pressive disorder, bipolar disorders, and bo rderline personality di sorder. However, the
rate of personality disorders is no higher in individuals with premenstrual dysphoric dis-
order than in those without the disorder.
Use of hormonal treatments. Some women who present with moderate to severe pre-
menstrual symptoms may be using hormonal treatments, including hormonal contracep-
tives. If such symptoms occur after initia tion of exogenous hormone use, the symptoms