By the time "The Americans" was published in the United States, Frank had moved away from photography to concentrate on filmmaking. Among his films was the 1959 "Pull My Daisy," which was written and narrated by Kerouac and starred Ginsberg, Gregory Corso and others from the Beat circle. The Beats emphasized spontaneity, and the film conveyed the quality of having been thrown together or even improvised. "Pull My Daisy" was accordingly praised for years as an improvisational masterpiece, until Frank's co-director, Alfred Leslie, revealed in a November 28, 1968 article in the "Village Voice" that the film was actually carefully planned, rehearsed, and directed by him and Frank, who shot the film with professional lighting.