In an attempt to overcome losses from theft, the next innovation adopted by bike sharing programs was the use of so-called 'smart technology.' One of the first 'smart bike' programs was the "Grippa™" bike storage rack system used in Portsmouth's "Bikeabout" scheme. The "Bikeabout" scheme was launched in October 1995 by the University of Portsmouth, UK as part of its "Green Transport Plan" in an effort to cut car travel by staff and students between campus sites. Funded in part by the EU's ENTRANCE program, the "Bikeabout" scheme was a "smart card" fully automated system. For a small fee, users were issued 'smart cards' with magnetic stripes to be swiped through an electronic card reader at a covered 'bike store' kiosk, unlocking the bike from its storage rack. CCTV camera surveillance was installed at all bike stations in an effort to limit vandalism. Upon arriving at the destination station, the smart card was used to open a cycle rack and record the bike's safe return. A charge was automatically registered on the user's card if the bike was returned with damage or if the time exceeded the three-hour maximum. Implemented with an original budget of approximately £200,000, the Portsmouth "Bikeabout" scheme was never very successful in terms of rider usage, in part due to the limited number of bike kiosks and hours of operation. Seasonal weather restrictions and concerns over unjustified charges for bike damage also imposed barriers to usage. The "Bikeabout" program was discontinued by the University in 1998 in favor of expanded minibus service; the total costs of the "Bikeabout" program were never disclosed.