This toxin elicits dose-dependently excitatory activity upon injection into fish. Its action is slowly reversible. Does not have any direct effects on neuromuscular nAChRs (human adult alpha-1/beta-1/epsilon/delta or fetal alpha-1/beta-1/gamma/delta receptors). Does not have any effects on human Kv1 (KCNA1, KCNA2, KCNA3, KCNA4, KCNA5, and KCNA), Kv2.1/KCNB1, Kv3.4 (KCNC4), Kv4.2 (KCND2), KCNQ2/3, and on the Drosophilia Shaker potassium channels. Does not have effects on the fish potassium channels, TSha1, TSha2 (Kv1 homologs), and Traw (Kv3 homolog), without detectable activity. Expressed by the venom duct. The cysteine framework is IV (CC-C-C-C-C). Belongs to the conotoxin A superfamily.