After its publication, various academics criticized the book. Some said it supported long-discredited "scientific racism" and a number of books were written to rebut "The Bell Curve." Those works included a 1996 edition of evolutionary biologist Stephen Jay Gould's "The Mismeasure of Man"; a collection of essays, "" (1995), reacting to Murray and Herrnstein's commentary; and "The Bell Curve Debate" (1995), whose essays similarly respond to issues raised in "The Bell Curve". Arthur S. Goldberger and Charles F. Manski critique the empirical methods supporting the book's hypotheses.