text: Phosphonate mediated surface reaction and reorganization: implications for the mechanism controlling cement hydration inhibition.
  Vertical scanning interferometry and XPS show the reaction of CaCO3 with the hydration retarder nitrilo-tris-(methylene)phosphonic acid follows a pathway of dissolution of the calcium followed by precipitation of a calcium phosphonate; subsequent surface reorganization/restructuring of the calcium phosphonate exposes the underlying CaCO3 for further hydration.