In the field of popular music , many English bands and solo artists have been cited as the most influential and best-selling musicians of all time .


The iMac featured modern technology and a unique design , and sold almost 800,000 units in its first five months .


Famous for recording many motion picture film scores , the London Symphony Orchestra first performed film music in 1935 .


Other contemporary English directors include Sam Mendes , Guy Ritchie and Richard Curtis .


Current actors include Tom Hardy , Daniel Craig , Benedict Cumberbatch , Lena Headey , Felicity Jones , Emilia Clarke , Lashana Lynch , and Emma Watson .


The visual effects company Framestore in London has produced some of the most critically acclaimed special effects in modern film .


The sale was an outcome of Macromedia 's decision to solely focus on web development software .


The most senior art gallery is the National Gallery in Trafalgar Square , which houses a collection of over 2,300 paintings dating from the mid-13 th century to 1900 .


Red Rum is also the best-known racehorse in the country .


The English are keen sailors and enjoy competitive sailing ; founding and winning some of the world 's most famous and respected international competitive tournaments across the various race formats , including the match race , a regatta , and the America 's Cup .


A red cross was a symbol for many Crusaders in the 12th and 13th centuries .


The product , still unfinished at the time of the sale , was renamed " Final Cut Pro " when it was launched on the retail market in April 1999 .


He went on to perform in Shakespeare 's plays .


During World War I , he served as an infantryman in the Austro-Hungarian Army from 1914 – 16 , rising to the rank of Lieutenant .


He declared his intention to become a US citizen in 1928 ; on June 26 , 1931 , he was naturalized .


Several more silent roles followed , villains and continental types , all in productions made in the New York area .


The release of iPhoto in the same year completed the iLife suite .


A small percentage of critics cited his " dull and slow performance " in " Dracula " as a great example of minimal dialogue with no real acting prowess needed .


His only television dramatic role was on the anthology series " Suspense " on October 11 , 1949 , in an adaptation of Edgar Allan Poe 's " The Cask of Amontillado " .


She filed for divorce four months later , citing actress Clara Bow as the " other woman " .


They had a child , Bela G. Lugosi , in 1938 .


The iTunes Store quickly became the market leader in online music services , with over five billion downloads by June 19 , 2008 .


The 1942 film " The Corpse Vanishes " appeared in episode 105 ; the serial " The Phantom Creeps " appeared throughout season two , and the Ed Wood production " Bride of the Monster " in episode 423 .


It appeared on their 1972 album " Everybody 's in Show-Biz " .


A sequel , entitled " Night of the Ghouls " , was finished in 1959 , but due to last-minute financial problems , was not released until 1984 .


The film was reportedly completed and released through a deal with Samuel Z. Arkoff .


The company sold 270,000 iPhone units during the first 30 hours of sales , and the device was called " a game changer for the industry " .


In 1986 , the film was featured in the syndicated series , the " Canned Film Festival " and was later featured on the comedy series , " Mystery Science Theater 3000 " .


In 2005 , The Devil 's Rejects Footage of the movie was played in the movie .


In 2008 , a colorized version was released by Legend Films .


This event was first held in 2005 , at the Biathlon World Cup finals in Khanty-Mansiysk .


Furthermore , by early 2007 , 800,000 Final Cut Pro users were registered .


According to Ayurveda , sunlight is one of the main sources of prana , and some practitioners believe that it is possible for a person to survive on sunlight alone .


He was first introduced to the public in 1980 when he appeared on the TV show " That 's Incredible ! " .


He told " Colors " magazine in 2003 that he periodically breaks his fasting with a cheeseburger and a cola , explaining that when he 's surrounded by junk culture and junk food , consuming them adds balance .


There are varying types of fasts practised by followers of Jainism .


The iPad ran the same touch-based operating system as the iPhone , and all iPhone apps were compatible with the iPad .


These men and others are officially credited as the founding fathers of the European Union .


In 1979 , the first direct elections to the European Parliament were held .


With further enlargement planned to include the former communist states of Central and Eastern Europe , as well as Cyprus and Malta , the Copenhagen criteria for candidate members to join the EU were agreed upon in June 1993 .


In 2017 , approximately 825,000 people acquired citizenship of a member state of the European Union .


This beat the non-inflation-adjusted record for market capitalization set by Microsoft in 1999 .


while the European Central Bank conducts its business primarily in English .


More than half ( 56 % ) of EU citizens are able to engage in a conversation in a language other than their mother tongue .


Only four languages , namely Hungarian , Finnish , Estonian ( all three Uralic ) , and Maltese ( Semitic ) , are not Indo-European languages .


The countries where the fewest people reported a religious belief were Estonia ( 16 % ) and the Czech Republic ( 19 % ) .


It also experienced a significant year-over-year increase in Mac sales .


The relationships of the European microstates , Andorra , Monaco , San Marino , and Vatican City include the use of the euro and other areas of co-operation .


Laws made by the EU institutions are passed in a variety of forms .


The monetary policy of the eurozone is determined by the European Central Bank .


It convenes at least four times a year and comprises the President of the European Council ( currently Charles Michel ) , the President of the European Commission and one representative per member state ( either its head of state or head of government ) .


This was contrasted with a significant drop in iPod sales .


The 27 Commissioners as a single body are subject to approval ( or otherwise ) by vote of the European Parliament .


In 1960 , the budget of the then European Economic Community was 0.03 % of GDP .


The European Commission estimated in 2009 that the financial effect of irregularities was € 1,863 " million .


The charter is a codified catalogue of fundamental rights against which the EU 's legal acts can be judged .


On June 6 , 2016 , Fortune released Fortune 500 , their list of companies ranked on revenue generation .


It is applied from the principles of Capability approach and Rights-based approach to development .


The currency union represents 342 million EU citizens .


The difference between the richest and poorest regions ( 281 NUTS-2 regions of the single market ) ranged , in 2017 , from 31 % ( Severozapaden , Bulgaria ) of the EU28 average ( € 30,000 ) to 253 % ( Luxembourg ) , or from € 4,600 to € 92,600 .


Two of the original core objectives of the European Economic Community were the development of a common market , subsequently becoming a customs union , and a the free circulation of goods , capital , people , and services within the EU between its member states .


The first-generation iPhone was released on June 29 , 2007 , for $ 499 ( 4 " GB ) and $ 599 ( 8 " GB ) with an AT&T contract .


The non-EU member states of Norway , Liechtenstein , Switzerland and economic and monetary union participate in the single market but not in the customs union .


Until the drive towards EU citizens the development of the capital provisions had been slow .


This lacuna has been addressed by the recently passed European single currency which aims to liberalise the cross border provision of services .


In 2002 , the currency was fully put into place , when European Central Bank and coins were issued and national currencies began to phase out in the eurozone , which by then consisted of 12 member states .


The iPhone features a touchscreen display , Bluetooth , and Wi-Fi ( both " b " and " g " ) .


The A4 autostrada was upgraded such as the Galileo positioning system .


For example , in 2001 the commission for the first time prevented a merger between two companies based in the United States ( Honeywell and against Microsoft ) which had already been approved by their national authority .


Another high-profile case Microsoft , resulted in the Commission fining European Institute for Gender Equality over € 777 " million following nine years of legal action .


The Czech Republic , Estonia , Hungary , and Poland disagreed .


It featured a 960 × 640 display , the Apple A4 processor , a gyroscope for enhanced gaming , a 5MP camera with LED flash , front-facing VGA camera and FaceTime video calling .


The International Olympic Committee requires any application of economic rules to take into account the specific nature of sport and its structures based on voluntary activity .


The Ode to Joy is an instrumental version of the prelude to the " Ludwig van Beethoven " , the 4th movement of ninth symphony 's Greek mythological .


80 % of its programming are provided in equal proportion by the two member companies , while the remainder is being provided by the MEDIA Programme " ARTE GEIE " and the channel 's European partners .


The most commercially used plant in the order is tea ( " Camellia sinensis " ) from the family Theaceae .


Shortly after its release , reception issues were discovered by consumers , due to the stainless steel band around the edge of the device , which also serves as the phone 's cellular signal and Wi-Fi antenna .


He was offered a professorship at the University of Chicago , and stayed for several years continuing to work for the professionalization of the discipline of linguistics .


By the end of his life he was professor of anthropology at Yale , where he never really fit in .


Among his many students were the linguists Mary Haas and Morris Swadesh , and anthropologists such as Fred Eggan and Hortense Powdermaker .


With his linguistic background , Sapir became the one student of Boas to develop most completely the relationship between linguistics and anthropology .


It has a 4-inch display , 4 G LTE connectivity , and the upgraded Apple A6 chip , among several other improvements .


Columbia at this time was one of the few elite private universities that did not limit admission of Jewish applicants with implicit quotas around 12 % .


He also enrolled in an advanced anthropology seminar taught by Franz Boas , a course that would completely change the direction of his career .


The information from Ishi was invaluable for understanding the relation between the different dialects of Yana .


Ishi 's imperturbable good humor alone made the work possible , though it also at times added to my exasperation " .


A patent filed in July 2013 revealed the development of a new iPhone battery system that uses location data in combination with data on the user 's habits to moderate the handsets ' power settings accordingly .


He was invited to Yale to found an interdisciplinary program combining anthropology , linguistics and psychology , aimed at studying " the impact of culture on personality " .


Shipbuilding was also a key industry ; the Harland and Wolff shipyard , which built the , was the world 's largest shipyard .


It is served by two airports : George Best Belfast City Airport and Belfast International Airport west of the city .


Rapid industrial growth in the nineteenth century drew in landless Catholics from outlying rural and western districts , most settling to the west of the town .


The company also announced iPhone X , which radically changes the hardware of the iPhone lineup , removing the home button in favor of facial recognition technology and featuring a near bezel-less design along with wireless charging .


Sectarian tensions were heightened by movements to repeal the Acts of Union and to restore a Parliament in Dublin .


This was followed by the drilling and eventual arming of a 100,000 strong Ulster Volunteer Force .


In 1932 the devolved parliament for the region was housed in new buildings at Stormont on the eastern edge of the city .


