Is toxic to both insects and mammals. Induces reversible paralysis when injected into S.frugiperda larvae. Reduces both the amplitude and frequency of responses from muscle (GF-TTM and GF-DLM) pathways in the D.melanogaster giant fiber circuit, suggesting an action at the neuromuscular junction, which is mediated by glutamatergic receptors. In mice, intracranial injection of 30 ug causes increased urination, myoclonus, hypermotility with circular movements followed by respiratory and generalized seizures resulting in death within 25-35 minutes of injection. Expressed by the venom gland. Monoisotopic mass. Oxidized form, monoisotopic mass. Belongs to the neurotoxin 12 (Hwtx-2) family. 01 (Ap1a) subfamily.