Raspberry plants grow in two different types: fall-fruiting (which bear fruit on both primocanes and floricanes) and summer-fruiting (which only bear fruit on floricanes). The terms ‘primocane’ and ‘floricane’ refer to two different types of canes that the raspberry bramble produces. Primocanes are the canes that grow during the first year while floricanes are the second-year canes. Additionally, fall-bearing plants bear fruit in the fall and may have a second season in early summer, while summer-bearing plants fruit only in the summer.  Because of their different growth patterns, they require different pruning measures in order to be effective. Fall-bearing raspberries will bear fruit both primocanes and floricanes, while summer-bearing raspberries will only bear fruit on floricanes. Sometimes also called everbearing raspberries, fall-bearing raspberries require much more pruning than summer-bearing raspberries. Fall-bearing raspberries contain three separate types of canes: primocanes, floricanes, and non-fruiting suckers.   Primocanes are green and flexible shoots that grow directly from the ground; instead of branches, they may have small buds attached directly to the cane. Floricanes are tall, thick branches that have a darker brown bark on their stems. Floricanes have smaller lateral shoots attached at the sides where the fruit will grow. Non-fruiting suckers are small, spindly canes that are typically ½ the size and width of primocanes and floricanes. As the name suggests, non-fruiting suckers don’t produce any fruit, and serve no productive purpose.  Fall-bearing raspberries are typically red and yellow varieties, although they may also be purple or black. Fall-bearing raspberries may not produce twice a year, especially if they are older plants that have never been pruned. Although technically both fall and summer bearing raspberries fruit in the summer, summer-bearing raspberries only bear fruit in the summer, and they only bear fruit on floricanes. When pruning summer-bearing varieties, you will need to allow the primocanes to grow and become floricanes in order to produce fruit.  Summer-bearing raspberries include some red varieties, as well as most of the purple and black varieties of raspberries. When cut open, floricanes will be brown and dead on the inside. They tend to be grayish/tan. Raspberries of both summer and fall bearing varieties should be pruned in the winter. This is because the berry canes are fully dormant during this time, so any pruning will stimulate growth, rather than damaging the current growth pattern. Raspberries can be pruned any time between November and March. Some horticulturists prefer pruning around February or March, because the root system has had time to store more carbohydrates, leading to a better harvest. For pruning, you’ll need a good set of gardening shears or loppers, a pair of gardening gloves, and safety goggles. Raspberry brambles tend to be thorny, or at least have pointed branches, making safety a priority while pruning.
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