The initial site of infection may be the tonsils, or possibly the gastrointestinal tract. The virus then remains latent in the gastrointestinal tract and can also infect the tubular epithelial cells in the kidneys, where it continues to reproduce, shedding virus particles in the urine. In addition, recent studies suggest that this virus may latently infect the human semen as well as the chorionic villi tissues. Serum antibodies against "Human polyomavirus 2" have also been found in spontaneous abortion affected women as well as in women who underwent voluntary interruption of pregnancy.