tranged from other people (Criterion D6), or a persiste nt inability to feel positive emotions
(especially happiness, joy, satisfaction, or em otions associated with intimacy, tenderness,
and sexuality) (Criterion D7).
Individuals with PTSD may be quick temp ered and may even engage in aggressive
verbal and/or physical behavior with little or  no provocation (e.g., yelling at people, get-
ting into fights, destroying objects) (Criterion E1). They may also engage in reckless or self-
destructive behavior such as dangerous drivin g, excessive alcohol or drug use, or self-
injurious or suicidal behavior (Criterion E2).   PTSD is often characterized by a heightened
sensitivity to potential threats,  including t hose that are related to the traumatic experience
(e.g., following a motor vehicle accident, being especially sensitive to the threat potentially