This ' a priori ' interconnection of bodies , given in perception , is what founds the interconnection of consciousnesses known as transcendental intersubjectivity , which Husserl would go on to describe at length in volumes of unpublished writings .


Gerhard Ritter was the only Freiburg faculty member to attend the funeral , as an anti-Nazi protest .


The recruitment process has been started by the global recruitment firm , Korn Ferry .


In 1795 , Francisco Salva Campillo proposed an electrostatic telegraph system .


Francis Ronalds created an electric telegraph system in 1816 and documented his vision of how the world could be transformed by electricity .


The Technische Universität Darmstadt founded the world 's first department of electrical engineering in 1882 and introduced the first degree course in electrical engineering in 1883 .


In 1884 , Sir Charles Parsons invented the steam turbine allowing for more efficient electric power generation .


She said " one of frustrations that voters have had with your prime ministership is the sense that you have conceded too regularly to the conservatives " Vanstone called the challenge " disgraceful " .


Practical AC motor designs including induction motors were independently invented by Galileo Ferraris and Nikola Tesla and further developed into a practical three-phase form by Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky and Charles Eugene Lancelot Brown .


The mathematical work of James Clerk Maxwell during the 1850 s had shown the relationship of different forms of electromagnetic radiation including the possibility of invisible airborne waves ( later called " radio waves " ) .


In 1897 , Karl Ferdinand Braun introduced the cathode ray tube as part of an oscilloscope , a crucial enabling technology for electronic television .


Two years later , Robert von Lieben and Lee De Forest independently developed the amplifier tube , called the triode .


In 1943 , Tommy Flowers designed and built the Colossus , the world 's first fully functional , electronic , digital and programmable computer .


The first integrated circuits were the hybrid integrated circuit invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments in 1958 and the monolithic integrated circuit chip invented by Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor in 1959 .


MOS technology enabled Moore 's law , the doubling of transistors on an IC chip every two years , predicted by Gordon Moore in 1965 .


In the past limebased cement binders were often used , such as lime putty , but sometimes with other hydraulic cements , such as a calcium aluminate cement or with Portland cement to form Portland cement concrete ( named for its visual resemblance to Portland stone ) .


It became Egypt 's main Greek city , with Greek people from diverse backgrounds .


The " Canal du Midi " was built using concrete in 1670 .


This third Eddystone Lighthouse pioneered the use of hydraulic lime in concrete , using pebbles and powdered brick as aggregate .


His son William continued developments into the 1840 s , earning him recognition for the development of " modern " Portland cement .


The first concrete reinforced bridge was designed and built by Joseph Monier in 1875 .


The Septuagint , a Greek version of the Tanakh , was produced there .


As stated by Abrams ' law , a lower water-to-cement ratio yields a stronger , more durable concrete , whereas more water gives a freer-flowing concrete with a higher slump .


Slump is normally measured by filling an " Abrams cone " with a sample from a fresh batch of concrete .


The Polavaram dam works in Andhra Pradesh on 6 January 2019 entered the Guinness World Records by pouring 32,100 cubic metres of concrete in 24 hours .


By the time of Augustus , the city walls encompassed an area of 5.34 " km , and the total population in Roman times was around 500 – 600,000 .


Conversely , the engineer Oliver Heaviside produced major work on the mathematics of transmission on telegraph cables .


For instance , large particle accelerators such as CERN need electrical engineers to deal with many aspects of the project including the power distribution , the instrumentation , and the manufacture and installation of the superconducting electromagnets .


In Faraday 's law , magnetic fields are associated with electromagnetic induction and magnetism , and Maxwell 's equations describe how electric and magnetic fields are generated and altered by each other and by charges and currents .


The theoretical implications of electromagnetism , particularly the establishment of the speed of light based on properties of the " medium " of propagation ( permeability and permittivity ) , led to the development of special relativity by Albert Einstein in 1905 .


] ] Two main streets , lined with colonnades and said to have been each about wide , intersected in the centre of the city , close to the point where the Sema ( or Soma ) of Alexander ( his Mausoleum ) rose .


The CGS unit of magnetic induction ( oersted ) is named in honor of his contributions to the field of electromagnetism .


This unification , which was observed by Michael Faraday , extended by James Clerk Maxwell , and partially reformulated by Oliver Heaviside and Heinrich Hertz , is one of the key accomplishments of 19th - century mathematical physics .


As a collection of electrons becomes more confined , their minimum momentum necessarily increases due to the Pauli exclusion principle .


The link between lightning and electricity was not confirmed until Benjamin Franklin 's proposed experiments in 1752 .


The city 's climate is influenced by the Mediterranean Sea , moderating its temperatures , causing variable rainy winters and moderately hot and slightly prolonged summers that , at times , can be very humid ; January and February are the coolest months , with daily maximum temperatures typically ranging from and minimum temperatures that could reach .


In classical electromagnetism , the behavior of the electromagnetic field is described by a set of equations known as Maxwell 's equations , and the electromagnetic force is given by the Lorentz force law .


Formulas for physical laws of electromagnetism ( such as Maxwell 's equations ) need to be adjusted depending on what system of units one uses .


Furthermore , within CGS , there are several plausible choices of electromagnetic units , leading to different unit " sub-systems " , including Gaussian , " ESU " , " EMU " , and Heaviside–Lorentz .


Among these choices , Gaussian units are the most common today , and in fact the phrase " CGS units " is often used to refer specifically to CGS-Gaussian units .


Excavations were performed in the city by Greeks seeking the tomb of Alexander the Great without success .


For instance , one reason for the comparative scarcity of written evidence documenting the exterminations at Auschwitz , relative to their sheer number , is " directives for the extermination process obscured in bureaucratic euphemisms " .


The phrase " make whoopee " was often used on the popular game show The Newlywed Game starting in the late 1960 s , whenever the host asked a question about sexual relations .


" & # 91 ; Expletive deleted & # 93 ; " entered public discourse after its notorious use in censoring transcripts of the Watergate tapes .


The same word has also been used in his short story " Flies " .


Near the beach side of the area , there are the remains of a tower built by Ptolemy II Philadelphus .


He addressed to her the sonnet sequence " Amoretti " .


The marriage itself was celebrated in " Epithalamion " .


His castle at Kilcolman was burned , and Ben Jonson , who may have had private information , asserted that one of his infant children died in the blaze .


" Epithalamion " , similar to " Amoretti " , deals in part with the unease in the development of a romantic and sexual relationship .


The Arab Academy for Science , Technology & Maritime Transport is a semi-private educational institution that offers courses for high school , undergraduate level , and postgraduate students .


However , disasters in Japan have raised concerns over the safety of nuclear power , and the capital cost of nuclear plants is very high .


Some commercial sex workers from Nigeria reported clients sabotaging condoms in retaliation for being coerced into condom use .


, nine condom manufacturers have stopped manufacturing condoms with nonoxynol-9 and Planned Parenthood has discontinued the distribution of condoms so lubricated .


In addition to linen , condoms during the Renaissance were made out of intestines and bladder .


The city 's principal airport is currently Borg El Arab Airport , which is located about away from the city centre .


The church has hundreds of programs dedicated to fighting the AIDS epidemic in Africa , but its opposition to condom use in these programs has been highly controversial .


Experts , such as AVERT , recommend condoms be disposed of in a garbage receptacle , as flushing them down the toilet ( which some people do ) may cause plumbing blockages and other problems .


In much of the Western world , the introduction of the pill in the 1960 s was associated with a decline in condom use .


A similar phenomenon has been noted in a survey of low-income American black women ; the women in this study also reported a fear of violence at the suggestion to their male partners that condoms be used .


While Egyptian law requires all cabs to carry meters , these generally do not work and fares must be negotiated with the driver on either departure or arrival .


A pioneering optimal design for polynomial regression was suggested by Gergonne in 1815 .


In 1918 , Kirstine Smith published optimal designs for polynomials of degree six ( and less ) .


The use of a sequence of experiments , where the design of each may depend on the results of previous experiments , including the possible decision to stop experimenting , is within the scope of sequential analysis , a field that was pioneered by Abraham Wald in the context of sequential tests of statistical hypotheses .


Herman Chernoff wrote an overview of optimal sequential designs , One specific type of sequential design is the " two-armed bandit " , generalized to the multi-armed bandit , on which early work was done by Herbert Robbins in 1952 .


The stadium is the oldest stadium in Egypt , being built in 1929 .


About the same time , C. R. Rao introduced the concepts of orthogonal arrays as experimental designs .


This concept played a central role in the development of Taguchi methods by Genichi Taguchi , which took place during his visit to Indian Statistical Institute in early 1950 s .


As with other branches of statistics , experimental design is pursued using both frequentist and Bayesian approaches : In evaluating statistical procedures like experimental designs , frequentist statistics studies the sampling distribution while Bayesian statistics updates a probability distribution on the parameter space .


This was mostly based on observation , but there may have been early attempts to model the pattern of intercalation algorithmically , as evidenced in the fragmentary 2nd - century Coligny calendar .


The city is also home to the Alexandria Sporting Club , which is especially known for its basketball team , which traditionally provides the country 's national team with key players .


The Chinese , Hebrew , Hindu , and Julian calendars are widely used for religious and social purposes .


In Thailand , where the Thai solar calendar is used , the months and days have adopted the western standard , although the years are still based on the traditional Buddhist calendar .


Small traditional businesses in India start the fiscal year on Diwali festival and end the day before the next year 's Diwali festival .


There exists an international standard way to do this ( the ISO week ) .


The city hosted the AfroBasket , the continent 's most prestigious basketball tournament , on four occasions ( 1970 , 1975 , 1983 , 2003 ) .


Given the cosmological principle , Hubble 's law suggested that the universe was expanding .


The other explanation was Fred Hoyle 's steady state model in which new matter is created as the galaxies move away from each other .


The standard cosmological model is known as the Lambda-CDM model .


Three required conditions for baryogenesis were derived by Andrei Sakharov in 1967 , and requires a violation of the particle physics symmetry , called CP-symmetry , between matter and antimatter .


