may act in a guarded, secretive, or devious manner and appear to be “cold” and lacking in
tender feelings. Although they may appear to be objective, rational , and unemotional, they
more often display a labile range of affect, with hostile, stub born, and sarcastic expressions
predominating. Their combative and suspicious  nature may elicit a hostile response in
others, which then serves to conf irm their original expectations.
Because individuals with  paranoid personality disorder lack trust in others, they have
an excessive need to be self-sufficient and a strong sense of autonomy. They also need to