Ring panguntat abad ka-20, ngrereh aktif anak istri miwah ngapus diskriminasi institusional nganutin luh muani ngawinang nincap kawéntenan para sujana istriné, sakéwanten sané kabaos kesenjangan gender sané ageng kantun wénten ring makudang-kudang widang; ring pangawitin abad ka-21 lintangan ring atengah sujana ring biologi sané anyar wantah anak istri, raris 80% PhD ring fisika wantah anak lanang.
In the late 20th century, active recruitment of women and elimination of institutional discrimination on the basis of sex greatly increased the number of women scientists, but large gender disparities remain in some fields; in the early 21st century over half of the new biologists were female, while 80% of PhDs in physics are given to men.