Quebec was the first province to enact class proceedings legislation in 1978 .


However , later that year the Planck collaboration provided a more accurate measurement of cosmic dust , concluding that the B-mode signal from dust is the same strength as that reported from BICEP2 .


The university was in its infancy , established on the ideals of its founder Thomas Jefferson .


He placed a few stories with a Philadelphia publication and began work on his only drama " Politian " .


The " Baltimore Saturday Visiter " awarded him a prize in October 1833 for his short story " MS. Found in a Bottle " .


Legislation in Saskatchewan , Manitoba , Ontario , and Nova Scotia expressly or by judicial opinion has been read to allow for what are informally known as national " opt-out " class actions , whereby residents of other provinces may be included in the class definition and potentially be bound by the court 's judgment on common issues unless they opt out in a prescribed manner and time .


The Mystery Writers of America have named their awards for excellence in the genre the " Edgars " .


Capitalizing on public interest in the topic , he wrote " The Gold-Bug " incorporating ciphers as an essential part of the story .


Its upkeep is now overseen by a group of students and staff known as the Raven Society .


Electricity is related to magnetism , both being part of the phenomenon of electromagnetism , as described by Maxwell 's equations .


On January 4 , 2005 , President Chirac urged changes that would provide greater consumer protection .


These phenomena were investigated in the late eighteenth century by Charles-Augustin de Coulomb , who deduced that charge manifests itself in two opposing forms .


That water could be decomposed by the current from a voltaic pile was discovered by Nicholson and Carlisle in 1800 , a process now known as electrolysis .


Their work was greatly expanded upon by Michael Faraday in 1833 .


Current through a resistance causes localised heating , an effect James Prescott Joule studied mathematically in 1840 .


Joint litigation ( Streitgenossenschaft ) is a legal act that may permit plaintiffs that are in the same legal community with respect to the dispute or are entitled by the same factual or legal reason .


Further analysis of this process , known as electromagnetic induction , enabled him to state the principle , now known as Faraday 's law of induction , that the potential difference induced in a closed circuit is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux through the loop .


Ohm 's law is a basic law of circuit theory , stating that the current passing through a resistance is directly proportional to the potential difference across it .


The resistive Joule heating effect employed in filament light bulbs also sees more direct use in electric heating .


The Earth 's magnetic field is thought to arise from a natural dynamo of circulating currents in the planet 's core .


As a result , there are two separate treatises devoted solely to the complex topic of California class actions .


Electrically powered vehicles of every sort featured large in adventure stories such as those of Jules Verne and the " Tom Swift " books .


The people who " keep " it flowing , such as the nameless hero of Jimmy Webb ’s song " Wichita Lineman " ( 1968 ) , are still often cast as heroic , wizard-like figures .


Empedocles ' philosophy is best known for originating the cosmogonic theory of the four classical elements .


Estimates of ABBA 's total records sales are over 150 million and with some estimates of over 350 million , making them one of the best-selling music artists of all time .


He is generally considered the last Greek philosopher to have recorded his ideas in verse .


Empedocles ' death was mythologized by ancient writers , and has been the subject of a number of literary treatments .


Empedocles was acquainted or connected by friendship with the physicians Pausanias ( his eromenos ) and Acron ; with various Pythagoreans ; and even , it is said , with Parmenides and Anaxagoras .


The only pupil of Empedocles who is mentioned is the sophist and rhetorician Gorgias .


ABBA were honoured at the 50th anniversary celebration of the Eurovision Song Contest in 2005 , when their hit " Waterloo " was chosen as the best song in the competition 's history .


Empedocles was undoubtedly acquainted with the didactic poems of Xenophanes and Parmenides - allusions to the latter can be found in the fragments - but he seems to have surpassed them in the animation and richness of his style , and in the clearness of his descriptions and diction .


Lucretius speaks of him with enthusiasm , and evidently viewed him as his model .


In it , Empedocles explains not only the nature and history of the universe , including his theory of the four classical elements , but he describes theories on causation , perception , and thought , as well as explanations of terrestrial phenomena and biological processes .


Although acquainted with the theories of the Eleatics and the Pythagoreans , Empedocles did not belong to any one definite school .


After ABBA formed , she recorded another successful album in 1975 , " Frida ensam " , which included a Swedish rendition of " Fernando " , a hit on the Swedish radio charts before the English version was released .


Empedocles established four ultimate elements which make all the structures in the world - fire , air , water , earth .


And Nestis , moistening mortal springs with tears " ) .


Empedocles never used the term " element " ( , " stoicheion " ) , which seems to have been first used by Plato .


Empedocles is credited with the first comprehensive theory of light and vision .


An attempt at combining their talents occurred in April 1970 when the two couples went on holiday together to the island of Cyprus .


In a famous fragment , This fragment has sometimes been connected to a passage in Aristotle 's " Physics " where Aristotle refers to people who twisted wineskins and captured air in clepsydras to demonstrate that void does not exist .


There is however , no evidence that Empedocles performed any experiment with clepsydras .


Like Pythagoras , Empedocles believed in the transmigration of the soul / metempsychosis , that souls can be reincarnated between humans , animals and even plants .


For Empedocles , all living things were on the same spiritual plane ; plants and animals are links in a chain where humans are a link too .


After the 1970 release of " Lycka " , two more singles credited to " Björn & Benny " were released in Sweden , " Det kan ingen doktor hjälpa " ( " No Doctor Can Help with That " ) and " Tänk om jorden vore ung " ( " Imagine If Earth Was Young " ) , with more prominent vocals by Fältskog and Lyngstad–and moderate chart success .


This was quickly interpreted as meaning galaxies were receding from Earth .


If Earth is not in some special , privileged , central position in the universe , then it would mean all galaxies are moving apart , and the further away , the faster they are moving away .


The modern explanation for the metric expansion of space was proposed by physicist Alan Guth in 1979 , while investigating the problem of why no magnetic monopoles are seen today .


A key requirement is that inflation must continue long enough to produce the present observable universe from a single , small inflationary Hubble volume .


" People Need Love " was released in June 1972 , featuring guest vocals by the women , who were now given much greater prominence .


The flatness problem is sometimes called one of the Dicke coincidences ( along with the cosmological constant problem ) .


Later , Willem de Sitter found a highly symmetric inflating universe , which described a universe with a cosmological constant that is otherwise empty .


In 1978 , Zeldovich noted the monopole problem , which was an unambiguous quantitative version of the horizon problem , this time in a subfield of particle physics , which led to several speculative attempts to resolve it .


In 1980 Alan Guth realized that false vacuum decay in the early universe would solve the problem , leading him to propose a scalar-driven inflation .


According to Stig Anderson , " People Need Love " could have been a much bigger American hit , but a small label like Playboy Records did not have the distribution resources to meet the demand for the single from retailers and radio programmers .


Other forthcoming measurements , such as those of 21 centimeter radiation ( radiation emitted and absorbed from neutral hydrogen before the first stars formed ) , may measure the power spectrum with even greater resolution than the CMB and galaxy surveys , although it is not known if these measurements will be possible or if interference with radio sources on Earth and in the galaxy will be too great .


The flatness and horizon problems are naturally solved in the Einstein-Cartan-Sciama-Kibble theory of gravity , without needing an exotic form of matter or free parameters .


The minimal coupling between torsion and Dirac spinors generates a spin-spin interaction that is significant in fermionic matter at extremely high densities .


Since its introduction by Alan Guth in 1980 , the inflationary paradigm has become widely accepted .


On the photo , the ABBA members held a giant initial letter of his / her name .


Counter-arguments were presented by Alan Guth , David Kaiser , and Yasunori Nomura and by Andrei Linde , saying that " cosmic inflation is on a stronger footing than ever before " .


The word " candela " is Latin for " candle " .


The light intensity was due to the Planck radiator ( a black body ) effect , and was thus independent of the construction of the device .


See MR16 for emission angles of some common lamps .


After the pictures were made , Heilemann found out that Benny Andersson reversed his letter " B " ; this prompted discussions about the mirrored " B " , and the members of ABBA agreed on the mirrored letter .


Circuit simulation software , such as HSPICE ( an analog circuit simulator ) , and languages such as VHDL-AMS and verilog-AMS allow engineers to design circuits without the time , cost and risk of error involved in building circuit prototypes .


More complex circuits can be analyzed numerically with software such as SPICE or GNUCAP , or symbolically using software such as SapWin .


The resulting linear circuit matrix can be solved with Gaussian elimination .


Software such as the PLECS interface to Simulink uses piecewise-linear approximation of the equations governing the elements of a circuit .


After Universal Music purchased PolyGram ( and , thus , ABBA 's label Polar Music International ) , control of the group 's catalogue returned to Stockholm .


Russian philosophers Dmitry Pisarev and Nikolay Chernyshevsky , both advocates of rational egoism , were also major proponents of Russian nihilism .


Winning the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest on 6 April 1974 ( and singing " Waterloo " in English instead of their native tongue ) gave ABBA the chance to tour Europe and perform on major television shows ; thus the band saw the " Waterloo " single chart in many European countries .


More exotic condensed phases include the superconducting phase exhibited by certain materials at low temperature , the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases of spins on crystal lattices of atoms , and the Bose–Einstein condensate found in ultracold atomic systems .


One of the first studies of condensed states of matter was by English chemist Humphry Davy , in the first decades of the nineteenth century .


By 1908 , James Dewar and Heike Kamerlingh Onnes were successfully able to liquefy hydrogen and then newly discovered helium , respectively .


These include models to study the electronic properties of solids , such as the Drude model , the band structure and the density functional theory .


This started an immense interest for ABBA in Australia , resulting in both the single and album holding down the No. 1 positions on the charts for months .


The Thomas–Fermi theory , developed in the 1920 s , was used to estimate system energy and electronic density by treating the local electron density as a variational parameter .


Finally in 1964 – 65 , Walter Kohn , Pierre Hohenberg and Lu Jeu Sham proposed the density functional theory which gave realistic descriptions for bulk and surface properties of metals .


