In Fennoscandia, the summer of 1601 was one of the coldest in the last four centuries. In Sweden, harvest failures are recorded between 1601 and 1603, with a rainy spring in 1601 reportedly leading to famine. Famine ensued there and in Denmark and Norway during 1602–1603. Finland saw one of the worst barley and rye harvests, and crop yields continued to be poor for some years to follow, accompanied by a colder climate there. It is likely that the 1601 crop failure was among the worst in Finland's history, and it led to changes in the social structure of Ostrobothnia. 1601 was called a "green year" in Sweden and a "straw year" or "year of extensive frosts" in Finland.