In 1903 the "Cyclopedia of Modern Shop Practice" was published with Howard Monroe Raymond as Editor-in-Chief, and in the same year Frederick Winslow Taylor published his "Shop management; a paper read before the American society of mechanical engineers. New York." Taylor had started his workmanship as a machine-shop laborer at Midvale Steel Works in 1878, and worked his way up to machine shop foreman, research director, and finally chief engineer of the works. As an independent consulting engineer one of his first major assignments was in 1898 at Bethlehem Steel was to solve an expensive machine-shop capacity problem.