Also invented in Colombia were the microkeratome and keratomileusis technique , which form the fundamental basis of what now is known as LASIK ( one of the most important techniques for the correction of refractive errors of vision ) and the Hakim valve for the treatment of Hydrocephalus , among others .


NASA 's workhorse space shuttle used cryogenic hydrogen / oxygen propellant as its primary means of getting into orbit .


The road network in Colombia has a length of about 215,000 " km of which 23,000 are paved .


Rail transportation in Colombia is dedicated almost entirely to freight shipments and the railway network has a length of 1,700 " km of potentially active rails .


Since the early 1970 s Colombia has experienced steady declines in its fertility , mortality , and population growth rates .


Colombia is projected to have a population of 55.3 " million by 2050 .


LOX is also widely used with RP-1 kerosene , a non-cryogenic hydrocarbon , such as in the rockets built for the Soviet space program by Sergei Korolev .


The population of Bogotá alone has increased from just over 300,000 in 1938 to approximately 8 " million today .


Colombia has the world 's largest populations of internally displaced persons ( IDPs ) , estimated to be up to 4.9 " million people .


Including Spanish , a total of 101 languages are listed for Colombia in the Ethnologue database .


The 2018 census reported that the " non-ethnic population " , consisting of whites and mestizos ( those of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry ) , constituted 87.58 % of the national population .


The commercial and critical success of that film opened up Western film markets for the first time to the products of the Japanese film industry , which in turn led to international recognition for other Japanese filmmakers .


In addition to the above statistics , 35.9 % of Colombians reported that they did not practice their faith actively .


Many national symbols , both objects and themes , have arisen from Colombia 's diverse cultural traditions and aim to represent what Colombia , and the Colombian people , have in common .


Post-independence literature linked to Romanticism highlighted Antonio Nariño , José Fernández Madrid , Camilo Torres Tenorio and Francisco Antonio Zea .


During this time , the boy also studied calligraphy and Kendo swordsmanship .


Within that period , authors such as José Asunción Silva , José Eustasio Rivera , León de Greiff , Porfirio Barba-Jacob and José María Vargas Vila developed the modernist movement .


Colombian art has over 3,000 years of history .


Colombian artists have captured the country 's changing political and cultural backdrop using a range of styles and mediums .


Since the 1950 s , the Colombian art started to have a distinctive point of view , reinventing traditional elements under the concepts of the 20th century .


He next turned to the subject of wartime female factory workers in " The Most Beautiful " , a propaganda film which he shot in a semi-documentary style in early 1944 .


Colombian photography was marked by the arrival of the daguerreotype .


Jean-Baptiste Louis Gros was who brought the daguerreotype process to Colombia in 1841 .


The Colombian press has promoted the work of the cartoonists .


In recent decades , fanzines , internet and independent publishers have been fundamental to the growth of the comic in Colombia .


During production , the actress playing the leader of the factory workers , Yōko Yaguchi , was chosen by her colleagues to present their demands to the director .


When Europeans founded cities two things were making simultaneously : the dimensioning of geometrical space ( town square , street ) , and the location of a tangible point of orientation .


Wood was extensively used in doors , windows , railings , and ceilings during the colonization of Antioquia .


The Caribbean architecture acquires a strong Arabic influence .


Deco style , modern neoclassicism , eclecticism folklorist and art deco ornamental resources significantly influenced the architecture of Colombia , especially during the transition period .


The often blatantly propagandistic " Sanshiro Sugata Part II " , which premiered in May 1945 , is generally considered one of his weakest pictures .


The conservation of the architectural and urban heritage of Colombia has been promoted in recent years .


Colombia has a vibrant collage of talent that touches a full spectrum of rhythms .


Musicians , composers , music producers and singers from Colombia are recognized internationally such as Shakira , Juanes , Carlos Vives and others .


Colombian music blends European-influenced guitar and song structure with large gaita flutes and percussion instruments from the indigenous population , while its percussion structure and dance forms come from Africa .


His next film , " One Wonderful Sunday " premiered in July 1947 to mixed reviews .


The music from the Pacific coast , such as the currulao , is characterized by its strong use of drums ( instruments such as the native marimba , the conunos , the bass drum , the side drum , and the cuatro guasas or tubular rattle ) .


An important rhythm of the south region of the Pacific coast is the contradanza ( it is used in dance shows due to the striking colours of the costumes ) .


Some popular archipelago rhythms are the Schottische , the Calypso , the Polka and the Mento .


Colombia 's varied cuisine is influenced by its diverse fauna and flora as well as the cultural traditions of the ethnic groups .


It marked the debut of the intense young actor Toshiro Mifune .


Colombia cuisine also features a variety of tropical fruits such as cape gooseberry , feijoa , arazá , dragon fruit , mangostino , granadilla , papaya , guava , mora ( blackberry ) , lulo , soursop and passionfruit .


Colombia is one of the world 's largest consumers of fruit juices .


Representative desserts are buñuelos , natillas , Maria Luisa cake , bocadillo made of guayaba ( guava jelly ) , cocadas ( coconut balls ) , casquitos de guayaba ( candied guava peels ) , torta de natas , obleas , flan de mango , roscón , milhoja , manjar blanco , dulce de feijoa , dulce de papayuela , torta de mojicón , and esponjado de curuba .


But of all sports in Colombia , football is the most popular .


" Drunken Angel " is often considered the director 's first major work .


Colombia has been awarded " mover of the year " twice .


Colombia has traditionally been very good in cycling and a large number of Colombian cyclists have triumphed in major competitions of cycling .


Of those cities have come good players like : Orlando Cabrera , Édgar Rentería who was champion of the World Series in 1997 and 2010 , and others who have played in Major League Baseball .


A gritty story of a doctor who tries to save a gangster ( yakuza ) with tuberculosis , it was also the director 's first film with Toshiro Mifune , who would proceed to play a major role in all but one ( " Ikiru " ) of the director 's next 16 films .


Cities such as Bogotá , Cali , Medellín and Bucaramanga are the most visited in cardiology procedures , neurology , dental treatments , stem cell therapy , ENT , ophthalmology and joint replacements because of the quality of medical treatment .


The educational experience of many Colombian children begins with attendance at a preschool academy until age five ( " Educación preescolar " ) .


In Colombia , there is not an institution such as college ; students go directly into a career program at a university or any other educational institution to obtain a professional , technical or technological title .


The " economy of Estonia " is an advanced economy and the country is a member of the European Union and of the eurozone .


Their first joint effort was based on Ryūnosuke Akutagawa 's experimental short story " In a Grove " , which recounts the murder of a samurai and the rape of his wife from various different and conflicting points-of-view .


Estonia 's GDP per capita was just $ 100 in 1991 .


After Estonia moved away from communism in the late 1980 s , restored its independence in 1991 and became a market economy , it emerged as a pioneer in the global economy .


The government made a supplementary negative budget , which was passed by the Riigikogu .


The current-account deficit and inflation was lower than in Latvia ; GDP per capita was higher than in Latvia and Lithuania ; Estonia 's public debt was a low 3.8 % of GDP , and government reserves were close to 10 % of GDP .


The shooting of " Rashomon " began on July 7 , 1950 , and , after extensive location work in the primeval forest of Nara , wrapped on August 17 .


In response to the crisis , the Ansip government opted for fiscal consolidation and retrenchment by maintaining fiscal discipline and a balanced budget in combination with austerity packages : The government increased taxes , and reduced public spending by slashing expenditures and public salaries across the board .


Neither did Estonia need to ask help from the IMF .


To top it off , Estonia was granted permission in 2010 to join the eurozone in 2011 .


Estonia 's journey towards the euro took longer than originally projected , owing to the inflation rate continually being above the required 3 % before 2010 , which prevented the country from fulfilling the entry criteria .


Contemporary reviews of the much shortened edited version were very negative , but the film was a moderate success at the box office , largely because of the popularity of one of its stars , Setsuko Hara .


In the second quarter of 2013 , the average monthly gross wage in Estonia was € 976 ( 15,271 kroons , US $ 1,328 ) .


Estonia is nearly energy-independent , supplying over 90 % of its electricity needs with locally mined oil shale .


The ice-free port of Muuga , near Tallinn , is a modern facility featuring good transshipment capability , a high-capacity grain elevator , chill / frozen storage , and brand-new oil tanker off-loading capabilities .


Soviets created badly polluting industry in the early 1950 s , concentrated in the north-east of the country .


The film finally opened in April 1954 , half a year behind its original release date and about three times over budget , making it at the time the most expensive Japanese film ever made .


The charging stations can also be navigated via a smartphone app ( currently only for Android ) .


The forcible incorporation of Estonia into the Soviet Union in 1940 was not generally recognised by the international community and the Estonian diplomatic service continued to operate in some countries .


Following the restoration of independence from the Soviet Union , Russia was one of the first nations to re-recognize Estonia 's independence ( the first country to do so was Iceland on 22 August 1991 ) .


] ] The two most important policy objectives in this regard have been accession into NATO and the European Union , achieved in March and May 2004 respectively .


It is now regarded by some commentators as the greatest Japanese film ever made , and in 1979 , a poll of Japanese film critics also voted it the best Japanese film ever made .


An important element in Estonia 's post-independence reorientation has been closer ties with the Nordic countries , especially Finland and Sweden .


It has also shown continued interest in becoming a full member in the Nordic Council .


The annexed land had been within the borders Estonia approved by Russia in the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty .


However , the Boris Yeltsin government disavowed any responsibility for acts committed by the Soviet Union .


The film premiered in September 1957 , receiving a mixed response similar to that of " Throne of Blood " .


In January 2018 , Foreign Minister Sven Mikser established diplomatic relations with Sudan .


The Soviet Union recognised the independence of Estonia on 6 September .


The " demographics of Ethiopia " encompass the demographic features of Ethiopia 's inhabitants , including ethnicity , languages , population density , education level , health , economic status , religious affiliations and other aspects of the population .


The " politics of Ethiopia " are the activities associated with the governance of Ethiopia .


The resulting film , " The Hidden Fortress " , is an action-adventure comedy-drama about a medieval princess , her loyal general and two peasants who all need to travel through enemy lines in order to reach their home region .


