Fontaine continues: "The thesis of Howard has generally aroused negative reactions, like those of C. Osburn, D. Juel or Bruce M. Metzger. In the case of Metzger, Shaw shows how Howard's thesis has perhaps been distorted and cited in the wrong way." Fontaine indicates that dictation, in which what was communicated was the "spoken" equivalent of the Tetragrammaton, generally a surrogate (such as "kurios", not the Tetragrammaton itself) shows that the text of a Septuagint manuscript or of an original letter of Paul the Apostle could differ from that in an existing copy of the Septuagint and would thus explain the textual variations adduced in support of Howard's thesis.