Alpha-conotoxins act on postsynaptic membranes, they bind to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and thus inhibit them (PubMed:16797781, PubMed:25617597). This synthetic peptide displays analgesic activity in a hot plate assay (PubMed:16797781, PubMed:25617597, PubMed:21126549). Analgesia is also observed against second phase pain in formalin-induced inflammatory pain model, and in a rat model of mechanically-induced pain (PubMed:25617597). Effects downstream of nAChR are inhibition of calcium influx, inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation and inhibition of c-fos/NOS expression (PubMed:25617597). Genes associated with drug dependence are not up-regulated by this toxin (PubMed:25617597). Treatment with this toxin reversed morphine withdrawal symptoms in mice (PubMed:25617597). Expressed by the venom duct. The cysteine framework is XIV (C-C-C-C). May contain a 4-hydroxyproline. Belongs to the conotoxin L superfamily.