text: Scientific American
  
  Scientific American (informally abbreviated SciAm or sometimes SA) is an American popular science magazine. Many famous scientists, including Albert Einstein, have contributed articles to it. It is the oldest continuously published monthly magazine in the United States (though it only became monthly in 1921).
  
  History
  Scientific American was founded by inventor and publisher Rufus M. Porter in 1845 as a four-page weekly newspaper. Throughout its early years, much emphasis was placed on reports of what was going on at the U.S. Patent Office. It also reported on a broad range of inventions including perpetual motion machines, an 1860 device for buoying vessels by Abraham Lincoln, and the universal joint which now can be found in nearly every automobile manufactured. Current issues include a "this date in history" section, featuring excerpts from articles originally published 50, 100, and 150 years earlier. Topics include humorous incidents, wrong-headed theories, and noteworthy advances in the history of science and technology.
  
  Porter sold the publication to Alfred Ely Beach and Orson Desaix Munn a mere ten months after founding it. Until 1948, it remained owned by Munn & Company. Under Munn's grandson, Orson Desaix Munn III, it had evolved into something of a "workbench" publication, similar to the twentieth-century incarnation of Popular Science.
  
  In the years after World War II, the magazine fell into decline. In 1948, three partners who were planning on starting a new popular science magazine, to be called The Sciences, purchased the assets of the old Scientific American instead and put its name on the designs they had created for their new magazine. Thus the partnerspublisher Gerard Piel, editor Dennis Flanagan, and general manager Donald H. Miller, Jr.essentially created a new magazine. Miller retired in 1979, Flanagan and Piel in 1984, when Gerard Piel's son Jonathan became president and editor; circulation had grown fifteen-fold since 1948. In 1986, it was sold to the Holtzbrinck group of Germany, which has owned it since.
  
  In the fall of 2008, Scientific American was put under the control of Nature Publishing Group, a division of Holtzbrinck.
  
  Donald Miller died in December 1998, Gerard Piel in September 2004 and Dennis Flanagan in January 2005. Mariette DiChristina became editor-in-chief after John Rennie stepped down in June 2009, and stepped down herself in September 2019.
  
  International editions
  
  Scientific American published its first foreign edition in 1890, the Spanish-language La America Cientifica. Publication was suspended in 1905, and another 63 years would pass before another foreign-language edition appeared: In 1968, an Italian edition, Le Scienze, was launched, and a Japanese edition, , followed three years later. A new Spanish edition, Investigación y Ciencia was launched in Spain in 1976, followed by a French edition, , in France in 1977, and a German edition, , in Germany in 1978. A Russian edition V Mire Nauki was launched in the Soviet Union in 1983, and continues in the present-day Russian Federation. Kexue (科学, "Science" in Chinese), a simplified Chinese edition launched in 1979, was the first Western magazine published in the People's Republic of China. Founded in Chongqing, the simplified Chinese magazine was transferred to Beijing in 2001. Later in 2005, a newer edition, Global Science (环球科学), was published instead of Kexue, which shut down due to financial problems. A traditional Chinese edition, known as , was introduced to Taiwan in 2002. The Hungarian edition Tudomány existed between 1984 and 1992. In 1986, an Arabic edition, , was published. In 2002, a Portuguese edition was launched in Brazil.
  
  Today, Scientific American publishes 18 foreign-language editions around the globe: Arabic, Brazilian Portuguese, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, Czech, Dutch, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Lithuanian (discontinued after 15 issues), Polish, Romanian, Russian, and Spanish.
  
  From 1902 to 1911, Scientific American supervised the publication of the Encyclopedia Americana, which during some of that period was known as The Americana.
  
  First issue
  
  It originally styled itself "The Advocate of Industry and Enterprise" and "Journal of Mechanical and other Improvements". On the front page of the first issue was the engraving of "Improved Rail-Road Cars". The masthead had a commentary as follows:
  
  The commentary under the illustration gives the flavor of its style at the time:
  
  Also in the first issue is commentary on Signor Muzio Muzzi's proposed device for aerial navigation.
  
  Editors
   Rufus M. Porter (1792–1884), first editor (1845-1847)
   Orson Desaix Munn (1824-1907), second editor (1847-1907) 
   Charles Allen Munn (1859-1924), third editor (1907–1924)
   Orson Desaix Munn II (1883-1958), fourth editor (1924-1947)
   Dennis Flanagan (1919–2005), fifth editor (1947-1984).
   Jonathan Piel, sixth editor June 1984 through August 1994
   John Rennie, seventh editor-in-chief, 1994–2009
   Mariette DiChristina, eighth editor-in-chief, appointed December 2009
  
  Special issues
   Communications, Computers, and Networks - September 1991
  
  Scientific American 50 award
  The Scientific American 50 award was started in 2002 to recognize contributions to science and technology during the magazine's previous year. The magazine's 50 awards cover many categories including agriculture, communications, defence, environment, and medical diagnostics. The complete list of each year's winners appear in the December issue of the magazine, as well as on the magazine's web site.
  
