panic disorder, depressive disorder, PTSD, or obsessive-compulsive disorder [OCD]).
Environmental. These include lower socioeconomic st atus; lower education; exposure to
prior trauma (especially during  childhood); childhood adversity (e.g., economic depriva-
tion, family dysfunction, parental separation or  death); cultural charac teristics (e.g., fatal-
istic or self-blaming coping strategies); lower intelligence; minority racial/ethnic status;