drug withdrawal states (e.g., from amphetami nes, cocaine), and medication side effects.
The final determination of caffeine withdrawal should rest on a determination of the pat-
tern and amount consumed, the time interval  between caffeine ab stinence and onset of
symptoms, and the particular clinical features presented by  the individual. A challenge
dose of caffeine followed by symptom remis sion may be used to confirm the diagnosis.
Comorbidity
Caffeine withdrawal may be associated with  major depressive disorder, generalized anx-
iety disorder, panic disorder, antisocial person ality disorder in adul ts, moderate to severe
alcohol use disorder, and cannabis and cocaine use. 
Other Caffeine-Induced Disorders
The following caffeine-induced disorders are described in other chapters of the manual
with disorders with which they share phenomenology (see the substance/medication-
induced mental disorders in these chapters):  caffeine-induced anxiety disorder (“Anxiety
Disorders”) and caffeine-indu ced sleep disorder (“Sleep-W ake Disorders”). These caf-
feine-induced disorders are diagnosed instead of caffeine intoxicati on or caffeine with-
drawal only when the symptoms are sufficie ntly severe to warrant independent clinical
attention.