State owned enterprises such as Eskom (Power generation and distribution) were the first to implement aggressive BEE programs with the sole purpose of changing their employee racial content and little regard for the loss of the current skills that existed. In many cases, non-black employees were given six months to train their replacements, but in most cases they simply resigned for greener pastures or contributed to the "brain drain". The results have been catastrophic and in 2019 SOEs like Eskom, South African Airlines, Public Rail Agency, and Transnet are all faced with leadership, corruption, poor productivity and bankruptcy. The impact to Eskom has resulted in load-shedding, blackouts and large price increases that have in turn crippled the economy, leaving South Africa in 2019 with the largest unemployment figures to date. Eskom has on a number of occasions recognised that they do not have the engineering skills required, the very same skills that were forced to exit over the last 30 years because of BEE policies.