It had been the scene of various episodes of sectarian conflict between its Catholic and Protestant populations .


It offers multi-touch interaction with multimedia formats including newspapers , e-books , photos , videos , music , word processing documents , video games , and most existing iPhone apps using a 9.7 - inch screen .


Tourist numbers have increased since the end of The Troubles , boosted in part by newer attractions such as Titanic Belfast and tours of locations used in the HBO television series " Game of Thrones " .


Since 1973 it has been a local government district under local administration by Belfast City Council .


Belfast City Council is the local council with responsibility for the city .


The city gets significant precipitation ( greater than 1 mm ) on 157 days in an average year with an average annual rainfall of , less than areas of northern England or most of Scotland , As an urban and coastal area , Belfast typically gets snow on fewer than 10 days per year .


It also added support for optional 3 G service provided by Verizon in addition to AT&T .


The nearest weather station for which sunshine data and longer term observations are available is Belfast International Airport ( Aldergrove ) .


The average warmest day at Aldergrove for example will reach a temperature of , ( higher than Stormont ) and 2.1 days should attain a temperature of or above in total .


Conversely the coldest night of the year averages ( or lower than Stormont ) and 39 nights should register an air frost .


Some 13 more frosty nights than Stormont .


It added the upgraded A6X processor and replaced the traditional 30-pin dock connector with the all-digital Lightning connector .


Because of this , it is less an agglomeration of villages and towns which have expanded into each other , than other comparable cities , such as Manchester or Birmingham .


It was made internationally famous as the setting for the classic film , " Odd Man Out " , starring James Mason .


The Lyric Theatre , ( re-opened 1 May 2011 after undergoing a rebuilding programme ) the only full-time producing theatre in the country , is where film star Liam Neeson began his career .


The iPad Mini 3 was unveiled at the same time .


This made it the fifteenth-largest city in the United Kingdom , but the eleventh-largest conurbation .


It provided a market for the surrounding countryside and the natural inlet of Belfast Lough gave the city its own port .


The Harland and Wolff shipbuilding firm was created in 1861 , and by the time the " Titanic " was built , in 1912 , it had become the largest shipyard in the world .


Northern Ireland 's peace dividend has led to soaring property prices in the city .


An updated IPad Mini 4 was announced at the same time .


The Ulster University also maintains a campus in the city , which concentrates on fine art , design and architecture .


It also provides the city 's specialist neurosurgical , ophthalmology , ENT , and dentistry services .


The Belfast City Hospital is the regional specialist centre for haematology and is home to a cancer centre that rivals the best in the world .


One of the offers was by a group including the National Maritime Museum and National Museums Northern Ireland , with assistance by James Cameron .


A 9.7 - inch iPad Pro was announced on March 21 , 2016 .


Biotite was regarded as a mineral " species " by the International Mineralogical Association until 1998 , when its status was changed to a mineral " group " .


The term " iron mica " is sometimes used for iron-rich biotite , but the term also refers to a flaky micaceous form of haematite , and the field term Lepidomelane for unanalysed iron-rich Biotite avoids this ambiguity .


with decorated , engraved ostrich eggs found in Africa which are 60,000 years old .


Historically , it was traditional to use up all of the household 's eggs before Lent began .


The original Apple Watch smartwatch was announced by Tim Cook on September 9 , 2014 , being introduced as a product with health and fitness-tracking .


During Lent , since chickens would not stop producing eggs during this time , a larger than usual store might be available at the end of the fast .


Some families cook a special meatloaf with eggs in it to be eaten with the Easter dinner .


One would have been forced to hard boil the eggs that the chickens produced so as not to waste food , and for this reason the Spanish dish hornazo ( traditionally eaten on and around Easter ) contains hard-boiled eggs as a primary ingredient .


In Hungary , eggs are used sliced in potato casseroles around the Easter period .


The memory included in the device is half of that in the iPhone 4 at 256 " MB ; the same as the iPad , iPhone 3GS , third and fourth-generation iPod Touch .


Red Easter eggs are sometimes served along the centerline of tsoureki ( braided loaf of bread ) .


The dyeing of Easter eggs in different colours is commonplace , with colour being achieved through boiling the egg in natural substances ( such as , onion peel ( brown colour ) , oak or alder bark or walnut nutshell ( black ) , beet juice ( pink ) etc .


These eggs are part of Easter custom in many areas and often accompany other traditional Easter foods .


Passover haminados are prepared with similar methods .


It has HDMI out as the only video output source .


There used to be a custom in Ukraine , during Easter celebrations to have " krashanky " on a table in a bowl with wheatgrass .


The annual egg jarping world championship is held every year over Easter in Peterlee , Durham .


Manufacturing their first Easter egg in 1875 , Cadbury created the modern chocolate Easter egg after developing a pure cocoa butter that could be moulded into smooth shapes .


Easter eggs are frequently depicted in sculpture , including a sculpture of a pysanka standing in Vegreville , Alberta .


The colored stripes were conceived to make the logo more accessible , and to represent the fact the Apple II could generate graphics in color .


The red eggs are part of Easter custom in many areas and often accompany other traditional Easter foods .


Dark red eggs are a tradition in Greece and represent the blood of Christ shed on the cross .


In Greece , superstitions of the past included the custom of placing the first-dyed red egg at the home 's iconostasis ( place where icons are displayed ) to ward off evil .


In fact , modern scholarship has been unable to trace any association between eggs and a supposed goddess named Ostara before the 19th century , when early folklorists began to speculate about the possibility .


An Aqua-themed version of the monochrome logo was used from 1998 to 2003 , and a glass-themed version was used from 2007 to 2013 .


It was here he first became friends with Heber C. Kimball .


He was then involved in the dedication of the Kirtland Temple in 1836 .


They converted to the church , including his cousin Willard Richards .


In 1844 , while in jail awaiting trial for treason charges , the church 's president , Joseph Smith was killed by an armed mob. Several claimants to the role of church president emerged during the succession crisis that ensued .


Hello " was also used to introduce the original Macintosh , Newton , iMac ( " hello ( again ) " ) , and iPod .


From another planet , Adam brought Eve , one of his wives , with him to the earth , where they became mortal by eating the fruit of the Garden of Eden .


Easter is linked to the Jewish Passover by much of its symbolism , as well as by its position in the calendar .


Easter customs vary across the Christian world , and include sunrise services , exclaiming the Paschal greeting , clipping the church , and decorating Easter eggs ( symbols of the empty tomb ) .


There are also various traditional Easter foods that vary regionally .


In the original logo designed by Ronald Wayne , Sir Isaac Newton is seen sitting under the infamous apple tree about to bear fruit above , just before his discovery of gravity .


The 14th day of the lunar month according to the Gregorian system is figured as the ninth or tenth day according to the Julian .


The 14th of the paschal lunar month is designated by convention as the Paschal full moon , although the 14th of the lunar month may differ from the date of the astronomical full moon by up to two days .


This was designed to match exactly the Gregorian calculation .


The chief complaint was that the Jewish communities sometimes erred in setting Passover to fall before the Northern Hemisphere spring equinox .


In 1977 , Rob Janoff created the iconic rainbow apple symbol that is still recognized today .


Easter parades are held in many American cities , involving festive strolling processions , with the New York City parade being the best known .


For instance , dessert may be cranachan or tipsy laird ( whisky trifle ) , followed by oatcakes and cheese , all washed down with the " water of life " ( uisge beatha ) , Scotch whisky .


Then , everyone is asked to stand , join hands , and sing " Auld Lang Syne " to bring the evening to an end .


" Euphoria " is an emotional and mental state defined as a sense of great happiness and well-being .


The first Apple Stores were originally opened as two locations in May 2001 by then-CEO Steve Jobs , after years of attempting but failing store-within-a-store concepts .


212 BC ) onward , and is usually referred to as " ὁ στοιχειώτης " ( " the author of " Elements " " ) .


367 BC – 282 BC ) because he was mentioned by Archimedes .


Although best known for its geometric results , the " Elements " also includes number theory .


It considers the connection between perfect numbers and Mersenne primes ( known as the Euclid–Euler theorem ) , the infinitude of prime numbers , Euclid 's lemma on factorization ( which leads to the fundamental theorem of arithmetic on uniqueness of prime factorizations ) , and the Euclidean algorithm for finding the greatest common divisor of two numbers .


The new design will be applied to all Apple Stores worldwide , a process that has seen stores temporarily relocate or close .


Today , however , that system is often referred to as " Euclidean geometry " to distinguish it from other so-called " non-Euclidean geometries " discovered in the 19th century .


He served as the chancellor of Durham University from 2005 to 2011 .


He received widespread recognition again with the publication of " A Short History of Nearly Everything " ( 2003 ) , a book widely acclaimed for its accessible communication of science .


In the same year , he was appointed a Commissioner for English Heritage .


According to a 2011 report in " Fortune , " this has resulted in a corporate culture more akin to a startup rather than a multinational corporation .


In May 2007 , he became the president of the Campaign to Protect Rural England .


After he received British citizenship his OBE was made substantive .


In 1985 the band 's debut , " This Is Big Audio Dynamite , " was released .


In 1990 , the original line-up wrote and recorded the song " Free " for the soundtrack to the adventure comedy film " Flashback " .


This was done by Tim Cook , who had a background in supply-chain management .


He considered editing this footage into a feature-length film , focusing on Donald Trump discussing " Citizen Kane " ( this segment was later released on the second issue of " Wholphin " ) .


Eventually , the liberal advocacy group MoveOn PAC paid to air a few of the commercials .


In 1971 , Rolls-Royce itself was forced into receivership and the UK government nationalised the company - splitting into two companies the aerospace division ( Rolls-Royce Plc ) and automotive ( Rolls-Royce Motors Limited ) divisions - the latter retaining the Bentley subdivision .


At the DFP factory , in 1913 , he noticed an aluminium paperweight and thought that aluminium might be a suitable replacement for cast iron to fabricate lighter pistons .


The report further claims that development on Siri has suffered due to team members and executives leaving the company for competitors , a lack of ambitious goals , and shifting strategies .


With renewed financial input , W. O. Bentley was able to design another generation of cars .


Crewe also had extensive open farming land .


