Increasingly Orchard bees (spring mason bees, genus "Osmia") are being used in fruit tree pollination. According to British writer Christopher O'Toole in his book "The Red Mason Bee", "Osmia rufa" is a much more efficient pollinator of orchard crops (in Europe) than honey bees. Both "O. rufa" and "O. cornuta" are used in Europe, while in western North America, the "Blue Orchard Bee" ("Osmia lignaria", more black than blue in color) is a proven orchard pollinator. In Japan, the Japanese Orchard Bee—the hornfaced bee, "Osmia cornifrons"—provides up to 80% of the apple pollination.