The Soviet famine of 1932–33 killed millions of people in the major grain-producing areas of the Soviet Union, including Ukraine, Northern Caucasus, Volga Region and Kazakhstan, the South Urals, and West Siberia. It has been estimated that between 3.3 and 3.9 million died in Ukraine and 2 million (42% of all Kazakhs) died in Kazakhstan. Robert Conquest had cited a number of Kazakhstan losses of one million. A large number of nomadic Kazakhs had roamed abroad, mostly to China and Mongolia.