Selami periode transisi saking budaya feodal miwah gerejawi nuju budaya sekuler, akéh ahli matematika sané sampun kasub madué pakaryan sané lianan: Luca Pacioli (pamucuk akuntansi); Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia (insinyur miwah penata buku sané kasub); Gerolamo Cardano (pamucuk probabilitas miwah ekspansi binomial); Robert Recorde (dokter) miwah François Viète (pengacara).
During this period of transition from a mainly feudal and ecclesiastical culture to a predominantly secular one, many notable mathematicians had other occupations: Luca Pacioli (founder of accounting); Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia (notable engineer and bookkeeper); Gerolamo Cardano (earliest founder of probability and binomial expansion); Robert Recorde (physician) and François Viète (lawyer).