According to C. Marvin Pate, "there are three aspects to Christ's atonement according to the early Church: vicarious atonement atonement, the escatological defeat of Satan the Victor, and the imitation of Christ in Jesus' death and resurrection." Pate further notes that these three aspects were intertwined in the earliest Christian writings, but that this intertwining was lost since the Patristic times. Due to the influence of Gustaf Aulèn's (1879-1978) "Christus Victor", the various theories or paradigms of atonement which developed after the New Testamentical writings are often grouped as "classic paradigm," "objective paradigm," and the "subjective paradigm":