When the Duke of York acceded to the throne in 1685 as James II, he had Oates retried, convicted and sentenced for perjury, stripped of clerical dress, imprisoned for life, and to be "whipped through the streets of London five days a year for the remainder of his life." Oates was taken from his cell wearing a hat with the text "Titus Oates, convicted upon full evidence of two horrid perjuries" and put into the pillory at the gate of Westminster Hall (now New Palace Yard), where passers-by pelted him with eggs. The next day he was pilloried in London and the third day was stripped, tied to a cart, and whipped from Aldgate to Newgate. On the next day but one he was whipped from Newgate to Tyburn. The presiding judge at his trial was Judge Jeffreys, who stated that Oates was a "shame to mankind", ignoring the fact that he himself had helped to condemn innocent people on Oates' perjured evidence. So severe were the penalties that it has been suggested by among others Thomas Babington Macaulay that the aim was to kill Oates by ill-treatment, as Jeffreys and his fellow judges openly regretted that they could not impose the death penalty in a case of perjury.