When an American missionary hospital, Azariah Smith Memorial Hospital, was formed in the city, the ethnic background of the patients, who were mostly from the city but also from the villages, were recorded. During the years 1898 - 1900, 1908, and 1911 - 1914, 629 Turks, 1049 Armenians, 152 Kurds, 46 Greeks, 43 Jews, 6 Turkmens, 6 Assyrians, 22 Arabs, 10 Circassians, 2 Germans, 1 Maltese, 1 Italian, 3 Alawites, 2 Iranians, and 4 Americans were treated, all of which indicates the Turkish-Armenian-dominated but still cosmopolitan background of the city, despite the likeliness of the hospital favoring the Christians more, as it was a Christian institute. However, the outskirts of the city were largely Muslim and Turkish, since Shepard Riggs, one of the doctors in the hospital, had reported that 2000 villages were served between 1882 and 1888, most of which were Muslim and Turkish.