Catalyzes the NAD-dependent conversion of D-erythrose 4-phosphate to 4-phosphoerythronate. D-erythrose 4-phosphate + H2O + NAD(+) = 4-phospho-D-erythronate + 2 H(+) + NADH Cofactor biosynthesis; pyridoxine 5'-phosphate biosynthesis; pyridoxine 5'-phosphate from D-erythrose 4-phosphate: step 1/5. Homotetramer. Belongs to the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family. Epd subfamily.