In German-speaking countries, such as Germany, Austria and Switzerland, pharmacies or chemist stores are still called apothecaries or in German "Apotheken". The "Apotheke" ("store") is legally obligated to be run at all times by at least one "Apotheker" (male) or "Apothekerin" (female), who actually has an academic degree as a pharmacist – in German "Pharmazeut" (male) or "Pharmazeutin" (female) – and has obtained the professional title "Apotheker" by either working in the field for numerous years, usually by working in a pharmacy store, or taking additional exams. Thus a "Pharmazeut" is not always an "Apotheker". Magdalena Neff became the first woman to gain a medical qualification in Germany when she studied pharmacy at the Technical University of Kalsruhe and later passed the apothecary's examination in 1906.