | :---: |
| Functional group | Text section |
| Acid anhydrides | $21-1$ |
| Acid halides | $21-1$ |
| Acyl phosphates | $21-1$ |
| Alcohols | $17-1$ |
| Aldehydes | $7-1$ |
| Alkanes | $10-1$ |
| Alkenes | $9-1$ |
| Alkyl halides | $21-1$ |
| Amides | $24-1$ |
| Amines | $15-1$ |

TABLE A1 Nomenclature Rules for Functional Groups


| Functional group | Text section |
| :--- | :---: |
| Carboxylic acids | $20-1$ |
| Cycloalkanes | $4-1$ |
| Esters | $21-1$ |
| Ethers | $18-1$ |
| Ketones | $20-1$ |
| Nitriles | $17-1$ |
| Phenols | $18-7$ |
| Sulfides | $18-7$ |
| Thiols | $21-1$ |
| Thioesters |  |


Naming a monofunctional compound is reasonably straightforward, but even experienced chemists often encounter problems when faced with naming a complex polyfunctional compound. Take the following compound, for instance. It has three functional groups, ester, ketone, and $\mathrm{C}=\mathrm{C}$, but how should it be named? As an ester with an -oate ending, a ketone with an -one ending, or an alkene with an -ene ending? It's actually named methyl 3-(2-oxo-6-cyclohexenyl)propanoate.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-1134.jpg?height=226&width=1125&top_left_y=1492&top_left_x=500)


The name of a polyfunctional organic molecule has four parts-suffix, parent, prefixes, and locants-which must be identified and expressed in the proper order and format. Let's look at each of the four.