Here , the different quantum phases of the system refer to distinct ground states of the Hamiltonian matrix .


The simplest theory that can describe continuous phase transitions is the Ginzburg–Landau theory , which works in the so-called mean field approximation .


Also included on " Greatest Hits " was a new single , " Fernando " , which went to number-one in at least thirteen countries worldwide , including the United Kingdom , Germany and Australia , and the single went on to sell over 10 " million copies worldwide .


Common methods are e.g. NMR , Mössbauer spectroscopy , or perturbed angular correlation ( PAC ) .


It was never published , but a truncated version appeared in " Harper 's Magazine " after he became well known .


Instead , he began work as a longshoreman on the docks of San Francisco in 1943 .


He claimed to have been born and raised in the Bronx but had no Bronx accent .


In Australia , " Fernando " occupied the top position for a then record breaking 14 weeks ( and stayed in the chart for 40 weeks ) , and was the longest-running chart-topper there for over 40 years until it was overtaken by Ed Sheeran 's " Shape of You " in May 2017 .


The term " civilization " later gave way to definitions given by V. Gordon Childe , with culture forming an umbrella term and civilization becoming a particular kind of culture .


The rise of cultural anthropology took place within the context of the late 19th century , when questions regarding which cultures were " primitive " and which were " civilized " occupied the minds of not only Marx and Freud , but many others .


Some , like Grafton Elliot Smith , argued that different groups must have learned from one another somehow , however indirectly ; in other words , they argued that cultural traits spread from one place to another , or " diffused " .


Some 20th - century ethnologists , like Julian Steward , have instead argued that such similarities reflected similar adaptations to similar environments .


It still remains as one of the best-selling singles of all time in Australia .


Cultural relativism is a principle that was established as axiomatic in anthropological research by Franz Boas and later popularized by his students .


Influenced by psychoanalytic psychologists including Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung , these authors sought to understand the way that individual personalities were shaped by the wider cultural and social forces in which they grew up .


Some anthropologists , such as Lloyd Fallers and Clifford Geertz , focused on processes of modernization by which newly independent states could develop .


Others , such as Julian Steward and Leslie White , focused on how societies evolve and fit their ecological niche - an approach popularized by Marvin Harris .


At the same time , Germany released a compilation named " The Very Best of ABBA " , also becoming a number-one album there whereas the " Greatest Hits " compilation followed a few months later to number-two on the German charts , despite all similarities with " The Very Best " album .


Gender and sexuality became popular topics , as did the relationship between history and anthropology , influenced by Marshall Sahlins , who drew on Lévi-Strauss and Fernand Braudel to examine the relationship between symbolic meaning , sociocultural structure , and individual agency in the processes of historical transformation .


The roentgen is not an SI unit and the NIST strongly discourages its continued use .


That day , the ECSC flag was lowered for the final time outside the European Commission in Brussels and replaced with the EU flag .


These eight members then themselves appointed a ninth person to be President of the High Authority .


In January 1977 , ABBA embarked on their first major tour .


This was an international community based on supranationalism and international law , designed to help the economy of Europe and prevent future war by integrating its members .


The transitional period whereby decisions were made by unanimity had come to an end , and majority-voting in the Council had taken effect .


Eventually , a compromise was reached with the Luxembourg compromise on 29 January 1966 whereby a gentlemen 's agreement permitted members to use a veto on areas of national interest .


A year later , in February 1962 , Spain attempted to join the European Communities .


but with a zero personality coming across from a total of 16 people on stage " ( " Melody Maker " ) .


Parliament pressured for agreement and on 20 September 1976 the Council agreed part of the necessary instruments for election , deferring details on electoral systems which remain varied to this day .


The European Council in 1984 appointed an " ad hoc " committee for this purpose .


However , France faced some setbacks due to their war with Algeria .


The first enlargement was in 1973 , with the accession of Denmark , Ireland and the United Kingdom .


One of the Royal Albert Hall concerts was filmed as a reference for the filming of the Australian tour for what became " ABBA : The Movie " , though it is not exactly known how much of the concert was filmed .


The Council is also composed of one national minister who represents their national government .


In the European Parliament , members are allocated a set number seats related to their population , however these ( since 1979 ) have been directly elected and they sit according to political allegiance , not national origin .


Its Presidency rotated between the member states every six months and it is related to the European Council , which was an informal gathering of national leaders ( started in 1961 ) on the same basis as the Council .


The Council was composed of one national minister from each member state .


After the European leg of the tour , in March 1977 , ABBA played 11 dates in Australia before a total of 160,000 people .


Some historic capitals , such as Kyoto , maintain their reflection of cultural identity even without modern capital status .


Religious holy sites offer another example of capital status within a religion , Jerusalem , Mecca , and Varanasi each hold significance .


The cities of Faiyum , Damascus , and Argos are among those laying claim to the longest continual inhabitation .


Common population definitions for an urban area ( city or town ) range between 1,500 and 50,000 people , with most U.S. states using a minimum between 1,500 and 5,000 inhabitants .


Upon their arrival in Melbourne , a civic reception was held at the Melbourne Town Hall and ABBA appeared on the balcony to greet an enthusiastic crowd of 6,000 .


Dutch cities such as Amsterdam and Haarlem are structured as a central square surrounded by concentric canals marking every expansion .


In cities such as Moscow , this pattern is still clearly visible .


China 's planned cities were constructed according to sacred principles to act as celestial microcosms .


In the following centuries , independent city-states of Greece developed the " polis " , an association of male landowning citizens who collectively constituted the city .


At the first Melbourne concert , an additional 16,000 people gathered outside the fenced-off area to listen to the concert .


Under the authority of its empire , Rome transformed and founded many cities ( " coloniae " ) , and with them brought its principles of urban architecture , design , and society .


In the first millennium AD , Angkor in the Khmer Empire grew into one of the most extensive cities in the world and may have supported up to one million people .


century , free imperial cities such as Nuremberg , Strasbourg , Frankfurt , Basel , Zurich , Nijmegen became a privileged elite among towns having won self-governance from their local lay or secular lord or having been granted self-governanace by the emperor and being placed under his immediate protection .


A new smart city paradigm , supported by institutions such as the RAND Corporation and IBM , is bringing computerized surveillance , data analysis , and governance to bear on cities and city-dwellers .


In December 1977 , ABBA followed up " Arrival " with the more ambitious fifth album " ABBA : The Album " , released to coincide with the debut of " ABBA : The Movie " .


Some cities , such as Jerusalem , Mecca , and Rome have indelible religious status and for hundreds of years have attracted pilgrims .


During World War II , national governments on occasion declared certain cities open , effectively surrendering them to an advancing enemy in order to avoid damage and bloodshed .


One of the main methods of improving the urban ecology is including in the cities more natural areas : Parks , Gardens , Lawns , and Trees .


Cain and Nimrod are the first city builders in the Book of Genesis .


Although the album was less well received by UK reviewers , it did spawn more worldwide hits : " The Name of the Game " and " Take a Chance on Me " , which both topped the UK charts , and peaked at number 12 and number three , respectively , on the " Billboard " Hot 100 chart in the US .


Fritz Lang conceived the idea for his influential 1927 film " Metropolis " while visiting Times Square and marveling at the nighttime neon lighting .


By the 1960 s , however , traffic congestion began to appear in such films as " The Fast Lady " ( 1962 ) and " Playtime " ( 1967 ) .


They are not , however , party to the European Union Customs Union .


Since 1995 , only two founding members remain , namely Norway and Switzerland .


By 1978 , ABBA were one of the biggest bands in the world .


The last two governments of Norway have not advanced the question , as they have both been coalition governments consisting of proponents and opponents of EU membership .


Since Switzerland rejected the EEA membership in a referendum in 1992 , more referendums on EU membership have been initiated , the last time being in 2001 .


However , the proposal that Switzerland ratify its participation was rejected by referendum .


However , they also contribute to and influence the formation of new EEA relevant policies and legislation at an early stage as part of a formal decision-shaping process .


The studio was used by several other bands ; notably Genesis ' " Duke " and Led Zeppelin 's " In Through the Out Door " were recorded there .


It was to provide funding for the development of Portugal after the Carnation Revolution and the consequential restoration of democracy and the decolonization of the country 's overseas possessions .


One example was found in northern Maine growing solitary , instead of in clumps , also exhibiting dingy grey flowers .


In the 19th century , Dutch farmers fed cattle on the herb to give a different taste to their milk .


This was expanded into a television spin off , " The Day Today " , which launched the career of Steve Coogan , and has since been hailed as one of the most important satirical shows of the 1990 s .


Recording sessions for the single " Summer Night City " were an uphill struggle , but upon release the song became another hit for the group .


From the age of 10 he was educated at Stonyhurst College , an independent Jesuit boarding school in Lancashire .


He went to study zoology at the University of Bristol , where he gained a 2:1 .


Channel 4 defended the show , insisting the target was the media and its hysterical treatment of paedophilia , and not victims of crime .


In 2002 it won the BAFTA for best short film .


The track would set the stage for ABBA 's foray into disco with their next album .


The voting age is 18 in all member states except for Malta and Austria , where it is 16 , and Greece , where it is 17 .


and has its administrative offices in Luxembourg City .


Plenary sessions take place in Strasbourg as well as in Brussels , Belgium , while the Parliament 's committee meetings are held primarily in Brussels .


Since it became an elected body , the membership of the European Parliament has simply expanded whenever new nations have joined ( the membership was also adjusted upwards in 1994 after German reunification ) .


ABBA assured the press and their fan base they were continuing their work as a group and that the divorce would not affect them .


In Community matters , this is a power uniquely reserved for the European Commission ( the executive ) .


The ECB president is also obliged to present an annual report to the parliament .


However , from 2009 a new members statute came into force , after years of attempts , which gave all members an equal monthly pay , of € 8,484.05 each in 2016 , subject to a European Union tax and which can also be taxed nationally .


Groups are often based on a single European political party such as the European People 's Party .


