The font of a type common in Cornwall is of the 12th century : large and finely carved .


In the 1950 s it was the site of the JSSL .


There are a further two primary schools within Bodmin ; Berrycoombe School in the northwest corner of the town , and St. Mary 's Catholic Primary School .


It includes Brown Willy , the highest point in Cornwall , and Rough Tor , a slightly lower peak .


Currently , the senior associate justice is Clarence Thomas .


It has been inhabited since at least the Neolithic era , when primitive farmers started clearing trees and farming the land .


They left their megalithic monuments , hut circles and cairns , and the Bronze Age culture that followed left further cairns , and more stone circles and stone rows .


Numerous peat deposits occur across the moor whilst large areas are characterised by blockfields of granite boulders ; both deposits are of Holocene age ( see also Geology of Cornwall ) .


Dramatic granite tors rise from the rolling moorland : the best known are Brown Willy , the highest point in Cornwall at , and Rough Tor at .


The title was shortened to " Justice " in 1980 , a year before Sandra Day O'Connor became the first female justice .


The moor has also been recognised as a separate natural region and designated as national character area 153 by Natural England .


The River Fowey rises at a height of and flows through Lostwithiel and into the Fowey estuary .


On the southern slopes of the moor lies Dozmary Pool .


It is Cornwall 's only natural inland lake and is glacial in origin .


There are three living retired associate justices at the present time : Sandra Day O'Connor , retired January 31 , 2006 ; David Souter , retired June 29 , 2009 ; and Anthony Kennedy , retired July 31 , 2018 .


In the following Bronze Age , the creation of monuments increased dramatically , with the production of over 300 further cairns , and more stone circles and stone rows .


Until the establishment of a turnpike road through the moor ( the present A30 ) in the 1770 s the size of the moorland area made travel within Cornwall very difficult .


The murder site now has a monument erected from public money , and the grave is at Davidstow churchyard .


Civil wars since the end of World War II have lasted on average just over four years , a dramatic rise from the one-and-a-half-year average of the 1900 – 1944 period .


soon launched a new anthology title , entitled " Action Comics " .


An unnamed " office boy " retconned as Jimmy Olsen 's first appearance was revealed in " Action Comics " # 6 's ( November 1938 ) Superman story by Siegel and Shuster .


featuring artwork by his creator , C. C. Beck .


A handful of the most popular superhero-titles , including " Action Comics " and " Detective Comics " , the medium 's two longest-running titles , continued publication .


For example , the pirates of the Barbary Coast were recognized as " de facto " states because of their military power .


They increased the use of non-traditional contractual arrangements , including the dramatic rise of creator-owned projects , leading to a significant increase in critically lauded work ( much of it for Vertigo ) and the licensing of material from other companies .


DC Universe is expected to offer more than video content through the inclusion of an immersive experience with fan interaction that encompasses comics in addition to television .


The word " Diophantine " refers to the Hellenistic mathematician of the 3rd century , Diophantus of Alexandria , who made a study of such equations and was one of the first mathematicians to introduce symbolism into algebra .


In this section , we show how the above method allows retrieving Euclid 's formula for generating Pythagorean triples .


The American Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ) was unusual for at least two reasons : it was fought around regional identities as well as political ideologies , and it ended through a war of attrition , rather than with a decisive battle over control of the capital , as was the norm .


Examples include the Ramanujan–Nagell equation , " x " , and the equation of the Fermat-Catalan conjecture and Beal 's conjecture , " c " with inequality restrictions on the exponents .


A general theory for such equations is not available ; particular cases such as Catalan 's conjecture have been tackled .


However , the majority are solved via ad hoc methods such as Størmer 's theorem or even trial and error .


This led to tremendous advances in number theory , and the study of Diophantine equations ( " Diophantine geometry " ) and of Diophantine approximations remain important areas of mathematical research .


The Spanish Civil War ( 1936 – 1939 ) proved exceptional because " both " sides in the struggle received support from intervening great powers : Germany , Italy , and Portugal supported opposition leader Francisco Franco , while France and the Soviet Union supported the government ( see proxy war ) .


A proof was finally found in 1994 by Andrew Wiles after working on it for seven years .


Today , Diophantine analysis is the area of study where integer ( whole-number ) solutions are sought for equations , and Diophantine equations are polynomial equations with integer coefficients to which only integer solutions are sought .


Most of the problems in Arithmetica lead to quadratic equations .


Awards may be made to persons other than members of the United States Armed Forces for wartime services only , and then only under exceptional circumstances , with the express approval of the president in each case .


However , the rate of new civil wars had not increased appreciably ; the drastic rise in the number of ongoing wars after World War II was a result of the tripling of the average duration of civil wars to over four years .


In the 1950 s , McCarthyism induced the university to demand a loyalty oath from its professors , many of whom refused to sign the oath on the principle of freedom of thought .


Alice Waters opened Chez Panisse in 1971 .


Despite efforts to remove unhoused individuals from the streets and projects to improve social service provision for this demographic , homelessness has continued to be a significant problem in Berkeley .


Most public discourse around homelessness in Berkeley at this time was centered around the idea of street-living as an expression of counterculture .


This increase was a result of the increased number of states , the fragility of states formed after 1945 , the decline in interstate war , and the Cold War rivalry .


The mayor at that time , Shirley Dean , proposed a plan to increase both social support services for homeless youth and enforcement of anti-encampment laws .


Snow has generally fallen every several years on the higher peaks of the Berkeley Hills .


There were 12,209 people ( 10.8 % ) of Hispanic or Latino ancestry , of any race .


6.8 % of the city 's population was of Mexican ancestry .


The development of strong administrative structures , in particular those related to extraction of taxes , is closely associated with the intense warfare between predatory European states in the 17th and 18th centuries , or in Charles Tilly 's famous formulation : " War made the state and the state made war " .


South of the campus is " Southside " , mainly a student ghetto , where much of the university 's student housing is located .


The busiest stretch of Telegraph Avenue is in this neighborhood .


North of the campus is the quieter " Northside " neighborhood , the location of the Graduate Theological Union .


This area abuts the shoreline of the San Francisco Bay and is home to the Berkeley Marina .


For example , the formation of the modern states of Germany and Italy in the 19th century is closely associated with the wars of expansion and consolidation led by Prussia and Sardinia-Piedmont , respectively .


It is situated in Altarnun civil parish between Launceston and Bodmin .


It is bypassed by a dual carriageway section of the A30 trunk road ; before the bypass was built the hamlet straddled the A30 road .


The word " dacoity " , the anglicized version of the Hindustani word " ḍakaitī " ( historically spelled " dakaitee " , Hindi डकैती or Urdu ڈکیتی ) , comes from " ḍākū " ( historically spelled " dakoo " , Hindi : डाकू , Urdu : ڈاکو , meaning " armed robber " ) .


The exact reasons for the emergence of dacoity in the Chambal valley has been disputed .


However , international norms towards sovereignty changed in the wake of World War II in ways that support and maintain the existence of weak states .


Other popular films in this genre included Raj Kapoor ’s " Jis Desh Mein Ganga Behti Hai " ( 1961 ) and Moni Bhattacharjee 's " Mujhe Jeene Do " ( 1963 ) .


Pakistani actor Akmal Khan had two dacoit films , " Malangi " ( 1965 ) and " Imam Din Gohavia " ( 1967 ) .


Other films in this genre included " Khote Sikkay " ( 1973 ) , " Mera Gaon Mera Desh " ( 1971 ) , and " Kuchhe Dhaage " ( 1973 ) both by Raj Khosla .


An internationally acclaimed example of the genre is " Bandit Queen " ( 1994 ) .


The formation of a strong international law regime and norms against territorial aggression is strongly associated with the dramatic drop in the number of interstate wars , though it has also been attributed to the effect of the Cold War or to the changing nature of economic development .


Neighboring towns include Dixon , Winters , Woodland , and West Sacramento .


There are also numerous commercial stations broadcasting from nearby Sacramento .


It was while he was in Mexico that he met the young girl whom he eventually married .


His body was cremated , and his ashes were scattered from a DC-3 airplane over Broadway in Manhattan by Captain Eddie Rickenbacker on December 18 , 1946 .


Similarly , the international community has largely refused to recognize secessionist regions , while keeping some secessionist self-declared states such as Somaliland in diplomatic recognition limbo .


Dense woodlands , including hilly rainforests , cover Bengal 's northern and eastern areas ; while an elevated forested plateau covers its central area .


In the littoral southwest are the Sundarbans , the world 's largest mangrove forest and home of the Bengal tiger .


In the coastal southeast lies Cox 's Bazar , the longest beach in the world at .


It was later absorbed into the Mughal Empire in 1576 .


If one of the intervening states was a superpower , a civil war is a further 72 % longer ; a conflict such as the Angolan Civil War , in which there is two-sided foreign intervention , including by a superpower ( actually , two superpowers in the case of Angola ) , would be 538 % longer on average than a civil war without any international intervention .


This is also mentioned in Ghulam Husain Salim 's Riyaz-us-Salatin .


The Chittagong Hill Tracts and Sylhet regions are home to most of the mountains in Bangladesh .


Most parts of Bangladesh are within above the sea level , and it is believed that about 10 % of the land would be flooded if the sea level were to rise by .


A major part of the coastline comprises a marshy jungle , the Sundarbans , the largest mangrove forest in the world and home to diverse flora and fauna , including the royal Bengal tiger .


In collaboration with Frederick Loewe , and later Burton Lane , he created some of the world 's most popular and enduring works of musical theatre both for the stage and on film .


The Darjeeling Himalayan hill region in the northern extreme of the state belongs to the eastern Himalaya .


This region contains Sandakfu ( ) - the highest peak of the state .


The Surma and Barak river are the geographic markers of the area .


The city of Sylhet is its largest urban center , and the region is known for its unique language .


He attended both Camp Androscoggin and Camp Greylock .


Bangladesh hosts 60 % of the forest , with the remainder in India .


Water bodies and wetlands provide a habitat for many aquatic plants in the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta .


The northern part of the region features Himalayan foothills ( " Dooars " ) with densely wooded Sal and other tropical evergreen trees .


Sal woodland is also found across central Bangladesh , particularly in the Bhawal National Park .


Gabriel Pascal owned the rights to " Pygmalion " , which had been unsuccessful with other composers who tried to adapt it into a musical .


