Also in the summer of 1933, Heinrich Himmler was promoted by Adolf Hitler to the newly created rank of SS-"Obergruppenführer" with the intent being to make Himmler the equivalent of the senior commanders of the SA, to which the SS was still subordinated. Although Himmler usually referred to himself as "Reichsführer-SS", before the summer of 1934, this was simply a title for the SS commander, and not yet an actual rank. Shortly after Himmler's promotion, Hitler further promoted Franz Xaver Schwarz, with Himmler's date of rank backdated to 1 January 1933 in order to confirm his seniority as the top officer within the SS. Shortly after Rudolf Hess was appointed as his deputy in April 1933, Hitler promoted him to SS-"Obergruppenführer". However, in September, Hitler decreed that Hess should no longer use the title of "Obergruppenführer" but only use the title of Deputy Führer.