Besides, owing to migration and to its international role, Brussels is home to a growing number of foreign language speakers. Currently, the first language of roughly half of the inhabitants is not an official one of the Capital Region. In 2013, academic research showed that approximately 17% of families spoke none of the official languages in the home, while in a further 23% a foreign language was used alongside French. The share of unilingual French-speaking families had fallen to 38% and that of Dutch-speaking families to 5%, while the percentage of bilingual Dutch-French families reached 17%. In 2013, French was spoken "well to perfectly" by 88% of the population and Dutch by 23% (down from 33% in 2000), while the other most commonly known languages were English at 30%, Arabic at 18%, Spanish at 9%, German at 7% and Italian and Turkish at around 5%. Despite the rise of English as a second language in Brussels, including as an unofficial compromise language between French and Dutch, as well as the working language for some of its international businesses and institutions, French remains the "lingua franca" and all public services are conducted exclusively in French or Dutch.