The Chittagong Hill Tracts in southeastern Bangladesh is noted for its high degree of biodiversity .


For Bangladesh , the water lily , the oriental magpie-robin , the hilsa and mango tree are national symbols .


For West Bengal , the white-throated kingfisher , the chatim tree and the night-flowering jasmine are state symbols .


The Bengal tiger is the national animal of Bangladesh and India .


He was uncharacteristically able to complete " I Could Have Danced All Night " from " My Fair Lady " in one 24-hour period .


The Ganges , Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers were natural arteries for communication and transportation .


The region was known to the ancient Greeks and Romans as Gangaridai .


The invasion army of Alexander the Great was deterred by the accounts of Gangaridai 's power in 325 " BCE .


The Bengal Subah province in the Mughal Empire was the wealthiest state in the subcontinent .


He would sometimes write songs with someone in mind , for instance , " I 've Grown Accustomed To Her Face " from " My Fair Lady " was written with Rex Harrison in mind to complement his very limited vocal range .


West Bengal became one of India 's most populous states .


Since the 2000 s , West Bengal has experienced an economic rejuvenation , particularly in its IT industry .


The students of the University of Dhaka and other political activists defied the law and organised a protest on 21 February 1952 .


UNESCO in 1999 declared 21 February as International Mother Language Day honouring the 1952 incident .


He was a member of the Dramatists Guild of America .


Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was assassinated later that year during a military coup that ushered in sixteen years of military dictatorships and presidential governments .


The liberation war commander Ziaur Rahman emerged as Bangladesh 's leader in the late 1970 s .


He was eventually succeeded by his army chief Hussain Muhammad Ershad .


The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) was founded in Dhaka in 1985 .


At the time of his death he was married to actress Liz Robertson , who was 36 years his junior .


Between 1975 and 1990 , Bangladesh had a presidential system of government .


Bangladesh is a member of the UN , WTO , IMF , the World Bank , ADB , OIC , IDB , SAARC , BIMSTEC and the IMCTC .


Bangladesh has achieved significant strides in human development compared to its neighbours .


The state legislative assemblies also play a key role in electing the ceremonial president of India .


The company name is based on the Latin translation of the surname of the founder , August Horch .


India and Bangladesh are the world 's second and eighth most populous countries respectively .


In more recent years , a consensus has evolved in both countries on the importance of developing good relations , as well as a strategic partnership in South Asia and beyond .


Commercial , cultural and defence co-operation have expanded since 2010 , when Prime Ministers Sheikh Hasina and Manmohan Singh pledged to reinvigorate ties .


India has since fenced the border which has been criticised by Bangladesh .


West Bengal is quite religiously diverse in comparison to Bangladesh , with regional cultural and religious specificities .


West Bengal has one of the lowest total fertility rates in India .


Chars are temporary islands formed by the deposition of sediments eroded off the banks of the Ganges in West Bengal , which often disappear in the monsoon season .


The region is one of the largest rice producing areas in the world , with West Bengal being India 's largest rice producer and Bangladesh being the world 's fourth largest rice producer .


In 1902 , he moved with his company to Reichenbach im Vogtland .


The partition of India severed the once strong economic links which integrated the region .


Decades later , frequent air , rail and bus services are increasingly connecting cities in Bangladesh and West Bengal , as well as the wider region , including Northeast India , Nepal and Bhutan .


It is also located near China 's southern landlocked region , including Yunnan and Tibet .


Both India and Bangladesh plan to expand onshore and offshore oil and gas operations .


At the same time , 6-cylinder and 4-cylinder ( the " four " with a Peugeot engine ) models were manufactured .


Bengali Hindus make up the second largest linguistic community in India .


It is written using the indigenous Bengali alphabet , a descendant of the ancient Brahmi script .


Bengali has greatly influenced other languages in the region , including Odia , Assamese , Chakma , Nepali and Rohingya .


It is the sole state language of Bangladesh and the second most spoken language in India .


It used a power train shared with the Wanderer , but turned 180 degrees , so that the drive shaft faced the front .


It has a history stretching back to the 3rd century BCE , when the main language was Sanskrit written in the brahmi script .


Its practitioners were among the harbingers of modern painting in India .


In the 1950 s , Muzharul Islam pioneered the modernist terracotta style of architecture in South Asia .


Other folk music forms include Gombhira , Bhatiali and Bhawaiya .


However , this badge was used only on Auto Union racing cars in that period while the member companies used their own names and emblems .


Country boats are a central element of Bengali culture and have inspired generations of artists and poets , including the ivory artisans of the Mughal era .


By the late 19th century , the contention that " all motion is relative " was re-introduced , notably by Ernst Mach ( 1883 ) .


which includes an illustration of a winged devil labelled " D-EVOLUTION " and would later inspire the song " Jocko Homo " .


This performance was filmed and a part was included on the home video " The Complete Truth About De-Evolution " .


Like most German manufacturing , at the onset of World War II the Auto Union plants were retooled for military production , and were a target for allied bombing during the war which left them damaged .


won a prize at the Ann Arbor Film Festival .


This attracted the attention of David Bowie , who began work to get the band a recording contract with Warner Music Group .


The band members were asked to write their own parts and Mark Mothersbaugh scored and recorded much of the soundtrack , his first of many .


The album moved to an almost completely electronic sound , with the exception of acoustic drums and Bob Mothersbaugh 's guitar .


Daimler-Benz took an 87 % holding in the Auto Union company , and this was increased to a 100 % holding in 1959 .


In August 1981 , the band 's " DEV-O Live " EP spent three weeks at the top of the Australian charts .


Produced by Roy Thomas Baker , the album featured a more synth-pop-oriented sound than its predecessors .


According to Gerald Casale , the album 's sound was inspired by reviewers alternately describing them as both " fascists " and " clowns " .


Their record was produced by Bob Casale and Mark Mothersbaugh , and Mark also co-wrote some of the songs .


The decision to dispose of the Auto Union business was based on its lack of profitability .


Gerald Casale began a career as a director of music videos and commercials , working with bands including Rush , Soundgarden , Silverchair and the Foo Fighters .


Bob Casale died on February 17 , 2014 , at 61 .


According to his brother Gerald , it was a " sudden death from conditions that led to heart failure " .


Partial proceeds for the ten shows went to support Bob Casale 's family after his sudden death .


In September 1965 , the DKW F102 was fitted with a four-stroke engine and a facelift for the car 's front and rear .


The first occurrence of a single manuscript of the daily office was written by the Benedictine order at Monte Cassino in Italy in 1099 .


The Benedictines were not a mendicant order , but a stable , monastery-based order , and single-volume breviaries are rare from this early period .


Before the advent of printing , breviaries were written by hand and were often richly decorated with initials and miniature illustrations telling stories in the lives of Christ or the saints , or stories from the Bible .


Significant changes came in 1910 with the reform of the Roman Breviary by Pope Pius X. This revision modified the traditional psalm scheme so that , while all 150 psalms were used in the course of the week , these were said without repetition .


In 1969 , Auto Union merged with NSU , based in Neckarsulm , near Stuttgart .


His company DEKA also holds patents for the technology used in portable dialysis machines , an insulin pump ( based on the drug infusion pump technology ) , that would serve as a water purification system .


In 2007 , his residence was a hexagonal , shed style mansion he dubbed Westwind , and three Enstrom helicopters , including a 280FX , a 480 , and a 480B .


He was a professor of psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974 .


He imagined the application of his ideas to the design of a human community in his utopian novel , " Walden Two " ( 1948 ) , while his analysis of human behavior culminated in his work , " Verbal Behavior " .


In the 1950 s , NSU had been the world 's largest manufacturer of motorcycles , but had moved on to produce small cars like the NSU Prinz , the TT and TTS versions of which are still popular as vintage race cars .


Ten days before his death , he was given the lifetime achievement award by the American Psychological Association and gave a talk in an auditorium concerning his work .


Developed over two decades , his work appeared in the book " Verbal Behavior " .


NSU then focused on new rotary engines based on the ideas of Felix Wankel .


He portrayed a cab driver on the soap opera " The Edge of Night " in 1966 .


He also coached at Texas Tech ( 2001 – 2008 ) and at Army ( 1965 – 1971 ) .


His 1975 – 76 team went undefeated during the regular season and won the 1976 NCAA tournament .


In 1984 , he coached the USA men 's Olympic team to a gold medal , becoming one of only three basketball coaches to win an NCAA title , NIT title , and an Olympic gold medal .


In 1967 , the new NSU Ro 80 was a car well ahead of its time in technical details such as aerodynamics , light weight , and safety .


He continued covering college basketball for ESPN through the 2014 – 15 season .


He began playing organized basketball at Orrville High School .


After consulting with Bo Schembechler who the previous year also had a negative experience as a Wisconsin football coaching candidate , Knight withdrew his candidacy and continued to coach at Army for three more seasons .


However , in an 83 – 82 win against Purdue they lost consensus All-American forward Scott May to a broken left arm .


However , teething problems with the rotary engines put an end to the independence of NSU .


Pat Knight coached Texas Tech after his father 's retirement before he moved to Lamar .


The oldest example of a derivative in history , attested to by Aristotle , is thought to be a contract transaction of olives , entered into by ancient Greek philosopher Thales , who made a profit in the exchange .


To give an idea of the size of the derivative market , " The Economist " has reported that as of June 2011 , the over-the-counter ( OTC ) derivatives market amounted to approximately $ 700 trillion , and the size of the market traded on exchanges totaled an additional $ 83 trillion .


For example , in 2010 , while the aggregate of OTC derivatives exceeded $ 600 trillion , the value of the market was estimated to be much lower , at $ 21 trillion .


That same year , the mid-sized car that NSU had been working on , the K70 , originally intended to slot between the rear-engined Prinz models and the futuristic NSU Ro 80 , was instead launched as a Volkswagen .


Speculative trading in derivatives gained a great deal of notoriety in 1995 when Nick Leeson , a trader at Barings Bank , made poor and unauthorized investments in futures contracts .


Because OTC derivatives are not traded on an exchange , there is no central counter-party .


Like other private-label securities backed by assets , a CDO can be thought of as a promise to pay investors in a prescribed sequence , based on the cash flow the CDO collects from the pool of bonds or other assets it owns .


The CDO is " sliced " into " tranches " , which " catch " the cash flow of interest and principal payments in sequence based on seniority .


