wide range of discomfort, including everyd ay experiences, subclinical conditions, or
suffering due to social circumstances rather than mental disorders. For example, most
cultures have common bodily idioms of dist ress used to express a wide range of suf-
fering and concerns.
3.Cultura l explanation or perceived cause  is a label , attribution, or  feature of an explanatory
model that provides a culturally conceived etiology or cause for symptoms, illness, or
distress (e.g., maladi moun ). Causal explanations may be salient features of folk classi-
fications of disease used by  laypersons or healers.