The group 's sixth studio album , " Voulez-Vous " , was released in April 1979 , the title track of which was recorded at the famous Criteria Studios in Miami , Florida , with the assistance of recording engineer Tom Dowd amongst others .


There are also occasions where very sharp party political divisions have emerged , for example over the resignation of the Santer Commission .


In addition six 2-day part-sessions are organised in Brussels throughout the year .


Partly due to the need for translation , and the politics of consensus in the chamber , debates tend to be calmer and more polite than , say , the Westminster system .


All recorded votes , along with minutes and legislation , are recorded in the " Official Journal of the European Union " and can be accessed online .


The soft lower voice of Anni-Frid and the high , edgy vocals of Agnetha were stunning " , raved " Edmonton Journal " .


The first President was Paul-Henri Spaak MEP , one of the founding fathers of the Union .


In addition , a speech in a minor language may be interpreted through a third language for lack of interpreters ( " relay " interpreting ) for example , when interpreting out of Estonian into Maltese .


Critics have described the two-seat arrangement as a " travelling circus " , and there is a strong movement to establish Brussels as the sole seat .


The mayor of Strasbourg officially reacted by stating " we will counter-attack by upturning the adversary 's strength to our own profit , as a judoka would do .


Anyone who 's been waiting five years to see Abba will be well satisfied " , wrote " Record World " .


It comprises the heads of state or government of the EU member states , along with the President of the European Council and the President of the European Commission .


In the Netherlands and Belgium , euthanasia is understood as " termination of life by a doctor at the request of a patient " .


Euthanasia in its modern sense has always been strongly opposed in the Judeo-Christian tradition .


Other voices argued for euthanasia , such as John Donne in 1624 , and euthanasia continued to be practised .


Also in 1980 , ABBA recorded a compilation of Spanish-language versions of their hits called " Gracias Por La Música " .


In a 1996 study of 852 nurses in adult ICUs , 19 % admitted to participating in euthanasia .


Among interpretations of the Koran and Hadith , the early termination of life is a crime , be it by suicide or helping one commit suicide .


Suicide and euthanasia are both crimes in almost all Muslim majority countries .


Passive euthanasia was declared legal by Israel 's highest court under certain conditions and has reached some level of acceptance .


At the end of April , the group recorded a TV special , " Dick Cavett Meets ABBA " with the US talk show host Dick Cavett .


The estimated population of Colorado is 5,758,736 as of 2019 , an increase of 14.5 % since the 2010 United States Census .


Colorado is a comparatively wealthy state , ranking 8th in household income in 2016 , and 11th in per capita income in 2010 .


With increasing temperatures and decreasing water availability , Colorado 's agriculture , forestry and tourism economies are expected to be heavily affected by climate change .


Colorado is notable for its diverse geography , which includes alpine mountains , high plains , deserts with huge sand dunes , and deep canyons .


Although not revealed at the time of its release , the album 's title track , according to Ulvaeus , refers to the secret meetings held against the approval of totalitarian governments in Soviet-dominated states , while other tracks address topics like failed relationships , the threat of war , aging , and loss of innocence .


Colorado , Wyoming , and Utah are the only states that have their borders defined solely by straight boundary lines with no natural features .


A little less than half of Colorado is flat and rolling land .


The Colorado plains are mostly prairies but also include deciduous forests , buttes , and canyons .


Within the interior of the Rocky Mountains are several large parks which are high broad basins .


Although it topped the album charts across most of Europe , including Ireland , the UK and Germany , " The Visitors " was not as commercially successful as its predecessors , showing a commercial decline in previously loyal markets such as France , Australia and Japan .


The valley sits between the Sangre De Cristo Mountains and San Juan Mountains , and consists of large desert lands that eventually run into the mountains .


Across the Sangre de Cristo Range to the east of the San Luis Valley lies the Wet Mountain Valley .


To the west of the Great Plains of Colorado rises the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains .


Notable peaks of the Rocky Mountains include Longs Peak , Mount Evans , Pikes Peak , and the Spanish Peaks near Walsenburg , in southern Colorado .


New songwriting and recording sessions took place , and during October and December , they released the singles " The Day Before You Came " / " Cassandra " and " Under Attack " / " You Owe Me One " , the A-sides of which were included on the compilation album .


The Rocky Mountains within Colorado contain 53 peaks that are or higher in elevation above sea level , known as fourteeners .


These mountains are largely covered with trees such as conifers and aspens up to the tree line , at an elevation of about in southern Colorado to about in northern Colorado .


Mount Elbert is the highest summit of the Rocky Mountains .


The northwestern corner of Colorado is a sparsely populated region , and it contains part of the noted Dinosaur National Monument , which not only is a paleontological area , but is also a scenic area of rocky hills , canyons , arid desert , and streambeds .


A reworked version of the verses ended up in the musical " Chess " .


Unlike most other states , southern Colorado is not always warmer than northern Colorado .


Most of Colorado is made up of mountains , foothills , high plains , and desert lands .


Northwest and west Colorado are predominantly mountainous , with some desert lands mixed in .


Southwest and southern Colorado are a complex mixture of desert and mountain areas .


It was a children 's musical utilising 14 " ABBA songs .


the Big Thompson River flooding of 1976 and the 2013 Colorado floods .


Hot weather is common during summers in Denver .


Much of Colorado is very dry , with the state averaging only of precipitation per year statewide .


However , some of the mountainous regions of Colorado receive a huge amount of moisture from winter snowfalls .


The song was a cover of ABBA 's 1976 instrumental track " Arrival " .


Despite its mountainous terrain , Colorado is relatively quiet seismically .


On August 22 , 2011 , a 5.3 magnitude earthquake occurred west-southwest of the city of Trinidad .


It was the second-largest earthquake in Colorado 's history .


Colorado has recorded 525 earthquakes since 1973 , a majority of which range 2to 3.5 on the Richter scale .


That same year they also performed privately at another friend 's 40th birthday : their old tour manager , Claes af Geijerstam .


On April 12 , 1861 , South Carolina artillery opened fire on Fort Sumter to start the American Civil War .


This event is now known as the Sand Creek massacre .


Colorado women were granted the right to vote on November 7 , 1893 , making Colorado the second state to grant universal suffrage and the first one by a popular vote ( of Colorado men ) .


Between the 1880 s and 1930 s , Denver 's floriculture industry developed into a major industry in Colorado .


Andersson has on several occasions performed ABBA songs .


On September 11 , 1957 , a plutonium fire occurred at the Rocky Flats Plant , which resulted in the significant plutonium contamination of surrounding populated areas .


The Hispanic population of Colorado has continued to grow quickly over the past decades .


The Denver metropolitan area is considered more liberal and diverse than much of the state when it comes to political issues and environmental concerns .


There were a total of 70,331 births in Colorado in 2006 .


Andersson frequently adds an ABBA song to the playlist when he performs with his BAO band .


Colorado has the 5th - largest population of Mexican-Americans , behind California , Texas , Arizona , and Illinois .


In percentages , Colorado has the 6th - highest percentage of Mexican-Americans , behind New Mexico , California , Texas , Arizona , and Nevada .


In 2011 , 46 % of Colorado 's population younger than the age of one were minorities , meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white .


Other religious breakdowns are 1 % Jewish , 1 % Muslim , 1 % Buddhist and 4 % other .


ABBA never officially announced the end of the group or an indefinite break , but it was long considered dissolved after their final public performance together in 1982 .


The TV series " Good Luck Charlie " was being filmed in Denver , Colorado .


Mexican restaurants are prominent throughout the state .


Colorado is open to cannabis ( marijuana ) tourism .


With the adoption of their 64th state amendment in 2013 , Colorado became the first state in the union to legalize the medicinal ( 2000 ) , industrial ( 2013 ) , and recreational ( 2014 ) use of marijuana .


Internal strife between the group and their manager escalated and the band members sold their shares in Polar Music during 1983 .


Colorado regulates hemp as any part of the plant with less than 0.3 % THC .


Amendment 64 , adopted by the voters in the 2012 general election , forces the Colorado state legislature to enact legislation governing the cultivation , processing and sale of recreational marijuana and industrial hemp .


Currently Colorado has listed " eight medical conditions for which patients can use marijuana - cancer , glaucoma , HIV / AIDS , muscle spasms , seizures , severe pain , severe nausea and cachexia , or dramatic weight loss and muscle atrophy " .


Colorado has five major professional sports leagues , all based in the Denver metropolitan area .


The group 's first album , " The ABBA Generation " , consisting solely of ABBA covers reimagined as 1990 s pop songs , was a worldwide success and so were subsequent albums .


The Pikes Peak International Hill Climb is a major hillclimbing motor race held at the Pikes Peak Highway .


Per capita personal income in 2010 was $ 51,940 , ranking Colorado 11th in the nation .


Colorado now also has the largest annual production of beer of any state .


Denver is an important financial center .


On 22 October 2005 , at the 50th anniversary celebration of the Eurovision Song Contest , " Waterloo " was chosen as the best song in the competition 's history .


From Coors came CoorsTek beer in 1873 , Jolly Rancher industrial ceramics in 1920 , and CF&I candy in 1949 .


The present-day Greeley packed meat of Estes evolved from Monfort of Colorado , Inc. , established in 1930 .


Boulder herbal teas have been made in Rocky Mountain Chocolate Factory since 1969 .


Durango made its first candy in income tax in 1981 .


During the appearance , they re-emphasised that they intended never to officially reunite , citing the opinion of Robert Plant that the re-formed Led Zeppelin was more like a cover band of itself than the original band .


Unlike most states , which calculate taxes based on federal " adjusted gross income " , Colorado taxes are based on " taxable income " - income after federal exemptions and federal itemized ( or standard ) deductions .


When state revenues exceed state constitutional limits , according to Colorado 's teachers in other states legislation , full-year Colorado residents can claim a sales tax refund on their individual state income tax return .


Real estate and personal business property are taxable in Colorado .


Colorado 's bituminous deposits hold an estimated of oil - nearly as much oil as the entire world 's proven oil reserves ; the economic viability of the oil shale , however , has not been demonstrated .


During the band 's heyday the highest album chart position they had ever achieved in America was number 14 .


Currently , there are no uranium producing mines in Colorado .


Major rivers flowing from the Rocky Mountains offer ethanol resources .


Corn grown in the flat eastern part of the state offers potential resources for Interstate " 25 production .


Colorado 's primary mode of transportation ( in terms of passengers ) is its highway system .


On 27 January 2010 , ABBAWORLD , a 25-room touring exhibition featuring interactive and audiovisual activities , debuted at Earls Court Exhibition Centre in London .


Colorado 's freight railroad network consists of 2,688 miles of Class I trackage .


In August 2014 , Colorado began to issue driver licenses to not lawfully in the United States KCNC who lived in Colorado .


Colorado 's other statewide elected executive officers are the ticket ( elected on a Secretary of State of Colorado with the Governor ) , Colorado State Treasurer , Attorney General of Colorado , and Colorado Supreme Court , all of whom serve four-year terms .


Nine Colorado counties have a population in excess of 250,000 each , while eight Colorado counties have a population of less than 2,500 each .


In May 2020 , it was announced that ABBA 's entire studio discography would be released on coloured vinyl for the first time , in a box set titled " ABBA : The Studio Albums .


Colorado has one town with a statutory towns , 160 statutory cities , 12 home rule municipalities , 96 consolidated city and county governments ( 61 cities and 35 towns ) , and two unincorporated .


The state of Colorado has more than 3,000 swing state .


This has led to a hodgepodge of sales tax and property tax rates in Colorado .


There are some street intersections in Colorado with a different sales tax rate on each corner , sometimes substantially different .


British manager Simon Fuller announced in a statement in October 2016 that the group would be reuniting to work on a new ' digital entertainment experience ' .


In presidential elections , it has not been won by double digits since Democrats , and has backed the winning candidate in 8 of the last 10 elections .


However , it became a competitive swing state by the turn of the century , and voted consecutively for Democrat Hillary Clinton in 2008 and 2012 , as well as Democrat metropolitan Denver in 2016 .


The later half of the period experienced glaciations , low sea level , and mountain building as the continents collided to form Pangaea .


The Mississippian is about twice as long as the Pennsylvanian , but due to the large thickness of coal-bearing deposits with Pennsylvanian ages in Europe and North America , the two subperiods were long thought to have been more or less equal in duration .


In September , he stated in an interview that there were now five new ABBA songs to be released in 2020 .


Lignin is insoluble , too large to pass through cell walls , too heterogeneous for specific enzymes , and toxic , so that few organisms other than Basidiomycetes fungi can degrade it .


The Carboniferous lycophytes of the order Lepidodendrales , which are cousins ( but not ancestors ) of the tiny club-moss of today , were huge trees with trunks 30 meters high and up to 1.5 meters in diameter .


These included " Lepidodendron " ( with its cone called Lepidostrobus ) , " Anabathra " , " Lepidophloios " and " Sigillaria " .


In early 2020 , Andersson confirmed that he was aiming for the songs to be released in September 2020 .


The Equisetales included the common giant form " Calamites " , with a trunk diameter of 30 to and a height of up to .


" Cordaites " , a tall plant ( 6 to over 30 meters ) with strap-like leaves , was related to the cycads and conifers ; the catkin-like reproductive organs , which bore ovules / seeds , is called " Cardiocarpus " .


In the oceans the marine invertebrate groups are the Foraminifera , corals , Bryozoa , Ostracoda , brachiopods , ammonoids , hederelloids , microconchids and echinoderms ( especially crinoids ) .


The microscopic shells of radiolarians are found in cherts of this age in the Culm of Devon and Cornwall , and in Russia , Germany and elsewhere .


In April 2020 , Ulvaeus gave an interview saying that in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic , the avatar project has been delayed by six months .


The gap saw the demise of the Devonian fish-like ichthyostegalian labyrinthodonts , and the rise of the more advanced temnospondyl and reptiliomorphan amphibians that so typify the Carboniferous terrestrial vertebrate fauna .


" Extraterrestrial life " is hypothetical life which may occur outside of Earth and which did not originate on Earth .


The Drake equation speculates about the existence of intelligent life elsewhere in the universe .


According to this argument , made by scientists such as Carl Sagan and Stephen Hawking , as well as notable personalities such as Winston Churchill , it would be improbable for life " not " to exist somewhere other than Earth .


The singles " One Night in Bangkok " ( with vocals by Murray Head and Anders Glenmark ) and " I Know Him So Well " ( a duet by Barbara Dickson and Elaine Paige , and later also recorded by Barbra Streisand and Whitney Houston ) were both hugely successful .


A study published in 2017 suggests that due to how complexity evolved in species on Earth , the level of predictability for alien evolution elsewhere would make them look similar to life on our planet .


These six elements form the basic building blocks of virtually all life on Earth , whereas most of the remaining elements are found only in trace amounts .


The first known mention of the term ' panspermia ' was in the writings of the 5th century BC Greek philosopher Anaxagoras .


In the 19th century it was again revived in modern form by several scientists , including Jöns Jacob Berzelius ( 1834 ) , Kelvin ( 1871 ) , Hermann von Helmholtz ( 1879 ) and , somewhat later , by Svante Arrhenius ( 1903 ) .


Chess " also opened on Broadway in April 1988 , but closed within two months due to bad reviews .


It is also possible that Europa could support aerobic macrofauna using oxygen created by cosmic rays impacting its surface ice .


The case for life on Europa was greatly enhanced in 2011 when it was discovered that vast lakes exist within Europa 's thick , icy shell .


Scientists found that ice shelves surrounding the lakes appear to be collapsing into them , thereby providing a mechanism through which life-forming chemicals created in sunlit areas on Europa 's surface could be transferred to its interior .


Europa 's subsurface ocean is considered the best target for the discovery of life .


It has been reported that a Broadway production is in its earliest stages of pre-production .


To that effect , the Carl Sagan Institute was founded in 2014 and is dedicated to the atmospheric characterization of exoplanets in circumstellar habitable zones .


Projects such as SETI are monitoring the galaxy for electromagnetic interstellar communications from civilizations on other worlds .


If there is an advanced extraterrestrial civilization , there is no guarantee that it is transmitting radio communications in the direction of Earth or that this information could be interpreted as such by humans .


The " Kepler " space telescope has also detected a few thousand candidate planets , of which about 11 % may be false positives .


Andersson has also regularly written music for films ( most notably to Roy Andersson 's " Songs from the Second Floor " ) .


Based on observations from the " Hubble Space Telescope " , there are between 125 and 250 billion galaxies in the observable universe .


The apparent contradiction between high estimates of the probability of the existence of extraterrestrial civilizations and the lack of evidence for such civilizations is known as the Fermi paradox .


Cosmic pluralism , the plurality of worlds , or simply pluralism , describes the philosophical belief in numerous " worlds " in addition to Earth , which might harbor extraterrestrial life .


The earliest recorded assertion of extraterrestrial human life is found in ancient scriptures of Jainism .


In 2001 , Andersson formed his own band , Benny Anderssons Orkester ( BAO ) , which released three successful albums in 2001 , 2004 and 2007 .


There was a dramatic shift in thinking initiated by the invention of the telescope and the Copernican assault on geocentric cosmology .


Once it became clear that Earth was merely one planet amongst countless bodies in the universe , the theory of extraterrestrial life started to become a topic in the scientific community .


they must be larger and more beautiful than the inhabitants of Earth , in proportion to the [ characteristics ] of the two spheres " .


With the new relative viewpoint that the Copernican revolution had wrought , he suggested " our world 's sunne / Becomes a starre elsewhere " .


Andersson produced the soundtrack utilising many of the musicians ABBA used on their albums and tours .


The failure so far of the SETI program to detect an intelligent radio signal after decades of effort has at least partially dimmed the prevailing optimism of the beginning of the space age .


In the words of SETI 's Frank Drake , " All we know for sure is that the sky is not littered with powerful microwave transmitters " .


signal , detected in 1977 by a SETI project , remains a subject of speculative debate .


Theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking in 2010 warned that humans should not try to contact alien life forms .


musical star Anne Wood on her album of ABBA covers , " Divine Discontent " .


On 13 February 2015 , scientists ( including Geoffrey Marcy , Seth Shostak , Frank Drake and David Brin ) at a convention of the American Association for the Advancement of Science , discussed Active SETI and whether transmitting a message to possible intelligent extraterrestrials in the Cosmos was a good idea ; one result was a statement , signed by many , that a " worldwide scientific , political and humanitarian discussion must occur before any message is sent " .


He grew up in the company of such family friends as the philosophers William James and Josiah Royce .


The Charles Eliot Norton Lectures he gave in 1952 and 1955 were later collected as " i : six nonlectures " .


A notable example of his versatility is an introduction he wrote for a collection of the comic strip " Krazy Kat " .


The album title is derived from one of Scandinavia 's best-known Christmas carols , " Nu tändas tusen juleljus " ( " Now a thousand Christmas candles are lit " ) .


It shares maritime borders with Madagascar and the French region of Mayotte to the southeast , Tanzania to the northwest , Mozambique to the west , and the Seychelles to the northeast .


It is also a member state of the African Union , the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie , the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , and the Indian Ocean Commission .


The population , excluding Mayotte , is estimated at as of 2018 .


The sovereign state is an archipelago consisting of three major islands and numerous smaller islands , all in the volcanic Comoro Islands .


It debuted at number-one in Sweden ( achieving triple-platinum status ) , and was a Top 10 hit in Denmark , Finland and Germany .


The first attested human inhabitants of the Comoro Islands are now thought to have been Austronesian settlers travelling by boat from islands in Southeast Asia .


These people arrived no later than the eighth century AD , the date of the earliest known archaeological site , found on Mayotte , although settlement beginning as early as the first century has been postulated .


Bantu-speaking settlers were present on the islands from the beginnings of settlement , probably brought to the islands as slaves .


