Temperamental. Nonsexual antisocial behavior and sexual preoccupation/hypersexuality
might be nonspecific risk factors, although the causal relationship to frotteurism is uncertain
and the specificity unclear. However, frotteurism is a necessary precondition for frotteuristic
disorder, so risk factors for frot teurism should also increase the rate of frotteuristic disorder. 
Gender-Related Diagnostic Issues
There appear to be substantially fewer female s with frotteuristic sexual preferences than
males. 
Differential Diagnosis
Conduct disorder and antiso cial personality disorder. Conduct disorder in adolescents
and antisocial personality disorder would be  characterized by additional norm-breaking
and antisocial behaviors, and the specific sexual interest in touching or rubbing against a
nonconsenting individual should be lacking. 
Substance use disorders. Substance use disorders, particularly those involving stimu-
lants such as cocaine and amphetamines, might involve single frotteuristic episodes by in-
toxicated individuals but should not involve the typical sustained sexual interest in
touching or rubbing against unsuspecting persons. Hence, recurrent frotteuristic sexual
fantasies, urges, or be haviors that occur also when the individual is not intoxicated sug-
gest that frotteuristic d isorder might be present.
Comorbidity
Known comorbidities in frotteuristic disorder  are largely based on research with males
suspected of or convicted for criminal acts involving sexually motivated touching of or
rubbing against a nonconsentin g individual. Hence, these co morbidities might not apply
to other individuals with a diagnosis of frotte uristic disorder based on subjective distress
over their sexual interest. Conditions that o ccur comorbidly with frot teuristic disorder in-