The vowels "ê", "î", "ô", and "û" are removed from 2011 Ithkuil to allow for easier memorization. The letter "ä", pronounced , is introduced. "a" is pronounced , "e" is pronounced , "i" is pronounced , "o" is pronounced , "u" is pronounced , and "ë" is pronounced , except when unstressed at the end of the word, where "ë" is pronounced to differentiate it from unstressed word-final "a". Rules for external junction between words have been described for speakers to be able to clearly parse word boundaries.