of services that unde rstand your language 
or background?
CULTURAL FACTORS AFFECT ING CURRENT HELP SEEKING
PREFERENCES
(Social Network, Caregivers, Re ligion and Spirituality, Older Adults, Coping and Help Seeking)
Clarify individual’s cu rrent perceived needs and 
expectations of he lp, broadly defined.
Probe if individual lists only one source of help (e.g., 
“What other kinds of help would be useful to you 
at this time?”).Now let’s talk some more about the help 
you need.
14. What kinds of help do you think would be 
most useful to you at this time for your 
[PROBLEM]?
Focus on the views of the social network regarding 
help seeking.15. Are there other kinds of help that your fam-
ily, friends, or other people have suggested 
would be helpful for you now?
CLINICIAN -PATIENT  RELATIONSHIP
(Clinician-Patient Relationship, Older Adults)
Elicit possible concerns abou t the clinic or the clini-
cian-patient relationship, including perceived rac-
ism, language barriers, or cultural differences that 
may undermine goodwill, communication, or care 
delivery.
Probe details as needed (e.g., “In what way?”).
Address possible barriers to care or concerns about 
the clinic and the clinician-patient relationship 
raised previously.Sometimes doctors and patients misunder-
stand each other because they come from 
different backgrounds or have different 
expectations.
16. Have you been concerned about this and is 
there anything that we can do to provide 
you with the care you need?Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI) (continued)
Supplementary modules used to  expand each CFI subtopic are noted in parentheses.