In the second volume of the "History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey", which Shaw co-authored with his wife, Ezel Kural Shaw, and which was published in 1977 with the subtitle "Reform, Revolution, and Republic: the Rise of Modern Turkey, 1808–1975", the Shaws denied the Armenian Genocide. Most scholars today believe that the events of 1915 constitute genocide. However, according to Richard G. Hovannisian the Shaws characterize the Armenians as "the victimizers rather than the victims, as the privileged rather than the oppressed, and the fabricators of unfounded tales of massacre." Hovannisian also criticized the book: "What could have been – what should have been – a valuable text is instead an unfortunate example of nonscholarly selectivity and deceptive presentation."