In "R v Big M Drug Mart Ltd", it was found that legislation whose purpose is found to violate the "Charter" cannot be saved even if its effects were found to be inoffensive. If a provision of law cannot be seen to constitute a reasonable limit, demonstrably justifiable in a free and democratic society, it cannot be saved pursuant to section 1 of the "Charter". The determination of s. 1 validity follows the Oakes test first expressed in "R v Oakes", which follows four parts, of which the last three have been named as the "proportionality test":