Muhammad Ali Pasha
Beyond building a more modern economy, Muhammad Ali started to train a professional military and bureaucracy. He sent promising men to Europe to study. Students were sent to study European languages, primarily French, so they could translate military manuals into Arabic. He then used both educated Egyptians and imported European experts to establish schools and hospitals in Egypt.  European education also provided talented Egyptians with social mobility. Bright boys from poor families could work their way up, and become successful.