The Audi 50 was a seminal design because it was the first incarnation of the Golf / Polo concept , one that led to a hugely successful world car .


As CDOs developed , some sponsors repackaged tranches into yet another iteration called " CDO-Squared " or the " CDOs of CDOs " .


CDO collateral became dominated not by loans , but by lower level ( BBB or A ) tranches recycled from other asset-backed securities , whose assets were usually non-prime mortgages .


However , being traded over the counter ( OTC ) , forward contracts specification can be customized and may include mark-to-market and daily margin calls .


However , both trading activity and academic interest increased when , as from 1973 , options were issued with standardized terms and traded through a guaranteed clearing house at the Chicago Board Options Exchange .


The performance car , introduced in 1980 , was named the " Audi Quattro " , a turbocharged coupé which was also the first German large-scale production vehicle to feature permanent all-wheel drive through a centre differential .


OTC represents the biggest challenge in using models to price derivatives .


See the FRTB framework , which seeks to address this to some extent .


The challenges are further complicated by the necessity to orchestrate globalized financial reform among the nations that comprise the world 's major financial markets , a primary responsibility of the Financial Stability Board whose progress is ongoing .


Under this theory of political legitimacy the subjects of the crown are considered to have actively ( rather than merely passively ) turned over the metaphysical selection of the king 's soul – which will inhabit the body and rule them – over to God .


This began with the release of the Audi V8 in 1990 .


It implies that only divine authority can judge an unjust monarch and that any attempt to depose , dethrone or restrict their powers runs contrary to God 's will and may constitute a sacrilegious act .


The official offer of " cultus " to a living emperor acknowledged his office and rule as divinely approved and constitutional : his Principate should therefore demonstrate pious respect for traditional Republican deities and mores .


Columba initially refused , and the angel answered by whipping him and demanding that he perform the ordination because God had commanded it .


The same angel visited Columba on three successive nights .


It was essentially a new engine fitted to the Audi 100 / 200 , but with noticeable bodywork differences .


In the Middle Ages , the idea that God had granted earthly power to the monarch , just as he had given spiritual authority and power to the church , especially to the Pope , was already a well-known concept long before later writers coined the term " divine right of kings " and employed it as a theory in political science .


The victory of this latter principle was proclaimed to all the world by the execution of Charles I. The doctrine of divine right , indeed , for a while drew nourishment from the blood of the royal " martyr " ; it was the guiding principle of the Anglican Church of the Restoration ; but it suffered a rude blow when James II of England made it impossible for the clergy to obey both their conscience and their king .


The Glorious Revolution of 1688 made an end of it as a great political force .


Heaven would bless the authority of a just ruler , but it could be displeased with a despotic ruler and thus withdraw its mandate , transferring it to a more suitable and righteous person .


The engine , initially fitted to the 200 quattro 20 V of 1991 , was a derivative of the engine fitted to the Sport Quattro .


The concept was institutionalized and gained its elaborate manifestations in ancient Java and Kambujadesha , where monuments such as Prambanan and Angkor Wat were erected to celebrate the king 's divine rule on earth .


In ancient Java , since Sailendra dynasty .


Even older Tarumanagara kingdom , the state religion regarded the king as god incarnated on earth .


In Medang kingdom in Central Java , it is customary to erect " candi " ( temple ) to honor and sent the soul of a dead king .


These two models were the beginning of the mass-produced S series of performance cars .


After the coming of Islam in the archipelago and the fall of Majapahit , the concept of God-King were most likely ceased to exist in Java , since Islam rejects the concept of divinity in mortal human being .


A second wave arose in the early 1990 s , spearheaded by Norwegian bands such as Mayhem , Darkthrone , Burzum , Immortal , Emperor , Satyricon and Gorgoroth .


Norwegian-inspired black metal scenes emerged throughout Europe and North America , although some other scenes developed their own styles independently .


A significant number of bands write lyrics only in their native language and a few ( e.g. Arckanum and early Ulver ) have lyrics in archaic languages .


Subsequent investigation revealed that " 60 Minutes " had engineered the failure – fitting a canister of compressed air on the passenger-side floor , linked via a hose to a hole drilled into the transmission .


A few vocalists , such as Dead , Maniac and Kvarforth , are known for cutting themselves while singing onstage .


There are also some who argue that albums like Sarcófago 's " I.N.R.I. " or Samael 's " Worship Him " began the second wave .


Occult and Satanic lyrical themes were present in the music of heavy metal and rock bands of the late 1960 s and early 1970 s such as Black Sabbath and Coven .


Japanese band Sigh formed in 1990 and was in regular contact with key members of the Norwegian scene .


The Audi A8 will therefore be the first production car to reach level 3 autonomous driving , meaning that the driver can safely turn their attention away from driving tasks , e.g. the driver can text or watch a movie .


The second wave of black metal began in the early 1990 s and was spearheaded by the Norwegian black metal scene .


During , a number of Norwegian artists began performing and releasing a new kind of black metal music ; this included Mayhem , Darkthrone , Burzum , Immortal , Emperor , Satyricon , Enslaved , Thorns , Carpathian Forest and Gorgoroth .


Fellow musicians described Dead as odd , introverted and depressed .


Some black metal fans did not consider Cradle of Filth to be black metal .


Nonetheless , the A8 is usually the lightest all-wheel drive car in the full-size luxury segment , also having best-in-class fuel economy .


In addition , The Kovenant , Mortiis and Ulver emerged from the Norwegian black metal scene , but later chose to experiment with industrial music .


Black metal was originally a term for extreme metal bands with Satanic lyrics and imagery .


Others - such as Jan Axel Blomberg , Sigurd Wongraven - believe that black metal does not need to be Satanic .


He saw Satanism as " an introduction to more indigenous heathen beliefs " .


The alliance could result in Sanyo batteries and other electronic components being used in future models of the Volkswagen Group .


It sparked controversy , and death threats were issued against Horde .


However , current unblack metal bands such as Crimson Moonlight feel that black metal has changed from an ideological movement to a purely musical genre , and thus call their music ' black metal ' .


As a result , Activision Blizzard became a completely independent company .


In early 1994 , they were acquired by distributor Davidson & Associates for $ 6.75 " million ( $ million today ) .


Many critics doubted the viability of four-wheel drive racers , thinking them to be too heavy and complex , yet the Quattro was to become a successful car .


The small team came upon the idea of a team-based multiplayer shooter game , reusing many of the assets from " Titan " but set in a new near-future narrative .


The May 2016 release of " Overwatch " was highly successful , and was the highest-selling game on PC for 2016 .


The sole exception has been " Overwatch " ( 2016 ) .


Soon after that the developers regrouped to continue the work by the name of " Stratagus " .


The Quattro went on to achieve much success in the World Rally Championship .


He was created by screenwriter Terry Nation , originally for the 1975 serial " Genesis of the Daleks " .


Davros is a genius who has mastered many areas of science , but also a megalomaniac who believes that through his creations he can become the supreme being and ruler of the Universe .


He is horribly scarred and disabled , a condition that various spin-off media attribute to his laboratory being attacked by a Thal shell .


It would become an obvious inspiration for his eventual design of the Dalek .


The climb race pits a driver and car to drive to the summit of the Pikes Peak mountain in Colorado , and in 1985 , Michèle Mouton set a new record of 11:25 .


Davros first appeared in the 1975 serial " Genesis of the Daleks " , written by Terry Nation .


Cast in the role of Davros was Michael Wisher , who had previously appeared in several different roles on " Doctor Who " and had provided Dalek voices in the serials " Frontier in Space " , " Planet of the Daleks " and " Death to the Daleks " .


As chief scientist of the Kaleds and leader of their elite scientific division , Davros devised new military strategies in order to win his people 's thousand-year war against the Thal race that also occupies Skaro .


He later names these creatures " Daleks " , an anagram of Kaleds .


39 , and being the first woman to set a Pikes Peak record .


When other Kaleds attempted to thwart his project , Davros arranges the extinction of his own people by using the Thals , whom he mostly killed with the Daleks later .


Davros then weeds out those in elite scientific division who are loyal to him so he can have the Daleks eliminate the rest .


In " Destiny of the Daleks " , it is revealed that Davros ( now played by David Gooderson ) was not killed , but placed in suspended animation and buried underground .


The Daleks require Davros to find an antidote for a Movellan-created virus that has all but wiped them out .


Two car concepts were developed and raced in their first season - the Audi R8R ( open-cockpit ' roadster ' prototype ) and the Audi R8C ( closed-cockpit ' coupé ' GT-prototype ) .


Davros expresses a desire to build a new and improved race of Daleks , but he apparently succumbs to the virus himself , his physiology being close enough to that of the Daleks for the virus to affect him .


However , a Dalek on the bridge of Davros ' ship reports that the Emperor 's escape pod is being launched and a white light is seen speeding away from the ship moments before its destruction , leaving a clear route to bring Davros back in the future .


Davros makes his first official appearance in the episode " The Stolen Earth " ( 2008 ) , portrayed by Julian Bleach .


The young Davros finds himself lost on the battlefield and surrounded by handmines , with the Doctor throwing his sonic screwdriver to the boy with the intent to save him before learning his name and leaving the child to his fate .


On average , the R8s were about 2 – 3 " seconds off pace compared to the Pescarolo–Judd .


Davros also mentions he will work on a plan to combat famine , tying into " Revelation of the Daleks " .


In those four stories , his journey is seen from his boyhood , to just before " Genesis of the Daleks " .


These Daleks presumably become the " Imperial Daleks " , first seen in " Remembrance of the Daleks " .


In " The Juggernauts " , Davros is on the run from the original Daleks .


The season opening 6hrs of Silverstone was a disaster for Audi who saw both cars retire from the race , marking the first time that an Audi car has failed to score a podium in a World Endurance Championship race .


His Daleks recognise this instability and rebel against Davros .


" War of the Daleks " , like the comic strips and audio plays , is of uncertain canonicity when it comes to the television series .


However , Davros had previously recruited one of the Spider Daleks as a sleeper agent for just such an eventuality , and even he was not certain in the end if he was being disintegrated or being teleported away to safety , leaving the possibility open for his return .


During the production , specially shot footage portrayed Dalek atrocities .


He was one of the most important figures in the Counter-Reformation .


As a boy he knew Virgil by heart and composed a number of poems in Italian and Latin .


