Psychologist.  In most places, psychologists who specialize in treating psychological dis -
orders usually have a doctoral degree in clinical or counseling psychology. Often, this 
degree is a Ph.D. (which includes signiﬁcant training in both research and in providing 
clinical care), although it may also be a Psy.D. (indicating a primary training focus on 
providing clinical services and relatively less emphasis on research) or an Ed.D. (indi -
cating training that stems from an educational psychology perspective). Typically, the 
training of a psychologist includes an undergraduate bachelor’s degree (four years), fol -
lowed by an additional ﬁve to eight years of graduate training. In some states and prov -
inces, psychology practitioners with a master’s degree (usually two years of graduate 
training) can also call themselves psychologists, whereas in other places, master’s level