ate to severe severity, and often occurs in th e setting of confusion or frustration. It may
arise as combative behaviors, particularly in the context of resisting caregiving duties such
as bathing and dressing. Agitation is characte rized as disruptive motor or vocal activity
and tends to occur with advanced stages of cognitive impairment across all of the NCDs.
Individuals with NCD can present with a wi de variety of behavioral symptoms that
are the focus of treatment. Sleep disturbance is a common symptom that can create a need
for clinical attention and may include symptoms of insomnia, hypersomnia, and circadian