Demand had been so great that the factory at Crewe was unable to meet orders despite an installed capacity of approximately 9,500 vehicles per year ; there was a waiting list of over a year for new cars to be delivered .


This arrangement ceased at the end of 2006 after around 1,000 cars , with all car production reverting to the Crewe plant .


Though switching Siri 's functions to machine learning and algorithms , which dramatically cut its error rate , the company reportedly still failed to anticipate the popularity of Amazon 's Echo , which features the Alexa personal assistant .


In Autumn 2010 , workers at Crewe staged a series of protests over proposal of compulsory work on Fridays and mandatory overtime during the week .


The invertebrate chordate classes are from " Fishes of the World " .


While it is structured so as to reflect evolutionary relationships ( similar to a cladogram ) , it also retains the traditional ranks used in Linnaean taxonomy .


If lampreys are more closely related to the hagfish than the other vertebrates , this would suggest that they form a clade , which has been named the Cyclostomata .


Improvements to Siri stalled , executives clashed , and there were disagreements over the restrictions imposed on third-party app interactions .


The majority of animals more complex than jellyfish and other Cnidarians are split into two groups , the protostomes and deuterostomes , the latter of which contains chordates .


It seems very likely the " Kimberella " was a member of the protostomes .


If so , this means the protostome and deuterostome lineages must have split some time before " Kimberella " appeared - at least , and hence well before the start of the Cambrian .


Fossils of one major deuterostome group , the echinoderms ( whose modern members include starfish , sea urchins and crinoids ) , are quite common from the start of the Cambrian , .


The former had experienced a severe security vulnerability , in which Macs running the then-latest macOS High Sierra software were vulnerable to a bug that let anyone gain administrator privileges by entering " root " as the username in system prompts , leaving the password field empty and twice clicking " unlock " , gaining full access .


On the other hand , fossils of early chordates are very rare , since invertebrate chordates have no bones or teeth , and only one has been reported for the rest of the Cambrian .


Ernst Haeckel described a taxon comprising tunicates , cephalochordates , and vertebrates in 1866 .


His business dealings included successful farming operations , one of Connecticut 's early iron works , and land speculation in the Vermont territory .


The town of Cornwall was frontier territory in the 1740 s , but it began to resemble a town by the time that he was a teenager , with wood-frame houses beginning to replace the rough cabins of the early settlers .


The bug was publicly disclosed on Twitter , rather than through proper bug bounty programs .


He was also called to court in Salisbury for inoculating himself against smallpox , a procedure that required the sanction of the town selectmen .


He had it printed in Connecticut and began selling and giving away copies in early 1775 .


Most of the resistance activity had taken place on the west side of the Green Mountains until then , but a small riot broke out in Westminster on March 13 and led to the deaths of two men .


Congress , for its part , at first not really wanting any part of the affair , effectively voted to strip and then abandon the forts .


In 2006 , one complex of factories that assembled the iPod and other items had over 200,000 workers living and working within it .


Following a brief visit to their families , they returned to Bennington to spread the news .


With the financial assistance of his brother Ira , he lived comfortably , if out of action , until August 1777 .


He then set out for Bennington , where news of his impending return preceded him , and he was met with all of the honor due a military war hero .


There he learned that the Vermont Republic had declared independence in 1777 , that a constitution had been drawn up , and that elections had been held .


Featured was the company 's installation of a 40 MW solar power plant in the Sichuan province of China that was tailor-made to coexist with the indigenous yaks that eat hay produced on the land , by raising the panels to be several feet off of the ground so the yaks and their feed would be unharmed grazing beneath the array .


The negotiations , once details of them were published , were often described by opponents of Vermont statehood as treasonous , but no such formal charges were ever laid against anyone involved .


Specifically targeted against Christianity , it was an unbridled attack against the Bible , established churches , and the powers of the priesthood .


As a replacement for organized religion , he espoused a mixture of deism , Spinoza 's naturalist views , and precursors of Transcendentalism , with man acting as a free agent within the natural world .


The work was not published until long after his death , and is primarily of interest to students of Transcendentalism , a movement the work foreshadows .


It also introduced " differential privacy " , a way to collect crowdsourced data from many users , while keeping individual users anonymous , in a system that " Wired " described as " trying to learn as much as possible about a group while learning as little as possible about any individual in it " .


A city park in the Montreal borough of Mercier–Hochelaga-Maisonneuve commemorating his capture bears his name .


That year , " Time " named her in the Time 100 list of the most influential people in the world .


The film had its world premiere at South by Southwest in March 2019 , and was released on 3 May 2019 , to positive reviews from film critics .


Acting inspirations include Susan Sarandon and Sigourney Weaver .


Its name comes from the Greek words " amphis " , meaning " both ways " , and " bainein " , meaning " to go " .


" Chess " is a two-player strategy board game played on a checkered board with 64 " squares arranged in an 8 × 8 square grid .


FIDE also awards life-time master titles to skilled players , the highest of which is Grandmaster ( GM ) .


FIDE is a member of the International Olympic Committee , which can be considered recognition of chess as a sport .


Several national sporting bodies ( e.g. the Spanish " Consejo Superior de Deportes " ) also recognize chess as a sport .


The amphisbaena has been referred to by various poets such as Nicander , John Milton , Alexander Pope , Percy Bysshe Shelley , Alfred , Lord Tennyson , Aimé Césaire , A. E. Housman and Allen Mandelbaum ; as a mythological and legendary creature , it has been referenced by Lucan , Pliny the Elder , Isidore of Seville , and Thomas Browne , the last of whom debunked its existence .


Chess is believed to have originated in northwest India , in the Gupta Empire ( 280 – 550 ) , where its early form in the 6th " century was known as " chaturaṅga " ( ) , literally " four divisions " [ of the military ] " – infantry , cavalry , elephants , and chariotry , represented by the pieces that would evolve into the modern pawn , knight , bishop , and rook , respectively .


Thence it spread eastward and westward along the Silk Road .


A famous 13th - century manuscript covering shatranj , backgammon , and dice is known as the " Libro de los juegos " .


Centers of chess activity in this period were coffee houses in major European cities like " Café de la Régence " in Paris and " Simpson 's Divan " in London .


However , Medieval and later drawings often show it with two or more scaled feet , particularly chicken feet , and feathered wings .


Between the world wars , chess was revolutionized by the new theoretical school of so-called hypermodernists like Aron Nimzowitsch and Richard Réti .


In September 2007 , he lost the title to Viswanathan Anand of India , who won the championship tournament in Mexico City .


Chess is taught to children in schools around the world today .


Chess is also present in contemporary popular culture .


Many descriptions of the amphisbaena say its eyes glow like candles or lightning , but the poet Nicander seems to contradict this by describing it as " always dull of eye " .


Chess is used as the core theme in the musical " Chess " by Tim Rice , Björn Ulvaeus , and Benny Andersson .


In medieval times both the Catholic and Orthodox churches condemned chess .


Iraqi Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani said chess was forbidden " even without placing a bet ” .


A few players still prefer descriptive notation , but it is no longer recognized by FIDE .


Nicander 's account seems to be referring to what is indeed called the Amphisbaenia .


They are catalogued in reference works such as the " Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings " .


Regular team chess events include the Chess Olympiad and the European Team Chess Championship .


Chess is promoted as a " mind sport " by the Mind Sports Organisation , alongside other mental-skill games such as contract bridge , Go , and " Scrabble " .


FIDE also awards titles for arbiters and trainers .


The availability of inexpensive American corn , with its higher proportion of usable starches relative to other cereal grains , has led it to be most typically used to create base whiskies to which flavouring whiskies are blended in .


Arpad Elo thought of a player 's true skill as the average of that player 's performance random variable , and showed how to estimate the average from results of player 's games .


The highest FIDE rating of all time , 2881 , was achieved by Magnus Carlsen on the March 2014 FIDE rating list .


GM Lothar Schmid owned the world 's largest private collection of chess books and memorabilia .


Samuel Bronfman became president of the company and , with his dominant personality , began a strategy of increasing their capacity and aging whiskies in anticipation of the end of prohibition .


Chess has inspired many combinatorial puzzles , such as the knight 's tour and the eight queens puzzle .


The idea of creating a chess-playing machine dates to the 18th " century ; around 1769 , the chess-playing automaton called The Turk became famous before being exposed as a hoax .


In 1913 , Ernst Zermelo used chess as a basis for his theory of game strategies , which is considered as one of the predecessors of game theory .


According to Claude Shannon , however , there are 10 legal positions in chess , so it will take an impossibly long time to compute a perfect strategy with any feasible technology .


The distillery was purchased in 1987 by Fortune Brands which became Beam Suntory in 2011 .


Alfred Binet and others showed that knowledge and verbal , rather than visuospatial , ability lies at the core of expertise .


In his doctoral thesis , Adriaan de Groot showed that chess masters can rapidly perceive the key features of a position .


In the context of chess variants , regular ( i.e. FIDE ) chess is commonly referred to as " Western chess " , " international chess " , " orthodox chess " , " orthochess " , and " classic chess " .


Distilleries continued to operate from the Distillery District until 1990 , when the area was reoriented towards commercial and residential development .


One region consolidated under a confederation called the Shyris , which exercised organized trading and bartering between the different regions .


When the Incas arrived , they found that these confederations were so developed that it took the Incas two generations of rulers - Topa Inca Yupanqui and Huayna Capac - to absorb them into the Inca Empire .


Moreover , when the Incas tried to subdue them , these indigenous people withdrew to the interior and resorted to guerrilla tactics .


He willed that his heart be buried in Quito , his favorite city , and the rest of his body be buried with his ancestors in Cuzco .


Other former distilleries in the province includes one in Corbyville , which hosted a distillery operated by Corby Spirit and Wine .


At the same time , the natives were forced into the " encomienda " labor system for the Spanish .


The 1797 Riobamba earthquake , which caused up to 40,000 casualties , was studied by Alexander von Humboldt , when he visited the area in 1801 – 1802 .


After nearly 300 years of Spanish rule , Quito was still a small city numbering 10,000 inhabitants .


