text:                                                               [DO NOT PUBLISH]
  
                 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
  
                          FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                            ________________________                    FILED
                                                              U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                   No. 04-15740
                                                                   November 28, 2005
                               Non-Argument Calendar             THOMAS K. KAHN
                             ________________________                CLERK
  
                      D. C. Docket No. 04-00077-CR-T-25-MSS
  
  UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
  
  
                                                                    Plaintiff-Appellee,
  
                                        versus
  
  EMILIO SANCHEZ CIFUENTES,
  
                                                                Defendant-Appellant.
  
  
                             ________________________
  
                     Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Middle District of Florida
                          _________________________
                               (November 28, 2005)
  
  
  Before BIRCH, CARNES and PRYOR, Circuit Judges.
  
  PER CURIAM:
  
        Emilio Sanchez Cifuentes appeals his 135-month sentence for conspiracy to
  
  possess with intent to distribute five kilograms or more of cocaine while onboard a
  vessel subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, in violation of 46 U.S.C.
  
  § 1903(a), (g), (j) and 21 U.S.C. § 960(b)(1)(B)(ii). We REMAND for
  
  resentencing and DISMISS as to his sentence appeal waiver.
  
                                   I. BACKGROUND
  
        In February, 2004, several individuals, including Cifuentes, departed
  
  Colombia on a fishing vessel bearing the Colombian flag with the intention of
  
  smuggling a load of cocaine. On or about 21 February 2004, a United States
  
  aircraft spotted the boat approximately 432 nautical miles south of Acapulco,
  
  Mexico. A United States Coast Guard cutter intercepted the boat, which was
  
  boarded. In accordance with a bilateral agreement with the Colombian
  
  government, law enforcement agents searched the boat. Concealed in a hidden
  
  compartment, they found 214 bales of cocaine, weighing a total of 4,853
  
  kilograms.
  
        Subsequently, Cifuentes was one of fourteen men named in a two-count
  
  indictment. He and the others were charged with violation of 46 U.S.C. § 1903 (a),
  
  (g), and (j) and 21 U.S.C. § 960(b)(1)(B)(ii) (Count One) and 46 U.S.C. § 1903 (a)
  
  and (g), 18 U.S.C. § 2, and 21 U.S.C. § 960(b)(1)(B)(ii) (Count Two). The
  
  indictment also included a forfeiture provision.
  
        Appearing before a magistrate judge at his change-of-plea hearing,
  
  
  
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  Cifuentes, using an interpreter, agreed to plead guilty to Count One of the
  
  indictment pursuant to a written plea agreement. As part of the plea agreement, the
  
  government promised to move for dismissal of Count Two at the time of
  
  sentencing.1 R2 at 11. The plea agreement contained a provision titled “Appeal of
  
  Sentence; Waiver,” which stated:
  
        The defendant understands and acknowledges that defendant’s
        sentence will be determined and imposed in conformance with the
        Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 and the federal sentencing
        guidelines. Defendant is also aware that a sentence imposed under the
        sentencing guidelines does not provide for parole. Knowing these
        facts, the defendant agrees that this Court has jurisdiction and
        authority to impose any sentence up to the statutory maximum set
        forth for the offense and pursuant to the sentencing guidelines and
        expressly waives the right to appeal defendant’s sentence, directly or
        collaterally, on any ground . . . except for an upward departure by the
        sentencing judge, a sentence above the statutory maximum, or a
        sentence in violation of the law apart from the sentencing guidelines;
        provided, however, that if the government exercises its right to appeal
        the sentence imposed, . . . the defendant is released from this waiver . .
        ..
  
  R1-134 at 13.
  
        During the plea colloquy, the magistrate judge informed Cifuentes that his
  
  plea agreement contained a sentence appeal wavier. R2 at 18. The magistrate
  
  judge explained to Cifuentes that, by signing the plea agreement, he was giving up
  
  his right to file an appeal except in “very limited circumstances.” Id. The
  
  
  
        1
            The district court did formally dismiss Count Two at the sentencing hearing. R3 at 9.
  
                                                   3
  magistrate judge informed Cifuentes that he could file an appeal only if: (1) the
  
  government filed an appeal, (2) the court imposed a sentence in excess of the
  
  statutory or Sentencing Guidelines maximum, (3) the sentence was in violation of
  
  the law apart from the Sentencing Guidelines, or (4) the issue was raised under
  
  Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 124 S.Ct. 2531 (2004).2 Id. at 18-19.
  
