if i >= j:
            return j
        rawdata = self.rawdata
        nlines = rawdata.count("\n", i, j)
        if nlines:
            self.lineno = self.lineno + nlines
            pos = rawdata.rindex("\n", i, j) # Should not fail
            self.offset = j-(pos+1)
        else:
            self.offset = self.offset + j-i
        return j
    _decl_otherchars = ''
    # Internal -- parse declaration (for use by subclasses).
    def parse_declaration(self, i):
        # This is some sort of declaration; in "HTML as
        # deployed," this should only be the document type
        # declaration ("<!DOCTYPE html...>").
        # ISO 8879:1986, however, has more complex
        # declaration syntax for elements in <!...>, including:
        # --comment--
        # [marked section]
        # name in the following list: ENTITY, DOCTYPE, ELEMENT,
        # ATTLIST, NOTATION, SHORTREF, USEMAP,
        # LINKTYPE, LINK, IDLINK, USELINK, SYSTEM
        rawdata = self.rawdata
        j = i + 2
        assert rawdata[i:j] == "<!", "unexpected call to parse_declaration"
        if rawdata[j:j+1] == ">":
            # the empty comment <!>
            return j + 1
        if rawdata[j:j+1] in ("-", ""):
            # Start of comment followed by buffer boundary,
            # or just a buffer boundary.
            return -1
        # A simple, practical version could look like: ((name|stringlit) S*) + '>'
        n = len(rawdata)


n = len(rawdata)
        if rawdata[j:j+2] == '--': #comment
            # Locate --.*-- as the body of the comment
            return self.parse_comment(i)
        elif rawdata[j] == '[': #marked section
            # Locate [statusWord [...arbitrary SGML...]] as the body of the marked section
            # Where statusWord is one of TEMP, CDATA, IGNORE, INCLUDE, RCDATA
            # Note that this is extended by Microsoft Office "Save as Web" function
            # to include [if...] and [endif].
            return self.parse_marked_section(i)
        else: #all other declaration elements
            decltype, j = self._scan_name(j, i)
        if j < 0:
            return j
        if decltype == "doctype":
            self._decl_otherchars = ''
        while j < n:
            c = rawdata[j]
            if c == ">":
                # end of declaration syntax
                data = rawdata[i+2:j]
                if decltype == "doctype":
                    self.handle_decl(data)
                else:
                    # According to the HTML5 specs sections "8.2.4.44 Bogus
                    # comment state" and "8.2.4.45 Markup declaration open
                    # state", a comment token should be emitted.
                    # Calling unknown_decl provides more flexibility though.
                    self.unknown_decl(data)
                return j + 1
            if c in "\"'":
                m = _declstringlit_match(rawdata, j)
                if not m:
                    return -1 # incomplete
                j = m.end()
            elif c in "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ":
                name, j = self._scan_name(j, i)
            elif c in self._decl_otherchars:


elif c in self._decl_otherchars:
                j = j + 1
            elif c == "[":
                # this could be handled in a separate doctype parser
                if decltype == "doctype":
                    j = self._parse_doctype_subset(j + 1, i)
                elif decltype in {"attlist", "linktype", "link", "element"}:
                    # must tolerate []'d groups in a content model in an element declaration
                    # also in data attribute specifications of attlist declaration
                    # also link type declaration subsets in linktype declarations
                    # also link attribute specification lists in link declarations
                    raise AssertionError("unsupported '[' char in %s declaration" % decltype)
                else:
                    raise AssertionError("unexpected '[' char in declaration")
            else:
                raise AssertionError("unexpected %r char in declaration" % rawdata[j])
            if j < 0:
                return j
        return -1 # incomplete
    # Internal -- parse a marked section
    # Override this to handle MS-word extension syntax <![if word]>content<![endif]>
    def parse_marked_section(self, i, report=1):
        rawdata= self.rawdata
        assert rawdata[i:i+3] == '<![', "unexpected call to parse_marked_section()"
        sectName, j = self._scan_name( i+3, i )
        if j < 0:
            return j
        if sectName in {"temp", "cdata", "ignore", "include", "rcdata"}:
            # look for standard ]]> ending
            match= _markedsectionclose.search(rawdata, i+3)
        elif sectName in {"if", "else", "endif"}:
            # look for MS Office ]> ending


# look for MS Office ]> ending
            match= _msmarkedsectionclose.search(rawdata, i+3)
        else:
            raise AssertionError(
                'unknown status keyword %r in marked section' % rawdata[i+3:j]
            )
        if not match:
            return -1
        if report:
            j = match.start(0)
            self.unknown_decl(rawdata[i+3: j])
        return match.end(0)
    # Internal -- parse comment, return length or -1 if not terminated
    def parse_comment(self, i, report=1):
        rawdata = self.rawdata
        if rawdata[i:i+4] != '<!--':
            raise AssertionError('unexpected call to parse_comment()')
        match = _commentclose.search(rawdata, i+4)
        if not match:
            return -1
        if report:
            j = match.start(0)
            self.handle_comment(rawdata[i+4: j])
        return match.end(0)
    # Internal -- scan past the internal subset in a <!DOCTYPE declaration,
    # returning the index just past any whitespace following the trailing ']'.
    def _parse_doctype_subset(self, i, declstartpos):
        rawdata = self.rawdata
        n = len(rawdata)
        j = i
        while j < n:
            c = rawdata[j]
            if c == "<":
                s = rawdata[j:j+2]
                if s == "<":
                    # end of buffer; incomplete
                    return -1
                if s != "<!":
                    self.updatepos(declstartpos, j + 1)
                    raise AssertionError(
                        "unexpected char in internal subset (in %r)" % s
                    )


"unexpected char in internal subset (in %r)" % s
                    )
                if (j + 2) == n:
                    # end of buffer; incomplete
                    return -1
                if (j + 4) > n:
                    # end of buffer; incomplete
                    return -1
                if rawdata[j:j+4] == "<!--":
                    j = self.parse_comment(j, report=0)
                    if j < 0:
                        return j
                    continue
                name, j = self._scan_name(j + 2, declstartpos)
                if j == -1:
                    return -1
                if name not in {"attlist", "element", "entity", "notation"}:
                    self.updatepos(declstartpos, j + 2)
                    raise AssertionError(
                        "unknown declaration %r in internal subset" % name
                    )
                # handle the individual names
                meth = getattr(self, "_parse_doctype_" + name)
                j = meth(j, declstartpos)
                if j < 0:
                    return j
            elif c == "%":
                # parameter entity reference
                if (j + 1) == n:
                    # end of buffer; incomplete
                    return -1
                s, j = self._scan_name(j + 1, declstartpos)
                if j < 0:
                    return j
                if rawdata[j] == ";":
                    j = j + 1
            elif c == "]":
                j = j + 1
                while j < n and rawdata[j].isspace():
                    j = j + 1
                if j < n:
                    if rawdata[j] == ">":
                        return j
                    self.updatepos(declstartpos, j)


return j
                    self.updatepos(declstartpos, j)
                    raise AssertionError("unexpected char after internal subset")
                else:
                    return -1
            elif c.isspace():
                j = j + 1
            else:
                self.updatepos(declstartpos, j)
                raise AssertionError("unexpected char %r in internal subset" % c)
        # end of buffer reached
        return -1
    # Internal -- scan past <!ELEMENT declarations
    def _parse_doctype_element(self, i, declstartpos):
        name, j = self._scan_name(i, declstartpos)
        if j == -1:
            return -1
        # style content model; just skip until '>'
        rawdata = self.rawdata
        if '>' in rawdata[j:]:
            return rawdata.find(">", j) + 1
        return -1
    # Internal -- scan past <!ATTLIST declarations
    def _parse_doctype_attlist(self, i, declstartpos):
        rawdata = self.rawdata
        name, j = self._scan_name(i, declstartpos)
        c = rawdata[j:j+1]
        if c == "":
            return -1
        if c == ">":
            return j + 1
        while 1:
            # scan a series of attribute descriptions; simplified:
            #   name type [value] [#constraint]
            name, j = self._scan_name(j, declstartpos)
            if j < 0:
                return j
            c = rawdata[j:j+1]
            if c == "":
                return -1
            if c == "(":
                # an enumerated type; look for ')'
                if ")" in rawdata[j:]:


# an enumerated type; look for ')'
                if ")" in rawdata[j:]:
                    j = rawdata.find(")", j) + 1
                else:
                    return -1
                while rawdata[j:j+1].isspace():
                    j = j + 1
                if not rawdata[j:]:
                    # end of buffer, incomplete
                    return -1
            else:
                name, j = self._scan_name(j, declstartpos)
            c = rawdata[j:j+1]
            if not c:
                return -1
            if c in "'\"":
                m = _declstringlit_match(rawdata, j)
                if m:
                    j = m.end()
                else:
                    return -1
                c = rawdata[j:j+1]
                if not c:
                    return -1
            if c == "#":
                if rawdata[j:] == "#":
                    # end of buffer
                    return -1
                name, j = self._scan_name(j + 1, declstartpos)
                if j < 0:
                    return j
                c = rawdata[j:j+1]
                if not c:
                    return -1
            if c == '>':
                # all done
                return j + 1
    # Internal -- scan past <!NOTATION declarations
    def _parse_doctype_notation(self, i, declstartpos):
        name, j = self._scan_name(i, declstartpos)
        if j < 0:
            return j
        rawdata = self.rawdata
        while 1:
            c = rawdata[j:j+1]
            if not c:
                # end of buffer; incomplete
                return -1
            if c == '>':


# end of buffer; incomplete
                return -1
            if c == '>':
                return j + 1
            if c in "'\"":
                m = _declstringlit_match(rawdata, j)
                if not m:
                    return -1
                j = m.end()
            else:
                name, j = self._scan_name(j, declstartpos)
                if j < 0:
                    return j
    # Internal -- scan past <!ENTITY declarations
    def _parse_doctype_entity(self, i, declstartpos):
        rawdata = self.rawdata
        if rawdata[i:i+1] == "%":
            j = i + 1
            while 1:
                c = rawdata[j:j+1]
                if not c:
                    return -1
                if c.isspace():
                    j = j + 1
                else:
                    break
        else:
            j = i
        name, j = self._scan_name(j, declstartpos)
        if j < 0:
            return j
        while 1:
            c = self.rawdata[j:j+1]
            if not c:
                return -1
            if c in "'\"":
                m = _declstringlit_match(rawdata, j)
                if m:
                    j = m.end()
                else:
                    return -1    # incomplete
            elif c == ">":
                return j + 1
            else:
                name, j = self._scan_name(j, declstartpos)
                if j < 0:
                    return j
    # Internal -- scan a name token and the new position and the token, or
    # return -1 if we've reached the end of the buffer.