The 1930 s and 1940 s were marked by instability and emergence of populist politicians , such as five-time President José María Velasco Ibarra .


The distillery was purchased in 2014 by Campari Group .


The executive branch is led by the president , an office currently held by Lenín Moreno .


Also there is a special legal regime for Amerindians .


Regionalization , or zoning , is the union of two or more adjoining provinces in order to decentralize the administrative functions of the capital , Quito .


1838 ) located in Quito is in charge to graduate the army officers .


The distillery produces the Forty Creek brand .


Cotopaxi , just south of Quito , is one of the world 's highest active volcanoes .


Additionally , oil exploitation of the Amazon rainforest has led to the release of billions of gallons of untreated wastes , gas , and crude oil into the environment , contaminating ecosystems and causing detrimental health effects to Amerindian peoples .


The industry is concentrated mainly in Guayaquil , the largest industrial center , and in Quito , where in recent years the industry has grown considerably .


A minor industrial activity is also concentrated in Cuenca .


Different forms of English handle verb agreement with collective count nouns differently .


The largest ethnic group ( ) is the " Mestizos " , who are Amerindians with mixture or cultural influence from Spanish colonists , and constitute about 71 % of the population .


Amerindians account for 7 % of the current population .


According to their own estimates , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints accounts for about 1.4 % of the population , or 211,165 members at the end of 2012 .


Most of these communities and their descendants are located in the Guayas region of the country .


For example , users of British English generally accept that collective nouns take either singular or plural verb forms depending on context and the metonymic shift that it implies .


Spanish is spoken as the first language by more than 90 % of the population and as a first or second language by more than 98 % .


Sanjuanito is a type of dance music played during festivities by the mestizo and Amerindian communities .


Arroz con menestra y carne asada " ( rice with beans and grilled beef ) is one of the traditional dishes of Guayaquil , as is fried plantain , which is often served with it .


The existence of his literary work came to light many centuries later , when a crew of masons was restoring the walls of a colonial church in Quito and found a hidden manuscript .


The English endings " - age " and " - ade " often signify a collective .


The unusually high elevation of the home stadium in Quito often affects the performance of visiting teams .


They were defeated by England in the second round .


EPN is known for research and education in the applied science , astronomy , atmospheric physics , engineering and physical sciences .


EPN adopted the polytechnic university model that stresses laboratory instruction in applied science and engineering .


Confusion often stems from the way that different forms of English handle agreement with collective nouns - specifically , whether or not to use the " collective singular " : the singular verb form with a collective noun .


At the time of his birth , Chaplin 's parents were both music hall entertainers .


Although they never divorced , Chaplin 's parents were estranged by around 1891 .


Chaplin 's father died two years later , at 38 years old , from cirrhosis of the liver .


" There was nothing we could do but accept poor mother 's fate " , Chaplin later wrote , and she remained in care until her death in 1928 .


In British English , it is generally accepted that collective nouns can take either singular or plural verb forms depending on the context and the metonymic shift that it implies .


This was an isolated occurrence , but by the time he was nine Chaplin had , with his mother 's encouragement , grown interested in performing .


Chaplin worked hard , and the act was popular with audiences , but he was not satisfied with dancing and wished to form a comedy act .


Chaplin adopted the character as his screen persona and attempted to make suggestions for the films he appeared in .


During the filming of his eleventh picture , " Mabel at the Wheel " , he clashed with director Mabel Normand and was almost released from his contract .


In American English , collective nouns almost always take singular verb forms ( formal agreement ) .


He soon recruited a leading lady – Edna Purviance , whom Chaplin met in a café and hired on account of her beauty .


She went on to appear in 35 films with Chaplin over eight years ; the pair also formed a romantic relationship that lasted into 1917 .


During 1915 , Chaplin became a cultural phenomenon .


Shops were stocked with Chaplin merchandise , he was featured in cartoons and comic strips , and several songs were written about him .


The tradition of using " terms of venery " or " nouns of assembly " , collective nouns that are specific to certain kinds of animals , stems from an English hunting tradition of the Late Middle Ages .


With the new year , however , Chaplin began to demand more time .


With their careful construction , these films are considered by Chaplin scholars to be among his finest work .


However , Chaplin also felt that those films became increasingly formulaic over the period of the contract and he was increasingly dissatisfied with the working conditions encouraging that .


Despite this criticism Chaplin was a favourite with the troops , and his popularity continued to grow worldwide .


The " Book of Saint Albans " became very popular during the 16th century and was reprinted frequently .


It was completed in January 1918 , and Chaplin was given freedom over the making of his pictures .


" A Dog 's Life " , released April 1918 , was the first film under the new contract .


The film was described by Louis Delluc as " cinema 's first total work of art " .


He also produced a short propaganda film at his own expense , donated to the government for fund-raising , called " The Bond " .


The book 's popularity had the effect of perpetuating many of these terms as part of the Standard English lexicon even if they were originally meant to be humorous and have long ceased to have any practical application .


Chaplin was unhappy with the union and , feeling that marriage stunted his creativity , struggled over the production of his film " Sunnyside " .


The marriage ended in April 1920 , with Chaplin explaining in his autobiography that they were " irreconcilably mismated " .


Chaplin was cynical about this new medium and the technical shortcomings it presented , believing that " talkies " lacked the artistry of silent films .


Chaplin was nonetheless anxious about this decision and remained so throughout the film 's production .


Outside the tropics , autumn marks the transition from summer to winter , in September ( Northern Hemisphere ) or March ( Southern Hemisphere ) , when the duration of daylight becomes noticeably shorter and the temperature cools considerably .


It was a challenging production that lasted 21 months , with Chaplin later confessing that he " had worked himself into a neurotic state of wanting perfection " .


One advantage Chaplin found in sound technology was the opportunity to record a musical score for the film , which he composed himself .


Chaplin finished editing " City Lights " in December 1930 , by which time silent films were an anachronism .


City Lights " had been a success , but Chaplin was unsure if he could make another picture without dialogue .


In North America , autumn traditionally starts with the September equinox ( 21 to 24 September ) and ends with the winter solstice ( 21 or 22 December ) .


He was not ready to commit to a film , however , and focused on writing a serial about his travels ( published in " Woman 's Home Companion " ) .


The trip had been a stimulating experience for Chaplin , including meetings with several prominent thinkers , and he became increasingly interested in world affairs .


Modern Times " was announced by Chaplin as " a satire on certain phases of our industrial life .


Chaplin intended to use spoken dialogue but changed his mind during rehearsals .


In Ireland , the autumn months according to the national meteorological service , Met Éireann , are September , October and November .


Chaplin 's performance of a gibberish song did , however , give the Tramp a voice for the only time on film .


After recording the music , Chaplin released " Modern Times " in February 1936 .


It was his first feature in 15 years to adopt political references and social realism , a factor that attracted considerable press coverage despite Chaplin 's attempts to downplay the issue .


Chaplin concluded the film with a five-minute speech in which he abandoned his barber character , looked directly into the camera , and pleaded against war and fascism .


The name " backend " , a once common name for the season in Northern England , has today been largely replaced by the name " autumn " .


In the mid-1940 s , Chaplin was involved in a series of trials that occupied most of his time and significantly affected his public image .


After two arduous trials , in which the prosecuting lawyer accused him of " moral turpitude " , Chaplin was declared to be the father .


Chaplin , then 54 , had been introduced to her by a film agent seven months earlier .


Eugene O'Neill disowned his daughter as a result .


In North America , while most foods are harvested during the autumn , foods particularly associated with the season include pumpkins ( which are integral parts of both Thanksgiving and Halloween ) and apples , which are used to make the seasonal beverage apple cider .


The negative reaction to " Monsieur Verdoux " was largely the result of changes in Chaplin 's public image .


Filming began in November 1951 , by which time Chaplin had spent three years working on the story .


Limelight " featured a cameo appearance from Buster Keaton , whom Chaplin cast as his stage partner in a pantomime scene .


In the last two decades of his career , Chaplin concentrated on re-editing and scoring his old films for re-release , along with securing their ownership and distribution rights .


Keats ' " To Autumn " , written in September 1819 , echoes this sense of melancholic reflection , but also emphasises the lush abundance of the season .


The film differed from Chaplin 's earlier productions in several aspects .


It was his first to use Technicolor and the widescreen format , while he concentrated on directing and appeared on-screen only in a cameo role as a seasick steward .


A Countess from Hong Kong " premiered in January 1967 , to unfavourable reviews , and was a box-office failure .


Chaplin was deeply hurt by the negative reaction to the film , which turned out to be his last .


Television stations and networks , particularly in North America , traditionally begin their regular seasons in their autumn , with new series and new episodes of existing series debuting mostly during late September or early October ( series that debut outside the fall season are usually known as mid-season replacements ) .


Visibly emotional , Chaplin accepted his award for " the incalculable effect he has had in making motion pictures the art form of this century " .


Although Chaplin still had plans for future film projects , by the mid-1970 s he was very frail .


In the 1975 New Year Honours , Chaplin was awarded a knighthood by Queen Elizabeth II , though he was too weak to kneel and received the honour in his wheelchair .


By October 1977 , Chaplin 's health had declined to the point that he needed constant care .


A sweeps period takes place in November to measure Nielsen Ratings .


Chaplin believed his first influence to be his mother , who entertained him as a child by sitting at the window and mimicking passers-by : " it was through watching her that I learned not only how to express emotions with my hands and face , but also how to observe and study people .


Chaplin never spoke more than cursorily about his filmmaking methods , claiming such a thing would be tantamount to a magician spoiling his own illusion .


Producing films in this manner meant Chaplin took longer to complete his pictures than almost any other filmmaker at the time .


Delaying the process further was Chaplin 's rigorous perfectionism .


The ANSI X. 12 EDI standard abbreviation for the carat is " CD " .


Because he personally funded his films , Chaplin was at liberty to strive for this goal and shoot as many takes as he wished .


Describing his working method as " sheer perseverance to the point of madness " , Chaplin would be completely consumed by the production of a picture .


" The combination of story improvisation and relentless perfectionism – which resulted in days of effort and thousands of feet of film being wasted , all at enormous expense – often proved taxing for Chaplin who , in frustration , would lash out at his actors and crew .