          The magistrate judge also asked Cifuentes if he understood that, outside of
  
  these limited circumstances, the appeals court in all likelihood would reject the
  
  appeal without reaching the merits because of his waiver, to which Cifuentes
  
  replied, “Yes.” Id. at 19. To confirm this, the magistrate judge asked Cifuentes if
  
  he understood his right to file an appeal, to which Cifuentes replied, “Yes.” Id. at
  
  20. The magistrate judge then proceeded to ask him if he had “voluntarily
  
  waive[d] that right as agreed to in this plea agreement?” Cifuentes again replied in
  
  the affirmative. Id. The magistrate judge then entered a report and
  
  recommendation recommending that the district court accept the plea agreement.
  
  Pursuant to the report and recommendation, the district court accepted the guilty
  
  plea.
  
          The Presentence Investigation Report (“PSI”) calculated a base offense level
  
  
  
          2
          The government stated on the record that it did not intend to have Cifuentes waive any
  issues with respect to Blakely. R2 at 9. The government did not foresee any Blakely or
  enhancement issues in the case. Id.
  
                                                4
  of 38, a two-level decrease for meeting the safety-valve provisions, a two-level
  
  reduction for acceptance of responsibility, and a one-level reduction for a timely
  
  guilty plea, for a total offense level of 33. Cifuentes’s criminal history category
  
  was I, and the PSI calculated a sentence between 135 to 168 months of
  
  imprisonment. Cifuentes did not object to any of the PSI’s calculations.
  
        Even though Cifuentes had not objected to the PSI’s failure to recommend a
  
  minor-role reduction, at the sentencing hearing the district judge stated for the
  
  record that it would have overruled any such objection in light of the controlling
  
  law and the quantity of drugs involved. R3 at 4-5. As to the length of the
  
  sentence, the court stated that it intended to treat Cifuentes the same as the other
  
  codefendants with the same offense level and criminal history category who pled
  
  “straight up,” by sentencing him to the low end of the Sentencing Guidelines
  
  range. Id. at 6. When asked if he had anything to say in mitigation, Cifuentes
  
  asked the court to sentence him between zero and life without regard to the
  
  Sentencing Guidelines and the minimum mandatory based on 18 U.S.C. § 3553,
  
  citing to Blakely. Id. In response the following exchange occurred:
  
                THE COURT: No, you have to make the motion, you never
        know what is going to happen. I’ll deny – I’m going to – to the extent
        that is a motion, I will deny it.
                As we all know, the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals has
        weighed in on the Blakely controversy, held in United States versus
        Reese the Federal Sentencing Guidelines were not affected by
  
                                             5
        Blakely, although it’s interesting. They say the District Courts may
        consider doing something differently, but they didn’t tell us what it
        was we should be doing, and I don’t know.
  
              MR. SMITH [Cifunetes’s attorney]: I’m asking that he be
        sentenced between zero to life.
  
               THE COURT: Well, let me ask you, what if I give him more
        than 135 months and held the guidelines unconstitutional; what then?
        Is he stuck with that?
  
             MR. SMITH: Probably would be. I don’t think he merits 135
        months based upon his conduct.
  
             THE COURT: Well, I decline to do that. If the United States
        Supreme Court in their infinite wisdom say the guidelines are
        unconstitutional, we’ll just deal with these cases again, that’s all.
  
  Id. at 6-7. At the conclusion of the hearing, the court sentenced Cifuentes to 135
  
  months of imprisonment followed by a three-year term of supervised release. Id. at
  
  8. The court also informed Cifuentes that there was a waiver-of-appeal provision
  
  in his plea agreement, and, to the extent his plea agreement allowed it, he would
  
  have to file any appeal within ten days from the judgment or he would waive any
  
  right to appeal. Id. at 9-10.
  
        On appeal, Cifuentes argues that, because he was sentenced pursuant to a
  
  mandatory sentencing scheme, his case should be remanded to the district court for
  
  resentencing. He also argues that the district court erred in finding that he was not
  
  a minor or minimal participant in the offense for purposes of applying U.S.S.G.
  
  
  
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  § 3B1.2. The government concedes that remand is necessary to correct the
  
  application of the Sentencing Guidelines as mandatory but argues that we should
  
  dismiss the appeal as to the mitigating-role reduction because the claim is barred
  
  by Cifuentes’s valid sentence-appeal waiver.
  