# return -1 if we've reached the end of the buffer.
    def _scan_name(self, i, declstartpos):
        rawdata = self.rawdata
        n = len(rawdata)
        if i == n:
            return None, -1
        m = _declname_match(rawdata, i)
        if m:
            s = m.group()
            name = s.strip()
            if (i + len(s)) == n:
                return None, -1  # end of buffer
            return name.lower(), m.end()
        else:
            self.updatepos(declstartpos, i)
            raise AssertionError(
                "expected name token at %r" % rawdata[declstartpos:declstartpos+20]
            )
    # To be overridden -- handlers for unknown objects
    def unknown_decl(self, data):
        pass


Source code for typing
"""
The typing module: Support for gradual typing as defined by PEP 484 and subsequent PEPs.
Among other things, the module includes the following:
* Generic, Protocol, and internal machinery to support generic aliases.
  All subscripted types like X[int], Union[int, str] are generic aliases.
* Various "special forms" that have unique meanings in type annotations:
  NoReturn, Never, ClassVar, Self, Concatenate, Unpack, and others.
* Classes whose instances can be type arguments to generic classes and functions:
  TypeVar, ParamSpec, TypeVarTuple.
* Public helper functions: get_type_hints, overload, cast, final, and others.
* Several protocols to support duck-typing:
  SupportsFloat, SupportsIndex, SupportsAbs, and others.
* Special types: NewType, NamedTuple, TypedDict.
* Deprecated wrapper submodules for re and io related types.
* Deprecated aliases for builtin types and collections.abc ABCs.
Any name not present in __all__ is an implementation detail
that may be changed without notice. Use at your own risk!
"""
from abc import abstractmethod, ABCMeta
import collections
from collections import defaultdict
import collections.abc
import contextlib
import functools
import operator
import re as stdlib_re  # Avoid confusion with the re we export.
import sys
import types
import warnings
from types import WrapperDescriptorType, MethodWrapperType, MethodDescriptorType, GenericAlias
try:
    from _typing import _idfunc
except ImportError:
    def _idfunc(_, x):
        return x
# Please keep __all__ alphabetized within each category.
__all__ = [
    # Super-special typing primitives.
    'Annotated',
    'Any',
    'Callable',


'Annotated',
    'Any',
    'Callable',
    'ClassVar',
    'Concatenate',
    'Final',
    'ForwardRef',
    'Generic',
    'Literal',
    'Optional',
    'ParamSpec',
    'Protocol',
    'Tuple',
    'Type',
    'TypeVar',
    'TypeVarTuple',
    'Union',
    # ABCs (from collections.abc).
    'AbstractSet',  # collections.abc.Set.
    'ByteString',
    'Container',
    'ContextManager',
    'Hashable',
    'ItemsView',
    'Iterable',
    'Iterator',
    'KeysView',
    'Mapping',
    'MappingView',
    'MutableMapping',
    'MutableSequence',
    'MutableSet',
    'Sequence',
    'Sized',
    'ValuesView',
    'Awaitable',
    'AsyncIterator',
    'AsyncIterable',
    'Coroutine',
    'Collection',
    'AsyncGenerator',
    'AsyncContextManager',
    # Structural checks, a.k.a. protocols.
    'Reversible',
    'SupportsAbs',
    'SupportsBytes',
    'SupportsComplex',
    'SupportsFloat',
    'SupportsIndex',
    'SupportsInt',
    'SupportsRound',
    # Concrete collection types.
    'ChainMap',
    'Counter',
    'Deque',
    'Dict',
    'DefaultDict',
    'List',
    'OrderedDict',
    'Set',
    'FrozenSet',
    'NamedTuple',  # Not really a type.
    'TypedDict',  # Not really a type.


'TypedDict',  # Not really a type.
    'Generator',
    # Other concrete types.
    'BinaryIO',
    'IO',
    'Match',
    'Pattern',
    'TextIO',
    # One-off things.
    'AnyStr',
    'assert_type',
    'assert_never',
    'cast',
    'clear_overloads',
    'dataclass_transform',
    'final',
    'get_args',
    'get_origin',
    'get_overloads',
    'get_type_hints',
    'is_typeddict',
    'LiteralString',
    'Never',
    'NewType',
    'no_type_check',
    'no_type_check_decorator',
    'NoReturn',
    'NotRequired',
    'overload',
    'ParamSpecArgs',
    'ParamSpecKwargs',
    'Required',
    'reveal_type',
    'runtime_checkable',
    'Self',
    'Text',
    'TYPE_CHECKING',
    'TypeAlias',
    'TypeGuard',
    'Unpack',
]
# The pseudo-submodules 're' and 'io' are part of the public
# namespace, but excluded from __all__ because they might stomp on
# legitimate imports of those modules.
def _type_convert(arg, module=None, *, allow_special_forms=False):
    """For converting None to type(None), and strings to ForwardRef."""
    if arg is None:
        return type(None)
    if isinstance(arg, str):
        return ForwardRef(arg, module=module, is_class=allow_special_forms)
    return arg
def _type_check(arg, msg, is_argument=True, module=None, *, allow_special_forms=False):


"""Check that the argument is a type, and return it (internal helper).
    As a special case, accept None and return type(None) instead. Also wrap strings
    into ForwardRef instances. Consider several corner cases, for example plain
    special forms like Union are not valid, while Union[int, str] is OK, etc.
    The msg argument is a human-readable error message, e.g.::
        "Union[arg, ...]: arg should be a type."
    We append the repr() of the actual value (truncated to 100 chars).
    """
    invalid_generic_forms = (Generic, Protocol)
    if not allow_special_forms:
        invalid_generic_forms += (ClassVar,)
        if is_argument:
            invalid_generic_forms += (Final,)
    arg = _type_convert(arg, module=module, allow_special_forms=allow_special_forms)
    if (isinstance(arg, _GenericAlias) and
            arg.__origin__ in invalid_generic_forms):
        raise TypeError(f"{arg} is not valid as type argument")
    if arg in (Any, LiteralString, NoReturn, Never, Self, TypeAlias):
        return arg
    if allow_special_forms and arg in (ClassVar, Final):
        return arg
    if isinstance(arg, _SpecialForm) or arg in (Generic, Protocol):
        raise TypeError(f"Plain {arg} is not valid as type argument")
    if type(arg) is tuple:
        raise TypeError(f"{msg} Got {arg!r:.100}.")
    return arg
def _is_param_expr(arg):
    return arg is ... or isinstance(arg,
            (tuple, list, ParamSpec, _ConcatenateGenericAlias))
def _should_unflatten_callable_args(typ, args):


def _should_unflatten_callable_args(typ, args):
    """Internal helper for munging collections.abc.Callable's __args__.
    The canonical representation for a Callable's __args__ flattens the
    argument types, see https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/86361.
    For example::
        assert collections.abc.Callable[[int, int], str].__args__ == (int, int, str)
        assert collections.abc.Callable[ParamSpec, str].__args__ == (ParamSpec, str)
    As a result, if we need to reconstruct the Callable from its __args__,
    we need to unflatten it.
    """
    return (
        typ.__origin__ is collections.abc.Callable
        and not (len(args) == 2 and _is_param_expr(args[0]))
    )
def _type_repr(obj):
    """Return the repr() of an object, special-casing types (internal helper).
    If obj is a type, we return a shorter version than the default
    type.__repr__, based on the module and qualified name, which is
    typically enough to uniquely identify a type.  For everything
    else, we fall back on repr(obj).
    """
    if isinstance(obj, types.GenericAlias):
        return repr(obj)
    if isinstance(obj, type):
        if obj.__module__ == 'builtins':
            return obj.__qualname__
        return f'{obj.__module__}.{obj.__qualname__}'
    if obj is ...:
        return('...')
    if isinstance(obj, types.FunctionType):
        return obj.__name__
    return repr(obj)
def _collect_parameters(args):
    """Collect all type variables and parameter specifications in args
    in order of first appearance (lexicographic order).


in order of first appearance (lexicographic order).
    For example::
        assert _collect_parameters((T, Callable[P, T])) == (T, P)
    """
    parameters = []
    for t in args:
        if isinstance(t, type):
            # We don't want __parameters__ descriptor of a bare Python class.
            pass
        elif isinstance(t, tuple):
            # `t` might be a tuple, when `ParamSpec` is substituted with
            # `[T, int]`, or `[int, *Ts]`, etc.
            for x in t:
                for collected in _collect_parameters([x]):
                    if collected not in parameters:
                        parameters.append(collected)
        elif hasattr(t, '__typing_subst__'):
            if t not in parameters:
                parameters.append(t)
        else:
            for x in getattr(t, '__parameters__', ()):
                if x not in parameters:
                    parameters.append(x)
    return tuple(parameters)
def _check_generic(cls, parameters, elen):
    """Check correct count for parameters of a generic cls (internal helper).
    This gives a nice error message in case of count mismatch.
    """
    if not elen:
        raise TypeError(f"{cls} is not a generic class")
    alen = len(parameters)
    if alen != elen:
        raise TypeError(f"Too {'many' if alen > elen else 'few'} arguments for {cls};"
                        f" actual {alen}, expected {elen}")
def _unpack_args(args):
    newargs = []
    for arg in args:
        subargs = getattr(arg, '__typing_unpacked_tuple_args__', None)


subargs = getattr(arg, '__typing_unpacked_tuple_args__', None)
        if subargs is not None and not (subargs and subargs[-1] is ...):
            newargs.extend(subargs)
        else:
            newargs.append(arg)
    return newargs
def _deduplicate(params):
    # Weed out strict duplicates, preserving the first of each occurrence.
    all_params = set(params)
    if len(all_params) < len(params):
        new_params = []
        for t in params:
            if t in all_params:
                new_params.append(t)
                all_params.remove(t)
        params = new_params
        assert not all_params, all_params
    return params
def _remove_dups_flatten(parameters):
    """Internal helper for Union creation and substitution.
    Flatten Unions among parameters, then remove duplicates.
    """
    # Flatten out Union[Union[...], ...].
    params = []
    for p in parameters:
        if isinstance(p, (_UnionGenericAlias, types.UnionType)):
            params.extend(p.__args__)
        else:
            params.append(p)
    return tuple(_deduplicate(params))
def _flatten_literal_params(parameters):
    """Internal helper for Literal creation: flatten Literals among parameters."""
    params = []
    for p in parameters:
        if isinstance(p, _LiteralGenericAlias):
            params.extend(p.__args__)
        else:
            params.append(p)
    return tuple(params)
_cleanups = []
def _tp_cache(func=None, /, *, typed=False):
    """Internal wrapper caching __getitem__ of generic types.
    For non-hashable arguments, the original function is used as a fallback.
    """
    def decorator(func):


"""
    def decorator(func):
        cached = functools.lru_cache(typed=typed)(func)
        _cleanups.append(cached.cache_clear)
        @functools.wraps(func)
        def inner(*args, **kwds):
            try:
                return cached(*args, **kwds)
            except TypeError:
                pass  # All real errors (not unhashable args) are raised below.
            return func(*args, **kwds)
        return inner
    if func is not None:
        return decorator(func)
    return decorator
def _eval_type(t, globalns, localns, recursive_guard=frozenset()):
    """Evaluate all forward references in the given type t.
    For use of globalns and localns see the docstring for get_type_hints().
    recursive_guard is used to prevent infinite recursion with a recursive
    ForwardRef.
    """
    if isinstance(t, ForwardRef):
        return t._evaluate(globalns, localns, recursive_guard)
    if isinstance(t, (_GenericAlias, GenericAlias, types.UnionType)):
        if isinstance(t, GenericAlias):
            args = tuple(
                ForwardRef(arg) if isinstance(arg, str) else arg
                for arg in t.__args__
            )
            is_unpacked = t.__unpacked__
            if _should_unflatten_callable_args(t, args):
                t = t.__origin__[(args[:-1], args[-1])]
            else:
                t = t.__origin__[args]
            if is_unpacked:
                t = Unpack[t]
        ev_args = tuple(_eval_type(a, globalns, localns, recursive_guard) for a in t.__args__)
        if ev_args == t.__args__:
            return t


if ev_args == t.__args__:
            return t
        if isinstance(t, GenericAlias):
            return GenericAlias(t.__origin__, ev_args)
        if isinstance(t, types.UnionType):
            return functools.reduce(operator.or_, ev_args)
        else:
            return t.copy_with(ev_args)
    return t
class _Final:
    """Mixin to prohibit subclassing."""
    __slots__ = ('__weakref__',)
    def __init_subclass__(cls, /, *args, **kwds):
        if '_root' not in kwds:
            raise TypeError("Cannot subclass special typing classes")
class _Immutable:
    """Mixin to indicate that object should not be copied."""
    __slots__ = ()
    def __copy__(self):
        return self
    def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
        return self
class _NotIterable:
    """Mixin to prevent iteration, without being compatible with Iterable.
    That is, we could do::
        def __iter__(self): raise TypeError()
    But this would make users of this mixin duck type-compatible with
    collections.abc.Iterable - isinstance(foo, Iterable) would be True.
    Luckily, we can instead prevent iteration by setting __iter__ to None, which
    is treated specially.
    """
    __slots__ = ()
    __iter__ = None
# Internal indicator of special typing constructs.
# See __doc__ instance attribute for specific docs.
class _SpecialForm(_Final, _NotIterable, _root=True):
    __slots__ = ('_name', '__doc__', '_getitem')
    def __init__(self, getitem):
        self._getitem = getitem
        self._name = getitem.__name__
        self.__doc__ = getitem.__doc__


self.__doc__ = getitem.__doc__
    def __getattr__(self, item):
        if item in {'__name__', '__qualname__'}:
            return self._name
        raise AttributeError(item)
    def __mro_entries__(self, bases):
        raise TypeError(f"Cannot subclass {self!r}")
    def __repr__(self):
        return 'typing.' + self._name
    def __reduce__(self):
        return self._name
    def __call__(self, *args, **kwds):
        raise TypeError(f"Cannot instantiate {self!r}")
    def __or__(self, other):
        return Union[self, other]
    def __ror__(self, other):
        return Union[other, self]
    def __instancecheck__(self, obj):
        raise TypeError(f"{self} cannot be used with isinstance()")
    def __subclasscheck__(self, cls):
        raise TypeError(f"{self} cannot be used with issubclass()")
    @_tp_cache
    def __getitem__(self, parameters):
        return self._getitem(self, parameters)
class _LiteralSpecialForm(_SpecialForm, _root=True):
    def __getitem__(self, parameters):
        if not isinstance(parameters, tuple):
            parameters = (parameters,)
        return self._getitem(self, *parameters)
class _AnyMeta(type):
    def __instancecheck__(self, obj):
        if self is Any:
            raise TypeError("typing.Any cannot be used with isinstance()")
        return super().__instancecheck__(obj)
    def __repr__(self):
        if self is Any:
            return "typing.Any"
        return super().__repr__()  # respect to subclasses
class Any(metaclass=_AnyMeta):


class Any(metaclass=_AnyMeta):
    """Special type indicating an unconstrained type.
    - Any is compatible with every type.
    - Any assumed to have all methods.
    - All values assumed to be instances of Any.
    Note that all the above statements are true from the point of view of
    static type checkers. At runtime, Any should not be used with instance
    checks.
    """
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        if cls is Any:
            raise TypeError("Any cannot be instantiated")
        return super().__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
@_SpecialForm
def NoReturn(self, parameters):
    """Special type indicating functions that never return.
    Example::
        from typing import NoReturn
        def stop() -> NoReturn:
            raise Exception('no way')
    NoReturn can also be used as a bottom type, a type that
    has no values. Starting in Python 3.11, the Never type should
    be used for this concept instead. Type checkers should treat the two
    equivalently.
    """
    raise TypeError(f"{self} is not subscriptable")
# This is semantically identical to NoReturn, but it is implemented
# separately so that type checkers can distinguish between the two
# if they want.
@_SpecialForm
def Never(self, parameters):
    """The bottom type, a type that has no members.
    This can be used to define a function that should never be
    called, or a function that never returns::
        from typing import Never
        def never_call_me(arg: Never) -> None:
            pass
        def int_or_str(arg: int | str) -> None:
            never_call_me(arg)  # type checker error


never_call_me(arg)  # type checker error
            match arg:
                case int():
                    print("It's an int")
                case str():
                    print("It's a str")
                case _:
                    never_call_me(arg)  # OK, arg is of type Never
    """
    raise TypeError(f"{self} is not subscriptable")
@_SpecialForm
def Self(self, parameters):
    """Used to spell the type of "self" in classes.
    Example::
        from typing import Self
        class Foo:
            def return_self(self) -> Self:
                ...
                return self
    This is especially useful for:
        - classmethods that are used as alternative constructors
        - annotating an `__enter__` method which returns self
    """
    raise TypeError(f"{self} is not subscriptable")
@_SpecialForm
def LiteralString(self, parameters):
    """Represents an arbitrary literal string.
    Example::
        from typing import LiteralString
        def run_query(sql: LiteralString) -> None:
            ...
        def caller(arbitrary_string: str, literal_string: LiteralString) -> None:
            run_query("SELECT * FROM students")  # OK
            run_query(literal_string)  # OK
            run_query("SELECT * FROM " + literal_string)  # OK
            run_query(arbitrary_string)  # type checker error
            run_query(  # type checker error
                f"SELECT * FROM students WHERE name = {arbitrary_string}"
            )
    Only string literals and other LiteralStrings are compatible
    with LiteralString. This provides a tool to help prevent
    security issues such as SQL injection.
    """
    raise TypeError(f"{self} is not subscriptable")
@_SpecialForm


raise TypeError(f"{self} is not subscriptable")
@_SpecialForm
def ClassVar(self, parameters):
    """Special type construct to mark class variables.
    An annotation wrapped in ClassVar indicates that a given
    attribute is intended to be used as a class variable and
    should not be set on instances of that class.
    Usage::
        class Starship:
            stats: ClassVar[dict[str, int]] = {} # class variable
            damage: int = 10                     # instance variable
    ClassVar accepts only types and cannot be further subscribed.
    Note that ClassVar is not a class itself, and should not
    be used with isinstance() or issubclass().
    """
    item = _type_check(parameters, f'{self} accepts only single type.')
    return _GenericAlias(self, (item,))
@_SpecialForm
def Final(self, parameters):
    """Special typing construct to indicate final names to type checkers.
    A final name cannot be re-assigned or overridden in a subclass.
    For example::
        MAX_SIZE: Final = 9000
        MAX_SIZE += 1  # Error reported by type checker
        class Connection:
            TIMEOUT: Final[int] = 10
        class FastConnector(Connection):
            TIMEOUT = 1  # Error reported by type checker
    There is no runtime checking of these properties.
    """
    item = _type_check(parameters, f'{self} accepts only single type.')
    return _GenericAlias(self, (item,))
@_SpecialForm
def Union(self, parameters):
    """Union type; Union[X, Y] means either X or Y.
    On Python 3.10 and higher, the | operator
    can also be used to denote unions;


can also be used to denote unions;
    X | Y means the same thing to the type checker as Union[X, Y].
    To define a union, use e.g. Union[int, str]. Details:
    - The arguments must be types and there must be at least one.
    - None as an argument is a special case and is replaced by
      type(None).
    - Unions of unions are flattened, e.g.::
        assert Union[Union[int, str], float] == Union[int, str, float]
    - Unions of a single argument vanish, e.g.::
        assert Union[int] == int  # The constructor actually returns int
    - Redundant arguments are skipped, e.g.::
        assert Union[int, str, int] == Union[int, str]
    - When comparing unions, the argument order is ignored, e.g.::
        assert Union[int, str] == Union[str, int]
    - You cannot subclass or instantiate a union.
    - You can use Optional[X] as a shorthand for Union[X, None].
    """
    if parameters == ():
        raise TypeError("Cannot take a Union of no types.")
    if not isinstance(parameters, tuple):
        parameters = (parameters,)
    msg = "Union[arg, ...]: each arg must be a type."
    parameters = tuple(_type_check(p, msg) for p in parameters)
    parameters = _remove_dups_flatten(parameters)
    if len(parameters) == 1:
        return parameters[0]
    if len(parameters) == 2 and type(None) in parameters:
        return _UnionGenericAlias(self, parameters, name="Optional")
    return _UnionGenericAlias(self, parameters)
@_SpecialForm
def Optional(self, parameters):


@_SpecialForm
def Optional(self, parameters):
    """Optional[X] is equivalent to Union[X, None]."""
    arg = _type_check(parameters, f"{self} requires a single type.")
    return Union[arg, type(None)]
@_LiteralSpecialForm
@_tp_cache(typed=True)
def Literal(self, *parameters):
    """Special typing form to define literal types (a.k.a. value types).
    This form can be used to indicate to type checkers that the corresponding
    variable or function parameter has a value equivalent to the provided
    literal (or one of several literals)::
        def validate_simple(data: Any) -> Literal[True]:  # always returns True
            ...
        MODE = Literal['r', 'rb', 'w', 'wb']
        def open_helper(file: str, mode: MODE) -> str:
            ...
        open_helper('/some/path', 'r')  # Passes type check
        open_helper('/other/path', 'typo')  # Error in type checker
    Literal[...] cannot be subclassed. At runtime, an arbitrary value
    is allowed as type argument to Literal[...], but type checkers may
    impose restrictions.
    """
    # There is no '_type_check' call because arguments to Literal[...] are
    # values, not types.
    parameters = _flatten_literal_params(parameters)
    try:
        parameters = tuple(p for p, _ in _deduplicate(list(_value_and_type_iter(parameters))))
    except TypeError:  # unhashable parameters
        pass
    return _LiteralGenericAlias(self, parameters)
@_SpecialForm
def TypeAlias(self, parameters):
    """Special form for marking type aliases.
    Use TypeAlias to indicate that an assignment should


Use TypeAlias to indicate that an assignment should
    be recognized as a proper type alias definition by type
    checkers.
    For example::
        Predicate: TypeAlias = Callable[..., bool]
    It's invalid when used anywhere except as in the example above.
    """
    raise TypeError(f"{self} is not subscriptable")
@_SpecialForm
def Concatenate(self, parameters):
    """Special form for annotating higher-order functions.
    ``Concatenate`` can be used in conjunction with ``ParamSpec`` and
    ``Callable`` to represent a higher-order function which adds, removes or
    transforms the parameters of a callable.
    For example::
        Callable[Concatenate[int, P], int]
    See PEP 612 for detailed information.
    """
    if parameters == ():
        raise TypeError("Cannot take a Concatenate of no types.")
    if not isinstance(parameters, tuple):
        parameters = (parameters,)
    if not (parameters[-1] is ... or isinstance(parameters[-1], ParamSpec)):
        raise TypeError("The last parameter to Concatenate should be a "
                        "ParamSpec variable or ellipsis.")
    msg = "Concatenate[arg, ...]: each arg must be a type."
    parameters = (*(_type_check(p, msg) for p in parameters[:-1]), parameters[-1])
    return _ConcatenateGenericAlias(self, parameters,
                                    _paramspec_tvars=True)
@_SpecialForm
def TypeGuard(self, parameters):
    """Special typing construct for marking user-defined type guard functions.
    ``TypeGuard`` can be used to annotate the return type of a user-defined
    type guard function.  ``TypeGuard`` only accepts a single type argument.
    At runtime, functions marked this way should return a boolean.


