temporoparietal cortical atrophy on a magnetic resonance image scan, temporoparietal
hypometabolism on a fluorodeoxyglucose PET sc an, and evidence for elevated total tau
and phospho-tau levels in CSF,  provide evidence of neuronal  damage but are less specific
for Alzheimer’s disease. At present, these biomarkers are not fully validated, and many
are available only in tertiary care settings. However, some of them, along with novel bio-
markers, will likely move into wider clinical practice in the coming years.