With regard to the cause of "samsāra", as to where it resides and the means of its removal, Adi Shankara in his Vivekachudamani.49. instructs that the individual self is the "Paramatman" in reality, the association of the individual self with "ajnana" i.e. with "avidya", which he terms as "anatmabandhah", bondage by the "anatman" or non-atman, makes it to identify itself with gross, subtle and causal bodies and from that arises samsāra which is of the form of superimposition of qualities of "sukha", "dukha" etc., on itself, the "atman".