This three-finger cytotoxin shows cytotoxicity and direct nephrotoxicity. The cytotoxicity has been observed on B16F10 melanoma cells (EC(50)=2.56 uM) (PubMed:16997639) and on kidney proximal tubular epithelium LLCPK1 cells (EC(50)=4.79 uM); it is due to necrotic cell death and not to apoptosis. Direct nephrotoxicity has been deduced from binding to LLCPK1 cell line and to kidney membranes. In addition, after intravenous injection into mice tail vein, the toxin principally accumulates in kidney, but only minimally in blood, liver and brain (PubMed:17499831). Monomer. Homodimerizes during storage at 30 degrees Celsius (observed after 3 days). Expressed by the venom gland. Belongs to the snake three-finger toxin family. Short-chain subfamily. Type IA cytotoxin sub-subfamily. Surprinsingly, this toxin has also been observed to have phospholipase A2 and trypsin inhibitory activities.