nosis of alcohol or sedative, hypnotic, or anxiol ytic intoxication can usually be made based
on the absence of pupillary constriction or the lack of a response to naloxone challenge. In
some cases, intoxication may be  due both to opioids and to alcohol or other sedatives. In
these cases, the naloxone challenge will no t reverse all of the sedative effects. 
Other withdrawal disorders. The anxiety and restlessness associated with opioid with-
drawal resemble symptoms seen in sedative-hypnotic withdrawal. However, opioid
withdrawal is also accompanied by rhinorrhea , lacrimation, and pupillary dilation, which