and delivery, and an increased prevalence of infants with very low birth weights.
Individuals with stimulant use disorder may become involved in theft, prostitution, or
drug dealing in order to acquire drugs or money for drugs. 
Neurocognitive impairment is common am ong methamphetamine users. Oral health
problems include “meth mouth” with gum dise ase, tooth decay, and mouth sores related
to the toxic effects of smoking the drug and to bruxism while intoxicated. Adverse pulmo-
nary effects appear to be le ss common for amphetamine-type  stimulants because they are
smoked fewer times per day. Emergency department visits are common for stimulant-re-
lated mental disorder symptoms, injury, skin infections, and dental pathology. 
Differential Diagnosis
Primary mental disorders. Stimulant-induced disorders may resemble primary mental
disorders (e.g., major depressive disorder) (for discussion of th is differential diagnosis, see
“Stimulant Withdrawal”). The mental disturbanc es resulting from the effects of stimulants
should be distinguished from  the symptoms of schizophrenia; depressive and bipolar dis-
orders; generalized anxiety disorder; and panic disorder.
Phencyclidine intoxication. Intoxication with phencyclidine (“PCP” or “angel dust”) or
synthetic “designer drugs” such as mephedrone (known by different names, including
“bath salts”) may cause a similar clinical pict ure and can only be di stinguished from stim-
ulant intoxication by the presence of coca ine or amphetamine-type substance metabolites
in a urine or plasma sample. 
Stimulant intoxication and withdrawal. Stimulant intoxication and withdrawal are dis-
tinguished from the other stimulant-induced di sorders (e.g., anxiety disorder, with onset