itive and enduring connections is 
significantly impaired.
Relationships are based on a strong 
belief in the absolute need for the 
intimate other(s), and/or expecta-
tions of abandonment or abuse. 
Feelings about intimate involve-
ment with others alternate 
between fear/rejection and des-
perate desire for connection.
Little mutuality: others are concep-
tualized primarily in terms of how 
they affect the se lf (negatively or 
positively); cooperative efforts are 
often disrupted due to the percep-
tion of slights from others.TABLE 2 Level of Personality Functioning Scale (continued)
SELF INTERPERSONAL
Level of 
impairment Identity Self-d irection Empathy Intimacy