Nation state
Portugal: although surrounded by other lands and people, the Portuguese nation has occupied the same territory for almost 900 years.  A long time ago, Portugal was formed from groups of people that were previously separate.  They all passed through and settled in the area that later became Portugal.  They included native Iberian peoples, Celts, ancient Mediterraneans (Greeks, Phoenicians, Romans), Germanic peoples like the Suebi and the Visigoths, the later invading Berbers and Arabs, and Jews.