After the development of hydrogen bombs in the 1950s, and especially after the massive and widely publicized Castle Bravo test accident by the United States in 1954, which spread nuclear fallout over a large area and resulted in the death of at least one Japanese fisherman, the idea of a "limited" or "survivable" nuclear war became increasingly replaced by a perception that nuclear war meant the potentially instant end of all civilization: in fact, the explicit strategy of the nuclear powers was called Mutual Assured Destruction. Nuclear weapons became synonymous with apocalypse, and as a symbol this resonated through the culture of nations with freedom of the press. Several popular novels—such as "Alas, Babylon" and "On the Beach"—portrayed the aftermath of nuclear war. Several science-fiction novels, such as "A Canticle for Leibowitz", explored the long-term consequences. Stanley Kubrick's film "" satirically portrayed the events and the thinking that could "begin" a nuclear war.