Photolithography -

The polymer resist currently used in chip manufacturing is based on the two-component diazoquinone-novolac system. Novolac resin is a soft, relatively low-molecular-weight polymer made from methylphenol and formaldehyde, while the diazoquinone is a bicyclic (two-ring) molecule containing a diazo
group $=\mathrm{N}=\mathrm{N}$ ) adjacent to a ketone carbonyl ( $\mathrm{C}=\mathrm{O}$ ). The diazoquinone-novolac mix is relatively insoluble when fresh, but on exposure to ultraviolet light and water vapor, the diazoquinone component undergoes reaction to yield $\mathrm{N}_{2}$ and a carboxylic acid, which can be washed away with dilute base. Novolac-diazoquinone technology is capable of producing features as small as $0.5 \mu \mathrm{~m}\left(5 \times 10^{-7} \mathrm{~m}\right)$, but further improvements in miniaturization are still being developed.
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Diazonaphthoquinone
<img class="imgSvg" id = "m6sn3ntjnh7fz0vzbxh" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBpZD0ic21pbGVzLW02c24zbnRqbmg3ZnowdnpieGgiIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDE0NyA5Ni41NTk2Mjg3MTMwMTE5OSIgc3R5bGU9IndpZHRoOiAxNDYuOTk5OTk5OTk5OTc0NjVweDsgaGVpZ2h0OiA5Ni41NTk2Mjg3MTMwMTE5OXB4OyBvdmVyZmxvdzogdmlzaWJsZTsiPjxkZWZzPjxsaW5lYXJHcmFkaWVudCBpZD0ibGluZS1tNnNuM250am5oN2Z6MHZ6YnhoLTEiIGdyYWRpZW50VW5pdHM9InVzZXJTcGFjZU9uVXNlIiB4MT0iODkuMjQ5OTc1NTEzNDQ2NjciIHkxPSI3NS41NTk2Mjg3MTMwMTE5OSIgeDI9IjEwNC45OTk5OTk5OTk5NzQ2MyIgeTI9IjQ4LjI3OTg0MjYzMTEyMDM0NiI+PHN0b3Agc3RvcC1jb2xvcj0iY3VycmVudENvbG9yIiBvZmZzZXQ9IjIwJSI+PC9zdG9wPjxzdG9wIHN0b3AtY29sb3I9ImN1cnJlbnRDb2xvciIgb2Zmc2V0PSIxMDAlIj48L3N0b3A+PC9saW5lYXJHcmFkaWVudD48bGluZWFyR3JhZGllbnQgaWQ9ImxpbmUtbTZzbjNudGpuaDdmejB2emJ4aC0zIiBncmFkaWVudFVuaXRzPSJ1c2VyU3BhY2VPblVzZSIgeDE9Ijg5LjI1MDAyNDQ4NjUxNTI0IiB5MT0iMjEuMDAwMDI4Mjc0NjE0MzI2IiB4Mj0iMTA0Ljk5OTk5OTk5OTk3NDYzIiB5Mj0iNDguMjc5ODQyNjMxMTIwMzQ2Ij48c3RvcCBzdG9wLWNvbG9yPSJjdXJyZW50Q29sb3IiIG9mZnNldD0iMjAlIj48L3N0b3A+PHN0b3Agc3RvcC1jb2xvcj0iY3VycmVudENvbG9yIiBvZmZzZXQ9IjEwMCUiPjwvc3RvcD48L2xpbmVhckdyYWRpZW50PjxsaW5lYXJHcmFkaWVudCBpZD0ibGluZS1tNnNuM250am5oN2Z6MHZ6YnhoLTUiIGdyYWRpZW50VW5pdHM9InVzZXJTcGFjZU9uVXNlIiB4MT0iNTcuNzQ5OTc1NTEzNDU5MzYiIHkxPSI3NS41NTk2MDA0MzgzOTc2NSIgeDI9Ijg5LjI0OTk3NTUxMzQ0NjY3IiB5Mj0iNzUuNTU5NjI4NzEzMDExOTkiPjxzdG9wIHN0b3AtY29sb3I9ImN1cnJlbnRDb2xvciIgb2Zmc2V0PSIyMCUiPjwvc3RvcD48c3RvcCBzdG9wLWNvbG9yPSJjdXJyZW50Q29sb3IiIG9mZnNldD0iMTAwJSI+PC9zdG9wPjwvbGluZWFyR3JhZGllbnQ+PGxpbmVhckdyYWRpZW50IGlkPSJsaW5lLW02c24zbnRqbmg3ZnowdnpieGgtNyIgZ3JhZGllbnRVbml0cz0idXNlclNwYWNlT25Vc2UiIHgxPSI1Ny43NTAwMjQ0ODY1Mjc5NSIgeTE9IjIxIiB4Mj0iODkuMjUwMDI0NDg2NTE1MjQiIHkyPSIyMS4wMDAwMjgyNzQ2MTQzMjYiPjxzdG9wIHN0b3AtY29sb3I9ImN1cnJlbnRDb2xvciIgb2Zmc2V0PSIyMCUiPjwvc3RvcD48c3RvcCBzdG9wLWNvbG9yPSJjdXJyZW50Q29sb3IiIG9mZnNldD0iMTAwJSI+PC9zdG9wPjwvbGluZWFyR3JhZGllbnQ+PGxpbmVhckdyYWRpZW50IGlkPSJsaW5lLW02c24zbnRqbmg3ZnowdnpieGgtOSIgZ3JhZGllbnRVbml0cz0idXNlclNwYWNlT25Vc2UiIHgxPSI0MiIgeTE9IjQ4LjI3OTc4NjA4MTg5MTY2IiB4Mj0iNTcuNzQ5OTc1NTEzNDU5MzYiIHkyPSI3NS41NTk2MDA0MzgzOTc2NSI+PHN0b3Agc3RvcC1jb2xvcj0iY3VycmVudENvbG9yIiBvZmZzZXQ9IjIwJSI+PC9zdG9wPjxzdG9wIHN0b3AtY29sb3I9ImN1cnJlbnRDb2xvciIgb2Zmc2V0PSIxMDAlIj48L3N0b3A+PC9saW5lYXJHcmFkaWVudD48bGluZWFyR3JhZGllbnQgaWQ9ImxpbmUtbTZzbjNudGpuaDdmejB2emJ4aC0xMSIgZ3JhZGllbnRVbml0cz0idXNlclNwYWNlT25Vc2UiIHgxPSI0MiIgeTE9IjQ4LjI3OTc4NjA4MTg5MTY2IiB4Mj0iNTcuNzUwMDI0NDg2NTI3OTUiIHkyPSIyMSI+PHN0b3Agc3RvcC1jb2xvcj0iY3VycmVudENvbG9yIiBvZmZzZXQ9IjIwJSI+PC9zdG9wPjxzdG9wIHN0b3AtY29sb3I9ImN1cnJlbnRDb2xvciIgb2Zmc2V0PSIxMDAlIj48L3N0b3A+PC9saW5lYXJHcmFkaWVudD48L2RlZnM+PG1hc2sgaWQ9InRleHQtbWFzay1tNnNuM250am5oN2Z6MHZ6YnhoIj48cmVjdCB4PSIwIiB5PSIwIiB3aWR0aD0iMTAwJSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxMDAlIiBmaWxsPSJ3aGl0ZSI+PC9yZWN0PjwvbWFzaz48c3R5bGU+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAuZWxlbWVudC1tNnNuM250am5oN2Z6MHZ6YnhoIHsKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICBmb250OiAxNHB4IEhlbHZldGljYSwgQXJpYWwsIHNhbnMtc2VyaWY7CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgYWxpZ25tZW50LWJhc2VsaW5lOiAnbWlkZGxlJzsKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIH0KICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIC5zdWItbTZzbjNudGpuaDdmejB2emJ4aCB7CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgZm9udDogOC40cHggSGVsdmV0aWNhLCBBcmlhbCwgc2Fucy1zZXJpZjsKