Italian literature
The Romantic movement had as its organ the Conciliatore, established in 1818 at Milan. The main initiator of the reform was the Italian poet and author Alessandro Manzoni, known for his historical novel I promessi sposi (The Betrothed, 1827–1842). The great Italian poet of the age was Giacomo Leopardi. The bookish movement that happened before and at the same time as the political revolutions of 1848 was represented by four writers: Giuseppe Giusti, Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi, Vincenzo Gioberti, and Cesare Balbo. After the Risorgimento, political literature became less important. During the first part of this period, two different tendencies of literature against Romanticism appeared: the Scapigliatura and Verismo. The most well-known figure of Verismo was the Sicilian writer Giovanni Verga, author of I Malavoglia (The House by the Medlar-Tree, 1881).