By 1944 the Red Army had begun to push the German forces out of Eastern Europe, and the "Einsatzgruppen" retreated alongside the Wehrmacht. By late 1944, most "Einsatzgruppen" personnel had been folded into Waffen-SS combat units or transferred to permanent death camps. Hilberg estimates that between 1941 and 1945 the "Einsatzgruppen" and related agencies killed more than two million people, including 1.3 million Jews. The total number of Jews murdered during the war is estimated at 5.5 to six million people.