He then went to a Jesuit house at Mondovì , in Piedmont , where he learned Greek .


It was later revised and enlarged by Sirmond , Labbeus , and Casimir Oudin .


In October 2010 they agreed to a three sponsorship year-deal with Everton .


Although the " Bildungsroman " arose in Germany , it has had extensive influence first in Europe and later throughout the world .


Furthermore , some memoirs and published journals can be regarded as " Bildungsroman " although being predominantly factual ( e.g. " The Dharma Bums " by Jack Kerouac or " The Motorcycle Diaries " by Ernesto " Che " Guevara ) .


Bachelors have been subject to penal laws in many countries , most notably in Ancient Sparta and Rome .


The original e-tron concept shown at the 2009 Frankfurt motor show is based on the platform of the R8 and has been scheduled for limited production .


The Daleks were conceived by science-fiction writer Terry Nation and first appeared in the 1963 " Doctor Who " serial " The Daleks " , in the shells designed by Raymond Cusick .


The Daleks are the show 's most popular and famous villains and their returns to the series over the decades have gained media attention .


The Daleks were created by Terry Nation and designed by the BBC designer Raymond Cusick .


They were introduced in December 1963 in the second " Doctor Who " serial , colloquially known as " The Daleks " .


The Audi A1 e-tron concept , based on the Audi A1 production model , is a hybrid vehicle with a range extending Wankel rotary engine to provide power after the initial charge of the battery is depleted .


The mutants ' actual appearance has varied , but often adheres to the Doctor 's description of the species in " Remembrance of the Daleks " as " little green blobs in bonded polycarbide armour " .


As the creature inside is rarely seen on screen there is a common misconception that Daleks are wholly mechanical robots .


In the new series Daleks are retconned to be mollusc-like in appearance , with small tentacles , one or two eyes , and an exposed brain .


In a scene from the serial " Destiny of the Daleks " , the Doctor and companions escape from Dalek pursuers by climbing into a ceiling duct .


The earliest signs of use are associated with Olmec sites ( within what would become Mexico ’s post-colonial territory ) suggesting consumption of chocolate beverages , dating from 19 centuries BCE .


The unsettling Dalek form , coupled with their alien voices , made many believe that the props were wholly mechanical and operated by remote control .


The Daleks were actually controlled from inside by short operators , who had to manipulate their eyestalks , domes and arms , as well as flashing the lights on their heads in sync with the actors supplying their voices .


The Dalek cases were built in two pieces ; an operator would step into the lower section and then the top would be secured .


For " Doctor Who " s 21st - century revival the Dalek casings retain the same overall shape and dimensional proportions of previous Daleks , although many details have been redesigned to give the Dalek a heavier and more solid look .


The majority of Mesoamerican people made chocolate beverages , including the Maya and Aztecs .


Early versions of the Daleks rolled on nylon castors , propelled by the operator 's feet .


A small parabolic dish was added to the rear of the prop 's casing to explain why these Daleks , unlike the ones in their first serial , were not dependent on static electricity drawn up from the floors of the Dalek city for their motive power .


Their voices were further processed electronically by Brian Hodgson at the BBC Radiophonic Workshop .


The distinctive harsh , grating vocal timbre this produced has remained the pattern for all Dalek voices since ( with the exception of those in the 1985 serial " Revelation of the Daleks " , for which the director , Graeme Harper , deliberately used less distortion ) .


With some two million children involved in the farming of cocoa in West Africa , child slavery and trafficking were major concerns in 2018 .


or life-size photographic enlargements in the early black-and-white episodes ( " The Daleks " , " The Dalek Invasion of Earth " , and " The Power of the Daleks " ) .


The remaining props not bought by the BBC were either donated to charity or given away as prizes in competitions .


He later admitted that this book and the associated origin of the Dalek name were completely fictitious , and that anyone bothering to check out his story would have found him out .


The titling of early " Doctor Who " stories is complex and sometimes controversial .


The Maya grew cacao trees in their backyards , and used the cacao seeds the trees produced to make a frothy , bitter drink .


The concept for these " Spider Daleks " was abandoned , but it was picked up again in several " Doctor Who " spin-offs .


Dalek in-universe history has seen many retroactive changes , which have caused continuity problems .


This race of Daleks is destroyed when their power supply is wrecked .


However , when they reappear in " The Dalek Invasion of Earth " , they have conquered Earth in the 22nd century .


For example , the Aztecs used a system in which one turkey cost 100 cacao beans and one fresh avocado was worth three beans .


The new Daleks are organised into different roles ( drone , scientist , strategists , supreme and eternal ) , which are identifiable with colour-coded armour instead of the identification plates under the eyestalk used by their predecessors .


The same special reveals that many Time Lords survived the war since the Doctor found a way to transfer their planet Gallifrey out of phase with reality and into a pocket dimension .


This intolerance of any " contamination " within themselves is also shown in " Dalek " , This superiority complex is the basis of the Daleks ' ruthlessness and lack of compassion .


Spin-off novels contain several tongue-in-cheek mentions of Dalek poetry , and an anecdote about an opera based upon it , which was lost to posterity when the entire cast was exterminated on the opening night .


The Maya and Aztecs associated cacao with human sacrifice , and chocolate drinks specifically with sacrificial human blood .


At the same time , a " Doctor Who " strip was also being published in " TV Comic " .


They also appear in the Nintendo DS and Wii games " Doctor Who : Evacuation Earth " and " Doctor Who : Return to Earth " .


The robot model " 883 " in the game " Paradroid " for the " Commodore 64 " looks like a Dalek .


A Dalek is also among the elements summoned by the player to deal with the obstacles in the " Portal 2 " story level .


Besides Nestlé , several notable chocolate companies had their start in the late 19th and early 20th centuries .


Comedian Eddie Izzard has an extended stand-up routine about Daleks , which was included in his 1993 stand-up show " Live at the Ambassadors " .


A joke-telling robot , possessing a Dalek-like boom , and loosely modelled after the Dalek , also appeared in the " South Park " episode " Funnybot " , even spouting out " exterminate " .


The first Dalek toys were released in 1965 as part of the " Dalekmania " craze .


From 1988 to 2002 , Dapol released a line of Dalek toys in conjunction with its " Doctor Who " action figure series .


According to the WCF 's 2012 report , the Ivory Coast is the largest producer of cocoa in the world .


In 2008 , the company acquired a license to produce Daleks of the various " classic series " variants .


Dalek fans have been building life-size reproduction Daleks for many years .


Background radiation is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency as " Dose or dose rate ( or an observed measure related to the dose or dose rate ) attributable to all sources other than the one ( s ) specified .


This radiation interacts with atoms in the atmosphere to create an air shower of secondary radiation , including X-rays , muons , protons , alpha particles , pions , electrons , and neutrons .


Chocolate is made from cocoa beans , the dried and fermented seeds of the cacao tree ( " Theobroma cacao " ) , a small , 4 – 8 m tall ( 15 – 26 " ft tall ) evergreen tree native to the deep tropical region of the Americas .


Nearby tourist beaches in Guarapari and Cumuruxatiba were later evaluated at 14 and 15 " µGy / h .


Note that the values quoted here are in Grays .


The highest background radiation in an inhabited area is found in Ramsar , primarily due to the use of local naturally radioactive limestone as a building material .


The 1000 most exposed residents receive an average external effective radiation dose of per year , six times the ICRP recommended limit for exposure to the public from artificial sources .


Early forms of another genotype have also been found in what is now Venezuela .


At an IAEA conference in 2002 , it was recommended that occupational doses below 1 – 2 mSv per year do not warrant regulatory scrutiny .


Total doses from the Chernobyl accident ranged from 10 to 50 mSv over 20 years for the inhabitants of the affected areas , with most of the dose received in the first years after the disaster , and over 100 mSv for liquidators .


The Windscale fire resulted in thyroid doses of 5 – 20 mSv for adults and 10 – 60 mSv for children .


The scientific name , " Theobroma " , means " food of the gods " .


This is in accordance with the International Atomic Energy Agency definition of background as being " Dose or dose rate ( or an observed measure related to the dose or dose rate ) attributable to all sources other than the one ( s ) specified .


In the play , he is at first an ally to Macbeth ( both are generals in the King 's army ) and they meet the Three Witches together .


He does nothing to accuse Macbeth of murdering the king , even though he has reason to believe Macbeth is responsible .


He is unsure whether Macbeth committed regicide to gain the throne , but muses in a soliloquy that " I fear / Thou play'dst most foully for ' t " .


Despite the expanding reach of the chocolate industry internationally , cocoa farmers and labourers in the Ivory Coast are unaware of the uses of the beans .


Macbeth , for example , eagerly accepts the Three Witches ' prophecy as true and seeks to help it along .


Take thee that too " On Macbeth 's approach , he demands the sword returned to him quickly .


This apparition is also deeply unsettling to Macbeth , who not only wants the throne for himself , but also desires to father a line of kings .


In the late 19th century , elaborate productions of the play staged by Henry Irving employed a wide variety of approaches for this task .


The high cost of chocolate in the Ivory Coast also means that it is inaccessible to the majority of the population , who are unaware of what it tastes like .


Vampira attended and was escorted by Paul Marco .


After we broke up , he would stand outside my home in Burbank and cry .


However , she stated that she liked the film overall , praising Johnny Depp 's performance in the title role .


After seizing power in 1526 , Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi made his brother , Umar Din , the lawful ( " de jure " ) Sultan of Adal .


Also , Brunberg in Porvoo , Finland is one of the most famous manufacturers of chocolate confectionery .


The second action was legislation for the creation of a Parliamentary-funded army , commanded by Lord General Thomas Fairfax , which became known as the New Model Army ( originally new-modelled Army ) .


While this proved to be a war-winning formula , the New Model Army , being organised and politically active , went on to dominate the politics of the Interregnum and by 1660 was widely disliked .


This became the foundation of the permanent English Army .


Major battles included those at the Somme and Passchendaele .


Lindt is known for its truffle balls and gold foil-wrapped Easter bunnies .


The Cold War continued , with significant technological advances in warfare , and the army saw the introduction of new weapons systems .


Over 700 soldiers were killed during the Troubles .


Following the 1994 – 1996 IRA ceasefires and since 1997 , demilitarisation has been part of the peace process and the military presence has been reduced .


