Deubiquitinating enzyme involved in telomere and HM loci silencing, which is the repression of chromatin structure which leads to a stop in the transcription of nearby genes (PubMed:9755194, PubMed:10490600, PubMed:14623890). Targets histone H2B for deubiquitination, thus helping to localize SIR2 to the telomere (PubMed:15721261, PubMed:17028327, PubMed:22056669). At silent chromatin, including telomeres and the rDNA locus, not only maintains low H2B 'Lys-123' ubiquitination (H2BK123Ub), but also low H3 'Lys-4' and 'Lys-79' methylation (H3K4me and H3K79me, respectively) (PubMed:15721261, PubMed:15988024). Controls the proliferating-cell nuclear antigen PCNA/POL30 deubiquitination which is crucial for keeping TLS polymerases in check as well as for down-regulating the error-free bypass (PubMed:22829782). Deubiquitinates and stabilizes RPA190, the largest subunit of RNA polymerase I, to achieve optimal levels of ribosomes and cell growth (PubMed:22902402). Protects also nutrient transporters such as GAP1 from ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis (PubMed:11352638). Thiol-dependent hydrolysis of ester, thioester, amide, peptide and isopeptide bonds formed by the C-terminal Gly of ubiquitin (a 76-residue protein attached to proteins as an intracellular targeting signal). Interacts with SIR4 (PubMed:10490600, PubMed:26149687). Interacts with the proliferating-cell nuclear antigen PCNA/POL30 (PubMed:22829782). Interacts with DHR2 and UTP22 (PubMed:22902402, PubMed:26149687). Preferentially localizes to silent chromatin (PubMed:15988024). Residues 2-27 within the N-terminal intrinsically disordered regions (IDR) constitute the binding module for DHR2 which is required to coordinate the UBP10-DHR2 interaction (PubMed:26149687). Residues 109-145 within the N-terminal intrinsically disordered regions (IDR) constitute the binding module for SIR4 which required to coordinate the UBP10-SIR4 interaction, but also to direct UBP10's functional role in telomere chromatin silencing (PubMed:26149687). Residues 167-208 within the N-terminal intrinsically disordered regions (IDR) constitute the binding module for UTP22 which is required to coordinate the UBP10-UTP22 interaction (PubMed:26149687). Exhibits reduced silencing and a corresponding decrease in the level of SIR4 (PubMed:10490600). Reduces also the level of the low-affinity, high-capacity transporter of amino acids GAP1 (PubMed:11352638). Leads to alterations in expression of subtelomeric genes together with a broad change in the whole transcriptional profile, closely parallel to that induced by oxidative stress (PubMed:14623890). Results also in extrachromosomal rDNA circles (ERCs) accumulation (PubMed:17028327). Accumulates also mono- and di-ubiquitinated PCNA/POL30 in response to DNA damage and replicative stress (PubMed:22829782). Leads to reduced pre-rRNAs, mature rRNAs, and translating ribosomes (PubMed:22902402). Belongs to the peptidase C19 family.