766 Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders
feeling fearful, apprehensive, or threatened by uncertainty; fears of embarrass-
ment.
2.Withdrawal (an aspect of Detachment ): Reticence in social situations; avoidance
of social contacts and activity; lack of initiation of social contact.
3.Anhedonia  (an aspect of Detachment ): Lack of enjoyment from, engagement in,
or energy for life’s experiences; deficits in the capacity to feel pleasure or take in-
terest in things.
4.Intimacy avoidance (an aspect of Detachment ): Avoidance of close or romantic
relationships, interpersonal attachments, and intimate sexual relationships.
Specifiers. Considerable heterogeneity in the form of additional personality traits is
found among individuals diagnosed with avoida nt personality disorder. Trait and level of
personality functioning specifiers can be used  to record additional personality features
that may be present in avoidant personality disorder. For example, other Negative Affec-
tivity traits (e.g., depressivity, separation insecurity, submissiveness, suspiciousness, hos-
tility) are not diagnostic criter ia for avoidant personality disorder (see Criterion B) but can
be specified when appropriate. Furthermore, although moderate or greater impairment in
personality functioning is required for the diag nosis of avoidant personality disorder (Cri-
terion A), the level of personality functioning also can be specified.
Borderline Personality Disorder
Typical features of borderline  personality disorder are instability of self-image, personal
goals, interpersonal relationships, and affect s, accompanied by impulsivity, risk taking,
and/or hostility. Characteristic difficulties are apparent in identity, self-direction, empa-
thy, and/or intimacy, as described below, along with specific maladaptive traits in the do-
main of Negative Affectivity, and also Antagonism and/or Disinhibition.
Proposed Diagnostic Criteria