At runtime, functions marked this way should return a boolean.
    ``TypeGuard`` aims to benefit *type narrowing* -- a technique used by static
    type checkers to determine a more precise type of an expression within a
    program's code flow.  Usually type narrowing is done by analyzing
    conditional code flow and applying the narrowing to a block of code.  The
    conditional expression here is sometimes referred to as a "type guard".
    Sometimes it would be convenient to use a user-defined boolean function
    as a type guard.  Such a function should use ``TypeGuard[...]`` as its
    return type to alert static type checkers to this intention.
    Using  ``-> TypeGuard`` tells the static type checker that for a given
    function:
    1. The return value is a boolean.
    2. If the return value is ``True``, the type of its argument
       is the type inside ``TypeGuard``.
       For example::
           def is_str(val: Union[str, float]):
               # "isinstance" type guard
               if isinstance(val, str):
                   # Type of ``val`` is narrowed to ``str``
                   ...
               else:
                   # Else, type of ``val`` is narrowed to ``float``.
                   ...
    Strict type narrowing is not enforced -- ``TypeB`` need not be a narrower
    form of ``TypeA`` (it can even be a wider form) and this may lead to
    type-unsafe results.  The main reason is to allow for things like
    narrowing ``List[object]`` to ``List[str]`` even though the latter is not
    a subtype of the former, since ``List`` is invariant.  The responsibility of
    writing type-safe type guards is left to the user.


writing type-safe type guards is left to the user.
    ``TypeGuard`` also works with type variables.  For more information, see
    PEP 647 (User-Defined Type Guards).
    """
    item = _type_check(parameters, f'{self} accepts only single type.')
    return _GenericAlias(self, (item,))
class ForwardRef(_Final, _root=True):
    """Internal wrapper to hold a forward reference."""
    __slots__ = ('__forward_arg__', '__forward_code__',
                 '__forward_evaluated__', '__forward_value__',
                 '__forward_is_argument__', '__forward_is_class__',
                 '__forward_module__')
    def __init__(self, arg, is_argument=True, module=None, *, is_class=False):
        if not isinstance(arg, str):
            raise TypeError(f"Forward reference must be a string -- got {arg!r}")
        # If we do `def f(*args: *Ts)`, then we'll have `arg = '*Ts'`.
        # Unfortunately, this isn't a valid expression on its own, so we
        # do the unpacking manually.
        if arg[0] == '*':
            arg_to_compile = f'({arg},)[0]'  # E.g. (*Ts,)[0] or (*tuple[int, int],)[0]
        else:
            arg_to_compile = arg
        try:
            code = compile(arg_to_compile, '<string>', 'eval')
        except SyntaxError:
            raise SyntaxError(f"Forward reference must be an expression -- got {arg!r}")
        self.__forward_arg__ = arg
        self.__forward_code__ = code
        self.__forward_evaluated__ = False
        self.__forward_value__ = None
        self.__forward_is_argument__ = is_argument


self.__forward_value__ = None
        self.__forward_is_argument__ = is_argument
        self.__forward_is_class__ = is_class
        self.__forward_module__ = module
    def _evaluate(self, globalns, localns, recursive_guard):
        if self.__forward_arg__ in recursive_guard:
            return self
        if not self.__forward_evaluated__ or localns is not globalns:
            if globalns is None and localns is None:
                globalns = localns = {}
            elif globalns is None:
                globalns = localns
            elif localns is None:
                localns = globalns
            if self.__forward_module__ is not None:
                globalns = getattr(
                    sys.modules.get(self.__forward_module__, None), '__dict__', globalns
                )
            type_ = _type_check(
                eval(self.__forward_code__, globalns, localns),
                "Forward references must evaluate to types.",
                is_argument=self.__forward_is_argument__,
                allow_special_forms=self.__forward_is_class__,
            )
            self.__forward_value__ = _eval_type(
                type_, globalns, localns, recursive_guard | {self.__forward_arg__}
            )
            self.__forward_evaluated__ = True
        return self.__forward_value__
    def __eq__(self, other):
        if not isinstance(other, ForwardRef):
            return NotImplemented
        if self.__forward_evaluated__ and other.__forward_evaluated__:
            return (self.__forward_arg__ == other.__forward_arg__ and
                    self.__forward_value__ == other.__forward_value__)
        return (self.__forward_arg__ == other.__forward_arg__ and
                self.__forward_module__ == other.__forward_module__)
    def __hash__(self):


def __hash__(self):
        return hash((self.__forward_arg__, self.__forward_module__))
    def __or__(self, other):
        return Union[self, other]
    def __ror__(self, other):
        return Union[other, self]
    def __repr__(self):
        if self.__forward_module__ is None:
            module_repr = ''
        else:
            module_repr = f', module={self.__forward_module__!r}'
        return f'ForwardRef({self.__forward_arg__!r}{module_repr})'
def _is_unpacked_typevartuple(x: Any) -> bool:
    return ((not isinstance(x, type)) and
            getattr(x, '__typing_is_unpacked_typevartuple__', False))
def _is_typevar_like(x: Any) -> bool:
    return isinstance(x, (TypeVar, ParamSpec)) or _is_unpacked_typevartuple(x)
class _PickleUsingNameMixin:
    """Mixin enabling pickling based on self.__name__."""
    def __reduce__(self):
        return self.__name__
class _BoundVarianceMixin:
    """Mixin giving __init__ bound and variance arguments.
    This is used by TypeVar and ParamSpec, which both employ the notions of
    a type 'bound' (restricting type arguments to be a subtype of some
    specified type) and type 'variance' (determining subtype relations between
    generic types).
    """
    def __init__(self, bound, covariant, contravariant):
        """Used to setup TypeVars and ParamSpec's bound, covariant and
        contravariant attributes.
        """
        if covariant and contravariant:
            raise ValueError("Bivariant types are not supported.")


raise ValueError("Bivariant types are not supported.")
        self.__covariant__ = bool(covariant)
        self.__contravariant__ = bool(contravariant)
        if bound:
            self.__bound__ = _type_check(bound, "Bound must be a type.")
        else:
            self.__bound__ = None
    def __or__(self, right):
        return Union[self, right]
    def __ror__(self, left):
        return Union[left, self]
    def __repr__(self):
        if self.__covariant__:
            prefix = '+'
        elif self.__contravariant__:
            prefix = '-'
        else:
            prefix = '~'
        return prefix + self.__name__
class TypeVar(_Final, _Immutable, _BoundVarianceMixin, _PickleUsingNameMixin,
              _root=True):
    """Type variable.
    Usage::
      T = TypeVar('T')  # Can be anything
      A = TypeVar('A', str, bytes)  # Must be str or bytes
    Type variables exist primarily for the benefit of static type
    checkers.  They serve as the parameters for generic types as well
    as for generic function definitions.  See class Generic for more
    information on generic types.  Generic functions work as follows:
      def repeat(x: T, n: int) -> List[T]:
          '''Return a list containing n references to x.'''
          return [x]*n
      def longest(x: A, y: A) -> A:
          '''Return the longest of two strings.'''
          return x if len(x) >= len(y) else y
    The latter example's signature is essentially the overloading


The latter example's signature is essentially the overloading
    of (str, str) -> str and (bytes, bytes) -> bytes.  Also note
    that if the arguments are instances of some subclass of str,
    the return type is still plain str.
    At runtime, isinstance(x, T) and issubclass(C, T) will raise TypeError.
    Type variables defined with covariant=True or contravariant=True
    can be used to declare covariant or contravariant generic types.
    See PEP 484 for more details. By default generic types are invariant
    in all type variables.
    Type variables can be introspected. e.g.:
      T.__name__ == 'T'
      T.__constraints__ == ()
      T.__covariant__ == False
      T.__contravariant__ = False
      A.__constraints__ == (str, bytes)
    Note that only type variables defined in global scope can be pickled.
    """
    def __init__(self, name, *constraints, bound=None,
                 covariant=False, contravariant=False):
        self.__name__ = name
        super().__init__(bound, covariant, contravariant)
        if constraints and bound is not None:
            raise TypeError("Constraints cannot be combined with bound=...")
        if constraints and len(constraints) == 1:
            raise TypeError("A single constraint is not allowed")
        msg = "TypeVar(name, constraint, ...): constraints must be types."
        self.__constraints__ = tuple(_type_check(t, msg) for t in constraints)
        def_mod = _caller()
        if def_mod != 'typing':
            self.__module__ = def_mod
    def __typing_subst__(self, arg):


def __typing_subst__(self, arg):
        msg = "Parameters to generic types must be types."
        arg = _type_check(arg, msg, is_argument=True)
        if ((isinstance(arg, _GenericAlias) and arg.__origin__ is Unpack) or
            (isinstance(arg, GenericAlias) and getattr(arg, '__unpacked__', False))):
            raise TypeError(f"{arg} is not valid as type argument")
        return arg
class TypeVarTuple(_Final, _Immutable, _PickleUsingNameMixin, _root=True):
    """Type variable tuple.
    Usage:
      Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')  # Can be given any name
    Just as a TypeVar (type variable) is a placeholder for a single type,
    a TypeVarTuple is a placeholder for an *arbitrary* number of types. For
    example, if we define a generic class using a TypeVarTuple:
      class C(Generic[*Ts]): ...
    Then we can parameterize that class with an arbitrary number of type
    arguments:
      C[int]       # Fine
      C[int, str]  # Also fine
      C[()]        # Even this is fine
    For more details, see PEP 646.
    Note that only TypeVarTuples defined in global scope can be pickled.
    """
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.__name__ = name
        # Used for pickling.
        def_mod = _caller()
        if def_mod != 'typing':
            self.__module__ = def_mod
    def __iter__(self):
        yield Unpack[self]
    def __repr__(self):
        return self.__name__
    def __typing_subst__(self, arg):


