Moses calls heaven and earth to serve as witnesses against Israel in , , , and . Similarly, Psalm reports that God "summoned the heavens above, and the earth, for the trial of His people", saying "Bring in My devotees, who made a covenant with Me over sacrifice!" continues: "Then the heavens proclaimed His righteousness, for He is a God who judges." And in , the prophet similarly begins his vision, "Hear, O heavens, and give ear, O earth: for the Lord has spoken."