The expressiveness of Kathak is also found in other classical dances of India. Its roots are found in the "Natyashastra" text which defines drama in verse 6.10 as that which aesthetically arouses joy in the spectator, through the medium of actor's art of communication, that helps connect and transport the individual into a super sensual inner state of being. The "Natya" connects through "abhinaya" (literally, "carrying to the spectators"), that is applying body-speech-mind and scene, wherein asserts "Natyashastra", the actors communicate to the audience, through song and music. Drama in this ancient Sanskrit text, thus is an art to engage every aspect of life, in order to glorify and gift a state of joyful consciousness. According to Massey, another important ancient text that has influenced Kathak is the "Abhinaya Darpanam" of Nandikeshvara (~2nd century CE).