Two keys provisions of the Code Noir by King Louis XIV of France in 1685 forbade the open practice of all African religions. This Code compelled slave-owners to have their slaves baptised as Roman Catholics and then instructed in the religion; the fact that the process of enslavement led to these Africans becoming Christian was a key way in which the slave-owners sought to morally legitimate their actions. However, many slave-owners took little interest in having their slaves instructed in Roman Catholic teaching; they often did not want their slaves to spend time celebrating saints' days rather than labouring and were also concerned that black congregations could provide scope to foment revolt. While Catholicism was used as a tool for suppression, enslaved Haitians, partly out of necessity, would go on to incorporate aspects of Christianity into their Vodou. Vodou rituals had to take place in secret, usually at night; one such rite was observed and reported on during the 18th century by a white man, Médéric Louis Élie Moreau de Saint-Méry.