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIH0KICAgICAgICAgICAgPC9zdHlsZT48ZyBtYXNrPSJ1cmwoI3RleHQtbWFzay1tNnNuM250am5oN2Z6MHZ6YnhoKSI+PGxpbmUgeDE9Ijg5LjI0OTk3NTUxMzQ0NjY3IiB5MT0iNzUuNTU5NjI4NzEzMDExOTkiIHgyPSIxMDQuOTk5OTk5OTk5OTc0NjMiIHkyPSI0OC4yNzk4NDI2MzExMjAzNDYiIHN0eWxlPSJzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtZGFzaGFycmF5Om5vbmU7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjEuMjYiIHN0cm9rZT0idXJsKCcjbGluZS1tNnNuM250am5oN2Z6MHZ6YnhoLTEnKSI+PC9saW5lPjxsaW5lIHgxPSI4OS4yNTAwMjQ0ODY1MTUyNCIgeTE9IjIxLjAwMDAyODI3NDYxNDMyNiIgeDI9IjEwNC45OTk5OTk5OTk5NzQ2MyIgeTI9IjQ4LjI3OTg0MjYzMTEyMDM0NiIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZS1saW5lY2FwOnJvdW5kO3N0cm9rZS1kYXNoYXJyYXk6bm9uZTtzdHJva2Utd2lkdGg6MS4yNiIgc3Ryb2tlPSJ1cmwoJyNsaW5lLW02c24zbnRqbmg3ZnowdnpieGgtMycpIj48L2xpbmU+PGxpbmUgeDE9IjU3Ljc0OTk3NTUxMzQ1OTM2IiB5MT0iNzUuNTU5NjAwNDM4Mzk3NjUiIHgyPSI4OS4yNDk5NzU1MTM0NDY2NyIgeTI9Ijc1LjU1OTYyODcxMzAxMTk5IiBzdHlsZT0ic3Ryb2tlLWxpbmVjYXA6cm91bmQ7c3Ryb2tlLWRhc2hhcnJheTpub25lO3N0cm9rZS13aWR0aDoxLjI2IiBzdHJva2U9InVybCgnI2xpbmUtbTZzbjNudGpuaDdmejB2emJ4aC01JykiPjwvbGluZT48bGluZSB4MT0iNTcuNzUwMDI0NDg2NTI3OTUiIHkxPSIyMSIgeDI9Ijg5LjI1MDAyNDQ4NjUxNTI0IiB5Mj0iMjEuMDAwMDI4Mjc0NjE0MzI2IiBzdHlsZT0ic3Ryb2tlLWxpbmVjYXA6cm91bmQ7c3Ryb2tlLWRhc2hhcnJheTpub25lO3N0cm9rZS13aWR0aDoxLjI2IiBzdHJva2U9InVybCgnI2xpbmUtbTZzbjNudGpuaDdmejB2emJ4aC03JykiPjwvbGluZT48bGluZSB4MT0iNDIiIHkxPSI0OC4yNzk3ODYwODE4OTE2NiIgeDI9IjU3Ljc0OTk3NTUxMzQ1OTM2IiB5Mj0iNzUuNTU5NjAwNDM4Mzk3NjUiIHN0eWxlPSJzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtZGFzaGFycmF5Om5vbmU7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjEuMjYiIHN0cm9rZT0idXJsKCcjbGluZS1tNnNuM250am5oN2Z6MHZ6YnhoLTknKSI+PC9saW5lPjxsaW5lIHgxPSI0MiIgeTE9IjQ4LjI3OTc4NjA4MTg5MTY2IiB4Mj0iNTcuNzUwMDI0NDg2NTI3OTUiIHkyPSIyMSIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZS1saW5lY2FwOnJvdW5kO3N0cm9rZS1kYXNoYXJyYXk6bm9uZTtzdHJva2Utd2lkdGg6MS4yNiIgc3Ryb2tlPSJ1cmwoJyNsaW5lLW02c24zbnRqbmg3ZnowdnpieGgtMTEnKSI+PC9saW5lPjwvZz48Zz48dGV4dCB4PSIxMDQuOTk5OTk5OTk5OTc0NjMiIHk9IjQ4LjI3OTg0MjYzMTEyMDM0NiIgY2xhc3M9ImRlYnVnIiBma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Photolithography -

