Paranthropus
Species of Paranthropus had smaller braincases than Homo, yet they had significantly larger braincases than Australopithecus. Paranthropus is associated with stone tools both in southern and eastern Africa, although there is considerable debate whether they were made and utilized by these robust australopithecines. Most believe that early Homo was the tool maker. Most Paranthropus species almost certainly did not have language or to have controlled fire, although they are directly associated with the latter at Swartkrans, South Africa.