Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders 773
than being present versus absent. Moreover, personality traits, including those identified
specifically in the Section III model, exist on a spectrum with two opposing poles. For ex-
ample, the opposite of the trait of callousness is the tendency to be empathic and kind-
hearted, even in circumstances in which most persons would not feel that way. Hence, al-
though in Section III th is trait is labeled callousness, because that pole of the dimension is
the primary focus, it coul d be described in full as callousness versus kind-heartedness.  More-
over, its opposite pole can be  recognized and may not be adaptive in all circumstances
(e.g., individuals who, due to extreme kind-heartedness, repeatedly allow themselves to
be taken advantage of by unscrupulous others).
Hierarchical structure of personality. Some trait terms are quite specific (e.g., “talkative”)
and describe a narrow range of behaviors, wh ereas others are quite broad (e.g., Detach-
ment) and characterize a wide range of beha vioral propensities. Broad trait dimensions
are called domains, and specific trait dimensions are called facets.  Personality trait domains
comprise a spectrum of more specific personality facets  that tend to occur together. For ex-
ample, withdrawal and anhedonia are specific trait facets  in the trait domain  of Detachment.
Despite some cross-cultural variation in pe rsonality trait facets, the broad domains they
collectively comprise are relati vely consistent across cultures.
The Personality Trait Model
The Section III personality trait system includ es five broad domains of personality trait
variation—Negative Affectivity (vs. Emotiona l Stability), Detachment (vs. Extraversion),