return self.__name__
    def __typing_subst__(self, arg):
        raise TypeError("Substitution of bare TypeVarTuple is not supported")
    def __typing_prepare_subst__(self, alias, args):
        params = alias.__parameters__
        typevartuple_index = params.index(self)
        for param in params[typevartuple_index + 1:]:
            if isinstance(param, TypeVarTuple):
                raise TypeError(f"More than one TypeVarTuple parameter in {alias}")
        alen = len(args)
        plen = len(params)
        left = typevartuple_index
        right = plen - typevartuple_index - 1
        var_tuple_index = None
        fillarg = None
        for k, arg in enumerate(args):
            if not isinstance(arg, type):
                subargs = getattr(arg, '__typing_unpacked_tuple_args__', None)
                if subargs and len(subargs) == 2 and subargs[-1] is ...:
                    if var_tuple_index is not None:
                        raise TypeError("More than one unpacked arbitrary-length tuple argument")
                    var_tuple_index = k
                    fillarg = subargs[0]
        if var_tuple_index is not None:
            left = min(left, var_tuple_index)
            right = min(right, alen - var_tuple_index - 1)
        elif left + right > alen:
            raise TypeError(f"Too few arguments for {alias};"
                            f" actual {alen}, expected at least {plen-1}")
        return (
            *args[:left],
            *([fillarg]*(typevartuple_index - left)),
            tuple(args[left: alen - right]),


tuple(args[left: alen - right]),
            *([fillarg]*(plen - right - left - typevartuple_index - 1)),
            *args[alen - right:],
        )
class ParamSpecArgs(_Final, _Immutable, _root=True):
    """The args for a ParamSpec object.
    Given a ParamSpec object P, P.args is an instance of ParamSpecArgs.
    ParamSpecArgs objects have a reference back to their ParamSpec:
       P.args.__origin__ is P
    This type is meant for runtime introspection and has no special meaning to
    static type checkers.
    """
    def __init__(self, origin):
        self.__origin__ = origin
    def __repr__(self):
        return f"{self.__origin__.__name__}.args"
    def __eq__(self, other):
        if not isinstance(other, ParamSpecArgs):
            return NotImplemented
        return self.__origin__ == other.__origin__
class ParamSpecKwargs(_Final, _Immutable, _root=True):
    """The kwargs for a ParamSpec object.
    Given a ParamSpec object P, P.kwargs is an instance of ParamSpecKwargs.
    ParamSpecKwargs objects have a reference back to their ParamSpec:
       P.kwargs.__origin__ is P
    This type is meant for runtime introspection and has no special meaning to
    static type checkers.
    """
    def __init__(self, origin):
        self.__origin__ = origin
    def __repr__(self):
        return f"{self.__origin__.__name__}.kwargs"
    def __eq__(self, other):
        if not isinstance(other, ParamSpecKwargs):
            return NotImplemented
        return self.__origin__ == other.__origin__


return NotImplemented
        return self.__origin__ == other.__origin__
class ParamSpec(_Final, _Immutable, _BoundVarianceMixin, _PickleUsingNameMixin,
                _root=True):
    """Parameter specification variable.
    Usage::
       P = ParamSpec('P')
    Parameter specification variables exist primarily for the benefit of static
    type checkers.  They are used to forward the parameter types of one
    callable to another callable, a pattern commonly found in higher order
    functions and decorators.  They are only valid when used in ``Concatenate``,
    or as the first argument to ``Callable``, or as parameters for user-defined
    Generics.  See class Generic for more information on generic types.  An
    example for annotating a decorator::
       T = TypeVar('T')
       P = ParamSpec('P')
       def add_logging(f: Callable[P, T]) -> Callable[P, T]:
           '''A type-safe decorator to add logging to a function.'''
           def inner(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> T:
               logging.info(f'{f.__name__} was called')
               return f(*args, **kwargs)
           return inner
       @add_logging
       def add_two(x: float, y: float) -> float:
           '''Add two numbers together.'''
           return x + y
    Parameter specification variables can be introspected. e.g.:
       P.__name__ == 'P'
    Note that only parameter specification variables defined in global scope can
    be pickled.
    """
    @property
    def args(self):
        return ParamSpecArgs(self)
    @property
    def kwargs(self):
        return ParamSpecKwargs(self)


@property
    def kwargs(self):
        return ParamSpecKwargs(self)
    def __init__(self, name, *, bound=None, covariant=False, contravariant=False):
        self.__name__ = name
        super().__init__(bound, covariant, contravariant)
        def_mod = _caller()
        if def_mod != 'typing':
            self.__module__ = def_mod
    def __typing_subst__(self, arg):
        if isinstance(arg, (list, tuple)):
            arg = tuple(_type_check(a, "Expected a type.") for a in arg)
        elif not _is_param_expr(arg):
            raise TypeError(f"Expected a list of types, an ellipsis, "
                            f"ParamSpec, or Concatenate. Got {arg}")
        return arg
    def __typing_prepare_subst__(self, alias, args):
        params = alias.__parameters__
        i = params.index(self)
        if i >= len(args):
            raise TypeError(f"Too few arguments for {alias}")
        # Special case where Z[[int, str, bool]] == Z[int, str, bool] in PEP 612.
        if len(params) == 1 and not _is_param_expr(args[0]):
            assert i == 0
            args = (args,)
        # Convert lists to tuples to help other libraries cache the results.
        elif isinstance(args[i], list):
            args = (*args[:i], tuple(args[i]), *args[i+1:])
        return args
def _is_dunder(attr):
    return attr.startswith('__') and attr.endswith('__')
class _BaseGenericAlias(_Final, _root=True):
    """The central part of the internal API.


"""The central part of the internal API.
    This represents a generic version of type 'origin' with type arguments 'params'.
    There are two kind of these aliases: user defined and special. The special ones
    are wrappers around builtin collections and ABCs in collections.abc. These must
    have 'name' always set. If 'inst' is False, then the alias can't be instantiated;
    this is used by e.g. typing.List and typing.Dict.
    """
    def __init__(self, origin, *, inst=True, name=None):
        self._inst = inst
        self._name = name
        self.__origin__ = origin
        self.__slots__ = None  # This is not documented.
    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        if not self._inst:
            raise TypeError(f"Type {self._name} cannot be instantiated; "
                            f"use {self.__origin__.__name__}() instead")
        result = self.__origin__(*args, **kwargs)
        try:
            result.__orig_class__ = self
        except AttributeError:
            pass
        return result
    def __mro_entries__(self, bases):
        res = []
        if self.__origin__ not in bases:
            res.append(self.__origin__)
        i = bases.index(self)
        for b in bases[i+1:]:
            if isinstance(b, _BaseGenericAlias) or issubclass(b, Generic):
                break
        else:
            res.append(Generic)
        return tuple(res)
    def __getattr__(self, attr):
        if attr in {'__name__', '__qualname__'}:
            return self._name or self.__origin__.__name__
        # We are careful for copy and pickle.


# We are careful for copy and pickle.
        # Also for simplicity we don't relay any dunder names
        if '__origin__' in self.__dict__ and not _is_dunder(attr):
            return getattr(self.__origin__, attr)
        raise AttributeError(attr)
    def __setattr__(self, attr, val):
        if _is_dunder(attr) or attr in {'_name', '_inst', '_nparams',
                                        '_paramspec_tvars'}:
            super().__setattr__(attr, val)
        else:
            setattr(self.__origin__, attr, val)
    def __instancecheck__(self, obj):
        return self.__subclasscheck__(type(obj))
    def __subclasscheck__(self, cls):
        raise TypeError("Subscripted generics cannot be used with"
                        " class and instance checks")
    def __dir__(self):
        return list(set(super().__dir__()
                + [attr for attr in dir(self.__origin__) if not _is_dunder(attr)]))
# Special typing constructs Union, Optional, Generic, Callable and Tuple
# use three special attributes for internal bookkeeping of generic types:
# * __parameters__ is a tuple of unique free type parameters of a generic
#   type, for example, Dict[T, T].__parameters__ == (T,);
# * __origin__ keeps a reference to a type that was subscripted,
#   e.g., Union[T, int].__origin__ == Union, or the non-generic version of
#   the type.
# * __args__ is a tuple of all arguments used in subscripting,
#   e.g., Dict[T, int].__args__ == (T, int).
class _GenericAlias(_BaseGenericAlias, _root=True):
    # The type of parameterized generics.
    #


# The type of parameterized generics.
    #
    # That is, for example, `type(List[int])` is `_GenericAlias`.
    #
    # Objects which are instances of this class include:
    # * Parameterized container types, e.g. `Tuple[int]`, `List[int]`.
    #  * Note that native container types, e.g. `tuple`, `list`, use
    #    `types.GenericAlias` instead.
    # * Parameterized classes:
    #     T = TypeVar('T')
    #     class C(Generic[T]): pass
    #     # C[int] is a _GenericAlias
    # * `Callable` aliases, generic `Callable` aliases, and
    #   parameterized `Callable` aliases:
    #     T = TypeVar('T')
    #     # _CallableGenericAlias inherits from _GenericAlias.
    #     A = Callable[[], None]  # _CallableGenericAlias
    #     B = Callable[[T], None]  # _CallableGenericAlias
    #     C = B[int]  # _CallableGenericAlias
    # * Parameterized `Final`, `ClassVar` and `TypeGuard`:
    #     # All _GenericAlias
    #     Final[int]
    #     ClassVar[float]
    #     TypeVar[bool]
    def __init__(self, origin, args, *, inst=True, name=None,
                 _paramspec_tvars=False):
        super().__init__(origin, inst=inst, name=name)
        if not isinstance(args, tuple):
            args = (args,)
        self.__args__ = tuple(... if a is _TypingEllipsis else
                              a for a in args)
        self.__parameters__ = _collect_parameters(args)


a for a in args)
        self.__parameters__ = _collect_parameters(args)
        self._paramspec_tvars = _paramspec_tvars
        if not name:
            self.__module__ = origin.__module__
    def __eq__(self, other):
        if not isinstance(other, _GenericAlias):
            return NotImplemented
        return (self.__origin__ == other.__origin__
                and self.__args__ == other.__args__)
    def __hash__(self):
        return hash((self.__origin__, self.__args__))
    def __or__(self, right):
        return Union[self, right]
    def __ror__(self, left):
        return Union[left, self]
    @_tp_cache
    def __getitem__(self, args):
        # Parameterizes an already-parameterized object.
        #
        # For example, we arrive here doing something like:
        #   T1 = TypeVar('T1')
        #   T2 = TypeVar('T2')
        #   T3 = TypeVar('T3')
        #   class A(Generic[T1]): pass
        #   B = A[T2]  # B is a _GenericAlias
        #   C = B[T3]  # Invokes _GenericAlias.__getitem__
        #
        # We also arrive here when parameterizing a generic `Callable` alias:
        #   T = TypeVar('T')
        #   C = Callable[[T], None]
        #   C[int]  # Invokes _GenericAlias.__getitem__
        if self.__origin__ in (Generic, Protocol):
            # Can't subscript Generic[...] or Protocol[...].
            raise TypeError(f"Cannot subscript already-subscripted {self}")
        if not self.__parameters__:


