This insecticidal neurotoxin targets two types of channels/receptors. It reversibly inhibits the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptor (GRIN) (PubMed:10978749). It inhibits glutamate uptake from rat brain synaptosomes, and blocks GRIN in hippocampal slices (PubMed:10978749, PubMed:26802625). It also acts on sodium channels of both insects and mammals (PubMed:26747232). On sodium channel insects, it strongly slows down channel inactivation (EC(50)=212.5 nM) and causes an increase (105%) in peak amplitude (at 1 uM) of B.germanica sodium channel (Nav), whereas it inhibits all mammalien sodium channels tested with the following order of potency: Nav1.3/SCN3A (IC(50)=1.5 uM) > Nav1.6/SCN8A > Nav1.5/SCN5A > Nav1.4/SCN4A >= Nav1.2/SCN2A (PubMed:26747232). In vivo, it is highly toxic to house fly (Musca domestica), cockroach (Periplaneta americana), and cricket (Acheta domesticus) (PubMed:10978749). In different rat pain models (induced by PGE2, carrageenan or glutamate), it shows antinociceptive effect that may be related to an inhibitory activity on the glutamatergic system (PubMed:31467512). Expressed by the venom gland. The presence of a 'disulfide through disulfide knot' structurally defines this protein as a knottin. LD(50) is 9.3 ng/house fly. This toxin protects against glutamate-induced neuronal cell death in corticostriatal neurons from both wild-type mice and the Huntingtons disease mice model (BACHD) (PubMed:26802625). In addition, it also protects neurons from Abeta peptides, which are the main components of Alzheimer's disease amyloid plaques and are very toxic to neurons (PubMed:26802625). This toxin has little or no effect on kainate-, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA)- or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-activated currents. In addition, it has no effect when intracerebroventricularly injected into mice. Belongs to the neurotoxin 03 (Tx2) family. 05 subfamily.