Novolac resin
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0469.jpg?height=180&width=375&top_left_y=842&top_left_x=1138)


Key Terms -

- 1,2-addition
- 1,4-addition
- conjugated
- Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction
- dienophile
- endo
- exo
- highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)
- kinetic control
- lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO)
- molar absorptivity ( $\varepsilon$ )
- $s$-cis conformation
- stereospecific
- thermodynamic control
- ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy


Key Terms -


Summary -

The unsaturated compounds we've looked at previously have had only one double bond, but many compounds have numerous sites of unsaturation, which gives them some distinctive properties. Many such compounds are common in nature, including pigments and hormones.


Summary -

A conjugated diene or other compound is one that contains alternating double and single bonds. One characteristic of conjugated dienes is that they are more stable than their nonconjugated counterparts. This stability can be explained by a molecular orbital description in which four $p$ atomic orbitals combine to form four $\pi$ molecular orbitals. Only the two bonding orbitals are occupied; the two antibonding orbitals are unoccupied. A $\pi$ bonding interaction in the lowest-energy MO introduces some partial double-bond character between carbons 2 and 3, thereby strengthening the $\mathrm{C} 2-\mathrm{C} 3$ bond and stabilizing the molecule.


Summary -

Conjugated dienes undergo several reactions not observed for nonconjugated dienes. One is the 1,4-addition of electrophiles. When a conjugated diene is treated with an electrophile such as $\mathrm{HCl}, \mathbf{1 , 2 -}$ and $\mathbf{1 , 4}$-addition products are formed. Both result from the same resonance-stabilized allylic carbocation intermediate and are produced in varying amounts depending on the reaction conditions. The 1,2 adduct is usually formed faster and is said to be the product of kinetic control. The 1,4 adduct is usually more stable and is said to be the product of thermodynamic control.


Summary -

Another reaction unique to conjugated dienes is Diels-Alder cycloaddition. Conjugated dienes react with electron-poor alkenes (dienophiles) in a single step through a cyclic transition state to yield a cyclohexene product. The reaction is stereospecific, meaning that only a single product stereoisomer is formed, and can occur only if the diene is able to adopt an $s$-cis conformation.


Summary -

Ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy is a method of structure determination applicable specifically to conjugated $\pi$-electron systems. When a conjugated molecule is irradiated with ultraviolet light, energy absorption occurs and a $\pi$ electron is promoted from the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). For 1,3-butadiene, radiation of $\lambda_{\max }=217 \mathrm{~nm}$ is required. The greater the extent of conjugation, the less the energy needed and the longer the wavelength of radiation required.


Summary of Reactions -


Additional Problems -


Visualizing Chemistry -

PROBLEM Show the structures of all possible adducts of the following diene with 1 equivalent of HCl :


14-16 -


14-16 -

PROBLEM Show the product of the Diels-Alder reaction of the following diene with 3-buten-2-one,
14-17 $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{C}=\mathrm{CHCOCH}_{3}$. Make sure you show the full stereochemistry of the reaction product.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0470.jpg?height=359&width=581&top_left_y=2127&top_left_x=512)


14-16 -

PROBLEM The following diene does not undergo Diels-Alder reactions. Explain.
14-18
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0471.jpg?height=462&width=616&top_left_y=341&top_left_x=538)


14-16 -

PROBLEM The following model is that of an allylic carbocation intermediate formed by protonation of a
14-19 conjugated diene with HBr . Show the structure of the diene and the structures of the final reaction products.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0471.jpg?height=351&width=538&top_left_y=1104&top_left_x=479)


Mechanism Problems -


Mechanism Problems -

PROBLEM We've seen that the Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction is a one-step, pericyclic process that occurs
14-21 through a cyclic transition state. Propose a mechanism for the following reaction:
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0471.jpg?height=174&width=675&top_left_y=2030&top_left_x=416)


Mechanism Problems -

PROBLEM In light of your answer to Problem 14-21 propose mechanisms for the following reactions.
14-22 (a)
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0471.jpg?height=213&width=958&top_left_y=2284&top_left_x=475)
(b)
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0472.jpg?height=286&width=1041&top_left_y=215&top_left_x=477)


Mechanism Problems -

PROBLEM Luminol, which is used by forensic scientists to find blood, fluoresces as a result of Diels-Alder-like
14-23 process. The dianion of luminol reacts with $\mathrm{O}_{2}$ to form an unstable peroxide intermediate that then loses nitrogen to form a dicarboxylate and emit light. The process is similar to that in Problems 14-21 and 14-22. Propose a mechanism for this process.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0472.jpg?height=264&width=1036&top_left_y=735&top_left_x=420)


