Other Hallucinogen Intoxication 529
caine, or other stimulants; an d anticholinergics, as well as  withdrawal from benzodiaze-
pines. Nystagmus and bizarre and violent be havior may distinguish intoxication due to
phencyclidine from that due to other substances . Toxicological tests may be useful in mak-
ing this distinction, since phencyclidine is detectable in urine for up to 8 days after use.
However, there is a weak correlation between quantitative toxicology levels of phencycli-
dine and clinical presentation that diminishes the utility of the laboratory findings for pa-
tient management. 
Other conditions. Other conditions to be considered  include schizophrenia, depression,
withdrawal from other drugs (e .g., sedatives, alcohol), cert ain metabolic disorders like hy-
poglycemia and hyponatremia, central nervous system tumors, seizur e disorders, sepsis,
neuroleptic malignant syndro me, and vascular insults.
Other Hallucinogen Intoxication
Diagnostic Criteria
A. Recent use of a hallucinogen (other than phencyclidine). 
B. Clinically significant problematic behavioral or psychological changes (e.g., marked
anxiety or depression, ideas of reference, fear of “losing one’s mind,” paranoid ide-
ation, impaired judgment) that developed during, or shortly after, hallucinogen use. 
C. Perceptual changes occurring in a state of full wakefulness and alertness (e.g., sub-
jective intensification of perceptions, depersonalization, derealization, illusions, hallu-
cinations, synesthesias) that developed during, or shortly after, hallucinogen use.