Identify the parent hydrocarbon. -

(a) Find the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms in the molecule, and use the name of that chain as the parent name. The longest chain may not always be apparent from the manner of writing; you may have to "turn corners."
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0079.jpg?height=340&width=793&top_left_y=448&top_left_x=666)
(b) If two different chains of equal length are present, choose the one with the larger number of branch points as the parent.
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Named as a hexane with two substituents
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Identify the parent hydrocarbon. -

NOT
as a hexane with one substituent


Identify the parent hydrocarbon. -

STEP 2


Number the atoms in the longest chain. -


Named as a hexane


Substituents:
On C2, $\mathrm{CH}_{3}$
On C4, CH3
On C4, $\mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{3}$


$$
\begin{aligned}
& \text { (2-methyl) } \\
& \text { (4-methyl) } \\
& \text { (4-ethyl) }
\end{aligned}
$$


STEP 4 -


Write the name as a single word. -

Use hyphens to separate the different prefixes, and use commas to separate numbers. If two or more different substituents are present, cite them in alphabetical order. If two or more identical substituents are present on the parent chain, use one of the multiplier prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, and so forth, but don't use these prefixes for alphabetizing. Full names for some of the examples we have been using are as follows:
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0080.jpg?height=508&width=1297&top_left_y=798&top_left_x=411)


Write the name as a single word. -

STEP 5


Name a branched substituent as though it were itself a compound. -

In some particularly complex cases, a fifth step is necessary. It occasionally happens that a substituent on the main chain is itself branched. In the following case, for instance, the substituent at C 6 is a three-carbon chain with a methyl group. To name the compound fully, the branched substituent must first be named.
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Named as a 2,3,6trisubstituted decane
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0080.jpg?height=144&width=245&top_left_y=1565&top_left_x=1219)


A 2-methylpropyl substituent


Number the branched substituent beginning at the point of its attachment to the main chain, and identify it-in this case, a 2-methylpropyl group. The substituent is treated as a whole and is alphabetized according to the first letter of its complete name, including any numerical prefix. It is set off in parentheses when naming the entire molecule.
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2,3-Dimethyl-6-(2-methylpropyl)decane
As a further example:
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5-(1,2-Dimethylpropyl)-2-methylnonane
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A 1,2-dimethylpropyl group


For historical reasons, some of the simpler branched-chain alkyl groups also have nonsystematic, common names, as noted earlier.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0081.jpg?height=361&width=1102&top_left_y=573&top_left_x=514)
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0081.jpg?height=104&width=253&top_left_y=1019&top_left_x=584)
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0081.jpg?height=155&width=248&top_left_y=1015&top_left_x=922)


Neopentyl
tert-Pentyl, also called
tert-amyl $(t-a m y l)$
Isopentyl, also called


5-Carbon alkyl groups -

The common names of these simple alkyl groups are so well entrenched in the chemical literature that IUPAC rules make allowance for them. Thus, the following compound is properly named either 4-(1-methylethyl)heptane or 4-isopropylheptane. There's no choice but to memorize these common names; fortunately, there are only a few of them.
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5-Carbon alkyl groups -

4-(1-Methylethyl)heptane or 4-Isopropylheptane
When writing an alkane name, the nonhyphenated prefix iso- is considered part of the alkyl-group name for alphabetizing purposes, but the hyphenated and italicized prefixes sec- and tert- are not. Thus, isopropyl and isobutyl are listed alphabetically under $i$, but sec-butyl and tert-butyl are listed under $b$.


WORKED EXAMPLE 3.2 -


Naming Alkanes -


Strategy -

Find the longest continuous carbon chain in the molecule, and use that as the parent name. This molecule has a chain of eight carbons-octane-with two methyl substituents. (You have to turn corners to see it.) Numbering from the end nearer the first methyl substituent indicates that the methyls are at C2 and C6.


Solution -


WORKED EXAMPLE 3.3 -


Converting a Chemical Name into a Structure -

Draw the structure of 3-isopropyl-2-methylhexane.


Strategy -

This is the reverse of Worked Example 3.2 and uses a reverse strategy. Look at the parent name (hexane), and draw its carbon structure.


Strategy -

$$
\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{C} \text { Hexane }
$$


Strategy -

Next, find the substituents (3-isopropyl and 2-methyl), and place them on the proper carbons.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0082.jpg?height=156&width=695&top_left_y=1055&top_left_x=712)


Strategy -


Strategy -

PROBLEM Draw structures corresponding to the following IUPAC names:
3-12 (a) 3,4-Dimethylnonane (b) 3-Ethyl-4,4-dimethylheptane (c) 2,2-Dimethyl-4-propyloctane (d) 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane


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PROBLEM Name the eight 5-carbon alkyl groups you drew in Problem 3-7.


