DSM-IV. An alternative approach to the diag nosis of personality di sorders was developed
for DSM-5 for further study and can be found in Section III (see “Alternative DSM-5 Model
for Personality Disorders”). For the general criteria for personality disorder, presented  in
Section III, a revised personality functioning criterion (Criterion A) has been developed
based on a literature review of reliable clinical  measures of core impa irments central to per-
sonality pathology. A diagnosis of personality disorder—trait specified,  based on moderate
or greater impairment in person ality functioning and the presence of pathological personal-
ity traits, replaces personality disorder not ot herwise specified and prov ides a much more in-
formative diagnosis for individuals who are not optimally described as having a specific
personality disorder. A greater emphasis on pe rsonality functioning and trait-based criteria
increases the stability and empiri cal bases of the disorders. Personality functioning and per-
sonality traits  also can be assessed whether or not the individual has a personality disor-
der—a feature that provides clinically useful information about all individuals.
Paraphilic Disorders
An overarching change from DSM-IV is the addition of the course specifiers “in a controlled
environment”  and “in remission”  to the diagnostic criteria se ts for all the paraphilic disor-
ders. These specifiers are added to indicate important changes in an individual’s status. In
DSM-5, paraphilias are not ipso facto  mental disorders. There is a distinction between paraphil-
ias and paraphilic disorders. A paraphilic disorder is a paraphilia that is currently causing dis-
tress or impairment to the individual or a pa raphilia whose satisfaction has entailed personal