  Website
  In March 1996, Scientific American launched its own website that includes articles from current and past issues, online-only features, daily news, weird science, special reports, trivia, "Scidoku" and more. The website introduced a paywall in April 2019, with readers able to view a few articles for free each month.
  
  Columns
  Notable features have included:
   Martin Gardner's Mathematical Games column
   Douglas Hofstadter's Metamagical Themas
   The Amateur Scientist column
   A.K. Dewdney's Computer Recreations column
   Michael Shermer's Skeptic column
  
  Television
  From 1990 to 2005 Scientific American produced a television program on PBS called Scientific American Frontiers with hosts Woodie Flowers and Alan Alda.
  
  Books
  From 1983 to 1997, Scientific American has produced an encyclopedia set of volumes from their publishing division, the Scientific American Library.  These books were not sold in retail stores, but as a Book of the Month Club selection priced from $24.95 to $32.95. Topics covered dozens of areas of scientific knowledge and included in-depth essays on: The Animal Mind; Atmosphere, Climate, and Change; Beyond the Third Dimension; Cosmic Clouds; Cycles of Life • Civilization and the Biosphere; The Discovery Of Subatomic Particles; Diversity and the Tropical Rain Forest; Earthquakes and Geological Discovery; Exploring Planetary Worlds; Gravity's Fatal Attraction; Fire; Fossils And The History Of Life; From Quarks to the Cosmos; A Guided Tour Of The Living Cell; Human Diversity; Perception; The Solar System; Sun and Earth; The Science of Words (Linguistics); The Science Of Musical Sound; The Second Law (of Thermodynamics); Stars; Supercomputing and the Transformation of Science.
  
  Scientific American launched a publishing imprint in 2010 in partnership with Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
  
    A "collection of updated or adapted Scientific American articles and shorter pieces... ". According to editor Andrea Gawrylewski 'The reader will quickly notice a common theme. ... there really is no debate where the science is concerned'". Contributors include Seth Shostak, Paul Offit, Richard Dawkins and Harriet Hall.
  
  Scientific and political debate
  In April 1950, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission ordered Scientific American to cease publication of an issue containing an article by Hans Bethe that appeared to reveal classified information about the thermonuclear hydrogen bomb. Subsequent review of the material determined that the AEC had overreacted. The incident was important for the "new" Scientific Americans history, as the AEC's decision to burn 3000 copies of an early press-run of the magazine containing the offending material appeared to be "book burning in a free society" when publisher Gerard Piel leaked the incident to the press.
  
  In its January 2002 issue, Scientific American published a series of criticisms of the Bjørn Lomborg book The Skeptical Environmentalist. Cato Institute fellow Patrick J. Michaels said the attacks came because the book "threatens billions of taxpayer dollars that go into the global change kitty every year." Journalist Ronald Bailey called the criticism "disturbing" and "dishonest", writing, "The subhead of the review section, 'Science defends itself against The Skeptical Environmentalist,' gives the show away: Religious and political views need to defend themselves against criticism, but science is supposed to be a process for determining the facts."
  
  The May 2007 issue featured a column by Michael Shermer calling for a United States pullout from the Iraq War. In response, Wall Street Journal online columnist James Taranto jokingly called Scientific American "a liberal political magazine".
  
  The publisher was criticized in 2009 when it notified collegiate libraries that yearly subscription prices for the magazine would increase by nearly 500% for print and 50% for online access to $1500 yearly.
  
  An editorial in the September 2016 issue of Scientific American attacked U.S. presidential candidate Donald Trump for alleged "anti-science" attitudes and rhetoric. This marked the first time that the publication forayed into commenting on U.S. presidential politics.
  
