what is read).
3. Difficulties with spelling (e.g., may add, omit, or substitute vowels or consonants).
4. Difficulties with written expression (e.g., makes multiple grammatical or punctua-
tion errors within sentences; employs poor paragraph organization; written expres-
sion of ideas lacks clarity).
5. Difficulties mastering number sense, number  facts, or calculation (e.g., has poor
understanding of numbers, their magnitude, and relationships; counts on fingers to
add single-digit numbers instead of recalling the math fact as peers do; gets lost in
the midst of arithmetic computation and may switch procedures).
6. Difficulties with mathematical reasoning (e.g., has severe difficulty applying math-
ematical concepts, facts, or procedures to solve quantitative problems).