Fin de siècle
The themes of fin de siècle political culture were very controversial and have been cited as a major influence on fascism.Payne, Stanley G. A history of fascism, 1914-1945. Oxon, England, UK: Routledge, (1995, 2005): 23-24. The major political theme of the era was that of revolt against materialism, rationalism, positivism, bourgeois society and liberal democracy.