What this means is that holdings such as "Stone v. INS", 514 U.S. 386, 405 (1995) (case obviously decided prior to IIRIRA of 1996, which materially changed the old "judicial review provisions of the INA"), are statutorily not binding upon any agency or any court. Congress clearly spoken about this at 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(2) (eff. April 1, 1997). Its intent was sufficiently shown when amending § 1252 during the enactment of the Real ID Act of 2005. There, it added "(statutory or nonstatutory)" after every relevant "notwithstanding any other provision of law" in § 1252. The overall purpose of this is obviously to protect the United States and the over 13 million LPRs against lawless government actions. In other words, the lives of these people should not be in the hands of a few judges, who often make serious reversible errors in immigration-related cases. An unknown number of these LPRs statutorily qualify as Americans.