Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders 765
7.Irresponsibility  (an aspect of Disinhibition ): Disregard for—and failure to honor—
financial and other obligations or commitments; lack of respect for—and lack of fol-
low-through on—agreements and promises.
Note. The individual is at least 18 years of age.
Specify if:
With psychopathic features.
Specifiers. A distinct variant often termed psychopathy  (or “primary” psychopathy) is
marked by a lack of anxiety or fear and by a bold interpersonal style that may mask mal-
adaptive behaviors (e.g., fraudulence). This ps ychopathic variant is characterized by low
levels of anxiousness (Negative Affectivity domain) and withdrawal (Detachment do-
main) and high levels of attention seeking (Antagonism domain). High attention seeking
and low withdrawal capture the social pote ncy (assertive/dominant) component of psy-
chopathy, whereas low anxiousness captures the stress immunity (emotional stability/re-
silience) component.
In addition to psychopathic features, trait and personality functioning specifiers may be
used to record other personality features that  may be present in anti social personality dis-
order but are not required for the diagnosis. For example, traits of Negative Affectivity (e.g.,
anxiousness), are not diagnostic criteria for antisocial personality disorder (see Criterion B)
but can be specified when appropriate. Furthe rmore, although moderate or greater impair-
ment in personality functioning is required for the diagnosis of antisocial personality disor-
der (Criterion A), the level of persona lity functioning can also be specified.
Avoidant Person ality Disorder
Typical features of avoidant personality disord er are avoidance of social situations and in-