Polymers -

PROBLEM Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), prepared from $N$-vinylpyrrolidone, is used both in cosmetics and as a
8-54 component of a synthetic substitute for blood. Draw a representative segment of the polymer.
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$N$-Vinylpyrrolidone


Polymers -

PROBLEM When a single alkene monomer, such as ethylene, is polymerized, the product is a homopolymer.
8-55 If a mixture of two alkene monomers is polymerized, however, a copolymer often results. The following structure represents a segment of a copolymer called Saran. What two monomers were copolymerized to make Saran?
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Polymers -

Saran


General Problems -

PROBLEM Compound A has the formula $\mathrm{C}_{10} \mathrm{H}_{16}$. On catalytic hydrogenation over palladium, it reacts with
8-56 only 1 molar equivalent of $\mathrm{H}_{2}$. Compound $\mathbf{A}$ also undergoes reaction with ozone, followed by zinc treatment, to yield a symmetrical diketone, $\mathbf{B}\left(\mathrm{C}_{10} \mathrm{H}_{16} \mathrm{O}_{2}\right)$.
(a) How many rings does $\mathbf{A}$ have? (b) What are the structures of $\mathbf{A}$ and $\mathbf{B}$ ?
(c) Write the reactions.


General Problems -

PROBLEM An unknown hydrocarbon $\mathbf{A}$ with the formula $\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{12}$ reacts with 1 molar equivalent of $\mathrm{H}_{2}$ over a
8-57 palladium catalyst. Hydrocarbon $\mathbf{A}$ also reacts with $\mathrm{OsO}_{4}$ to give diol $\mathbf{B}$. When oxidized with $\mathrm{KMnO}_{4}$
in acidic solution, A gives two fragments. One fragment is propanoic acid, $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{2} \mathrm{H}$, and the other fragment is ketone $\mathbf{C}$. What are the structures of $\mathbf{A}, \mathbf{B}$, and $\mathbf{C}$ ? Write all reactions.


General Problems -

PROBLEM Using an oxidative cleavage reaction, explain how you would distinguish between the following two
8-58 isomeric dienes:
![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_02_06_5556f7656cbdcaa0f9a7g-0276.jpg?height=134&width=459&top_left_y=410&top_left_x=410)


General Problems -

PROBLEM Compound $\mathbf{A}, \mathrm{C}_{10} \mathrm{H}_{18} \mathrm{O}$, undergoes reaction with dilute $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}$ at $50{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to yield a mixture of two
8-59 alkenes, $\mathrm{C}_{10} \mathrm{H}_{16}$. The major alkene product, $\mathbf{B}$, gives only cyclopentanone after ozone treatment followed by reduction with zinc in acetic acid. Identify $\mathbf{A}$ and $\mathbf{B}$, and write the reactions.
<img class="imgSvg" id = "m6sn3ncbwo3knyikya" 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Cyclopentanone -


Cyclopentanone -

Butanedial


Cyclopentanone -

PROBLEM Simmons-Smith reaction of cyclohexene with diiodomethane gives a single cyclopropane product,
8-61 but the analogous reaction of cyclohexene with 1,1-diiodoethane gives (in low yield) a mixture of two isomeric methylcyclopropane products. What are the two products, and how do they differ?


Cyclopentanone -

PROBLEM The sex attractant of the common housefly is a hydrocarbon with the formula $\mathrm{C}_{23} \mathrm{H}_{46}$. On treatment
8-62 with aqueous acidic $\mathrm{KMnO}_{4}$, two products are obtained, $\mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{12} \mathrm{CO}_{2} \mathrm{H}$ and $\mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{7} \mathrm{CO}_{2} \mathrm{H}$. Propose a structure.


Cyclopentanone -

PROBLEM Compound A has the formula $\mathrm{C}_{8} \mathrm{H}_{8}$. It reacts rapidly with $\mathrm{KMnO}_{4}$ to give $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ and a carboxylic
8-63 acid, B $\left(\mathrm{C}_{7} \mathrm{H}_{6} \mathrm{O}_{2}\right)$, but reacts with only 1 molar equivalent of $\mathrm{H}_{2}$ on catalytic hydrogenation over a palladium catalyst. On hydrogenation under conditions that reduce aromatic rings, 4 equivalents of $\mathrm{H}_{2}$ are taken up and hydrocarbon $\mathbf{C}\left(\mathrm{C}_{8} \mathrm{H}_{16}\right)$ is produced. What are the structures of $\mathbf{A}, \mathbf{B}$, and $\mathbf{C}$ ? Write the reactions.


Cyclopentanone -

PROBLEM How would you distinguish between the following pairs of compounds using simple chemical tests?
8-64 Tell what you would do and what you would see.
(a) Cyclopentene and cyclopentane
(b) 2-Hexene and benzene


Cyclopentanone -

PROBLEM $\alpha$-Terpinene, $\mathrm{C}_{10} \mathrm{H}_{16}$, is a pleasant-smelling hydrocarbon that has been isolated from oil of
8-65 marjoram. On hydrogenation over a palladium catalyst, $\alpha$-terpinene reacts with 2 molar equivalents of $\mathrm{H}_{2}$ to yield a hydrocarbon, $\mathrm{C}_{10} \mathrm{H}_{20}$. On ozonolysis, followed by reduction with zinc and acetic acid, $\alpha$-terpinene yields two products, glyoxal and 6-methyl-2,5-heptanedione.
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Glyoxal
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Cyclopentanone -

6-Methyl-2,5-heptanedione
(a) How many degrees of unsaturation does $\alpha$-terpinene have?
(b) How many double bonds and how many rings does it have?
(c) Propose a structure for $\alpha$-terpinene.


Cyclopentanone -

PROBLEM Evidence that cleavage of 1,2-diols by $\mathrm{HIO}_{4}$ occurs through a five-membered cyclic periodate
8-66 intermediate is based on the measurement of reaction rates. When diols $\mathbf{A}$ and $\mathbf{B}$ were prepared and the rates of their reaction with $\mathrm{HIO}_{4}$ were measured, it was found that diol A cleaved approximately 1 million times faster than diol B. Make molecular models of $\mathbf{A}$ and $\mathbf{B}$ and of potential cyclic
periodate intermediates, and then explain the results.
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A
(cis diol)
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B
(trans diol)


Cyclopentanone -

PROBLEM Reaction of HBr with 3-methylcyclohexene yields a mixture of four products: cis- and
8-67 trans-1-bromo-3-methylcyclohexane and cis- and trans-1-bromo-2-methylcyclohexane. The analogous reaction of HBr with 3-bromocyclohexene yields trans-1,2-dibromocyclohexane as the sole product. Draw structures of the possible intermediates, and then explain why only a single product is formed in this reaction.
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