There are 9 ethnically based administrative regions and two self-governing administrations ; the capital city Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa .


In May 1991 , a coalition of rebel forces under the name Tigrayan People 's Liberation Front ( TPLF ) overthrew the dictatorship of President Mengistu Haile Mariam .


Eritrea achieved full independence on May 24 , 1993 .


The first election for Ethiopia 's 547-member constituent assembly was held in June 1994 .


It is lighter in tone and closer to a conventional period film than " Yojimbo " , though its story of a power struggle within a samurai clan is portrayed with strongly comic undertones .


The first President was Negasso Gidada .


The incumbent president is Mulatu Teshome and has been at that position since October 2013 .


The coalition of opposition parties and some individuals that was established in 2009 to oust at the general election in 2010 the regime of the TPLF , Meles Zenawi ’s party that has been in power since 1991 , published a 65-page manifesto in Addis Ababa on October 10 , 2009 .


He signed a contract with RKO Pictures in 1939 .


The film opened on January 1 , 1962 , quickly surpassing " Yojimbo " s box office success and garnering positive reviews .


whom he called " an extraordinary woman - nothing like the character Dorothy Comingore played in the movie .


Although credited as an assistant , the film 's art direction was done by Perry Ferguson .


The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 100 % of critics have given the film a positive review based on 88 reviews by approved critics , with an average rating of 9.61 / 10 .


The director himself recognized this at the time of its release , telling critic Donald Richie that a cycle of some kind had just come to an end and that his future films and production methods would be different .


She also claimed that the estate of Orson Welles was owed 20 % of the film 's profits if her copyright claim was not upheld .


" Supplements included everything available on the 2001 Warner Home Video release , including " The Battle Over Citizen Kane " DVD .


Recent oil and gas discoveries across East Africa have seen the region emerge as a new player in the global oil and gas industry .


As exciting as the huge gas fields of East Africa are , however , the strong decline in oil prices and expectations for an L-shaped recovery with low prices over the coming years are increasingly challenging the economic viability of the industry in this region .


" Red Beard " also marked the midway point , chronologically , in the artist 's career .


Presently , two other electric railways are under construction : Awash-Woldiya and Woldiya-Mekelle .


Recovery began in the 1990 s , but growth has been constrained by the lack of suitable hotels and other infrastructure , despite a boom in construction of small and medium-sized hotels and restaurants , and by the impact of drought , the 1998 – 2000 war with Eritrea , and the specter of terrorism .


International systems are open wire to Djibouti and Sudan ; microwave radio relay to Djibouti and Kenya ; and satellite earth stations are 3 Intelsat ( 1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Pacific Ocean ) .


This was extended in 1904 by a line that ran from Addis Ababa through Tigray into Eritrea and to Massawa ; and the next year by a line again from Addis Ababa to Gore in the province of Illubabor and Jimma in Kaffa .


Also , for reasons never adequately explained , " Red Beard " would be his final film starring Toshiro Mifune .


Satellite phones may require letter of permission from the ETC prior to bringing such phones through customs .


Use of voice over IP services such as Skype and Google Talk was prohibited by telecommunications legislation in 2002 .


" Cebuella " However , some works argue that callitrichids are actually a dwarfed lineage .


This may exemplify a rare example of insular dwarfing in a mainland context , with the " islands " being formed by biogeographic barriers during arid climatic periods when forest distribution became patchy , and / or by the extensive river networks in the Amazon Basin .


Donald Richie has described the rapport between them as a unique " symbiosis " .


The railway network 's primary purpose is then both to connect landlocked Ethiopia to the world market by ensuring a seamless access to one or several sea ports for trade and for transporting most imports and exports .


More than 95 % of Ethiopia 's trade passes through Djibouti .


As a result , as of 2002 Ethiopia has a total ( federal and regional ) 33,297 " km of roads , both paved and gravel .


This had involved the upgrading or construction of over 7,500 " km of roads , with the goal of improving the average road density for Ethiopia to 35 " km per 1000 " km , and reduce the proportion of the country area that is more than 5 " km from an all-weather road from 75 % to 70 % .


The project had inadvertently exposed corruption in his own production company ( a situation reminiscent of his own movie , " The Bad Sleep Well " ) .


Only one river , the Baro is used for transport .


The notochord is gradually replaced by a vertebral column during development , except in Holocephali , where the notochord stays intact .


They are also produced in the Leydig 's organ , which is only found in certain cartilaginous fishes .


Ampullae of Lorenzini are a network of small jelly filled pores called electroreceptors which help the fish sense electric fields in water .


Worst of all , the Japanese film industry - and perhaps the man himself - began to suspect that he would never make another film .


The radiation of elasmobranches in the chart on the right is divided into the taxa : " Cladoselache " , Eugeneodontiformes , Symmoriida , Xenacanthiformes , Ctenacanthiformes , Hybodontiformes , Galeomorphi , Squaliformes and Batoidea .


The modern bony fishes , class Osteichthyes , appeared in the late Silurian or early Devonian , about 416 million years ago .


He also created his own military school at Holeta in January 1935 .


They arrived in Djibouti on 9 May 1950 after which they were carried by rail to Addis Ababa .


The first project proposed and worked on was a period film to be called " Dora-heita " , but when this was deemed too expensive , attention shifted to " Dodesukaden " , an adaptation of yet another Shūgorō Yamamoto work , again about the poor and destitute .


The committee elected Major Mengistu Haile Mariam as its chairman and Major Atnafu Abate as its vice-chairman .


By July 1975 the International Institute for Strategic Studies was listing a mechanised division in addition to three infantry divisions .


The mechanized forces of the army comprised 1,200 T-54 / 55 , 100 T-62 tanks , and 1,100 armored personnel carriers ( APCs ) , but readiness was estimated to be only about 30 percent operational , because of the withdrawal of financial support , lack of maintenance expertise and parts from the Soviet Union , Cuba and other nations .


Government forces have been engaged in battle against Ogaden insurgents led by the Ogaden National Liberation Front .


Initial reception abroad was somewhat more favorable , but " Dodesukaden " has since been typically considered an interesting experiment not comparable to the director 's best work .


Up to 150 M113 armoured personnel carriers may have been delivered from the United States .


Following World War II , Ethiopia played an active role in regional and global politics .


Although nominally a member of the Non-Aligned Movement , after the 1974 revolution , Ethiopia also moved into a close relationship with the Soviet Union and its allies and supported their international policies and positions until a change of government in 1991 .


Today , Ethiopia is a major economic partner of Djibouti and Sudan , although border demarcation negotiations are still ongoing with the Omar Al-Bashir administration .


The book , about a Goldi hunter who lives in harmony with nature until destroyed by encroaching civilization , was one that he had wanted to make since the 1930 s .


In addition , Ethiopia maintains diplomatic links with China , Israel , Mexico and India , among other countries .


Diplomatic relations between Ethiopia and Djibouti were established in 1984 .


In 1961 , prior to Kenya 's independence , Ethiopia appointed its first ambassador to Kenya , and six years later Kenya opened an embassy in Addis Ababa .


The border between the two countries is based on a treaty signed by Ethiopia and Kenya on 9 June 1970 , which determines the present-day boundary , abrogating all previous boundary treaties .


A detailed list , including his complete filmography , can be found in the list of creative works by Akira Kurosawa .


With an army mainly composed of Somalis , Many historians trace the origins of tensions between Somalia and Ethiopia to this war .


The Ethiopian Empire fought against Mahdist Sudan in the Mahdist War .


Ethiopia and Sudan first established formal relations in 1956 .


Efforts to demarcate the porous boundary with Sudan were delayed by the Second Sudanese Civil War .


Werner Herzog reflected on filmmakers with whom he feels kinship and the movies that he admires : Robert Altman upon first seeing " Rashomon " was so impressed by the sequence of frames of the sun that he began to shoot the same sequences in his work the very next day , he claimed .


The island , garrisoned by a detachment from Réunion , has a weather station and is visited by scientists .


He lived abroad between 1735 and 1738 , where he studied and also published the first edition of his " in the Netherlands .


Carl 's father was the first in his ancestry to adopt a permanent surname .


He travelled on foot and horse , bringing with him his journal , botanical and Gävle manuscripts and sheets of paper for pressing plants .


He is the brother of artist Damian Elwes whose own father was the diplomat and tenor Gervase Elwes ( 1866 – 1921 ) .


In October that same year , his wife and nine-month-old son followed him to live in Uppsala .


" was a strictly botanical book , while " was Anders Celsius .


named after him had created the temperature scale Västergötland in 1742 .


He set out from Uppsala on 12 June and returned on 11 August .


but received critical acclaim , earning a score of 97 % on the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes .


A fire that destroyed about one third of Uppsala and had threatened his residence there necessitated the move .


For example , Giovanni Antonio Scopoli sent him seeds from her country .


He developed Joseph Banks in 1773 , and the next year , he had a stroke which partially paralysed him .


James Edward Smith , an eminent botanist , wished to purchase the collection , but his son Carl refused the offer and instead moved the collection to Uppsala .


In 1999 , he portrayed famed theatre and film producer John Houseman for Tim Robbins in his ensemble film based on Orson Welles 's musical , " Cradle Will Rock " .


There are over two hundred descendants of Linnaeus through two of his daughters .


Six other apostles later died on their expeditions , including Pehr Löfling and Carl Peter Thunberg .


Perhaps the most famous and successful apostle was Japan , who embarked on a nine-year expedition in 1770 .


He did , however , manage to persuade some of the translators to bring him different plants , and he also found plants in the gardens of Dejima .


Following that , he travelled to Luxembourg to work with John Malkovich and Willem Dafoe in " Shadow of the Vampire " .


Its prime importance is perhaps that it is the primary starting point of Cryptogamia as it exists today .


Shortly after Carl von Linné 's death his son confirmed that mice had caused " horrible damage " to the plants and that also moths and mould had caused considerable damage .


A previous zoologist nested hierarchy ( 1627 – 1702 ) had more or less approximated the Linnaean system and his material contributed to the later development of the binomial scientific classification by Linnaeus .


The Linnaean system classified nature within a kingdoms , starting with three rank .


In 2007 , he appeared in Garry Marshall 's " Georgia Rule " opposite Jane Fonda .


The celebrated Pythagorean theorem ( book I , proposition 47 ) states that in any right triangle , the area of the square whose side is the hypotenuse ( the side opposite the right angle ) is equal to the sum of the areas of the squares whose sides are the two legs ( the two sides that meet at a right angle ) .


E.g. , it was his successor Archimedes who proved that a sphere has 2 / 3 the volume of the circumscribing cylinder .


Historically , distances were often measured by chains , such as Gunter 's chain , and angles using graduated circles and , later , the theodolite .


As discussed in more detail below , Albert Einstein 's theory of relativity significantly modifies this view .


In 2014 , he starred in John Herzfeld 's ensemble comedy " Reach Me " .


defining the distance between two points " P " = ( " p " , " p " ) and " Q " = ( " q " , " q " ) is then known as the " Euclidean metric " , and other metrics define non-Euclidean geometries .


Also in the 17th century , Girard Desargues , motivated by the theory of perspective , introduced the concept of idealized points , lines , and planes at infinity .


However , centuries of efforts failed to find a solution to this problem , until Pierre Wantzel published a proof in 1837 that such a construction was impossible .


In the early 19th century , Carnot and Möbius systematically developed the use of signed angles and line segments as a way of simplifying and unifying results .


In 2007 , he made a guest appearance on the " Law & Order : Special Victims Unit " episode " Dependent " as a Mafia lawyer .


Starting with Moritz Pasch in 1882 , many improved axiomatic systems for geometry have been proposed , the best known being those of Hilbert , For example , if a triangle is constructed out of three rays of light , then in general the interior angles do not add up to 180 degrees due to gravity .


Later ancient commentators , such as Proclus ( 410 – 485 CE ) , treated many questions about infinity as issues demanding proof and , e.g. , Proclus claimed to prove the infinite divisibility of a line , based on a proof by contradiction in which he considered the cases of even and odd numbers of points constituting it .


In many island nations such as those of the Mediterranean , South Pacific and Caribbean , tourism is central to the economy .


For example , on Saint Lucia , harvesting mangrove for timber and clearing for fishing reduced the mangrove forests , resulting in a loss of habitat and spawning grounds for marine life that was unique to the area .


In 2010 , he returned to " Psych " , reprising his role in the second half of the fifth season , again in the show 's sixth season , and again in the show 's eighth season premiere .


Although recognized as a historical figure , Gilgamesh , as represented in the epic , is a largely legendary or mythical figure .


Early twentieth-century study of living oral epic traditions in the Balkans by Milman Parry and Albert Lord demonstrated the paratactic model used for composing these poems .


The operation of a cipher usually depends on a piece of auxiliary information , called a key ( or , in traditional NSA parlance , a " cryptovariable " ) .


Simple " ciphers " were replaced by polyalphabetic substitution ciphers ( such as the Vigenère ) which changed the substitution alphabet for every letter .


In 2014 , he appeared in " Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey " as the voice of scientists Edmond Halley and Robert Hooke .


The Feistel cipher uses a combination of substitution and transposition techniques .


In an asymmetric key algorithm ( e.g. , RSA ) , there are two separate keys : a " public key " is published and enables any sender to perform encryption , while a " private key " is kept secret by the receiver and enables only that person to perform correct decryption .


It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era .


The northern supercontinent of Laurasia began to fragment , as Europe , Greenland and North America drifted apart .


The book featured never-before-told stories , exclusive behind-the-scenes photographs , and interviews with co-stars Robin Wright , Wallace Shawn , Billy Crystal , Christopher Guest , Fred Savage and Mandy Patinkin , as well as author and screenwriter William Goldman , producer Norman Lear , and director Rob Reiner .


Cooling began mid-period , and by the end of the Eocene continental interiors had begun to dry out , with forests thinning out considerably in some areas .


The oldest known fossils of most of the modern mammal orders appear within a brief period during the early Eocene .


Marine fauna are best known from South Asia and the southeast United States .


For instance the bibionid genus " Plecia " is common in fossil faunas from presently temperate areas , but only lives in the tropics and subtropics today .


In 2010 , he reprised his role in " Saw 3D " .


The Brabantse Stedenrij combined metropolitan area has about two million inhabitants .


Industrial activities initially centred around tobacco and textiles and boomed with the rise of lighting and electronics giant Philips , which was founded as a light bulb manufacturing company in Eindhoven in 1891 .


A first air raid in World War II was flown by the RAF on 6 December 1942 targeting the Philips factory downtown .


The airport itself , now called Eindhoven Airport , had moved earlier to a new location , paving the way for much needed new houses .


He earned a degree in speech at West Virginia University .


However , the internationalizing influence of the university , Philips and other companies have created a more mixed population over the last few decades .


Much of its growth is due to Philips , DAF Trucks and Brabantia .


Most of these industries disappeared again after World War II , though .


In 1891 , brothers Gerard and Anton Philips founded the small light bulb factory that would grow into one of the largest electronics firms in the world .


He also had a series of television roles , some of which ( such as " A Tale of Two Cities " in 1980 ) corresponded to his affinity for the classics .


Also , TNO has opened a branch on the university campus .


The mayors of the Netherlands are not elected but appointed by the crown .


This referendum , the second of its kind in the Netherlands , was attended by 24.6 % of the inhabitants .


The main reason for the low attendance was that the candidates , Leen Verbeek and Rob van Gijzel , were from the same party .


They have appeared together in a number of movies , including " Edie & Pen " ( 1996 ) , " American Perfekt " ( 1997 ) , and " Let the Devil Wear Black " ( 1999 ) .


Strijp-S is a regular location for the light festival " GLOW " .


Before that , Philips sponsored the POC .


With its 1,000 m2 it has one of the largest stages in the Netherlands .


The purpose of this foundation is to support artistic groups with facilities , especially rehearsal stages and areas ( housed in the old Philips location of Strijp-S ) but also storage facilities .


15 years after the Battle of Nahāvand , they controlled all Sasanian domains except southern and eastern Afghanistan .


Local television is provided by Studio040 .


Recently , talks have resumed to have a service to Neerpelt , Belgium via Weert .


The A2 connects to the highway A58 to Tilburg and Breda just north of the city .


From the station , trains depart to Copenhagen every 20 minutes .


Further south in Balkh region , in Bamiyan , indication of Sasanian authority diminishes , with a local dynasty seeming ruling from the late antiquity , probably Hepthalites subject to the Yabgu of Western Turks .


The E47 motorway towards Copenhagen begins just outside the city limits .


Besides the historical attractions of the site , William Shakespeare 's play " Hamlet " has been performed annually in its courtyard since 1937 .


It was inaugurated by then Minister of culture , Uffe Elbæk , in June 2012 .


It is seen as the counterpart ( and even little brother ) to Edvard Eriksen 's world-famous " The Little Mermaid " statue in Copenhagen , and has caused both praise and protests among locals .


The cash-strapped Sasanian king Yazdegerd III who had a large retinue , had fled to Kerman in 650 .


The route intersects with European route E6 just outside Helsingborg , which continues to Trelleborg on the southern coast of Sweden .


South of Gävle , the road becomes an almost continuous motorway , with the only non-motorway part being a long section past Ljungby , currently a 2 + 1 limited-access road .


With the exception of the Ljungby bypass , the final stretch of the motorway to be opened was the road between Uppsala and Mehedeby , which was inaugurated on 17 October 2007 .


South of Gävle , the speed limit is on 60 % and on 30 % of the road .


The tribute imposed on Zarang was 2 million dirhams and 2,000 slaves .


The speed limits on the main roads in Sweden were changed on many stretches in October 2008 , which saw the introduction of the 120 " km/h limit .


Ericsson holds over 49,000 granted patents as of September 2019 , including many in wireless communications .


Ericsson leads the implementation of 5 G worldwide through the use of massive MIMO technology .


Amir was made the governor of Basra and its eastern dependencies again from 661 to 664 .


Wincrantz was partly funded by Ivar Kreuger , an international financier .


In 1983 the company introduced the ERIPAX suite of network products and services .


The growth of GSM , which became a " de facto " world standard , combined with Ericsson 's other mobile standards , such as D-AMPS and PDC , meant that by the start of 1997 , Ericsson had an estimated 40 % share of the world 's mobile market , with around 54 million subscribers .


After capturing towns of Tabas and Tun , he attacked the region 's easternmost city Herat .


Ericsson launched several rounds of restructuring , refinancing and job-cutting ; during 2001 , staff numbers fell from 107,000 to 85,000 .


Ericsson was working on ways to improve WCDMA as operators were buying and rolling it out ; it was the first generation of 3 G access .


In July 2016 , Hans Vestberg stepped down as Ericsson 's CEO after heading the company for six years .


and Ericsson announced a strategic partnership to combine the former 's web browser and server software with the latter 's mobile-internet technologies .


The Persians put up stiff resistance but were defeated and surrendered .


Sony Ericsson remained in operation until February 2012 , when Sony bought out Ericsson 's share ; Ericsson said it wanted to focus on the global wireless market as a whole .


Ericsson 's workforce worldwide fell during 2001 from 107,000 to 85,000 .


Ericsson made 20,000 more staff redundant and raised about $ 3 " billion from its shareholders .


In March , Ericsson announced it was buying the broadcast-services division of Technicolor , a media broadcast technology company .


A garrison was deployed in the city , while a column was detached which subjugated Nishapur and Tus .


In October 2015 , Ericsson completed the acquisition of Envivio , a software encoding company .


Approximately 2,300 Ericpol employees joined Ericsson , bringing software development competence in radio , cloud , and IP .


Ericsson has structured its R&D in three levels depending on when products or technologies will be introduced to customers and users .


Ericsson holds 33,000 granted patents , and is the number-one holder of GSM / GPRS / EDGE , WCDMA / HSPA , and LTE essential patents .


The ruler ( marzaban or " azim " ) of the place agreed to a peace treaty for Herat , Badghis and Pushang for a tribute of 1 million dirhams .


and software Ericsson offers end-to-end services for all major mobile communication standards , and has three main business units .


Ericsson 's network rollout services employ in-house capabilities , subcontractors and central resources to make changes to live networks .


Ericsson claims to manage networks that serve more than 1 " billion subscribers worldwide , and to support customer networks that serve more than 2.5 " billion subscribers .


As a joint venture with Sony , Ericsson 's mobile telephone production was moved into the company Sony Ericsson in 2001 .


Peroz had settled among the Turks , took a local wife and had received troops from king of Tokharistan .


mobi , the mobile portal of Sony Ericsson .


Ericsson admitted to paying bribes , falsifying books and records and failing to implement reasonable internal accounting controls in an attempt to strengthen its position in the telecommunications industry .


In one sense , the first modern ethologist was Charles Darwin , whose 1872 book " The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals " influenced many ethologists .


Though they do n't mention Peroz , they do state that Ali 's newly appointed governor of Khorasan had heard in Nishapur that governors of the Sasanian king had come back from Kabul and Khorasan had rebelled .


In this period , too , ethology began to develop strongly in North America .


In addition , for most of the twentieth century , comparative psychology developed most strongly in North America , while ethology was stronger in Europe .


The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines instinct as " A largely inheritable and unalterable tendency of an organism to make a complex and specific response to environmental stimuli without involving reason " .


One investigation of this kind was the study of the waggle dance ( " dance language " ) in bee communication by Karl von Frisch .


However , the region was reconquered under Muawiyah .


For example , " Pandanus " branches are used to extract insects and other larvae from holes within trees .


Its popularized roots originate in the Southern United States of the early 1920 s .


The origins of country music are found in the folk music of working class Americans and blue-collar American life .


It has been inspired by American popular music , and American folk music which had its roots in Celtic music , traditional English ballads , cowboy songs , corridos , African-American music , French folk music , and other folk musical traditions .


Balkh was also a part of Khorasan along with other areas through varying extensions of time .


Before these , pioneer settlers , in the Great Smoky Mountains region , had developed a rich musical heritage .


The first generation emerged in the early 1920 s , with Atlanta 's music scene playing a major role in launching country 's earliest recording artists .


His band , the Skillet Lickers , was one of the most innovative and influential string bands of the 1920 s and 1930 s .


Many " hillbilly " musicians , such as Cliff Carlisle , recorded blues songs throughout the 1920 s .


He visited the area around 726 , mentioning that the true king of Balkh was still alive and in exile .


The most important was the " Grand Ole Opry " , aired starting in 1925 by WSM in Nashville and continuing to the present day .


During the 1930 s and 1940 s , cowboy songs , or Western music , which had been recorded since the 1920 s , were popularized by films made in Hollywood , many featuring the king of the " singing cowboys " , Gene Autry .


Another type of stripped-down and raw music with a variety of moods , became popular among poor communities in New Mexico , Oklahoma , and Texas ; the basic ensemble consisted of classical guitar , bass guitar , dobro or steel guitar , though some larger ensembles featured electric guitars , trumpets , keyboards ( especially the honky-tonk piano , a type of tack piano ) , banjos , and drums .


Rockabilly was most popular with country fans in the 1950 s , and 1956 could be called the year of rockabilly in country music , with Johnny Cash emerging as one of the most popular and enduring representatives of the rockabilly genre ; rockabilly was also a starting point for eventual rock-and-roll superstar Elvis Presley , who would return to his country roots near the end of his life .


Badakhshan was earlier the seat of the Tukharas .


In the aftermath of the British Invasion , many desired a return to the " old values " of rock n ' roll .


At the same time there was a lack of enthusiasm in the country sector for Nashville-produced music .


Between 1972 and 1975 singer / guitarist John Denver released a series of hugely successful songs blending country and folk-rock musical styles .


By the mid-1970 s , Texas country and Tejano music gained popularity with performers like Freddie Fender .


Two types of artists enjoyed mainstream popularity : neotraditionalists such as Alan Jackson , and the more broadly popular stadium country acts , in particular Garth Brooks .


The Dixie Chicks became one of the most popular country bands in the 1990 s and early 2000 s .


Most of the best-selling country songs of this era were in the country pop genre , such as those by Lady Antebellum , Florida Georgia Line , Carrie Underwood and Taylor Swift .


Record sales declined during the Great Depression , but radio became a popular source of entertainment , and " barn dance " shows featuring country music were started by radio stations all over the South , as far north as Chicago , and as far west as California .


Moon Mullican , for example , played Western swing but also recorded songs that can be called rockabilly .


Between 1947 and 1949 , country crooner Eddy Arnold placed eight songs in the top 10 .


From 1945 to 1955 Jenny Lou Carson was one of the most prolific songwriters in country music .


In the 1930 s and 1940 s , cowboy songs , or Western music , which had been recorded since the 1920 s , were popularized by films made in Hollywood .


The Zunbils who had been left unchecked had completely stopped paying the tribute .


Cliff Bruner , Moon Mullican , Milton Brown and Adolph Hofner were other early Western swing pioneers .


Spade Cooley and Tex Williams also had very popular bands and appeared in films .


At its height , Western swing rivaled the popularity of big band swing music .


" Tarikh-e-Sistan " confuses the campaign with another one against the Khwarij of Zarang .


Red Foley , the biggest country star following World War II , had one of the first million-selling gospel hits ( " Peace in the Valley " ) and also sang boogie , blues and rockabilly .


In 1944 , " Billboard " replaced the term " hillbilly " with " folk songs and blues , " and switched to " country " or " country and Western " in 1949 .


Webb Pierce was the top-charting country artist of the 1950 s , with 13 of his singles spending 113 weeks at number one .


Following in the footsteps of Gene Autry , Lydia Mendoza , Roy Rogers , and Patsy Montana .


In Zabulistan 's regions of Ghazna and Gardiz , they plundered a significant amount of cattle and other animals in addition to destroying various strongholds .


This Western music influence largely kept the music of the folk revival and folk rock from influencing the country music genre much , despite the similarity in instrumentation and origins ( see , for instance , the Byrds ' negative reception during their appearance on the " Grand Ole Opry " ) .


The music of the 1960 s and 1970 s targeted the American working class , and truckers in particular .


As country radio became more popular , trucking songs like the 1963 hit song " Six Days on the Road " by Dave Dudley began to make up their own subgenre of country .


These revamped songs sought to portray American truckers as a " new folk hero " , marking a significant shift in sound from earlier country music .


This in turn holding led to Zunbils not even paying a token tribute .


The Country Music Association was founded in 1958 , in part because numerous country musicians were appalled by the increased influence of rock and roll on country music .


Leading artists in this genre included Jim Reeves , Skeeter Davis , Connie Smith , the Browns , Patsy Cline , and Eddy Arnold .


The " slip note " piano style of session musician Floyd Cramer was an important component of this style .


Despite the appeal of the Nashville sound , many traditional country artists emerged during this period and dominated the genre : Loretta Lynn , Merle Haggard , Buck Owens , Porter Wagoner , George Jones , and Sonny James among them .


They however did not obtain anything from the Zunbils .


It relied on electric instruments and amplification , in particular the Telecaster electric guitar , more than other subgenres of the country music of the era , and it can be described as having a sharp , hard , driving , no-frills , edgy flavor - hard guitars and honky-tonk harmonies .


During the 1950 s until the early 1970 s , the latter part of the Western heyday in country music , many of these genres featured popular artist that continue to influence both their distinctive genres and larger country music .


After I left Nashville ( the early 70 s ) , I wanted to relax and play the music that I wanted to play , and just stay around Texas , maybe Oklahoma .


Subsequent to the initial blending of the two polar opposite genres , other offspring soon resulted , including Southern rock , heartland rock and in more recent years , alternative country .


During the second one in late 727 – 728 , he was warned by the Sijistanis who were with him to not campaign in winter especially in mountain defiles .


Artists who typified this sound included Travis Tritt , Reba McEntire , George Strait , Keith Whitley , Alan Jackson , Ricky Skaggs , Patty Loveless , Kathy Mattea , Randy Travis , Dwight Yoakam , and the Judds .


In 1990 , " Billboard " , which had published a country music chart since the 1940 s , changed the methodology it used to compile the chart : singles sales were removed from the methodology , and only airplay on country radio determined a song 's place on the chart .


In the 1990 s , country music became a worldwide phenomenon thanks to Garth Brooks , who enjoyed one of the most successful careers in popular music history , breaking records for both sales and concert attendance throughout the decade .


Toby Keith began his career as a more pop-oriented country singer in the 1990 s , evolving into an outlaw persona in the late 1990 s with " Pull My Chain " and its follow-up , " Unleashed " .


Per Ya'qubi , his army was completely annihilated by the Zunbils .


Their 1998 debut album " Wide Open Spaces " went on to become certified 12x platinum while their 1999 album " Fly " went on to become 10x platinum .


The comments caused a rift between the band and the country music scene , and the band 's fourth ( and most recent ) album , 2006 's " Taking the Long Way " , took a more rock-oriented direction ; the album was commercially successful overall among non-country audiences but largely ignored among country audiences .


After " Taking the Long Way " , the band broke up for a decade ( with two of its members continuing as the Court Yard Hounds ) before reuniting in 2016 and releasing new material in 2020 .


This influence was so great that Chet Atkins was quoted as saying , " The music has gotten pretty bad , I think .


It appears this was only possible because no more campaigns were undertaken against the Zunbils .


In the 2010 s , the alt-country genre saw an increase in its critical and commercial popularity , owing to the success of artists such as the Civil Wars , Chris Stapleton , Sturgill Simpson , Jason Isbell , Lydia Loveless and Margo Price .


Richard Marx crossed over with his " Days in Avalon " album , which features five country songs and several singers and musicians .


Also , Bon Jovi had a hit single , " Who Says You Ca n't Go Home " , with Jennifer Nettles of Sugarland .


One of the most commercially successful country artists of the late 2000 s and early 2010 s has been singer-songwriter Taylor Swift .


Kabul 's ruler was obliged to pay a tribute .


Buoyed by her teen idol status among girls and a change in the methodology of compiling the " Billboard " charts to favor pop-crossover songs , Swift 's 2012 single " We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together " spent the most weeks at the top of Billboard 's Hot 100 chart and Hot Country Songs chart of any song in nearly five decades .


In contrast , more rock-oriented country singers took more direct aim at the attacks ' perpetrators ; Toby Keith 's " Courtesy of the Red , White and Blue ( The Angry American ) " threatened to " a boot in " the posterior of the enemy , while Charlie Daniels 's " This Ai n't No Rag , It 's a Flag " promised to " hunt " the perpetrators " down like a mad dog hound .


Notable artists associated with this genre are Luke Bryan , Jason Aldean , Blake Shelton , Jake Owen and Florida Georgia Line whose song " Cruise " became the best-selling country song of all time .


Research in the mid-2010 s suggested that about 45 percent of country 's best-selling songs could be considered bro-country , with the top two artists being Luke Bryan and Florida Georgia Line .


A treaty was renegotiated but about the time of death of Yazid I , " the people of Kabul treacherously broke the compact " .


Pioneers of a more Americanised popular country music in Australia included Tex Morton ( known as " The Father of Australian Country Music " ) in the 1930 s .


Nick Cave has been heavily influenced by the country artist Johnny Cash .


Though , there have been exceptions such as Garth Brooks and Shania Twain in the ' 90 s ( particularly the latter ) and Taylor Swift , Carrie Underwood , Lady Antebellum and the Dixie Chicks in the 2000 s .


There are some British country music acts and publications .


He was allowed to settle down in Amul ( or at least under Amul 's jurisdiction somewhere north of Hindu Kush ) .


The most successful British country music act of the 21st century are Ward Thomas and the Shires .


Johnny Cash , Emmylou Harris , Keith Urban , and Dwight Yoakam have also made numerous international tours .


The Country Music Association undertakes various initiatives to promote country music internationally .


In Iran , country music has appeared in recent years .


They are likely to take advantage of the moment of our weakness and , then , it would be easier for them to capture the territory up to Amul " .


And as of recently , DWUB occasionally plays country music .


In Sweden , Rednex rose to stardom combining country music with electro-pop in the 1990 s .


Artists popularizing more traditional country music in Sweden have been Ann-Louise Hanson , Hasse Andersson , Kikki Danielsson , Elisabeth Andreassen and Jill Johnson .


In Poland an international country music festival , known as Piknik Country , has been organized in Mrągowo in Masuria since 1983 .


In 152 A.H. ( 769 A.D. ) , Humayd ibn Qahtaba , the governor of Khorasan , raided Kabul .


The latter is mainly popular on the countrysides in the northern and eastern parts of the Netherlands and is less associated with his American brother , although it sounds sometimes very similar .


The most popular artist in Dutch is Henk Wijngaard .


However , the lifting of strict genre licensing restrictions saw the network remove the last of its music programming at the end of August 2017 for a schedule of generic off-network family sitcoms , Cancom-compliant lifestyle programming , and reality programming .


Several of the other countries it occupied that were not directly annexed into the Soviet Union became Soviet satellite states .


It also mentions subjugation of " Ghurwand " ( present-day Ghorband ) .


In Bulgaria , toward the end of World War II , the Soviet Union crossed the border and created the conditions for a communist coup d'état on the following night .


They were economically communist and depended upon the Soviet Union for significant amounts of materials .


Communist parties achieved a significant popularity in such nations as China , Greece , Iran , and the Republic of Mahabad .


Communist parties had already come to power in Romania , Bulgaria , Albania , and Yugoslavia .


He began his rule with the reconquest of western Tokharistan in the same year .


The resulting Morgenthau plan policy foresaw returning Germany to a pastoral state without heavy industry .


This would have left the two nations , in particular Greece , on the brink of a communist-led revolution .


In a meeting with congressional leaders , the argument of " apples in a barrel infected by one rotten one " was used to convince them of the significance in supporting Greece and Turkey .


On the morning of March 12 , 1947 , President Harry S. Truman appeared before Congress to ask for $ 400 million of aid to Greece and Turkey .


His army was assembled in spring of 705 and marched to Balkh .


Thereafter , a massive aerial supply campaign of food , water and other goods was initiated by the United States , Britain , France and other countries .


In North Korea , Kim Il-sung created a highly centralized and brutal dictatorship , according himself unlimited power and generating a formidable cult of personality .


A hydrogen bomb - which produced nuclear fusion instead of nuclear fission - was first tested by the United States in November 1952 and the Soviet Union in August 1953 .


The Cold War generated innumerable documents .


The campaign was also partially encouraged by his desire to eliminate the support of the southern Hepthalites , the Zabulites , for their northern brethren to revolt .


President Grover Cleveland appointed Thomas M. Cooley , a railroad ally , as its first chairman and a permit system was used to deny access to new entrants and legalize price fixing .


Jane Jacobs described it as a natural consequence of collusion between those managing power and trade while Noam Chomsky has argued that the word crony is superfluous when describing capitalism .


Much of the impetus behind campaign finance reform in the United States and in other countries is an attempt to prevent economic power being used to take political power .


Socialist economists , such as Robin Hahnel , have criticized the term as an ideologically motivated attempt to cast what is in their view the fundamental problems of capitalism as avoidable irregularities .


From there he went on to receive the submission of people of Balkh .


The market entrepreneurs such as James J. Hill , Cornelius Vanderbilt and John D. Rockefeller succeeded by producing a quality product at a competitive price .


This relationship is given by Planck 's equation " E " = " hf " , where " E " is the energy per photon , " f " is the frequency of the photon , and " h " is Planck 's constant .


According to Maxwell 's equations , a spatially varying electric field is always associated with a magnetic field that changes over time .


Maxwell 's equations established that some charges and currents ( " sources " ) produce a local type of electromagnetic field near them that does " not " have the behaviour of EMR .


He next attacked Ghur whose residents hid their valuables in an inaccessible cave , but he was able to plunder the wealth by lowering men in crates .


However , in nonlinear media , such as some crystals , interactions can occur between light and static electric and magnetic fields - these interactions include the Faraday effect and the Kerr effect .


The ratio of the refractive indices of the media determines the degree of refraction , and is summarized by Snell 's law .


The electric and magnetic parts of the field stand in a fixed ratio of strengths in order to satisfy the two Maxwell equations that specify how one is produced from the other .


where " h " is Planck 's constant , is the wavelength and " c " is the speed of light .


In all sources it is cited as supplying slaves to slave markets in Khorasan , indicating it had a mostly " infidel " population .


A bold proposition by Louis de Broglie in 1924 led the scientific community to realize that matter ( e.g. electrons ) also exhibits wave–particle duality .


Each has an energy related to the frequency of the wave given by Planck 's relation " E = hf " , where " E " is the energy of the photon , " h " is Planck 's constant , 6.626 × 10 J · s , and " f " is the frequency of the wave .


The speed of light and other EMR predicted by Maxwell 's equations did not appear unless the equations were modified in a way first suggested by FitzGerald and Lorentz ( see history of special relativity ) , or else otherwise that speed would depend on the speed of observer relative to the " medium " ( called luminiferous aether ) which supposedly " carried " the electromagnetic wave ( in a manner analogous to the way air carries sound waves ) .


In 1862 – 64 James Clerk Maxwell developed equations for the electromagnetic field which suggested that waves in the field would travel with a speed that was very close to the known speed of light .


The state was gradually Persianized through political influence and financial support of the " dihqans " .


Electromagnetic-type ionizing radiation extends from the extreme ultraviolet to all higher frequencies and shorter wavelengths , which means that all X-rays and gamma rays qualify .


With a few exceptions related to high-energy photons ( such as fluorescence , harmonic generation , photochemical reactions , the photovoltaic effect for ionizing radiations at far ultraviolet , X-ray and gamma radiation ) , absorbed electromagnetic radiation simply deposits its energy by heating the material .


All UV frequences have been classed as Group 1 carcinogens by the World Health Organization .


Thus Maxwell 's equations connect the vacuum permittivity , the vacuum permeability , and the speed of light , " c " , via the above equation .


But this also ended up turning the province into a virtually independent state under the Tahirids , founded by a Persian " mawla " who rose to favour under Al-Ma ' mun .


Also , " E " and " B " far-fields in free space , which as wave solutions depend primarily on these two Maxwell equations , are in-phase with each other .


Many of his works are considered classics of American literature .


His wartime experiences formed the basis for his novel " A Farewell to Arms " ( 1929 ) .


His debut novel " The Sun Also Rises " was published in 1926 .


In addition to the Oghuz slaves , he also had to pay an annual tribute of 1.5 million dirhams .


a conservative community about which resident Frank Lloyd Wright said , " So many churches for so many good people to go to .


taught her son to play the cello despite his refusal to learn ; though later in life he admitted the music lessons contributed to his writing style , evidenced for example in the " contrapuntal structure " of " For Whom the Bell Tolls " .


On his first day in Milan , he was sent to the scene of a munitions factory explosion to join rescuers retrieving the shredded remains of female workers .


He described the incident in his non-fiction book " Death in the Afternoon " : " I remember that after we searched quite thoroughly for the complete dead we collected fragments .


It is recorded that in 864 Muhammad ibn Tahir sent two elephants captured at Kabul , idols and aromatic substances to the caliph .


A few days after the fiesta ended , on his birthday ( July 21 ) , he began to write the draft of what would become " The Sun Also Rises " , finishing eight weeks later .


Their guide was the noted " white hunter " Philip Percival who had guided Theodore Roosevelt on his 1909 safari .


In 1935 he first arrived at Bimini , where he spent a considerable amount of time .


Descendants of his cats live at his Key West home .


He was reappointed governor of Khorasan in 892 by Al-Mu ' tadid .


He was unable to organize his writing for the first time in his life , so he asked A. E. Hotchner to travel to Cuba to help him .


The theme of women and death is evident in stories as early as " Indian Camp " .


The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution of any country in the world , with 146,385 words while the Constitution of Monaco is the shortest written constitution with 3,814 words .


The term " constitution " comes through French from the Latin word " constitutio " , used for regulations and orders , such as the imperial enactments ( " constitutiones principis " : edicta , mandata , decreta , rescripta ) .


The Shah of Kabul at this time was Kamaluka , called " Kamalu " in Persian literature .


However , a great number of constitutions do not exceed more than 10 years and around 10 % do not last more than 1 year , as it was the case of the French Constitution of 1791 .


Important not to forget or make any confusions about it is that constitutional rights are not a specific characteristic of democratic countries , but also non-democratic countries have Constitutions , such as North Korea for example , which officially grants every citizen , among other rights , the freedom of expression .


In 621 BC , a scribe named Draco codified the cruel oral laws of the city-state of Athens ; this code prescribed the death penalty for many offences ( nowadays very severe rules are often called " Draconian " ) .


In 594 BC , Solon , the ruler of Athens , created the new " Solonian Constitution " .


1358 ) states 700 ghulams and 2,500 Tajiks ) .


For constitutional principles almost lost to antiquity , see the code of Manu .


One of the first of these Germanic law codes to be written was the Visigothic " Code of Euric " ( 471 ) .


In Wales , the " Cyfraith Hywel " was codified by Hywel Dda ca .


Even so , its first recorded use in the function of a constitution ( supreme law of the land ) is with Sarsa Dengel beginning in 1563 .


Josef Markwart suggests he was a late representative of the Zunbils .


The English Protectorate that was set up by Oliver Cromwell after the English Civil War promulgated the first detailed written constitution adopted by a modern state ; it was called the Instrument of Government .


It was written to establish a free Zaporozhian-Ukrainian Republic , with the support of Charles XII of Sweden .


The United States Constitution , ratified June 21 , 1788 , was influenced by the writings of Polybius , Locke , Montesquieu , and others .


Another landmark document was the French Constitution , ratified on September 3 , 1791 .


He was able to conquer eastern Ghur after initial set-backs and was acknowledged as a sovereign by Muhammad ibn Suri .


In Denmark , as a result of the Napoleonic Wars , the absolute monarchy lost its personal possession of Norway to another absolute monarchy , Sweden .


The first Swiss Federal Constitution was put in force in September 1848 ( with official revisions in 1878 , 1891 , 1949 , 1971 , 1982 and 1999 ) .


Later writers , such as Aristotle , Cicero and Plutarch , would examine designs for government from a legal and historical standpoint .


The Renaissance brought a series of political philosophers who wrote implied criticisms of the practices of monarchs and sought to identify principles of constitutional design that would be likely to yield more effective and just governance from their viewpoints .


Sabuktigin launched another invasion in retaliation .


Some , such as Montesquieu , also examined how the functions of government , such as legislative , executive , and judicial , might appropriately be separated into branches .


The later writings of Orestes Brownson would try to explain what constitutional designers were trying to do .


In ethnic nation-states such as Estonia , the mission of the state can be defined as preserving a specific nation , language and culture .


The two sides fought an open battlefield in Laghman .


Some powers have been devolved to Northern Ireland , Scotland , and Wales ( but not England ) .


Some unitary states ( Spain is an example ) devolve more and more power to sub-national governments until the state functions in practice much like a federal state .


For example , the countries constituting the European Union have agreed to abide by some Union-wide measures which restrict their absolute sovereignty in some ways , e.g. , the use of the metric system of measurement instead of national units previously used .


Italian political theorist Giovanni Sartori noted the existence of national constitutions which are a facade for authoritarian sources of power .


Sabuktigin divided his army into packs of 500 who attacked the Indians in succession .


In other countries , such as Ireland , the ordinary courts may perform this function in addition to their other responsibilities .


While elsewhere , like in the United Kingdom , the concept of declaring an act to be unconstitutional does not exist .


It deals with a man , who mysteriously returns to Vietnam , where he had been a soldier earlier in his life , followed by his children , who also go to Vietnam to search for him .


He gets posted in the war time era to Vietnam and serves there and upon arrival discovers his wife 's infidelity .


Al-Utbi also states that the Afghans and Khaljis , living there as nomads , took the oath of allegiance to him and were recruited into his army .


A remix album titled " Further Down the Spiral " was released in 1995 .


It became his last collaboration with Nine Inch Nails due to creative differences .


Chris Vrenna and James Woolley performed drums and keyboards respectively , Robin Finck replaced Richard Patrick on guitar and bassist Danny Lohner was added to the line-up .


The tour included a set at Woodstock ' 94 broadcast on pay-per-view and seen in as many as 24 " million homes .


He appointed Ismail as successor to his kingdom and died in 997 .


On the second of the three nights , Richard Patrick was briefly reunited with the band and contributed guitar to a performance of " Head Like a Hole " .


Days later , Apple reversed the decision , but refused to explain its reasoning .


Disc one of the album 's deluxe edition re-release is nearly identical to the original version ; track anomalies such as sounds from previous tracks creeping up on start of tracks are fixed , and it includes a stereo and multi-channel SACD layer .


The common lawso named because it was " common " to all the king 's courts across Englandoriginated in the practices of the courts of the English kings in the centuries following the Norman Conquest in 1066 .


He reached Peshawar by September 1001 and was attacked by Jayapala .


These " common law systems " are legal systems that give great weight to judicial precedent , and to the style of reasoning inherited from the English legal system .


Before 1873 , England had two complementary court systems : courts of " law " which could only award money damages and recognized only the legal owner of property , and courts of " equity " ( courts of chancery ) that could issue injunctive relief ( that is , a court order to a party to do something , give something to someone , or stop doing something ) and recognized trusts of property .


While historically the " ius commune " became a secure point of reference in continental European legal systems , in England it was not a point of reference at all .


In an 1842 English case , " Winterbottom v .


He was allowed to rule as a feudatory in Punjab for some time .


The " Winterbottom " court recognized that there would be " absurd and outrageous consequences " if an injured person could sue any person peripherally involved , and knew it had to draw a line somewhere , a limit on the causal connection between the negligent conduct and the injury .


A first exception to this rule arose in 1852 , in the case of " Thomas v .


" MacPherson " takes some care to present itself as foreseeable progression , not a wild departure .


But while adhering to the underlying principle that " some " boundary is necessary , " MacPherson " overruled the prior common law by rendering the formerly dominant factor in the boundary , that is , the privity formality arising out of a contractual relationship between persons , totally irrelevant .


Canada 's federal system , described below , avoids regional variability of federal law by giving national jurisdiction to both layers of appellate courts .


Judge-made common law operated as the primary source of law for several hundred years , before Parliament acquired legislative powers to create statutory law .


In England , judges have devised a number of rules as to how to deal with precedent decisions .


The first attempt at a comprehensive compilation of centuries of common law was by Lord Chief Justice Edward Coke , in his treatise , " Institutes of the Lawes of England " in the 17th century .


Abu Ali , who had remained on good terms with the Sultan , was made the ruler of Ghur by him .


Reception statutes generally consider the English common law dating prior to independence , and the precedent originating from it , as the default law , because of the importance of using an extensive and predictable body of law to govern the conduct of citizens and businesses in a new state .


The main alternative to the common law system is the civil law system , which is used in Continental Europe , and most of Central and South America .


The canon law of the Catholic Church influenced the common law during the medieval period through its preservation of Roman law doctrine such as the presumption of innocence .


The influence of Roman-Dutch law continued in the colony well into the late 19th century .


Eastern Ghur was brought under Ghaznavid control .


Post-partition , India retained its common law system .


Certain international trade laws , such as those on intellectual property , are also enforced in India .


The exception to this rule is in the state of Goa , annexed in stages in the 1960 s through 1980 s .


Post-partition , Pakistan retained its common law system .


He captured many forts , bringing entire Ghur except maybe the inaccessible interior under Ghaznavid control .


, edited by the American Law Institute , collect the common law for the area .


The Corpus Juris Secundum is an encyclopedia whose main content is a compendium of the common law and its variations throughout the various state jurisdictions .


At the sending station , an operator would tap on a switch called a telegraph key , spelling out text messages in Morse code .


Telegraphs employing electrostatic attraction were the basis of early experiments in electrical telegraphy in Europe , but were abandoned as being impractical and were never developed into a useful communication system .


Ghur remained a pagan enclave until the 11th century .


In 1800 , Alessandro Volta invented the voltaic pile , allowing for a continuous current of electricity for experimentation .


This became a source of a low-voltage current that could be used to produce more distinct effects , and which was far less limited than the momentary discharge of an electrostatic machine , which with Leyden jars were the only previously known man-made sources of electricity .


Another very early experiment in electrical telegraphy was an ' electrochemical telegraph ' created by the German physician , anatomist and inventor Samuel Thomas von Sömmering in 1809 , based on an earlier , less robust design of 1804 by Spanish polymath and scientist Francisco Salva Campillo .


In 1825 , William Sturgeon invented the electromagnet , with a single winding of uninsulated wire on a piece of varnished iron , which increased the magnetic force produced by electric current .


By the time of Sultan Bahram , Ghur was converted and politically unified .


In 1835 , Joseph Henry and Edward Davy independently invented the mercury dipping electrical relay , in which a magnetic needle is dipped into a pot of mercury when an electric current passes through the surrounding coil .


Offering his invention to the Admiralty in July 1816 , it was rejected as " wholly unnecessary " .


The inventors and university did not have the funds to develop the telegraph on their own , but they received funding from Alexander von Humboldt .


He installed a telegraph line along the first German railroad in 1835 .


The people who were mostly responsible for establishing the Afghan kingdom are referred to as " Pashtun " .


The first system that did n't require skilled technicians to operate , was Charles Wheatstone 's ABC system in 1840 where the letters of the alphabet were arranged around a clock-face , and the signal caused a needle to indicate the letter .


The signal current moved an iron pen across a moving paper tape soaked in a mixture of ammonium nitrate and potassium ferrocyanide , decomposing the chemical and producing readable blue marks in Morse code .


Chemical telegraphy came to an end in the US in 1851 , when the Morse group defeated the Bain patent in the US District Court .


French engineer Émile Baudot patented a printing telegraph in which the signals were translated automatically into typographic characters .


An early successful teleprinter was invented by Frederick G. Creed .


In Glasgow he created his first keyboard perforator , which used compressed air to punch the holes .


His system was adopted by the " Daily Mail " for daily transmission of the newspaper contents .


Telex machines first performed rotary-telephone-style pulse dialling for circuit switching , and then sent data by ITA2 .


Only he continues with Afghan history after this .