The army was deployed to Yugoslavia in 1992 .


Major chocolate producers , such as Nestlé , buy cocoa at commodities exchanges where Ivorian cocoa is mixed with other cocoa .


Sniper rifles include the L118A1 " 7.62 " mm , L115A3 and the AW50F , all manufactured by Accuracy International .


The AS-90 is a 155 " mm self-propelled armoured gun with a range .


For day-to-day utility work the army commonly uses the Land Rover Wolf , which is based on the Land Rover Defender .


Tactical communication uses the Bowman radio system , and operational or strategic communication is controlled by the Royal Corps of Signals .


Numerous types of candy and snacks contain chocolate , either as a filling ( e.g. , M&M 's ) or as a coating ( e.g. , chocolate-coated raisins or chocolate-coated peanuts ) .


From the 1940 s , these dominions and many colonies chose full independence , usually becoming Commonwealth realms ( as member states of the Commonwealth are known today ) .


Although the army primarily recruits within the United Kingdom , it accepts applications from Commonwealth citizens and ( occasionally ) those from friendly nations who meet certain criteria .


A Dutch book is made when a clever gambler places a set of bets that guarantee a profit , no matter what the outcome of the bets .


Ramsey and Savage noted that the individual agent 's probability distribution could be objectively studied in experiments .


Cornets following the 1913 patent of E.A. Couturier can have a continuously conical bore .


This was some from the Des Moines River .


Additional skyscrapers were built in the 1990 s , including Iowa 's tallest .


The 25-story Financial Center was completed in 1973 and the 36-story Ruan Center was completed in 1974 .


Iowa 's tallest building , Principal Financial Group 's 45-story tower at 801 Grand was built in 1991 , and the 19-story EMC Insurance Building was erected in 1997 .


Double and triple tonguing are also possible .


Ballet Des Moines was established in 2002 .


The Des Moines Symphony performs frequently at different venues .


Arising in the east and facing westward toward downtown , the Iowa State Capitol building with its , 23-karat gold leafed dome towering above the city is a favorite of sightseers .


A granite map of Iowa depicting all 99 counties rests at the base of the terrace and has become an attraction for in-state visitors , many of whom walk over the map to find their home county .


Hector Berlioz was the first significant composer to use them in these ways , and his orchestral works often use pairs of both trumpets and cornets , the latter playing more of the melodic lines .


The Iowa Primate Learning Sanctuary was established as a scientific research facility with a campus housing bonobos and orangutans for the noninvasive interdisciplinary study of their cognitive and communicative capabilities .


The Chicago Tribune " wrote that Iowa 's capital city has " walker-friendly downtown streets and enough outdoor sculpture , sleek buildings , storefronts and cafes to delight the most jaded stroller " .


The council consists of a mayor ( Frank Cownie ) and is elected in citywide vote , two at-large members , and four members representing each of the city 's four wards .


With over four miles of enclosed walkway , it is one of the largest of such systems in the United States .


From the early 20th century , the cornet and trumpet combination was still favored by some composers , including Edward Elgar and Igor Stravinsky , but tended to be used for occasions when the composer wanted the specific mellower and more agile sound .


The network also operates classical stations KICG , KICJ , KICL and KICP .


A member of the Heart of America Athletic Conference , within the NAIA , they field 21 varsity athletic teams .


The Principal Riverwalk is a riverwalk park district being constructed along the banks of the Des Moines River in the downtown .


A bridge in the park crosses the Raccoon River .


Then several accidents , such as the Hindenburg disaster in 1937 , led to the demise of these airships .


Amid criticism from franchise owners and under pressure from Congress , he unilaterally recognized the NFLPA and facilitated in the development of the first pension plan for the players .


and his mother 's lineage predated the American Revolutionary War .


Nevertheless , he started the first game for the Quakers under new coach Bob Folwell , but mixed results left him platooned for the rest of the season .


and frequenting Saratoga Race Course , where he counted as friends Tim Mara , Art Rooney , and George Preston Marshall .


During World War II , this shape was widely adopted for tethered balloons ; in windy weather , this both reduces the strain on the tether and stabilizes the balloon .


He invited an investigation from Congress with respect to the court 's ruling .


Representatives of the NFLPA contradicted these statements and said the draft and the reserve clause were anti-labor , and it seemed as if Congress was going to accept their position .


However , he did reach a compromise with the owners to get them to acquiesce to some of the NFLPA 's requests for salary standards and health benefits .


League Treasurer Austin Gunsel was named interim NFL commissioner for the rest of the season .


The more practical internal combustion piston engine was used for virtually all fixed-wing aircraft until World War II and is still used in many smaller aircraft .


The course was compromised and further rain meant , that by May 1963 , Lake Eyre was flooded to a depth of 3 inches , causing the attempt to be abandoned .


Bluebird Mach 1.1 " was to be rocket-powered .


Bluebird Mach 1.1 " would also be a relatively compact and simple design .


The modified boat was taken back to Coniston in the first week of November 1966 .


Other engine types include the motorjet and the dual-cycle Pratt & Whitney J58 .


Clouds of spray issued from the jet-pipe , water poured over the rear spar and after a few hundred yards , at , " Bluebird " unstuck from the surface and rocketed off towards the southern end of the lake , producing her characteristic comet 's tail of spray .


Leo Villa witnessed her passing the first marker buoy at about in perfect steady planing trim , her nose slightly down , still accelerating .


As of May 2009 permission has been given for a one-off set of proving trials of " Bluebird " on Coniston Water , where she will be tested to a safe speed for demonstration purposes only .


In August 2018 , initial restoration work on " Bluebird " was completed .


Other types , such as gliders and balloons , have also been used as military aircraft ; for example , balloons were used for observation during the American Civil War and World War I , and military gliders were used during World War II to land troops .


He published " Equality " , a sequel to " Looking Backward " , in 1897 , and died the following year .


He set to work on a sequel to " Looking Backward " titled " Equality , " attempting to deal with the ideal society of the post-revolutionary future in greater detail .


Other subjects overlooked in " Looking Backward , " such as animal rights and wilderness preservation , were dealt with in a similar context .


He would narrate and write a feature on the storied history of boxing in New York City .


An experimental aircraft is one that has not been fully proven in flight , or that carries a Special Airworthiness Certificate , called an Experimental Certificate in United States parlance .


Roger Daltrey , Pete Townshend - monkey in a lab coat .


In 2009 , he hosted Bravo 's coverage of the 2009 Kentucky Oaks .


More popular guests were given two - or three-part interviews ; in August 1991 Mel Brooks was the " only " guest on " four " consecutive nights .


Nancy Grace was also named a regular substitute host for the show .


He owned Bofors , which he redirected from its previous role as primarily an iron and steel producer to a major manufacturer of cannon and other armaments .


In 2005 , " On the Record with Bob Costas " was revamped to become " Costas Now " , a monthly issue-oriented sports program that occasionally employed a town hall style format .


He was replaced by Liam McHugh in 2017 .


However , he later admitted in an interview with ESPN 's " Outside the Lines " that the comments were indeed the basis of his removal , ultimately resulting in his departure from the network after forty years .


He is also an honorary board member of the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation .


working for a short period under Swedish-American inventor John Ericsson , who designed the American Civil War ironclad " USS Monitor " .


He also appeared as himself in the 2001 movie " Pootie Tang " , where he remarks that he saw " the longest damn clip ever " .


" ) as a guest-commentator , but about halfway through the episode it was revealed that MSNBC had killed him before the show to take his place .


The old palace ( " ) was built in 1591 on the site of an old residence of the counts of Babenberg .


It takes less than two hours to Munich on the train and with the Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway through the Thuringian mountains finished in 2017 less than three hours to Berlin .


Dynamite was patented in the US and the UK and was used extensively in mining and the building of transport networks internationally .


The nearest major airport is Nuremberg Airport which can be reached within half an hour by car or one hour by train and subway .


The Ludwig Canal was opened in 1846 but closed in 1950 after damage during the second world war .


The role instead went to Butch Patrick .


His parents , played by James Stewart and Glynis Johns , attempt to manage his obsession .


' Gelignite ' , or blasting gelatine , as it was named , was patented in 1876 ; and was followed by a host of similar combinations , modified by the addition of potassium nitrate and various other substances .


The energetically preferred dihedral angles near ( " φ " , " " ψ " ) = ( – 135 ° , " 135 ° ) ( broadly , the upper left region of the Ramachandran plot ) diverge significantly from the fully extended conformation ( " φ " , " " ψ " ) = ( – 180 ° , " 180 ° ) .


Beryl of various colors is found most commonly in granitic pegmatites , but also occurs in mica schists in the Ural Mountains , and limestone in Colombia .


The gem-gravel placer deposits of Sri Lanka contain aquamarine .


Green-yellow beryl , such as that occurring in Brazil , is sometimes called " chrysolite aquamarine " .


" I was indignant as hell about that leg " , he revealed in a November 1950 interview in " Time " magazine .


In Brazil , there are mines in the states of Minas Gerais , Espírito Santo , and Bahia , and minorly in Rio Grande do Norte .


The mines of Colombia , Zambia , Madagascar , Malawi , Tanzania and Kenya also produce aquamarine .


The Semitic word אזמרגד " izmargad " , meaning ‘ emerald ’ , is a back-loan , deriving from Greek smaragdos .


Emeralds in antiquity were mined by the Egyptians and in what is now Austria , as well as Swat in contemporary Pakistan .


He lived in " airless rat holes " in Greenwich Village and turned out advertising strips at $ 2 each while scouring the city hunting for jobs .


Colombian emeralds are generally the most prized due to their transparency and fire .


Fine emeralds are also found in other countries , such as Zambia , Brazil , Zimbabwe , Madagascar , Pakistan , India , Afghanistan and Russia .


In 1998 , emeralds were discovered in Yukon .


The term " golden beryl " is sometimes synonymous with " heliodor " ( from Greek " hēlios – ἥλιος " " sun " + " dōron – δῶρον " " gift " ) but golden beryl refers to pure yellow or golden yellow shades , while heliodor refers to the greenish-yellow shades .


He eventually found work at the Associated Press when he was 23 years old .


Red beryl has been known to be confused with pezzottaite , a caesium analog of beryl , that has been found in Madagascar and more recently Afghanistan ; cut gems of the two varieties can be distinguished from their difference in refractive index , and rough crystals can be easily distinguished by differing crystal systems ( pezzottaite trigonal , red beryl hexagonal ) .