if not self.__parameters__:
            raise TypeError(f"{self} is not a generic class")
        # Preprocess `args`.
        if not isinstance(args, tuple):
            args = (args,)
        args = tuple(_type_convert(p) for p in args)
        args = _unpack_args(args)
        new_args = self._determine_new_args(args)
        r = self.copy_with(new_args)
        return r
    def _determine_new_args(self, args):
        # Determines new __args__ for __getitem__.
        #
        # For example, suppose we had:
        #   T1 = TypeVar('T1')
        #   T2 = TypeVar('T2')
        #   class A(Generic[T1, T2]): pass
        #   T3 = TypeVar('T3')
        #   B = A[int, T3]
        #   C = B[str]
        # `B.__args__` is `(int, T3)`, so `C.__args__` should be `(int, str)`.
        # Unfortunately, this is harder than it looks, because if `T3` is
        # anything more exotic than a plain `TypeVar`, we need to consider
        # edge cases.
        params = self.__parameters__
        # In the example above, this would be {T3: str}
        for param in params:
            prepare = getattr(param, '__typing_prepare_subst__', None)
            if prepare is not None:
                args = prepare(self, args)
        alen = len(args)
        plen = len(params)
        if alen != plen:
            raise TypeError(f"Too {'many' if alen > plen else 'few'} arguments for {self};"


f" actual {alen}, expected {plen}")
        new_arg_by_param = dict(zip(params, args))
        return tuple(self._make_substitution(self.__args__, new_arg_by_param))
    def _make_substitution(self, args, new_arg_by_param):
        """Create a list of new type arguments."""
        new_args = []
        for old_arg in args:
            if isinstance(old_arg, type):
                new_args.append(old_arg)
                continue
            substfunc = getattr(old_arg, '__typing_subst__', None)
            if substfunc:
                new_arg = substfunc(new_arg_by_param[old_arg])
            else:
                subparams = getattr(old_arg, '__parameters__', ())
                if not subparams:
                    new_arg = old_arg
                else:
                    subargs = []
                    for x in subparams:
                        if isinstance(x, TypeVarTuple):
                            subargs.extend(new_arg_by_param[x])
                        else:
                            subargs.append(new_arg_by_param[x])
                    new_arg = old_arg[tuple(subargs)]
            if self.__origin__ == collections.abc.Callable and isinstance(new_arg, tuple):
                # Consider the following `Callable`.
                #   C = Callable[[int], str]
                # Here, `C.__args__` should be (int, str) - NOT ([int], str).
                # That means that if we had something like...
                #   P = ParamSpec('P')
                #   T = TypeVar('T')
                #   C = Callable[P, T]
                #   D = C[[int, str], float]
                # ...we need to be careful; `new_args` should end up as


# ...we need to be careful; `new_args` should end up as
                # `(int, str, float)` rather than `([int, str], float)`.
                new_args.extend(new_arg)
            elif _is_unpacked_typevartuple(old_arg):
                # Consider the following `_GenericAlias`, `B`:
                #   class A(Generic[*Ts]): ...
                #   B = A[T, *Ts]
                # If we then do:
                #   B[float, int, str]
                # The `new_arg` corresponding to `T` will be `float`, and the
                # `new_arg` corresponding to `*Ts` will be `(int, str)`. We
                # should join all these types together in a flat list
                # `(float, int, str)` - so again, we should `extend`.
                new_args.extend(new_arg)
            elif isinstance(old_arg, tuple):
                # Corner case:
                #    P = ParamSpec('P')
                #    T = TypeVar('T')
                #    class Base(Generic[P]): ...
                # Can be substituted like this:
                #    X = Base[[int, T]]
                # In this case, `old_arg` will be a tuple:
                new_args.append(
                    tuple(self._make_substitution(old_arg, new_arg_by_param)),
                )
            else:
                new_args.append(new_arg)
        return new_args
    def copy_with(self, args):
        return self.__class__(self.__origin__, args, name=self._name, inst=self._inst,
                              _paramspec_tvars=self._paramspec_tvars)
    def __repr__(self):
        if self._name:
            name = 'typing.' + self._name


if self._name:
            name = 'typing.' + self._name
        else:
            name = _type_repr(self.__origin__)
        if self.__args__:
            args = ", ".join([_type_repr(a) for a in self.__args__])
        else:
            # To ensure the repr is eval-able.
            args = "()"
        return f'{name}[{args}]'
    def __reduce__(self):
        if self._name:
            origin = globals()[self._name]
        else:
            origin = self.__origin__
        args = tuple(self.__args__)
        if len(args) == 1 and not isinstance(args[0], tuple):
            args, = args
        return operator.getitem, (origin, args)
    def __mro_entries__(self, bases):
        if isinstance(self.__origin__, _SpecialForm):
            raise TypeError(f"Cannot subclass {self!r}")
        if self._name:  # generic version of an ABC or built-in class
            return super().__mro_entries__(bases)
        if self.__origin__ is Generic:
            if Protocol in bases:
                return ()
            i = bases.index(self)
            for b in bases[i+1:]:
                if isinstance(b, _BaseGenericAlias) and b is not self:
                    return ()
        return (self.__origin__,)
    def __iter__(self):
        yield Unpack[self]
# _nparams is the number of accepted parameters, e.g. 0 for Hashable,
# 1 for List and 2 for Dict.  It may be -1 if variable number of
# parameters are accepted (needs custom __getitem__).
class _SpecialGenericAlias(_NotIterable, _BaseGenericAlias, _root=True):


class _SpecialGenericAlias(_NotIterable, _BaseGenericAlias, _root=True):
    def __init__(self, origin, nparams, *, inst=True, name=None):
        if name is None:
            name = origin.__name__
        super().__init__(origin, inst=inst, name=name)
        self._nparams = nparams
        if origin.__module__ == 'builtins':
            self.__doc__ = f'A generic version of {origin.__qualname__}.'
        else:
            self.__doc__ = f'A generic version of {origin.__module__}.{origin.__qualname__}.'
    @_tp_cache
    def __getitem__(self, params):
        if not isinstance(params, tuple):
            params = (params,)
        msg = "Parameters to generic types must be types."
        params = tuple(_type_check(p, msg) for p in params)
        _check_generic(self, params, self._nparams)
        return self.copy_with(params)
    def copy_with(self, params):
        return _GenericAlias(self.__origin__, params,
                             name=self._name, inst=self._inst)
    def __repr__(self):
        return 'typing.' + self._name
    def __subclasscheck__(self, cls):
        if isinstance(cls, _SpecialGenericAlias):
            return issubclass(cls.__origin__, self.__origin__)
        if not isinstance(cls, _GenericAlias):
            return issubclass(cls, self.__origin__)
        return super().__subclasscheck__(cls)
    def __reduce__(self):
        return self._name
    def __or__(self, right):
        return Union[self, right]
    def __ror__(self, left):
        return Union[left, self]


def __ror__(self, left):
        return Union[left, self]
class _CallableGenericAlias(_NotIterable, _GenericAlias, _root=True):
    def __repr__(self):
        assert self._name == 'Callable'
        args = self.__args__
        if len(args) == 2 and _is_param_expr(args[0]):
            return super().__repr__()
        return (f'typing.Callable'
                f'[[{", ".join([_type_repr(a) for a in args[:-1]])}], '
                f'{_type_repr(args[-1])}]')
    def __reduce__(self):
        args = self.__args__
        if not (len(args) == 2 and _is_param_expr(args[0])):
            args = list(args[:-1]), args[-1]
        return operator.getitem, (Callable, args)
class _CallableType(_SpecialGenericAlias, _root=True):
    def copy_with(self, params):
        return _CallableGenericAlias(self.__origin__, params,
                                     name=self._name, inst=self._inst,
                                     _paramspec_tvars=True)
    def __getitem__(self, params):
        if not isinstance(params, tuple) or len(params) != 2:
            raise TypeError("Callable must be used as "
                            "Callable[[arg, ...], result].")
        args, result = params
        # This relaxes what args can be on purpose to allow things like
        # PEP 612 ParamSpec.  Responsibility for whether a user is using
        # Callable[...] properly is deferred to static type checkers.
        if isinstance(args, list):
            params = (tuple(args), result)
        else:
            params = (args, result)


else:
            params = (args, result)
        return self.__getitem_inner__(params)
    @_tp_cache
    def __getitem_inner__(self, params):
        args, result = params
        msg = "Callable[args, result]: result must be a type."
        result = _type_check(result, msg)
        if args is Ellipsis:
            return self.copy_with((_TypingEllipsis, result))
        if not isinstance(args, tuple):
            args = (args,)
        args = tuple(_type_convert(arg) for arg in args)
        params = args + (result,)
        return self.copy_with(params)
class _TupleType(_SpecialGenericAlias, _root=True):
    @_tp_cache
    def __getitem__(self, params):
        if not isinstance(params, tuple):
            params = (params,)
        if len(params) >= 2 and params[-1] is ...:
            msg = "Tuple[t, ...]: t must be a type."
            params = tuple(_type_check(p, msg) for p in params[:-1])
            return self.copy_with((*params, _TypingEllipsis))
        msg = "Tuple[t0, t1, ...]: each t must be a type."
        params = tuple(_type_check(p, msg) for p in params)
        return self.copy_with(params)
class _UnionGenericAlias(_NotIterable, _GenericAlias, _root=True):
    def copy_with(self, params):
        return Union[params]
    def __eq__(self, other):
        if not isinstance(other, (_UnionGenericAlias, types.UnionType)):
            return NotImplemented
        return set(self.__args__) == set(other.__args__)
    def __hash__(self):
        return hash(frozenset(self.__args__))


def __hash__(self):
        return hash(frozenset(self.__args__))
    def __repr__(self):
        args = self.__args__
        if len(args) == 2:
            if args[0] is type(None):
                return f'typing.Optional[{_type_repr(args[1])}]'
            elif args[1] is type(None):
                return f'typing.Optional[{_type_repr(args[0])}]'
        return super().__repr__()
    def __instancecheck__(self, obj):
        return self.__subclasscheck__(type(obj))
    def __subclasscheck__(self, cls):
        for arg in self.__args__:
            if issubclass(cls, arg):
                return True
    def __reduce__(self):
        func, (origin, args) = super().__reduce__()
        return func, (Union, args)
def _value_and_type_iter(parameters):
    return ((p, type(p)) for p in parameters)
class _LiteralGenericAlias(_GenericAlias, _root=True):
    def __eq__(self, other):
        if not isinstance(other, _LiteralGenericAlias):
            return NotImplemented
        return set(_value_and_type_iter(self.__args__)) == set(_value_and_type_iter(other.__args__))
    def __hash__(self):
        return hash(frozenset(_value_and_type_iter(self.__args__)))
class _ConcatenateGenericAlias(_GenericAlias, _root=True):
    def copy_with(self, params):
        if isinstance(params[-1], (list, tuple)):
            return (*params[:-1], *params[-1])
        if isinstance(params[-1], _ConcatenateGenericAlias):
            params = (*params[:-1], *params[-1].__args__)


