645Personality
 Disorders
This chapter begins  with a general definition of personality disorder that applies
to each of the 10 specific  personality disorders. A personality disorder  is an enduring pattern
of inner experience and behavior  that deviates markedly from the expectations of the in-
dividual’s culture, is pervasive and inflexible , has an onset in adolescence or early adult-
hood, is stable over time, and lead s to distress or impairment. 
With any ongoing review process, especially  one of this complexity, different view-
points emerge, and an effort was made to accommodate them. Thus, personality disorders
are included in both Sections II and III. The material in Section II represents an update of
text associated with the same criteria foun d in DSM-IV-TR, whereas Section III includes
the proposed research model for personality disorder diagnosis and conceptualization de-
veloped by the DSM-5 Personality and Persona lity Disorders Work Group. As this field
evolves, it is hoped that both versions will serve clinical practice and research initiatives,
respectively.
The following personality disorders are included in this chapter.
•Paranoid personality disorder  is a pattern of distrust and suspiciousness such that oth-
ers’ motives are interp reted as malevolent.
•Schizoid personality disorder  is a pattern of detachment fr om social relationships and
a restricted range of emotional expression.
•Schizotypal personality disorder  is a pattern of acute discomfort in close relationships,
cognitive or perceptual distortions,  and eccentricities of behavior.
•Antisocial personality disorder  is a pattern of disregard for,  and violation of, the rights
of others.
•Borderline personality disorder  is a pattern of instability in interpersonal relation-
ships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity.