In POSIX systems, a user can specify the time zone by means of the
TZ environment variable. For information about how to set
environment variables, see Environment Variables. The functions
for accessing the time zone are declared in time.h.
You should not normally need to set
TZ. If the system is
configured properly, the default time zone will be correct. You might
TZ if you are using a computer over a network from a
different time zone, and would like times reported to you in the time
zone local to you, rather than what is local to the computer.
In POSIX.1 systems the value of the
TZ variable can be in one of
three formats. With the GNU C Library, the most common format is the
last one, which can specify a selection from a large database of time
zone information for many regions of the world. The first two formats
are used to describe the time zone information directly, which is both
more cumbersome and less precise. But the POSIX.1 standard only
specifies the details of the first two formats, so it is good to be
familiar with them in case you come across a POSIX.1 system that doesn't
support a time zone information database.
The first format is used when there is no Daylight Saving Time (or summer time) in the local time zone:
The std string specifies the name of the time zone. It must be three or more characters long and must not contain a leading colon, embedded digits, commas, nor plus and minus signs. There is no space character separating the time zone name from the offset, so these restrictions are necessary to parse the specification correctly.
The offset specifies the time value you must add to the local time
to get a Coordinated Universal Time value. It has syntax like
is positive if the local time zone is west of the Prime Meridian and
negative if it is east. The hour must be between
23, and the minute and seconds between
For example, here is how we would specify Eastern Standard Time, but without any Daylight Saving Time alternative:
The second format is used when there is Daylight Saving Time:
std offset dst [offset]
The initial std and offset specify the standard time zone, as described above. The dst string and offset specify the name and offset for the corresponding Daylight Saving Time zone; if the offset is omitted, it defaults to one hour ahead of standard time.
The remainder of the specification describes when Daylight Saving Time is in effect. The start field is when Daylight Saving Time goes into effect and the end field is when the change is made back to standard time. The following formats are recognized for these fields:
365. February 29 is never counted, even in leap years.
365. February 29 is counted in leap years.
6. The week w must be between
1is the first week in which day d occurs, and week
5specifies the last d day in the month. The month m should be between
The time fields specify when, in the local time currently in
effect, the change to the other time occurs. If omitted, the default is
For example, here is how you would specify the Eastern time zone in the United States, including the appropriate Daylight Saving Time and its dates of applicability. The normal offset from UTC is 5 hours; since this is west of the prime meridian, the sign is positive. Summer time begins on the first Sunday in April at 2:00am, and ends on the last Sunday in October at 2:00am.
The schedule of Daylight Saving Time in any particular jurisdiction has changed over the years. To be strictly correct, the conversion of dates and times in the past should be based on the schedule that was in effect then. However, this format has no facilities to let you specify how the schedule has changed from year to year. The most you can do is specify one particular schedule—usually the present day schedule—and this is used to convert any date, no matter when. For precise time zone specifications, it is best to use the time zone information database (see below).
The third format looks like this:
Each operating system interprets this format differently; in the GNU C Library, characters is the name of a file which describes the time zone.
TZ environment variable does not have a value, the
operation chooses a time zone by default. In the GNU C Library, the
default time zone is like the specification ‘TZ=:/etc/localtime’
(or ‘TZ=:/usr/local/etc/localtime’, depending on how the GNU C Library
was configured; see Installation). Other C libraries use their own
rule for choosing the default time zone, so there is little we can say
If characters begins with a slash, it is an absolute file name; otherwise the library looks for the file /share/lib/zoneinfo/characters. The zoneinfo directory contains data files describing local time zones in many different parts of the world. The names represent major cities, with subdirectories for geographical areas; for example, America/New_York, Europe/London, Asia/Hong_Kong. These data files are installed by the system administrator, who also sets /etc/localtime to point to the data file for the local time zone. The GNU C Library comes with a large database of time zone information for most regions of the world, which is maintained by a community of volunteers and put in the public domain.