The "shugo" lords really had little choice in the matter. They either resided in Kyoto or were branded as traitors of the regime. Along with institutions like the "kanrei" council system, the compulsory residential policy had incalculable effects both from a national standpoint, and from a provincial standpoint. For starters, the power of the "shugo" lords was severely restricted by this policy: their freedom of movement was circumvented. Second, as time passed into the second quarter of the fifteenth century, real power in the provinces moved away from the "shugo" lords and came to rest upon the deputy "shugo" ("shugo-dai"), and upon other independent samurai ("kokujin") who resided in the provinces. Therefore, from the standpoint of "shugo" lords the compulsory residential policy proved to be a long term disaster. The hiring of deputy "shugo" was necessitated by the compulsory residential policy if the "shugo" lords were to maintain their power in the provinces. In the short term, hiring branch family members and samurai "kokujin" as deputy "shugo", and using them as their own representatives in the provinces worked well; but in the long term, power passed from the hands of the "shugo" lords into the hands of those they hired.