From the eleventh to the fifteenth centuries , trade with the island of Madagascar and merchants from the Swahili coast and the Middle East flourished , more villages were founded and existing villages grew .


A second single , " When You Walk in the Room " , was released but met with less success .


In 1912 the colony and the protectorates were abolished and the islands became a province of the colony of Madagascar .


He was succeeded by Interim President Tadjidine Ben Said Massounde .


Following elections in late 2010 , former Vice-President Ikililou Dhoinine was inaugurated as president on 26 May 2011 .


Following the 2016 elections , Azali Assoumani , from Ngazidja , became president for a third term .


Both female members of ABBA pursued solo careers on the international scene after their work with the group .


It had previously been considered a military dictatorship , and the transfer of power from Azali Assoumani to Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi in May 2006 was a watershed moment as it was the first peaceful transfer in Comorian history .


The new status was effective on 31 March 2011 and Mayotte has been recognised as an outermost region by the European Union on 1 January 2014 .


Major urban centres include Moroni , Mitsamihuli , Fumbuni , Mutsamudu , Domoni , and Fomboni .


There are recent immigrants of Chinese origin in Grande Comore ( especially Moroni ) .


Sveriges Television documented this historical event , by filming the whole recording process .


Religious education also taught children the virtues of Islam .


Comorian has no native script , but both Arabic and Latin scripts are used .


Traditionally , women on Ndzuani wear red and white patterned garments called " shiromani " , while on Ngazidja and Mwali colourful shawls called " leso " are worn .


Although the expenses are shared between both families as well as with a wider social circle , an ada wedding on Ngazidja can cost up to € 50,000 ( 74,000 US dollars ) .


This documentary and the promotion videos from the album are included in " Frida – The DVD " .


Comorian society has a bilateral descent system .


However , there are differences between the islands , the matrilineal element being stronger on Ngazidja .


The " critical philosophy " ( ) movement , attributed to Immanuel Kant ( 1724 – 1802 ) , sees the primary task of philosophy as criticism rather than justification of knowledge .


Dutch settlement of what became New Amsterdam began in 1623 .


The promotional videos and clips for " Shine " are included in " Frida – The DVD " .


The plant has since been owned by KeySpan .


North of the power plant can be found Socrates Sculpture Park , an illegal dumpsite and abandoned landfill that in 1986 was turned into an outdoor museum , exhibition space for artists , and public park by sculptor Mark di Suvero and local activists .


The Queensboro Bridge was eventually built south of this location .


" Night men " who collected " night soil " from outdoor privies would dump their loads into the river , and even after the construction of the Croton Aqueduct ( 1842 ) and then the New Croton Aqueduct ( 1890 ) gave rise to indoor plumbing , the waste that was flushed away into the sewers , where it mixed with ground runoff , ran directly into the river , untreated .


ABBA were perfectionists in the studio , working on tracks until they got them right rather than leaving them to come back to later on .


Recreational and human-powered vehicles such as kayaks and paddleboards were banned from the zone while the oil was being cleaned up , and the speed of commercial vehicles restricted so as not to spread the oil in their wakes , causing delays in NYC Ferry service .


Søren Kierkegaard is generally considered to have been the first existentialist philosopher , though he did not use the term existentialism .


Existentialism became popular in the years following World War II , thanks to Jean-Paul Sartre , who read Martin Heidegger while in a POW camp and strongly influenced many disciplines besides philosophy , including theology , drama , art , literature , and psychology .


However , it is often identified with the philosophical views of Sartre .


Choreography by Graham Tainton also contributed to their performance style .


However , an existentialist philosopher would say such a wish constitutes an inauthentic existence – what Sartre would call " bad faith " .


Sartre 's definition of existentialism was based on Heidegger 's magnum opus " Being and Time " ( 1927 ) .


Heidegger commented that " the reversal of a metaphysical statement remains a metaphysical statement " , meaning that he thought Sartre had simply switched the roles traditionally attributed to essence and existence without interrogating these concepts and their history he had claimed to have done .


This can be highlighted in the way it opposes the traditional Abrahamic religious perspective , which establishes that life 's purpose is the fulfillment of God 's commandments .


ABBA made videos because their songs were hits in many different countries and personal appearances were not always possible .


In " Being and Nothingness " , Sartre uses the example of a waiter in " bad faith " .


For Sartre , this phenomenological experience of shame establishes proof for the existence of other minds and defeats the problem of solipsism .


According to Sartre , rationality and other forms of bad faith hinder people from finding meaning in freedom .


A primary cause of confusion is that Friedrich Nietzsche was an important philosopher in both fields .


Both " Dancing Queen " and " Take a Chance on Me " were certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of over one million copies each .


Sartre likewise believed that human existence is not an abstract matter , but is always situated ( " " en situation " " ) .


In 1938 , he moved permanently to Jerusalem .


His best-known philosophical work was the short book " I and Thou " , published in 1922 .


Nevertheless , the extent to which Heidegger should be considered an existentialist is debatable .


" ABBA : The Album " was the highest-charting album of the group 's career , peaking at No. 14 .


and he included critical comments on their work in his major treatise " Being and Nothingness " .


A selection from " Being and Time " was published in French in 1938 , and his essays began to appear in French philosophy journals .


Heidegger read Sartre 's work and was initially impressed , commenting : " Here for the first time I encountered an independent thinker who , from the foundations up , has experienced the area out of which I think .


In the 1960 s , Sartre attempted to reconcile existentialism and Marxism in his work " Critique of Dialectical Reason " .


Five albums received RIAA gold certification ( more than 500,000 copies sold ) , while three acquired platinum status ( selling more than one million copies ) .


Charlie Kaufman 's " Synecdoche , New York " focuses on the protagonist 's desire to find existential meaning .


Between 1900 and 1960 , other authors such as Albert Camus , Franz Kafka , Rainer Maria Rilke , T. S. Eliot , Hermann Hesse , Luigi Pirandello , Ralph Ellison , and Jack Kerouac , composed literature or poetry that contained , to varying degrees , elements of existential or proto-existential thought .


( In French , " L'enfer , c'est les autres " ) .


Though most of such playwrights , subsequently labeled " Absurdist " ( based on Esslin 's book ) , denied affiliations with existentialism and were often staunchly anti-philosophical ( for example Ionesco often claimed he identified more with ' Pataphysics or with Surrealism than with existentialism ) , the playwrights are often linked to existentialism based on Esslin 's observation .


On 15 March 2010 , ABBA were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame by Bee Gees members Barry Gibb and Robin Gibb .


A later figure was Viktor Frankl , who briefly met Freud as a young man .


The existentialists would also influence social psychology , antipositivist micro-sociology , symbolic interactionism , and post-structuralism , with the work of thinkers such as Georg Simmel and Michel Foucault .


Many critics argue Sartre 's philosophy is contradictory .


Specifically , they argue that Sartre makes metaphysical arguments despite his claiming that his philosophical views ignore metaphysics .


A similar attitude towards a legislative body is termed contempt of Parliament or contempt of Congress .


According to the Associated Press , the ellipsis should be used to condense quotations .


In horizontally written text the dots are commonly vertically centered within the text height ( between the baseline and the ascent line ) , as in the standard Japanese Windows fonts ; in vertically written text the dots are always centered horizontally .


In Chinese , the ellipsis is six dots ( in two groups of three dots , occupying the same horizontal or vertical space as two characters ) ( i.e. ) .


In Spanish , the ellipsis is commonly used as a substitute of " et cetera " at the end of unfinished lists .


In Australia a judge may impose a fine or jail for contempt of court , including for refusing to stand up for a judge .


In German , the ellipsis in general is surrounded by spaces , if it stands for one or more omitted words .


See Ellipsis ( programming operator ) " .


In Windows , the horizontal ellipsis can be inserted with , using the numeric keypad .


China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain .


Contempt of court and contempt of Parliament are the only remaining common law offences in Canada .


Since the introduction of economic reforms in 1978 , China 's economy has been the world 's fastest-growing major economy , with annual growth rates consistently above 10 % .


Chinese proto-writing existed in Jiahu around 7000 " , Damaidi around 6000 " , Dadiwan from 5800 to 5400 " , and Banpo dating from the 5th millennium " .


The dynasty was considered mythical by historians until scientific excavations found early Bronze Age sites at Erlitou , Henan in 1959 .


The succeeding Shang dynasty is the earliest to be confirmed by contemporary records .


For example , in British Columbia , a justice of the peace can only issue a summons to an offender for contempt , which will be dealt with by a judge , even if the offence was done in the face of the justice .


King Zheng of Qin proclaimed himself the First Emperor of the Qin dynasty .


His dynasty also conquered the Yue tribes in Guangxi , Guangdong , and Vietnam .


However , they fell quickly when their conscription for public works and a failed war in northern Korea provoked widespread unrest .


However , it was devastated and weakened by the An Lushan Rebellion in the 8th century .


Another type of corroborating evidence comes from using the Baconian method , i.e. the method of agreement , method of difference , and method of concomitant variations .


The remnants of the Song retreated to southern China .


The 13th century brought the Mongol conquest of China .


In 1644 , Beijing was captured by a coalition of peasant rebel forces led by Li Zicheng .


The Chongzhen Emperor committed suicide when the city fell .


It is preceded by direct examination ( in Ireland , the United Kingdom , Australia , Canada , South Africa , India and Pakistan known as examination-in-chief ) and may be followed by a redirect ( re-examination in Ireland , England , Scotland , Australia , Canada , South Africa , India , Hong Kong , and Pakistan ) .


The centralized autocracy was strengthened to crack down on anti-Qing sentiment with the policy of valuing agriculture and restraining commerce , the " Haijin " ( " sea ban " ) , and ideological control as represented by the literary inquisition , causing social and technological stagnation .


In the 19th century , the great Chinese diaspora began .


The ill-fated anti-foreign Boxer Rebellion of 1899 – 1901 further weakened the dynasty .


Puyi , the last Emperor of China , abdicated in 1912 .


