Although the U.S. Navy had begun work on the first all-or-nothing ship in 1911, with the , the Royal Navy did not believe that long-range gunnery would be important or that the ship's magazine spaces were vulnerable. However, experiences in the First World War, particularly the Battle of Jutland, showed that a ship could survive extensive damage as long as it was outside their magazine spaces but any shell that breached the defenses of those spaces had catastrophic effects. The logical conclusion was that there was no point in having armor that could not stop a shell penetrating into the magazine spaces, and that any armor that did not contribute to this goal was wasted armor. The most important finding of the gunnery trials on SMS "Baden" was that the thick medium armor was completely useless against large-caliber shells. As a result, the British navy adopted in the the "all or nothing" armor pioneered by the United States Navy.