Chaplin exercised complete control over his pictures , to the extent that he would act out the other roles for his cast , expecting them to imitate him exactly .


In the United Kingdom the original " Board of Trade carat " was exactly grains ( ~ 3.170 " grains = ~ 205 mg ) ; per ounce troy , was approximately .


Chaplin diverged from conventional slapstick by slowing the pace and exhausting each scene of its comic potential , with more focus on developing the viewer 's relationship to the characters .


Social commentary was a feature of Chaplin 's films from early in his career , as he portrayed the underdog in a sympathetic light and highlighted the difficulties of the poor .


Many of his sets , especially in street scenes , bear a strong similarity to Kennington , where he grew up .


Regarding the structure of Chaplin 's films , the scholar Gerald Mast sees them as consisting of sketches tied together by the same theme and setting , rather than having a tightly unified storyline .


in 1888 , the Board of Trade carat was changed to exactly grains ( ~ 3.168 " grains = ~ 205 mg ) .


Chaplin developed a passion for music as a child and taught himself to play the piano , violin , and cello .


With the advent of sound technology , Chaplin began using a synchronised orchestral soundtrack – composed by himself – for " City Lights " ( 1931 ) .


In 1998 , the film critic Andrew Sarris called Chaplin " arguably the single most important artist produced by the cinema , certainly its most extraordinary performer and probably still its most universal icon " .


The critic Leonard Maltin has written of the " unique " and " indelible " nature of the Tramp , and argued that no other comedian matched his " worldwide impact " .


The Board of Trade carat was divisible into four " diamond grains " , but measurements were typically made in multiples of carat .


Chaplin also strongly influenced the work of later comedians .


Every one of Chaplin 's features received a vote .


Books about Chaplin continue to be published regularly , and he is a popular subject for media scholars and film archivists .


Many of Chaplin 's film have had a DVD and Blu-ray release .


There were also two varieties of " refiners ' carats " once used in the United Kingdom - the " pound carat " and the " ounce carat " .


In 2011 , two large murals depicting Chaplin on two 14-storey buildings were also unveiled in Vevey .


Many countries , spanning six continents , have honoured Chaplin with a postal stamp .


He is also a character in the historical drama film " The Cat 's Meow " ( 2001 ) , played by Eddie Izzard , and in the made-for-television movie " The Scarlett O'Hara War " ( 1980 ) , played by Clive Revill .


Chaplin 's life has also been the subject of several stage productions .


The " solidus " was also a Roman weight unit .


Chaplin has also been characterised in literary fiction .


Chaplin received many awards and honours , especially later in life .


Other companies - such as Skyhorse Publishing - also print a paper edition .


It provides a two - to three-page summary of the demographics , geography , communications , government , economy , and military of each of 267 international entities including U.S. - recognized countries , dependencies , and other areas in the world .


There is literary evidence that the weight of 72 " coins of the type called " solidus " was exactly 1 Roman pound , and that the weight of 1 " " solidus " was 24 " " siliquae " .


This low and inaccurate value then gets cited in news articles which state that Singapore has the world 's lowest fertility , or at least use the figure for its shock value .


The Valdivia culture is the first culture where significant remains have been discovered .


The center of the culture was in the area of Manta which was named in their honor .


The Quitus were militarily weak , and formed only a small , poorly organized kingdom .


The Greeks had a similar unit of the same value .


Led by Francisco Pizarro , the conquistadors learned that the conflict and disease were destroying the empire .


Atahualpa was in awe of these men dressed in full clothing , with long beards and riding horses ( an animal he had never seen ) .


On August 29 , 1533 Atahualpa was garroted .


Although many consisted of quite sizable haciendas , they were generally much smaller than the estates commonly found elsewhere in South America .


In the first half of the 20th century , Croydon had many tramlines .


The Criollos ' resentment of the privileges enjoyed by the Peninsulares was the fuel of revolution against colonial rule .


A string of victories culminated in the decisive Battle of Pichincha .


They were an extremely heterogeneous lot that included liberal intellectuals , conservative clergymen , and representatives from Guayaquil 's successful business community .


The agricultural export interests , centered in the coastal region near Guayaquil , became closely associated with the Liberals , whose political power also grew steadily during the interval .


FirstGroup will continue to operate the service .


Much of the century was also dominated by the territorial dispute between Peru and Ecuador .


In 1992 , Sixto Durán Ballén won his third run for the presidency .


Former Vice President Alberto Dahik , architect of the neoliberal economic programme , is fleeing abroad after being indicted for " questionable use of reserved funds " .


Former President Fabián Alarcón is arrested on charges of covering more than a thousand fictitious jobs .


However , this would also regulate waiting times in this area and on the Wimbledon branch to every 5 minutes , from every 2 – 7 minutes .


In many European countries the words are used for sub-divisions of the national territory , as in the German Bundesländer , as well as a less formal term for a sovereign state .


The latest proclaimed state is South Sudan since 2011 .


Some are possessions of sovereign states , as several states have overseas territories ( such as French Polynesia or the British Virgin Islands ) , with citizenry at times identical and at times distinct from their own .


Such territories , with the exception of distinct dependent territories , are usually listed together with sovereign states on lists of countries , but may nonetheless be treated as a separate " country of origin " in international trade , as Hong Kong is .


At Woodside , the old station buildings stand disused , and the original platforms have been replaced by accessible low platforms .


For the 2020 fiscal year , the World Bank defines low-income economies as countries with a GNI per capita of $ 1,025 or less in 2018 ; lower middle-income economies as countries with a GNI per capita between $ 1,026 and $ 3,995 ; upper middle-income economies as countries with a GNI per capita between $ 3,996 and $ 12,375 ; high-income economies as countries with a GNI per capita of $ 12,376 or more .


Lastly , the World Bank distinguishes countries based on the operational policies of the World Bank .


" Ecuador " is a country in western South America , bordering the Pacific Ocean at the Equator , for which the country is named .


Cotopaxi in Ecuador is one of the world 's highest active volcanos .


One ( 2550 ) was painted in FirstGroup white , blue and pink livery .


Ecuador is located on the west by the Pacific Ocean , and has 2,237 km of coastline .


It has 2237 km of land boundaries , with Colombia in the north ( 708 " km border ) and Peru in the east and south ( 1,529 " km border ) .


It has the 29th largest exclusive economic zone of which includes the Galápagos Islands .


The capital and second most-populous city is Quito , with a population of 1.4 million .


In 2006 , the CR4000 fleet was refreshed , with the bus-style destination roller blinds being replaced with a digital dot-matrix display .


The most-populous city is Guayaquil ( 2 million ) .


Other important cities include Cuenca ( 0.41 million ) , Ambato ( 0.28 million ) , Portoviejo ( 0.23 million ) , Machala ( 0.21 million ) , and Loja ( 0.14 million ) .


They are noted for their association with Charles Darwin , whose observation of animals here during the voyage of the " Beagle " led to his formation of the theory of natural selection as a means of evolution .


It is estimated that 98 % of the native forest of coastal Ecuador has been eliminated in favor of cattle ranching and other agricultural production , including banana , cacao and coffee plantations .


They were revived shortly after Boris Johnson 's re-election as Mayor in May 2012 , but six months later they were cancelled again .


Some 38 % of Ecuador 's land is forested , and despite a 1.5 % annual deforestation rate remains one of the most biodiverse locations on the planet .


Rivers may slow and widen as they cross the hoyas yet become rapid again as they flow from the heights of the Andes to the lower elevations of the other regions .


The Napo ranges in width from 500 to 1,800 meters .


The Putumayo forms part of the border with Colombia .


The plans involve dual-tracking across the network and introducing diverting loops on either side of Croydon , allowing for a higher frequency of trams on all four branches without increasing congestion in central Croydon .


Climate in the Galápagos Islands is both moderated by the ocean currents and affected by altitude .


Throughout Ecuador variation in rainfall primarily determines seasons .


Sheltered valleys normally receive per year , whereas annual rainfall is in Quito and can reach on exposed slopes that catch rain-bearing winds .


Being located on the equator , the Galápagos Islands would have an equatorial climate were it not for the modifying effects of the Peruvian Current .


The mathematical properties of the catenary curve were first studied by Robert Hooke in the 1670 s , and its equation was derived by Leibniz , Huygens and Johann Bernoulli in 1691 .


Natural hazards in Ecuador include frequent earthquakes , landslides , volcanic activity ; periodic droughts and floods .


Registration of vital events is in Ecuador not complete .


They can be also found in important numbers in Quito and Guayaquil .


but some may also practice their own indigenous cultures , particularly the more remote indigenous communities of the Amazon basin .


While a catenary is the ideal shape for a freestanding arch of constant thickness , the Gateway Arch is narrower near the top .


The music of Ecuador has a long history .


" Churrasco " is a staple food of the coastal region , especially Guayaquil .


" Arroz con menestra y carne asada " ( rice with beans and grilled beef ) is one of the traditional dishes of Guayaquil , as is fried plantain which is often served with it .


The existence of his literary work came to light many centuries later , when a crew of masons was restoring the walls of a colonial church in Quito , and found a hidden manuscript .


The higher ground nearby and adjacent parts of what is now downtown Oakland were the site of one of the largest coastal oak forests in the world .


There is considerable interest in tennis in the middle and upper classes of Ecuadorian society , and several Ecuadorian professional players have attained international fame .


Rugby union is found to some extent in Ecuador , with teams in Guayaquil , Quito and Cuenca .


They move to Ecuador for business opportunities and as cheaper place for retirement .


As a result of the political conflict in Colombia and of the criminal gangs that had appeared in the areas of power vacuum a constant flow of refugees and asylum seekers as well as economic migrants of Colombian origin had moved into Ecuadorian territory .


thus achieving the first coast to coast transcontinental railroad in North America .


They are well assimilated into the local culture and are referred commonly as " turcos " since the early migrants of these communities arrived with passports issued by the Ottoman Empire in the beginning of the century .


" See also : " Lebanese people in Ecuador .


Opposition forces in Congress are loosely organized , but historically they often unite to block the administration 's initiatives and to remove cabinet ministers .


