The term "Euro-Islam" was introduced at a conference in Birmingham, United Kingdom, in 1988. Leader and initiator of the conference was Carl E. Olivestam, senior lecturer at Umeå University, also Director at the Board of Universities and Colleges in Sweden. The United Kingdom, France, Germany, and the Netherlands, examples of Western European countries with large Islamic populations, could be named "European Islam". The term was first published in the Swedish handbook: "Kyrkor och alternativa rörelser" ("Churches and Alternative Movements"). There are three Islamic scholars who participate in the debate on "Euro-Islam": Enes Karić, Bassam Tibi, and Tariq Ramadan, who adopted the term in the second half of the 1990s but use it with different meanings. The foremost Western, Non-Muslim scholars of political science and/or Islamic studies involved in the debate on "Euro-Islam" are Jørgen S. Nielsen and Olivier Roy.