The disease in its various strains can infect multiple wildlife species, including elk ("Cervus canadensis"), bison ("Bison bison"), African buffalo ("Syncerus caffer"), European wild boar ("Sus scrofa"), caribou ("Rangifer tarandus"), moose ("Alces alces"), and marine mammals (see section on aquatic wildlife above). While some regions use vaccines to prevent the spread of brucellosis between infected and uninfected wildlife populations, no suitable brucellosis vaccine for terrestrial wildlife has been developed. This gap in medicinal knowledge creates more pressure for management practices that reduce spread of the disease.