This toxin shows activities on different G-protein coupled receptors. It is highly potent on various alpha-adrenoceptors (ADRA) (subnanomolar affinity for ADRA1A). Order of potency is the following: ADRA1A > ADRA1B > ADRA1D > ADRA2C (PubMed:23648423). It is also found to reversibly bind to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (CHRM), but the affinity is much weaker (CHRM1 and CHRM2, Ki>1 uM; CHRM3, Ki=140 nM; CHRM4, Ki=120 nM; CHRM5, Ki=350 nM) (PubMed:8536706, PubMed:10978757, PubMed:23648423). Expressed by the venom gland. Is classified as a P-type cytotoxin, since a proline residue stands at position 33 (Pro-31 in standard classification). Belongs to the snake three-finger toxin family. Short-chain subfamily. Aminergic toxin sub-subfamily.