                                    II. DISCUSSION
  
  A. Statutory Booker Error
  
         Because of the mandatory nature of the Sentencing Guidelines, Cifuentes
  
  argues that the district court was unable to sentence him in accordance with the
  
  statutory dictates of 18 U.S.C. § 3553. If it had not been for the mandatory nature
  
  of the Sentencing Guidelines, Cifuentes asserts that the court might have taken into
  
  consideration a multitude of factors about his life, such as his impoverished
  
  lifestyle, in fashioning a reasonable sentence. Moreover, if it had not been for the
  
  mandatory nature of the Sentencing Guidelines, Cifuentes contends that the court
  
  would have been able to consider the full extent of his cooperation and role in the
  
  offense, which might have resulted in a lesser sentence. He further contends that,
  
  in light of the court’s statements at sentencing, the government will not be able to
  
  show that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
  
        In Apprendi v. New Jersey, the Supreme Court held that “[o]ther than the
  
  fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the
  
  
  
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  prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a
  
  reasonable doubt.” 530 U.S. 466, 490, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 2362-63 (2000). In
  
  Blakely, the Supreme Court reversed an upward departure imposed under the State
  
  of Washington’s sentencing guidelines based solely on judicial factfinding and
  
  clarified “that the ‘statutory maximum’ for Apprendi purposes is the maximum
  
  sentence a judge may impose solely on the basis of the facts reflected in the jury
  
  verdict or admitted by the defendant.” 542 U.S. at ___, 124 S.Ct. at 2537. In a
  
  footnote, however, the Court explicitly remarked that “[t]he Federal Guidelines are
  
  not before us, and we express no opinion on them.” Id. at ___ n.9, 124 S.Ct. at
  
  2538 n.9.
  
        Resolving a constitutional question left open in Blakely, the Court held in
  
  United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. __, 125 S.Ct. 738 (2005), that the mandatory
  
  nature of the Federal Guidelines rendered them incompatible with the Sixth
  
  Amendment’s guarantee to the right to a jury trial. Id. at __ , 125 S.Ct. at 749-51.
  
  In a second and separate majority opinion, the Court in Booker concluded that, to
  
  best preserve Congress’s intent in enacting the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984, the
  
  appropriate remedy was to “excise” two statutes: (1) 18 U.S.C. § 3553(b)(1),
  
  requiring a sentence within the Sentencing Guidelines range, absent a departure,
  
  and (2) 18 U.S.C. § 3742(e), establishing standards of review on appeal, including
  
  
  
                                            8
  de novo review of departures from the applicable guideline range, effectively
  
  rendering the Sentencing Guidelines advisory only. Id. at ___, 125 S.Ct. at 764.
  
  The Supreme Court noted, however, that courts must continue to consult the
  
  Sentencing Guidelines, “together with other sentencing goals.” Id.
  
         We have clarified that there are two types of Booker error: (1) Sixth
  
  Amendment error based upon sentencing enhancements neither admitted by the
  
  defendant nor submitted to a jury and proved beyond a reasonable doubt; and
  
  (2) statutory error based upon sentencing under a mandatory guidelines system.
  
  United States v. Shelton, 400 F.3d 1325, 1330-31 (11th Cir. 2005). “Where there
  
  is a timely objection, we review the defendant’s Booker claim in order to
  
  determine whether the error was harmless.”3 United States v. Mathenia, 409 F.3d
  
  1289, 1291 (11th Cir. 2005) (per curiam). We have explained that “[t]here are two
  
  harmless error standards. One of them applies to Booker constitutional errors, the
  
  other to Booker statutory errors.” Id. “[C]onstitutional errors are harmless where
  
  the government can show, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the error did not
  
  contribute to the defendant’s ultimate sentence. Booker statutory errors, on the
  
  other hand, are subject to the less demanding test that is applicable to non-
  
  constitutional errors.” Id. at 1291-92 (citation omitted). We further explained:
  
  
         3
           We review this issue despite the fact that Cifuentes executed a sentence appeal waiver
  because the government assented that any Blakely argument was not waived.
  
                                                9
        A non-constitutional error is harmless if, viewing the proceedings in
        their entirety, a court determines that the error did not affect the
        sentence, or had but very slight effect. If one can say with fair
        assurance that the sentence was not substantially swayed by the error,
        the sentence is due to be affirmed even though there was error.
  