Mechanism Problems -

Luminol dianion
PROBLEM A useful diene in the synthesis of many naturally occurring substances is known as Danishefsky's
14-24 diene. It's useful because after the Diels-Alder reaction it can be converted into a product that can't be accessed by a typical Diels-Alder reaction. Show the Diels-Alder adduct and propose a mechanism that accounts for the final products.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0472.jpg?height=316&width=968&top_left_y=1276&top_left_x=416)
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0472.jpg?height=153&width=697&top_left_y=1620&top_left_x=416)


Conjugated Dienes -


Conjugated Dienes -

PROBLEM Draw and name the six possible diene isomers of formula $\mathrm{C}_{5} \mathrm{H}_{8}$. Which of the six are conjugated
14-26 dienes?
PROBLEM What product(s) would you expect to obtain from reaction of 1,3-cyclohexadiene with each of the
14-27 following?
(a) $1 \mathrm{~mol} \mathrm{Br}_{2}$ in $\mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{Cl}_{2}$
(b) $\mathrm{O}_{3}$ followed by Zn
(c) 1 mol HCl in ether (d) 1 mol DCl in ether
(e) 3-Buten-2-one $\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{C}=\mathrm{CHCOCH}_{3}\right)$ (f) Excess $\mathrm{OsO}_{4}$, followed by $\mathrm{NaHSO}_{3}$


Conjugated Dienes -

PROBLEM Electrophilic addition of $\mathrm{Br}_{2}$ to isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) yields the following product 14-28 mixture:
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0473.jpg?height=243&width=1215&top_left_y=296&top_left_x=409)


Conjugated Dienes -

Of the 1,2 -addition products, explain why 3,4-dibromo-3-methyl-1-butene (21\%) predominates over 3,4-dibromo-2-methyl-1-butene (3\%).


Conjugated Dienes -

PROBLEM Propose a structure for a conjugated diene that gives the same product from both 1,2 and
14-29 1,4-addition of HBr .
PROBLEM Draw the possible products resulting from addition of 1 equivalent of HCl to
14-30 1-phenyl-1,3-butadiene. Which would you expect to predominate, and why?
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Conjugated Dienes -

Diels-Alder Reactions
PROBLEM Predict the products of the following Diels-Alder reactions:
14-31 (a)
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0473.jpg?height=243&width=474&top_left_y=1150&top_left_x=473)
(b)
?
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0473.jpg?height=264&width=497&top_left_y=1147&top_left_x=1004)


2,3-Di-tert-butyl-1,3-butadiene -

PROBLEM Show the structure, including stereochemistry, of the product from the following Diels-Alder 14-33 reaction:
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0473.jpg?height=264&width=846&top_left_y=1841&top_left_x=409)


2,3-Di-tert-butyl-1,3-butadiene -

PROBLEM How can you account for the fact that cis-1,3-pentadiene is much less reactive than 14-34 trans-1,3-pentadiene in the Diels-Alder reaction?


2,3-Di-tert-butyl-1,3-butadiene -

PROBLEM Would you expect a conjugated diyne such as 1,3-butadiyne to undergo Diels-Alder reaction with a
14-35 dienophile? Explain.
PROBLEM Reaction of isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) with ethyl propenoate gives a mixture of two 14-36 Diels-Alder adducts. Show the structure of both, and explain why a mixture is formed.
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0474.jpg?height=124&width=679&top_left_y=187&top_left_x=414)


2,3-Di-tert-butyl-1,3-butadiene -


2,3-Di-tert-butyl-1,3-butadiene -

PROBLEM 1,3-Cyclopentadiene is very reactive in Diels-Alder cycloaddition reactions, but
14-38 1,3-cyclohexadiene is less reactive and 1,3-cycloheptadiene is nearly inert. Explain. (Molecular models are helpful.)


1,3-Pentadiene -


1,3-Pentadiene -

PROBLEM Show the product of the following reaction.
14-41
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0474.jpg?height=147&width=383&top_left_y=1561&top_left_x=410)


Diene Polymers -

PROBLEM Tires whose sidewalls are made of natural rubber tend to crack and weather rapidly in areas around
14-42 cities where high levels of ozone and other industrial pollutants are found. Explain.
PROBLEM 1,3-Cyclopentadiene polymerizes slowly at room temperature to yield a polymer that has no double
14-43 bonds except on the ends. On heating, the polymer breaks down to regenerate 1,3-cyclopentadiene. Propose a structure for the product.