disorder is not made, if the manifestations of  the personality disorder clearly are an ex-
pression of the other mental disorder (e.g., if  features of schizotypal personality disorder
are present only in the context of schizophren ia). On the other hand, personality disorders
can be accurately diagnosed in the presence of  another mental disord er, such as major de-
pressive disorder, and patients with other me ntal disorders should be assessed for comor-
bid personality disorders because personality disorders often impact the course of other
mental disorders. Therefore, it is always appropriate to assess personality functioning and
pathological personality traits to prov ide a context for other psychopathology.
Specific Personality Disorders
Section III includes diagnostic criteria for antisocial, avoidant , borderline, narcissistic, ob-
sessive-compulsive, and schizotypal personality disorders. Each pe rsonality disorder is
defined by typical impairments in personality functioning (Criterion A) and characteristic
pathological personality traits (Criterion B):
• Typical features of antisocial personality disorder  are a failure to conform to lawful
and ethical behavior, and an egocentric, callous lack of concern for others, accompanied
by deceitfulness, irresponsibility, manipulativeness, and/or risk taking.
• Typical features of avoidant personality disorder  are avoidance of social situations and
inhibition in interpersonal relationships related to feelings of ineptitude and inade-
quacy, anxious preoccupation with negative evaluation and rejection, and fears of rid-
icule or embarrassment.
• Typical features of borderline personality disorder are instability of self-image, per-
sonal goals, interpersonal relationships, an d affects, accompanied by impulsivity, risk
taking, and/or hostility.
• Typical features of narcissistic personality disorder  are variable and vulnerable self-
esteem, with attempts at regulation throug h attention and approval seeking, and either