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Is there any circumstance in which the measured potential difference between the terminals of a battery exceeds the open circuit emf of the battery?
That's interesting. Can you give me an example of when this might happen?
Sure, let's say you have a battery with an EMF of 12 volts and an internal resistance of 1 ohm. If you connect a load with a higher resistance than the internal resistance of the battery, the measured potential difference across the load can be greater than the open circuit EMF of the battery.