The monster movies of the 1950s—like "Godzilla" (1954)—served as stand-ins for fears of nuclear war, communism and views on the cold war. In the 1970s, science fiction films also became an effective way of satirizing contemporary social mores with "Silent Running" and "Dark Star" presenting hippies in space as a riposte to the militaristic types that had dominated earlier films. Stanley Kubrick's "A Clockwork Orange" presented a horrific vision of youth culture, portraying a youth gang engaged in rape and murder, along with disturbing scenes of forced psychological conditioning serving to comment on societal responses to crime.