The first wide-coverage Telex network was implemented in Germany during the 1930 s as a network used to communicate within the government .


In the latter half of the 1800 s , several inventors worked towards creating a method for doing just that , including Charles Bourseul , Thomas Edison , Elisha Gray , and Alexander Graham Bell .


Gutta-percha was used as insulation on a wire laid across the Rhine between Deutz and Cologne .


This was set out as a formal strategic goal , which became known as the All Red Line .


During this period , the Afghan habitat was in the Sulaiman Mountains .


During the war , Secretary of War Simon Cameron , and later Edwin Stanton , wanted control over the telegraph lines to maintain the flow of information .


This led to Western Union agreeing to a lesser position in the telephone competition , which in turn led to the lessening of the telegraph .


However , due to the underestimates of telegraph 's future and poor contracts , Western Union found itself declining .


AT&T acquired working control of Western Union in 1909 but relinquished it in 1914 under threat of antitrust action .


Al-Utbi states that the Afghans and Khaljis , living there as nomads , took the oath of allegiance to him and were recruited into his army .


In contrast , there is evidence for homology of the central subunits of Transmembrane ATPases throughout all living organisms , especially how the rotating elements are bound to the membrane .


" Celtic music " is a broad grouping of music genres that evolved out of the folk music traditions of the Celtic people of Western Europe .


First , it is the music of the people that identify themselves as Celts .


Secondly , it refers to whatever qualities may be unique to the music of the Celtic nations .


In the 16th century , the area around Qandahar formed a bone of contention between Ghilzai and Abdalis .


Much of the music of this region is Celtic in nature , but originates in the local area and celebrates the sea , seafaring , fishing and other primary industries .


There is also tremendous variation between " Celtic " regions .


Galician music is claimed to be " Celtic " .


In the 1960 s several bands put forward modern adaptations of Celtic music pulling influences from several of the Celtic nations at once to create a modern pan-celtic sound .


The Pashtuns also displaced the original Kafirs and Pashayi people in Kunar Valley and Laghman valley , located south of Kabul in east Afghanistan , to the infertile mountains .


Later , beginning in 1982 with The Pogues ' invention of Celtic folk-punk and Stockton 's Wing blend of Irish traditional and Pop , Rock and Reggae , there has been a movement to incorporate Celtic influences into other genres of music .


Today there are Celtic-influenced subgenres of virtually every type of popular music including electronica , rock , metal , punk , hip hop , reggae , new-age , Latin , Andean and pop .


However , only one book ( as opposed to inscription ) , the " Liber Linteus " , survived , and only because the linen on which it was written was used as mummy wrappings .


But by far , the greatest concentration is in Italy .


Regions to south and east of Ghazni were stronghold of Hazaras before the 16th century .


Etruscan coins have turned up in caches or individually in tombs and in excavations seemingly at random , and concentrated , of course , in Etruria .


" Most Indo-European adverbs are formed from the oblique cases , which become unproductive and descend to fixed forms .


Some words with corresponding Latin or other Indo-European forms are likely loanwords to or from Etruscan .


The word " pera " " house " is a false cognate to the Coptic " per " " house " .


They also lost Wardak to the tribe of the same name when the latter invaded in the 17th century .


The Flamsteed designation of a star , for example , consists of a number and the genitive form of the constellation name .


A constellation ( or star ) , viewed from a particular latitude on Earth , that never sets below the horizon is termed circumpolar .


From the North Pole or South Pole , all constellations south or north of the celestial equator are circumpolar .


Both the 88 IAU recognized constellations and those that cultures have recognized throughout history are essentially imagined figures and shapes with only a certain basis in the actually observable sky .


The region became a refuge of an old group of Indo-European people probably mixed with an older substratum , as well as a refuge of a distinct Kafiri group of Indo-Iranian languages , forming part of the wider Dardic languages .


The classical Zodiac is a revision of Neo-Babylonian constellations from the 6th century BC .


These are known today as Bayer designations .


Italian explorers who recorded new southern constellations include Andrea Corsali , Antonio Pigafetta , and Amerigo Vespucci .


Earlier , it was surrounded by Buddhist areas .


The consequence of this early date is that because of the precession of the equinoxes , the borders on a modern star map , such as epoch J2000 , are already somewhat skewed and no longer perfectly vertical or horizontal .


To " elect " means " to select or make a decision " , and so sometimes other forms of ballot such as referendums are referred to as elections , especially in the United States .


Many countries have growing electoral reform movements , which advocate systems such as approval voting , single transferable vote , instant runoff voting or a Condorcet method ; these methods are also gaining popularity for lesser elections in some countries where more important elections still use more traditional counting methods .


Other states ( e.g. , the United Kingdom ) only set maximum time in office , and the executive decides exactly when within that limit it will actually go to the polls .


The Buddhist states temporarily brought literacy and state rule into the region .


Local legend has it that Cethlenn was wounded in battle by an arrow and attempted to swim across the River Erne , which surrounds the island , but she never reached the other side , so the island was named in reference to her .


The castle was the stronghold of the junior branch of the Maguires .


Enniskillen Castle features on the cap badge of both regiments .


The Provisional Irish Republican Army claimed responsibility for the attack .


The decline of Buddhism resulted in it becoming heavily isolated .


The gathering was the biggest international diplomatic gathering ever held in Northern Ireland .


Railway lines from Enniskillen railway station linked the town with Derry from 1854 , Dundalk from 1861 , Bundoran from 1868 and Sligo from 1882 .


The town is on the main A4 / N16 route linking Belfast and Sligo , and on the main Dublin to Ballyshannon route , the N3 / A46 / A509 .


Another toner-based printer is the LED printer which uses an array of LEDs instead of a laser to cause toner adhesion to the print drum .


Ram Sharan Sharma states that they may have been Buddhist .


Many can be used on a standalone basis without a computer , using a memory card or USB connector .


For a fair comparison , many laser printer manufacturers use the ISO / IEC 19752 process to measure the toner cartridge yield .


The " Oxford English Dictionary " contains " pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism " ( 30 letters ) .


" Guinness World Records " formerly contained a category for longest personal name used .


He adds , " On breaking a great temple situated there , the ornamented figure of a lion came out of it , which according to the belief of the Hindus was four thousand years old .


His family moved to Pennsylvania in 1971 .


Soon after this experience , in 1997 , he wrote the essay " The Cathedral and the Bazaar " , detailing his thoughts on open-source software development and why it should be done as openly as possible ( the " bazaar " approach ) .


The essay was based in part on his experience in developing Fetchmail .


He co-founded the Open Source Initiative in 1998 , taking on the self-appointed role of ambassador of open source to the press , business and public .


Mughal Emperor Jahangir had received a delegation of these pure Kafirs in Jalalabad and had honored them with gifts .


He has also contributed code and content to the free software video game " The Battle for Wesnoth " .


It first appeared in his book " The Cathedral and the Bazaar " .


As head of the Open Source Initiative , he argued that advocates should focus on the potential for better products .


In Australia and the United Kingdom it has been held that a single word is insufficient to comprise a copyright work .


In consequence of their vicinity of the Kafirs - the inhabitants of this district are happy to pay them a fixed contribution .


Almost everything on the Internet has some sort of copyright attached to it .


In the United Kingdom and many other Commonwealth countries , a similar notion of fair dealing was established by the courts or through legislation .


The concept is sometimes not well defined ; however in Canada , private copying for personal use has been expressly permitted by statute since 1999 .


The Kafirs were poorly armed as compared to Afghans and numbered only 60,000 .


In the digital age of music , music may be copied and distributed at minimal cost through the Internet ; however , the record industry attempts to provide promotion and marketing for the artist and their work so it can reach a much larger audience .


Non-exclusive grants ( often called non-exclusive licenses ) need not be in writing under U.S. law .


Because of the difficulty of following every individual work , copyright collectives or collecting societies and performing rights organizations ( such as ASCAP , BMI , and SESAC ) have been formed to collect royalties for hundreds ( thousands and more ) works at once .


The " euro " ( sign : " € " ; code : " EUR " ) is the official currency of 19 of the member states of the European Union .


By 1895 , demarcation of nearby Chitral under indirect British rule and conquest of Pamirs by Russia worried him about the endangerment of integration of Afghanistan through the independent Kafiristan .


While the euro dropped subsequently to US $ 0.83 within two years ( 26 October 2000 ) , it has traded above the U.S. dollar since the end of 2002 , peaking at US $ 1.60 on 18 July 2008 and since then returning near to its original issue rate .


As an independent central bank , the ECB has sole authority to set monetary policy .


The Eurosystem participates in the printing , minting and distribution of notes and coins in all member states , and the operation of the eurozone payment systems .


Eurosystem NCBs are required to accept euro banknotes put into circulation by other Eurosystem members and these banknotes are not repatriated .


Afghan tribes meanwhile undertook slave raids in places like Kafiristan , Hazarajat , Badakhshan and Chitral .


All common sides were designed by Luc Luycx .


While the designs are supposed to be devoid of any identifiable characteristics , the initial designs by Robert Kalina were of specific bridges , including the Rialto and the Pont de Neuilly , and were subsequently rendered more generic ; the final designs still bear very close similarities to their specific prototypes ; thus they are not truly generic .


The ECB has also set up a clearing system , TARGET , for large euro transactions .


The procedure used to fix the conversion rate between the Greek drachma and the euro was different since the euro by then was already two years old .


After the subjugation of Hazaras , Kafiristan was the last remaining autonomous part .


Since its introduction , the euro has been the second most widely held international reserve currency after the U.S. dollar .


Over this period , the share held in U.S. dollar fell from 71 % to 64 % and that held in RMB fell from 6.4 % to 3.3 % .


This could result in high unemployment and lower incomes as it was during European sovereign-debt crisis .


It has been found that the introduction of the euro created " significant reductions in market risk exposures for nonfinancial firms both in and outside Europe " .


About 60,000 of the Kafirs became converts .


The effect of declining interest rates , combined with excess liquidity continually provided by the ECB , made it easier for banks within the countries in which interest rates fell the most , and their linked sovereigns , to borrow significant amounts ( above the 3 % of GDP budget deficit imposed on the eurozone initially ) and significantly inflate their public and private debt levels .


