There is an increased uncertainty in global growth outlook due to heightened geo-political tensions. United States’ sanctions on Iran has further added to the risks. In May 2018, US withdrew from the Iran nuclear deal (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) owing to concerns over Iran’s use of funds towards building nuclear missiles, funding terrorism and increasing conflict in the Middle East. Effective November 2018, US put sanctions on Iran’s energy sector, including petroleum. However, waivers were granted to eight nations to import oil from Iran which included China, India, Japan, South Korea, Italy, Greece, Turkey and Taiwan for a period of six months, to allow them time to gradually shift to alternative sources for importing oil. The waivers stand expired as of May 2019. Four countries including Italy, Greece, Turkey and India have stopped importing from Iran. As countries reduce importing from Iran, global oil demand is likely to increase as Iran is the fifth-largest producer of crude oil, contributing to 5 percent of world crude oil production; and sixth largest oil exporter, accounting for slightly less than 5 percent to global exports as on 2017. India, which imports 84 percent of the crude oil it consumes, depends on Iran for 10 percent of its oil imports (FY19). Further, the reduction in crude oil production in several countries, along with Iran, has added to the upward pressure on oil prices, which will impact India’s trade balance, inflation and rupee, especially in the near term. iran-oil1 What does India stand to lose from US sanctions? Iran is India’s third largest oil supplier after Iraq and Saudi Arabia. Favourable terms of trade with Iran, which comprises 60-day trade credit, discount on freight and insurance and payment in rupee terms of 45 percent of total supply from Iran, makes it an important strategic trading partner for India. The rupee payment mechanism with Iran also helped India save its foreign exchange. There has been a decline in India’s crude oil production in recent years. Along with rising demand, this has contributed to increasing India’s import dependency to 83.7 percent in FY19 (P) from 80.6 percent in FY16. Not only due to US sanctions on Iran (10.6 percent) but also on Venezuela (7.6 percent), India will have to consider alternatives to source crude oil for more than 18 percent of import requirements, which would impact its import bill. Further, it will be expensive to change the configuration of state-run refineries, currently equipped to process oil from Iran, to other grades. Pressure on global crude oil price Effective as of January 2019, the OPEC members and voluntarily participating non-OPEC countries decided to cut the overall oil production by 1.2 million barrels per day for an initial period of six months. Moreover, output cuts in Canada and steep decline in the North Sea saw total non-OPEC production in Q1-2019 fall by 740 kilo barrels per day, compared to Q4 2018. Apart from this, unplanned declines in output from countries such as Algeria, Angola, Nigeria, Libya, Iran and Venezuela, which together account for 15 percent share in global oil production (2017), have added pressure on global oil output. This is owing to factors such as civil unrest, natural declines or sanctions. As a result, oil prices have rebounded from the lows in December 2018 (~$57 per barrel, monthly average) to around $72 per barrel in May 2019. Global crude oil prices (Brent spot average US$ per barrel) are forecasted by US Energy Information Administration (EIA) to increase from an average of around $63 per barrel in Q1 2018 to around an average of $73 per barrel in Q2 and Q3 2019 and moderate during Q4 2019. Impact on India’s key macroeconomic variables While the new government decides to import oil from the available alternative sources, we have considered two scenarios of increase in oil prices and the consequent impact on trade deficit, rupee and inflation. We have assumed that the increase in oil prices will have an impact on imports, and exports will continue to perform as per the prevailing trend. In scenario 1, we anticipate global oil prices to rise by $5 per barrel and in scenario 2, by $10 per barrel. The second scenario assumes the extreme case of all risks materialising with low scope for mitigation in the near term. Trade Deficit: Increasing oil-import dependency and rise in crude oil price has a significant impact on India’s import bill as crude accounts for more than 20 percent of total imports in value terms. Even a $1 increase in oil price can increase trade deficit by approximately $1.2 billion. A $5 increase in oil prices would increase trade deficit by ~$6.24 billion, which amounts to 0.23 percent of GDP, while a $10 increase in oil prices will increase the trade deficit by 0.45 percent of GDP. Rupee: An increase by $5 per barrel could depreciate rupee by 1.4 percent against the US dollar, whereas a spike in oil prices by $10 per barrel could lead the rupee to depreciate by 2.8 percent. Inflation: Oil price increase would impact CPI inflation both directly and indirectly through other commodities. The indirect impact of rise in oil prices has been estimated by computing the energy intensity of each sector. It is estimated that a $5 increase in oil prices will lead to a 30 bps hike in CPI inflation and $10 increase in oil prices would increase CPI inflation by 60 bps.
Effective November 2018, US put sanctions on Iran’s energy sector, including petroleum. However, waivers were granted to eight nations to import oil from Iran which included China, India, Japan, South Korea, Italy, Greece, Turkey and Taiwan for a period of six months, to allow them time to gradually shift to alternative sources for importing oil. The waivers stand expired as of May 2019. Four countries including Italy, Greece, Turkey and India have stopped importing from Iran. India, which imports 84 percent of the crude oil it consumes, depends on Iran for 10 percent of its oil imports the reduction in crude oil production in several countries which will impact India’s trade balance, inflation and rupee, especially in the near term. Favourable terms of trade with Iran, which comprises 60-day trade credit, discount on freight and insurance and payment in rupee terms of 45 percent of total supply from Iran, makes it an important strategic trading partner for India. The rupee payment mechanism with Iran also helped India save its foreign exchange. here has been a decline in India’s crude oil production in recent years. this has contributed to increasing India’s import dependency India will have to consider alternatives to source crude oil for more than 18 percent of import requirements, which would impact its import bill. , it will be expensive to change the configuration of state-run refineries, currently equipped to process oil from Iran, to other grades. Increasing oil-import dependency and rise in crude oil price has a significant impact on India’s import bill as crude accounts for more than 20 percent of total imports in value terms. . A $5 increase in oil prices would increase trade deficit by ~$6.24 billion, which