The discipline was renamed in the late 19th century , primarily due to Alfred Marshall , from " political economy " to " economics " as a shorter term for " economic science " .


Coming at the end of the classical tradition , John Stuart Mill ( 1848 ) parted company with the earlier classical economists on the inevitability of the distribution of income produced by the market system .


Marxist ( later , Marxian ) economics descends from classical economics and it derives from the work of Karl Marx .


He left the Associated Press in September 1932 .


Keynesian economics derives from John Maynard Keynes , in particular his book " The General Theory of Employment , Interest and Money " ( 1936 ) , which ushered in contemporary macroeconomics as a distinct field .


It is generally associated with the University of Cambridge and the work of Joan Robinson .


According to Milton Friedman and monetarists , market economies are inherently stable if the money supply does not greatly expand or contract .


At a higher level of generality , Paul Samuelson 's treatise " Foundations of Economic Analysis " ( 1947 ) used mathematical methods beyond graphs to represent the theory , particularly as to maximizing behavioural relations of agents reaching equilibrium .


Before leaving , he met Milton Caniff and the two became lifelong friends .


According to Ronald Coase , people begin to organize their production in firms when the costs of doing business becomes lower than doing it on the market .


The field dates from the 1944 classic " Theory of Games and Economic Behavior " by John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern .


During the Great Depression of the 1930 s , John Maynard Keynes authored a book entitled " The General Theory of Employment , Interest and Money " outlining the key theories of Keynesian economics .


Thus , a central conclusion of Keynesian economics is that , in some situations , no strong automatic mechanism moves output and employment towards full employment levels .


He based his cast of characters on the authentic mountain-dwellers he met while hitchhiking through rural West Virginia and the Cumberland Valley as a teenager .


Thus , the new classicals assume that prices and wages adjust automatically to attain full employment , whereas the new Keynesians see full employment as being automatically achieved only in the long run , and hence government and central-bank policies are needed because the " long run " may be very long .


Okun 's law represents the empirical relationship between unemployment and economic growth .


The original version of Okun 's law states that a 3 % increase in output would lead to a 1 % decrease in unemployment .


Sceptics of fiscal policy also make the argument of Ricardian equivalence .


This newsworthy event made the cover of " Life " on March 31 , 1952 .


In a discussion on oligopoly research , Paul Joskow pointed out in 1975 that in practice , serious students of actual economies tended to use " informal models " based upon qualitative factors specific to particular industries .


A seminal article by Ronald Coase published in 1961 suggested that well-defined property rights could overcome the problems of externalities .


The sociological subfield of economic sociology arose , primarily through the work of Émile Durkheim , Max Weber and Georg Simmel , as an approach to analysing the effects of economic phenomena in relation to the overarching social paradigm ( i.e. modernity ) .


Large amounts of data are run through computer programs to analyse the impact of certain policies ; IMPLAN is one well-known example .


The technique - as invigorating as it was unorthodox - was later adopted by cartoonists such as Walt Kelly [ " Pogo " ] and Garry Trudeau [ " Doonesbury " ] " , wrote comic strip historian Rick Marschall .


Each sphere is a Janus particle composed of negatively charged black plastic on one side and positively charged white plastic on the other ( each bead is thus a dipole ) .


These displays are constructed from an electrophoretic imaging film manufactured by E Ink Corporation .


A mobile phone that used the technology is the Motorola Fone .


In 2017 , Sony and reMarkable offered e-books tailored for writing with a smart stylus .


As in the strip , Shmoos suddenly appeared to be everywhere in 1949 and 1950 - including a " Time " cover story .


Keyboards with dynamically changeable keys are useful for less represented languages , non-standard keyboard layouts such as Dvorak , or for special non-alphabetical applications such as video editing or games .


The Greek poetic name " Gaea " ( " Gæa " ) is rare , though the alternative spelling " Gaia " has become common due to the Gaia hypothesis , in which case its pronunciation is rather than the more Classical .


The two models and then intensified during the Pleistocene about .


biogenic graphite found in 3.7 " billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks in Western Greenland , and remains of biotic material found in 4.1 " billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia .


The Shmoos later had their own animated television series .


The crust is separated from the mantle by the Mohorovičić discontinuity .


The mean heat loss from Earth is , for a global heat loss of .


The abundance of water on Earth 's surface is a unique feature that distinguishes the " Blue Planet " from other planets in the Solar System .


The deepest underwater location is Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean with a depth of .


From the early 1940 s to the late 1950 s , there were scores of Sunday strip-style magazine ads for Cream of Wheat using the " Abner " characters , and in the 1950 s , Fearless Fosdick became a spokesman for Wildroot Cream-Oil hair tonic in a series of daily strip-style print ads .


The orbital speed of Earth averages about , which is fast enough to travel a distance equal to Earth 's diameter , about , in seven minutes , and the distance to the Moon , , in about 3.5 hours .


Terrestrial biomes lying within the Arctic or Antarctic Circles , at high altitudes or in extremely arid areas are relatively barren of plant and animal life ; species diversity reaches a peak in humid lowlands at equatorial latitudes .


The Moon may have dramatically affected the development of life by moderating the planet 's climate .


The city has been a commercial hub and an important cultural centre since the Renaissance , and has emerged as a centre for the chemical and pharmaceutical industries in the 20th century .


When the candy-chocked shmoos were dropped , a near-riot resulted , " ( reported in " Newsweek " - October 11 , 1948 ) .


A separate bishopric of Basel , replacing the ancient bishopric of Augusta Raurica , was established in the 8th century .


In 1412 ( or earlier ) , the well-known Gasthof zum Goldenen Sternen was established .


Pablo Picasso was so moved by the gesture that he subsequently gifted the city with an additional three paintings .


He was subsequently denied the presidency of Harvard College which his father , Increase Mather , had held .


There were 1,396 or 0.8 % who were born in the same canton , while 44,874 or 26.9 % were born somewhere else in Switzerland , and 53,774 or 32.3 % were born outside of Switzerland .


There are 202 persons who speak Romansh .


It has numerous road and rail crossings between Switzerland and the other two countries .


These include demonstration buildings constructed to Minergie or " Passivhaus " standards , electricity generation from renewable energy sources , and vehicles using natural gas , hydrogen and biogas .


He set the moral tone in the colonies and sounded the call for second - and third-generation Puritans , whose parents had left England for the New England colonies , to return to the theological roots of Puritanism .


A memorial to Erasmus lies inside the Münster .


Host of the festival is the local Basel Boys Choir .


The championships were jointly hosted by Switzerland and Austria .


Among the most popular sports in Switzerland is ice hockey .


The most important of these was " Magnalia Christi Americana " ( 1702 ) which comprises seven distinct books , many of which depict biographical and historical narratives .


Some of the best ATP-professionals play every year at the Swiss Indoors , including Switzerland 's biggest sporting hero and frequent participant Roger Federer , a Basel native who describes the city as " one of the most beautiful cities in the world " .


The Starwings Basel are the only first division basketball team in German-speaking Switzerland .


It is about long and varies in width from at its widest to in the Strait of Dover .


It was called by the 2nd - century geographer Ptolemy .


He was twice widowed , and only two of his 15 children survived him ; he died on the day after his 65th birthday and was buried on Copp 's Hill , near Old North Church .


Then , between 450,000 and 180,000 " years ago , at least two catastrophic glacial lake outburst floods breached the Weald–Artois anticline .


The ship had been damaged and was en route to Portland Harbour .


The attack on Lindisfarne in 793 is generally considered the beginning of the Viking Age .


According to the " Anglo-Saxon Chronicle " they began to settle in Britain in 851 .


One of the most public displays of their strained relationship emerged during the witch trials , which Increase Mather reportedly did not support .


In exchange for his homage and fealty , Rollo legally gained the territory he and his Viking allies had previously conquered .


Over the centuries the Royal Navy slowly grew to be the most powerful in the world .


During the Seven Years ' War , France attempted to launch an invasion of Britain .


The Royal Navy blockaded the islands from time to time , particularly following the liberation of mainland Normandy in 1944 .


By the beginning of the 18th century , the Royal Society in England was discussing the practice of inoculation , and the smallpox epidemic in 1713 spurred further interest .


Following an accident in January 1971 and a series of disastrous collisions with wreckage in February , the Dover TSS , the world 's first radar-controlled traffic separation scheme , was set up by the International Maritime Organization .


The village of Kingsand was evacuated for three days because of the risk of explosion , and the ship was stranded for 11 days .


Cars , coaches and lorries are carried on Eurotunnel Shuttle trains between Folkestone and Calais .


Research has shown igneous rock from the Devonian period ( around 400 million years ago ) intrudes into the surrounding metamorphic schists ; the intrusions take the form of a series of concentric ring dikes .


It was not until 1721 , however , that England recorded its first case of inoculation .


On 17 May 2006 , a piano that had been buried under one of the cairns on the peak was uncovered by the John Muir Trust , which owns much of the mountain .


The piano is believed to have been carried up for charity by removal men from Dundee over 20 " years earlier .


It is of major importance for British winter climbing , with many of its routes holding snow often until late April .


The north face contains dozens of graded rock climbs along its entire length , with particular concentrations on the Càrn Dearg Buttress ( below the Munro top of Càrn Dearg NW ) and around the North-east Buttress and Observatory Ridge .


New England suffered smallpox epidemics in 1677 , 1689 – 90 , and 1702 .


A comic strip character , Wee Ben Nevis , about a Scottish Highlands boarding school student with superhuman strength and his antics were featured in the British comic " The Beano " from 1974 to 1977 , was named after the mountain .


The west and north legs , being closer to the river Seine , were more complicated : each slab needed two piles installed by using compressed-air caissons long and in diameter driven to a depth of to support the concrete slabs , which were thick .


In 1910 , Father Theodor Wulf measured radiant energy at the top and bottom of the tower .


From 1925 to 1934 , illuminated signs for Citroën adorned three of the tower 's sides , making it the tallest advertising space in the world at the time .


Incoming ships were quarantined in Boston Harbor , and any smallpox patients in town were held under guard or in a " pesthouse " .


In 1930 , the tower lost the title of the world 's tallest structure when the Chrysler Building in New York City was completed .


After the exposition closed , the Flemish restaurant was converted to a 250-seat theatre .


