Replacement child
Philippe Airès's L'Enfant et la vie familiale sous 'Ancien Regime (The Child and Family Life in France before the Revolution), was published in 1960. He believed that before the 18th century the French had no real concept of children. They were seen as miniature adults. They were often dressed like adults. Parents knew many of their children would not survive. For this reason they did not invest in them emotionally.