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What is internal energy? How is the formula for this determined?
Okay, and how is the formula for internal energy determined?
The formula for internal energy is determined by adding up the kinetic and potential energy of all the particles in the substance. The formula is usually written as U = E_kinetic + E_potential, where U is the internal energy, E_kinetic is the kinetic energy of the particles, and E_potential is the potential energy due to intermolecular forces.