  Awards
   2010: IQ Award for the German edition Spektrum der Wissenschaft
  
  Top 10 Science Stories of the Year2011: The Japan Tsunami and Nuclear Crisis
  Technology Fuels the Arab Spring
  Faster-Than-Light Neutrinos?
  Record-Setting Extreme Weather
  A Hint of Higgs
  The End of the Space Shuttle Program
  The Death of Steve Jobs
  Gene Therapy Makes a Comeback
  The Sun Sets on Solyndra
  IBM's Watson Computer Wins on Jeopardy!2012: Sandy Devastates the U.S. Northeastern Coast
  The Higgs Boson Is Detected
  NASA's Curiosity Rover Lands on Mars
  Publication of the ENCODE Encyclopedia: A Milestone in Genome Research
  "Obamacare" (Mostly) Upheld by Supreme Court
  Record Meltdown of Arctic Sea Ice
  Pandemic Avian Flu Genes Made Public
  Bold, Private Efforts Step into Roles Vacated by NASA
  Starvation Diet Fails to Boost Longevity
  Daredevils Reach New Highs and Lows2013: U.S. Sequestration: A Body Blow to Science
  Atmospheric CO2 Reaches a Historical High: 400 Parts per Million
  Meteor Explodes over Chelyabinsk, Russia
  Typhoon Haiyan, the Strongest Storm Known to Make Landfall
  Recovery of Oldest Human DNA
  The First Neutrinos from Outside the Solar System
  Confirmed: Fracking and Related Operations Cause Earthquakes
  Gene Therapy Achieves Major Success
  Drones Fly Toward Wide Commercial Use, Raising New Concerns
  Moon Shot to the Head: Global Initiatives Target the Brain2014: The Ebola Outbreak
  First Touchdown on a Comet
  U.S. and China in Historic Climate Deal
  Big Bang Gravitational Waves—or Not
  Worst Drought in Millennium Hits California
  Catastrophes Tarnish Commercial Spaceflight
  Botched Handling of Deadly Germs at U.S. Labs
  First Synthetic Chromosome of Yeast Made
  Cyber Attacks Spell the End of Magnetic-Stripe Credit Cards
  Symbolic Thought Shown to Exist in Other Human Species2015:''' Year of the Dwarf Planets and New Views of Mars
  The CRISPR Revolution Gains Momentum
  Massive Data Breach Highlights Widespread Cybersecurity
  Record Climate Change
  Newly Discovered Human Raises Questions about our Past
  Advances in Concussion Science
  Volkswagen Sabotages "Clean" Diesel
  A Century of General Relativity
  Drones Fly onto Regulators' Radar
  New Discoveries about The Immune System Impacts the Brain (Tie) 
  The Uncharted Territory of Ebola (Tie)Controversy
  In 2013, Danielle N. Lee, a female scientist who blogged at Scientific American, was called a "whore" in an email by an editor at the science website Biology Online after refusing to write professional content without compensation. When Lee, outraged about the email, wrote a rebuttal on her Scientific American blog, the editor-in-chief of Scientific American, Mariette DiChristina, removed the post, sparking an outrage by supporters of Lee. While DiChristina cited legal reasons for removing the blog, others criticized her for censoring Lee. The editor at Biology Online was fired after the incident.
  
  The controversy widened in the ensuing days. The magazine's blog editor, Bora Zivkovic, was the subject of allegations of sexual harassment by another blogger, Monica Byrne. Although the alleged incident had occurred about a year earlier, editor Mariette DiChristina informed readers that the incident had been investigated and resolved to Ms. Byrne's satisfaction. However, the incident involving Dr. Lee had prompted Ms. Byrne to reveal the identity of Zivkovic, following the latter's support of Dr. Lee. Zivkovic responded on Twitter and his own blog, admitting the incident with Ms. Byrne had taken place. His blog post apologized to Ms. Byrne, and referred to the incident as "singular", stating that his behavior was not "engaged in before or since."
  
  Due to the allegations, Zivkovic resigned from the board of Science Online, the popular science blogging conference that he helped establish. Following Zivkovic's admission, several prominent female bloggers, including other bloggers for the magazine, wrote their own accounts that contradicted Zivkovic's assertions, alleging additional incidents of sexual harassment. A day after these new revelations, Zivkovic resigned his position at Scientific American, according to a press release from the magazine.
  
  See also
   Albert Graham Ingalls, former editor and author of an amateur astronomy column
   New Scientist Scientific American Mind Discover (magazine)
   American Scientist 14145 Sciam, asteroid named after Scientific AmericanReferences
  Specific
  
  General
  
  External links
  
   Online edition of Scientific American with partially free access to the current issue
   Online archive (not free) of the issues from 1993 to the present
   Online archive of the issues before 1930, with indices
   Online archive of Scientific American between 1846 and 1869, from Cornell University
   Online archive of Series 1 of Scientific American between 1845 and 1859 (Volumes 1 - 14)
   Online archive of Series 2 of Scientific American'' between 1859 and 1861 (Volumes 1 - 4)
   Online archive of the covers of more than a thousand issues from circa 1872 to 1931
   
   
  
   
  Category:1845 establishments in the United States
  Category:American monthly magazines
  Category:Magazines published in New York City
  Category:Magazines established in 1845
  Category:American science and technology magazines
  Category:Popular science magazines
  Category:Websites utilizing paywalls