After its expansion into Europe, the movement's growth slowed until 1920, when the woman suffrage movement occurred; many women were divided when determining whether or not women were on equal standing with men. This continued until the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women was established in 1946 to secure equal political, economic, and educational opportunities for women throughout the world. In 1949, French existentialist Simone de Beauvoir published the work "The Second Sex", in which she debunks many of the claims made regarding women and the fight for gender equality. In 1963, another literature pertaining to equality feminism arose, Betty Friedan's "The Feminine Mystique", in which she discussed "the problem that has no name," referring to the widespread unhappiness of women in the 1950s. She uses this information to describe many of the gender inequalities that society has created that have resulted in this unhappiness, citing the personal example of giving up her psychology career to tend to her children. Using these literatures as a guide, feminism once again arose in the United States with the development of the National Organization for Women (NOW) formed in 1966. This organization fought for the removal of all legal and social barriers placed upon women to once again influence true equality between men and women. In 1972, women leaders such as Bella Abzug, Betty Friedan, and Gloria Steinem pushed the Equal Rights Amendment through Congress; however, it fell short of ratification by 1982.