The new constitution strengthens the executive branch by eliminating mid-term congressional elections and by circumscribing Congress ' power to challenge cabinet ministers .


The park closed down in 1939 because the Great Depression left many people without much money , the completion of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge changed traffic patterns , people avoided paying the admission price , and the rise of car culture gave people many more choices for recreation destinations .


Minor industrial activity is also concentrated in Cuenca .


CNT is the state owned firm and uses CDMA .


There is a proposed rail connection with Colombia .


This was the original home base for the China Clipper flying boat .


Recent times saw changes in Ecuador 's foreign policy , as it decided to look for alternative weapon suppliers .


These included its long-term allies Chile , which since 2008 has provided Leopard 1 tanks and s .


Countries like Russia and China have delivered small quantities of military equipment in the past , but have gained importance in recent years .


In 2009 two additional Mil Mi-17 helicopters have been ordered from Russia with further deals planned .


Annual precipitation is about 20 inches , all rain ( snow is extremely rare at sea level in the San Francisco Bay area ) .


Copenhagen is situated on the eastern coast of the island of Zealand ; another portion of the city is located on Amager , and it is separated from Malmö , Sweden , by the strait of Øresund .


The Øresund Bridge connects the two cities by rail and road .


Originally a Viking fishing village established in the 10th century in the vicinity of what is now Gammel Strand , Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark in the early 15th century .


Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8,092 persons ( 11.0 % ) .


The city flourished as the cultural and economic center of Scandinavia under the union for well over 120 years , starting in the 15th century up until the beginning of the 16th century when the union was dissolved with Sweden leaving the union through a rebellion .


Since the turn of the 21st century , Copenhagen has seen strong urban and cultural development , facilitated by investment in its institutions and infrastructure .


Copenhagen 's economy has seen rapid developments in the service sector , especially through initiatives in information technology , pharmaceuticals and clean technology .


Copenhagen 's landmarks such as Tivoli Gardens , " The Little Mermaid " statue , the Amalienborg and Christiansborg palaces , Rosenborg Castle Gardens , Frederik 's Church , and many museums , restaurants and nightclubs are significant tourist attractions .


There is a large Filipino community ; and also a major Portuguese community , from which Tom Hanks ' mother came and where Lyndsy Fonseca was raised for some time .


The University of Copenhagen , founded in 1479 , is the oldest university in Denmark .


The annual Copenhagen Marathon was established in 1980 .


Copenhagen is one of the most bicycle-friendly cities in the world .


The Copenhagen Metro , launched in 2002 , serves central Copenhagen .


Of those , 27,323 ( 56.2 % ) are registered Democrats , 5,240 ( 10.8 % ) are registered Republicans , and 13,950 ( 28.7 % ) have declined to state a political party .


Copenhagen 's name reflects its origin as a harbour and a place of commerce .


Although the earliest historical records of Copenhagen are from the end of the 12th century , recent archaeological finds in connection with work on the city 's metropolitan rail system revealed the remains of a large merchant 's mansion near today 's Kongens Nytorv from c .


Excavations in Pilestræde have also led to the discovery of a well from the late 12th century .


The remains of an ancient church , with graves dating to the 11th century , have been unearthed near where Strøget meets Rådhuspladsen .


The open space of the decommissioned naval base often hosts " MythBusters " more dangerous experiments .


Traditionally , Copenhagen 's founding has been dated to Bishop Absalon 's construction of a modest fortress on the little island of Slotsholmen in 1167 where Christiansborg Palace stands today .


The construction of the fortress was in response to attacks by Wendish pirates who plagued the coastline during the 12th century .


This makes it the oldest university in Denmark and one of the oldest in Europe .


Copenhagen lost around 22,000 of its population of 65,000 to the plague in 1711 .


Rayleigh scattering of sunlight by Earth 's atmosphere causes the blue color of the sky , which tends to scatter blue light more than red light .


But from a Danish point of view the battle was a terror bombardment on their capital .


Despite the disasters of the early 19th century , Copenhagen experienced a period of intense cultural creativity known as the Danish Golden Age .


In 1840 , Copenhagen was inhabited by approximately 120,000 people .


Plans were drawn up to demolish the old part of Christianshavn and to get rid of the worst of the city 's slum areas .


Daylight has a spectrum similar to that of a black body with a correlated color temperature of 6500 " K ( D65 viewing standard ) or 5500 " K ( daylight-balanced photographic film standard ) .


From the 1960 s , on the initiative of the young architect Jan Gehl , pedestrian streets and cycle tracks were created in the city centre .


Copenhagen Airport underwent considerable expansion , becoming a hub for the Nordic countries .


In the 1990 s , large-scale housing developments were realized in the harbour area and in the west of Amager .


Since the summer of 2000 , Copenhagen and the Swedish city of Malmö have been connected by the Øresund Bridge , which carries rail and road traffic .


The third depicted the locus of the isothermal chromaticities on the CIE 1931 " x , y " chromaticity diagram .


The bridge has brought about considerable changes in the public transport system and has led to the extensive redevelopment of Amager .


Another important development for the city has been the Copenhagen Metro , the railway system which opened in 2002 with additions until 2007 , transporting some 54 " million passengers by 2011 .


It is located on the eastern shore of the island of Zealand , partly on the island of Amager and on a number of natural and artificial islets between the two .


Copenhagen faces the Øresund to the east , the strait of water that separates Denmark from Sweden , and which connects the North Sea with the Baltic Sea .


The CIE color rendering index ( CRI ) is a method to determine how well a light source 's illumination of eight sample patches compares to the illumination provided by a reference source .


By road , Copenhagen is northwest of Malmö , Sweden , northeast of Næstved , northeast of Odense , east of Esbjerg and southeast of Aarhus by sea and road via Sjællands Odde .


The city centre lies in the area originally defined by the old ramparts , which are still referred to as the Fortification Ring ( " Fæstningsringen " ) and kept as a partial green band around it .


Then come the late-19 th - and early-20 th-century residential neighbourhoods of Østerbro , Nørrebro , Vesterbro and Amagerbro .


The outlying areas of Kongens Enghave , Valby , Vigerslev , Vanløse , Brønshøj , Utterslev and Sundby followed from 1920 to 1960 .


The Confederacy collapsed , slavery was abolished , and four million enslaved black people were freed .


The first and most popular of these is located at Islands Brygge and has won international acclaim for its design .


Copenhagen is in the humid continental climate zone ( Köppen : " Dfb " ) .


Its weather is subject to low-pressure systems from the Atlantic which result in unstable conditions throughout the year .


Exceptional weather conditions can bring as much as 50 " cm of snow to Copenhagen in a 24-hour period during the winter months while summer temperatures have been known to rise to heights of .


The war-torn nation then entered the Reconstruction era in a partially successful attempt to rebuild the country and grant civil rights to freed slaves .


According to Statistics Denmark , the urban area of Copenhagen ( ) consists of the municipalities of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg , Albertslund , Brøndby , Gentofte , Gladsaxe , Glostrup , Herlev , Hvidovre , Lyngby-Taarbæk , Rødovre , Tårnby and Vallensbæk as well as parts of Ballerup , Rudersdal and Furesø municipalities , along with the cities of Ishøj and Greve Strand .


Neighbourhoods of Copenhagen include Slotsholmen , Frederiksstaden , Islands Brygge , Holmen , Christiania , Carlsberg , Sluseholmen , Sydhavn , Amagerbro , Ørestad , Nordhavnen , Bellahøj , Brønshøj , Ryparken , and Vigerslev .


Most of Denmark 's top legal courts and institutions are based in Copenhagen .


The fire department has its headquarters in the Copenhagen Central Fire Station which was designed by Ludvig Fenger in the Historicist style and inaugurated in 1892 .


The mobilization of civilian factories , mines , shipyards , banks , transportation , and food supplies all foreshadowed the impact of industrialization in World War I , World War II , and subsequent conflicts .


In 2001 a large offshore wind farm was built just off the coast of Copenhagen at Middelgrunden .


Copenhagen aims to be carbon-neutral by 2025 .


Renewable energy features such as solar panels are becoming increasingly common in the newest buildings in Copenhagen .


Copenhagen is the most populous city in Denmark and one of the most populous in the Nordic countries .


Outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal .


Foreign migration to Copenhagen , rising over the last three decades , has contributed to increasing religious diversity ; the Grand Mosque of Copenhagen , the first in Denmark , opened in 2014 .


Islam is the second largest religion in Copenhagen , accounting for approximately 10 % of the population .


For a number of years , Copenhagen has ranked high in international surveys for its quality of life .


In elevating Copenhagen to " most liveable city " in 2013 , " Monocle " pointed to its open spaces , increasing activity on the streets , city planning in favour of cyclists and pedestrians , and features to encourage inhabitants to enjoy city life with an emphasis on community , culture and cuisine .


Lincoln 's March 4 , 1861 , inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war .


However , Copenhagen ranks only 39th for student friendliness in 2012 .


Copenhagen is the major economic and financial centre of Denmark .


Statistics for 2010 show that the vast majority of the 350,000 workers in Copenhagen are employed in the service sector , especially transport and communications , trade , and finance , while less than 10,000 work in the manufacturing industries .


From 2006 to 2011 , the economy grew by 2.5 % in Copenhagen , while it fell by some 4 % in the rest of Denmark .


Between 1803 and 1854 , the United States achieved a vast expansion of territory through purchase , negotiation , and conquest .


Copenhagen has some of the highest gross wages in the world .


A " beneficial researcher scheme " with low taxation of foreign specialists has made Denmark an attractive location for foreign labour .


Tourism is a major contributor to Copenhagen 's economy , attracting visitors due to the city 's harbour , cultural attractions and award-winning restaurants .


Copenhagen has a multitude of districts , each with its distinctive character and representing its own period .


Pro - and anti-slavery forces collided over the territories west of the Mississippi .


The inner city includes Slotsholmen , a little island on which Christiansborg Palace stands and Christianshavn with its canals .


Around the historical city centre lies a band of congenial residential boroughs ( Vesterbro , Inner Nørrebro , Inner Østerbro ) dating mainly from late 19th century .


