prognosis, or treatment of the individual’s mental or other medical disorder.
Problems Related to Family Upbringing
V61.20 (Z62.820) Parent-Child Relational Problem
For this category, the term parent  is used to refer to one of the child’s primary caregivers,
who may be a biological, adoptive, or foster pa rent or may be another relative (such as a
grandparent) who fulfills a parent al role for the child. This ca tegory should be used when
the main focus of clinical atte ntion is to address the quality of the parent-child relationship
or when the quality of the parent-child relati onship is affecting th e course, prognosis, or
treatment of a mental or other medical disorder. Typically, the parent-child relational
problem is associated with impaired functionin g in behavioral, cognitive, or affective do-
mains. Examples of behavioral problems include inadequate parental control, supervision,
and involvement with the child; parental over protection; excessive parental pressure; ar-
guments that escalate to threats of physical violence; and avoidance without resolution of
problems. Cognitive problems may include negati ve attributions of th e other’s intentions,
hostility toward or scapegoating of the other,  and unwarranted feelings of estrangement.
Affective problems may include feelings of sadness, apathy, or anger about the other in-
dividual in the relationship. Clinicians should take into account the developmental needs
of the child and the cultural context.