Imperative clauses are negated using the admonitive particle "oik". This particle appears to be derived from a verb "oik" 'to leave something behind'; however, this verb requires Actor cross-referencing, whereas the particle is never cross-referenced. Bowden (2001) posits that the imperative use of "oik" has developed from the use of the independent verb in serial verb constructions, with the morphological elements being lost in the process of grammaticalization. The particle is shown in (26), while the verbal use (with cross-referencing) is shown in (27):