Sailer cites studies that say, on average, blacks and Mexicans in America have lower IQs than whites, and that Ashkenazi Jews and East Asians have higher IQs than non-Jewish whites. He also considers that "for at least some purposes—race actually is a highly useful and reasonable classification", such as providing a very rough rule-of-thumb for the fact that various population groups may inherit differences in body chemistry that affect how the body uses certain pharmaceutical products, for "finessing" Affirmative Action when that's economically convenient, and for political gerrymandering.