Before 1959, essayists who stand out are the ethnographer Fernando Ortiz, author of works including "Azúcar y Población de las Antillas" (1927) and "Contrapunteo cubano del tabaco y el azúcar" (1940); Alberto Arredondo, author of works including "El Negro en Cuba"(1939) and "Cuba, tierra indefensa"(1945; Emilio Roig de Leuchsenring with works such as "Cuba no debe su independencia a los Estados Unidos" (1950); José Lezama Lima with "Analecta del reloj" (1953) and "Tratados en La Habana" (1958). Among many other writers of note are Jorge Mañach, Ramiro Guerra, Juan Marinello, Medardo Vitier, José Antonio Portuondo, Carlos Rafael Rodríguez, Raúl Roa and Faisel Iglesias.