Apart from the two forms "ngaha" and "ngihie", all members of the subclass of absolute location nouns, as in directionals ("vano" ‘go along, over there’, "hage" ‘go up, up there’, and "hivo" ‘go down, down there’) and the small set of absolute location nouns, "aulu" 'up high, on top' "vine" 'down low' "atagu" 'behind, at the back' "amue" 'infront, at the front' "aute" 'up in the bush' "alau" 'down by the sea' "varea" 'outside' and "vagahao" 'far away', can form demonstratives to be used for spatial reference. When prefixed with the demonstrative formative prefix (DEM), "gi-/ngi-," absolute location nouns, but not place names, can form demonstratives. There is no difference between these two forms, "gi-" and "ngi-", and the choice between the two is arbitrary. Demonstratives formed from directional and absolute location nouns can have either a referential or modifying function.