Antisocial Personality Disorder 661
sexual partners and may never have sustained a monogamous relationship. They may be
irresponsible as parents, as evidenced by maln utrition of a child, an illness in the child re-
sulting from a lack of minimal hygiene, a ch ild’s dependence on neighbors or nonresident
relatives for food or shelter, a failure to arrange for a caretaker for a young child when the
individual is away from home, or repeated squandering of money required for household
necessities. These individuals may receive di shonorable discharges from the armed ser-
vices, may fail to be self-supporting, may be come impoverished or even homeless, or may
spend many years in penal institutions. Indi viduals with antisocial personality disorder
are more likely than people in the general po pulation to die prematurely by violent means
(e.g., suicide, accidents, homicides).
Individuals with antisocial personality disorder may also experience dysphoria, in-
cluding complaints of tension, inability to  tolerate boredom, and depressed mood. They
may have associated anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, substa nce use disorders, so-
matic symptom disorder, gambli ng disorder, and other disord ers of impulse control. In-
dividuals with antisocial personality disorder  also often have personality features that
meet criteria for other personality disorders,  particularly borderline, histrionic, and nar-
cissistic personality disorders. The likelihood  of developing antisocial personality disor-
der in adult life is increased if the indivi dual experienced childhood onset of conduct
disorder (before age 10 years) and accompanyi ng attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Child abuse or neglect, unstable or erratic parenting, or inconsistent parental discipline
may increase the likelihood that conduct disord er will evolve into antisocial personality
disorder.