Sulfur-rich seed storage protein that remains undegraded at germination (PubMed:11406286). The uncleaved form exhibits some inhibitory activity against GH11 xylanase from T.longibrachiatum, more at pH 7 than at pH 5.3, but not against GH12 xyloglucan-specific endoglucanase (XEG) from A.aculeatus (PubMed:26741537). Binds to model phospholipid membranes containing dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol (DMPG), dioleoyl phosphatidic acid (DOPA) or mixture of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine and dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol (DMPC:DMPG), or mixture of dioleoyl phosphatidic acid and dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine (DOPC:DOPA) (PubMed:30312772). Two-subunit monomeric unit made of alpha and beta subunits coupled by disulfide bonds (at pH 4.5 and under non-reducing conditions) (PubMed:20670643, PubMed:21733318, PubMed:24894193). Monomeric alpha and beta subunits in reducing conditions (PubMed:21733318, PubMed:24894193, PubMed:30312772). Can also form oligomers including dimer, tetramer and cyclic hexamer (trimer of dimers) (at pH > 5.5) (PubMed:20670643, PubMed:30312772). Component of globulins complexes which accumulate in seeds (By similarity). Interacts with flavonoids (e.g. apigenin glucosides) present in globulins complexes (By similarity). Present in the extracellular spaces of germinating cotyledons and in the young roots. Expressed in developing seeds and in the young roots and cotyledons of germinating seeds and young seedlings. Accumulates during seed development. Secreted in high amounts upon heat treatment of mature seeds (PubMed:11406286). Strongly induced by chitosan in the cotyledons of germinating seeds (PubMed:19962718). Glycosylated on alpha chain at Asn-131; identified N-glycans bound are Man(2)(Xyl)(Fuc)GlcNAc(2), Man(3)(Xyl)(Fuc)GlcNAc(2), GlcNAcMan(3)(Xyl)(Fuc)GlcNAc(2) and GlcNAc(2)Man(3)(Xyl)(Fuc)GlcNAc(2). Causes an allergic reaction in human. Being internalized and phosphorylated in liver hepatocellular cells, stimulating pancreatic insulin accumulation, and exhibiting hypoglycemic effect on human and rat, may be used in antidiabetic therapies and diets (e.g. lupin flour or enriched pasta) for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Resistant to pancreatin-mediated digestion. Mediates a dose-dependent decrease of blood plasma glucose and increased Ins1 expression and pancreatic insulin levels in hyperglycaemic/diabetic rats daily fed with gamma conglutin 1 or supplemented pasta (PubMed:21605639, PubMed:21733318, PubMed:24394732, PubMed:24894193, PubMed:28101822). Involved in reducing rat hepatic glucose production, mainly through G6pc inhibition in impaired glucose metabolism disorders, but without leading to hypoglycemia (PubMed:28101822). Triggers an increased glucose consumption of human liver hepatocellular HepG2 cells and potentiates the activity of insulin and metformin in cell glucose consumption (PubMed:21733318). Internalized by and subsequently phosphorylated at Thr-69, Thr-182, Thr-331, Tyr-354, Ser-360 and Ser-442 in HepG2 cells cytoplasm (PubMed:23872149). Exhibits hypoglycemic effect when orally administered 30 minutes before carbohydrate supply in human trials, but insulin concentrations are not affected (PubMed:21605639). Belongs to the peptidase A1 family. Despite homology with xyloglucan-specific endo-beta-1,4-glucanase inhibitor proteins (XEGIPs) and T.aestivum xylanase inhibitor (TAXI-I), fails to inhibit representative fungal endo-glucanases and other cell wall-degrading enzymes. Dark horse - Issue 211 of February 2019