Kingdom of France
The tendency of royalty to exercise more and more absolute power could be challenged in times of turmoil, civil wars and the reigns of minor kings.  The dispute took a more pronounced character on the occasion of the diffusion of the philosophy of enlightenment and of the values that it carried: government of reason, separation of powers, individual liberties.  The French Revolution led to the establishment of a French constitutional monarchy.  However, the different formulas experienced failure in 1792, 1830 and 1848, which ended the French monarchy.