Vietnamese people
Many Vietnamese girls and women were trafficked into China in the 19th century. Chinese pirates in the Tonking Gulf region took Vietnamese women as wives. In the Gulf of Tonkin Vietnamese pirates were defeated in 1409 and 1373 by the Ming Chinese navy and the Ming navy frightened Vietnam from invading Champa in 1403 and defeated Vietnam in 1407 in the Red river delta. Chinese pirate and bandits operated in the highlands of Tonkin in French Indochina.