It was run by the multi-Michelin star chef Alain Ducasse from 2007 to 2017 .


It owes its name to the famous science-fiction writer Jules Verne .


Several opponents of smallpox inoculation , among them Rev. John Williams , stated that there were only two laws of physick ( medicine ) : sympathy and antipathy .


In 1998 , under the distinctive bat logo , the phrase " company founded in Santiago de Cuba in 1862 " was added .


Ethical egoism was introduced by the philosopher Henry Sidgwick in his book " The Methods of Ethics " , written in 1874 .


Note that materialism does not necessarily imply egoism , as indicated by Karl Marx , and the many other materialists who espoused forms of collectivism .


It has been argued that ethical egoism can lend itself to individualist anarchism such as that of Benjamin Tucker , or the combined anarcho-communism and egoism of Emma Goldman , both of whom were proponents of many egoist ideas put forward by Max Stirner .


Generally , Puritan pastors favored the inoculation experiments .


Other philosophers , such as Thomas Hobbes and David Gauthier , have argued that the conflicts which arise when people each pursue their own ends can be resolved for the best of each individual only if they all voluntarily forgo some of their aims - that is , one 's self-interest is often best pursued by allowing others to pursue their self-interest as well so that liberty is equal among individuals .


Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche suggested that egoistic or " life-affirming " behavior stimulates jealousy or " ressentiment " in others , and that this is the psychological motive for the altruism in Christianity .


Sociologist Helmut Schoeck similarly considered envy the motive of collective efforts by society to reduce the disproportionate gains of successful individuals through moral or legal constraints , with altruism being primary among these .


A " Bunsen burner " , named after Robert Bunsen , is a kind of gas burner used as laboratory equipment ; it produces a single open gas flame , and is used for heating , sterilization , and combustion .


Many Puritans believed that creating a wound and inserting poison was doing violence and therefore was antithetical to the healing art .


intermedia " in the Southern Ocean , " B. m .


brevicauda " ( the pygmy blue whale ) in the Indian Ocean and South Pacific Ocean , " B. m .


It was hunted almost to the point of extinction by whaling until the International Whaling Commission banned all hunting of blue whales in 1967 .


The book includes several biographies of saints and describes the process of the New England settlement .


The Discovery Committee reported lengths up to 102 " ft ( 31.1 " m ) ; however , the longest scientifically measured ( e.g. , from rostrum tip to tail notch ) individual blue whale was 98 " ft ( 29.9 " m ) .


The largest heart weight measured from a stranded North Atlantic blue whale was 0.1985 " tons ( 397 " lb ) , the largest known in any animal .


brevicauda " " is found in the waters off Indonesia , Australia , Madagascar , and New Zealand .


indica " " is found from Somalia to southern Arabia to the southwest coast of India , and off the coasts of Sri Lanka and the Maldives , with an apparent breeding season six months out of phase from pygmy blue whales .


Another story claims that he accidentally left the notebook in a restaurant in Rhodes in 1965 .


Around the Azores , the best chance to see blue whales is February to March .


In the Indian Ocean , blue whales can be seen off Mirissa , Sri Lanka in March and April .


In New Zealand , blue whales and pygmy blue whales may be seen in Kaikōura on the South Island between July and August .


The International Whaling Commission ’s whale watching guidelines , mirror these recommendations to minimize risk and adverse impacts on whales , including noise disturbance .


" The Ballad of Lost C'Mell " was similarly honored , appearing in " The Science Fiction Hall of Fame , Volume Two " .


brevicauda " ) – Madagascar population : " This population is found off the Seychelles and Amirante Islands , through the Mozambique Channel to the Crozet Islands and Prince Edward Islands in the spring and summer , with a nearly continuous distribution in sub-Antarctic waters in the Indian Ocean in the summer .


in the summer before migrating to waters off Indonesia to breed in the winter .


The first video of a calf thought to be nursing was filmed in New Zealand in 2016 .


There is reference to a “ well-documented ” humpback-blue whale hybrid in the South Pacific , attributed to marine biologist Dr. Michael Poole , however no published proof exists .


She co-wrote the 1980 PBS documentary series " Cosmos " , hosted by Carl Sagan , whom she married in 1981 .


Blue whales are rorquals , in the family Balaenopteridae whose extant members include the fin whale ( " Balaenoptera physalus " ) , sei whale ( " Balaenoptera borealis " ) , Bryde ’s whale ( " Balaenoptera brydei " ) , Eden 's whale ( " Balaenoptera edeni " ) , common minke whale ( " Balaenoptera acutorostrata " ) , Antarctic minke whale ( " Balaenoptera bonaerensis " ) , Omura 's whale ( " Balaenoptera omurai " ) , and humpback whale ( " Megaptera novaeangliae " ) .


The third population , the western North Atlantic population , is the only population currently recognized in the North Atlantic .


However , it is thought that these whales should be split into eastern and western North Atlantic populations based on photo-identification data .


Additionally , only one blue whale call type has been recorded in the Southern Ocean , and mark-recapture data suggests movements of individuals entirely around the Antarctic .


These golden phonograph records affixed to the " Voyager " 1 " and " Voyager " 2 " spacecraft are now beyond the outermost planets of the solar system , and " Voyager " 1 " has entered interstellar space .


In the western North Atlantic , there were an estimated 1,100 – 1,500 prior to modern whaling , A summer shipboard survey in 1987 resulted in a maximum estimate of 442 blue whales off Iceland .


off the east coast of Greenland , Denmark Strait , Iceland , Jan Mayen , Faroe Islands , west coast of Ireland , and north of the United Kingdom .


Given historical catches , pre-exploitation abundance estimates must have been at least 7,598 individuals for the Madagascar population , and 2,900 individuals for the Australia / Indonesia population .


estimated 671 ( 279 – 1613 ) pygmy blue whales from a line-transect survey of a small area off the southern coast of Australia .


At the time of its release , Fox gave the series the largest global rollout of a television series ever , debuting it in 180 countries .


The estimate of pygmy blue whale off New Zealand from mark-recapture data is 718 ( 95 % CI = 279 - 1926 , SD = 433 ) .


The protected status of North Atlantic blue whales was not recognized by Iceland until 1960 .


The International Union for Conservation of Nature has listed blue whales as " endangered " .


In the early 20th century , other competing ideas of evolution such as mutationism and orthogenesis were refuted as the modern synthesis reconciled Darwinian evolution with classical genetics , which established adaptive evolution as being caused by natural selection acting on Mendelian genetic variation .


The premiere episode was shown across nine of Fox 's cable properties in addition to the broadcast network in a " roadblock " style premiere .


John Ray applied one of the previously more general terms for fixed natural types , " species " , to plant and animal types , but he strictly identified each type of living thing as a species and proposed that each species could be defined by the features that perpetuated themselves generation after generation .


The first full-fledged evolutionary scheme was Jean-Baptiste Lamarck 's " transmutation " theory of 1809 , which envisaged spontaneous generation continually producing simple forms of life that developed greater complexity in parallel lineages with an inherent progressive tendency , and postulated that on a local level , these lineages adapted to the environment by inheriting changes caused by their use or disuse in parents .


In particular , Georges Cuvier insisted that species were unrelated and fixed , their similarities reflecting divine design for functional needs .


Their separate papers were presented together at an 1858 meeting of the Linnean Society of London .


" Analcime " or " analcite " ( from the Greek " analkimos " - " weak " ) is a white , gray , or colorless tectosilicate mineral .


August Weismann made the important distinction between germ cells that give rise to gametes ( such as sperm and egg cells ) and the somatic cells of the body , demonstrating that heredity passes through the germ line only .


In the 1930 s , pioneers in the field of population genetics , such as Ronald Fisher , Sewall Wright and J. B. S. Haldane set the foundations of evolution onto a robust statistical philosophy .


The publication of the structure of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crick with contribution of Rosalind Franklin in 1953 demonstrated a physical mechanism for inheritance .


In 1973 , evolutionary biologist Theodosius Dobzhansky penned that " nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution , " because it has brought to light the relations of what first seemed disjointed facts in natural history into a coherent explanatory body of knowledge that describes and predicts many observable facts about life on this planet .


Although much of this land has now reverted to fellside or has been otherwise managed as part of the commercial timber plantations of Kielder Forest , areas of heather moorland persist , dotted with remnants of the shooting butts .


The Hardy–Weinberg principle provides the solution to how variation is maintained in a population with Mendelian inheritance .


The two-fold cost of sex was first described by John Maynard Smith .


Horizontal transfer of genes from bacteria to eukaryotes such as the yeast " Saccharomyces cerevisiae " and the adzuki bean weevil " Callosobruchus chinensis " has occurred .


From a neo-Darwinian perspective , evolution occurs when there are changes in the frequencies of alleles within a population of interbreeding organisms , This teleonomy is the quality whereby the process of natural selection creates and preserves traits that are seemingly fitted for the functional roles they perform .


He studied applied mathematics at the Moscow Aviation Institute .


Nearly all animal and plant species that have lived on Earth are now extinct , and extinction appears to be the ultimate fate of all species .


More than 99 percent of all species , amounting to over five billion species , that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct .


Estimates on the number of Earth 's current species range from 10 " million to 14 " million , of which about 1.9 " million are estimated to have been named and 1.6 " million documented in a central database to date , leaving at least 80 percent not yet described .


The beginning of life may have included self-replicating molecules such as RNA and the assembly of simple cells .


In creating " Tetris " , he drew inspiration from these toys .


For example , the Mexican tetra is an albino cavefish that lost its eyesight during evolution .


Artificial evolution became a widely recognised optimisation method as a result of the work of Ingo Rechenberg in the 1960 s .


Genetic algorithms in particular became popular through the writing of John Henry Holland .


In the 19th century , particularly after the publication of " On the Origin of Species " in 1859 , the idea that life had evolved was an active source of academic debate centred on the philosophical , social and religious implications of evolution .


He was employed by Microsoft from October 1996 until 2005 .


His work contributed to the conceptual revolution that led to the modern evolutionary synthesis of Mendelian genetics , systematics , and Darwinian evolution , and to the development of the biological species concept .


Although Charles Darwin and others posited that multiple species could evolve from a single common ancestor , the mechanism by which this occurred was not understood , creating the " species problem " .


