Omega-conotoxins act at presynaptic membranes, they bind and block voltage-gated calcium channels (Cav) (By similarity). Has strong insecticidal properties at a dose of only 100 pmol/g of body weight (when injected into the haemocoel of the wax moth G. mellonella larvae). Provoques tremor and uncontrolled movements in insect larvae, that are typical symptoms caused by neurotoxins (PubMed:22728460). On fish G.niger, intraperitoneal injection of the toxin causes full extension of the fins, change in posture, breathing difficulties (at 30 and 100 pmol/g body weight) and death (at 100 pmol/g body weight) (PubMed:22728460). Expressed by the venom duct. The presence of a 'disulfide through disulfide knot' structurally defines this protein as a knottin. The cysteine framework is VI/VII (C-C-CC-C-C). LD(50) is more than 100 pmol/g body weight (at 24 hours) when injected into the haemocoel of the wax moth G. mellonella larvae.