Aug. 1, 2001 Astronomers have discovered 12 more moons around Saturn. And they have evidence that these once were just three or four moons, minding their business, orbiting the planet like all regular saturnian moons do today.
The 12 new-found moons are in irregular orbits that suggest they are the collisional remnants of larger parent moons, once securely captured in, but later blasted from, their saturnian orbits.
Using several medium-to-large sized telescopes, large-format CCD arrays that photograph big areas of sky, and computers that process multiple gigabytes of data each night, teams of astronomers collaborated last fall in a search for so-called "irregular" moons around the gas giant.
Saturn was known to have six relatively large moons and 12 minor moons. Allexcept one minor moon, Phoebe, discovered in 1898, are classified as regular satellites because they move along nearly circular orbits in the planet's orbital plane, revolving in the same direction as the planet spins.
The 12 new-found satellites are irregular - meaning they orbit outside the plane of Saturn's equator - and it appears that their orbits cluster in three, possibly four, distinct groups, said Carl W. Hergenrother of the UA Lunar and Planetary Laboratory (LPL).
"We think we're seeing orbits cluster, that is, orbits of several moons fall in the same general plane, just as asteroids cluster," Hergenrother said. "And with asteroids that cluster, the belief is they are pieces of what once was a big asteroid that got hit by something. It's possible that we're seeing the same thing with the satellites."
Brett Gladman of the Observatoire de la Cote d'Azur in France, J.J. Kavelaars of McMaster University in Canada, and Matthew Holman of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Mass., discovered the irregular saturnian moons in August, September and November, 2000, using the 2.2-meter (87-inch) European Southern Observatory in Chile, the 3.6-meter (142-inch) Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope in Hawaii, and the 1.2-meter (48-inch) Mount Hopkins telescope in Arizona.
Hergenrother, Stephen M. Larson and Rob Whiteley - all of the LPL - and Dennis Means of the UA Steward Observatory used the Steward Observatory's 1.5-meter telescope (61-inch) in the Santa Catalina Mountains north of Tucson and the 2.3-meter (90-inch) Bok Telescope on Kitt Peak to observe the moons for more precise information on their orbits.
Others doing this "recovery" work to help define the satellite orbits used the 4-meter Kitt Peak telescope, the 5-meter Palomar telescope and 2-to-3-meter class European telescopes.
The research is reported in the article, "Discovery of 12 satellites of Saturn exhibiting orbital clustering," in the July 12 Nature.
Astronomers in 1997 and 1999 discovered five irregular satellites around Uranus, and in 1999 - 2000 discovered another 12 irregular satellites around Jupiter, previously known to have eight. The UA Spacewatch on Kitt Peak discovered one of the new-found jovian moons.
Almost all of the irregulars discovered since 1997 cluster in easily discernible groupings, the astronomers note in their article.
"The difficult question is whether the disruptions occurred during the capture process itself when the planets formed long ago, or whether intact moons were captured at that time into orbits near the present grouping and these single moons were subsequently shattered and scattered by intruding comets or asteroids during the subsequent (more than 4-billion-year solar system history)," they wrote.
The most probable theory is that each cluster is the remains of a once-intact moon smashed by a collision sometime after the planets were formed, according to their analysis.
Saturn must have captured the original parent moons during planetary formation, as the objects passed through Saturn's surrounding proto-planetary gas cloud, Hergenrother said.
An alternative theory is that the moons were captured when Saturn suddenly increased in mass - in which case the moons would all be prograde, moving around the planet in the same direction as the planet moves around the sun.
"But we are seeing just as many retrograde as prograde irregular moons at Saturn," Hergenrother said. Objects captured as moons would move in either prograde or retograde orbits depending on their direction as they passed through and were slowed by proto-Saturn's gas cloud.
Satellites in orbital clusters could range in size from one to 100 kilometers in diameter, he added.
"Right now, we see irregular satellites as small as 3 kilometers around Saturn, but there may be many smaller than that. These may go on a continuum in size all the way down to the size of dust. "
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University Of Arizona.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.