Only "Universitäten" have the right to confer doctorates and habilitations. Some universities use the term "research university" in international usage to emphasize their strength in research activity in addition to teaching, particularly to differentiate themselves from "Fachhochschulen". A university covering the full range of scientific disciplines in contrast to more specialized universities might refer to itself as "Volluniversität". Specialized universities which have the formal status of "Universität" include "Technische Universitäten", "Pädagogische Hochschulen" (Universities of Education), "Kunsthochschulen" (Universities of Arts) and "Musikhochschulen" (Universities of Music). The excellence initiative has awarded eleven universities with the title University of Excellence. Professors at regular universities were traditionally required to have a doctorate as well as a habilitation. Since 2002, the junior professorship was introduced to offer a more direct path to employment as a professor for outstanding doctoral degree.