Dogs go into heat about twice a year, so track your dog's cycle to determine when she is ovulating (which means she is fertile).  Female dogs have four different stages in their cycle: proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and anestrus. You may need to track several of your dog’s heat cycles to confirm each stage.  The proestrus stage starts when the female dog’s vulva begins to swell and starts to spot. It is usually nine days, but can last from four to 20 days. During this stage, your dog may attract males but not accept them for mating.  The estrus stage begins next, and this is the period where the female dog can breed. This period usually lasts nine days, and she is most fertile for the first five days of it. She will become more social with males and allow them to mate with her. You'll know the fertile stage is complete when her vagina returns to its normal appearance and she no longer flirts with or accepts mates.  The metestrus stage is usually 50 days, but can last from 80 to 90 days, and the final stage called the anestrus stage can last for two to three months. During the metestrus and anestrus periods, the female dog is at the end of her cycle and will not allow breeding. You can confirm your dog is in heat by having your vet perform a vaginal smear on your female dog. A vaginal smear is done by examining vaginal cells from your dog under a microscope. It is a non-invasive procedure and does not harm your dog. Your vet will require a sample from your dog and may perform a test on several samples to confirm your dog is in heat. As part of the testing, your vet will look for changes in cells that show your dog is ovulating. The vaginal smear can also determine your dog’s optimal breeding time. You can also determine your dog’s ovulation by having your vet do a blood test to measure the progesterone level in your dog’s blood. This test requires your dog to provide a blood sample. Your vet may need several samples to accurately predict your dog’s ovulation period. This test is considered very accurate for determining the optimal mating time for a female dog. It is an ideal option if your female dog has a history of unsuccessful mating or if you want to be sure the female dog is ready before bringing her to a male dog for mating.
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