"Grand duke" is the traditional translation of the title "Velikiy Kniaz" (Великий Князь), which from the 11th century was at first the title of the leading Prince ("Kniaz") of Kievan Rus', then of several princes of the Rus'. From 1328 the "Velikii Kniaz" of Muscovy appeared as the grand duke for "all of Russia" until Ivan IV of Russia in 1547 was crowned as tsar. Thereafter the title was given to sons and grandsons (through male lines) of the Tsars and Emperors of Russia. The daughters and paternal granddaughters of Russian emperors, as well as the consorts of Russian grand dukes, were generally called "grand duchesses" in English.