text: Abanindranath Tagore
  
  Abanindranath Tagore  (অবনীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর)  (7 August 1871 – 5 December 1951) was the principal artist and creator of the "Indian Society of Oriental Art". He was also the first major exponent of Swadeshi values in Indian art, thereby founding the influential Bengal school of art, which led to the development of modern Indian painting He was also a noted writer, particularly for children. Popularly known as 'Aban Thakur', his books Rajkahini, Budo Angla, Nalak, and Khirer Putul are landmarks in Bengali language children's literature.
  
  Tagore sought to modernise Mughal and Rajput styles to counter the influence of Western models of art, as taught in art schools under the British Raj. Along with other artists from the Bengal school of art, Tagore advocated for a nationalistic Indian art derived from Indian art history, drawing inspiration from the Ajanta Caves. Tagore's work was so successful that it was eventually accepted and promoted as a national Indian style within British art institutions.
  
  Personal life and background
  
  Abanindranath Tagore was born in Jorasanko, Calcutta, British India, to Gunendranath Tagore and Saudamini Tagore. His grandfather was Girindranath Tagore, the second son of "Prince" Dwarkanath Tagore. He was a member of the distinguished Tagore family, and a nephew of the poet Rabindranath Tagore. His grandfather and his elder brother, Gaganendranath Tagore, were also artists.
  
  Tagore learned art when studying at Sanskrit College, Kolkata in the 1880s. In 1890, around the age of twenty years, Abanindranath attended the Calcutta School of Art where he learnt to use pastels from O. Ghilardi, and oil painting from Charles Palmer, European painters who taught in that institution.
  
  In 1889, he married Suhasini Devi, daughter of Bhujagendra Bhusan Chatterjee, a descendant of Prasanna Coomar Tagore. At this time he left the Sanskrit College after nine years of study and studied English as a special student at St. Xavier's College, which he attended for about a year and a half.
  
  He had a sister, Sunayani Devi.
  
  Painting career
  
  Early life
  In the early 1890s several illustrations were published in Sadhana magazine, and in Chitrangada, and other works by Rabindranath Tagore. He also illustrated his own books.About the year 1897 he took lessons from the vice-principal of the Government School of Art, studying in the traditional European academic manner, learning the full range of techniques, but with a particular interest in watercolour. At this time he began to come under the influence of Mughal art, making a number of works based on the life of Krishna in a Mughal-influenced style. After meeting E. B. Havell, Tagore worked with him to revitalise and redefine art teaching at the Calcutta School of art, a project also supported by his brother Gaganendranath, who set up the Indian Society of Oriental Art.
  
  Tagore believed in the traditional Indian techniques of painting. His philosophy rejected the "materialistic" art of the west and came back to Indian traditional art forms. He was influenced by the Mughal school of painting as well as Whistler's Aestheticism. In his later works, Tagore started integrating Chinese and Japanese calligraphic traditions into his style.
  
  Later career
  
  Tagore believed that Western art was "materialistic" in character, and that India needed to return to its own traditions to recover spiritual values. Despite its Indocentric nationalism, this view was already commonplace within British art of the time, stemming from the ideas of the Pre-Raphaelites. Tagore's work also shows the influence of Whistler's Aestheticism. Partly for this reason many British arts administrators were sympathetic to such ideas, especially as Hindu philosophy was becoming increasingly influential in the West following the spread of the Theosophy movement. Tagore believed that Indian traditions could be adapted to express these new values, and to promote a progressive Indian national culture.
  
  His finest achievement however was the Arabian Night's series which was painted in 1930. In these paintings he uses the Arabian Nights stories as a trope for looking at colonial Calcutta and picturing its emergent cosmopolitanism.
  
  With the success of Tagore's ideas, he came into contact with other Asian cultural figures, such as the Japanese art historian Okakura Kakuzō and the Japanese painter Yokoyama Taikan, whose work was comparable to his own. In his later work, he began to incorporate elements of Chinese and Japanese calligraphic traditions into his art, seeking to construct a model for a modern pan-Asian artistic tradition which would merge the common aspects of Eastern spiritual and artistic culture.
  
  His close students included Nandalal Bose, Samarendranath Gupta, Kshitindranath Majumdar, Surendranath Ganguly, Asit Kumar Haldar, Sarada Ukil, Kalipada Ghoshal , Manishi Dey, Mukul Dey, K. Venkatappa and Ranada Ukil.
  
  For Abanindranath, the house he grew up in (5 Dwarakanath Tagore Lane) and its companion house (6 Dwarakanath Tagore Lane) connected two cultural worlds – 'white town' (where the British colonizers lived) and 'black town' (where the natives lived). According to architectural historian Swati Chattopadhay, Abanindranath "used the Bengali meaning of the word, Jorasanko – 'double bridge' to develop this idea in the form of a mythical map of the city. The map is, indeed, not of Calcutta, but an imaginary city, Halisahar, and is the central guide in a children's story Putur Boi (Putu's Book). The nineteenth-century place names of Calcutta, however, appear on this map, thus suggesting we read this imaginary city with the colonial city as a frame of reference. The map uses the structure of a board game—golokdham—and shows a city divided along a main artery; on one side a lion-gate leads to the Lal-Dighi in the middle of which is the 'white island.'
  
  Abanindranath maintained throughout his life a long friendship with the London-based artist, author, and eventual president of London's Royal College of Art William Rothenstein.  Arriving in the autumn of 1910, Rothenstein spent almost a year surveying India's cultural and religious sites, including the ancient Buddhist caves of Ajanta; the Jain carvings of Gwalior; and the Hindu panoply of Benares.  He ended up in Calcutta, where he drew and painted with Abanindranath and his students, attempting to absorb elements of Bengal School style into his own practice.
  
  However limited Rothenstein's experiments with the styles of early Modernist Indian painting were, the friendship between him and Abanindranath ushered in a crucial cultural event.  This was Rabindranath Tagore's sojourn at Rothenstein's London home, which led to the publication of the English-language version of Gitanjali and the subsequent award to Rabindranath in 1913 of the Nobel Prize for Literature.
  
  The publication of Rabindranath Tagore's Gitanjali in English brought the Tagore family international renown, which helped to make Abanindranath's artistic projects better known in the west.
  
  Abanindranath became chancellor of Visva Bharati in 1942.
  
  Rediscovery
  
  Within a few years of the artist's death in 1951, his eldest son, Alokendranath, bequeathed almost the entire family collection of Abanindranath Tagore's paintings to the newly founded Rabindra Bharati Society Trust that took up residence on the site of their famous house on No. 5, Dwarakanath Tagore lane. In a situation where only a small number of the artist's paintings had been collected or given away in his lifetime, the Rabindra Bharati Society became the main repository of Abanindranath's works of all periods. Banished into trunks inside the dark offices of the society, these paintings have remained in permanent storage ever since. Caught in these many binds the full range and brilliance of Abanindranath's works could never be effectively projected into a public domain. They remained intimately known only to a tiny circle of Art connoisseurs and scholars in Bengal – some of whom like K. G. Subramanyan and R. Siva Kumar have long argued that the true measure of Abanindranath's talent is to be found in his works of the 1920s, 30s and 40s but could do little to offer up a comprehensive profile of the master for the contemporary art world. R. Siva Kumar's Paintings of Abanindranath Tagore (2008) is a path-breaking discovery in re-defining Abanindranath's art.
  
  List of paintings
  A list of paintings by Abanindranath Tagore:
  
   Ashoka's Queen (1910)
   Bharat Mata (1905)
   fairyland illustration (1913)
   Ganesh Janani (1908)
   Aurangzeb examining the head of Dara Shikoh (1911)
   Avisarika (1892)
   Baba Ganesh (1937)
   Banished Yaksha (1904)
   Yay and Yay (1915)
   Buddha and Sujata (1901)
   Chaitanya with his followers on the sea beach of Puri (1915)
   End of Dalliance (1939)
   Illustrations of Omar Khayyam (1909)
   Kacha and Devajani (1908)
   Krishna Lal series (1901 to 1903)
   Moonlight Music Party (1906)
   Moonrise at Mussouri Hills (1916)
  
   Passing of Shah Jahan (1900)
   Poet's Baul-dance in Falgurni (1916)
   Pushpa-Radha (1912)
   Radhika gazing at the portrait of Sri Krishna (1913)
   Shah Jahan Dreaming of Taj (1909)
   Sri Radha by the River Jamuna (1913)
   Summer, from Ritu Sanghar of Kalidasa (1905)
   Tales of Arabian Nights (1928)
   Temple Dancer (1912)
   The Call of the Flute (1910)
   The Feast of Lamps (1907)
   The Last Journey (1914)
   Veena Player (1911)
   Jatugriha Daha (1912)
  
  References
  
  External links
  
   
   Biography (Calcuttaweb.com)
  Mukul Dey Archives, Santiniketan, India
  Dolls by Abanindranath Tagore
  Abanindranath Tagore's Profile
  Abanindranath's complete literary works in Bengali.
  
  Category:Indian male painters
  Category:1951 deaths
  Category:Artists from Kolkata
  Category:Sanskrit College alumni
  Category:Government College of Art & Craft alumni
  Category:University of Calcutta alumni
  Category:University of Calcutta faculty
  Abanindranath
  Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire
  Category:Bengali-language writers
  Category:Indian children's writers
  Category:Indian arts administrators
  Category:Indian portrait painters
  Category:20th-century Indian painters
  Category:20th-century Indian novelists
  Category:1871 births
  Category:20th-century Indian male writers
  Category:Painters from West Bengal
  Category:Novelists from West Bengal
  Category:Writers from Kolkata
  Category:Buddhist artists