Although the aether is almost stationary according to Fresnel, his theory predicts a positive outcome of aether drift experiments only to "second" order in formula_2, because Fresnel's dragging coefficient would cause a negative outcome of all optical experiments capable of measuring effects to "first" order in formula_2. This was confirmed by the following first-order experiments, which all gave negative results. The following list is based on the description of Wilhelm Wien (1898), with changes and additional experiments according to the descriptions of Edmund Taylor Whittaker (1910) and Jakob Laub (1910):