This further increased the already high levels of public debt to a level the markets began to consider unsustainable , via increasing government bond interest rates , producing the ongoing European sovereign-debt crisis .


The ECB targets interest rates rather than exchange rates and in general does not intervene on the foreign exchange rate markets .


The euro is the second-most widely held reserve currency after the U.S. dollar .


At its maximum extent , the empire ruled over the modern-day countries of Afghanistan and Pakistan , as well as parts of northeastern and southeastern Iran , eastern Turkmenistan , and northwestern India .


It is the only official language of Andorra , and a co-official language of three autonomous communities in eastern Spain : Catalonia , the aforementioned Valencian Community and the Balearic Islands .


It is also spoken in the Pyrénées-Orientales department of France and in two further areas in eastern Spain : the eastern strip of Aragon and the aforementioned Carche in the Region of Murcia .


Nineteenth-century Spain saw a Catalan literary revival , culminating in the early 1900 s .


Both uses of the term have their respective entries in the dictionaries by the AVL and the IEC .


From there , he conquered Ghazni , Kabul , and Peshawar in the same year .


People from the Spanish Alacant province settled around Oran , whereas Algiers received immigration from Northern Catalonia and Menorca .


The government of France formally recognizes only French as an official language .


However , the 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival ( ) , which has continued up to the present day .


There is also well ingrained diglossia in the Valencian Community , Ibiza , and to a lesser extent , in the rest of the Balearic islands .


He next sent an army to subdue the areas north of the Hindu Kush , and in short order , all the different tribes began joining his cause .


Balearic has also instances of stressed .


This reduction pattern , inherited from Proto-Romance , is also found in Italian and Portuguese .


As a result , Central Catalan has a much higher incidence of .


From 1722 to 1725 , his son Mahmud Hotak briefly ruled large parts of Iran and declared himself as " Shah of Persia " .


Furthermore , the data indicates that younger generations educated in Valencian are much less likely to hold these views .


Also , usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element .


This process started very early , and one can find such examples in Ramon Llull 's work .


There is greater regularity in the process of word-compounding , where one can find compounded words formed much like those in English .


In short order , the powerful army brought under its control the Tajik , Hazara , Uzbek , Turkmen , and other tribes of northern Afghanistan .


This allows the placement of almost any nominal term as a sentence topic , without having to use so often the passive voice ( as in French or English ) , or identifying the direct object with a preposition ( as in Spanish ) .


In Spain , every person officially has two surnames , one of which is the father 's first surname and the other is the mother 's first surname .


It launched from Kennedy Space Center , Florida , on July 29 , 1985 , and landed just under eight days later on August 6 .


The Mughal power in northern India had been declining after the death of Emperor Aurangzeb , who died in 1707 .


The orbiter arrived back at Kennedy Space Center on August 11 , 1985 .


The constellations Leo and Orion are shown in the positions they were in relative to the Sun during the flight .


In 2018 , profits refunds were reinstalled by the Eurogroup .


In turn , the bank supplied the promissory note as collateral to the Central Bank of Ireland , so it could access emergency liquidity assistance ( ELA ) .


Through this treaty , the Marathas controlled virtually the whole of India from their capital at Pune and the Mughal rule was restricted only to Delhi ( the Mughals remained the nominal heads of Delhi ) .


In general terms , this means that the Eurosystem tasks and policies can be discussed , designed , decided and implemented in full autonomy , without pressure or need for instructions from any external body .


Such a government would then make the euro area more democratic and transparent by avoiding the opacity of a council such as the Eurogroup .


Vocal music , such as songs for a singer and piano ( notably the work of Schubert ) , choral works , and opera ( a staged dramatic work for singers and orchestra ) were also important during this period .


The best-known composers from this period are Joseph Haydn , Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , Ludwig van Beethoven , and Franz Schubert ; other notable names include Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach , Johann Christian Bach , Luigi Boccherini , Domenico Cimarosa , Muzio Clementi , Christoph Willibald Gluck , André Grétry , Pierre-Alexandre Monsigny , Leopold Mozart , Giovanni Paisiello , François-André Danican Philidor , Niccolò Piccinni , Antonio Salieri , Christian Cannabich and the Chevalier de Saint-Georges .


Ahmad Shah Durrani was famous for winning wars much larger than his army .


Where Baroque music was characterized by seamless flow within individual movements and largely uniform textures , composers after the Baroque sought to interrupt this flow with changes in texture , dynamic , harmony , or tempo .


However , Vienna 's fall as the most important musical center for orchestral composition during the late 1820 s , precipitated by the deaths of Beethoven and Schubert , marked the Classical style 's final eclipse - and the end of its continuous organic development of one composer learning in close proximity to others .


Franz Liszt and Frédéric Chopin visited Vienna when they were young , but they then moved on to other cities .


Composers such as Carl Czerny , while deeply influenced by Beethoven , also searched for new ideas and new forms to contain the larger world of musical expression and performance in which they lived .


There were rebellions in the north in the region of Bukhara .


The Baroque guitar , with four or five sets of double strings or " courses " and elaborately decorated soundhole , was a very different instrument from the early classical guitar which more closely resembles the modern instrument with the standard six strings .


In the Baroque era , the double bass players were not usually given a separate part ; instead , they typically played the same basso continuo bassline that the cellos and other low-pitched instruments ( e.g. , theorbo , serpent wind instrument , viols ) , albeit an octave below the cellos , because the double bass is a transposing instrument that sounds one octave lower than it is written .


The low cost of digital representation of data in modern computer systems allows more elaborate character codes ( such as Unicode ) which represent most of the characters used in many written languages .


Both the Unicode and GB18030 standards have a character repertoire .


Much later , he was reinstated by the British , ruling during 1839 – 1842 .


All entries in the ASCII table below code 32 ( technically the C0 control code set ) are of this kind , including CR and LF used to separate lines of text .


The code 127 ( DEL ) is also a control character .


These 65 control codes were carried over to Unicode .


She starred alongside Keira Knightley , Elisabeth Moss and Ellen Burstyn .


The mechanism was invented by Bob Bemer , the father of ASCII .


An early implementation of this idea was the out-of-band ASA carriage control characters .


The escape character ( ESC ) was intended to " quote " the next character , if it was another control character it would print it instead of performing the control function .


Digital Equipment Corporation invented a convention which used 19 ( the device control 3 character ( DC3 ) , also known as control-S , or XOFF ) to " S " top transmission , and 17 ( the device control 1 character ( DC1 ) , a.k.a. control-Q , or XON ) to start transmission .


Aimaqs is a Turkic-Mongolic word that means " tribe " or " grazing territory " .


Code 0 ( ASCII code name NUL ) is a special case .


Since the position of a NUL character has no holes punched , it can be replaced with any other character at a later time , so it was typically used to reserve space , either for correcting errors or for inserting information that would be available at a later time or in another place .


Code 127 ( DEL , a.k.a. " rubout " ) is likewise a special case .


In such PROMs , the DEL and NUL characters can be used in the same way that they were used on punched tape : one to reserve meaningless fill bytes that can be written later , and the other to convert written bytes to meaningless fill bytes .


An alternative lore associates the name with the legend around Icarius , who gave the gift of wine to other men , but was murdered by them , because they had had no experience with intoxication and mistook the wine for poison .


A decade later Benjamin Franklin proposed that electricity was not from different types of electrical fluid , but a single electrical fluid showing an excess ( + ) or deficit ( − ) .


He was able to estimate the value of this elementary charge " e " by means of Faraday 's laws of electrolysis .


A 1906 proposal to change to " electrion " failed because Hendrik Lorentz preferred to keep " electron " .


Around the beginning of the twentieth century , it was found that under certain conditions a fast-moving charged particle caused a condensation of supersaturated water vapor along its path. In 1911 , Charles Wilson used this principle to devise his cloud chamber so he could photograph the tracks of charged particles , such as fast-moving electrons .


Subsequent spectral atlases with greater wavelength coverage and superior signal-to-noise ratio made with digital detectors have supplanted the older work , but the Arcturus spectrum remains an important standard for stellar spectroscopy .


In 1926 , this equation , the Schrödinger equation , successfully described how electron waves propagated .


In 1928 , building on Wolfgang Pauli 's work , Paul Dirac produced a model of the electron " – the Dirac equation , consistent with relativity theory , by applying relativistic and symmetry considerations to the hamiltonian formulation of the quantum mechanics of the electro-magnetic field .


The first successful attempt to accelerate electrons using electromagnetic induction was made in 1942 by Donald Kerst .


In 1947 , synchrotron radiation was discovered with a 70 " MeV electron synchrotron at General Electric .


Large regions of Egypt were covered in treed savanna and traversed by herds of grazing ungulates .


The combination of the energy variation needed to create these particles , and the time during which they exist , fall under the threshold of detectability expressed by the Heisenberg uncertainty relation , Δ " E " " · " Δ " t " " ≥ " " ħ " .


In effect , the energy needed to create these virtual particles , Δ " E " , can be " borrowed " from the vacuum for a period of time , Δ " t " , so that their product is no more than the reduced Planck constant , .


In atoms , this creation of virtual photons explains the Lamb shift observed in spectral lines .


The electromagnetic field of an arbitrary moving charged particle is expressed by the Liénard–Wiechert potentials , which are valid even when the particle 's speed is close to that of light ( relativistic ) .


Foliage and fauna were far more prolific in all environs and the Nile region supported large populations of waterfowl .


The acceleration of the electron results in the emission of Bremsstrahlung radiation .


" c " , which is known as the Compton wavelength .


This value is a dimensionless quantity formed by the ratio of two energies : the electrostatic energy of attraction ( or repulsion ) at a separation of one Compton wavelength , and the rest energy of the charge .


An electron can be " bound " to the nucleus of an atom by the attractive Coulomb force .


By about 5500 " BC , small tribes living in the Nile valley had developed into a series of cultures demonstrating firm control of agriculture and animal husbandry , and identifiable by their pottery and personal items , such as combs , bracelets , and beads .


These interactions are described mathematically by Maxwell 's equations .


Examples of good conductors include metals such as copper and gold , whereas glass and Teflon are poor conductors .