Some claim the phrase "American exceptionalism" originated with the Communist Party USA in an English translation of a condemnation that was made in 1929 by the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin against communist supporters of Jay Lovestone for the latter's heretical belief the US was independent of the Marxist laws of history "thanks to its natural resources, industrial capacity, and absence of rigid class distinctions." That origin has been challenged, however, because the expression "American exceptionalism" had already been used by Brouder & Zack in the "Daily Worker" (N.Y.) on January 29, 1929, before Lovestone's visit to Moscow. Also, Fred Shapiro, the editor of "The Yale Book of Quotations", noted that "exceptionalism" had been used to refer to the United States and its self-image during the Civil War by "The New York Times" on August 20, 1861.