Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders 769
4.Restricted affectivity (an aspect of Detachment ): Little reaction to emotionally
arousing situations; constricted emotional experience and expression; indifference
or coldness.
Specifiers. Trait and personality functioning specifie rs may be used to record additional
personality features that may be  present in obsessive-compulsive personality disorder but are
not required for the diagnosis. Fo r example, other traits of Negative Affectivity (e.g., anxious-
ness) are not diagnostic criteria  for obsessive-compulsive personal ity disorder (see Criterion B)
but can be specified when appropriate. Furthe rmore, although moderate or greater impair-
ment in personality functioning is required for the diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive person-
ality disorder (Criterion A), the level of personality functioning can also be specified.
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Typical features of schizotypal personality diso rder are impairments in the capacity for so-
cial and close relationships and eccentricities in cognition, perception, and behavior that
are associated with distorted self-image an d incoherent personal goals and accompanied
by suspiciousness and restricted emotional ex pression. Characteristic difficulties are ap-
parent in identity, self-direction, empathy, and/or intimacy, along with specific maladap-
tive traits in the domains of Psychoticism and Detachment.
Proposed Diagnostic Criteria
A. Moderate or greater impairment in personality functioning, manifested by characteristic
difficulties in two or more of the following four areas:
1.Identity:  Confused boundaries between self and others; distorted self-concept;
emotional expression often not congruent with context or internal experience.
2.Self-direction:  Unrealistic or incoherent goals; no clear set of internal standards.
3.Empathy:  Pronounced difficulty understanding impact of own behaviors on others;