The early "Dragon Quest" games were released under the title "Dragon Warrior" in North America to avoid trademark conflict with the pen-and-paper role-playing game "Dragon Quest", which was published by Simulations Publications in the 1980s until the company's 1982 bankruptcy and acquisition by TSR, Inc.. TSR continued publishing the line as an alternative to "Dungeons & Dragons" ("D&D") until 1987. On July 23, 2002, Square Enix registered the "Dragon Quest" trademark in the United States for use with manuals, video cassette tapes, and other video game software. On October 8, 2003, Square Enix filed for a more comprehensive "Dragon Quest" trademark. "Dragon Quest VIII: Journey of the Cursed King" became the first "Dragon Quest" game released outside Japan, all previous games having used the "Dragon Warrior" title.