A 2008 paper by the Australian Institute of Criminology conceptualized carjackings as falling into four types based on method and motive: organized and instrumental, organized and acquisitive, opportunistic and instrumental, and opportunistic and acquisitive. An example of an "organized and instrumental" carjacking is a planned carjacking with a weapon to use the vehicle for ram an ATM to steal cash. An example of an "organized and acquisitive" carjacking is a planned carjacking to sell the vehicle in a known market. An example of an "opportunistic and instrumental" carjacking is a carjacking without a weapon to sell "vehicle/parts with no market in mind." An example of an "opportunistic and acquisitive" carjacking is a carjacking without a weapon to joyride.