ments of his or her cult ural identity. Use this 
information to tailor questions 9–10 as needed.8. For you, what are the most important 
aspects of your back ground or identity?
Elicit aspects of identity that make the problem bet-
ter or worse.
Probe as needed (e.g., cl inical worsening as a result 
of discrimination due to  migration status, race/
ethnicity, or sexual orientation).9. Are there any aspects of your background 
or identity that make a difference to your 
[PROBLEM]?
Probe as needed (e.g., migration-related problems; 
conflict across generations or due to gender roles).10. Are there any aspects of your background 
or identity that are causing other concerns 
or difficulties for you?
CULTURAL FACTORS AFFECTING SELF- COPING AND PAST HELP SEEKING
SELF-COPING
(Coping and Help Seeking, Religion and Spirituality, Older Adults, Caregivers, 
Psychosocial Stressors)
Clarify self-coping for the problem. 11. Sometimes people have various ways of 
dealing with problems like [PROBLEM]. 
What have you done on your own to cope 
with your [PROBLEM]?Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI) (continued)
Supplementary modules used to  expand each CFI subtopic are noted in parentheses.
GUIDE TO INTERVIEWERINSTRUCTIONS TO THE INTERVIEWER ARE 
ITALICIZED.