Copenhagen is recognised globally as an exemplar of best practice urban planning .


Recent years have seen a boom in modern architecture in Copenhagen both for Danish architecture and for works by international architects .


By 1860 , four doctrines had emerged to answer the question of federal control in the territories , and they all claimed they were sanctioned by the Constitution , implicitly or explicitly .


British design magazine " Monocle " named Copenhagen the " World 's best design city 2008 " .


Copenhagen 's urban development in the first half of the 20th century was heavily influenced by industrialisation .


Copenhagen 's spatial planning in this time frame was characterised by the separation of land uses : an approach which requires residents to travel by car to access facilities of different uses .


Ørestad now has seen most of the recent development .


Senator Stephen A. Douglas proclaimed the doctrine of territorial or " popular " sovereignty - which asserted that the settlers in a territory had the same rights as states in the Union to establish or disestablish slavery as a purely local matter .


Fælledparken at is the largest park in Copenhagen .


A historical green space in the northeastern part of the city is Kastellet , a well-preserved Renaissance citadel that now serves mainly as a park .


Another popular park is the Frederiksberg Gardens , a 32-hectare romantic landscape park .


In Copenhagen , many cemeteries double as parks , though only for the more quiet activities such as sunbathing , reading and meditation .


Nationalism was a powerful force in the early 19th century , with famous spokesmen such as Andrew Jackson and Daniel Webster .


In line with this policy , several new parks , including the innovative Superkilen in the Nørrebro district , have been completed or are under development in areas lacking green spaces .


To the south of Frederiksstaden , the Nyhavn canal is lined with colourful houses from the 17th and 18th centuries , many now with lively restaurants and bars .


There are also several museums in the area including Thorvaldsen Museum dedicated to the 18th - century sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen .


Closed to traffic since 1964 , Strøget , the world 's oldest and longest pedestrian street , runs the from Rådhuspladsen to Kongens Nytorv .


The election of Lincoln provoked the legislature of South Carolina to call a state convention to consider secession .


The district stretches from Nørrebro to the waterfront where " The Little Mermaid " statue can be seen from the promenade known as Langelinie .


Inspired by Hans Christian Andersen 's fairy tale , it was created by Edvard Eriksen and unveiled in 1913 .


The large Gefion Fountain ( " Gefionspringvandet " ) designed by Anders Bundgaard and completed in 1908 stands close to the southeast corner of Kastellet .


Its figures illustrate a Nordic legend .


The " cotton states " of Mississippi , Florida , Alabama , Georgia , Louisiana , and Texas followed suit , seceding in January and February 1861 .


Amagerbro was built up during the two first decades of the twentieth century and is the city 's northernmost block built area with typically 4 – 7 floors .


Further south follows the Sundbyøster and Sundbyvester districts .


With its 53 aquariums , it is the largest facility of its kind in Scandinavia .


A rare example of Expressionist church architecture , its striking west façade is reminiscent of a church organ .


The Southern states believed slaveholding was a constitutional right because of the Fugitive Slave Clause of the Constitution .


This is a result of huge investments in infrastructure and culture as well as the work of successful new Danish architects , designers and chefs .


Copenhagen has a wide array of museums of international standing .


Another important Copenhagen art museum is the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek founded by second generation Carlsberg philanthropist Carl Jacobsen and built around his personal collections .


Copenhagen has a significant jazz scene that has existed for many years .


These states agreed to form a new federal government , the Confederate States of America , on February 4 , 1861 .


The largest venue for popular music in Copenhagen is Vega in the Vesterbro district .


In 2001 , the first of these was held in Ungdomshuset , on Jagtvej 69 , Nørrebro , Copenhagen .


For free entertainment one can stroll along Strøget , especially between Nytorv and Højbro Plads , which in the late afternoon and evening is a bit like an impromptu three-ring circus with musicians , magicians , jugglers and other street performers .


Most of Denmarks 's major publishing houses are based in Copenhagen .


They took control of federal forts and other properties within their boundaries with little resistance from outgoing President James Buchanan , whose term ended on March 4 , 1861 .


Copenhagen has a wide selection of art museums and galleries displaying both historic works and more modern contributions .


Kunsthal Charlottenborg in the city centre exhibits national and international contemporary art .


Den Frie Udstilling near the Østerport Station exhibits paintings created and selected by contemporary artists themselves rather than by the official authorities .


The Arken Museum of Modern Art is located in southwestern Ishøj .


The adoption of this compromise likely would have prevented the secession of every Southern state apart from South Carolina , but Lincoln and the Republicans rejected it .


Apart from the selection of upmarket restaurants , Copenhagen offers a great variety of Danish , ethnic and experimental restaurants .


Danish pastry can be sampled from any of numerous bakeries found in all parts of the city .


Copenhagen has long been associated with beer .


Carlsberg beer has been brewed at the brewery 's premises on the border between the Vesterbro and Valby districts since 1847 and has long been almost synonymous with Danish beer production .


On March 4 , 1861 , Abraham Lincoln was sworn in as president .


Copenhagen has one of the highest number of restaurants and bars per capita in the world .


Inner city areas such as Istedgade and Enghave Plads in Vesterbro , Sankt Hans Torv in Nørrebro and certain places in Frederiksberg are especially noted for their nightlife .


Copenhagen has several recurring community festivals , mainly in the summer .


Copenhagen Pride is a gay pride festival taking place every year in August .


Lincoln called on all the states to send forces to recapture the fort and other federal properties .


The University of Copenhagen is Denmark 's oldest university founded in 1479 .


The Technical University of Denmark is located in Lyngby in the northern outskirts of Copenhagen .


There are also branches of both University College Capital and Metropolitan University College inside and outside Copenhagen .


Other teams are FC Nordsjælland ( from suburban Farum ) , Fremad Amager , B93 , AB , Lyngby and Hvidovre IF .


On May 3 , 1861 , Lincoln called for an additional 42,000 volunteers for a period of three years .


Copenhagen Airport , opened in 1925 , is Scandinavia 's largest airport , located in Kastrup on the island of Amager .


Copenhagen is also served by a daily ferry connection to Oslo in Norway .


With 1.27 " million km covered every working day by Copenhagen 's cyclists ( including both residents and commuters ) , and 75 % of Copenhageners cycling throughout the year .


Promoting health is an important issue for Copenhagen 's municipal authorities .


The Confederacy passed a draft law in April 1862 for young men aged 18 to 35 ; overseers of slaves , government officials , and clergymen were exempt .


DR , the major Danish public service broadcasting corporation consolidated its activities in a new headquarters , DR Byen , in 2006 and 2007 .


Similarly TV2 , which is based in Odense , has concentrated its Copenhagen activities in a modern media house in Teglholmen .


Other important media corporations include Aller Media which is the largest publisher of weekly and monthly magazines in Scandinavia , the Egmont media group and Gyldendal , the largest Danish publisher of books .


Copenhagen has a large film and television industry .


The system of exchanges collapsed in 1863 when the Confederacy refused to exchange black prisoners .


The CPH : PIX festival takes place in mid-April .


While honorary citizenship is no longer granted in Copenhagen , three people have been awarded the title of honorary Copenhageners ( " æreskøbenhavnere " ) .


The Presidency of Rafael Correa in the early 21st century saw a radical change in the country 's foreign policy .


A number of Australia–Ecuador bilateral treaties have been agreed between the two countries – such as extradition .


Many were equipped with ram bows , creating " ram fever " among Union squadrons wherever they threatened .


Alongside president Rafael Correa he called for greater " South–South " co-operation , a term denoting greater exchange of resources , technology , and knowledge between the global South .


Both countries are the members of Non-Aligned Movement .


The border dispute was a brief military clash that took place between January and February 1981 between Ecuador and Peru over the control of three watchposts .


Notable classes and examples of partial orders include lattices and Boolean algebras .


But in the face of overwhelming Union superiority and the Union 's ironclad warships , they were unsuccessful .


A closely related area is the study of finite Markov chains , especially on combinatorial objects .


Often associated with Paul Erdős , who did the pioneering work on the subject , probabilistic combinatorics was traditionally viewed as a set of tools to study problems in other parts of combinatorics .


While many applications are new , the classical Chomsky–Schützenberger hierarchy of classes of formal grammars is perhaps the best-known result in the field .


Metric properties of polytopes play an important role as well , e.g. the Cauchy theorem on the rigidity of convex polytopes .


The Confederacy experimented with the submarine , which did not work satisfactorily , and with building an ironclad ship , , which was based on rebuilding a sunken Union ship , .


Examples include an exact solution of the Ising model , and a connection between the Potts model on one hand , and the chromatic and Tutte polynomials on the other hand .


The longest straight-line distance in Egypt from north to south is , while that from east to west measures .


Egypt is divided into 28 governorates , which include two city-governorates : Alexandria ( Alexandria Governorate ) and Cairo ( Cairo Governorate ) .


The resulting three hour Battle of Hampton Roads was a draw , but it proved that ironclads were effective warships .


In the past , flooding of the Nile during the summer provided silt and water to make agriculture possible on land that is otherwise very dry .


Since the construction of the Aswan Dam , agriculture in the Nile valley depends on irrigation .


The Nile delta consists of flat , low-lying areas .


Without the topographic channel that permits the Nile to flow across the Sahara , Egypt would be entirely desert .


The Union , under Lincoln and Secretary of State William H. Seward worked to block this , and threatened war if any country officially recognized the existence of the Confederate States of America .


In its 1,600 - km course from Juba to Khartoum , Sudan 's capital , the river descends just 75 m .


In South Sudan , the White Nile passes through the Sudd , a wide , flat plain covered with swamp vegetation and slows almost to the point of stagnation .


This river has a steeper gradient and therefore flows more swiftly than the White Nile , which it joins at Khartoum .


Unlike the White Nile , the Blue Nile carries a considerable amount of sediment .


British Prime Minister Lord Palmerston reportedly read " Uncle Tom 's Cabin " three times when deciding on this .


It contributes 17 % of the Nile 's waters in the low-water season and 68 % during the high-water season .


