Algerian War
The third group was more radical and originated in Paris. It was organised among North African and other egrants in France in the 1920s under the leadership of Ahmed Messali Hadj. He organised the North African Star (Étoile Nord-Africain) and, when it had been banned in 1937, the Algerian People's Party (Parti du peuple algérien; PPA). He called for an uprising against French colonial rule and total independence. The PPA laid the foundation for modern nationalism in Algeria.