params = (*params[:-1], *params[-1].__args__)
        return super().copy_with(params)
@_SpecialForm
def Unpack(self, parameters):
    """Type unpack operator.
    The type unpack operator takes the child types from some container type,
    such as `tuple[int, str]` or a `TypeVarTuple`, and 'pulls them out'.
    For example::
        # For some generic class `Foo`:
        Foo[Unpack[tuple[int, str]]]  # Equivalent to Foo[int, str]
        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
        # Specifies that `Bar` is generic in an arbitrary number of types.
        # (Think of `Ts` as a tuple of an arbitrary number of individual
        #  `TypeVar`s, which the `Unpack` is 'pulling out' directly into the
        #  `Generic[]`.)
        class Bar(Generic[Unpack[Ts]]): ...
        Bar[int]  # Valid
        Bar[int, str]  # Also valid
    From Python 3.11, this can also be done using the `*` operator::
        Foo[*tuple[int, str]]
        class Bar(Generic[*Ts]): ...
    Note that there is only some runtime checking of this operator. Not
    everything the runtime allows may be accepted by static type checkers.
    For more information, see PEP 646.
    """
    item = _type_check(parameters, f'{self} accepts only single type.')
    return _UnpackGenericAlias(origin=self, args=(item,))
class _UnpackGenericAlias(_GenericAlias, _root=True):
    def __repr__(self):
        # `Unpack` only takes one argument, so __args__ should contain only


# `Unpack` only takes one argument, so __args__ should contain only
        # a single item.
        return '*' + repr(self.__args__[0])
    def __getitem__(self, args):
        if self.__typing_is_unpacked_typevartuple__:
            return args
        return super().__getitem__(args)
    @property
    def __typing_unpacked_tuple_args__(self):
        assert self.__origin__ is Unpack
        assert len(self.__args__) == 1
        arg, = self.__args__
        if isinstance(arg, _GenericAlias):
            assert arg.__origin__ is tuple
            return arg.__args__
        return None
    @property
    def __typing_is_unpacked_typevartuple__(self):
        assert self.__origin__ is Unpack
        assert len(self.__args__) == 1
        return isinstance(self.__args__[0], TypeVarTuple)
class Generic:
    """Abstract base class for generic types.
    A generic type is typically declared by inheriting from
    this class parameterized with one or more type variables.
    For example, a generic mapping type might be defined as::
      class Mapping(Generic[KT, VT]):
          def __getitem__(self, key: KT) -> VT:
              ...
          # Etc.
    This class can then be used as follows::
      def lookup_name(mapping: Mapping[KT, VT], key: KT, default: VT) -> VT:
          try:
              return mapping[key]
          except KeyError:
              return default
    """
    __slots__ = ()
    _is_protocol = False
    @_tp_cache
    def __class_getitem__(cls, params):
        """Parameterizes a generic class.


"""Parameterizes a generic class.
        At least, parameterizing a generic class is the *main* thing this method
        does. For example, for some generic class `Foo`, this is called when we
        do `Foo[int]` - there, with `cls=Foo` and `params=int`.
        However, note that this method is also called when defining generic
        classes in the first place with `class Foo(Generic[T]): ...`.
        """
        if not isinstance(params, tuple):
            params = (params,)
        params = tuple(_type_convert(p) for p in params)
        if cls in (Generic, Protocol):
            # Generic and Protocol can only be subscripted with unique type variables.
            if not params:
                raise TypeError(
                    f"Parameter list to {cls.__qualname__}[...] cannot be empty"
                )
            if not all(_is_typevar_like(p) for p in params):
                raise TypeError(
                    f"Parameters to {cls.__name__}[...] must all be type variables "
                    f"or parameter specification variables.")
            if len(set(params)) != len(params):
                raise TypeError(
                    f"Parameters to {cls.__name__}[...] must all be unique")
        else:
            # Subscripting a regular Generic subclass.
            for param in cls.__parameters__:
                prepare = getattr(param, '__typing_prepare_subst__', None)
                if prepare is not None:
                    params = prepare(cls, params)
            _check_generic(cls, params, len(cls.__parameters__))
            new_args = []
            for param, new_arg in zip(cls.__parameters__, params):
                if isinstance(param, TypeVarTuple):
                    new_args.extend(new_arg)
                else:
                    new_args.append(new_arg)


new_args.extend(new_arg)
                else:
                    new_args.append(new_arg)
            params = tuple(new_args)
        return _GenericAlias(cls, params,
                             _paramspec_tvars=True)
    def __init_subclass__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init_subclass__(*args, **kwargs)
        tvars = []
        if '__orig_bases__' in cls.__dict__:
            error = Generic in cls.__orig_bases__
        else:
            error = (Generic in cls.__bases__ and
                        cls.__name__ != 'Protocol' and
                        type(cls) != _TypedDictMeta)
        if error:
            raise TypeError("Cannot inherit from plain Generic")
        if '__orig_bases__' in cls.__dict__:
            tvars = _collect_parameters(cls.__orig_bases__)
            # Look for Generic[T1, ..., Tn].
            # If found, tvars must be a subset of it.
            # If not found, tvars is it.
            # Also check for and reject plain Generic,
            # and reject multiple Generic[...].
            gvars = None
            for base in cls.__orig_bases__:
                if (isinstance(base, _GenericAlias) and
                        base.__origin__ is Generic):
                    if gvars is not None:
                        raise TypeError(
                            "Cannot inherit from Generic[...] multiple times.")
                    gvars = base.__parameters__
            if gvars is not None:
                tvarset = set(tvars)
                gvarset = set(gvars)
                if not tvarset <= gvarset:
                    s_vars = ', '.join(str(t) for t in tvars if t not in gvarset)


s_args = ', '.join(str(g) for g in gvars)
                    raise TypeError(f"Some type variables ({s_vars}) are"
                                    f" not listed in Generic[{s_args}]")
                tvars = gvars
        cls.__parameters__ = tuple(tvars)
class _TypingEllipsis:
    """Internal placeholder for ... (ellipsis)."""
_TYPING_INTERNALS = ['__parameters__', '__orig_bases__',  '__orig_class__',
                     '_is_protocol', '_is_runtime_protocol', '__final__']
_SPECIAL_NAMES = ['__abstractmethods__', '__annotations__', '__dict__', '__doc__',
                  '__init__', '__module__', '__new__', '__slots__',
                  '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', '__class_getitem__']
# These special attributes will be not collected as protocol members.
EXCLUDED_ATTRIBUTES = _TYPING_INTERNALS + _SPECIAL_NAMES + ['_MutableMapping__marker']
def _get_protocol_attrs(cls):
    """Collect protocol members from a protocol class objects.
    This includes names actually defined in the class dictionary, as well
    as names that appear in annotations. Special names (above) are skipped.
    """
    attrs = set()
    for base in cls.__mro__[:-1]:  # without object
        if base.__name__ in ('Protocol', 'Generic'):
            continue
        annotations = getattr(base, '__annotations__', {})
        for attr in list(base.__dict__.keys()) + list(annotations.keys()):
            if not attr.startswith('_abc_') and attr not in EXCLUDED_ATTRIBUTES:
                attrs.add(attr)
    return attrs
def _is_callable_members_only(cls):
    # PEP 544 prohibits using issubclass() with protocols that have non-method members.


# PEP 544 prohibits using issubclass() with protocols that have non-method members.
    return all(callable(getattr(cls, attr, None)) for attr in _get_protocol_attrs(cls))
def _no_init_or_replace_init(self, *args, **kwargs):
    cls = type(self)
    if cls._is_protocol:
        raise TypeError('Protocols cannot be instantiated')
    # Already using a custom `__init__`. No need to calculate correct
    # `__init__` to call. This can lead to RecursionError. See bpo-45121.
    if cls.__init__ is not _no_init_or_replace_init:
        return
    # Initially, `__init__` of a protocol subclass is set to `_no_init_or_replace_init`.
    # The first instantiation of the subclass will call `_no_init_or_replace_init` which
    # searches for a proper new `__init__` in the MRO. The new `__init__`
    # replaces the subclass' old `__init__` (ie `_no_init_or_replace_init`). Subsequent
    # instantiation of the protocol subclass will thus use the new
    # `__init__` and no longer call `_no_init_or_replace_init`.
    for base in cls.__mro__:
        init = base.__dict__.get('__init__', _no_init_or_replace_init)
        if init is not _no_init_or_replace_init:
            cls.__init__ = init
            break
    else:
        # should not happen
        cls.__init__ = object.__init__
    cls.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
def _caller(depth=1, default='__main__'):
    try:
        return sys._getframe(depth + 1).f_globals.get('__name__', default)


return sys._getframe(depth + 1).f_globals.get('__name__', default)
    except (AttributeError, ValueError):  # For platforms without _getframe()
        return None
def _allow_reckless_class_checks(depth=3):
    """Allow instance and class checks for special stdlib modules.
    The abc and functools modules indiscriminately call isinstance() and
    issubclass() on the whole MRO of a user class, which may contain protocols.
    """
    return _caller(depth) in {'abc', 'functools', None}
_PROTO_ALLOWLIST = {
    'collections.abc': [
        'Callable', 'Awaitable', 'Iterable', 'Iterator', 'AsyncIterable',
        'Hashable', 'Sized', 'Container', 'Collection', 'Reversible',
    ],
    'contextlib': ['AbstractContextManager', 'AbstractAsyncContextManager'],
}
class _ProtocolMeta(ABCMeta):
    # This metaclass is really unfortunate and exists only because of
    # the lack of __instancehook__.
    def __instancecheck__(cls, instance):
        # We need this method for situations where attributes are
        # assigned in __init__.
        if (
            getattr(cls, '_is_protocol', False) and
            not getattr(cls, '_is_runtime_protocol', False) and
            not _allow_reckless_class_checks(depth=2)
        ):
            raise TypeError("Instance and class checks can only be used with"
                            " @runtime_checkable protocols")
        if ((not getattr(cls, '_is_protocol', False) or
                _is_callable_members_only(cls)) and
                issubclass(instance.__class__, cls)):
            return True
        if cls._is_protocol:
            if all(hasattr(instance, attr) and