In contrast , the White Nile provides only 10 % of the Nile 's waters during the high-water season but contributes more than 80 % during the low-water period .


The great flood of the main Nile usually occurred in Egypt during August , September , and October , but it sometimes began as early as June at Aswan and often did not completely wane until January .


Joseph E. Johnston arrived from the Shenandoah Valley by railroad , and the course of the battle quickly changed .


Below Aswan , the cultivated floodplain strip widens to as much as twenty km .


At Cairo , the Nile spreads out over what was once a broad estuary , subsequently filled by silt deposits to form what is now a fertile , fan-shaped delta some 250 " km wide at its seaward extremity and extending about 160 " km from north to south .


The Nile Delta covers approximately 22,000 " km ( roughly equivalent in area to that of Massachusetts ) .


According to historical accounts from the first century AD , seven branches of the Nile once ran through the delta .


which allowed Union forces to begin moving up the Mississippi .


In the north , near the coast , the Nile delta embraces a series of salt marshes and lakes , the most notable among which are Idku , Al Burullus , and Manzilah .


The fertility and productivity of the land adjacent to the Nile depend largely on the silt deposited by floodwaters .


Analysis of the flow revealed that 10.7 million tons of solid matter passed Cairo each year .


Escarpments ( ridges ) and deep depressions ( basins ) exist in several parts of the Western Desert , and no rivers or streams drain into or out of the area .


Only the fortress city of Vicksburg , Mississippi , prevented Union control of the entire river .


Badlands , salt marshes and salt lakes cover the sparsely inhabited Qattara Depression .


Limited agricultural production , the presence of some natural resources , and permanent settlements are found in the other six depressions , all of which have fresh water provided by the Nile or by local groundwater .


Herodotus and Alexander the Great were among the many illustrious people who visited the temple in the pre-Christian era .


The other major oases form a topographic chain of basins extending from the Faiyum Oasis ( sometimes called the Fayyum Depression ) which lies southwest of Cairo , south to the Bahariya , Farafirah , and Dakhilah oases before reaching the country 's largest oasis , Kharijah .


Gen. Don Carlos Buell at the Battle of Perryville .


It also has a complex of irregular , sharply cut wadis that extend westward toward the Nile .


The Sinai Peninsula is a triangular-shaped peninsula , about 61,100 " km in area ( slightly smaller than the U.S. state of West Virginia ) .


The abundance of life in the Sinai Peninsula may not be immediately apparent .


In 1992 , the percentage of Egypt 's population employed in agriculture was 33 percent .


This is a list of the extreme points of Egypt , the points that are farther north , south , east or west than any other location .


Infinitesimal calculus was developed independently in the late 17th century by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz .


The word " calculus " ( plural " calculi " ) is a Latin word , meaning originally " small pebble " ( this meaning is kept in medicine & ndash ; see Calculus ( medicine ) ) .


It is therefore used for naming specific methods of calculation and related theories , such as propositional calculus , Ricci calculus , calculus of variations , lambda calculus , and process calculus .


Extensive guerrilla warfare characterized the trans-Mississippi region , as the Confederacy lacked the troops and the logistics to support regular armies that could challenge Union control .


In the 5th century AD , Zu Gengzhi , son of Zu Chongzhi , established a method that would later be called Cavalieri 's principle to find the volume of a sphere .


Pierre de Fermat , claiming that he borrowed from Diophantus , introduced the concept of adequality , which represented equality up to an infinitesimal error term .


The product rule and chain rule , the notions of higher derivatives and Taylor series , and of analytic functions were used by Isaac Newton in an idiosyncratic notation which he applied to solve problems of mathematical physics .


In his works , Newton rephrased his ideas to suit the mathematical idiom of the time , replacing calculations with infinitesimals by equivalent geometrical arguments which were considered beyond reproach .


By 1864 , these violent activities harmed the nationwide anti-war movement organizing against the re-election of Lincoln .


These ideas were arranged into a true calculus of infinitesimals by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz , who was originally accused of plagiarism by Newton .


Unlike Newton , Leibniz paid a lot of attention to the formalism , often spending days determining appropriate symbols for concepts .


Today , Leibniz and Newton are usually both given credit for independently inventing and developing calculus .


Newton was the first to apply calculus to general physics , and Leibniz developed much of the notation used in calculus today .


The Union , in turn , did not directly engage him .


By Newton 's time , the fundamental theorem of calculus was known .


When Newton and Leibniz first published their results , there was great controversy over which mathematician ( and therefore which country ) deserved credit .


Newton claimed Leibniz stole ideas from his unpublished notes , which Newton had shared with a few members of the Royal Society .


A careful examination of the papers of Leibniz and Newton shows that they arrived at their results independently , with Leibniz starting first with integration - and Newton with differentiation .


Much of the war along the South Carolina coast concentrated on capturing Charleston .


Newton called his calculus " the science of fluxions " .


Since the time of Leibniz and Newton , many mathematicians have contributed to the continuing development of calculus .


One of the first and most complete works on both infinitesimal and integral calculus was written in 1748 by Maria Gaetana Agnesi .


Working out a rigorous foundation for calculus occupied mathematicians for much of the century following Newton and Leibniz , and is still to some extent an active area of research today .


These two surrenders gave the Union control over the entire Mississippi .


In his work , Weierstrass formalized the concept of limit " and were taken to be infinitesimal , and the derivative was simply their ratio .


One such method is to approximate the distance traveled by breaking up the time into many short intervals of time , then multiplying the time elapsed in each interval by one of the speeds in that interval , and then taking the sum ( a Riemann sum ) of the approximate distance traveled in each interval .


However , a Riemann sum only gives an approximation of the distance traveled .


We must take the limit of all such Riemann sums to find the exact distance traveled .


Several small skirmishes were fought in Florida , but no major battles .


For instance , spacecraft use a variation of the Euler method to approximate curved courses within zero gravity environments .


This led Abraham Robinson to investigate if it were possible to develop a number system with infinitesimal quantities over which the theorems of calculus were still valid .


In 1960 , building upon the work of Edwin Hewitt and Jerzy Łoś , he succeeded in developing non-standard analysis .


those from war-zone areas like Iraq , Ethiopia , Somalia , South Sudan , and Eritrea .


The biggest was the Battle of Olustee in early 1864 .


The " politics of Egypt " is based on republicanism , with a semi-presidential system of government .


The current political system was established following the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 and the resigning of President Hosni Mubarak .


The Article 133 of the Egypt ’s constitution of 2012 determines a 4-year period of presidential mandate , to which the candidate can only be re-elected once .


Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman in command of most of the western armies .


A major turning point was the 1997 repeal of Nasser-era land reform policies under pressure for structural adjustment .


The channel of communication can be visual , auditory , tactile / haptic ( e.g. Braille or other physical means ) , olfactory , electromagnetic , or biochemical .


Fungi communicate to coordinate and organize their growth and development such as the formation of Marcelia and fruiting bodies .


Canadian media scholar Harold Innis had the theory that people use different types of media to communicate and which one they choose to use will offer different possibilities for the shape and durability of society .


One reason for the high number of battle deaths during the war was the continued use of tactics similar to those of the Napoleonic Wars at the turn of the century , such as charging .


Classical models were so highly prized that the plays of William Shakespeare were rewritten along neoclassical lines , and these " improved " versions were performed throughout the 18th century .


From the beginning of the 18th century , the study of Greek became increasingly important relative to that of Latin .


By the 19th century , little new literature was still being written in Latin – a practice which had continued as late as the 18th century – and a command of Latin declined in importance .


The roots of classical philology lie in the Renaissance , as humanist intellectuals attempted to return to the Latin of the classical period , especially of Cicero , and as scholars attempted to produce more accurate editions of ancient texts .


Lincoln 's fears of making slavery a war issue were based in a harsh reality : abolition did not enjoy wide support in the west , the territories , and the border states .


A relatively recent new discipline within the classics is " reception studies " , which developed in the 1960 s at the University of Konstanz .


Though the idea of an " aesthetics of reception " was first put forward by Hans Robert Jauss in 1967 , the principles of reception theory go back much earlier than this .


Homer 's " Iliad " and " Odyssey " are the earliest to survive to us today , probably composed in the eighth century BC .


However , comedy dates back as early as 486 BC , when the Dionysia added a competition for comedy to the much earlier competition for tragedy .


Copperheads and some War Democrats opposed emancipation , although the latter eventually accepted it as part of total war needed to save the Union .


Other influential pre-Socratic philosophers include Pythagoras and Heraclitus .


The earliest surviving inscription in Latin comes from the 7th century BC , on a brooch from Palestrina .


Latin from between this point and the early 1st century BC is known as Old Latin .


Most surviving Latin literature is Classical Latin , from the 1st century BC to the 2nd century AD. Latin then evolved into Late Latin , in use during the late antique period .


Lincoln warned the border states that a more radical type of emancipation would happen if his gradual plan based on compensated emancipation and voluntary colonization was rejected .


The earliest surviving Latin authors , writing in Old Latin , include the playwrights Plautus and Terence .


In the specialised science and technology vocabularies , the influence of Latin and Greek is notable .


Latin had an impact far beyond the classical world .


Treasury bonds and notes issued to the Central Bank of Egypt constitute the bulk of the government domestic debt .


Lincoln 's moderate approach succeeded in inducing border states , War Democrats and emancipated slaves to fight for the Union .


In fact , both the inefficiency and absence of the role of the Central Bank of Egypt in qualitative and quantitative control as well as implementing banking procedures and standards was almost entirely responsible for the non-performing loans crisis .


Surging domestic inflationary pressures from both economic growth and elevated international food prices led the Central Bank of Egypt ( CBE ) to increase the overnight lending and deposit rates in sequential moves since 2008 : it was raised by 0.25 % on 10 February 2008 , by 0.5 % on 25 March 2008 , by 0.5 % on 8 May 2008 , by 0.5 % on 26 June 2008 , by 0.5 % on 7 August 2008 and most recently on 18 September 2008 for the sixth time in a year by 0.5 % when it stood at 11.5 % and 13.5 % , respectively .


The most common traditional farms occupy each , typically in a canal-irrigated area along the banks of the Nile .