In 1955, Cronon stated that while Garvey "achieved little in the way of permanent improvement" for black people, he "awakened fires of Negro nationalism that have yet to be extinguished". In Cronon's view, Garvey's importance was in giving African-descended peoples a new feeling of collective pride and a sense of individual worth. Hart believed that Garvey's importance lay in stirring millions of people who were otherwise apathetic into action. In this way, Hart thought, Garvey had helped lay the groundwork for the U.S. civil rights movement during the 1950s and 1960s, even if that movement's calls for racial integration and equality within the U.S. ran contrary to Garvey's own beliefs in racial separation and migration to Africa.