In 1989–90, DCPS reported that it had spent $10,200 (1999 adj. dollars) per pupil and a decade later, in 1999–2000, its reported per pupil expenditures had increased to $11,500. However, those figures likely underreport DCPS's actual total per pupil expenditures. In 2012, the Cato Institute's Andrew J. Coulson showed that DCPS's reported per pupil expenditures figures were based on incomplete data. That year, the U.S. Census Bureau had reported that DCPS's 2008–09 per pupil expenditures were $18,181, but DCPS officials had neglected to include about $400 million in spending. Informed by Coulson's observations, the U.S. Census Bureau revised its data collection methods and reported that per pupil expenditures were $28,170. Those revisions are reflected in the Bureau's 2009–10 reports.