Iran-Russia relations in the period after the collapse of the Soviet Union have been one of the most controversial issues both in the field of foreign policy of the two countries and in the context of international politics. The history of Tehran-Moscow relations, despite its many complexities, has witnessed many ups and downs, and many internal, bilateral, regional and international factors have been influential in determining the type of this relationship - from friendly to hostile. Throughout history, the two countries have had many interactions at different levels, and the common water borders across the Caspian Sea have presented them with a very pure opportunity for cooperation in various fields. This affinity has sometimes been to the benefit and sometimes to the detriment of the two countries, but in general it has created an opportunity for the two countries to have very good trade relations with each other.