The constituency-based trees are the a-trees on the left, and the dependency-based trees are the b-trees on the right. While the structures assumed here can be disputed - especially the constituency structures - the trees all show the main stance toward raising structures. This stance is that the "subject" of the lower predicate appears as a dependent of the higher predicate - the relevant constituents are in bold. Relatively flat structures are assumed to accommodate this behavior. Both "it" and "the claim" are shown as dependents of "expects" and "proves", respectively, although they are semantic arguments of the lower predicates "to happen" and "to be false", respectively.