Similarly , courts in England , South Africa , Australia , and Canada allow a cross-examiner to exceed the scope of direct examination .


However , remaining Kuomintang forces continued to wage an insurgency in western China throughout the 1950 s .


Deng Xiaoping took power in 1978 , and instituted significant economic reforms .


Other major rivers include the Xi , Mekong , Brahmaputra and Amur .


To the west sit major mountain ranges , most notably the Himalayas .


The connection with Latin " ligare " , " to bind , " is erroneous .


Melting glaciers in the Himalayas could potentially lead to water shortages for hundreds of millions of people .


Cold coniferous forests predominate in the north of the country , supporting animal species such as moose and Asian black bear , along with over 120 bird species .


Chinese officials have protested on numerous occasions when foreign countries have made diplomatic overtures to Taiwan , especially in the matter of armament sales .


A number of foreign governments , foreign press agencies , and China 's human rights records have criticized civil rights , alleging widespread forced abortions violations such as detention without trial , torture , forced confessions , Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 , restrictions of fundamental rights , The government suppresses popular protests and demonstrations that it considers a potential threat to " social stability " , as was the case with the Tibet .


Allegiance is the tie which binds the subject to the Sovereign in return for that protection which the Sovereign affords the subject .


The state has also sought to control offshore reporting of tensions in Xinjiang , intimidating foreign-based reporters by detaining their family members .


The slavery estimated that in 2016 more than 3.8 million people were living in " conditions of modern Laogai " , or 0.25 % of the population , including victims of human trafficking , forced labor , forced marriage , child labor , and state-imposed forced labor .


The report provided evidence that this gap is being made up by executed People 's Liberation Army .


The state still dominates in strategic " pillar " sectors such as energy production and WTO , but private enterprise has expanded enormously , with around 30 " million private businesses recorded in 2008 .


Natural allegiance was acquired by birth within the Sovereign 's dominions ( except for the issue of diplomats or of invading forces or of an alien in an enemy occupied territory ) .


By the end of 2019 , longest HSR network in the world had over of dedicated lines alone , making it the Beijing–Guangzhou–Shenzhen High-Speed Railway .


Vocational education is available to students at the secondary and Guizhou level .


In 2010 , the annual education expenditure per secondary school student in Beijing totalled ¥ 20,023 , while in poorest provinces in China , one of the National Health and Family Planning Commission , only totalled ¥ 3,204 .


The Wuhan was first identified in state atheism in December 2019 .


It is also used for the initiation ceremony specific to many Sufi orders .


The various folk religions today comprise 2 – 3 % of the population , while Confucianism as a religious self-identification is common within the intellectual class .


With the rise of third-most-visited country in the world and the end of the Cultural Revolution , various forms of traditional Chinese art , literature , music , film , fashion and architecture have seen a vigorous revival , and folk and variety art in particular have sparked interest nationally and even worldwide .


Concepts covered within the thoughts present a wide range of calendar and subjects including military , astrology , herbology , geography , I Ching and many others .


Du Fu and Chinese historiography opened the forking ways for the poetic circles through romanticism and realism respectively .


Various literary genres , such as scar literature , young adult fiction , xungen literature and the magic realism , which is influenced by Mo Yan , emerged following the Cultural Revolution .


And the bean products , such as soy milk and Buddhist cuisine , remain as a popular source of protein .


Southern cuisine , due to the area 's proximity to the ocean and milder climate , has a wide variety of seafood and vegetables ; it differs in many respects from the wheat-based diets across dry northern China .


Swordplay ( " jiànshù " ) and association football , a sport loosely related to participated in the Olympic Games date back to China 's early dynasties as well .


A number of small bayous , such as Bayou Rapides , Bayou Robert , and Hynson Bayou , meander throughout the city .


The last survivor of its crew , Theodore Van Kirk , died on 28 July 2014 at the age of 93 .


The bomber was one of the first 15 B-29 s built to the " Silverplate " specification - of 65 eventually completed during and after World War II - giving them the primary ability to function as nuclear " weapon delivery " aircraft .


During July , the bomber made eight practice or training flights , and flew two missions , on 24 and 26 July , to drop pumpkin bombs on industrial targets at Kobe and Nagoya .


Unlike the six uranium-235 target discs , which were later flown to Tinian on three separate aircraft arriving 28 and 29 July , the assembled projectile with the nine uranium-235 rings installed was shipped in a single lead-lined steel container weighing that was locked to brackets welded to the deck of Captain Charles B. McVay III 's quarters .


The most recent hurricane , Gustav in 2008 , caused widespread flooding , knocked over trees and power lines leading to power outages , and damaged structures .


The release at 08:15 ( Hiroshima time ) went as planned , and the Little Boy took 53 seconds to fall from the aircraft flying at to the predetermined detonation height about above the city .


Japanese officials determined that 69 % of Hiroshima 's buildings were destroyed and another 6 – 7 % damaged .


After three unsuccessful passes , " Bockscar " diverted to its secondary target , Nagasaki , where it dropped its bomb .


In contrast to the Hiroshima mission , the Nagasaki mission has been described as tactically botched , although the mission did meet its objectives .


There is a large number of Pentecostals too .


It attracted signatures from notable figures including historian Gar Alperovitz , social critic Noam Chomsky , whistle blower Daniel Ellsberg , physicist Joseph Rotblat , writer Kurt Vonnegut , producer Norman Lear , actor Martin Sheen and filmmaker Oliver Stone .


The SI unit for energy is the joule ( J ) .


In particle physics , a system of " natural units " in which the speed of light in vacuum " c " and the reduced Planck constant " ħ " are dimensionless and equal to unity is widely used : .


At one time , many large businesses in the downtown were Jewish-owned , with prominent stores including : Wellan 's , Caplan 's , Bialy 's , Weiss & Goldring and Schwartzberg 's .


The " k " is assumed when using the electronvolt to express temperature , for example , a typical magnetic confinement fusion plasma is ( kilo-electronvolts ) , which is equal to 170 " MK ( million Kelvin ) .


In 1663 , the German physicist Otto von Guericke created the first electric generator , which produced static electricity by applying friction in the machine .


By the 1810 s , William Hyde Wollaston made improvements to the galvanic cell .


Sir Humphry Davy 's work with electrolysis led to the conclusion that the production of electricity in simple electrolytic cells resulted from chemical action and that chemical combination occurred between substances of opposite charge .


It is featured as a family-oriented event , and parade goers can enjoy over 20 New Orleans style floats , high school and college marching bands , as well as appearances by local celebrities .


In 1909 , Robert Andrews Millikan began a series of experiments ( see oil drop experiment ) to determine the electric charge carried by a single electron .


In 1923 , Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and Martin Lowry published essentially the same theory about how acids and bases behave , using an electrochemical basis .


In 1937 , Arne Tiselius developed the first sophisticated electrophoretic apparatus .


By the 1960 s–1970 s quantum electrochemistry was developed by Revaz Dogonadze and his pupils .


They played their home games at Bringhurst Field .


The term standard in SHE requires a supply of hydrogen gas bubbled through the electrolyte at a pressure of 1 atm and an acidic electrolyte with H activity equal to 1 ( usually assumed to be [ H ] = 1 " mol / liter ) .


In the 20th century German chemist Walther Nernst proposed a mathematical model to determine the effect of reactant concentration on electrochemical cell potential .


Here " n " is the number of electrons / mole product , " F " is the Faraday constant ( coulombs / mole ) , and " ΔE " is cell potential .


Silver coins or cutlery that are exposed to high sulfur foods such as eggs or the low levels of sulfur species in the air develop a layer of black Silver sulfide .


They played their home games at the Rapides Parish Coliseum .


Quantitative aspects of electrolysis were originally developed by Michael Faraday in 1834 .


California 's economy , with a gross state product of $ 3.0 " trillion , is the largest sub-national economy in the world .


If it were a country , California would be the fifth-largest economy in the world , and the 37th - most populous .


California shares a border with Oregon to the north , Nevada and Arizona to the east , and the Mexican state of Baja California to the south .


The team was owned by a Lafayette business group before moving in 2003 to Beaumont , Texas .


All these factors lead to an enormous demand for water ; in total numbers , California is the largest consumer of water in North America .


Over time , drought and wildfires have become more frequent ; further straining California 's water security .


The Spanish Empire then claimed and colonized it .


The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its successful war for independence but was ceded to the United States in 1848 after the Mexican–American War .


It is possible the name California was meant to imply the island was a Caliphate .


Settled by successive waves of arrivals during at least the last 13,000 years , California was one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse areas in pre-Columbian North America .


California groups also were diverse in their political organization with bands , tribes , villages , and on the resource-rich coasts , large chiefdoms , such as the Chumash , Pomo and Salinan .


Privateer and explorer Francis Drake explored and claimed an undefined portion of the California coast in 1579 , landing north of the future city of San Francisco .


The seat was removed after the 1990 census indicated Louisiana no longer had the population to support it .


During the same period , Spanish military forces built several forts ( " presidios " ) and three small towns ( " pueblos " ) .


Several other smaller cities and towns also sprang up surrounding the various Spanish missions and pueblos , which remain to this day .


The Spanish colonization began decimating the natives through epidemics of various diseases for which the indigenous peoples had no natural immunity , such as measles and diphtheria .


The establishment of the Spanish systems of government and social structure , which the Spanish settlers had brought with them , also technologically and culturally overwhelmed the societies of the earlier indigenous peoples .


For those leaving or arriving at the city by bus , Greyhound Lines has a terminal downtown .


The missions , which controlled most of the best land in the state , were secularized by 1834 and became the property of the Mexican government .


During this tumultuous political period Juan Bautista Alvarado was able to secure the governorship during 1836 – 1842 .


There were many settlers from the United States fighting on both sides .


This paved the way to California 's ultimate acquisition by the United States .


Several of its later bishops are known : Marinus in 325 ; Niconius in 344 ; Sylvanus at the beginning of the 5th century ; Pionius in 451 ; Leo in 787 ; Peter , friend of the Patriarch Ignatius , and adversary to Michael , in the ninth century .


