The MEA was deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD), with NiO-YSZ as the anode, YSZ as the electrolyte and La0.7Sr0.3CoO3-δ (LSC) as the cathode (Fig 1d), then a current collector (Pt) was sputter deposited (Fig 1e) to result in a micro-SOFC (Fig 1f).