In 1987, the phrase "intelligent design" replaced "creation science" in drafts of a book, "Of Pandas and People", that was intended for secondary school students. The phrase referred to the idea that life was created through unspecified processes by an intelligent but unidentified designer. The book asserted that there was a logical need for such a designer because of the appearance of design in biological organisms. This replacement was intended to evade the "Edwards v. Aguillard" ruling. The book was published in 1989 amidst campaigning by the publisher for the introduction of "intelligent design" into school science classes.