The Citizen Lab’s Targeted Threats research stream seeks to gain a better understanding of the technical and social nature of digital attacks against civil society groups and the political context that may motivate them. The Citizen Lab conducts ongoing comparative analysis of a growing spectrum of online threats, including Internet filtering, denial-of-service attacks, and targeted malware. Targeted Threats reports have covered a number of espionage campaigns and information operations against the Tibetan community and diaspora, phishing attempts made against journalists, human rights defenders, political figures, international investigators and anti-corruption advocates in Mexico, and a prominent human rights advocate who was the focus of government surveillance in the United Arab Emirates. Citizen Lab researchers and collaborators like the Electronic Frontier Foundation have also revealed several different malware campaigns targeting Syrian activists and opposition groups in the context of the Syrian Civil War. Many of these findings were translated into Arabic and disseminated along with recommendations for detecting and removing malware.