early institutional living, freque nt changes of caregivers, large family size, parental criminal-
ity, and certain kinds of familial psychopath ology (e.g., substance-related disorders). Com-
munity-level risk factors include peer rejection, association with a delinquent peer group,
and neighborhood exposure to violence. Both types of risk factors te nd to be more common
and severe among individuals with the child hood-onset su btype of conduct disorder.