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PROBLEM Give the IUPAC name for the following hydrocarbon, and convert the drawing into a skeletal $\mathbf{3 - 1 4}$ structure.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0083.jpg?height=348&width=578&top_left_y=195&top_left_x=429)


Strategy - 3.5 Properties of Alkanes

Alkanes are sometimes referred to as paraffins, a word derived from the Latin parum affinis, meaning "little affinity." This term aptly describes their behavior, for alkanes show little chemical affinity for other substances and are chemically inert to most laboratory reagents. They are also relatively inert biologically and are not often involved in the chemistry of living organisms. Alkanes do, however, react with oxygen, halogens, and a few other substances under appropriate conditions.


Strategy - 3.5 Properties of Alkanes

Reaction with oxygen occurs during combustion in an engine or furnace when an alkane is used as a fuel. Carbon dioxide and water are formed as products, and a large amount of heat is released. For example, methane (natural gas) reacts with oxygen according to the equation


Strategy - 3.5 Properties of Alkanes

$$
\mathrm{CH}_{4}+2 \mathrm{O}_{2} \longrightarrow \mathrm{CO}_{2}+2 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}+890 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{mol}(213 \mathrm{kcal} / \mathrm{mol})
$$


Strategy - 3.5 Properties of Alkanes

The reaction of an alkane with $\mathrm{Cl}_{2}$ occurs when a mixture of the two is irradiated with ultraviolet light (denoted $h v$, where $v$ is the Greek letter $n u$ ). Depending on the time allowed and the relative amounts of the two reactants, a sequential substitution of the alkane hydrogen atoms by chlorine occurs, leading to a mixture of chlorinated products. Methane, for instance, reacts with $\mathrm{Cl}_{2}$ to yield a mixture of $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{Cl}_{1}, \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{Cl}_{2}, \mathrm{CHCl}_{3}$, and $\mathrm{CCl}_{4}$. We'll look at this reaction in more detail in Section 6.6.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0083.jpg?height=299&width=1091&top_left_y=1325&top_left_x=517)


Strategy - 3.5 Properties of Alkanes

Alkanes show regular increases in both boiling point and melting point as molecular weight increases (FIGURE 3.5), an effect due to the presence of weak dispersion forces between molecules (Section 2.12). Only when sufficient energy is applied to overcome these forces does the solid melt or liquid boil. As you might expect, dispersion forces increase as molecular size increases, accounting for the higher melting and boiling points of larger alkanes.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0084.jpg?height=670&width=1223&top_left_y=188&top_left_x=448)

FIGURE 3.5 A plot of melting and boiling points versus number of carbon atoms for the C1-C14 straight-chain alkanes. There is a regular increase with molecular size.


Strategy - 3.5 Properties of Alkanes

Another effect seen in alkanes is that increased branching lowers an alkane's boiling point. Thus, pentane has no branches and boils at $36.1^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, isopentane (2-methylbutane) has one branch and boils at $27.85{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, and neopentane (2,2-dimethylpropane) has two branches and boils at $9.5^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Similarly, octane boils at $125.7^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, whereas isooctane ( $2,2,4$-trimethylpentane) boils at $99.3^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Branched-chain alkanes are lower-boiling because they are more nearly spherical than straight-chain alkanes, have smaller surface areas, and consequently have smaller dispersion forces.


Strategy - 3.6 Conformations of Ethane

Up until now, we've viewed molecules primarily in a two-dimensional way and have given little thought to any consequences that might arise from the spatial arrangement of atoms in molecules. Now it's time to add a third dimension to our study. Stereochemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the three-dimensional aspects of molecules. We'll see on many occasions in future chapters that the exact three-dimensional structure of a molecule is often crucial to determining its properties and biological behavior.


Strategy - 3.6 Conformations of Ethane

We know from Section 1.5 that $\sigma$ bonds are cylindrically symmetrical. In other words, the intersection of a plane cutting through a carbon-carbon single-bond orbital looks like a circle. Because of this cylindrical symmetry, rotation is possible around carbon-carbon bonds in open-chain molecules. In ethane, for instance, rotation around the $\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{C}$ bond occurs freely, constantly changing the spatial relationships between the hydrogens on one carbon and those on the other (FIGURE 3.6).
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0084.jpg?height=305&width=1118&top_left_y=1780&top_left_x=501)

FIGURE 3.6 Rotation occurs around the carbon-carbon single bond in ethane because of $\boldsymbol{\sigma}$ bond cylindrical symmetry.
The different arrangements of atoms that result from bond rotation are called conformations, and molecules that have different arrangements are called conformational isomers, or conformers. Unlike constitutional isomers, however, different conformers often can't be isolated because they interconvert too rapidly.