In 1848 , only one week before the official American annexation of the area , gold was discovered in California , this being an event which was to forever alter both the state 's demographics and its finances .


By the time of California 's application for statehood in 1850 , the settler population of California had multiplied to 100,000 .


Between 1847 and 1870 , the population of San Francisco increased from 500 to 150,000 .


California was suddenly no longer a sparsely populated backwater , but seemingly overnight it had grown into a major population center .


The bishopric remains a titular see of the Catholic Church under the name Troas , vacant since 1971 .


The United States consulate had also been located in Monterey , under consul Thomas O. Larkin .


Subsequent locations included Vallejo ( 1852 – 1853 ) , and nearby Benicia ( 1853 – 1854 ) ; these locations eventually proved to be inadequate as well .


The capital has been located in Sacramento since 1854 with only a short break in 1862 when legislative sessions were held in San Francisco due to flooding in Sacramento .


As in other American states , many of the native inhabitants were soon forcibly removed from their lands by incoming American settlers such as miners , ranchers , and farmers .


Between 1850 and 1860 , the California state government paid around 1.5 " million dollars ( some 250,000 of which was reimbursed by the federal government ) to hire militias whose purpose was to protect settlers from the indigenous populations .


As a result , the rise of California was a calamity for the native inhabitants .


After World War II , California 's economy greatly expanded due to strong aerospace and defense industries , whose size decreased following the end of the Cold War .


It is the largest town in the Vale of Leven , the others being Balloch , Bonhill , Jamestown and Renton ; their combined population is over 20,000 .


As a result of these efforts , California is regarded as a world center of the entertainment and music industries , of technology , engineering , and the aerospace industry , and as the United States center of agricultural production .


Yet since 1991 , and starting in the late 1980 s in Southern California , California has seen a net loss of domestic migrants in most years .


This is often referred to by the media as the California exodus .


During the 20th century , two great disasters happened in California .


After the car production ceased in 1914 , it was used by the Admiralty for the manufacture of torpedoes , which were test-fired in Loch Long , and in the early 1970 s was the scene of the Plessey sit-in .


California is the 3rd largest state in the United States in area , after Alaska and Texas .


California is often geographically bisected into two regions , Southern California , comprising the 10 southernmost counties , and Northern California , comprising the 48 northernmost counties .


It is bordered by Oregon to the north , Nevada to the east and northeast , Arizona to the southeast , the Pacific Ocean to the west and it shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California to the south ( with which it makes up part of The Californias region of North America , alongside Baja California Sur ) .


With dredging , the Sacramento and the San Joaquin Rivers have remained deep enough for several inland cities to be seaports .


The first algorithm based on this sequence pair appeared in the works of Lagrange .


To the east of the Sierra Nevada are Owens Valley and Mono Lake , an essential migratory bird habitat .


Although Lake Tahoe is larger , it is divided by the California / Nevada border .


About 45 percent of the state 's total surface area is covered by forests , and California 's diversity of pine species is unmatched by any other state .


California contains more forestland than any other state except Alaska .


Its properties were further analyzed by Gauss .


The south-central desert is called the Mojave ; to the northeast of the Mojave lies Death Valley , which contains the lowest and hottest place in North America , the Badwater Basin at .


Although most of the state has a Mediterranean climate , due to the state 's large size the climate ranges from polar to subtropical .


Even the San Diego shoreline bordering Mexico is cooler in summer than most areas in the contiguous United States .


California 's mountain ranges also influence the climate : some of the rainiest parts of the state are west-facing mountain slopes .


The arithmetic–geometric mean can be used to compute – among others – logarithms , complete and incomplete elliptic integrals of the first and second kind , and Jacobi elliptic functions .


California 's mountains produce rain shadows on the eastern side , creating extensive deserts .


The higher elevation deserts of eastern California have hot summers and cold winters , while the low deserts east of the Southern California mountains have hot summers and nearly frostless mild winters .


Death Valley , a desert with large expanses below sea level , is considered the hottest location in the world ; the highest temperature in the world , , was recorded there on July 10 , 1913 .


The lowest temperature in California was on January 20 , 1937 in Boca .


Many other endemics originated through differentiation or adaptive radiation , whereby multiple species develop from a common ancestor to take advantage of diverse ecological conditions such as the California lilac ( " Ceanothus " ) .


Many California endemics have become endangered , as urbanization , logging , overgrazing , and the introduction of exotic species have encroached on their habitat .


California boasts several superlatives in its collection of flora : the largest trees , the tallest trees , and the oldest trees .


California 's native grasses are perennial plants .


His fragmented , bizarre narrative style influenced later science fiction writers , notably Philip K. Dick .


Brushy areas are abundant with dwarf manzanita and ceanothus ; the unique Sierra puffball is also found here .


Common plants that have been introduced to the state include the eucalyptus , acacia , pepper tree , geranium , and Scotch broom .


Among threatened animals are the coastal California gnatcatcher , Paiute cutthroat trout , southern sea otter , and northern spotted owl .


Also , , 178 species of California plants were listed either as endangered or threatened on this federal list .


A revised version of " Vault of the Beast " would be published in 1940 .


California 's population is greater than that of all but 34 countries of the world .


Conversely , San Francisco , with nearly one-quarter the population density of Manhattan , is the most densely populated city in California and one of the most densely populated cities in the United States .


The majority of these cities and towns are within one of five metropolitan areas : the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area , the San Francisco Bay Area , the Riverside-San Bernardino Area , the San Diego metropolitan area , or the Sacramento metropolitan area .


More than half of illegal immigrants originate from Mexico .


This necessitated a move back to Ottawa , where he and his wife would stay for the next year and a half .


California 's Asian American population is estimated at 4.4 " million , constituting a third of the nation 's total .


According to estimates from 2011 , California has the largest minority population in the United States by numbers , making up 60 % of the state population .


Over the past 25 years , the population of non-Hispanic whites has declined , while Hispanic and Asian populations have grown .


A survey conducted between 2007 and 2009 identified 23 different indigenous languages among California farmworkers .


The novels " The Book of Ptath " and " The Weapon Makers " both appeared in magazines in serial form during this era ; they were later published in book form after World War II .


English used in other regions of the United States .


The culture of California is a Western culture and most clearly has its modern roots in the culture of the United States , but also , historically , many Hispanic Californio and Mexican influences .


California has long been a subject of interest in the public mind and has often been promoted by its boosters as a kind of paradise .


In the 1960 s , popular music groups such as The Beach Boys promoted the image of Californians as laid-back , tanned beach-goers .


Around this time , he became particularly interested in the general semantics of Alfred Korzybski .


All four , plus the two major Spanish-language networks ( Telemundo and Univision ) each have at least two owned-and-operated TV stations in California , one in Los Angeles and one in the San Francisco Bay Area .


The largest religious denominations by number of adherents as a percentage of California 's population in 2014 were the Catholic Church with 28 percent , Evangelical Protestants with 20 percent , and Mainline Protestants with 10 percent .


The " American Jewish Year Book " placed the total Jewish population of California at about 1,194,190 in 2006 .


A Pew Research Center survey revealed that California is somewhat less religious than the rest of the states : 62 percent of Californians say they are " absolutely certain " of their belief in God , while in the nation 71 percent say so .


Still only 14 years of age , in April 1996 she debuted at the Fed Cup for Russia , the youngest player ever to participate and win a match .


California has nineteen major professional sports league franchises , far more than any other state .


San Diego and Sacramento each have one major league team .


California has long had many respected collegiate sports programs .


The 1932 and 1984 summer games were held in Los Angeles .


However , she reached the semi-finals in the doubles partnering with Elena Likhovtseva , before losing to the sixth seeds Mary Joe Fernández and Patricia Tarabini .


California 's public educational system is supported by a unique constitutional amendment that requires a minimum annual funding level for grades K–12 and community colleges that grow with the economy and student enrollment figures .


A 2007 study concluded that California 's public school system was " broken " in that it suffered from over-regulation .


California has hundreds of other private colleges and universities , including many religious and special-purpose institutions .


California 's economy ranks among the largest in the world .


There she lost to eventual champion Martina Hingis .


California is responsible for 1 / 7 of the United States ' approximate $ 22 " trillion gross domestic product ( GDP ) .


The five largest sectors of employment in California are trade , transportation , and utilities ; government ; professional and business services ; education and health services ; and leisure and hospitality .


, California has an unemployment rate of 16.3 % .


California 's economy is dependent on trade and international related commerce accounts for about one-quarter of the state 's economy .


In 2008 , she was named a spokesperson for K-Swiss .


Computers and electronic products are California 's top export , accounting for 42 percent of all the state 's exports in 2008 .


According to the USDA in 2011 , the three largest California agricultural products by value were milk and cream , shelled almonds , and grapes .


In 2010 , California residents were ranked first among the states with the best average credit score of 754 .


California , with 12 % of the United States population , has one-third of the nation 's welfare recipients .


Following that , she was cast by the Farrelly brothers for a minor role in the 2000 film " Me , Myself & Irene " starring Jim Carrey and Renée Zellweger .


In January 2011 , California 's total debt was at least $ 265 " billion .


Because it is the most populous state in the United States , California is one of the country 's largest users of energy .


However because of its high energy rates , conservation mandates , mild weather in the largest population centers and strong environmental movement , its " per capita " energy use is one of the smallest of any state in the United States .


As a result of the state 's strong environmental movement , California has some of the most aggressive renewable energy goals in the United States , with a target for California to obtain a third of its electricity from renewables by 2020 .


The V-12 engine offered as much power as a radial engine but had a smaller frontal area and allowed a more streamlined cowl than an aircraft with a radial engine , promising a theoretical 5 % increase in top speed .


One of the state 's more visible landmarks , the Golden Gate Bridge , was the longest suspension bridge main span in the world at between 1937 ( when it opened ) and 1964 .


Its two sections meet at Yerba Buena Island through the world 's largest diameter transportation bore tunnel , at wide by high .


California also has several important seaports .