  Id. at 1292 (citations, alterations, and omissions omitted). Nonetheless, we have
  
  stated that “[t]he non-constitutional harmless error standard is not easy for the
  
  government to meet. Id.
  
        The district judge in this case stated: “If the United States Supreme Court in
  
  their infinite wisdom say the guidelines are unconstitutional, we’ll just deal with
  
  these cases again, that’s all.” R3 at 7. Based on this statement, we cannot say with
  
  fair assurance that the sentence was not substantially swayed by the error. See
  
  Mathenia, 409 F.3d at 1292. Accordingly, the government cannot carry its burden
  
  of showing that the statutory error was harmless, as it has conceded. Therefore, we
  
  vacate and remand for resentencing for the sole purpose of having the district court
  
  apply the Sentencing Guidelines in an advisory fashion in accordance with Booker.
  
  B. Sentence Appeal Waiver
  
        Cifuentes argues that the district court erred in finding that he was not a
  
  minimal or minor participant in the offense. He contends that the court focused on
  
  the amount of cocaine involved to the exclusion of other mitigating factors. He
  
  notes that our court in United States v. DeVaron, 175 F.3d 930 (11 th Cir. 1999) (en
  
  
  
                                            10
  banc), does not preclude an individual engaged in the transport of drugs from
  
  receiving a minor-role adjustment. Cifuentes distinguishes himself from the
  
  courier in De Varon because he was a low-level crew member with no authority
  
  who had no role in planning the operation nor any equity interest in the drugs.
  
  Because of his lack of authority and his status as a low-level crewman, Cifuentes
  
  argues that he was less culpable than many of those involved in the conspiracy and,
  
  thus, the court erred when it did not grant him a minor-role reduction. Cifuentes
  
  does not argue concerning the implications of his sentence appeal waiver on this
  
  issue.
  
           We review the provisions of a sentence appeal waiver de novo. United
  
  States v. Weaver, 275 F.3d 1320, 1333 n. 21 (11th Cir. 2001). We have recognized
  
  that “[p]lea bargains . . . are like contracts and should be interpreted in accord with
  
  what the parties intended.” United States v. Rubbo, 396 F.3d 1330, 1334 (11th
  
  Cir. 2005), cert. denied, 2005 WL 2493867 (U.S. Oct. 11, 2005) (No. 04-1663).
  
  “‘Waiver will be enforced if the government demonstrates either: (1) the district
  
  court specifically questioned the defendant about the waiver during the plea
  
  colloquy, or (2) the record clearly shows that the defendant otherwise understood
  
  the full significance of the waiver.’” United States v. Grinard-Henry, 399 F.3d
  
  1294, 1296 (11th Cir.) (per curiam), cert. denied, __ U.S. __, 125 S.Ct. 2279
  
  
  
                                             11
  (2005). Moreover, “[a]n appeal wavier includes the wavier of the right to appeal
  
  difficult or debatable legal issues or even blatant error.” Id.
  
        Cifuentes knowingly and voluntarily waived his right to appeal the district
  
  court’s Sentencing Guidelines determinations. By arguing that the district court
  
  should have found him to be a minimal or minor participant, Cifuentes is appealing
  
  the district court’s application of the Sentencing Guidelines, which the waiver
  
  explicitly prohibits. It is apparent from the record that the magistrate judge
  
  specifically questioned Cifuentes about the waiver during the plea colloquy.
  
  Furthermore, based on Cifuentes’s answers to the magistrate’s questions, he fully
  
  understood the significance of the waiver. Accordingly, we dismiss Cifuentes’s
  
  appeal as it relates to issue of whether he was a minimal or minor participant.
  
                                   III. CONCLUSION
  
        Cifuentes has appealed his 135-month sentence for conspiracy to possess
  
  with intent to distribute five kilograms or more of cocaine while onboard a vessel
  
  subject to the jurisdiction of the United States based on Booker and sentence
  
  appeal waiver. As we have explained, Cifuentes’s sentence is VACATED, and he
  
  will be sentenced in accordance with Booker on remand. Additionally, the issue he
  
  raises on appeal concerning his sentence appeal waiver is DISMISSED.
  
  VACATED AND REMANDED in part, DISMISSED in part.
  
  
  
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