if cls._is_protocol:
            if all(hasattr(instance, attr) and
                    # All *methods* can be blocked by setting them to None.
                    (not callable(getattr(cls, attr, None)) or
                     getattr(instance, attr) is not None)
                    for attr in _get_protocol_attrs(cls)):
                return True
        return super().__instancecheck__(instance)
class Protocol(Generic, metaclass=_ProtocolMeta):
    """Base class for protocol classes.
    Protocol classes are defined as::
        class Proto(Protocol):
            def meth(self) -> int:
                ...
    Such classes are primarily used with static type checkers that recognize
    structural subtyping (static duck-typing).
    For example::
        class C:
            def meth(self) -> int:
                return 0
        def func(x: Proto) -> int:
            return x.meth()
        func(C())  # Passes static type check
    See PEP 544 for details. Protocol classes decorated with
    @typing.runtime_checkable act as simple-minded runtime protocols that check
    only the presence of given attributes, ignoring their type signatures.
    Protocol classes can be generic, they are defined as::
        class GenProto(Protocol[T]):
            def meth(self) -> T:
                ...
    """
    __slots__ = ()
    _is_protocol = True
    _is_runtime_protocol = False
    def __init_subclass__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init_subclass__(*args, **kwargs)
        # Determine if this is a protocol or a concrete subclass.
        if not cls.__dict__.get('_is_protocol', False):
            cls._is_protocol = any(b is Protocol for b in cls.__bases__)


cls._is_protocol = any(b is Protocol for b in cls.__bases__)
        # Set (or override) the protocol subclass hook.
        def _proto_hook(other):
            if not cls.__dict__.get('_is_protocol', False):
                return NotImplemented
            # First, perform various sanity checks.
            if not getattr(cls, '_is_runtime_protocol', False):
                if _allow_reckless_class_checks():
                    return NotImplemented
                raise TypeError("Instance and class checks can only be used with"
                                " @runtime_checkable protocols")
            if not _is_callable_members_only(cls):
                if _allow_reckless_class_checks():
                    return NotImplemented
                raise TypeError("Protocols with non-method members"
                                " don't support issubclass()")
            if not isinstance(other, type):
                # Same error message as for issubclass(1, int).
                raise TypeError('issubclass() arg 1 must be a class')
            # Second, perform the actual structural compatibility check.
            for attr in _get_protocol_attrs(cls):
                for base in other.__mro__:
                    # Check if the members appears in the class dictionary...
                    if attr in base.__dict__:
                        if base.__dict__[attr] is None:
                            return NotImplemented
                        break
                    # ...or in annotations, if it is a sub-protocol.
                    annotations = getattr(base, '__annotations__', {})
                    if (isinstance(annotations, collections.abc.Mapping) and
                            attr in annotations and
                            issubclass(other, Generic) and other._is_protocol):
                        break
                else:
                    return NotImplemented
            return True
        if '__subclasshook__' not in cls.__dict__:
            cls.__subclasshook__ = _proto_hook
        # We have nothing more to do for non-protocols...


# We have nothing more to do for non-protocols...
        if not cls._is_protocol:
            return
        # ... otherwise check consistency of bases, and prohibit instantiation.
        for base in cls.__bases__:
            if not (base in (object, Generic) or
                    base.__module__ in _PROTO_ALLOWLIST and
                    base.__name__ in _PROTO_ALLOWLIST[base.__module__] or
                    issubclass(base, Generic) and base._is_protocol):
                raise TypeError('Protocols can only inherit from other'
                                ' protocols, got %r' % base)
        if cls.__init__ is Protocol.__init__:
            cls.__init__ = _no_init_or_replace_init
class _AnnotatedAlias(_NotIterable, _GenericAlias, _root=True):
    """Runtime representation of an annotated type.
    At its core 'Annotated[t, dec1, dec2, ...]' is an alias for the type 't'
    with extra annotations. The alias behaves like a normal typing alias.
    Instantiating is the same as instantiating the underlying type; binding
    it to types is also the same.
    The metadata itself is stored in a '__metadata__' attribute as a tuple.
    """
    def __init__(self, origin, metadata):
        if isinstance(origin, _AnnotatedAlias):
            metadata = origin.__metadata__ + metadata
            origin = origin.__origin__
        super().__init__(origin, origin)
        self.__metadata__ = metadata
    def copy_with(self, params):
        assert len(params) == 1
        new_type = params[0]
        return _AnnotatedAlias(new_type, self.__metadata__)
    def __repr__(self):
        return "typing.Annotated[{}, {}]".format(


return "typing.Annotated[{}, {}]".format(
            _type_repr(self.__origin__),
            ", ".join(repr(a) for a in self.__metadata__)
        )
    def __reduce__(self):
        return operator.getitem, (
            Annotated, (self.__origin__,) + self.__metadata__
        )
    def __eq__(self, other):
        if not isinstance(other, _AnnotatedAlias):
            return NotImplemented
        return (self.__origin__ == other.__origin__
                and self.__metadata__ == other.__metadata__)
    def __hash__(self):
        return hash((self.__origin__, self.__metadata__))
    def __getattr__(self, attr):
        if attr in {'__name__', '__qualname__'}:
            return 'Annotated'
        return super().__getattr__(attr)
class Annotated:
    """Add context-specific metadata to a type.
    Example: Annotated[int, runtime_check.Unsigned] indicates to the
    hypothetical runtime_check module that this type is an unsigned int.
    Every other consumer of this type can ignore this metadata and treat
    this type as int.
    The first argument to Annotated must be a valid type.
    Details:
    - It's an error to call `Annotated` with less than two arguments.
    - Access the metadata via the ``__metadata__`` attribute::
        assert Annotated[int, '$'].__metadata__ == ('$',)
    - Nested Annotated types are flattened::
        assert Annotated[Annotated[T, Ann1, Ann2], Ann3] == Annotated[T, Ann1, Ann2, Ann3]
    - Instantiating an annotated type is equivalent to instantiating the
    underlying type::


- Instantiating an annotated type is equivalent to instantiating the
    underlying type::
        assert Annotated[C, Ann1](5) == C(5)
    - Annotated can be used as a generic type alias::
        Optimized: TypeAlias = Annotated[T, runtime.Optimize()]
        assert Optimized[int] == Annotated[int, runtime.Optimize()]
        OptimizedList: TypeAlias = Annotated[list[T], runtime.Optimize()]
        assert OptimizedList[int] == Annotated[list[int], runtime.Optimize()]
    - Annotated cannot be used with an unpacked TypeVarTuple::
        Variadic: TypeAlias = Annotated[*Ts, Ann1]  # NOT valid
      This would be equivalent to::
        Annotated[T1, T2, T3, ..., Ann1]
      where T1, T2 etc. are TypeVars, which would be invalid, because
      only one type should be passed to Annotated.
    """
    __slots__ = ()
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        raise TypeError("Type Annotated cannot be instantiated.")
    @_tp_cache
    def __class_getitem__(cls, params):
        if not isinstance(params, tuple) or len(params) < 2:
            raise TypeError("Annotated[...] should be used "
                            "with at least two arguments (a type and an "
                            "annotation).")
        if _is_unpacked_typevartuple(params[0]):
            raise TypeError("Annotated[...] should not be used with an "
                            "unpacked TypeVarTuple")
        msg = "Annotated[t, ...]: t must be a type."
        origin = _type_check(params[0], msg, allow_special_forms=True)


origin = _type_check(params[0], msg, allow_special_forms=True)
        metadata = tuple(params[1:])
        return _AnnotatedAlias(origin, metadata)
    def __init_subclass__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        raise TypeError(
            "Cannot subclass {}.Annotated".format(cls.__module__)
        )
def runtime_checkable(cls):
    """Mark a protocol class as a runtime protocol.
    Such protocol can be used with isinstance() and issubclass().
    Raise TypeError if applied to a non-protocol class.
    This allows a simple-minded structural check very similar to
    one trick ponies in collections.abc such as Iterable.
    For example::
        @runtime_checkable
        class Closable(Protocol):
            def close(self): ...
        assert isinstance(open('/some/file'), Closable)
    Warning: this will check only the presence of the required methods,
    not their type signatures!
    """
    if not issubclass(cls, Generic) or not cls._is_protocol:
        raise TypeError('@runtime_checkable can be only applied to protocol classes,'
                        ' got %r' % cls)
    cls._is_runtime_protocol = True
    return cls
def cast(typ, val):
    """Cast a value to a type.
    This returns the value unchanged.  To the type checker this
    signals that the return value has the designated type, but at
    runtime we intentionally don't check anything (we want this
    to be as fast as possible).
    """
    return val
def assert_type(val, typ, /):
    """Ask a static type checker to confirm that the value is of the given type.
    At runtime this does nothing: it returns the first argument unchanged with no


At runtime this does nothing: it returns the first argument unchanged with no
    checks or side effects, no matter the actual type of the argument.
    When a static type checker encounters a call to assert_type(), it
    emits an error if the value is not of the specified type::
        def greet(name: str) -> None:
            assert_type(name, str)  # OK
            assert_type(name, int)  # type checker error
    """
    return val
_allowed_types = (types.FunctionType, types.BuiltinFunctionType,
                  types.MethodType, types.ModuleType,
                  WrapperDescriptorType, MethodWrapperType, MethodDescriptorType)
def get_type_hints(obj, globalns=None, localns=None, include_extras=False):
    """Return type hints for an object.
    This is often the same as obj.__annotations__, but it handles
    forward references encoded as string literals and recursively replaces all
    'Annotated[T, ...]' with 'T' (unless 'include_extras=True').
    The argument may be a module, class, method, or function. The annotations
    are returned as a dictionary. For classes, annotations include also
    inherited members.
    TypeError is raised if the argument is not of a type that can contain
    annotations, and an empty dictionary is returned if no annotations are
    present.
    BEWARE -- the behavior of globalns and localns is counterintuitive
    (unless you are familiar with how eval() and exec() work).  The
    search order is locals first, then globals.
    - If no dict arguments are passed, an attempt is made to use the
      globals from obj (or the respective module's globals for classes),
      and these are also used as the locals.  If the object does not appear


and these are also used as the locals.  If the object does not appear
      to have globals, an empty dictionary is used.  For classes, the search
      order is globals first then locals.
    - If one dict argument is passed, it is used for both globals and
      locals.
    - If two dict arguments are passed, they specify globals and
      locals, respectively.
    """
    if getattr(obj, '__no_type_check__', None):
        return {}
    # Classes require a special treatment.
    if isinstance(obj, type):
        hints = {}
        for base in reversed(obj.__mro__):
            if globalns is None:
                base_globals = getattr(sys.modules.get(base.__module__, None), '__dict__', {})
            else:
                base_globals = globalns
            ann = base.__dict__.get('__annotations__', {})
            if isinstance(ann, types.GetSetDescriptorType):
                ann = {}
            base_locals = dict(vars(base)) if localns is None else localns
            if localns is None and globalns is None:
                # This is surprising, but required.  Before Python 3.10,
                # get_type_hints only evaluated the globalns of
                # a class.  To maintain backwards compatibility, we reverse
                # the globalns and localns order so that eval() looks into
                # *base_globals* first rather than *base_locals*.
                # This only affects ForwardRefs.
                base_globals, base_locals = base_locals, base_globals
            for name, value in ann.items():
                if value is None:
                    value = type(None)
                if isinstance(value, str):
                    value = ForwardRef(value, is_argument=False, is_class=True)
                value = _eval_type(value, base_globals, base_locals)