In his book " Systematics and the Origin of Species " ( 1942 ) he wrote that a species is not just a group of morphologically similar individuals , but a group that can breed only among themselves , excluding all others .


His theory of peripatric speciation ( a more precise form of allopatric speciation which he advanced ) , based on his work on birds , is still considered a leading mode of speciation , and was the theoretical underpinning for the theory of punctuated equilibrium , proposed by Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould .


He was born in Tehran to an aristocratic family .


During his time at the museum he produced numerous publications on bird taxonomy , and in 1942 his first book " Systematics and the Origin of Species " , which completed the evolutionary synthesis started by Darwin .


In 1939 he was elected a Corresponding Member of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union .


Over 60 eminent scientists , led by Carl Sagan , rebutted the criticism .


They considered themselves the leaders of the revolutionary proletariat of Russia .


The surviving children ( all daughters ) were ; Ḍíyáʼíyyih K͟hánum ( mother of Shoghi Effendi ) ( d .


The latter became known as " recallists " ( Russian : " otzovists " ) .


One of the underlying reasons that prevented any reunification of the party was the Russian police .


Further differences in party agendas became evident as the beginning of World War I loomed near .


Joseph Stalin was especially eager for the start of the war , hoping that it would turn into a war between classes or essentially a Russian Civil War .


The will also provided a formal reiteration of his teachings , such as the instructions to teach , manifest spiritual qualities , associate with all people , and shun Covenant-breakers .


In 1976 his design relationship with Hawkwind came to an end .


It was rekindled once , in 1978 , for the Hawklords spin-off , but otherwise continued only with design commissions for projects involving the band 's saxophonist Nik Turner .


A widely known 1933 book on this is a science fiction work on history up to the year 2106 titled " The Shape of Things to Come " by H. G. Wells .


Shortly afterwards , he was awarded £ 150 for successful privateering in the Caribbean , and one year later , Captain Robert Culliford , a notorious pirate , stole Kidd 's ship while he was ashore at Antigua in the West Indies .


It is enough for a " standard " English level .


The grammar is based on English , but is much simpler .


The " Stölzel valve " ( invented by Heinrich Stölzel in 1814 ) was an early variety .


Apion 's claim probably repeats ideas already in circulation because similar claims are made by Posidonius and Apollonius Molon in the 1st century BCE .


The new ship , " Adventure Galley " , was well suited to the task of catching pirates , weighing over 284 tons burthen and equipped with 34 cannon , oars , and 150 men .


The case is mentioned by Matthew Paris and Chaucer , and thus has become well-known .


The older inscription in the church of Rinn , dating from 1575 , is distorted by fabulous embellishments for example , that the money paid for the boy to his godfather turned into leaves , and that a lily blossomed upon his grave .


The cult continued until officially prohibited in 1994 , by the Bishop of Innsbruck .


According to the legend supported by the church , the boy was kidnapped from his home during the holiday of Passover while his parents were away .


The oars were a key advantage , as they enabled " Adventure Galley " to manoeuvre in a battle when the winds had calmed and other ships were dead in the water .


Both world wars took place for the most part in Europe , contributing to a decline in Western European dominance in world affairs by the mid-20 th century as the Soviet Union and the United States took prominence .


There exists a political movement favoring the evolution of the European Union into a single super-federation encompassing much of the continent .


One view is that her name derives from the ancient Greek elements εὐρύς ( " eurús " ) , " wide , broad " and ὤψ ( " ōps " , gen. ὠπός , " ōpós " ) " eye , face , countenance " , hence their composite " Eurṓpē " would mean " wide-gazing " or " broad of aspect " .


The same naming motive according to " cartographic convention " appears in Greek Ἀνατολή ( " Anatolḗ " " [ sun ] rise " , " east " , hence Anatolia ) .


A third of his crew died on the Comoros due to an outbreak of cholera , the brand-new ship developed many leaks , and he failed to find the pirates whom he expected to encounter off Madagascar .


Turkey is generally considered a transcontinental country divided entirely by water , while Russia and Kazakhstan are only partly divided by waterways .


Spain , for example , has territories south of the Mediterranean Sea namely Ceuta and Melilla which are parts of Africa and share a border with Morocco .


According to the current convention , Georgia and Azerbaijan are transcontinental countries where waterways have been completely replaced by mountains as the divide between continents .


As a name for a part of the known world , it is first used in the 6th century BC by Anaximander and Hecataeus .


Only 13 remained with " Adventure Galley " .


He drew a new line along the Volga , following the Volga north until the Samara Bend , along Obshchy Syrt ( the drainage divide between Volga and Ural ) and then north along Ural Mountains .


This was endorsed by the Russian Empire , and introduced the convention that would eventually become commonly accepted , but not without criticism by many modern analytical geographers like Halford Mackinder who saw little validity in the Ural Mountains as a boundary between continents .


The question was still treated as a " controversy " in geographical literature of the 1860 s , with Douglas Freshfield advocating the Caucasus crest boundary as the " best possible " , citing support from various " modern geographers " .


In Russia and the Soviet Union , the boundary along the Kuma–Manych Depression was the most commonly used as early as 1906 .


He deposited some of his treasure on Gardiners Island , hoping to use his knowledge of its location as a bargaining tool .


In Western Europe the Neolithic period was characterised not by large agricultural settlements but by field monuments , such as causewayed enclosures , burial mounds and megalithic tombs .


Over the next centuries Muslim forces took Cyprus , Malta , Crete , Sicily and parts of southern Italy .


The unsuccessful second siege of Constantinople ( 717 ) weakened the Umayyad dynasty and reduced their prestige .


In the remote regions of north-western Iberia and the middle Pyrenees the power of the Muslims in the south was scarcely felt .


He felt this was a safer passage than the highly trafficked Narrows between Staten Island and Brooklyn .


In the Iberian Peninsula , the Reconquista concluded with the fall of Granada in 1492 , ending over seven centuries of Islamic rule in the south-western peninsula .


Although it would recover Constantinople in 1261 , Byzantium fell in 1453 when Constantinople was taken by the Ottoman Empire .


Like many other parts of Eurasia , these territories were overrun by the Mongols .


Previously , these territories were under the successive control of Pechenegs and Cumans .


Captain Kidd 's cannon , an artifact from the shipwreck , was added to a permanent exhibit at The Children 's Museum of Indianapolis in 2011 .


Spain and Portugal , the greatest naval powers of the time , took the lead in exploring the world .


Religious fighting and warfare spread with Protestantism .


Discontent with the aristocracy and clergy 's monopoly on political power in France resulted in the French Revolution and the establishment of the First Republic as a result of which the monarchy and many of the nobility perished during the initial reign of terror .


The year 1859 saw the unification of Romania , as a nation-state , from smaller principalities .


The character makes appearances in the games World Heroes 2 , World Heroes 2 Jet , World Heroes Perfect , and SNK vs. Capcom : Card Fighters Clash .


Russia was plunged into the Russian Revolution , which threw down the Tsarist monarchy and replaced it with the communist Soviet Union .


Germany re-expanded and took back the Saarland and Rhineland in 1935 and 1936 .


In 1938 , Austria became a part of Germany following the Anschluss .


At the time , Britain and France preferred a policy of appeasement .


His father had also suffered a debilitating illness earlier in life and had been restored to health by a convalescence in Newfoundland .


Around the same time , Germany moved troops into Denmark .


The southern regions are more mountainous , while moving north the terrain descends from the high Alps , Pyrenees , and Carpathians , through hilly uplands , into broad , low northern plains , which are vast in the east .


Around 440 " million years ago Euramerica was formed from Baltica and Laurentia ; a further joining with Gondwana then leading to the formation of Pangea .


While he was working as a private tutor , one of his pupils was Helen Keller , who came to him as a young child unable to see , hear , or speak .


These two halves are separated by the mountain chains of the Pyrenees and Alps / Carpathians .


Major shallow water bodies submerging parts of the northern plains are the Celtic Sea , the North Sea , the Baltic Sea complex and Barents Sea .


The northern plain contains the old geological continent of Baltica , and so may be regarded geologically as the " main continent " , while peripheral highlands and mountainous regions in the south and west constitute fragments from various other geological continents .


Southern Europe could be described as having a warm , but mild climate .


Meanwhile , Elisha Gray was also experimenting with acoustic telegraphy and thought of a way to transmit speech using a water transmitter .


It stretched from the Mediterranean Sea to the Arctic Ocean .


The country with the smallest percentage of forested area is Iceland ( 1 % ) , while the most forested country is Finland ( 77 % ) .


In the north , the taiga is a mixed spruce–pine–birch forest ; further north within Russia and extreme northern Scandinavia , the taiga gives way to tundra as the Arctic is approached .


The semi-arid Mediterranean region hosts much scrub forest .


He had filed the mercury application at the patent office a year earlier on February 25 , 1875 , long before Elisha Gray described the water device .


By the Middle Ages the bears ' habitats were limited to more or less inaccessible mountains with sufficient forest cover .


In addition , polar bears may be found on Svalbard , a Norwegian archipelago far north of Scandinavia .


The European Union has been the focus of economic integration on the continent since its foundation in 1993 .


The list below includes all entities falling even partially under any of the various common definitions of Europe , geographic or political .


This time , guests at the household distinctly heard people in Brantford reading and singing .


This includes ( ranks according to the CIA ) : Germany ( 6 ) , Russia ( 7 ) , the United Kingdom ( 10 ) , France ( 11 ) , and Italy ( 13 ) .


The richest in terms of GDP per capita is Monaco with its US $ 172,676 per capita ( 2009 ) and the poorest is Moldova with its GDP per capita of US $ 1,631 ( 2010 ) .


Italy was also in a poor economic condition but regained a high level of growth by the 1950 s .


West Germany recovered quickly and had doubled production from pre-war levels by the 1950 s .


The president of Western Union balked , countering that the telephone was nothing but a toy .


The European Union is now the largest economy in the world .


Figures released by Eurostat in 2009 confirmed that the Eurozone had gone into recession in 2008 .


As a result , measures were taken , especially for Greece , by the leading countries of the Eurozone .


The EU-27 unemployment rate was 10.3 % in 2012 .


These were the first publicly witnessed long-distance telephone calls in the UK .


They are related to Percolozoa ; the two share mitochondria with disk-shaped cristae , which only occurs in a few other groups .


Both probably belong to a larger group of eukaryotes called the Excavata .