markers of heavy drinking that are more nons pecific for alcohol but can help the clinician
think of the possible effects of alcohol include elevations in blood levels or lipids (e.g., tri-
glycerides and high-density li poprotein cholesterol) and high -normal levels of uric acid.
Additional diagnostic markers relate to sign s and symptoms that reflect the consequences
often associated with persistent heavy drinki ng. For example, dyspepsia, nausea, and bloat-