drawal or after cessation of medication use;  or a history of prior recurrent primary psy-
chotic disorders. Other causes of psychoti c symptoms must be considered even in an
individual with substance into xication or withdrawal, because substance use problems are
not uncommon among individuals with non- substance/medication-induced psychotic
disorders. 
In addition to the four symptom domain areas identified in the diagnostic criteria, the
assessment of cognition, depression, and mani a symptom domains is vital for making crit-
ically important distinctions between the va rious schizophrenia spectrum and other psy-
chotic disorders.
Associated Features Supporting Diagnosis 
Psychotic disorders can occur in association wi th intoxication with the following classes of
substances: alcohol; cannabis; hallucinoge ns, including phencyclidine and related sub-
stances; inhalants; sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics; stimulants (including cocaine);
and other (or unknown) substances. Psychotic disorders can occur in association with with-
drawal from the following classes of substanc es: alcohol; sedatives, hypnotics, and anxio-
lytics; and other (or unknown) substances. 
Some of the medications reported to evoke psychotic symptoms include anesthetics
and analgesics, anticholinergic agents, anticonvulsants, antihistamines, antihypertensive
and cardiovascular medications, antimicrobial medications, antiparkinsonian medica-
tions, chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., cyclosporine, procarbazine), corticosteroids, gastro-
intestinal medications, muscle relaxants, nonsteroidal anti-inf lammatory medications,
other over-the-counter medicati ons (e.g., phenylephrine, ps eudoephedrine), antidepres-