Peptide with unknown biological function that may act on skin macrophages to produce a cytokine-mediated stimulation of the adaptive immune system in response to invasion by microorganisms (PubMed:23262358). It does not show antimicrobial and hemolytic activities but stimulates production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1beta by mouse peritoneal macrophages and does not potentiate the stimulation produced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (PubMed:23262358). The peptide increases IL-12 production in both unstimulated and LPS-stimulated cells, but it does not stimulate IL-6 production in a significant manner (PubMed:23262358). Stimulates insulin release from pancreatic beta-cells in a dose-dependent manner (PubMed:30244134). This insulinotropic activity is relatively weak compared to that of GLP-1 (PubMed:30244134). Acts without effects on membrane depolarization or changes in calcium current (PubMed:30244134). Insulin release is predominantly mediated by the K(ATP) channel-independent pathway (PubMed:30244134). Like GLP-1, but in a less potent manner, this peptide stimulates beta-cell proliferation (PubMed:30244134). In a comparable potency to that provided by GLP-1, also provides protection of cells against cytokine-induced apoptosis (PubMed:30244134). Expressed by the skin glands. Ile-14 amidation is not necessary for insulin release stimulation, since the synthetic non-amidated peptide shows the same activity as the amidated peptide. Belongs to the frog skin active peptide (FSAP) family. Frenatin subfamily.