Christianity was the religious self-identification of 47.1% of the Russian population in 2012. Other polls give different results: In the same year 2012 the Levada Center estimated that 76% of Russians were Christians; in 2013 the Public Opinion Foundation estimated that 65% of the population was Christian; in 2011 the Pew Research Center estimated that 73.6% of Russians were Christians; in 2011 Ipsos MORI estimated that 69% of Russians were Christians; and in 2010 the Russian Public Opinion Research Center (VCIOM) estimated that ~77% of Russians were Christians.