Grant noted that "Garveyism would always remain a secular movement with a strong under-tow of religion". Garvey envisioned a form of Christianity specifically designed for black African people, a sort of black religion. Reflecting his own Catholicism, he wanted this black-centric Christianity to be as close to Roman Catholicism as possible. He attended the foundation ceremony of the African Orthodox Church in Chicago in 1921. According to Graves, this Church preached "the orthodox Christian tradition with emphasis on racism", while Cronon suggested that Garvey promoted "racist ideas about religion".