"Kata" are predefined, specific patterns of movement that incorporate and encapsulate martial techniques, concepts, and applications. The exact movements of a "kata" often vary from one organization to another, and even from one school to another within the same organization. The variations can range from gross deviations apparent to the untrained observer to very subtle minutiae. In his 1977 book on Wadō-ryū (published in English in 1997), Ōtsuka declared only nine official "kata" for Wadō-ryū: "Pinan Nidan", "Pinan Shodan", "Pinan Sandan", "Pinan Yodan", "Pinan Godan", "Kūshankū", "Naihanchi", "Seishan" and "Chintō". Within his text, Ōtsuka provides detailed notes on the performance of these "kata", which has resulted in less deviation across organizations on their performance. However, Ōtsuka did teach other "kata". Perhaps because Ōtsuka did not provide specific notes for the performance of these other "kata" in his text, there is greater variation in these other "kata" across organizations and schools. "Kata" associated with Wadō-ryū include: